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Balachandran Chullikkad

2026-05-03T19:51:37Z

Souravroyjournalist: Adding Info

{{Short description|Malayalam poet, actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Balachandran Chullikkad
| image = Balachandran chullikad 2012.jpg
| caption = Balachandran Chullikkad
| birth_name = S. Balachandran
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|7|30}}
| birth_place = [[North Paravur|Paravoor]], Kerala, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|actor|lyricist|screenwriter}}
| spouse = [[Vijayalakshmi (poet)|Vijayalakshmi]]
| children = 1
}}

'''Balachandran Chullikkad''' (born 30 July 1957) is an Indian poet, orator, lyricist and actor in [[Malayalam]]-language media.

==Early life==
Balachandran was born in [[Paravur taluk|Paravur]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India. He completed his graduation in English literature from the [[Union Christian College, Aluva]] (first two years) and [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharajas College]], [[Ernakulam]].<ref name="ബാലചന്ദ്രന് അറുപത്">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/special/balachandran-chullikkadu-60/balachandranchullikkadu-60-1.2127355 |title=ബാലചന്ദ്രന് അറുപത് |date=July 30, 2017 |website=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2017-11-19 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041414/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/special/balachandran-chullikkadu-60/balachandranchullikkadu-60-1.2127355 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= ഇനി വായന, എഴുത്ത്, അഭിനയം|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=14615995&programId=1073752204&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]]|access-date=26 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319014926/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=14615995&programId=1073752204&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3|archive-date=19 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
His collection of poems published includes ''Pathinettu Kavithakal, Amaavaasi, Ghazal, Maanasaantharam, Dracula'' etc.<ref name="Madhyamam1" /> Another collection of his previously published poems, ''Balachandran Chullikkadinte Kavithakal'' (The Poems of Balachandran Chullikkad), was published in 2000.<ref name="Madhyamam1" /> He has also published a book of his memoirs, ''Chidambarasmarana'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite journal |title=ചിദംബരസ്മരണ—ഒരു പഠനം |journal=Chengazhi |publisher=[[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]] |author=Litty Pious |url=http://ax.sayahna.org/chengazhi/chengazhi-1-1-19.html |date=2019 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>

He has participated in many national literary seminars organised by the [[Sahitya Akademi|Central Academy of Letters, India]]. He was one among the ten members of a cultural delegation of India to [[Sweden]] in 1997 invited by Nobel Academy and Swedish Writers Union.<ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?page_id=6829 "Cultural Exchange Programmes and Festivals of India Abroad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125183157/http://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?page_id=6829 |date=25 January 2022 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</ref> He represented Indian poetry in the international bookfair in Gothenburg, Sweden in November 1997.<ref>[https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/kerala-news/balachandran-chullikkad-meditates-at-a-buddhist-monastery-on-his-60th-birthday/ "ജന്മദിന ആഘോഷങ്ങളിൽ നിന്നകന്ന് ബുദ്ധവിഹാരത്തിൽ ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ ചുളളിക്കാട്"]. ''Indian Express'' (in Malayalam). 30 July 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</ref>

Chullikkad is also an actor in [[Malayalam film]]s and serials.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balachandran Chullikkad|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=257|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu |title=Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram / TV Serials : Talkies |url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2008/03/28/stories/2008032850220400.htm |date=28 March 2008 |access-date=8 March 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523114546/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2008/03/28/stories/2008032850220400.htm |archive-date=23 May 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> As an actor, he is best known for [[G. Aravindan]]'s ''[[Pokkuveyil]]'' (1981) in which he played a young artist who lives with his father, a radical friend and a music-loving young woman. The film is about how his world collapses when his father dies, the radical friend leaves him and her family takes the woman away to another city.<ref>{{cite magazine
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2701/stories/19890610160.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101020084908/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2701/stories/19890610160.htm
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 20 October 2010
| title = Aravindan's art
| access-date = 10 June 2013
| author = Sashi Kumar
| date = 2–15 January 2010
| magazine = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
}}</ref>

In 2018, he criticised the state education department for their incompetency in teaching Malayalam language. He urged it to remove his poems from curricula in schools, colleges and universities. Chullikkadu alleged that marks were being given in abundance for papers containing mistakes without proper evaluation, and the appointment of Malayalam teachers are not on the basis of qualifications, but caste, religion, political influence and nepotism. He said research work on Malayalam literature lack quality and that doctoral degrees were conferred on even those works which contain mistakes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/poet-requests-that-his-poems-not-be-made-part-of-curricula/articleshow/63375521.cms|title = Poet requests that his poems not be made part of curricula - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=20 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/mar/19/malayalam-poet-balachandran-chullikkadu-wants-to-withdraw-his-poems-from-school-universities-syllab-1789415.html|title=Malayalam poet Balachandran Chullikkadu wants to withdraw his poems from school, universities syllabus|access-date=5 November 2020|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023025759/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/mar/19/malayalam-poet-balachandran-chullikkadu-wants-to-withdraw-his-poems-from-school-universities-syllab-1789415.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chullikkad is married to [[Vijayalakshmi (poet)|Vijayalakshmi]], a known Malayalam poet and they have a son named Appu.<ref name="എന്റെ കവയിത്രി">{{Cite news |author=[[Ashitha (writer)|Ashitha]] |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/marakkanavathavar-ashita-vijayalakshmi/ |title=എന്റെ കവയിത്രി |date=26 July 2018 |newspaper=Indian Express |language=ml |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="Madhyamam1">[https://www.madhyamam.com/literature/literature-news/2013/jul/31/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF?infinitescroll=1 "ചുള്ളിക്കാടിന് ഒരു പിറന്നാള്‍ കൂടി.."]. ''Madhyamam'' (in Malayalam). 31 July 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</ref>

In 2000, he took [[Buddhism]] as his religion.<ref>[http://movies.rediff.com/news/2000/jan/24hindu.htm Malayalam poet embraces Buddhism] Rediff – 24 January 2000</ref> He says that this cannot be called a conversion from [[Hinduism]] because he was never a follower of that religion. "I have not converted because I have not been a believer though I was a Hindu. I have now embraced Buddhism, not converted to Buddhism. The problem with Hinduism is that it is a religion of social status and set-ups. Your value in Hinduism depends on the family in which you were born," he says.<ref>George Iype (4 April 2000). [http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/apr/04faith1.htm "Hindu gods never forgive. They only punish"]. [[Rediff.com]]. Retrieved 10 June 2013.</ref>

===Political views===
In a 2000 interview, Chullikkad revealed that he was a sympathiser of the [[Naxalite movement]] during his teenage years. He then continued as a [[Marxist]] for some years. But after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]] and "the [[Eastern European]] experience", he rethought his conviction about Marxism and reorganised his intellectual life on a different path. "I found that Marxism is outdated and irrelevant. Now I am not a Marxist, but a social and political democrat. Soviet experience proved that [[individual freedom]] without the base of [[socialism]] and socialism without sanctioning individual freedom is a failure. [[Communism]] practised all over the world is some kind of socialism without sanctioning individual freedom. Communism without approving individual freedom is [[social fascism]]", he said.<ref name=R>{{cite web |last1=Iype |first1=George |title=George Iype investigates the sudden craze for conversions in Kerala |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/apr/06faith.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 1990, he refused the Sanskriti Award for the best young writer in India and declared that he would not accept any award for his literary works.<ref name="Daily Indian Herald">[https://dailyindianherald.com/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE/ "ബാലചന്ദ്രന്‍ ചുള്ളിക്കാട് തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ചങ്ങമ്പുഴക്കവിതകള്‍"]. ''Daily Indian Herald'' (in Malayalam). 14 August 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</ref> In 2001, his work ''Balachandran Chullikkadinte Kavithakal'' was selected for the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]],<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/poetry.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry |date=6 April 2019 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626195512/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/poetry.htm |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but Chullikkad did not accept the award.<ref name="Daily Indian Herald"/> In 2003, he received the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Narration / Voice Over]] (Non Feature Film Category) for ''The 18 Elephants – 3 Monologues''.<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012|page=130|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185311/http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Poetry===
* ''Pathinettu Kavithakal'' ([[Trichur]]: Rasana, 1980)
* ''Amavasi'' ([[Kottayam]]: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]], 1982)
* ''Ghazal'' (Kottayam: [[DC Books]], 1987)
* ''Ente Sachidanandan Kavithakal'' ([[Calicut]]: Bodhi, 1993)
* ''Manasantharam'' (Trichur: Current, 1994)
* ''Dracula'' (Kottayam: DC Books, 1998)
* ''Balachandran Chullikkadinte Kavithakal'' (Kottayam: DC Books, 2000)
* ''Prathinayakan'' (Kottayam: DC Books, 2013)
* ''Balachandran Chullikkadinte Kavitha Paribhashakal'' (Kottayam: DC Books, 2013){{Efn|Translation of poems by Pablo Neruda, Charles Baudelaire, Rabindranath Tagore, Tennyson etc.|group=note}}
* ''Rakthakinnaram'' (Kottayam: DC Books, 2017)
* ''Alakal'' (Calicut: [[Mathrubhumi]], 2021)<ref>[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/videos/specials/alakal-by-balachandran-chullikkad-1.6201466 "127 കുഞ്ഞുകവിതകളില്‍ വാക്കുകളുടെ വിരുന്നൊരുക്കി വീണ്ടും ചുള്ളിക്കാട് | അലകള്‍ |കിതാബ്"]. ''Mathrubhumi''. 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</ref>
* ''Ulkkakal'' (Kozhikode: [[Mathrubhumi]], 2024)<ref>[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/balachandran-chullikkad-new-book-mathrubhumi-books-1.9608617 ബാലചന്ദ്രന്‍ ചുള്ളിക്കാടിന്റെ പുതിയ കവിതാസമാഹാരം പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ചു]. ''Mathrubhumi''. 3 June 2024 Retrieved 10 October 2024.</ref>
* ''Marakkamo'' (DC Books, 2024)

===Others===
* ''Chidambarasmarana'' ([[Alwaye]]: Pen, 1998, memoirs)
* ''Hiranyam'' ([[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]], 2019, short novel){{Efn|First published in 1977 in Veekshanam Varshikapathippu|group=note}}

==Filmography==
===Films===
====As Actor====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Pokkuveyil]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1987 || ''[[Ezhuthapurangal]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Theertham (film)|Theertham]]'' || Shivan ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Marikkunnilla Njaan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1994 || ''Pradakshinam'' || ||
|-
| ''Sraadham'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2005 || ''[[Rappakal]]'' || Deva Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Maanikyan]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
| ''[[The Tiger (2005 film)|The Tiger]]'' || Dr. Bharathan Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Nerariyan CBI]]'' || Thirumeni ||
|-
| ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'' || Mudoor Sidhan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006 || ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]'' || Sathyan Master ||
|-
| ''[[Aanachandam]]'' || Vishwanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Vaasthavam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2007 || ''[[Ali Bhai]]'' || Collector Sukumaran Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Abraham & Lincoln]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Mathews ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2008 || ''[[One Way Ticket (2008 film)|One Way Ticket]]'' || Balan Master ||
|-
| ''[[Parunthu]]'' || Abraham ||
|-
| ''[[Oridathoru Puzhayundu]]'' || Comrade Dasettan ||
|-
| ''[[Minnaminnikoottam]]'' || Appukuttan Maashu ||
|-
| ''[[Pakal Nakshatrangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Roudram]]'' || Doctor Surendran ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2009 || ''Kali'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]'' || Elias ||
|-
| ''[[Vellathooval]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Samastha Keralam PO]]'' || Balagangadharan ||
|-
| ''[[Patham Nilayile Theevandi]]'' || Board member ||
|-
| ''[[Chattambinadu]]'' || Kattappilly Cheriya Kuruppu ||
|-
| ''[[Madhya Venal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vairam: Fight for Justice]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ivar Vivahitharayal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2010 || ''[[Drona 2010]]'' || Nelloor Karanavar ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Amma Nilaavu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sadgamaya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'' || Dr. Stephen Tharakan ||
|-
| ''[[Sakudumbam Shyamala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]'' || Ajay Nambiar ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2011 || ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Three Kings (2011 film)|Three Kings]]'' || Shankaran Unni Raja's father ||
|-
| ''[[August 15 (2011 film)|August 15]]'' || Vasudevan ||
|-
| ''[[Collector (2011 film)|Collector]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bombay March 12]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2012 || ''[[Orkut Oru Ormakoot]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naughty Professor]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Mayamohini]]'' || Shankaradi Melpathoor ||
|-
| ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Last Bench]]'' || Vinyan ||
|-
| ''[[916 (film)|916]]'' || Narayanan ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 2013 || ''[[Sound Thoma]]'' || Dr. George Joseph ||
|-
| ''[[Bharya Athra Pora]]'' || Rajendran ||
|-
| ''[[August Club]]'' || ||
|-
| ''White Paper'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lokpal (film)|Lokpal]]'' || Ashraf ||
|-
| ''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]'' || Madhavettan ||
|-
| ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]'' || Sathyaneshan ||
|-
| ''Namboothiri Yuvavu @ 43'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty]]'' || Shamsu ||
|-
| ''[[Nadodimannan]]'' || KRP ||
|-
| ''Omega.exe'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Silence (2013 film)|Silence]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pigman (film)|Pigman]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaattum Mazhayum]]'' || || Unreleased
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2014 || ''[[Cousins (2014 film)|Cousins]]'' || Varkey Master ||
|-
| ''[[The Dolphins (film)|The Dolphins]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pranayakadha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kootathil Oral'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manja (film)|Manja]]'' || Abhayaraj's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Fraud]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Idiculla ||
|-
| ''On The Way'' || ||
|-
| ''Thomson Villa'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Parayan Baaki Vechathu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ring Master (2015 film)|Ringmaster]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Onnum Mindathe]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2015 || ''[[Kumbasaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Mashithandu'' || ||
|-
| ''Oru New Generation Pani'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Onnam Loka Mahayudham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Tharakangale Sakshi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ellam Chettante Ishtam Pole]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[32aam Adhyayam 23aam Vaakyam]]'' || Noaha ||
|-
| ''[[Two Countries]]'' || Kanaran Master ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2016 || ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'' || Paulachan ||
|-
| ''Kolamass'' || ||
|-
| ''Pachakallam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[King Liar]]'' || Paraparambil Narayanan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Welcome to Central Jail]]'' || Khader ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017 || ''Hello Dubaikkaran'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sathya (2017 Malayalam film)|Sathya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aakashamittayee]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| ''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]'' || College Principal ||
|-
| ''[[Vishwa Vikhyatharaya Payyanmar]]'' || Govindan Master ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2018 || ''Marubhoomiyile Mazhathullikal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aami]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| ''[[Ottakoru Kaamukan]]'' || Older Dominic ||
|-
| ''[[Neeli (film)|Neeli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanlal]]'' || Hari ||
|-
| ''[[Ira (film)|Ira]]'' || Judge ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha]]'' || Rohith Shetty ||
|-
| ''Thanaha'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''[[Janaadhipan]]'' || Swamy ||
|-
| ''[[Madhura Raja]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Mohandas ||
|-
| ''[[Children's Park (film)|Children's Park]]'' || Rishi's father ||
|-
| ''[[Thrissur Pooram (film)|Thrissur Pooram]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Jayamohan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''Ice Orathi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'' || Girija Achari ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Naradan]]'' || Vijayan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=Naradhan review: Tovino Thomas is terrific in one of Aashiq Abu's weakest films |url=http://www.news9live.com/entertainment/movie-review/naradhan-review-one-of-the-weakest-films-to-come-from-aashiq-abu-none-of-his-artistry-is-on-display-157248 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''L Jagadamma Ezham Class B'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-03-31 |title=Urvashi's L Jagadamma Ezham Class B gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/31/urvashis-l-jagadamma-ezham-class-b-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aabhyanthara Kuttavaali]]'' || Sahadevan's father ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-02-28 |title=Asif Ali's Abhyanthara Kuttavali confirms release date, teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/28/asif-alis-abhyanthara-kuttavali-confirms-release-date-teaser-out |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Flask'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=Express |date=2025-02-12 |title=Saiju Kurup & Suresh Krishna starrer Flask completes shooting |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Feb/12/saiju-kurup-suresh-krishna-starrer-flask-completes-shooting |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Screenwriter====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Jaalakam]]'' || Story, screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Idanazhiyil Oru Kaalocha]]'' || Story and dialogues
|-
| 1988 || ''Oozham'' || Story and screenplay
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Orukkam]]'' || Story
|-
| 1994 || ''Pradakshinam'' || Story
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2024-Present||Snehapoorvam Shyama||Zee Keralam||
|-
|2023–2024||[[Anuraga Ganam Pole]]||Zee Keralam||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2022–2023||[[Amma Makal]]||Zee Keralam||
|-
|[[Thoovalsparsham (TV series)]]||Asianet||
|-
|2020–2023||[[Thinkalkalamaan]]||Surya TV||
|-
|2019–2020||[[Chackoyum Maryyum]] ||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|2019–2021||[[Sumangali Bhava]] ||Zee Keralam||
|-
|2018–2020||[[Bhagyajathakam (TV series)|Bhagyajathakam]] ||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|2018||Gauri ||Surya TV||
|-
|2017||[[Chinthavishtayaya Seetha|Seetha]] ||Flowers TV||
|-
|2017–2018||[[Ammuvinte Amma]] ||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|2016–2017||[[Pokkuveyil (TV series)|Pokkuveyil]] ||Flowers TV||
|-
|2016||Mayamohini ||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|2015||[[Karuthamuthu]] ||Asianet||
|-
|2015||Ganga||Doordarshan||
|-

|2014||Balamani ||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|2013||Eran Nilav ||Doordarshan||
|-

|2011||Chila Nerangalil Chila Manushyar ||Amrita TV||
|-
|2011–2012||Kathayile Rajakumari||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2010||Indhraneelam ||Surya TV||
|-
|Devimahathmyam ||Asianet||
|-
|2009–2010||Vadakaikkoru Hridayam ||Amrita TV||
|-
|2009||Pookalam ||Surya TV|| title song lyrics
|-
|2008–2009||Priyamanasi ||Surya TV||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2008||Thulabharam ||Surya TV||
|-
|Meera ||Asianet||
|-
|2007||Makalude Amma ||Surya TV||
|-
|||Mizhi Thurakkumbol ||Surya TV||
|-
|||Venalmazha ||Surya TV||
|-
|||Parvanendu||||
|-
|||Swapnagale Kaaval ||Kairali TV||
|-
|||Mizhi Thurakkumo ||Doordarshan||
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2024 || [[Jai Mahendran]] || Rtd Tahasildar Shibu ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saiju Kurup's Sony LIV series Jai Mahendran gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/07/saiju-kurups-sony-liv-series-jai-mahendran-gets-a-release-date-51039.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=7 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Discography==
===Lyricist===
{| class="wikitable"
! Song / Poem !! Film !! Year !! Singer / Notes
|-
| "Amme Pinvili Vilikkaathe" || ''Pokkuveyil'' || 1982 ||
|-
| "Oru Ormmathan" || ''Pokkuveyil'' || 1982 ||
|-
| "Nimishamaam" || ''Sruthi'' || 1987 || S. Janaki
|-
| "Leelaaravindam" || ''Sruthi'' || 1987 || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Cheekithirukiya" || ''Sruthi'' || 1987 || K. J. Yesudas
|-
| "Onam Vannu" (Bit) || ''Sruthi'' || 1987 ||
|-
| "Ganapathiye Nin Achan" || ''Theertham'' || 1987 ||
|-
| "Aathintho" || ''Theertham'' || 1987 ||
|-
| "Bas More Nainan" || [[Theertham (film)|''Theertham'']] || 1987 ||
|-
| "Paampu Kadicha" || ''Ezhuthaappurangal'' || 1987 ||
|-
| "Kaanaamarayathu" || ''Pradakshinam'' || 1994 ||
|-
| "Indrasabha" || ''Abraham & Lincoln'' || 2007 ||
|-
| "Thakkida Tharikida" || ''Abraham & Lincoln'' || 2007 ||
|-
| "Swapnamaraalike" || ''Abraham & Lincoln'' || 2007 ||
|-
| "Kezhamaan Kannaale" || ''Abraham & Lincoln'' || 2007 ||
|-
| "Uduraajamukhi" || ''Abraham & Lincoln'' || 2007 ||
|-
| "Raagam Shokam" || ''Thaniye'' || 2007 ||
|-
| "Choodathe Poyi Nee" || 1983 || 2014 ||
|-
| "Arikilundu Njaanengilum" || ''Poomaram'' || 2018 ||
|-
| "Ore Sooryanalle" || ''Poomaram'' || 2018 ||
|-
| "Choodathe Poyi Nee" || Etham || 2022 ||
|-
| "Janmanaattil Chennu Vandiyirangave" || ''Zha'' || 2024 ||
|}

===Playback singer===
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Film !! Year !! Notes
|-
| "Poothappaattu" || ''Chillu'' || 1982 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/columns/mb-sreenivasan-lenin-rajendran-musical-legacy-ooun5iff|title='ആ ഗാനങ്ങളെ ഒഴിച്ചുനിർത്തി ആ സിനിമകളെക്കുറിച്ച് ഓർക്കാൻ പോലുമാവില്ല'|work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>
|-
| "Amme Pinvili Vilikkaathe" || ''Pokkuveyil'' || 1982 || Also composer
|-
| "Joseph, Oru Ormmathan" || ''Pokkuveyil'' || 1982 || Also composer
|-
| "Paampu Kadicha" || ''Ezhuthaappurangal'' || 1987 || Also composer
|-
| "Idavamaasa Perumazha" || ''Makalkku'' || 2005 ||
|-
| "Ottakkirikkunnu"|| ''Mashithandu'' || 2015 ||
|-
| "Enikku Nere" || ''Oppam'' || 2016 ||
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Balachandran Chullikkadu}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1N_mwgosy8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/x1N_mwgosy8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Balachandran Chullikkad - Poems - Yathramozhi |last=Kavithakal |date=October 1, 2015 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-01-22}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WrNKt692gs&t=2s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/3WrNKt692gs |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Balachandran Chullikkad in Nere Chowe - Part1 |last=Manorama News |date=March 10, 2017 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-01-22}}{{cbignore}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chullikkad, Balachandran}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]

University College of Engineering & Technology, Hazaribagh

2026-05-03T05:40:38Z

Souravroyjournalist: made stub.

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=University College of Engineering & Technology, Hazaribagh|timestamp=20260503054038|year=2026|month=May|day=3|substed=yes}}

{{Short description|Engineering college in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University College of Engineering & Technology Hazaribagh
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size = 180px
| caption =
| other_name = UCET Hazaribagh
| motto = ''Jīvanam̩ Satyaśōdhanam''
| mottoeng = Life is Truth
| established = {{start date and age|2009}}
| type = [[Public University|Public]] Engineering College
| parent = [[Vinoba Bhave University]]
| director = Ashish Kumar Saha
| accreditation = [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| affiliations = [[Vinoba Bhave University]]
| administrative_staff =
| faculty =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| address = [[Vinoba Bhave University|VBU]] Campus
| city = [[Hazaribagh]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.019568|N|85.370936|E|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| nickname =
| website = {{URL|https://www.vbu.ac.in/login}}
}}

'''University College of Engineering & Technology, Hazaribagh''' ('''UCET Hazaribagh''') is a government engineering college located in Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, India. It is a constituent unit of [[Vinoba Bhave University]] and offers undergraduate programs in engineering and technology.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=About UCET Hazaribagh |url=https://www.vbu.ac.in/department?dept=+UCET |website=Vinoba Bhave University |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="cd_overview">{{cite web |title=UCET Hazaribagh Overview |url=https://collegedunia.com/college/58892-university-college-of-engineering-and-technology-vinoba-bhave-university-ucet-hazaribagh |website=Collegedunia |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
The college was established in 2009 by the Government of Jharkhand. It operates under [[Vinoba Bhave University]].<ref name="vbu_official">{{cite web
|title=About Vinoba Bhave University
|url=https://www.vbu.ac.in/about_us
|website=Vinoba Bhave University Official Website
|publisher=Vinoba Bhave University
|access-date=3 May 2026
}}</ref>

== Campus ==
The college is situated within the campus of [[Vinoba Bhave University]] in Hazaribagh. The campus provides academic buildings, laboratories, library facilities, and student hostels.<ref name="cd_campus">{{cite web |title=UCET Hazaribagh Campus Facilities |url=https://collegedunia.com/college/58892-university-college-of-engineering-and-technology-vinoba-bhave-university-ucet-hazaribagh |website=Collegedunia |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>

== Academics ==
=== Courses ===
UCET Hazaribagh offers Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) programs in the following disciplines:
* Computer Science and Engineering
* Electronics and Communication Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Information Technology<ref name="cd_courses">{{cite web |title=UCET Hazaribagh Courses |url=https://collegedunia.com/college/58892-university-college-of-engineering-and-technology-vinoba-bhave-university-ucet-hazaribagh |website=Collegedunia |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>

=== Admission ===
Admission to B.Tech programs is based on entrance examinations such as [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main]] (JEE Main) and Jharkhand Combined Entrance Competitive Examination (JCECEB), followed by Counseling.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2009]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Jharkhand]]

Sajjad Hussain (composer)

2026-04-26T14:21:33Z

Souravroyjournalist: made new info.

{{Short description|Music composer from India (1917-1995)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sajjad Hussain
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1917|06|15}}
| birth_place = [[Sitamau]], [[Central India Agency]] (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1995|07|21|1917|06|15}}
| death_place =[[Mahim]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Film]] [[music director]]
| years_active = 1944 – 1977
}}

'''Sajjad Hussain''' (15 June 1917 – 21 July 1995) was an Indian [[film score composer]].<ref name=cinemaazi/><ref>{{cite book |title=Light of the universe: essays on Hindustani film music |author=Ashraf Aziz |publisher=Three Essays Collective |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-88789-07-8 |page=25}}</ref> He was also an accomplished [[mandolinist]], playing the mandolin as a "Top Grade" player for the Indian film industry in Mumbai for more than five decades, reputed to have played more than 22,000 songs, including title-songs and background music.<ref name=DNA/> Besides the music for movies, he was known to play Indian classical music (Hindustani), as well as [[Arabic music]] and [[Sufi music]].

== Biography ==
Sajjad Hussain was born in 1917 in [[Sitamau]], which was at that time, a village in the then [[Central India Agency]], now part of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]] . As a child, he was taught [[sitar]] by his father Mohammed Amir Khan. He learned [[veena]], [[violin]], [[flute]] and [[piano]] during his teenage years. He was also an accomplished [[mandolin]] player, and could play [[Indian classical music]] on the instrument.<ref name=cinemaazi/><ref name=APNA/>

In 1937, Sajjad Hussain decided to try his luck as a film score composer, and came to [[Bombay]] with his elder brother Nisar Hussain. His first job was at [[Sohrab Modi]]'s Minerva Movietone at Rs. 30 a month. He later moved to the [[Wadia Movietone]], working at Rs. 60 a month. During the next few years, he worked as an assistant to music composer Meer Saheb and [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]], and as a contract instrument player for [[Shaukat Hussain Rizvi]].

In 1940, Sajjad was introduced to the composer Mir Allah Baksh (father of actress [[Meena Kumari]]) by a friend. Impressed with Sajjad's mandolin skills, Ali employed him as an assistant.<ref name=APNA/>

Sometime later, Sajjad became an assistant to the music director Hanuman Prasad. In this capacity, he composed two songs for the film ''Gaali'' (1944): ''Aag Lage Saavan Mein'' and ''Ab Aaja Dil Na Lage'' (both sung by [[Nirmala Devi]]). The songs of ''[[Dost (1944 film)|Dost]]'' (1944), his first film as an independent music director, were big hits.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries |author=Ashok Ranade |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-85002-64-4}}</ref> These songs included the three songs sung by [[Noor Jehan]]: ''Koi Prem Ka Deke Sandesa'', ''Alam Par Alam Aur Sitam Par Sitam'' and ''Badnaam Mohabbat Kaun Kare''. But when the film producer Shaukat Hussain Rizvi gave the entire credit to his wife Noor Jehan for the success of the songs, Sajjad Hussain vowed never to work with Noor Jehan again.<ref name=APNA/><ref name=DNA>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-retrospect-sajjad-hussain-s-musical-gems-2095174 |author=Param Arunachalam |website=DNA India newspaper|date=13 June 2015|access-date=14 June 2024|title= Bollywood Retrospect: Sajjad Hussain's musical gems|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023041807/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-retrospect-sajjad-hussain-s-musical-gems-2095174 |archive-date=23 October 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sajjad went on to work with many notable singers, including [[Suraiya]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]. He was regarded highly by his contemporaries, including [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]. One of the best scores that Sajjad Hussain created was in the film [[Rustam Sohrab]] (1963) in which Suraiyya sang 'Ye kaisi ajab dastan ho gayi hai'. Lata Mangeshkar's one of the most favourite songs 'Ae dilruba' and 'Phir tumhari yaad aayi ae sanam' by [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Manna Dey]] and Sadat Khan were appreciated. In a 2012 interview, Lata Mangeshkar named him as her favourite composer. His music compositions rank among the most complex scores of [[Hindi film songs]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/I-have-a-fierce-temper-Lata-Mangeshkar/articleshow/16538842.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103123325/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-25/news-and-interviews/34081518_1_lata-mangeshkar-great-composers-lataji |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Lata Mangeshkar: I Have a Fierce Temper |date=25 September 2012 |access-date=30 September 2023|newspaper=The Times of India |author=Subhash K Jha}}</ref><ref name=cinemaazi>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/sajjad-husain|title=Profile of Sajjad Hussain - Music Director|website=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|access-date=14 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301231707/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/sajjad-husain|archive-date=1 March 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Contentious personality===
Sajjad Hussain was known for his contentious personality.<ref name=APNA/> He often landed in controversies due to his short temper, outspokenness, moody behaviour and perfectionist nature. When [[Syed Shaukat Hussain Rizvi|Shaukat Hussain Rizvi]] gave the credit for the musical success of ''Dost'' (1944) to his wife and singer [[Noor Jehan]], Sajjad vowed never to compose a song for Noor Jehan.<ref name=APNA/> He had conflicts with the lyricist [[D. N. Madhok]] during recording of film ''Saiyyan'' (1951), and with actor [[Dilip Kumar]] during the recording of film ''[[Sangdil]]'' (1952).<ref name=DNA/> He made disapproving remarks on [[Lata Mangeshkar]]'s singing, leading to differences between the two for a short period. He called [[Talat Mahmood]] "Galat Mehmood" (Wrong Mehmood) and [[Kishore Kumar]] "Shor Kumar" (Noisy Kumar), and also criticised [[Naushad]]'s music. He rejected an offer by [[Shashadhar Mukherjee]] of [[Filmistan]], and lost the opportunity to compose music for film ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960) due to differences with film producer-director [[K. Asif]]. Once, heavily impressed by Sajjad Hussain's ''Yeh hawa yeh raat yeh chandni'' (film Sangdil), the composer [[Madan Mohan]] created ''Tujhe kya sunaun mein dilruba, tere saamne mera haal hai'' (film: Aakhri Dao) on the same metre. At a concert when Madan Mohan walked past Sajjad, the hot-tempered Sajjad taunted "Aaj kal toh parchaiyyan bhi ghoomne phirne lagi hain" ("Even shadows are moving around now"). Madan Mohan replied that he could not find any better music director to copy. This reply made Sajjad Hussain speechless.<ref name=APNA/>

His attitude made him an avoidable character and people from the industry started ignoring him. As a result of his controversial behaviour, Sajjad got less than 20 film score assignments in his 34-year-long music career. However, one notable milestone in his career as music director is the songs he composed for Sri Lankan Sinhala film "Daiwa yogaya-1959". ''Daiwa Yogaya'' was filmed in [[Prasad Studios]] in [[Pune]] and was a box office hit in [[Sri Lanka]] mainly owing to the songs he composed. The songs "Hada Gile Ama Mihire" and "Doi Doiya putha" sung by [[Rukmani Devi]], the most popular Actress/Singer of Ceylon in that era are still popular. His last film as a composer was ''[[Aakhri Sajda]]'' (1977), although he participated in concerts till the 1980s.<ref name=cinemaazi/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vbyDwAAQBAJ&dq=aakhri+sajda+1977&pg=PA549-IA6 |title=BollySwar: 1991 - 2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=978-81-938482-1-0 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Lata Mangeshkar]] was once asked in an interview about music directors that she had found difficult to please. She replied that in the beginning of her career, there were difficulties with everyone because she was still learning and was new in the field. But she was always apprehensive with Sajjad Hussain because he was so particular. Sajjad Hussain never liked loud singing. He always insisted that all the musical instruments were perfectly tuned. He never compromised on that. She added that even many years after the first recording, Sajjad Hussain's songs sound effortless and are not painful to hear.<ref name=cinemaazi/>

==Death and legacy==
Sajjad Hussain lived in the Natalwala Building at [[Mahim]], [[Mumbai]], India in the last years of his life. He had five sons and one daughter. All five of his sons (Mustafa, Yusuf, Noor Mohammad, Nasir Ahmmad and Abdul Karim) went on to become musicians. Sajjad Hussain died on 21 July 1995 in oblivion: [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]] and [[Pankaj Udhas]] were the only notable film personalities to attend his funeral.<ref name=APNA>{{cite web|url= https://apnaorg.com/prose-content/english-articles/page-148/article-7/index.html|author=Satish Chopra|title= A contentious perfectionist of film-music: Sajjad Hussain |website=Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) website|access-date=14 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614225840/https://apnaorg.com/prose-content/english-articles/page-148/article-7/index.html|archive-date=14 June 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is a widely considered{{according to whom|date=February 2026}} view of Sajjad Hussain in India that this music maestro, had a profound understanding of film song lyrics, instrumentation, classical music and the voice quality of his singers. He had learned and mastered these instruments – [[violin]], [[veena]], [[jaltarang]], [[flute]], [[piano]], [[banjo]], [[accordion]], Hawaiian and Spanish [[guitar]], [[sitar]], [[clarinet]], [[harp]] and [[mandolin]]. For one person to learn and master all these instruments is saying a lot for that individual.<ref name=APNA/> Veteran music director [[Naushad]] is quoted as saying, "He (Sajjad Hussain) was an extremely talented man, very knowledgeable about music, but his temperament was his undoing."<ref name=APNA/>

Another highly respected music director [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] once observed, "By all standards Sajjad Hussain was an original, a genius music director, different from all others and each of his musical composition carried most difficult notations, which he himself used to create and took utmost pleasure out of it."<ref name=APNA/>

== Filmography ==
* ''[[Gaali]]'' (1944)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
* ''[[Dost (1944 film)|Dost]]'' (1944)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
* ''Dharam'' (1945)
* ''[[1857 (film)|1857]]'' (1946)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
* ''Tilasmi Duniya'' (1946)
* ''Kasam'' (1947)
* ''Mere Bhagwan'' (1947)
* ''Rooplekha'' (1949)
* ''Khel'' (1950)
* ''Magroor'' (1950)
* ''Saiyyan'' (1951)
* ''[[Hulchul (1951 film)|Hulchul]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Sangdil (1952 film)|Sangdil]]'' (1952)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
* ''[[Rukhsana (film)|Rukhsana]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Rustam Sohrab]]'' (1963)<ref name=cinemaazi/>
* ''Mera Shikaar'' (1973)
* ''[[Aakhri Sajda]]'' (1977)<ref name=cinemaazi/>

A nearly 15-minute mandolin composition by Sajjad was used in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie [[Muthyala Muggu]] (1975). In addition, he was the Music Director for Sinhala film "Daiwa yogaya" which was a box office hit in Sri Lanka in 1959, which was partly credited to its songs.<ref name=cinemaazi/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0756949/?ref_=nv_sr_1?ref_=nv_sr_1 Sajjad Hussain on IMDb website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Sajjad}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:People from Mandsaur district]]
[[Category:Musicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian mandolinists]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]

Bengaluru Aquarium

2026-04-25T00:30:10Z

Souravroyjournalist: Adding A Pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name = Namma Bengaluru Aquarium
|logo =
|logo_caption =
|image = Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 114.jpg
|image_caption = Namma Bengaluru Aquarium in 2025
|location = [[Bengaluru Urban]], [[Karnataka]], India
|coordinates = {{Coord|12.9765|77.5986|type:landmark_scale:1000|display=inline,title}}
|date_opened = 1983<ref name="BangaloreAquarium"/>
|date_closed =
|area =
|num_species =
|num_animals =
|largest_tank_vol =
|total_tank_vol =
|annual_visitors =
|members =
|exhibits =
|website =
}}
'''Namma Bengaluru Aquarium''' is the second largest [[aquarium]] in India. It is located at the entrance of [[Cubbon Park]] in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]], and was established in 1983. It has a variety of exotic cultivable as well as marine fishes on display. It is very near to vishweshwarayya museum. The aquarium is administered by the [[Karnataka]] State Government Department of Fisheries.

==Building==

Government Aquarium for public display was constructed during 1972 and was officially inaugurated on 27.08.1983. Government aquarium, Cubbon park is a ‘fresh water fish aquarium’ in an octagonal shape and is a three-storied building. The total area of the Government aquarium is 2700 sq.m. Out of the built up area is 850 sq.m. It is the second largest aquarium in the country.
The ground floor comprises the office. The first floor has 14 big tanks. On the second floor, aquariums are arranged in two rows and there are a total of 62 numbers of medium to small size aquaria. It has about 40–50 varieties both indigenous and exotic species of freshwater ornamental fish.
The Government Aquarium works under the direct control of the Directorate of Fisheries and Curator is the head of the aquarium.

;Working days and holidays of Aquarium
* The Aquarium is open to public on all days except:
** Mondays and second and fourth Tuesdays.
** All Government holidays (Also if holiday falls on a Sunday)
*Note: The aquarium will be open for public viewing on 26 January, 15 August and November 1 every year. (The aquarium will be closed on the next working day)
*Timings: 10:00 AM to 5:30 PM
;Entry Fee:
* The entry fee is Rs.150 per head.
* If the children visit aquarium through their respective schools, then the ticket rate is at Rs.5.00 per head (Up to 10th standard).
* No charges for children below 5 years.

==Species on display==
Fish that can be seen at the aquarium include [[eel]]s, [[Pterophyllum|angelfish]], [[glowlight tetra]], [[Thayeria boehlkei|hockey stick tetra]], [[red-tail shark]], [[catla]], Indian [[tiger barb]], [[mahseer]], freshwater [[prawns]], [[three spot gourami|blue gourami]], [[pearl gourami]], [[gold fish]], [[Siamese fighting fish|moon tail]], and more.<ref name="BangaloreAquarium"/><ref name="CubbonPark"/>

==Governance==
Bengaluru Aquarium is administered by the State Government.<ref name="BangaloreAquarium"/>

==Gallery==
===Fishes of Bengaluru Aquarium in 2025===
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="100">
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 53.jpg
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 09.jpg
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 13.jpg
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 03.jpg
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 04.jpg
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 32.webm
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 39.webm
</gallery>

===Bengaluru Aquarium in 2025===
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="100">
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 45.jpg
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 127.jpg
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 132.jpg
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 97.jpg
Namma Bengaluru Aquarium (2025) 119.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Aquatic Kingdom]], another aquarium in KSR Bengaluru railway station

==References==
{{Reflist |refs=

<ref name="BangaloreAquarium">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.bangaloreindia.org.uk/tourist-attractions/aquarium.html
|title=Bangalore Aquarium
|work=bangaloreindia.org.uk
|publisher=City of Bangalore
|accessdate=24 December 2015
}}</ref>

<ref name="CubbonPark">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.karnataka.com/bangalore/cubbon-park/
|title=Cubbon Park:Aquarium
|work=karnataka.com
|accessdate=24 December 2015
}}</ref>

}}

{{commons category|Namma Bengaluru Aquarium}}

{{Zoos of India}}

[[Category:Aquaria in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Zoos established in 1983]]

{{Zoo-stub}}

Kolla Lalitha Kumari

2026-04-24T19:00:40Z

Souravroyjournalist: created bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kolla Lalitha Kumari
| image = Kolla Lalitha Kumari.jpg
| constituency = [[Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency|Srungavarapukota]]
| country = India
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| predecessor = [[Kadubandi Srinivasa Rao]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1970}}
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| constituency1 = [[Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency|Srungavarapukota]]
| predecessor1 = Kumbha Ravibabu
| successor1 = [[Kadubandi Srinivasa Rao]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2019
}}
'''Kolla Lalitha Kumari''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She served as an MLA for two terms. She won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on [[Telugu Desam Party]] ticket from [[Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Koppara |date=2024-03-28 |title=Vizianagaram: Upset over denial of ticket, Krishna may contest as independent |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/vizianagaram-upset-over-denial-of-ticket-krishna-may-contest-as-independent-868424 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2023-11-16 |title=విజయమే లక్ష్యంగా పని చేద్దాం: కోళ్ల లలిత కుమారి |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/andhra-pradesh/vizianagaram/lets-work-towards-success-kolla-lalitha-kumari-1167089.html |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-22 |title=Andhra Pradesh elections: TDP announces third list of 13 MP and 11 MLA candidates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-elections-tdp-announces-third-list-of-13-mp-and-11-mla-candidates/articleshow/108702950.cms |access-date=2024-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumari hails from [[Srungavarapukota]] and belongs to Velama caste. She married Balaji Appala Ramprasad, a farmer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolla Lalitha kumari MLA Andhra Pradesh, Kolla Lalitha kumari Biography, Kolla Lalitha kumari, Kolla Lalitha kumari SRUNGAVARAPUKOTA (VIZIANAGARAM) MLA, Who is Kolla Lalitha kumari, About Kolla Lalitha kumari MLA Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh MLA d |url=https://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/politician/andhra-pradesh/5267 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=infoelections.com}}</ref> She completed her SSC from Kamala Nehru high school in 1985 and did her intermediate (plus two) at the Government Junior College, Srungavarapukota in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2009/AFFIDAVITS/Affidavits_AC/138_01%20%20Kolla%20Lalitha%20Kumari.PDF | title=India Non Judicial - Ten Rupees | website=ceotelangana.nic.in}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Kumari won the 2009 and [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Elections]] on Telugu Desam Party ticket from Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency in [[Vizianagaram district]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=K. Srinivasa |date=2023-05-19 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Naidu asks party leaders to work in tandem to win all Assembly seats in Vizianagaram district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-naidu-asks-party-leaders-to-work-in-tandem-to-win-all-assembly-seats-in-vizianagaram-district/article66869899.ece |access-date=2024-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]], she defeated Allu Kesava Venkata Joginaidu of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 3,440 votes. She also won the next term in [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 assembly election]] defeating Rongali Jagannadham of YSR Congress Party by 28,572 votes. But she lost the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] from the same constituency to Kadubandi Srinivasa Rao of [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srungavarapukota Assembly Election 2024: Srungavarapukota Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/srungavarapukota-constituency-result-1019 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pativada |first=Sreenu Babu |date=2023-09-06 |title=Young aspirants pose challenge to TDP seniors in Andhra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Sep/06/young-aspirants-pose-challenge-to-tdp-seniors-in-andhra-2612165.html |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-24 |title=Two families ruled north Andhra roost |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/two-families-ruled-north-andhra-roost/articleshow/69471922.cms |access-date=2024-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In April 2015, she became a board member of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam]]. TTD manages India's richest temple in Tirupati. Kumari was also the State Organising Secretary of TDP at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-30 |title=New TTD Board of Trustees to Take Oath on Saturday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/Apr/30/new-ttd-board-of-trustees-to-take-oath-on-saturday-748863.html |access-date=2024-04-12 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalitha Kumari, Kolla}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]

Makum Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:41:03Z

Souravroyjournalist: Put Up A Data

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Makum
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 85
| map_image = Makum Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| established = 2023
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Makum Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Makum}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sanjoy Kishan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Sibanath Chetia|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Tinsukia district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

2009 elections in India

2026-04-18T08:25:13Z

Souravroyjournalist: add content based on references

{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian elections
| year = 2009
| type =
| incumbent_pm = [[Manmohan Singh]] (<span style="color:{{Party colour|United Progressive Alliance}}">[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]</span>)
| next_lok_sabha = [[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
| rajya_control =[[Indian National Congress]]
| rajya_seats_contested = TBD
| rajya_net_change =TBD
| rajya_map =
| rajya_map_caption =
| lok_control =
| lok_seats_contested = 543
| lok_net_change =
| lok_map =
| lok_map_caption =
| states_contested = 7
| state_net_change =TBD
| state_map =
| state_map_caption =
| website =
}}

The '''2009 elections in India''' includes [[2009 Indian general election|the general election]] and elections to the [[Rajya Sabha]], to [[Legislative Assembly elections in India|state legislative assemblies]], to [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayats]] and [[Municipal governance in India|urban local bodies]].

==General election==

{{main|2009 Indian general election}}
A national election occurred between 16 April and 13 May 2009, to constitute the [[2009 Indian general election|''15th Lok Sabha'']].

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Date*
!Election
!colspan="2"|Government before
!Prime Minister before election
!colspan="2"|Government after
!Elected Prime Minister
|-
|16 April – 13 May 2009
|[[2009 Indian general election|Lok Sabha]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Progressive Alliance}}
|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Progressive Alliance}}
|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
|}

== Lok Sabha by-elections ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State/UT
!MP before election
!colspan=2|Party before election
!Reason
!Elected MP
!colspan=2|Party after election
|-
!1
|7 November 2009
|[[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency|Firozabad]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|Retained [[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]] and vacated [[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency|Firozabad]]
|[[Raj Babbar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
Indian media reporting indicate elections for the following state legislative assemblies held in 2009.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Date(s)
!State
!colspan="2"|Government before
!Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
!Elected Chief Minister
!Maps
|-
|rowspan=2|16 April 2009 & 23 April 2009
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|[[File:IN-AP.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|[[File:IN-OD.svg|50px]]
|-
|30 April 2009
|[[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|Sikkim]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|[[File:IN-SK.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan=4|13 October 2009
|[[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Dorjee Khandu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Dorjee Khandu]]
|[[File:IN-AR.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
|[[File:IN-HR.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Chavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Chavan]]
|rowspan=2|[[File:IN-MH.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|rowspan=2|25 November 2009 - 18 December 2009
|rowspan=2|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|Jharkhand]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2|[[Madhu Koda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|rowspan=2|[[Shibu Soren]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:IN-JH.svg|50px]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Legislative assembly by elections==
===[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!186
|28 May 2009
|[[Fatuha Assembly constituency|Fatuha]]
|Saryug Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|Arun Manjhi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|}

===[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!64
|07 May 2009
|[[Rohtas Nagar Assembly constituency|Rohtas Nagar]]
|Ram Babu Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vipin Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!54
|23 April 2009
|[[Bhaderwah Assembly constituency|Bhaderwah]]
|[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohammed Sharief Niaz
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!24
|07 May 2009
|[[Sonawar Assembly constituency|Sonawar]]
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|Mohammad Yasin Shah
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
!18
|03 June 2009
|[[Hazratbal Assembly constituency|Hazratbal]]
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|Sheikh Mustafa Kamal
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

===[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!58
|08 January 2009
|[[Tamar Assembly constituency|Tamar]]
|Ramesh Singh Munda
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|Gopal Krishna Patar
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|}
===[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!50
|23 April 2009
|[[Bidar Assembly constituency|Bidar]]
|[[Gurupadappa Nagamarapalli]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rahim Khan (Indian politician)|Rahim Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!09
|26 February 2009
|[[Umroi Assembly constituency|Umroi]]
|[[E. K. Mawlong]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|Stanlywiss Rymbai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
===[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!29
|16 April 2009
|[[South Tuipui Assembly constituency|South Tuipui]]
|[[Lal Thanhawla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|John Siamkunga
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
===[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!03
|Rowspan=4|16 April 2009
|[[Dimapur III Assembly constituency|Dimapur III]]
|Azheto Zhimomi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Azheto Zhimomi
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
!17
|[[Chizami Assembly constituency|Chizami]]
|Deo Nukhu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Deo Nukhu
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
!41
|[[Tizit Assembly constituency|Tizit]]
|T Aloh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|T Aloh
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
!54
|[[Tuensang Sadar II Assembly constituency|Tuensang Sadar II]]
|Kejong Chang
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kejong Chang
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
|}

===[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!36
|12 June 2009
|Nur Mahal
|Gurdip Singh Bhullar
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|Rajwinder Kaur Bhullar
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
!05
|Rowspan=3|03 August 2009
|Kahnuwan
|[[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sewa Singh Sekhwan
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
!70
|Banur
|Kanwaljit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|Jasjit Singh Bunny
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
!93
|[[Jalalabad, Punjab Assembly constituency|Jalalabad]]
|[[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|}

===[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!137
|09 January 2009
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|[[Veera Elavarasu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Latha Athiyaman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!103
|Rowspan=3|18 August 2009
|[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
|[[M. Kannappan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. N. Kandaswamy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!134
|[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|N. Eramakrishnan
|{{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. Eramakrishnan
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!197
|[[Ilaiyangudi Assembly constituency|Ilaiyangudi]]
|[[Raja Kannappan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Suba. Mathiarasan
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

===[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!08
|28 May 2009
|[[Town Bordowali Assembly constituency|Town Bordowali]]
|[[Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!233
|26 February 2009
|[[Bhadohi Assembly constituency|Bhadohi]]
|Archana Saroj
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Madhubala
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
!45
|rowspan=6|7 November 2009
|[[Powayan Assembly constituency|Powayan]]
|Mithlesh Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|Dhirendra Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
!86
|[[Lucknow West Assembly constituency|Lucknow West]]
|[[Lalji Tandon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shyam Kishore Shukla
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!181
|[[Padrauna Assembly constituency|Padrauna]]
|[[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Swami Prasad Maurya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
!239
|Rari
|Dhananjay Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|Rajdeo Singh
|-
!288
|[[Etawah Assembly constituency|Etawah]]
|Mahendra Singh Rajput
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|Mahendra Singh Rajput
|-
!290
|[[Bharthana Assembly constituency|Bharthana]]
|[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|Shiv Prasad Yadav
|-
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!206
|05 January 2010
|[[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
|[[Sheikh Mohammad Illias]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|[[Phiroja Bibi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Navin Chawla]]
*[[N. Gopalaswami]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2009 elections in India]]
[[Category:2009 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2009 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Hubli Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:25Z

Souravroyjournalist: created new pg.

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hubli Rural
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| loksabha_cons= [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad]]
| established = 1972
| abolished = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors =
}}

'''Hubli Rural Assembly constituency''' was one of the 224 Vidhan Sabha constituencies in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] that used to come under [[Dharwad district]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Delimitation of parliamentary and assembly constituencies order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118160217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-18 |access-date=9 October 2017 |work=Election commission of India}}</ref> and it came into existence in 1972 and was abolished after the 2008 delimitation exercise. This seat was once held by 2 Chief Ministers [[S. R. Bommai]] and [[Jagadish Shettar]] and former Chief Minister [[Basavaraj Bommai]] contested in this constituency once in 1994 but lost to [[Jagadish Shettar]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="3" | P. M. Ramangouda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || G. Rangaswamy Sandra
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="3" | [[S. R. Bommai]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || G. R. Sandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="3" | [[Jagadish Shettar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jagadish Shettar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,501 |percentage = 43.66% |change = {{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anil Kumar Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,965 |percentage = 23.86% |change = {{decrease}}8.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prafulchandra (Puppi) Kallangoud Rayanagoudar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 29,869 |percentage = 22.29% |change = {{increase}}10.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Sankeshwar |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 9,479 |percentage = 7.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Husensab H. Morab |party = Janata Party |votes = 966 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatesh Savadatti |party = Independent politician |votes = 948 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,536 |percentage = 19.81% |change = {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,991 |percentage = 57.97% |change = {{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,979}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,157 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jagadish Shettar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,691 |percentage = 53.50% |change = {{increase}}13.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopinath Rangaswamy Sandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,437 |percentage = 31.95% |change = {{increase}}14.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hirekerur Lakshman Hanamantappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 14,222 |percentage = 12.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. B. Hombal |party = Independent politician |votes = 996 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuppe Abdul Razark Diwansab |party = Independent politician |votes = 957 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,254 |percentage = 21.55% |change = {{increase}}6.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,351 |percentage = 59.29% |change = {{decrease}}2.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,183}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,033 |percentage = 3.32% |change = {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,675 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jagadish Shettar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,768 |percentage = 39.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Bommai]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 26,794 |percentage = 24.97% |change = {{decrease}}19.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja. N. Desai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,433 |percentage = 17.18% |change = {{decrease}}30.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prafulchandra Rayangoudar |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,188 |percentage = 8.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umashree |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,522 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Acharya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,568 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pujar Mahadevappa Somappa |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 1,192 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramappa Dyavappa Talawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 797 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,974 |percentage = 14.89% |change = {{increase}}11.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,712 |percentage = 62.13% |change = {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,304}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,405 |percentage = 2.19% |change = {{decrease}}1.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,574 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. R. Sandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,718 |percentage = 47.66% |change = {{increase}}7.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bommai Somappa Rayappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 42,548 |percentage = 44.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. H. Pawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,746 |percentage = 3.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yedravi. F. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 786 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bijapur. G. F |party = Independent politician |votes = 662 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hiremath. S. S |party = Janata Party |votes = 609 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,170 |percentage = 3.30% |change = {{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,651 |percentage = 61.70% |change = {{decrease}}3.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,927}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,724 |percentage = 3.74% |change = {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,516 |ref = |change = {{increase}}37.11 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Bommai]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 32,175 |percentage = 42.45% |change = {{decrease}}6.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopinath Rangaswamy Sandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,687 |percentage = 40.48% |change = {{increase}}5.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Panduranga Venkanagoudra |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,469 |percentage = 9.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hadagali Shrinivas Nagesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,751 |percentage = 6.27% |change = {{decrease}}8.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,488 |percentage = 1.96% |change = {{decrease}}12.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,928 |percentage = 65.30% |change = {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,801}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,127 |percentage = 1.47% |change = {{decrease}}1.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,800 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Bommai]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,644 |percentage = 49.38% |change = {{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wali Rachappa Gangappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,341 |percentage = 34.86% |change = {{increase}}27.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shindhe Hanamantappa Nagappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,388 |percentage = 14.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,303 |percentage = 14.52% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,093 |percentage = 66.69% |change = {{decrease}}6.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,079}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,014 |percentage = 3.05% |change = {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,106 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Bommai]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,771 |percentage = 53.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kittur. F. M |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,137 |percentage = 38.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopinath Rangaswamy Sandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,165 |percentage = 6.99% |change = {{decrease}}53.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Devendranaik |party = Independent politician |votes = 482 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,634 |percentage = 14.50% |change = {{decrease}}22.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,088 |percentage = 73.24% |change = {{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,555}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,533 |percentage = 2.51% |change = {{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,410 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.50 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Rangaswamy Sandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,745 |percentage = 60.05% |change = {{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wali Rachappa Gangappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 10,515 |percentage = 22.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Gadigeppa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,946 |percentage = 17.20% |change = {{decrease}}7.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,230 |percentage = 37.29% |change = {{decrease}}2.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,861 |percentage = 69.14% |change = {{increase}}7.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,206}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,221 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Ramangouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,540 |percentage = 64.27% |change = {{decrease}}10.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. C. Shiddappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,713 |percentage = 24.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Irappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,291 |percentage = 3.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Devendranaik |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,163 |percentage = 3.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. N. Kallannawar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 965 |percentage = 2.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 399 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,827 |percentage = 39.43% |change = {{decrease}}21.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,255 |percentage = 61.23% |change = {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,071}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,840 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Ramangouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,356 |percentage = 74.82% |change = {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tadasadmath Shivalingayya Madevayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,489 |percentage = 14.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Talawai Kallappa Fakirappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,371 |percentage = 10.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,867 |percentage = 60.44% |change = {{increase}}22.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,341 |percentage = 59.53% |change = {{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,216}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,006 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Ramangouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,858 |percentage = 68.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kabli Anddaneppa Shiddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,388 |percentage = 31.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,470 |percentage = 37.92% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,246 |percentage = 60.72% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,246}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,809 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dharwad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|15.35|75.13|display=title}}

[[Category:Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Uddanapalle Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:08Z

Souravroyjournalist: made new entry.

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Uddanapalle
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation =
| abolished = 1971
| electors =
}}
'''Uddanapalle''' was a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was in existence from the 1951 delimitation to 1971 state elections.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|}

==Election results==
===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uddanapalle<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Kothanada Ramaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=13,854 |percentage=32.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramachandra Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,384 |percentage=31.11% |change=-3.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. R. Rajaram |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,998 |percentage=30.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Munisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,786 |percentage=6.48% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=470 |percentage=1.09% |change=-30.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,022 |percentage=57.84% |change= -0.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,295 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -33.54% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Uddanapalle<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Kothanada Ramaiah |party=Swatantra Party |votes=29,391 |percentage=65.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. C. Vijendriah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,313 |percentage=34.25% |change=10.34% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,078 |percentage=31.49% |change=25.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,704 |percentage=57.90% |change= 1.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,023 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= 35.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Uddanapalle<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Chinna Munisamy Chettiar N. Munisamy Chetty |party=Swatantra Party |votes=12,732 |percentage=30.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muni Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,107 |percentage=23.92% |change=-5.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. C. Srinivasa Muddaliar |party=We Tamils |votes=9,931 |percentage=23.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kothanada Ramiah |party=Independent politician |votes=9,492 |percentage=22.46% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,625 |percentage=6.21% |change=1.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,262 |percentage=56.45% |change= 30.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,827 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= -3.72% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Uddanapalli<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Muni Reddi |party=Independent politician |votes=7,447 |percentage=33.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatakrishna Desai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,498 |percentage=29.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Srinivasa Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,354 |percentage=28.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishnasami Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,703 |percentage=7.74% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=949 |percentage=4.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,002 |percentage=25.72% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,551 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Uddanappalli<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. Munuswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,051 |percentage=42.60% |change=42.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. N. Nallappa Reddi |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=5,796 |percentage=24.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. C. Sreenivasa Mudali |party=Independent politician |votes=5,174 |percentage=21.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Ponnuswami |party=Independent politician |votes=2,571 |percentage=10.90% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,255 |percentage=18.04% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,592 |percentage=36.36% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,886 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{coord|12.608|77.937|display=title}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Krishnagiri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in India]]

Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:33Z

Souravroyjournalist: made a info.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sitapur
| constituency_no = 146
| map_image = 146-Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Rakesh Rathore Guru]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 378,716 (2017)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Sitapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=14 Jun 2016|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 146.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 12 Jun 2016|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=12 Jun 2016|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sitapur.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=12 Jun 2016|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Sitapur Assembly constituency is PCs Neriklan, Tikawapara, Ramnagar, Khagesiamau, Sitapur, Akoiya, Raseora, Rahimabad, Sahsapur, Alam Nagar, Kanawakhera, Parsehara, Majlispur, Ramkoat, Jawahirpur of Sitapur (Sadar) KC, PCs Khairabad, Asodhar, Gangapur Ulfatrai, Pakaria, Suhetara, Bhemari, Husainpur Kaimhara, Makhuwapur, Sultanpur Kamaicha, Tappa Khajuria, Paharpur, Asharafpur, Dahelia Srirang, Akbarganj, Bhadiyasi, Bhagautipur of Khairabad KC, PCs Kachnar, Rampur Bhuda, Hempur of Aliya KC, Sitapur MB & Khairabad MB of Sitapur Tehsil (Sadar).<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008"/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Sarojini Nagar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sitapur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Hakim Bashir Ahmad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Harish Chandra
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shardanand Dixit
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Tambareshwar Prasad
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Shyam Kishore
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Rajendra Kumar Gupta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Radhey Shyam Jaisawal]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Rakesh Rathore]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Rakesh Rathour]] Guru
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sitapur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Rathour (Guru)]]
|votes = {{formatnum:99349}}
|percentage = 42.72
|change = {{increase}}0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Radhey shyam Jaiswal
|votes = {{formatnum:98096}}
|percentage = 42.18
|change = {{increase}}10.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Khurshid Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:16988}}
|percentage = 7.31
|change = {{decrease}}14.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Saket Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:10567}}
|percentage = 4.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = shamina shafiq
|votes = {{formatnum:2886}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1226}}
|percentage = 0.53
|change = {{decrease}}0.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1253}}
|percentage = 0.54
|change = {{decrease}}10.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:232552}}
|percentage = 58.24
|change = {{decrease}}3.58
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===

17th Vidhan Sabha

{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Sitapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Rathore]]
|votes = {{formatnum:98850}}
|percentage = 42.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Radheshyam Jaiswal
|votes = {{formatnum:74011}}
|percentage = 31.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashfaq Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:52181}}
|percentage = 22.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1842}}
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24839}}
|percentage = 10.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:234198}}
|percentage = 61.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

*[[Sitapur district]]
*[[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sitapur]]
[[Category:Politics of Sitapur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Virata kingdom

2026-04-10T09:36:32Z

Souravroyjournalist: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Matsya (kingdom)]]

Bharathi Shetty

2026-04-08T13:53:50Z

Souravroyjournalist: Adding New Details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{BLP one source|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bharathi Shetty
| image =
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 22 July 2020
| predecessor = [[Ivan D'Souza]]
| constituency = ''Nominated''
| term_start1 = 1 July 2008
| term_end1 = 30 June 2014
| constituency1 = ''elected by Legislative Assembly members''
| birth_name = Bharathi Shetty
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|4|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sorab]], [[Shimoga district]], [[Karnataka]]
| father = Ganappa Shetty
| spouse = Satish Shetty
| source = http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/BharathiShetty.htm
}}

'''Bharathi Shetty''' is an Indian politician who is the current member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]. She was nominated as [[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]] on 22 July 2020 by the [[Third Yediyurappa ministry|Yediyurappa Government]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-23|title=Vishwanath, Yogeshwar, Bharathi Shetty among 5 nominated to Council|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vishwanath-yogeshwar-bharathi-shetty-among-5-nominated-to-council/article32166919.ece|access-date=2021-12-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Bharathi}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{Karnataka-politician-stub}}

Anil Goswami

2026-04-07T09:04:10Z

Souravroyjournalist: Adding Info

{{Short description|Indian bureaucrat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anil Goswami
| image = Anil Goswami and the Senior Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs, Bangladesh, Mr. C.Q.K. Mustaq Ahmed, at the joint press conference regarding security and border management issues, in New Delhi on July 22, 2013 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|1|14}}
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Civil servant]]
| known_for =
| office = [[Home Secretary (India)|Union Home Secretary]]
| term_start = 30 June 2013
| term_end = 4 February 2015
| minister = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<br/>[[Rajnath Singh]]
| predecessor = [[R. K. Singh]]
| successor = [[L. C. Goyal]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Union Social Justice and Empowerment Secretary]]
| term_start1 = 2 July 2012
| term_end1 = 27 April 2013
| minister1 = [[Mukul Wasnik]]<br/>[[Kumari Selja]]
| predecessor1 = Vishwapati Trivedi {{small|(additional charge)}}
| successor1 = Stuti Narain Kackar {{small|(additional charge)}}
}}

'''Anil Goswami''' (born 14 January 1955) is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] cadre and held the post of [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)#Former Home Secretaries of India|Union Home Secretary]] of India in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] till February 2015. He succeeded [[Raj Kumar Singh]]. He is the first [[civil servant]] from the state to hold this position. His son is the popular television actor [[Bhanu Uday]].

==Early life and education==
Goswami was born on 14 January 1955 in [[Jammu]]. He graduated from the second division in history, economics and English, and completed his post-graduation in the first division in history.<ref name="BioData">{{cite web|url=http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01JK005900 |title=Executive Record Sheet Generator (IAS Officers) – Complete Biodata |publisher=Persmin.nic.in. [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] |accessdate=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610220836/http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01JK005900 |archivedate=10 June 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Goswami was the first chief executive of the [[Vaishno Devi|Vaishno Devi Shrine Board]]. The board, set up in August 1986, is responsible for the maintenance of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] pilgrimage [[Vaishno Devi]].<ref name="Jagmohan2010">{{cite book|author=Jagmohan|title=Reforming Vaishno Devi and a Case for Reformed, Reawakened, and Enlightened Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qwDUd6_J50C&pg=PT100|year=2010|publisher=Rupa Publications|isbn=978-81-291-1605-5|page=100}}</ref> Goswami served in the state tourism department as the [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] from 29 June 2004 to 17 November 2005. He was later appointed by the state cabinet, headed by the [[Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]] [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], as the Principal Secretary to the Chief Minister on 17 November 2005. He held this office until 17 July 2008.<ref name="BioData" /><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051119/j&k.htm#1 | title=Goswami made PS to Chief Minister | work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=19 November 2005 | accessdate=8 July 2013 | location=Chandigarh}}</ref>

On 4 February 2009 he took over the office of Principal Secretary of the Industries and Commerce Department. He was a member of the delegation that visited the [[Line of Control]] in North Kashmir in September 2009.<ref name="Hindustan2009">{{cite news | title = Indian high commissioner to Pakistan visits trading post on LOC | work = [[Hindustan Times]] | agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] | date = 1 September 2009 | accessdate = 8 July 2013 | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1850970491.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140610052300/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1850970491.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 June 2014 }}</ref>

On 4 February 2015 he was made to resign due to his admittance of talking to the CBI to favour the arrested Singh in the Saradha Scam case. He was found to commit the telephone call to CBI and hence resigned after queried by the Home Ministry Office and the PMO office.

===Home Secretary===
Goswami assumed the office of Secretary of [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (India)|Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] on 2 July 2012. He remained in this capacity until 27 April 2013, when he was appointed the officer on special duty (OSD) in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].<ref name="OSD">{{cite news | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Anil-Goswami-to-be-next-home-secretary/articleshow/19749780.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501003827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-27/india/38861108_1_ias-officer-home-secretary-jammu-and-kashmir-cadre | url-status=live | archive-date=1 May 2013 | title=Anil Goswami to be next home secretary | work=[[The Times of India]]| date=27 April 2013 | agency=Times News Network | access-date=8 July 2013 | location=New Delhi}}</ref> He was named Union Home Secretary by the appointing committee of the [[Cabinet of India|cabinet]] chaired by the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]]. The two other candidates who were considered for the position but not selected by the committee were Secretary [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Ministry of Steel]] D.R.S. Chaudhary and P. K. Misra, Secretary Department of Personnel and Training, [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/anil-goswami-new-home-secretary/article4658596.ece | title=Anil Goswami new Home Secretary | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=27 April 2013 | accessdate=20 October 2013 | author=Kumar, Vinay}}</ref> Goswami assumed the office on 1 July 2013 after the retirement of Raj Kumar Singh of the [[Bihar]] cadre. He is the first civil servant from Jammu and Kashmir to serve as Home Secretary of India.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/anil-goswami-appointed-new-home-secretary/1108102/ | title=Anil Goswami appointed new Home Secretary | work=[[The Indian Express]]| date=26 April 2013 | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | accessdate=20 October 2013 | location=New Delhi}}</ref> He remained in office until June 2015.<ref name="ZeeNews">{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/news/देश/अनिल-गोस्वामी-ने-संभाला-गृह-सचिव-का-पदभार/173266 | title=अनिल गोस्वामी ने संभाला गृह सचिव का पदभार | date=30 June 2013 | accessdate=20 October 2013 | publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://hillpost.in/2013/06/anil-goswami-indias-new-home-secretary/91636/ | title=Anil Goswami India's new home secretary | work=Hill Post | date=30 June 2013 | agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] | accessdate=20 October 2013 | location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Controversy==
On 21 August 2014, [[Uttarakhand]] Governor Aziz Qureshi informed the Supreme court of India that he had received two calls from Mr. Goswami informing him that he has two options, either to resign or prepare to be sacked. Government claimed that it did not attempt to force Qureshi from office. The Supreme Court, however, ordered the centre to explain whether Mr Qureshi had in fact received the alleged two phone calls from the Center asking him to resign.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/challenged-in-court-by-a-governor-centre-denies-trying-to-sack-him-580168| title=Challenged in Court By a Governor, Centre Denies Trying to Sack Him| date=22 August 2014 }}</ref>

==Update==
On 4 February 2015, news channels were buzzing with reports of Goswami being asked to resign or be ready to be sacked, as he is alleged to have tried to stall the arrest of Saradha scam accused and former Minister Matang [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/home-secretary-anil-goswami-sacked/article6857295.ece Sinh]. Shortly afterwards, Goswami resigned.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/home-ministrys-top-bureaucrat-anil-goswami-sacked-737018|title=Home Secretary Anil Goswami Asked to Resign for Interfering in CBI Investigation: Sources}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/home-secretary-anil-goswami-sacked/article6857295.ece|title = Home Secretary Anil Goswami sacked|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 4 February 2015|last1 = Gandhi|first1 = Jatin}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/fCg9WilDDKFqfeIhfnFYhO/Home-secretary-Anil-Goswami-sacked.html|title = Anil Goswami removed, L.C. Goyal new home secretary|date = 4 February 2015}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/in-dock-for-interfering-with-cbi-home-secretary-resigns/37856.html|title = In dock for interfering with CBI, Home Secretary resigns}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150610220836/http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01JK005900 Complete Biodata] at Persmin.nic.in
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030103630/http://www.mha.nic.in/ Ministry of Home Affairs]

{{Home Ministry (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Anil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Home secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Jammu (city)]]

Inspector Vikram (1989 film)

2026-04-06T11:41:06Z

Souravroyjournalist: created a data.

{{Short description|1989 film directed by Dinesh Baboo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Inspector Vikram
| image = Inspector Vikram 1989 (ver1).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Dinesh Baboo]]
| producer = [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]
| writer = Chi. Udayashankar (Dialogues)
| screenplay = Dinesh Baboo
| story = Dinesh Baboo
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]]<br/>[[K. S. Ashwath]]<br/>[[Chi Guru Dutt]]<br/>[[Aparna (television presenter)|Aparna]]<br/>Kavya<br/>[[Sundar Krishna Urs]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]]
| cinematography = Dinesh Baboo
| editing = P. Bhakthavatsalam
| language = Kannada
| studio = Nikhileshwari Cine Combines
| distributor = Vajreshwari Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1989|05|25}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
}}

'''''Inspector Vikram''''' is a 1989 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film directed and filmed by [[Dinesh Baboo]], written by [[Chi. Udayashankar|Chi. Udaya Shankar]] and produced by [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] under the banner of Nikhileshwari Cine Combines.The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]] in the title role with Kavya, [[Chi Guru Dutt]], [[Aparna (television presenter)|Aparna]] and [[K. S. Ashwath]] in other supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/inspector-vikram/cast-crew.html |title=- Cast and Crew |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810143033/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/movies/inspector-vikram/cast-crew.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It revolves around an undisciplined, but intelligent police inspector, Vikram. It is regarded as the first Kannada film of the comedy thriller genre and the first cop-comedy movie of [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dr-rajkumar-to-malashree-a-brief-history-of-the-sandalwood-cop/etphotostory/83145094.cms |title=Dr. Rajkumar to Malashree -A brief history of the Sandalwood cop | the Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528055101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dr-rajkumar-to-malashree-a-brief-history-of-the-sandalwood-cop/etphotostory/83145094.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Inspector Vikram'' was the second film produced by Raghavendra Rajkumar under the production banner, Nikhileshwari Cine Combines after ''[[Shruthi Seridaaga]].'' It was distributed by [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]'s Vajreshwari Combines. The film marks the first collaboration between scriptwriter Chi. Udaya Shankar and Shiva Rajkumar, and also the first collaboration between Dinesh Baboo and Shiva Rajkumar. It was predominantly shot in [[Bangalore]] (now Bengaluru). The film features original songs composed by Vijay Anand. The editing of the film was done by P. Bhakthavatsalam.<ref name=":0" />

''Inspector Vikram'' was released on 25 May 1989. It was an average grosser at the box office at the time of release, but has over the years accumulated a cult following. The film has been praised for incorporating an element of recklessness and humor to the cop role, as by then cop roles where portrayed in a serious tone.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Z4o-TMWYe-o Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125647/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=Z4o-TMWYe-o&feature=youtu.be Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=Z4o-TMWYe-o&feature=youtu.be| title = "ಅಮೃತವರ್ಷಿಣಿ" ಹೆಚ್ಚೆಂದರೆ ಒಂದು ವಾರ ಓಡಬಹುದು ಅಷ್ಟೇ ಅಂದಿದ್ದರು.. {{!}} Dinesh Babu Interview Part 02 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A [[spiritual successor]] of [[Inspector Vikram (2021 film)|the same name]] was released in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/Feb/06/inspector-vikram-it-is-prajwal-devarajs-paisa-vasool-show-all-over-2260141.html|title=Inspector Vikram: It is Prajwal Devaraj's paisa vasool show all over - The New Indian Express|website=www.newindianexpress.com|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528055101/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/review/2021/feb/06/inspector-vikram-it-is-prajwal-devarajs-paisa-vasool-show-all-over-2260141.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The core plot was loosely based on the 1983 American movie ''[[Eddie Macon's Run]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/prajwal-devaraj-starrer-inspector-vikram-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/80711527.cms|title=ಸಿನಿಮಾ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ಕಾಮಿಡಿ-ಭಾವನೆಗಳ ಮಧ್ಯೆ ಇನ್‌ಸ್ಪೆಕ್ಟರ್‌ ವಿಕ್ರಂ|website=Vijay Karnataka|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801230047/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/prajwal-devaraj-starrer-inspector-vikram-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/80711527.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Shiva Rajkumar is set to reprise the character of Inspector Vikram in ''IV - Returns''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jul/12/shivarajkumarsinspector-vikram-makes-a-comeback-with-iv-returns-2593855.html|title=Shivarajkumar's Inspector Vikram makes a comeback with 'IV Returns'|date=12 July 2023|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801230230/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jul/12/shivarajkumarsinspector-vikram-makes-a-comeback-with-iv-returns-2593855.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==

Vikram aka Inspector Vikram is a happy-go-lucky [[Police officer|cop]], who has no problem getting himself into trouble with his superiors, especially the [[police commissioner]] Chandrashekhar. Although accepted as a brilliant mind with a sharp intellect to solve crimes, he is often chided for his immature, casanova-personality. Much of misadventures, though leading to the solving of the crime, puts Vikram and Chandrashekhar (who is also his father's best friend) at opposite ends of the table. During the course of time, Vikram courts many brickbats and transfers in his career. He serves in the [[Bangalore City Traffic Police|traffic department]] as well as the [[Law enforcement in India|Law and order department]]. However, when an inmate Raja escapes from prison, Vikram is called back in to track him down.

It is revealed that Vikram had jailed Raja when he was caught killing his employer. In the meantime, to ensure that Vikram does his job, Chandrashekhar entrusts Krishnamurthy, a retired [[colonel]] in the [[Indian National Army|INA]] to discipline Vikram. Despite the colonel's attempts to discipline Vikram, Vikram's attempts to fight that change is captured well in all its hilarity. Krishnamurthy's daughter Geetha and Vikram soon fall for each other. With Raja's escape on the large, and with no clues, Vikram decides to investigate Raja's lifestyle where he learns that Raja was actually an honest man, and it was his employer who set him up and got him arrested where he also meets his wife Vijaya and her ailing daughter.

Vikram meticulously retraces every step Raja has taken before his escape, and realizes that Raja had this so well planned that it would take years before anyone else got to him. Meanwhile, Geetha, who is a [[Dance education|dance student]] goes on a dance tour across [[Karnataka]]. Vikram learns that Vijaya is also travelling with Geetha and Raja and Vijaya are meeting at a pre-discussed point and are planning to travel to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] from there. Vikram clandestinely follows Vijaya and soon ends up nabbing Raja. However, when Raja, seeing his opportunity to help his ailing daughter disappear, breaksdown in anguish where Vikram is now caught in a [[Ethical dilemma|moral dilemma]], agrees to let Raja escape, saying that his life won't change much even if he arrests him. Raja offers his gratitude and escapes, along with Vijaya and their daughter. Vikram joins Geetha and they drive away into the sunset.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Inspector Vikram
* [[Chi Guru Dutt]] as Raja
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Police Commissioner Chandrashekar
* Kavya as Geetha
* [[Aparna (television presenter)|Aparna]] as Vijaya
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] as Retired Colonel Krishnamurthy
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Rao
* Bangalore Nagesh
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
* Sundar as Police Inspector
* [[Negro Johnny]]
* [[Mysore Lokesh]] as Jailer
}}

==Production==
[[Shiva Rajkumar]] acted as a dupe for the villain (Tamil actor Narayan) in a car chase sequence towards the climax.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/editorial/when-star-shivarajkumar-played-the-dupe-and-nailed-the-shot|title=When star Shivarajkumar played the dupe and nailed the shot|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008130835/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/editorial/when-star-shivarajkumar-played-the-dupe-and-nailed-the-shot|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack for the film was composed by [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com//album/-songs-|title=Songs Download, All MP3 Songs, Raaga.com All Songs|website=www.raaga.com|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130152101/https://www.raaga.com//album/-songs-|url-status=live}}</ref> Dilip, credited now as [[A. R. Rehman]] worked as an orchestra arranger.

'''Track list'''{{Infobox album
| name = Inspector Vikram
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Vijay Anand
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|3r40rCpcoAM|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

{{Tracklist

| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jokey Balu Jokey
| lyrics1 = Bangi Ranga
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]

| title2 = Ba Ennalu Haththira
| lyrics2 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Manjula Gururaj|Manjula]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Thuntukannali Yeno Kalpane
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Manjula
| lyrics3 = Bangi Ranga

| title4 = Ee Kanna Nota
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udaya Shankar

| title5 = Kannadavene Kunidaduvudu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics5 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
}}

==Reception==
The movie received mixed reviews upon release. However, over the time the film has gained a strong impression from critics and audience alike. [[Dinesh Baboo]]'s efforts to induce an element of recklessness and humour without build-ups in the cop role was well received since till then the lead cop roles were always portrayed in a serious tone with strictness and [[heroism]]. The freshness towards such an approach without demeaning the [[police officer|cops]] was well appreciated.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Dinesh Baboo}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Anand (composer)]]

Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences

2026-04-01T16:46:47Z

Souravroyjournalist: Put Up Page

{{Short description|College in Sevagram, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
|image_name = Mgims logo.png
|image_size = 200px
|caption = MGIMS logo
|latin_name =
|motto = सत्य- धर्मं - प्रेम
|established = {{start date and age|1969}}
|type = Education and research institution
|endowment = [[Government of India]] (50%), [[Government of Maharashtra]] (25%), [[Kasturba Health Society]] (25%)
|staff =
|faculty =
|president = Mr PL Tapdiya
|dean = Dr AK Shukla
|head_label =
|head =
|free_label =
|free =
|students =
|undergrad = 100 per year (MBBS)
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|profess =
|city = [[Sevagram]]
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|fightsong =
|nickname =
|affiliations = [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|footnotes =
|website = [http://www.mgims.ac.in/ www.mgims.ac.in]
|address =
|coor = {{coord|20.739369|78.660699}}
|logo =
}}

The '''Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences''' ('''MGIMS''') is India's first rural medical college, located in [[Sevagram]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is managed by the [[Kasturba Health Society]]. The college was earlier affiliated to the [[Nagpur University]] (1969–1997) and from year 1998 it is now affiliated to the [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]] (MUHS), Nashik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muhsnashik.com/college1.asp |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229002705/http://www.muhsnashik.com/college1.asp |archivedate=29 December 2008 }} M.U.H.S. College Information</ref>

==Location==
The institute is located in Sevagram, a small village about 8 km from the city of [[Wardha]]. It is well connected with other parts of the country by rail and road links. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport at Nagpur is about 70 km away from the institute.

==History==

The MGIMS was begun in 1969, the Gandhi centenary year. It is the first rural medical college in India. It was started by Dr [[Sushila Nayyar]]. The [[Kasturba Hospital]], started in 1944, is the only hospital started by the father of the nation himself.<ref name ="MGIMS">http://www.mgims.ac.in/index.php Information from MGIMS's Official website</ref>

==Academics==
The courses offered by the institute are<ref name ="MGIMS"/>
* [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S.]] (annual intake of 100 students)
* [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]]/[[Master of Surgery|M.S.]]
* Diploma courses in Medicine and Surgery

==Admissions==
The institute enrolls 100 students every year.<ref name ="MGIMS"/> Half are from the state of [[Maharashtra]] and the other half come from the rest of [[India]]. Earlier the institute was having special reservations for students from rural areas of the count and the institute was having its own premedical test (PMT) examination, which includes a multiple choice question test on [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[biology]] and a special theory paper on [[Gandhism|Gandhian thoughts]].<ref name ="MGIMS"/> The students are selected on the basis of the marks obtained in these exams. But since 2017 institute admitting the students from NEET-UG & NEET-PG ( National Eligibility cum Entrance Test )

===Postgraduate courses===
The institute offers [[postgraduate]] training in almost all important disciplines of medical science. Admission to these courses is based on performance of a student in NEET PG exam.

==Medical services==

===Kasturba Hospital===
{{main|Kasturba Hospital}}
The [[Kasturba Hospital]] was started in 1945 by [[Sushila Nayar]], close associate of Gandhi and his personal physician. From 770 bed hospital, Kasturba Hospital at Sevagram has now grown into a nearly 1000- bed teaching hospital located in [[Sevagram]], about 8 km from [[Wardha]] town, and offers tertiary care healthcare facilities to rural patients.

Over a 24-hour period, close to 1700 patients access outpatient care in the hospital, hospital pharmacies deal with 1800 prescriptions, 140 patients seek admission to the hospital wards, 14 patients undergo major surgeries, 12 babies are delivered, and 20 units of blood are transfused. In addition, 270 patients undergo radiography, 65 ultrasound examinations, 14 computed tomography, and seven patients have a magnetic resonance imaging scan. The laboratories report 750 biochemical tests, 510 complete blood counts, 100 serologic tests, 20 cytology samples and 15 biopsy specimens.

==Research==
Facility- as well as community-based research is conducted in areas like maternal, neonatal, and child health care, infectious diseases, nutritional illnesses, lifestyle and disorders.

To explore traditional systems of Indian medicine.

===Lead center for State Level Monitoring of ICDS===
The Department of Community Medicine has been designated the lead center for State Level Monitoring of ICDS activities in Maharashtra. Dr BS Garg, Dr Subodh S Gupta and Dr PR Deshmukh have been appointed State ICDS Consultants. They monitored the activities of ICDS in six districts of Maharashtra during the year 2008–09; viz. Wardha, Yavatmal, Amravati, Chandrapur, Akola, and Buldhana. They also coordinated the monitoring of ICDS activities throughout the state conducted by selected medical colleges identified for this purpose.

===Clinical Epidemiology Unit===
The Clinical Epidemiology Unit was expanded to include more members after it was approved by IndiaCLEN. The Clinical Epidemiology Unit started its first activity with a capacity building program of its members. The unit has also started an orientation program for all the new post-graduate students who take admission at MGIMS, Sevagram.

==Life at campus==

The institute is unique in following the [[Gandhism|Gandhian principles]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} All the students and staff wear [[khadi]]. The staff and the students participate in [[Manual labour|shram daan]]. The institute follows a strict [[vegetarianism]] policy. Alcohol consumption is prohibited in the institute.

===Medical Orientation Camp===
The newly admitted students spend 15 days in the [[Sevagram Ashram]] for the orientation to the Gandhian way of life. They follow the Ashram rules during these days. Some activities include Shramdan and spinning khadi. There are lectures from people from various runs of life.<ref name ="MGIMS"/>

===Social Service camp===
Every batch of medical students is allotted a small village from around Wardha. The students stay in that village for 15 days. Each student is allotted a certain number of families. He is responsible for the health concerns of all its members. The students spend this time giving health information to their families. They also learn a great deal about the real problems of the rural masses. The villagers are all given a free health checkup and are investigated for basic infections like [[malaria]] and [[filaria]].

The students continue to visit this village for three years, once every month.

===Re-Orientation to Medical Education Camp===
The Re-Orientation to Medical Education or ROME camp is held at the end of second professional. It was previously held at the Kasturba Rural Health Training Center (KRHTC) at Aanji. Since 2008, it is being held at Rural Health Training center (RHTC) at Bhidi. This is a 15-day exercise where students learn aspects of [[Public health|Public Health]] and get hands on experience of the rural India.

== Notable Alumni ==
* [[K. K. Aggarwal (cardiologist)|K.K. Aggarwal]], cardiologist
* [[Mandeep R. Mehra]], professor at [[Harvard Medical School]]

==See also==
*[[Kasturba Gandhi]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Colleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences}}
{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahatma Gandhi Institute Of Medical Sciences}}
[[Category:Medical Council of India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Wardha district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]

Yugpurush

2026-03-30T20:58:50Z

Souravroyjournalist: made new details

{{for|2016 Gujarati play|Yugpurush (play)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yugpurush
| image = Yugpurush(1998).jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Partho Ghosh]]
| producer = Vijay Mehta
| writer = Pradeep Ghatak (screenplay)<br/> [[Hriday Lani]]<br/>(dialogue)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Nana Patekar]]<br />[[Jackie Shroff]]<br />[[Manisha Koirala]]<br />[[Mohnish Bahl]]
| music = [[Amar Haldipur]]<br>[[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cinematography = K. V. Ramanna
| editing = R. Rajendran
| studio = Prathima Films
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|03|27|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}5.25 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2582|title=Yugpurush – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}4.93 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Yugpurush''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Drama]] film directed by [[Partho Ghosh]] and produced by Vijay Mehta. The film stars [[Nana Patekar]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Mohnish Bahl]] and [[Manisha Koirala]] in the title roles. It is an adaptation of the 1969 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Aparichita (1969 film)|Aparichita]]'', which itself is based on [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]'s novel ''[[The Idiot]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yugpurush Cast & Crew|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129143645/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534802|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yugpurush (1998 - Hindi)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/yugpurush-movie/7528|publisher=Gomolo}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Nana Patekar]] as Anirudh
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Ranjan
*[[Manisha Koirala]] as Sunita
*[[Mohnish Bahl]] as Mohnish
*[[Ashwini Bhave]] as Deepti
*[[Yashwant Dutt]] as Doctor
*[[Shivaji Satam]] as Paresh
*[[Mohan Joshi]] as Mohan
*[[Sulbha Deshpande]] as Mrs. Simran Mohan
*[[Ravi Patwardhan]] as Ranjan's Father
*[[Jayant Savarkar|Jayant Sawarkar]] as Mohnish's Father

==Plot==

Anirudh is released from a facility that treats patients with mental ailments. Anirudh also happens to be an exceptional artist and does portraits of new people he meets. He come to live with Mr. Kapoor's family. Mrs Kapoor is his mother's friend. Kapoor's daughter Deepti silently loves Anirudh. As he struggles with adjusting with the "normal" world, he encounters Sunita, an escort and Ranjan, the son of a renowned politician. Ranjan, is madly in love with Sunita, but Sunita does not feel the same way about him. Anirudh is the only person to see beyond Sunita’s seemingly comfortable and affluent existence and knows that deep down she is extremely sad and alone. They develop a special bond of friendship despite their vastly different personalities and backgrounds. Anirudh also becomes good friends with Ranjan. Ranjan is a good-hearted but egotistical man who cannot bear even the thought of failure in any aspect of his life. Can he handle Sunita’s rejection? Can he deal with the fact that Sunita feels closer to Anirudh than him? Will Sunita find happiness? And, most importantly, will Anirudh survive in this "sane" world?<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yugpurush - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/yugpurush |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parciack |first=Ronie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ikFDAAAQBAJ&dq=Yugpurush+the+Idiot&pg=PA98 |title=Popular Hindi Cinema: Aesthetic Formations of the Seen and Unseen |date=2016-04-20 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-33326-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Music==

The music of the film was composed by Rajesh Roshan and Amar Parshuram Haldipur, while the sound mixing was done by Hitendra Ghosh and Buta Singh. The lyrics of the film were penned by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] under the music company T-Series.

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bandhan Khula Panchhi Udaa
| extra1 = [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Lehmber Hussainpuri]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 4:52
| title2 = Chale Hum Do Jan Sair Ko
| extra2 = [[Kumar Sanu]], Hariharan
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 5:42
| title3 = Yeh Jeevan Path Mera
| extra3 = Ravindra Sathe
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 5:27
| title4 = Koi Jaise Mere Dil Ka
| extra4 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 5:11
| title5 = Kanhaiya Se Kahiyo
| extra5 = Ravindra Sathe
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 6:17
| title6 = Hello Hello Aayee
| extra6 = [[Alka Yagnik]]
| title7 = Ae Meri Jaan Main
| length7 = 6:17
| extra7 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Kavita Paudwal]]
| title8 = Aaya Tha Churane
| length8 = 4:18
| extra8 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
| title9 = Phoolon Ke Sang Bhanware
| length9 = 5:21
| extra9 = Anuradha Paudwal, [[M. M. Kreem]]
| lyrics6 =
| length6 = 7:03
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0120545}}
* {{YouTube|J1op2Ff8rvw |''Yugpurush''}} at MovieMinesHD Channel

[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Partho Ghosh]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Films based on The Idiot]]

Hindustani profanity

2026-03-29T11:20:06Z

Souravroyjournalist: created pg

{{Short description|Profanity in the Hindustani language}}
{{Hindustani language}}
The [[Hindustani language]] employs a large number of [[profanity|profanities]]. [[Idiom]]atic expressions, particularly profanity, are not always directly translatable into other languages, and make little sense even when they can be translated. Many English translations may not offer the full meaning of the profanity used in the context.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

==Trends==
Hindustani profanities often contain references to incest, bodily functions, religion, caste, and notions of honor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Daniyal|first=Shoaib|title=Why dogs and puppies are swear words in India: A short guide to Hindi profanity for the BJP|url=http://scroll.in/article/764132/why-dogs-and-puppies-are-swear-words-in-india-a-short-guide-to-hindi-profanity-for-the-bjp|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Scroll.in|date=22 October 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hindustani profanities may have origins in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], or [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=All|first=Aakar Patel {{!}} Reply to|date=2010-05-21|title=The complex origins of our favourite 'gaalis'|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/jU2s8BibHX0LjNWGhTDXqK/The-complex-origins-of-our-favourite-8216gaalis8217.html|access-date=2021-03-12|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Hindustani profanity is used such as promoting racism, sexism, or offending someone. Hindustani slurs are extensively used in social media in [[Hinglish]] and [[Urdish]], although use of [[Devanagari]] and [[Nastaliq]] scripts for throwing slurs is on the rise.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-01-01|title=DHOT-Repository and Classification of Offensive Tweets in the Hindi Language|journal=Procedia Computer Science|language=en|volume=171|pages=2324–2333|doi=10.1016/j.procs.2020.04.252|issn=1877-0509|doi-access=free|last1=Jha |first1=Vikas Kumar |last2=P |first2=Hrudya |last3=p n |first3=Vinu |last4=Vijayan |first4=Vishnu |last5=P |first5=Prabaharan }}</ref>

== Public reception ==
Although Hindustani profanities are often used [[colloquially]], few censorship attempts have been made. The Indian [[Central Board of Film Certification]]  chairman [[Pahlaj Nihalani]] reportedly sent the Producers' Association and Regional Officers a list of censored words that could not be used in films. This has sparked controversy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-13|title=Here's a list of words banned by the Censor Board of India|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150213/entertainment-bollywood/article/here%E2%80%99s-list-words-banned-censor-board-india|access-date=2021-03-16|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

== Examples ==
* '''''{{vanchor|Madarchod}}''''' ({{lang|hi|मादरचोद}}, {{lang|ur|مادرچود}}; English – [[motherfucker]]), sometimes abbreviated as "MC", is a Hindustani language [[vulgarism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-03-28 |title=Watch: When Matthew Wade asked Ravindra Jadeja what 'm*******d' means |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/280317/watch-when-matthew-wade-asked-ravindra-jadeja-what-md-means.html |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Facebook is translating M*d*rc**d to "Muslim", explains about times we are living in {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/viral/facebook-is-translating-mdrcd-to-muslim-explains-about-times-we-are-living-in-1607342/ |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> It is a form of the profanity "[[fuck]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Swaddle |first1=The |last2=Prasad |first2=Pallavi |date=2019-07-12 |title=From 'Cunt' to 'Careerwoman': the Many Ways in Which Language Propagates Sexism |url=https://theswaddle.com/from-cunt-to-careerwoman-the-many-ways-in-which-language-propagates-sexism/ |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=The Swaddle |language=en-US}}</ref> While the word is usually considered highly offensive, it is rarely used in the literal sense of one who engages in [[Human sexual activity|sexual activity]] with another person's mother.{{cn|date=February 2026}}
* '''''[[wikt:behenchod|Behenchod]]''''' ({{lang|hi|बहनचोद}}, {{lang|ur|بہنچود}}; English – sister fucker), also pronounced as ''behanchod'', is sometimes abbreviated as "BC", is a Hindustani language vulgarism. It is also a form of the profanity "fuck". The word is considered highly offensive, and is rarely used in literal sense of one who engages in sexual activity with another person's sister, or his own sister.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
* '''''{{vanchor|Randi}}''''' ({{lang|hi|रंडी/रण्डी}}, {{lang|ur|رنڈی}}; English – [[prostitute]], [[whore]], [[slut]]), is a derogatory term for a woman who is considered to be a prostitute in the literal sense, but is usually applied as a term for women who are considered too [[promiscuous]] or [[flirtatious]], or who [[Casual wear|dress casually]]. In [[Hindi cinema]] and [[Urdu cinema]], it usually refers to a woman with [[multiple sexual partners]]. Sometimes, it is used just as an insult against a woman without any reason.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=Shrinkhala |date=2023-01-09 |title=What Is The Genesis Of Derogatory Hindi Gaalis Based On Women? |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/top-stories/opinion/derogatory-hindi-gaalis/ |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=shethepeople}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Profanity}}

[[Category:Profanity by language]]
[[Category:Hindustani language|Profanity]]

{{ie-lang-stub}}

The Boy with the Moon on his Forehead

2026-03-26T10:44:43Z

Souravroyjournalist: new redirect

{{Short description|Bengali fairy tale}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = The Boy with the Moon on his Forehead
|Image_Name = Folk-tales of Bengal 360.jpg
|Image_Caption = The boy with the moon on his forehead. Illustration by [[Warwick Goble]] for ''[[Folk-Tales of Bengal]]'' by [[Lal Behari Dey]] (1912).
|Aarne-Thompson Grouping = ATU 707 (The Three Golden Children; The Three Golden Sons)
|AKA =
|Mythology =
|Region = [[Bengal]]; India
|Published_In =
|Related = * [[The Story of Lalpila (Indian folktale)|The Story of Lalpila]]
* [[Saat Bhai Champa]]
* [[Kiranmala (Bengali folktale)|Kiranmala]]
* [[The Real Mother (Indian folktale)]]
* [[A Tale of a King (Tulu Nadu folktale)|A Tale of a King]]
}}

'''The Boy with a Moon on his Forehead''' is a [[Bengali folktale]] collected by [[Maive Stokes]] and [[Lal Behari Day]].

These tales are classified in the [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as tale type ATU 707, "[[The Three Golden Children (folklore)|The Three Golden Children]]". These tales refer to stories where a girl promises a king she will bear a child or children with wonderful attributes, but her jealous relatives or the king's wives plot against the babies and their mother.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Espinosa |first1=Aurelio M. |title=Comparative Notes on New-Mexican and Mexican Spanish Folk-Tales |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |date=April 1914 |volume=27 |issue=104 |pages=211–231 |doi=10.2307/534598 |jstor=534598 }}</ref> Many variants of the tale type are registered in India, although they comprise specific cycles in this country.

==Summary==
===Stokes's version===
In [[Maive Stokes]]'s version, later republished by folklorist [[Joseph Jacobs]], titled ''The Boy who had a Moon on his Forehead and a Star on his Chin'', a gardener's daughter says out loud, to her friends' mockery, that when she marries she will give birth to a boy with a moon on the forehead and a star on the chin. Her friends think she is only jesting, but her words draw the king's attention, who makes her his fifth cowife.

A year later, the king's other four queens convince the newly crowned one that the king may give her a kettle drum to inform the time of labour is approaching. The fifth queen sounds the kettle-drum three times to see if the king comes to her. He does on the first two occasions, but on the third he is absent, which creates a window of opportunity for the other queens to replace her son for a stone and deliver the baby to a nurse to kill him.

The nurse takes the boy in a box and buries it in the jungle, but the king's royal hound, named Shankar, goes to the hole and swallows the boy (but does not eat him). The dog takes the boy and rears him for a time. His master, the king's dogkeeper, sees the boy after the dog spits him out and marvels at the boy's beauty. The four queens learn that the boy is still alive and demand the dog to be killed come morning. The dog, however, saves the boy by giving him to the king's cow Suri, who swallows the boy in its belly.

The four queens once again learn of the boy's survival and order the cow to be sacrificed, but the boy is saved by the cow, who delivers him to the king's horse, Katar. The news of his survival reach the four queens' ears, who beg the king to sacrifice the horse. When a cadre of the king's sepoys surround the barn, the horse tells the prince to get some princely clothes, a bridle, a saddle, a sword and a gun from the stable, and ride it to escape execution.

The boy and Katar reach another country and exchange their clothes for common disguises, and the horse becomes a donkey. The prince with a moon takes up a job as a grain merchant's apprentice. On one hot day, the boy begins to sing to pass the time, and the local king's seventh daughter listens to the song. The princess goes to the royal garden, located neat the grain merchant's shop, and inquires the youth about his origins. He evades her questions. The princess insists on knowing about him, and this time he answers he is only a poor boy.

Some time later, the princess tells her father she wants to get married, and she must choose her husband. The king gathers a royal assemblage in the royal gardens, where the princess is to select her betrothed by placing a golden necklace around their neck, and she chooses the grain merchant's apprentice. The princes and rajás protest her choice, but the king accepts his new son-in-law

After their marriage, the princess feels a bit saddened that her intended does not join with her sisters' husbands in hunting game around the palace. The prince consults with the magic horse Katar (shaped like a donkey), and they transform back into a gallant prince and a horse. The duo hunt birds and deer, and stop to rest under a tree. The other six brothers-in-law come and see him in the guise of the prince with a moon and a star, and beg him for food and drink. The prince agrees, so long as the six other men suffer a red-hot iron scar on their backs.

The prince returns to the palace in his true form, to everyone's surprise. He tells the truth to his wife, who accepts him as her husband. Some time later, the prince tells Katar he wants to return to his own country to check on his father and mother. The youth and the princess visit his father's kingdom.

After the couple arrive and pitch their tents, the king pays him a visit. The youth introduces himself as a foreign prince, who wants to hold a grand banquet for the king and the whole kingdom is to be invited. Everyone comes to the celebration, except his mother, the gardener's daughter. The youth insists she is to be present too at the event. The youth greets her as a queen, to the other queens's anger.

Some days after, the prince asks the king if he has any sons. The prince reveals the whole truth to his father, and shows him the magic horse Katar, who has helped the prince so far. The king asks his son to live with him in the palace, but he will only consent if his father kills the other four queens. The king does, and restores his former queen to her proper place.<ref>Stokes, Maive S. H. ''[https://archive.org/details/indianfairytales00stokrich/page/119/mode/1up Indian fairy tales]''. National Library of Scotland. Calcutta: Privately printed. 1879. pp. 119-137.</ref><ref>Jacobs, Joseph. ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Indian_Fairy_Tales_(Jacobs)/Boy_with_Moon_on_Forehead Indian Fairy Tales]''. New York: G. P. Putnam Sons. 1892. pp. 156–177.</ref>

===Day's version===
In another Bengali folk tale collected by [[Lal Behari Dey]] in his ''[[Folk-Tales of Bengal]]'' with the title ''The Boy with the Moon on his forehead'', a king has not yet fathered a son, even though he has six cowives. So he decides to marry a seventh queen. In his wanderings, he finds a cow-dung seller's beautiful daughter. In a conversation with other girls (daughter of the king's minister, daughter of a wealthy merchant, and the daughter of the royal priest), she tells them that to whoever marries her, she will bear him a boy and a girl (the girl "divinely fair"; the boy with "the moon on his forehead and stars on the palms of his hands").

The king decides to marry the girl who promises the wonder children, to her mother's surprise and to the anger and jealousy of the other six queens. The king gives her a bell and tells her he will be travelling for the next six months. The other queens convince the girl to ring the bell to prove that the king will return to her side. After three times, the king grows impatient and will not returns after a fourth ringing.

The six queens take the seventh queen and a midwife to a hut in the stables, replace the twins for puppies and give them to be disposed by the midwife. She puts both babies in an earthenware pot and takes the vessel to a poor potter's wheel, so that he burns all vessels clays the next morning along with the infants. However, the potter and his wife wake up the next morning and discover the clay vessels have been prepared overnight. The couple also find the twins "of unearthly beauty" and raises them as their own children.

After the potter and his wife die, the twin children move to the king's city. When they enter a bazaar, the whole place illuminates all of a sudden. Fascinated by their beauty, the men at the bazaar promise to build a house for them, which they do. The boy hires a horse and hunts game in the nearby forests. One day, the king, also on a hunt, sees the mysterious boy. The youth shoots an arrow at a deer, but the force of the maneuver lets loose his turban, and the king can see his lunar birthmark.

The king returns to the six queens and tells them the incident, thinking about the son he might have had. The queens notice the youth is the boy they tried to kill in the past, and send the midwife to talk to both twins. The youth's sister is paid a visit by the midwife, who tells her her house need the kataki flower, guarded by 700 rakshasas.

The boy travels far across the ocean and finds a maiden named Pushpavati sleeping in a death-like state controlled by a golden and a silver baton. The maidens bids him to hide, as a rakshasa comes to wake up the girl. Pushpavati asks the demoness what may happen when she dies, and the creature answer that fate ordained that only the man with a moon on his forehead and stars on his palms can get a wooden box in a deep tank of water which contains the death of all rakshasas.

The boy follows the rakshasas' instructions, gets the wooden box, crushes the two bees that were inside and kill the demons. He takes a bunch of kataki flowers to his sister, along with the maiden. They return home safe and sound. One day, the youth invites the king to his house, where the whole truth is revealed by Lady Pushpavati. The king buries the six queens in the ground and reinstates the twins' mother to her rightful place.<ref>Day, Rev. Lal Behari (1883). ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/38488/pg38488-images.html#ch19 Folk-Tales of Bengal]''. London: MacMillan and Co. 1883. pp. 227-247.</ref>

==Analysis==
===Tale type===
Both tales are classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children".<ref>[[D. L. Ashliman|Ashliman, D. L.]] ''A Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne-Thompson Classification System''. Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature, vol. 11. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1987. p. 143. {{ISBN|0-313-25961-5}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The ocean of story: fairy tales from India |last1=Ness |first1=Caroline |last2=Philip |first2=Neil |date=1996 |location=New York |publisher=Lothrop, Lee & Shephard |page=120 |quote=The story is a highly individual variant of the international folktale known as "The Three Golden Sons."}}</ref>

Late 19-century and early 20th-century scholarship noted the great similarities between the Bengali tales and European fairy tales with a similar narrative. Scholar [[Francis Hindes Groome]] already saw a parallel between this tale with the Romani tale he collected, and [[Brothers Grimm]]'s ''[[The Three Little Birds]]''.<ref>Groome, Francis Hindes. ''[https://sacred-texts.com/neu/roma/gft/gft047.htm Gypsy folk-tales]''. London: Hurst and Blackett. 1899. pp. lxviii–lxix.</ref>

In their commentaries to the Grimm's fairy tales, folklorists [[Johannes Bolte]] and [[Jiří Polívka (linguist)|Jiří Polívka]] listed the Indian tales as related to the German tale ''The Three Little Birds''.<ref>Bolte, Johannes; Polívka, Jiri. ''Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- u. hausmärchen der brüder Grimm''. Zweiter Band (NR. 61-120). Germany, Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 1913. p. 390.</ref>

According to [[Stith Thompson]]' and Jonas Balys's index of Indian tales, the tale type ATU 707 shows 44 variants across Indian sources.<ref>Crowley, Daniel J. "Haring's Herring: Theoretical Implications of the "Malagasy Tale Index"." In: ''Journal of Folklore Research'' 23, no. 1 (1986): 46, 48. Accessed November 19, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3814480.</ref> Stuart Blackburn also studied [[Tamilian]] variants of the tale type, which he claimed was "one of the most frequently told Tamil tales".<ref>Blackburn, Stuart. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uiDXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+three+golden+sons%22 Moral Fictions: Tamil Folktales from Oral Tradition]''. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2001. pp. 279-281.</ref> As for Stokes's version, it is also classified as type AaTh 532, "The Helpful Horse", in [[Stith Thompson]] and Warren Roberts's ''Types of Indic Oral Tales''.<ref>Thompson, Stith; Roberts, Warren Everett. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HYpSnK8oL0IC&q=%22+baby+boy+is+saved+by+a+horse+which+carries+him+off%22 Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, and Ceylon]''. Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1960. p. 79.</ref>{{efn|For clarification, German folklorist [[Hans-Jörg Uther]], in his 2004 revision of the international tale type index (henceforth, ATU), subsumed type AaTh 532 under a new tale type, ATU 314, "Goldener", due to "its similar structure and content".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uther |first1=Hans-Jörg |title=The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson |date=2004 |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica |isbn=978-951-41-0963-8 |page=199 }}</ref>}}

=== Motifs ===
Folklorist Christine Goldberg, in the entry of the tale type in ''[[Enzyklopädie des Märchens]]'', noted that in Indian variants of tale type 707, the children may entice their father to the truth by trying to feed a wooden horse. In others, the children die and are reborn as plants, and only their mother may pluck fruits or flowers from the trees.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |doi=10.1515/emo.12.183 |title=Söhne: Die drei goldenen Söhne (AaTh/ATU 707) |trans-title=Three Golden Children (ATU 707) |last1=Goldberg |first1=Christine |encyclopedia=Enzyklopädie des Märchens |publisher=De Gruyter |date=2007 |isbn=978-3-11-019936-9 }}</ref>{{efn|A similar sequence is attested in Iran, in a tale from [[Khorasan province|Khorasan]] with the title ''Haft Derakht-e Sepidar'' ('Seven Poplar Trees'): after a girl is expelled from home and her brothers protect her, the brothers die and reincarnate as [[Populus|poplar]] trees, while their sister joins their transformation and becomes a blooming flower. Later, the king's gardener tries to pluck the flowers, but the girl asks her brothers if she should allow it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alizadeh |first1=Yass |chapter=Feminine Sense Versus Common Sense in Two Persian Folktales from Iran: 'A Girl's Loyalty' and 'Seven Poplar Trees' |pages=149–170 |id={{Project MUSE|2999277|type=chapter}} |editor1-last=Moosavi |editor1-first=Amir |editor2-last=Khorrami |editor2-first=Mehdi |title=Losing Our Minds, Coming to Our Senses: Sensory Readings of Persian Literature and Culture |date=2021 |publisher=Leiden University Press |isbn=978-94-006-0414-8 }}</ref> This sequence is reported by German scholar {{ill|Ulrich Marzolph|de|Ulrich Marzolph}} as its own tale type in the Persian Folktale Catalogue, indexed as type *407, "Die Familie in Blumen verwandelt" ("The Family changed into flowers").<ref>Marzolph, Ulrich. ''[https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/inhouse/content/pageview/1469981 Typologie des persischen Volksmärchens]''. Beirut: Orient-Inst. der Deutschen Morgenländischen Ges.; Wiesbaden: Steiner [in Komm.], 1984. pp. 78–79.</ref>}}{{efn|Similarly, Tajik folklorist {{ill|Klavdia Ulug-Zade|uk|Улуг-заде Клавдія Олександрівна}} collected a [[Tajikistan|Tajik]] tale titled "Семь братьев и одна сестра" ("Seven Brothers and One Sister"), wherein seven brothers, at the end of the tale, turn into doves and fly away; his sister joins them in their avian transformation and they land in their parents' garden, where the brothers become seven poplar trees and the girl an [[apple tree]] that yields fruits; a prince tries to pluck an apple and is refused by the girl's brothers; an old man tries and the brothers agree to let him do it.<ref>Амонов, Раджаб; Клавдия Улуг-заде. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=dVXWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%22 Таджикские народные сказки]" [Tajik Folk Tales]. Сост. и обраб. Р. Амонова и К. Улуг-заде, пер. Клавдии Улуг-заде. Сталинабад: Таджикгосиздат, 1957. pp. 87-93.</ref>}} Likewise, researcher Noriko Mayeda and Indologist [[W. Norman Brown]] divided Indian variants of type 707 in five groups: (1) quest for wonderful items; (2) reincarnation into flowers; (3) use of wooden horses; (4) children sing a song; (5) miscellaneous.<ref>Mayeda, Noriko; Brown, W. Norman. ''Tawi Tales; Folk Tales From Jammu''. American Oriental Society New Haven, Connecticut, 1974. pp. 543-544.</ref>

Dutch author [[Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje]] noted that the motif of the hero branding his brothers-in-law (or other suitors) also occurs in [[Indonesian literature]], namely, in ''Banta Ali'' or ''Banta Peureudan'' ("Prince Ape"), and in the [[Hikayat]] ''Indra Bangsawan''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hurgronje |first=Christiaan Snouck |url=https://archive.org/details/achehnese02hurg/page/143/mode/1up?q=cheval |title=The Achehnese |volume=II |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |date=1906 |pages=143–147}}</ref>

== Variants ==
=== India ===
Folklorist [[Ashraf Siddiqui]] argued that variants of the tale type were "borrowed" into the oral corpus of the Santals, the Hos and the Birhors from the Hindus.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bengali Folklore Collections and Studies, 1800-1947 |first=Ashraf |last=Siddiqui |publisher=[[Bangla Academy|Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī]] |location=Bangladesh |date=1997 |page=148 |isbn=9789840735822}}</ref>

==== Quest for objects ====
In a [[Gujarat]]i variant collected by Putlibai Wadia with the title ''Súrya and Chandra'', a disguised raja wanders about his kingdom and reaches a tree near a well, where a group of young women were talking. Two of them boast about their skills, and a third, from a Brahman family, says she is destined to bear the Sun and the Moon. The king, interested in fathering both luminaries, marries the girl as his fourth wife. The woman bears twins: the Sun, a "divinely handsome boy", and the Moon, a "bewitchingly lovely girl". The other wives replace them for a log of wood and a broom and cast them in the sea. The queen is imprisoned and the twins are saved by a poor devotee, who named the boy Súrya and the girl Chandra. Years later, the girl is convinced to send her brothers for the sandalwood tree that lies at the bottom of the well of Chandan Pari, and the world-renowned Pari of Unchhatra, who petrifies people. Súrya brings home the sandalwood tree, and marries both Chandan Pari and Unchhatra. Unchhatra is the one to arrange for the truth of their parentage to be discovered.<ref>''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924079325571&view=1up&seq=359&size=150 Indian Antiquary]''. Vol. 22. November 1893. pp. 315-321.</ref>

In an Indian tale titled ''The Pomegranate Princess'', collected from a [[Rajasthan]]i teller named Chhoti, from [[Bassi, India|Bassi]], in the "Rajasthani dialect of [[Hindi language|Hindi]]", a childless king marries a seventh wife, a woman named Usha, to the jealousy of the other six queens. Now queen, Usha gives birth to a boy, a girl and another boy (as three consecutive births), but the jealous queens bribe the midwife to put rocks in their cribs and throw the children in the ocean. However, they are saved each time by a sadhu, who names them, respectively, Gokul, Kamala and Kalyan. Some time later, the sadhu dies, but leaves the children "the ashes of the fire", which are imbued with magic. The three decide to move from the sadhu's hut to the city, and Kamala, using the magic ashes, creates a fine mansion for them. The barber and the king's minister see Kamala and find a matchmaker. The matchmaker takes a job as the siblings' housekeeper and tells the girl the house will be even more beautiful if one of her brothers finds a pomegranate that "shines like a bright star in a far away tree". Her brother Gokul uses the ashes on his horse, rides it to the tree and takes the pomegranate home. That night, the fruit cracks open and a princess comes out of it. The next time, the matchmaker convinces the sister to send her brothers for the golden bird. As usual, the brothers fail and are turned into stone, but their sister gets the bird and rescues them. Now back home, the golden bird convinces the siblings to invite the king, the queens and everyone for a banquet. The bird reveals the intrigue to the king, who orders for the former queen to be brought to his presence.<ref>Hower, Edward. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EABsWYe76EcC&dq=%22The+coconut+lady%22+408&pg=PA126 The Pomegranate Princess: And Other Tales from India]''. Authors Guild Backinprint, 2004 [1991]. pp. 12, 22 and 130 (source and teller), 39-47 (text for tale nr. 3). {{ISBN|0-595-33671-X}}.</ref>

Ethnologist [[Verrier Elwin]] collected a Baiga story from the [[Mandla district]], titled ''The Brave Children'': the fourth queen gives birth to a boy and a girl, but the three jealous co-wives of the king cast them in the water. They are found by a [[Sadhu]], who gives them two sticks with a magical command. Years later, the jealous queens send the boy on a quest for a lotus flower and Pathari Kaniya (The Stone Maiden) as his wife.<ref>Elwin, Verrier. ''Folk-tales of Mahakoshal''. [London]: Pub. for Man in India by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944. pp. 204–209.</ref>

[[James Hinton Knowles]] collected three variants from [[Kashmir]], grouped under the title "The Wicked Queens". In the first, the number of siblings is 4 (three boys, one girl), the third son is the hero and he goes on a quest for a bird that speaks and sings. In another, there is only one son who quests for a tree and its covering (lacking the quest for a magical water and a magical bird, from other variants).<ref>Knowles, James Hinton. ''[https://archive.org/details/folktalesofkashm00knowuoft/page/397/mode/1up Folk-tales of Kashmir]''. London: Trübner. 1888. pp. 397-405, 408–414.</ref>

In a tale collected from the [[Lepcha people|Lapcha people]] in [[Sikhim]], ''The Golden Knife and the Silver Knife'', King Lyang-bar-ung-bar-pono goes on a hunt with his two dogs. The dogs follow two stags. The animals turn into she-devils and kill the dogs. The king discovers their corpses and follow a trail into a second realm, Lung-da. He goes to the king's palace and meets two fairies: Se-lamen and Tung-lamen. Se-lamen spends a night with the king and promises to feed the entire palace with a grain of rice. Tung-lamen spends the next night with him and promises that she can clothe the king down to the poorest person with only one roll of cloth. The king Lyang-bar meets Ramit-pandi, the daughter of the king of Lung-da, who promises to give birth to a golden knife and a silver knife. They marry and Ramit-pandi gives birth to twins, who are replaced for puppies by the fairies. The evil fairies put the twins in an earthen pot and bury it deep in the ground at a crossroads. The twins' mother is killed, but her corpse floats upstream. The boys are found by a poor old couple. Years later, king Lyang-bar summons the twins to his presence to inquire them about their origins, and the evil fairies convince the king to send them after the golden and silver flutes of the demon Chenchhyo-byung-pono. The twins steal the flute and a pair of tusks and make peace with the demon, returning soon after to their father's kingdom to reveal the whole truth and to resuscitate their mother.<ref>De Beauvoir Stocks, C. ''Folklore and customs of the Lepchas of Sikkim''. Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 2001. pp. 67, 68–84. {{ISBN|81-206-1559-X}}.</ref>

==== Birth of multiple children ====
Author [[Mary Frere]] collected an Indian tale titled ''Truth's Triumph''. In this tale, told across [[family saga|two generations]] of the same family, a childless Rajah with twelve co-wives sees a [[Eggplant|bringal tree]] with no leaves but with 101 bringal fruits. His Wuzeer interprets the sight as a portent: whoever marries the daughter of the Malee who tends the garden, shall father 100 sons and a daughter. The rajah marries the Malee's daughter, Guzra Bai. The girl's humble origins spark the jealousy of the twelve co-wives, who take the 101 children and abandon them in the wilderness. In the wilderness, the single sister lives in the forest and witnesses her brothers' transformation into crows, but she is eventually found and marries a Rajah of a neighboring region. Her child, the prince, learns of his family history and ventures on a quest to reverse his uncles' transformation. At the climax of the story, the boy invites his grandfather and his co-wives and reveals the whole plot, as the family reunites.<ref>Frere, Mary Eliza Isabella. ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36696/36696-h/36696-h.htm#Page_81 Old Deccan days; or, Hindoo fairy legends current in Southern India; collected from oral tradition]''. London: Murray. 1898. pp. 38–49.</ref> The tale was later republished as ''The Triumph of Truth'' by illustrator [[Katherine Pyle]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Pyle |first=Katherine |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/25913/pg25913-images.html#THE_TRIUMPH_OF_TRUTH_A_HINDU_STORY |title=Tales of folk and fairies |location=Boston |publisher=Little, Brown, and Company |date=1919 |pages=221–250}}</ref> and in German as ''Der Sieg der Wahrheit''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Frere |first=Mary |title=Märchen aus der indischen Vergangenheit. Hinduistische Erzählungen aus dem Süden von Indien |location=Jena |publisher=Hermann Costenoble |date=1874 |pages=86–104}}</ref>

In a tale collected from the [[Muria people]] in Kanhargaon, [[Bastar State]], by Verrier Elwin with the title ''The Nine [[Score (number)|Scores]] and One Babies'', a Raja with seven wives hasn't fathered a son. One day, a beggar and his wife appear at the palace to beg for alms. The Raja dismisses the man, but lets the beggar woman stay. After some months, the woman is pregnant with child, and the Raja gives her a flute of sorrow and a flute of joy, to blow if she ever need his presence. The beggar woman blows on both flutes to test it, but the Raja becomes annoyed and promises not to get back to her. The other queens seize the opportunity to blindfold the beggar woman while she delivers her children: nine scores of boys and a girl. The queens replace them for a grindstone and cast them with the buffaloes, which suckle the children. The seven queens go to the buffalo shed and notice that the children still live, so they get the children and throw them in the bottom of a well in a Marar's garden. The Marar couple finds the children and adopt them. Years later, when the children grow up, the seven queens look for them to give them a cursed piece of bread, which turns them into monkeys. The boys' sister goes with them to live in the jungle. One day, a hunter finds the girl in the jungle and wants to marry her. The girl refuses, but the hunter promises to turn the brothers back into humans. The hunter fulfills his promise and marries the girl, while her brothers, now back into humans, decide to seek employment elsewhere. They steal for a living, which attracts the attention of the Raja, their father. They are arrested and confront the Raja with the truth of their story. The Raja orders the beggar woman to be brought to them, and for a screen to be put between the beggar woman and the boys. Jets of stream flow from her breasts to the boys' mouths, confirming their parentage.<ref>Elwin, Verrier. ''Folk-tales of Mahakoshal''. [London]: Pub. for Man in India by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944. pp. 202–204.</ref>

Scholar [[Praphulladatta Goswami|P. Goswami]] summarized a tale from [[Assam]] with the translated title ''The tale of the hundred sons and the golden-nosed daughter''. In this tale, a king has two wives and no children, until a sage appears and gives them a fruit. The elder co-wife eats the pulp, leaving only the seeds and peeling and becomes pregnant. When she is ready to give birth, the elder co-wife covers the younger's eyes with a blindfold, takes the children (a hundred boys and a girl) as soon as they are born and thrown in the river, and replaces them with wooden dolls. The 101 siblings are rescued by an old couple, who raises them. Years later, after some adventures, they return home and the king punishes his elder co-wife.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Goswami |first=P. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99772/page/n346/mode/1up |title=The Cinderella Motif in Assamese Folk-tales |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=4 (December) |date=1947 |page=317}}</ref>

Professor Stuart Blackburn collected a tale from a [[Tamils|Tamil]] informant named Sitalakshmi, with the title ''The Sixteen Wooden Blocks''. In this tale, a raja marries twice in order to sire an heir, to no avail. On a ride, he finds a group of five or six girls, among them an [[Irulas|Irula]] tribal girl with a large stomach. It is explained that the girl can give birth to sixteen children, which greatly interests the raja. The monarch goes to talk to her parents, pays them a bag of gold as bride price and takes the Irula girl as his third wife. In time, she becomes pregnant, and the king gives his co-wives a bell to ring when the babies are born, for he will leave on a ride. After he departs, the co-wives commission sixteen wooden blocks from a carpenter. The babies are born to the Irula girl: the elder a daughter and the other fifteen sons, whom the co-wives throw in a garbage heap and replaced for the wooden blocks. They ring the bell to summon the king and lie that the Irula girl gave birth to wooden images, which makes the king to demote her to the cow-pen. As for the children, they survive and are raised by the "Queen of the Rubbish Heap". The co-wives see the children and ask the raja to remove the garbage heap. The woman from the garbage heap takes the babies to Ganga Devi, who raises them by the well. The co-wives find the children again and ask the raja to plug up the well. Ganga Devi delivers the children to Kali Devi, who raises them in her temple, and still the co-wives find them when they bring flour to the temple, so they ask the raja to destroy the temple. The children move out to the forest, when a tiger appears to devour them, but Siva and Parvati turn the siblings into stones to spare them from the tiger's attack, then restores them to human form. Later, the elder sister orders her young brothers to go to an old woman's house and ask for food. The brothers go to ask her for food, but give a wrong answer and the old woman turns them into plants. As for the elder sister, she cries for their delay and her tears form a stream that flows into a river. Another king goes to investigate, discovers the girl and marries her. In time, she gives birth to a son, but remains silent all the time. Her son complains to her that his schoolmates tease and mock him for his mute mother and threatens to kill himself if she does not speak. The girl begins to talk and explains her brothers have been turned into plants by the old woman. The son goes to talk to the old woman and begs her to restore his uncles, which she does with water and a magic wand. The fifteen siblings are reunited with their elder sister. The elder sister then requests them to commission fifteen wooden blocks, take them to their father's, the raja, assembly and beat the blocks, asking aloud if a woman could bear fifteen wooden blocks, for the raja will invite them for a meal; during the meal, they are to take care, for the co-wives will try to poison them. It happens as the elder sister describes, and the fifteen siblings give the poisoned meal to crows and dogs. The elder sister asks them to repeat the stratagem and they are invited again to the raja's palace, but they ask that the meal should be prepared by the cowherd woman, who is their mother. The raja tries to invite the siblings' sister, but the elder sister wants the raja to bring the fifty-six rajas of the world for a gathering. It happens thus, and the elder sister attends the assembly, where she recounts her family's life story: how the raja met the Irula girl with a big stomach, how the co-wives replaced the children for wooden blocks and tried to destroy them, how the raja was tricked and humiliated the Irula girl, how the siblings were separated by the old woman and the elder sister was found by a king who married her, and how the family reunited at last.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Stuart |title=Moral Fictions: Tamil Folktales from Oral Tradition |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica |date=2001 |pages=261–264 (tale nr. 99), 315 (classification) |isbn=978-951-41-0897-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVSAAAAAMAAJ&q=%22THE+SIXTEEN+WOODEN+BLOCKS%22}}</ref>

Professor Sujatha Vijayaraghavan translated a Tamil tale with the title ''The Foolish King'', originally collected around [[Cuddalore district]]. In this tale, a king has three wives and no children. One day, he goes on a ride and finds some Irula children playing. One Irula kicks another girl's belly, who tells her to take her, since her belly can bear sixteen children. Interested, the king goes to meet the poor Irula girl's family, a poor couple named Irula and Irulatchi. The king asks for the Irula girl's hand and takes her as his fourth wife. After she becomes pregnant, the Irula queen is given a bell to ring. Meanwhile, the three co-queens ask a carpenter to fashion sixteen wooden seats, and place the objects next to the Irula queen, then take her sixteen children (a girl and fifteen boys) and cast them in the rubbish heap. The king comes back and finds the wooden seats instead of children, and demotes the Irula wife to sweep the palace. As for the children, one of the co-wives finds the children playing by the rubbish heap, so she feigns illness and asks for the king to destroy it. The Goddess of the Rubbish takes the children and places them in the well to spare them. Next, the co-wives keep finding the children in new hideouts and ask the king to destroy it: first, a well, but Ganga Devi takes the siblings to Kalika Devi's temple; then, Kaliva Devi takes the children and leaves them in the forest. However, a tiger appears to eat the boys and the girl, when Paramasivan and Parvathi turn them to stones, then restore them after the tiger goes away. The sister, the eldest of the group, sends them towards an old woman's house and advises them to answer they are in search of livelihood. They go to the old woman's house, answer incorrectly, and are turned to plants. The girl notices her brothers's delay and cries in the forest. A king and a minister find her, and the king marries her. The girl gives birth to a boy. The young prince is mocked for his mother's muteness, and confronts her about it. The girl tells her son about how she sent her brothers to old woman's hut and they never returned. The prince makes the same path and meets the old woman, explaining about their uncles' disappearance. The old woman asks the prince to delouse her, and the plants return to human form. The fifteen brothers, now young men, and the prince return home and the sixteen siblings are reunited. The elder sister gets fifteen wooden seats, which she gives to her brothers so that they dive in the pond in the eighbouring king's realm, splash about and cause a ruckus by shouting if a woman could bear fifteen wooden seats; the king, who is their father, will invite them for a feast, but they should decline it at first. It happens thus, and the brothers manage to draw the king's attention. They repeat the stratagem the following day, but their elder sister warns them they are to take care, for the co-wives will try to poison them. It happens as the elder sister describes, and the fifteen siblings give the poisoned rice to crows and dogs. The elder sister asks them to repeat the stratagem a third time, but to ask that the three queens are locked up; the Irulatchi woman to prepare them rice, and that the king invites all the kings of the world (who amount to fifty-six). It happens this, and the Irulatchi woman cooks rice for the fifteen young men and their sister. During the assembly, the sister recounts her family's life story: how the king met the Irula girl, how the co-wives replaced the children for wooden seats and tried to destroy them by asking the monarch to dig up the pit, and other details. On hearing this, the fifty-six kings burn the three co-queens in a lime kiln, while the king reinstates the Irula girl as his wife and reunites with his children.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hundred Tamil Folk and Tribal Tales |translator=Sujatha Vijayaraghavan |publisher=Orient Blackwan |date=2010 |pages=1–3 (source), 5–11 (text for tale nr. 2)|isbn=9788125039204}}</ref> Vijayaraghavan noted that the story existed in "several versions" in [[Tamil Nadu]], and that it was also "prevalent" in other [[States of India|states]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Hundred Tamil Folk and Tribal Tales |translator=Sujatha Vijayaraghavan |publisher=Orient Blackwan |date=2010 |page=11 (notes for tale nr. 2)|isbn=9788125039204}}</ref>

Zacharias P. Thundy published a tale from a [[Kadar language|Kadar]] informant that he titled ''[[Bhadrakali]], the Mother Goddess''. In this tale, a mighty and powerful king lives in the east, has many wives, and still no children. He makes pilgrimages, send gifts to priests and asks hermit for intercession, to no avail. One day, he rides in the forest with his retinue and meets a girl under a [[Peepal tree|pipul tree]]. The girl threatens to turn them to stone if they come near. The king approaches her and she asks for an arecanut and some betel leaves, which the king gives her. She keeps asking the king, who moves in to hit her, but she says it would be a sacrilege to hit her, a goddess, his future wife and mother of seventeen children, sixteen boys and a girl. The king takes her as his newest wife and moves her to her own palace, to the jealousy of the other co-queens. Ten months later, the goddess is pregnant, and the other co-wives place a blindfold on her eyes. She gives birth to her predicted sixteen boys and one girl, whom the midwives toss with the rats and place mortar, pestle, rocks, and driftwood to trick her and the king. The king falls for the co-queens' ruse and orders his soldiers to return her to the forest and starve her to death. Meanwhile, the rats find the children and, seeing the "divine halo" around the siblings, deliver them to the temple of goddess Bhadrakali, where they animals are told to bring them to the neighbouring country. An old ayah finds and raises the children, who grow up. One day, the brothers leave their house to find pearls to their sister, and, when they return home, they are caught in a strange storm and hit by lightning. The sister comes out of the house and finds the brothers and their horses dead. The girl cries for her fallen brothers, when a prince finds her and takes her and her brothers with him. The prince marries the girl and buries her brothers and their horses in his palace. The girl gives birth to a son. The little prince is mocked for being "uncle-less" (having no uncles), and asks his mother about it. The girl tells her son about the dead uncles, and the little prince vows to revive them. He goes to Bhadrakali's temple and is welcomed by a matron, who is a goddess and gives him a wand and some water to restore his uncles to life. The goddess also reveals the little prince that his uncles are the sons of the king of the country. The little prince returns home, enters the room where the bones are interred, waves the wand and sprinkles the water on the bodies and his uncles return to life with their horses. The little prince tells them he is their nephew, their father is the king, and goddess Bhadrakali was the one to revive them. The sixteen brothers talk to the king about their blood relation, but he needs some proof, so the siblings go to the forest where their mother is trapped, and jets of breastmilk flow from her breasts towards them, proving their relationship. The little prince appears, says that she is Bhadrakali, the Mother Goddess, who blesses them and vanishes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thundy |first=Zacharias P. |title=South Indian Folktales of Kadar |publisher=Archana Publications |date=1983 |pages=26–28 (text for tale nr. 18) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bwiAAAAMAAJ&q=bhadrakali}}</ref>

==== Other tales ====
Indian scholar [[A. K. Ramanujan]] demonstrated the existence of two markedly different modes of storytelling regarding a South Indian variant of the tale type. One way of narration (which he called "domestic") skips the preamble and is more basic and to the point; the second mode ("bardic") is accompanied by instruments and offers a more elaborate tale: the story about king Chadurangaraja who, despite being married to five queens, never had a son, so he goes on a journey in search of a new queen, and finds a maiden named Kadasiddamma in a temple.<ref>Ramanujan, A. K. "The Relevance of South Asian Folklore." In Indian Folklore II, edited by Peter Claus, J. Handoo, and D.P. Pattanayak. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. 1987. pp. 79–156.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mulla |first1=Majan |title=Professionelle Märchenerzähler im südindischen Karnataka |journal=Fabula |date=January 1997 |volume=38 |issue=1–2 |pages=101–111 |doi=10.1515/fabl.1997.38.1-2.101 |s2cid=161597393 }}</ref>

In a variant from [[Salsette Island]], ''Bapkhadî, the Salsette Cinderella'', in the second part of the tale, after Bapkhadî marries the prince, she announces that a miraculous event shall happen when she gives birth: if to a boy, "a shower of gold" [golden water] shall appear; if to a girl, "a shower of silver" [silver water]. Everytime she gives birth (to two boys and a girl), the events happen and the king, on a trip, returns home to see his newborn children, but the queen's sisters have taken the children and replace them with animals. The princess Bapkhadi is taken to the dungeon. The siblings are rescued by "the hand of the Almighty God" and grow up. They survive by begging and chanting their story, introducing themselves as Brothers Saya from under the saya tree, Brother Ansa from under the ansa tree and Sister Denku from the Church. One day, the prince - their father - and their aunts pass by them and their aunts give their alms, but the children refuse. The prince is puzzled at the children's behaviour, and they explain that, after they take Bapkhadi out of the dungeon and prepare seven thick curtains, the truth will be revealed. The prince follows with the instructions: behind the heavy curtains, jets of milk stream from Bapkhadi's breasts and into the children's mouth, thus proving their biological connection.<ref>D'Penha, Geo Fr. "Folklore in Salsette". In: ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924079325597&view=1up&seq=156&size=125 The Indian Antiquary]''. April, 1891. pp. 142–147.</ref>

Elwin collected a tale from the Pando people, in the Korba Zamindari, with the title ''The Raja of Kakarpur'': the raja of Kakarpur is already married to six wives, but has yet to father a son. One day, he goes near a tank of water where the princess of Mahuapurgarh and six companion arrive to bathe. The seven girls play in the water and comment with one another what is prophesied for each of them: the princess, the seventh to speak, tells the others her fate is to be the seventh wife to a man and bear him "a son who would shine as brightly as the rays of the sun". He takes the princess by force to his kingdom and marries her. When the fabled boy is born to her, with skin shining as the light, the six other queens become very angry and refuse to talk to their husband unless he banishes the seventh queen from the palace with her son. The boy and his mother are banished to the jungle; the boy eventually separates from his mother and is reared by a sow, a she-dog and a mare. The six queens notice the boy is alive and, to torture him, feign illness and lie to the king that they need the liver of the sow and the she-dog. The mare escapes with the boy to the city of Bhuiharra, where he finds work as a potter's apprentice. During the Ekti festival, the princess and her twenty handmaidens try to buy some red coloured pots from the boy, now a youth, but he says they are not ready. So he paints the 21 pots with a red paint made with red earth and his urine. The 21 girls drink water from the pot and become pregnant and give birth to a son each. The princess's father organizes a paternity test wherein the sons are to identify their father from all men in the realm. The children indicate the potter as their father, and he tells his life story to the king of Bhuiharra.<ref>Elwin, Verrier. ''Folk-tales of Mahakoshal''. [London]: Pub. for Man in India by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944. pp. 194–197.</ref>

In a tale collected from the [[Santal people]], ''Raj ar eae go̯ṭẹn rạni reaṅ'' ("A King and his Seven Wives"), a king marries seven wives, wanting to have a child, but no such luck. Then, "Father Isor of Heaven", under the guise of a "Gosse", instructs him to go to his own mango grove and find a tree with seven mangoes and give them to his wives, with the promise that the king give him, the Gosse, his firstborn. The first six wives eat their mangoes and the fruit reserved to the youngest wife. However, she gets the mango rind and eats, becoming pregnant before the other wives. The king arranges the preparations for the birth of his child: the queen shall ring a deep-sounding bell for a boy, and a tiny-sounding bell for a girl. The queen gives birth to twins, a boy and a girl (both bells were sounded), but the other jealous co-wives, out of envy, replace the children for two worn-out brooms. The twins are found and raised by a potter and his wife. The truth is revealed when the Gosse goes to the palace to cash in his promise and tells the king none of the children of the other six queens are his firstborn. The tale later continues with the adventures of the seven half-brothers.<ref>[[Paul Olaf Bodding|Bodding, P. O.]] ''Santal Folk Tales''. Vol. 3. Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), 1929. pp. 220-270 (text for tale nr. 82).</ref>

In a Gujarati tale published by author Tara Bose with the title ''The Story of the Twins'', king Vijaypal of Gujarat has six wives, but no child yet. His ministers recommend he marries a poor, but beautiful woman named Suman as his seventh wife. Suman becomes pregnant and gives birth to twins, a boy and a girl, who are taken by the other six queens and replaced for pups. The twins are cast in a wooden box in the [[Shetrunji River]] and are saved by a hermit. The hermit names the boy Dilaram and the girl Chandrika and raises them as his children. On his deathbed, the hermit gives the twins a magical pot and two rubies. After their adoptive father dies, they rub the rubies against each other and two fairies appear. They wish for the fairies to take them to the land of their birth, Paran. Once there, they build a palace for themselves and Dilaram invites the king and every citizen in the realm for a feast. After the feast, the king takes an interest in the twins' past and orders his ministers to ask around. The ministers find a former midwife named Champa, who looked after queen Suman until the twins' delivery. The king learns the truth, embraces Dilaram as his heir and reinstates Suman as his queen.<ref>Bose, Tara. ''Folk Tales Of Gujarat''. Sterling Publishers, 1960. pp. 37-39.</ref>

In a [[Tamils|Tamil]] tale from [[Madurai district]], a raja is despondent for not having a son, so he remarries four times. His newest wife is pregnant, and he goes away on a hunt. She gives birth to seven children, the eldest a girl, but the other cowives replace them with insects and cockroaches, and abandoned in a garbage heap. The children are raised by a rat, who tells them to find some food in the palace. The cowives see them and order the rat to be killed. The rat takes the children to the temple of Kali and resigns to her death. The goddess Kali raises the children, until the cowives order Kali to be killed and her blood used to cure her headaches. Kali delivers the children to a snake foster mother named Nagamma. Later, Nagamma takes the children to a Gasnesa temple and they are raised there until they are ten years old. At the climax of the tale, the eldest sister decides to return home and confront her father and the cowives. She summons a ''panchayat'' and presents her case as a story in front of the assembly of people.<ref>Blackburn, Stuart. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BVSAAAAAMAAJ&q=%22A+husband+and+wife+were+childless%22 Moral Fictions: Tamil Folktales from Oral Tradition]''. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2001. pp. 105ff (Tale nr. 34). {{ISBN|9789514108976}}.</ref><ref>Blackburn, Stuart. "Life histories as narrative strategy: prophecy, song, and truth-telling in Tamil tales and legends". In: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xcVU2vwIgKcC&dq=%22the+three+golden+sons%22&pg=PA220 Telling lives in India: biography, autobiography, and life history]''. Edited by David Arnold & Stuart Blackburn. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press 2004. p. 220. {{ISBN|0253344867}}.</ref>

In a tale from the [[Kota people (India)|Kota people]] collected by linguist [[Murray Emeneau]] with the title ''How children were reared by [[bandicoot]]s and a cow'', an old man named Angarain lives in Kolmel with his elder wife. Wanting to have a child, he prays to his gods, to no avail. One day, he goes to the village of Porgar and meets a young woman there, who he marries and takes to his house in Kolmel to be his co-wife, working in tandem with the elder one. The elder wife pretends to accept the man's decision, and secretly plots to get rid of her rival. After a while, the second wife becomes pregnant and is taken to a hut in the backyard (the story explains it is an old custom for pregnant women to be taken to another hut to give birth and blindfolded). The elder wife blindfolds the second wife so she cannot see her child. A son is born to her, but the elder wife takes the child and buries him in the bandicoot's barrow (badger, in Zograf's translation) near a garbage heap, while placing an old broom to trick their husband. The badger's mate, in its barrow, has just given birth to their brood, and the male badger brings the human boy to live with them. This repeats with Angarain's second son (who is replaced by a wooden mallet) and third son (who is replaced by a hair roller with cat's hair). The three boys are raised by the animal family in the badger's hole. Six years later, the elder wife goes outside and sees the three boys rushing to hide inside the badger's barrow, and realizes they are the second wife's children, who are still alive. She goes home and pretends to be ill, and asks Angarain for some fresh badger blood to smear on her forehead. The man goes to sharpen his axe, and badger overhears some villagers talking about it, then goes to warn his mate about it. The animals decide to take the children to the forest of Teloinar, where Angarain grazes his cow. After they meet the cow, the badgers deliver the children to be reared and fed by the cow, and depart. Back to Angarain, he goes to the badger's barrow and does not find anything, save for some human children's footsteps, and returns home empty-handed. Later, the elder wife goes to the forest and sees the cow nursing their children, then returns home to repeat the ploy of feigning illness, this time asking for the sew made of cow's brain. Angarain decides to fulfill her request, but, suspecting something, kills a pig and gives its meat to his wife, who eats it with relish. Some time later, her has a dream: an old man tells him he was deceived, and urges him to bathe and go to the forest, where he will find his children. Angarain follows the vision's instructions and finds three boys in the forest, who he recognizes as his sons and takes home. The elder wife is punished by the village elders by hanging, and they decide that, from now on, whenever a woman is ready to give birth, people are to go to her house.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kota texts |last=Emeneau |first=Murray Barnson |date=1944 |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |pages=2–21 (Kota text and English translation for tale nr. 22)}}</ref> Russian translator {{ill|Georgy A. Zograf|ru|Зограф, Георгий Александрович}} translated the tale to Russian with the title "Дети в барсучьей норе" ("Children in the Badger's Hole").<ref>Зограф, Георгий Александрович. "Сказки народов Индии" [Tales from the peoples of India]. Предисл. и примеч. Г. Зографа. Leningrad: Художественная литература, 1976. pp. 195-200.</ref>

British officer [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] collected an untitled [[etiological]] tale from the [[Mizo people|Lushei people]] about the origin of the Tui-chong river. In this tale, Tui-chongi and her younger sister Nuengi walk through the forest on a hot day, and the elder, to provide water for her sister, transforms herself into a river (the [[Tuichawng|Tui-chong river]], tributary of the [[Karnaphuli|Kurnaphuli]]) to sate the latter's thirst. The stream, however, flows to the country of the Bengalis with a mighty force it draws the attention of the Bengali king, who sends people to find its origin. The forerunners trace its upstream origin and finds Nuengi, who they bring to their king. The monarch of [[Chittagong]] marries Nuengi, and makes her the youngest queen of his harem. In time, she gives birth to a son, who the elder co-queen replaces with a puppy and throws in the river. The Tui-chong river, who was still Tui-chongi, rescues the boy and raises him in the river. Nuengi gives birth to six other sons who share their elder brother's fate and are thrown in the river. Years later, their aunt, Tui-chongi, reveals her nephews their origins and bids them go and dance on the roof of their father's palace. It happens thus: annoyed at the disturbance, the king goes to check on its source, and sees the seven boys. The seven boys explain to the king they are his sons; the king reinstates Nuengi and punishes the elder co-queen.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Lushei Kuki clans |last=Shakespear |first=John |date=1912 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan and Co., limited |pages=95–96 |url=https://archive.org/details/lusheikukiclans00shak/page/95/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Tribal Folk-tales of Assam (Hills) |first=S. |last=Barkataki |publisher=Publication Board |location=Assam |date=1970 |pages=39–40 |chapter=23. The origin of the Tui-Chong River |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCTaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tribal+Folk-tales+of+Assam+(hills)%22+%2B+%22tui-chong+river%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura & Mizoram |first1=B. K. |last1=Borgohain |first2=Pranab Chandra Roy |last2=Choudhury |publisher=Sterling Publishers |date=1975 |pages=102–104 |chapter=33. How Tui-Chong river came in? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc4iAAAAMAAJ&q=%22tui-chong%22}}</ref> Anthropologist B. Lalthangliana published a version of the story titled ''Origin of the Tuaichawng River''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |last1=Lalthangliana |first1=B. |last2=Palkhiwala |first2=Kalapana |date=2005 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=385–386}}</ref> The tale was also reprinted as ''Origin of the Tui-Chong stream'', and sourced from the Lushai people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gan-Chaudhuri |first=Dr. Jagadis |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/handle/123456789/75181?viewItem=search&cat_handle=123456789/73706 |title=Folk-Tales of Tripura |location=Agartala, Tripura West |publisher=Tribal Research & Cultural Institute |date=2015 |pages=177-180 (text for tale nr. 33)}}</ref> Scholar {{ill|Heda Jason|de|Heda Jason}} listed this etiological tale as a Tripuran variant of tale type 707.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jason |first=Heda |author-link=:de:Heda Jaeson |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: Supplement |publisher=Academia Scientiarum Fennica |date=1989 |isbn=9789514105968 |page=32 (entry nr. 8)}}</ref>

=== Nepal ===
Russian orientalist {{ill|Lyudmila A. Aganina|ru|Аганина, Людмила Александровна}} published a [[Nepal]]ese tale translated to Russian as "Сказка о мальчике, у которого на правом плече - солнце, а на левом - луна" ("Tale of a Boy with the Sun on his right shoulder and the Moon on his left"). In this tale, a king named Subahu lives in his kingdom. The gods have given him wealth and glory, but he lacks an heir, so he devotes himself to pilgrimages and prayers, even marrying six women in succession, to no avail yet. One night, he goes with his minister to spy on two beautiful women taking a midnight bath in the sea. After the women get out of the sea, first some servants, then two women who comment to each other about their wishes for a son. The elder girl, who is the elder sister, says she will give birth to a boy fearless ("formidable") as death god [[Mahakala]], and the youngest that she will bear a boy with the Sun and the moon on his shoulders. The king learns of this and takes the younger sister as his newest wife, for he has six co-wives from previous marriages. Before the seventh wife gives birth to her promised wonder son, the six co-queens bribe the court astrologers to predict the newborn will be a monster and bring disaster to the kingdom. It happens thus. When it time for the youngest queen's labour, she gives birth to her fabled son, but the co-queens bribe the midwife to replace the baby for a piece of wood and throw him in a pond to drown. The king falls for the deception and banishes the seventh co-queen to the barnyard to herd the cattle. As for the boy, a giant fish swallows him and protects him in its belly. One night, when the fish goes to eat and the boy is on the shore, the queens see the baby's birthmarks shining in the distance and realize he is alive, so they feign illness and ask for the fish to cure their ailment. The fish learns of its imminent death and gives the boy to the king's winged steed for protection: the horse swallows the boy and only eats at night, after every animal has fed. This situation draws the king's attention, who tries to feed it himself but the horse denies him. The co-queens, who were alerted of the steed's strange behaviour, accompany the king with the executioner to the stables, but the steed opens its wings and flees to another kingdom, where it raises the prince in seclusion. It also warns the boy to hide his astral birthmarks with a cape. Years later, when the boy is a youth, the local rajah summons his three daughters to ask them about their marriage wishes: the elder to a king, the middle to a king's son, and the youngest to the destitute boy that rides the winged horse around their kingdom. The rajah reiterates the question to the youngest princess, and she insists on marrying the poor boy. Thus, their marriages are celebrated: the elder two to noble men and the youngest to the poor youth, who then moves out to a humble hut. Later, war erupts and the rajah's enemies are at the gate. The rajah convenes with his generals, and the third princess offers to send her husband to the frontlines. Her suggestion is carried out: the boy with the sun and moon on his shoulders, riding on the winged steed, finishes off the enemy armies. News of his prowess reach the first king's ears, who ponders that the youth looks like the boy his wife promised to bear, so he goes to the rajah's kingdom. After the king arrives, the rajah asks his son-in-law why he never talked about his parents, and the youth answers that his horse was his only companion. The king goes to embrace the boy with the sun and moon on his shoulders, realizing he is his son, and promises to take him back to their kingdom. But first - the youth requests -, the king has to right the wrongs the co-queens have wrought against them. Thus, the co-queens become servants to the youngest queen, who is restored to her proper place.<ref>Аганина, Л.; Шресткха, K. "Живой в царстве мертвых. Сказки народов Непала" [Alive in the Realm of the Dead: Tales from Peoples of Nepal]. Moskva: Художественная литература, 1971. pp. 142-154.</ref> The tale was also translated to German as ''Von dem Jungen, der Sonne und Mond auf der Schultern trug'' ("About the boy that carries the Sun and the moon on his shoulders"),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Unbescheid |first=Günter |title=Märchen aus Nepal |location=Jena |publisher=Eugen Didierichs Verlag |date=1989 |pages=47–54 |language=DE}}</ref> and as ''Vom Jungen mit Sonne und Mond auf den Schultern'' ("About the youth with Sun and Moon on the shoulders").<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Heunemann |editor-first=Annette |title=Der Schlangenkönig. Märchen aus Nepal |location=Kassel |publisher=Röth |date=1980 |series=Das Gesicht der Völker |volume=47 |pages=78-83 (text for tale nr. 7) |lang=DE |isbn=3876803195}}</ref> The story is classified as a "contamination" of type 707, The Three Golden Children, with type 314, Goldener, possibly due to the fact that, in some variants of the former, the children have a Moon or a Star or golden hair.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Heunemann |editor-first=Annette |title=Der Schlangenkönig. Märchen aus Nepal |location=Kassel |publisher=Röth |date=1980 |series=Das Gesicht der Völker |volume=47 |pages=181-182 (notes to tale nr. 7) |lang=DE |isbn=3876803195}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
==== Sindhi ====
In a [[Sindhi folk tales|Sindhi tale]] published by Sindhologist [[Nabi Bakhsh Baloch]] with the title ''Noor Shah Badshah'' ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: "نورشاھ بادشاھ"), a king laments the fact he has no heir, when a beggar appears, gives him a thread and directs him to a fruit tree in his garden whose fruits can cure the queen's barrenness. The queen eats some of the fruits and gives birth to a son they name Noor Shah Badshah. The prince grows up and is educated by mentors and teachers. He also enjoys hunting. During a hunt, Prince Noor Shah reaches the house of three women talking about their marriage wishes: the first declares she can feed her husband's household with a quarter weight of flour, the second boasts she can sew clothes for the whole household with a ''seer'' of thread, and the third promises she can bear a beautiful son with the Sun on his face and the Moon on his back, and wherever he enters, he will illuminate the place. Noor Shah marries all three women.

After the wedding, prince Noor Shah is taciturn and his co-wives talk to him: he wishes to see them prove their claims. Thus, the first prepares bread with a meagre quantity of flour for the whole palace, the second sews clothes for the whole palace with few strands of cloth, and the third becomes pregnant. The promised child is born, but the other co-wives hide him in the stables and place a sack of coals near his mother. Noor Shah falls for their deception and reduces the third co-queen to a mere servant. As for the child, he illuminates the whole stable, to the women's horror, who decide to throw him in the forest to be trampled by passing men and animals. It happens thus, but from his grave, a [[banyan tree]] sprouts and provides shade for the king. The co-queens then want the tree to be cut down; a flower survives and is eaten by a goat, which gives birth to a special lamb. Noor Shah likes the kid and gives it to a goatherd for protection, but the co-queens try to bribe the goatherd to have the animal.

The goatherd flees to another kingdom and raises the kid with other goats. One day, the goat begins to talk and says he wishes to marry the local princess. The local king sets suitors' tasks first (to have a well full of flowers, and to have a well full of coins), which are duly fulfilled, and he has to deliver his daughter to the goat. The princess marries the goat and, one night, discovers the goat removes his goatskin at night to become a handsome prince. The now human goat prince lives with the princess. One day, he decides to journey to his father's, Noor Shah Badshah, kingdom joined by his wife. Noor Shah, now a king himself, welcomes the foreign prince with a feast, but the prince notices a woman wearing rags. Noor Shah indicates that woman in rags promised a son, but gave birth to coals. The prince reveals he is the woman's promised son and embraces his father. Noor Shah then banishes the co-wives and remains with his son and his son's mother.<ref>{{cite book |title=Loku kahāṇiyūn: Bādshāhani ʻain rāṇiyuni, shahizādani ʻain shahizādiyuni jūn g̈ālhiyūn |trans-title=Folk Tales: Kings, Queens, Princes & Princesses|publisher=[[Sindhi Adabi Board|Sindhī Adabī Borḍ]] |date=1960 |location=Jamshoro/Hyderabad, Pakistan |pages=8 (English summary for tale nr. 13), 177-184 ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] text) |editor=Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu Balocu |volume=1}}</ref>

==== Odki language ====
In a tale collected by linguist [[George Abraham Grierson]] from an [[Oadki language|Odki]] source in [[Muzaffargarh]], a king is childless, and goes outside his kingdom to meet a group of faqirs near a fire. The faqirs ask him the matter, and the king answers: he has no son. The faqirs then advise the king to take two ''tapāsās'', to be eaten to his wife and himself, and she will bear a son with the moon on his forehead and a star on his little finger. The king follows the faqirs' instructions and thus a son is born to his eldest wife. The king's second wife conspires with the midwife to kill the child: the midwife replaces the boy for a bag of coals and leaves the child in a heap of manure. The king's she-dog finds the boy and takes care of him. Two years later, the second queen learns the boy is still alive and orders his death, but the she-dog gives the boy to a "bloody horse" for safekeeping. The boy grows up and is discovered by the king, who takes him back to the palace.<ref>{{cite book |first=George Abraham |last=Grierson |title=Linguistic Survey Of India Gipsy Languages |volume=XI |date=1922 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=45–46 (Odki text), 46 (English translation) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.531084/page/n59/mode/1up}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
The folktale was adapted into a graphic novel by Indian publisher [[Amar Chitra Katha]], in 1979, with the name ''Chandralalat, the Prince with a moon on his forehead''.<ref>''Chandralalat, the Prince with a moon on his forehead''. Amar Chitra Katha. Bombay, India Book House Education Trust, 1979.</ref>

[[Cat Stevens]] tells this story sparely in his song "Boy With a Moon & Star on his Head," from his 1972 album ''[[Catch Bull at Four]]''.

==See also==
* [[Fire Boy (folktale)]]
* [[The Magician's Horse]]
* ''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]]'', collection of Bengali folktales
* [[The Turtle Prince (folktale)]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{The Three Golden Children}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boy with the Moon on his Forehead, The}}
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fictional princes]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Bengali folklore]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Dogs in popular culture]]
[[Category:ATU 700-749]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princesses]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about magic]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about brothers]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about fairies]]

Akali Kaur Singh

2026-03-26T04:20:20Z

Souravroyjournalist: Adding Bio

{{Short description|Sikh scholar (1886-1953)}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Akali
| name = Kaur Singh
| honorific_suffix = Nihang
| image = Portrait photograph of Akali Kaur Singh in his later years.jpg
| caption = Portrait photograph of Akali Kaur Singh in his later years
| birth_name = Puran Singh
| birth_date = 28 February 1886
| birth_place = Chakkar village, Muzzafarabad district, Kashmir
| death_date = 23 January 1953
| known_for = Sikh literati and theologian
}}

'''Akali Kaur Singh''' (28 February 1886 – 23 January 1953) was a religious preacher and Sikh scholar.<ref>''Jiwan Britant Akali Kour Singh Nihang: ''</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |year=1997 |isbn=9780969596424 |pages=481}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Photograph of Akali Kaur Singh in his youth.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Kaur Singh in his youth]]
He was born on 28 February 1886 as Puran Singh, son of Mahan Singh and Malkaram Kaur of Village Paddhar, Chakar, in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>''Jeevan Britant – Akali Kaur Singh'': An Abstract by Gurcharan Singh.: [http://sikhinstitute.org/apr_2007/15-gurcsi.html sikhinstitute.org]</ref><ref name=":0" /> Kaur Singh studied Sikh scriptural texts, Sanskrit, Braj and Ayurveda under Bava Mahari Singh. In 1904, he became student of Giani Bagh Singh, a well known scholar of Peshawar. He used to take part in Arya Samaj Debates. He turn Nihang and renamed as Kaur singh at Hazoor Sahib, Nanded.<ref>[http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographies/sikh-mystics-and-traditional-scholars/kaur-singh-nihang-akali Kaur Singh Nihang Akali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504074920/http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographies/sikh-mystics-and-traditional-scholars/kaur-singh-nihang-akali |date=2014-05-04 }}: Retrieved sikhencyclopedia.com</ref>

He preached the message of guru during his travels throughout [[India]] and [[Afghanistan]].

=== Work ===
He worked on alphabetical index of [[Guru Granth Sahib]] in 1907, and completed it in 1920. In March 1923, it was published under title Guru Shabad Ratan Prakash/Tuk Tatkara<ref name=":1">Retrieved from Page 183, Bibliography, The Making of Sikh Scripture, Oxford University Press, Apr 3, 2001</ref> and also worked on an index of [[Bhai Gurdas]]'s work in 1929. He preached message of Gurus in Chakar and opened chain of schools, set up library and published bullietn called Ashram Samachar. His works include Sri Gur Sobha (1925),<ref>Retrieved Notes, Page 40 from Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity: Arvind-Pal S. Mandair, Christopher Shackle, Routledge, Dec 16, 2013</ref> Kavi Senapati, Gutka Pramanik Nitnem, Buddhibaridh Hitopadesh Ratnakar([[Panchtantra]] in Gurmukhi), Sukh Sagararihat Gharaa Vaid([[Ayurveda]]), Istri Sankat mochan (Women upliftment).<ref>Retrieved from Page 481, The Sikh Reference Book, Harajindara Siṅgha Dilagīra, Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark, 1997</ref>

=== Death ===
In 1952, he suffered from a heart attack and died on 23 January 1953.<ref name=":0" />

== Bibliography ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2024}}

* ''Guru Shabad Ratan Prakash/Tuk Tatkara'' (1923) - an alphabetical index of the entire text of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref name=":1" />
* ''Loh Prakāsh'' (1925) - an exegesis of the Sarbloh Granth by Hazura Singh of Takht Hazur Sahib, foreword written by Kaur Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Hazura |url=https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/sikh/Loh%20Prakash%20-%20Kamalroop%20Singh.pdf |title=Loh Prakāsh |last2=Singh |first2=Partap |last3=Singh |first3=Sundar |date=2012 |orig-year=1925 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Kaur |location=Amritsar |translator-last=Singh |translator-first=Kamalroop |chapter=Foreword}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Nihang]]
[[Category:Scholars of Sikhism]]
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Sikh missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian missionaries]]

Krishnakoli

2026-03-26T03:20:44Z

Souravroyjournalist: created new post

{{Short description|Bengali television soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

{{Distinguish|Krishna Kohli}}{{Infobox television
| image = Krishnakoli.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| alt_name = Krishnokoli
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator = Tent Cinema
| based_on =
| developer =
| screenplay = Nandalal Majumdar
| story = Susanta Das <br> Sayantani Bhattacharya
| writer = '''Dialogues''' <br> Ayan Chakraborty
| director = Bijoy Maji
| creative_director = Susanta Das <br> Sayantani Bhattacharya
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Tiyasha Lepcha]]
* [[Neel Bhattacharya]]
* [[Rimjhim Mitra]]
* Soume Chatterjee
* Raunak Dey Bhowmik
* Vivaan Ghosh
* Adhiraj Ganguly
}}
| theme_music_composer = Debjit Roy <br> Aditi Munshi
| endtheme =
| composer = Upaali Chatterjee
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Sanjukta Chakraborty (Tent Cinema) <br> Paromita, Urbish Bose (Zee Bangla)
| producer = Susanta Das
| editor = Amitava Bagchi<br>Shekhar Ghosh
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Sankalpa Dasgupta
| camera =
| opentheme = "Krishnakoli Ami Tarei Boli"
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Tent Cinema
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1202
| released =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|4|5}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|1|9}}<ref>{{cite news |title='মিস করব তোমাদের', বার্তা 'শ্যামা' তিয়াসার, এই সপ্তাহেই শেষ হচ্ছে 'কৃষ্ণকলি'? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reportedly-zee-bangla-s-hit-mega-krishnakoli-will-end-this-weekend-leading-lady-tiyasha-roy-shares-emotional-video-31641538265040.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107075300/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reportedly-zee-bangla-s-hit-mega-krishnakoli-will-end-this-weekend-leading-lady-tiyasha-roy-shares-emotional-video-31641538265040.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 January 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
| related =
}}

'''''Krishnakoli''''' is a 2018 [[Bengali language]] television [[soap opera]] that premiered from 5 April 2018 and aired on [[Zee Bangla]]. It is produced by Susanta Das of ''Tent Cinema'' and stars [[Tiyasha Lepcha]] and [[Neel Bhattacharya]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/gossips-abound-on-mega-comeback-of-gourab-and-abhijit-bhattacharya-dgtl-1.791801|title=আসছে দুই মেগা তারকার নতুন দুই মেগা|website=ebela.in|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/the-lead-actress-of-krishnakali-is-married-to-a-tele-actor-dgtl-1.777305|title=আসছে 'কৃষ্ণকলি', জেনে নিন নতুন টেলি-নায়িকার পরিচয়|website=ebela.in|language=bn}}</ref> After 3 years, the show went ended on 9 January 2022 to make way for ''[[Pilu (TV series)|Pilu]]''.

==Plot==
The story revolves around Shyama, a dark-skinned girl, who sets out to remove stigma attached to colour. She marries Nikhil and faces discrimination due to her complexion. A talented singer, she sets out on a journey to create an identity for herself. Shyama believes that her complexion is akin to that of Lord [[Krishna]]'s. Her life changes after marriage when she goes on to make a career in music. Shyama's mother-in-law dislikes her but later in few years of time she becomes more of a daughter and allows her to sing.<ref>{{cite news |title=কী হবে 'কৃষ্ণকলি'-র ভবিষ্যৎ! গল্পে আসছে নতুন মোড় |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/krishnakoli-serial-new-twist-in-the-plot-110777/ |work=Indian Express |date=10 June 2019 |language=bn}}</ref> Then, Shyama takes part in music competition where Ashok, her brother-in-law, plans to kill her but she managed to escape. Then, she fell in a river and got missing while escaping.

Nikhil discovers a girl looking similar like Shyama named Amropali. After that she married Nikhil. But after some months of their marriage, Shyama returned with help of her cousin-in-law Aditya and exposed Disha-Ashok and sent them to jail. Then, Amropali become jealous and planned to kill pregnant Shyama by kidnapping. But luckily while travelling Shyama accidentally fell on a truck and went to [[Benaras]] and there Shyama gave birth a baby girl namely Krishna while Ashok mistook Amropali to be Shyama and killed her.

Shyama and her daughter Krishna stay in [[Benaras]] but Shyama has lost her memory so she doesn't remember her past. Then Nikhil and his family went to Banaras and met Krishna. Later, Nikhil and his family find out that Krishna's mother is Shyama.<ref>{{cite news |title=New twist to spice up 'Krishnakoli'; Nikhil and Shyama to have a reunion? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-twist-to-spice-up-krishnakoli-nikhil-and-shyama-to-have-a-reunion/articleshow/80009365.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ashok return from jail as pretending to be good and later he planned and killed his father with help of Shiva who was later revealed to be Shyama and Nikhil's son. Later, Ashok was jailed. Dodo returns from foreign with his lover Shina who came to take revenge from Shyama.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Tiyasha Lepcha]] in as
** Shyama Choudhury: Nikhil's first wife; Krishna and Shiva's mother; Aniruddha's mother-in-law
** Amrapali "Maam": Nikhil's second wife (2020)
* [[Neel Bhattacharya]] as Nikhil Choudhury: Shyama's husband; Amrapali's widower; Krishna and Shiva's father; Aniruddha's father-in-law
* Soume Chatterjee as Krishna Dutta (née Choudhury): Shyama and Nikhil's daughter; Shiva's sister; Aniruddha's wife
* Raunak Dey Bhowmick as Aniruddha "Ani" Dutta: Kanika's son; Krishna's husband
* Adhiraj Ganguly as Shiva Choudhury: Shyama and Nikhil's son; Krishna's brother

===Recurring===
* Nibedita Mukherjee as Sujata Choudhury: Arun, Ashok and Nikhil's mother
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Basanta Choudhury: Sujata's husband; Arun, Ashok and Nikhil's father
* [[Sanjib Sarkar]] as Krishnacharan: Shyama's father
* Mou Bhattacharya as Bishnupriya: Shyama's mother
* Koushik Bhattacharya as Arun Choudhury: Nikhil's brother; Basanta and Sujata's son; Papiya's husband; Dodo and Tatan's father
* Priyanka Halder as Papiya Choudhury: Arun's wife; Dodo and Tatan's mother
* [[Rimjhim Mitra]] as Disha Choudhury: Ashok's wife; Munni's mother
* Vivaan Ghosh as Ashok Choudhury: Nikhil's brother; Basanta and Sujata's son; Disha's husband; Munni's father
* Ananya Guha as Srijani Choudhury aka Munni: Disha and Ashok's daughter; Aniruddha's one sided lover
* Mishmee Das as Sunaina: Amropali's cousin; Nikhil's lover
* Biresh Chakraborty as Kanai: Shyama's brother; Gopal's father
* Susmita Roy Chakroborty as Parvati: Kanai's wife; Shyama's sister-in-law; Gopal's mother
* Ayush Das as Gopal: Kanai and Parvati's son
* [[Sarbari Mukherjee]] as Rukmini: Sujata's sister; Radharani's mother; Shyama's guruma
* Sreemoyee Chattoraj as Radharani Dutta; Rukmini and Alok's daughter; Rai's mother; Aniruddha's aunt
* Sanjoy Basu as Alok: Rukmini's husband; Radharani's father; Shyama's guruji
* Purbasha Roy as Bijli: Housemaid of Choudhury family
* Arpita Mondal as Padma
* Prriyam Chakroborty<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/prriyam-chakraborty-bags-an-interesting-role-in-krishnakoli-dgtl-1.922380|title='শ্যামা'-র জীবনে ঝড় তুলবেন প্রিয়ম|website=ebela.in|language=bn}}</ref> as Tithi: Shyama's teacher; Disha's friend; Nikhil's love interest
* Pooja Karmakar as Priyanka Mukherjee: Nikhil's former fiancé
* Basudeb Mukherjee as Dadamoshai: Priest of Choudhury family
* Raj Bhattacharya as Romen Das: Shyama's enemy
* Rajib Bose as Aditya Choudhury: Nikhil's cousin brother; Radharani's former fiancé
* Reshmi Sen as Shatabdi Banerjee Das : Romen's mother
* Shobhana Bhunia as Tumpa: Bijli's sister
* Shatabdi Nag / Purbasha Debnath as Shraboni : A fake Nurse who wants to kill Shyama, Nikhil's love interest
* [[Kushal Chakraborty]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-kushal-chakraborty-joins-the-cast-of-krishnakoli/articleshow/74241222.cms|title=Actor Kushal Chakraborty joins the cast of 'Krishnakoli'|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Amropali's father
* Riyanka Dasgupta as Amropali's maternal aunt
* Piyali Basu as Gouri Das: Romen's wife
* Fahim Mirza as Rony: Amropali's love interest
* Soumi Paul as Madhumita Sengupta
* Swagata Mukherjee / Nandini Dutta as Rai Dutta: Radharani's daughter; Aniruddha's cousin sister
* Avery Singha Roy as Kanika Dutta: Radharani's sister-in-law; Aniruddha's mother
* Ranit Modak as Montu Palit
* Ashmita Baidya as Roshni: Nikhil's love interest; Amarendra's daughter
* Arindam Banerjee as Amarendra Chakraborty: Roshni's father
* Payel Dutta as Michri: Nikhil's caretaker
* Swarnadipto Ghosh in double role
** Dwaipayan Chowdhury aka Dodo: Arun and Papiya's son, Tatan's brother, Shinjini's fiancé
** Sampayan Chowdhury aka Tatan: Arun and Papiya's son, Dodo's brother, Shinjini's husband
* Dia Karmakar as Shinjini Chowdhury (née Das) aka Shina: Dodo's former lover; Tatan's wife; Romen and Gouri's daughter
* Indrajit Mazumder as Anik: Nikhil's friend; Shiva's Advocate

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Green; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:Green; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:Green; width:13%;"| Original release
! style="background:Green; width:16%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Green; width:13%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Green; width:15%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Krishnakoli'' <br /> কৃষ্ণকলি
| 18 June 2018
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 9 January 2022
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Krishna Tulasi (TV series)|Krishna Tulasi]]'' <br /> కృష్ణ తులసి
| 22 February 2021
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 26 November 2022
| rowspan="2" | Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Karthigai Deepam (TV series)|Karthigai Deepam]]'' <br /> கார்த்திகை தீபம்
| 5 December 2022
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| Ongoing
|}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Savlyachi Janu Savali (TV series )|Savlyachi Janu Savali]]'' <br /> सावल्याची जानू सावली
| 23 September 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| Ongoing
| rowspan="2" | Remake
|-

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/krishnakoli/0-6-tvshow_1581154209 ''Krishnakoli''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt10241992}}

{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]

Kalvan (film)

2026-03-25T19:55:00Z

Souravroyjournalist: created new entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalvan
| image = Kalvan (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = P. V. Shankar
| writer = P. V. Shankar
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = G. Dilli Babu
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
* [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]]
* [[Bharathiraja]]
}}
| cinematography = P. V. Shankar
| editing = San Lokesh
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />G. V. Prakash Kumar<br />'''Score:'''<br /> [[Revaa]]
| studio = Axess Film Factory
| distributor = Sakthi Film Factory<br />Ahimsa Entertainment (UK and Europe)
| released = {{Film date|2024|04|04|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kalvan''''' ({{translation|Thief}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama film|comedy drama]] film starring [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. The story revolves around two friends attempting to kill an adopted grand father in an accidental death by elephant to claim the compensation from forest department while one of them falls for a girl. The film released on 4 April 2024 to negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2024 |title=GV Prakash Kumar's Kalvan Gets A Release Date |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/gv-prakash-kumars-kalvan-gets-a-release-date-article-108514107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321151712/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/gv-prakash-kumars-kalvan-gets-a-release-date-article-108514107 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2024 |title='Kalvan' teaser: GV Prakash Kumar, Bharathiraja star in an |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalvan-teaser-gv-prakash-kumar-bharathiraja-star-in-an-intense-drama-on-ecological-preservation/article67740562.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143807/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalvan-teaser-gv-prakash-kumar-bharathiraja-star-in-an-intense-drama-on-ecological-preservation/article67740562.ece |archive-date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kemban and Soori are petty thieves in [[Germalam]] village bordering [[Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve|Sathyamangalam]] forests. Kemban meets Balamani, a final year nursing student and falls for her. However, Balamani hates Kemban. Kemban tries to secure a job in the forest department, however, he needs Rs. 2 Lakhs for getting the job. Balamani goes to an old age home for a medical camp for a few days. Knowing this, Kemban joins as a labourer with the help of a contractor doing painting works in the old age home. In the old age home, Balamani meets Azhagar who keeps running away from there often. Balamani pities Azhagar and strikes a bonding with him. Kemban also tries impressing Balamani by befriending Azhagar. Kemban finds out that there are provisions in law to adopt someone from the old age home and decides to adopt Azhagar as his grandfather with the help of a local councilor for which Azhagar also accepts.

Balamani develops a soft corner for Kemban and slowly love blossoms between then. Kemban reveals to Soori about his true intentions of adopting Azhagar. Elephant attacks are common in Kemban's village and government gives Rs. 4 Lakhs for the deceased family members in case of such attacks as compensation. Kemban plans to take Azhagar to the forest and abandon him, so that he could get killed by some elephant and then Kemban can claim the Rs. 4 Lakhs. Kemban tries a few times, but luckily Azhagar gets escaped which irritates Kemban. Also, Kemban gets annoyed as Azhagar takes all the money that Kemban earns.

One day, a tiger comes to the village, and everyone gets shocked. However, Azhagar bravely saves a kid from the tiger attack surprising the villagers. Azhagar tells his flashback that he had run a circus for several years during his youth days and hence he has no fear of animals. Kemban is shocked knowing this as he feels it is difficult to make Azhagar die from an animal attack. Kemban feels dejected and complaints to Balamani about Azhagar taking away all his earnings. However, Balamani tells the truth that Azhagar has been trying hard to help Kemban secure a job in the forest department. Azhagar has been saving the money for the same. Also, Azhagar met Balamani's parents and tried convincing them for her marriage with Kemban. Kemban feels bad knowing the truth.

Meanwhile, Balamani finds out the real intentions of Kemban adopting Azhagar from Soori and gets furious. However, Kemban convinces that he has reformed knowing the real identity of Azhagar. Finally, Azhagar goes into the forest and Kemban arrives on time to save Azhagar. In the end, Kemban and Balamani gets married and Azhagar stays with them.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as Kembaraju a.k.a. Kemban
* [[Bharathiraja]] as Azhagar
* [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]] as Balamani
* [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]] as Soori
* [[G. Gnanasambandam]] as Kumaresan
* Vinodh Munna as Village Chieftain
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as IAS officer
* Hello Kandasamy as Kandasamy
* Cheranraj as Inspector
* Nakkalites Dhanam as Village Chieftain's wife
* [[Semmalar Annam]] as District Forest Officer
* Nakkalites Chella as S. Nagaraj
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and [[Revaa]]. The score was made in Hungary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=GV Prakash's Kalvan nearing completion; background score works happening at brisk pace in Hungary |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/23/gv-prakashs-kalvan-nearing-completion-background-score-works-happening-in-brisk-pace-in-hungary-50644.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|-
! Song title !! Singers
|-
| "Adi Kattazhagu Karuvaachi" || G. V. Prakash Kumar
|-
| "Oru Kozhi Mutta" || Santhosh Hariharan
|-
| "Pesaama Pesum Kannu" || Kalyani Nair
|-
| "Damakku Damakku" || [[Anthony Daasan]]
|-
| "Kalavaani Pasanga" || Anthony Daasan
|-
|}

==Release==

===Theatrical===
''Kalvan'' was scheduled to release in theatres on 4 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=GV Prakash movie 'Kalvan' gets a release date |url=https://www.woodsdeck.com/stories/14841-gv-prakash-movie-kalvan-gets-a-release-date |website=Woodsdeck}}</ref>

===Home media===
The [[Streaming media|digital streaming rights]] were acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and the satellite rights were acquired by [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2024 |title=Jumbo seized announcement arrives📣@vijaytelevision and @disneyplusHSTam acquires the digital & satellite rights of #Kalvan 🐘 |url=https://x.com/AxessFilm/status/1746133520374997392 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> The film had its digital premiere on the streaming platform from 10 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2024 |title=GV Prakash's Kalvan gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/May/09/gv-prakashs-kalvan-gets-ott-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909160829/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/ott/news/2024/May/09/gv-prakashs-kalvan-gets-ott-release-date |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "''Kalvan'' is a film that gives off the feeling that a lot is happening while also simultaneously making you think that absolutely nothing is playing out on screen".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalvan Movie Review : A low-stakes affair that follows an archetype narrative |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kalvan/movie-review/108997681.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404045937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kalvan/movie-review/108997681.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave the film the 2 out of 5 stars and wrote that "Despite its decent performances by its lead cast, there is an inevitable lag in its storytelling and ''Kalvan'' does not seem to sense it".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalvan Movie Review: Melodrama, unclearness, diluted screenplay take over |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kalvan-movie-review-melodrama-unclearness-and-diluted-screenplay-take-over-an-interesting-premise/f2471cb7af270 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404045937/https://www.ottplay.com/review/kalvan-movie-review-melodrama-unclearness-and-diluted-screenplay-take-over-an-interesting-premise/f2471cb7af270 |archive-date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref> Prashanth Vallavan from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that "With a loosely packed screenplay that trudges from one pointless scene to another, and weak dialogues that damage competent performances, ''Kalvan'' has enough vacuous moments that make us zone out and question the point of its existence."<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Kalvan Movie Review: Aimlessly meanders through a wafer-thin plot |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Apr/05/kalvan-movie-review-aimlessly-meanders-through-a-wafer-thin-plot-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515100554/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Apr/05/kalvan-movie-review-aimlessly-meanders-through-a-wafer-thin-plot-2 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|25813550}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Baria State

2026-03-23T16:28:25Z

Souravroyjournalist: updated details

{{Short description|Princely state in India}}
{{more citations|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = Baria State
| common_name = Princely state of Baria
| nation = [[British India]]
| subdivision = [[Princely State]]
| era = 19th century
| year_start = 1524
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1948
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Political integration of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Flag of the Baria State.svg
| image_coat = Baria state coa.jpg
| image_map = Rewa Kantha Agency with all Princely States Gujarat during British India 1811-1937 with labels.svg
| image_map_caption = Baria State (''sky blue'') within [[Rewa Kantha Agency]], British India
| capital = [[Devgadh Baria]]
| stat_area1 = 2106
| stat_year1 = 1901
| stat_pop1 = 81,579
| footnotes =
| demonym =
| today = {{flag|India}}
| government_type = Monarchy
| native_name_lang = Gujarati
}}

The '''Baria State''', also known as '''Bariya State''', was one of the [[princely state]]s of India during the period of the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=Major R. |title=Historical Sketch of the Native States under the control of the political agent in the Rewa Kanta |date=1854 |pages=5-7, 127-159 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.109817/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref> It was under the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]] of the [[Bombay Presidency]] and had its capital in [[Devgadh Baria]] town of present-day [[Dahod district]] in Gujarat state.

A geological study of Baria State was carried out in 1931.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rama Rao |first1=B. |title=The Geology of the Baria State |date=1931 |publisher=The Government of Baria |location=Bangalore |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40066/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref> Baria State operated a narrow gauge railway between [[Piplod]] and [[Devgadh Baria]] which was later absorbed into [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite book |title=History Of Indian Railways Constructed And In Progress |date=1938 |publisher=Government of India Press |location=Simla |pages=59–60 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650/page/59/mode/2up |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bombay Presidency]]
* [[Political integration of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|22.70|N|73.91|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:1524 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{Dahod-geo-stub}}

1983 Dhilwan bus massacre

2026-03-06T19:28:08Z

Souravroyjournalist: small update page as per guidelines and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Massacre in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
The '''1983 Dhilwan Bus massacre''' was an uninvestigated,<ref name=ksdhillon>{{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Kirpal S. |title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978-1993 |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=9780143100362 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eBuAAAAMAAJ|pages=117–119 |quote=Although all segments of the Sikh religio-political spectrum too condemned the misdeed in the strongest possible terms, a section of the media in Jalandhar did not desist from making fairly explicit insinuationsabout the involvement of Sikh militants in the foul deed. A former university teacher and a long-time watcher of the Punjab situation alludes to some very peculiar features of the Dhilwan murders. First, the bus waylaid by the killers was not a scheduled service but diverted from its original route. Second, the six unlucky Hindus belonged to sects and castes not generally found in the area and third, the miscreants just walked away and were never seriously tracked by the police.}}</ref> unsolved, and unclaimed<ref name=kaur>{{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Mallika |title=Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict: The Wheat Fields Still Whisper |date=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC_KDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-24674-7 |pages=237–238 |quote=Bhindranwale condemned the Dhilwan killings and denied Sikh involvement, but the media apparatus ran amuck, declaring Bhindranwale’s Sikhs had opened hostilities against all Hindus. Allowing no time for investigation into the unclaimed terrorist action, Indira Gandhi swiftly suspended state government in Punjab and President’s Rule was declared.}}</ref> incident on 6 October 1983, in which 6 [[Hinduism|Hindus]] were shot dead by "'unidentified' extremists"<ref name="NYT1983">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/07/world/indian-government-takes-over-a-state-swept-by-religious-strife.html|title=Indian Government takes over a state swept by religious strife|work=The New York Times |date=7 October 1983|access-date=22 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129183816/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/07/world/indian-government-takes-over-a-state-swept-by-religious-strife.html|url-status=live |last1=Stevens |first1=William K. |quote=In the latest trouble, eight people were killed by unidentified "extremists" in two separate incidents.}}</ref> purported by the media to have been Sikh.<ref name="Ledger">{{Cite news |title=Indian government orders crackdown on terrorism |pages=59 |work=Lakeland Ledger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbNOAAAAIBAJ&dq=Indian+government+orders+crackdown+on+terrorism.+Lakeland+Ledger&pg=PA59&article_id=5487,3339519}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Gus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA544 |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition |date=2011-06-15 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-6638-1 |pages=544 |language=en |quote=In October 1983, six Hindu bus passengers were slaughtered by Sikh militants}}</ref> The victims were taken off a bus going from Dhilwan in [[Kapurthala district]] to [[Jalandhar]], in the northern state of [[Punjab, India]].<ref name="NYT1983"/>

== Background==
In the wake of deteriorating negotiations between [[Indira Gandhi]] and various Sikh groups during the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]], armed incidents flared up in the weeks of September-October 1983, in which 20 people were killed and another 18 were wounded.<ref name="Ledger"/><ref name="Observer"/>

== Incident ==
According to media reports, the perpetrators asked the 20 passengers aboard to declare their religious affiliation, and subsequently lined up 7 Hindu men and shot them. One of them, while shot, pretended to be dead. Two Hindu passengers, a 16 year old teenager and his mother, were spared.<ref name="Observer">{{Cite news |title=Punjab Government Dismissed; Terror Increases |pages=9 |work=Observer-Reporter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHtiAAAAIBAJ&dq=Punjab+Government+Dismissed%3B+Terror+Increases&pg=PA9&article_id=1912,859362}}</ref> According to former Punjab DGP Kirpal Dhillon, the incident was characterized by several unusual circumstances: the perpetrators had never been seriously tracked, the bus had not been a scheduled service and had deviated from its usual route, and the victims did not belong to sects and castes typical of the area,{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=117}} noting the possibility of it being authorized by Congress ministers and managed through the police and central agency.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=118}}

=== Media ===
The entire spectrum of Sikh groups condemned the incident "in the strongest possible terms." Nevertheless, a section of the regional Jalandhar media "ran amuck,"<ref name=kaur/> persisting in insinuating Sikh militant involvement,{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=117}} declaring that "Bhindranwale's Sikhs" had opened hostilities against all Hindus,"<ref name=kaur/> and that the incident was an attempt to compel Hindus to flee Punjab, according to journalist and Indira Gandhi biographer [[Inder Malhotra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=Inder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRxnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT502 |title=Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography |date=2014-02-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-84544-16-4 |language=en}}</ref> Despite the incidents never being solved, the media and subsequent public opinion would be convinced of this narrative.<ref name=kaur100>{{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Mallika |title=Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict: The Wheat Fields Still Whisper |date=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC_KDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-24674-7 |pages=100 |quote=Almost all the murders remained unsolved, but the media and the court of public opinion were convinced: Sikh militants were habitually pulling Hindus from buses to unleash animalistic anger. }}</ref> Bhindranwale would state, "It suits the government to publicize me as an extremist, thus making an excuse to frustrate the just cause and the legitimate demands of the entire Sikh community and Punjab state."{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=109}}

The spate of incidents in 1983, including Dhilwan, the first of its kind,<ref name=ksdhillon/> were widely suspected to be false flags; the political magazine ''Surya'', patronized by the BJP party, substantiated many such suspicions in detailed reports about the role of the Third Agency, detailing the career trajectories of various operatives and plans to replicate the "Punjab model" to other burgeoning conflict zones, including [[Sri Lankan Civil War|Sri Lanka]].<ref name=kaur/>

==Aftermath==
Following the incident, the Congress led State government of Darbara Singh was finally dismissed by [[Zail Singh]].{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=117}} and [[President's rule|President's Rule]] was imposed by Indira Gandhi on 6 October,{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=203}} allowing no time for investigation into the unclaimed act.<ref name=kaur/> In addition to President's rule, Punjab would also come under the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|AFSPA]] in 1983, granting the army unrestrained powers, including to shoot on suspicion with immunity from prosecution.<ref name=kaur/> Terrorist incidents resumed even after the consequential massacre. On October 21, a passenger train was derailed, the ensuing collision killed 19 people. On November 18, another bus was hijacked and 4 Hindu passengers were murdered.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQO_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 |title=What's Happening to India?: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, and the Test for Federalism |date=2016-07-27 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-23410-3 |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref> Following President's rule, thousands of suspected Sikh extremists were apprehended by security forces. The operations elicited strong condemnation from the Akali Dal, who drew parallels between the government's actions and the sanguinary history between the Mughals and Sikhs.<ref name="chima-2010"/>

=== Reactions ===
[[Harchand Singh Longowal]] "was quick" to condemn the incident. He described the incident "as an anti-national and anti-Sikh act".<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |date=December 15, 1983 |title=Brutal slaying of four Hindu bus travellers takes tension in Punjab to a new high |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19831215-brutal-slaying-of-four-hindu-bus-travellers-takes-tension-in-punjab-to-a-new-high-804481-2014-02-03 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> the incidents prompted open Akali allegations that killings were being done by professionals under the orders of the Third Agency, an intelligence wing formed by Indira Gandhi during the Emergency, looking for a pretext to impose President's rule in Punjab.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=203}} Longowal himself repeatedly challenged the Government that he would prove that the Dhilwan shootings were not done by any Sikh or Akali if a judicial enquiry was conducted.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=203}}

Bhindranwale, as well as all militant groups, would "squarely and unequivocally" condemn the bus shootings, the 20 October train derailment, and all fatal incidents, demanding a judicial inquiry into the spate of events during the month.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|pp=117–119}} Even radical Sikh groups, which normally did not shy away from claiming responsibility for violence, denied any role in bus killings or desecrations and condemned them, with the Babbar Khalsa denouncing the "killing of any Hindus, robberies, or any religiously provocative acts." According to them, their targets were only either Sant Nirankaris involved in 1978, or police officers who were deemed guilty of "torturing and humiliating" Sikh youth detained during the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]] and harassing their family members.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=119}}

[[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] made a speech from the [[Operation Blue Star#Guru Nanak Niwas|Guru Nanak Niwas]] on October 16 condemning the massacre, but accusing Indira Gandhi of double standards for dismissing [[Darbara Singh]]'s government in response, questioning why she did not do so on account of the 200 Sikhs who "achieved martyrdom" at the hands of Punjab police during [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]] during the period prior.<ref name="chima-2010">{{cite book |last=Chima |first=Jugdep S |date=March 3, 2010 |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxpBDwAAQBAJ&dq=bhindranwale+akal+takht+babbar&pg=PT102 |publisher=SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-9353881566}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Ranbir Singh |date=August 1, 1999 |title=Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale |url=https://archive.org/details/StruggleForJustice/page/290/mode/2up |page=291 |publisher=Sikh Educational & Religious Foundation |location=Dublin, Ohio |isbn=978-0967287409}}</ref> In mid-December, he made statements to the press decrying both this and other attacks on Hindus during the preceding months, suggesting by then that these attacks were [[false flag]] operations by the government to secure Hindu votes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |date=December 15, 1983 |title=Brutal slaying of four Hindu bus travellers takes tension in Punjab to a new high |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19831215-brutal-slaying-of-four-hindu-bus-travellers-takes-tension-in-punjab-to-a-new-high-804481-2014-02-03 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, responding to a dispute with [[Babbar Khalsa]], he moved with his followers into rooms near the [[Akal Takht]], heading off the possibility of a government raid in the midst of the increasing tensions.<ref name="chima-2010"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Gus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA544 |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition |date=2011-06-15 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-6638-1 |pages=544 |language=en |quote=In October 1983, six Hindu bus passengers were slaughtered by Sikh militants}}</ref>

Following national public outrage, the government pressured Longowal and other moderate factions of the Sikh leadership to issue a religious edict condemning violence. The extremist faction raised objections, questioning whether security forces would abide by similar principles; negotiations subsequently fell through as Longowal and the moderates succumbed to internal dissent. Judgep S. Chima cites this dereliction as evidence of the extremist faction within the Sikh leadership gaining more influence by the fall of 1983.<ref name="chima-2010"/>

== See also ==
*[[1987 Lalru bus massacre]]
*[[1987 Fatehabad bus killings]]
*[[Insurgency in Punjab, India]]
*[[Khalistan Movement]]
*[[List of bus killings during Punjab insurgency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Gurdarshan Singh |title=Truth about Punjab: SGPC White Paper |date=1996 |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |location=Amritsar, Punjab |isbn=978-0836456547 |edition= |url=https://archive.org/details/TruthAboutPunjab/mode/2up |access-date=25 March 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhilwan Bus massacre, 1983}}
[[Category:Massacres in 1983]]
[[Category:October 1983 in Asia]]
[[Category:1983 crimes]]
[[Category:October 1983]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in India]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 1983|Dhilwan bus massacre, 1983]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Crime in Punjab, India|Dhilwan bus massacre, 1983]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents on buses in Asia]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement]]
[[Category:Kapurthala district]]
[[Category:1983 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:1983 murders in India]]

Parisu

2026-03-04T05:16:43Z

Souravroyjournalist: improve citations per standard format per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parisu
| image = Parisu.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[D. Yoganand]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1= Dialogue by | data1 =[[Aaroor Dass]]}}
| story = K. P. Kottarakkara
| producer = D. Yoganand<br />K. P. Kottarakkara
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]<br />[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]<br />[[M. R. Radha]]
| cinematography = P. Ramasamy
| editing = G. D. Joshi
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Gowri Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1963|11|15|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Parisu''''' ({{Translation|Gift}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[D. Yoganand]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[M. R. Radha]]. It was released on 15 November 1963, [[Diwali]] day.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2021}}
To infiltrate the needs for his investigation, Venu, an elite policeman, sees his love life being upset. He has to give up the only woman for him, Ponni, an innocent provincial, to take the hand of the most attractive, Shanti, younger sister of Viswam, an enigmatic notable. It is under this condition that Viswam accepts him to marry Mala, younger sister of Raghu, Venu's childhood friend, who was assaulted lethally instead of the policeman. Venu swore then to his dying friend to stay up her sister, who is in love with Viswam. Because of the promise made to Raghu and the horrible blackmail exercised by Viswam, Venu resigns. This is a situation which is not to displease all, it suits perfectly to Rangadurai, a good-for-nothing and kin of Ponni, since he has desired her for a long time. Venu is not at the end of his surprises, many new developments still await him.

== Cast ==
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Venu
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Ponni
* [[M. R. Radha]] as Rangadurai
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Viswam
* [[Nagesh]] as Jimmy
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] as Shanti
* [[Rajasulochana]] as Mala
* M. K. Mustapha as Raghu
* S. M. Thirupathisamy as Ramaiya

== Production ==
''Parisu'' is the maiden venture of Gowri Pictures, and was initially titled ''Kathal Parisu'' ({{translation|Gift of love}}).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=27 July 1963 |title=Studio News |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12015/page/n215/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230207061217/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12015/page/n215/mode/2up |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=8 February 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=43 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=28 September 1963 |title=South Indian Stage and Screen |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n221/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230310063826/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n221/mode/2up |archive-date=10 March 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=50 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=17}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1963 |title=Parisu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/parisu/3OAf8tqi-s4_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410144604/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/parisu/3OAf8tqi-s4_ |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=14 April 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Aalai Paarthu" || [[P. Susheela]] || 02:44
|-
| "Enna Enna Inikkuthu" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela || 03:39
|-
| "Kaalamennum Nadhiyinile" || P. Susheela || 03:30
|-
| "Koondhal Karuppu" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 03:56
|-
| "Pattuvanna Chittu" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:36
|-
| "Ponnulagam Nokki Pogindrom" || P. Susheela || 03:37
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Parisu'' was released on 15 November 1963,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2011 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆர். நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181114041813/http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=14 April 2021 |website=Ithayakkani |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Table: Chronological List of MGR's Movies released between 1960 and 1967 |url=https://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616112435/http://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=14 April 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2017 |title=அந்தநாள் தீபாவளி! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=8076&id1=40&issue=20171013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008021939/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=8076&id1=40&issue=20171013 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'', T. M. Ramachandran said, "The story is inconsequential. At best, it is used as a peg to hang the various songs, oft-repeated romantic and comic interludes and fighting sequences".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=14 December 1963 |title=Wither Tamil Films? |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n739/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230203093011/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n739/mode/2up |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=51 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=17}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the story for lack of originality.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=8 December 1963 |title=பரிசு |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1963/dec/08-12-1963/p25.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220724041433/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1963/dec/08-12-1963/p25.jpg |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=15 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1473092}}
{{D. Yoganand}}

[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1963 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Yoganand]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Current (1992 film)

2026-03-03T23:29:18Z

Souravroyjournalist: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Current<br> करंट
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[K. Hariharan (director)|K. Hariharan]]
| producer = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| story = [[Ki. Rajanarayanan]]
| screenplay = Onkarnath Mishra
| starring = {{ubl|[[Om Puri]]|[[Deepti Naval]]|[[Shreeram Lagoo]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
| cinematography = Dharmma
| editing =
| distributor = National Film Development Corporation of India
| released = {{Film date|1992|02|14|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross = 
}}
'''Current''' is a 1992 Indian drama film. The film was co-written and directed by [[K. Hariharan (director)|K. Hariharan]], in his Hindi cinema debut,<ref name="Dhananjayan2014">{{cite book|last=Dhananjayan|first=G|authorlink=G. Dhananjayan|title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 TO 2013: Tamil Films that have earned National and International Recognition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ|page=275|year=2014|publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers|id=GGKEY:L1DLZDAEJ47}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> for the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Current|url=http://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-02.htm|publisher=[[National Film Development Corporation of India]]|accessdate=30 May 2015}}</ref> Starring [[Om Puri]] and [[Deepti Naval]] in the lead, the film focused on the plight of a farmer in rural India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kamath|first1=Sushish|title=Lessons from cinema|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/lessons-from-cinema/article787473.ece|accessdate=30 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 May 2010}}</ref> The plot of the movie was based on a short story written by sahitya-akademi winner [[Ki. Rajanarayanan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet the author|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/ki_rajanarayanan.pdf|work=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|accessdate=24 May 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film reveals the life and struggle of a farmer, who is tired of dealing with the corrupt systems in bureaucracy and politics at that time in India.

==Cast==
*[[Om Puri]]
*[[Deepti Naval]]
*[[Shreeram Lagoo]]
*[[Savita Prabhune]] as Radha
*[[Achyut Potdar]]
*[[Deepak Qazir]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0273513|Current}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Agate

2026-02-22T12:33:39Z

Souravroyjournalist: page fix

{{Short description|Banded variety of chalcedony}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Agate
| category = [[Tectosilicate]] minerals
| group = [[Quartz]] group
| IMAstatus = [[Mineral variety|Variety]] of quartz ([[chalcedony]])
| boxwidth =
| boxbgcolor =#bb361c
| boxtextcolor = #fff
| image = Malawi Agate (Malawi, southeastern Africa) (32734668126).jpg
| imagesize = 260px
| caption = Polished agate nodule from Malawi, Africa
| formula = SiO<sub>2</sub> ([[silicon dioxide]])
| molweight =
| color = Often multicolored; commonly colorless, pale blue to black, red to orange, yellow, white, brown, pink, purple; rarely green
| habit = [[Cryptocrystalline]] silica
| system = [[Trigonal]] ([[quartz]]) or [[monoclinic]] ([[moganite]])
| twinning =
| cleavage = None
| fracture = [[conchoidal fracture|Conchoidal]]
| mohs = 6.5–7
| luster = Waxy, vitreous when polished
| refractive = 1.530-1.543
| opticalprop = Uniaxial (+)
| birefringence = Up to 0.004
| dispersion= None
| pleochroism = Absent
| streak = White
| gravity = 2.60–2.64
| density = 2.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| melt =
| tenacity = Brittle
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility =
| diaphaneity = Transparent to opaque (usually translucent)
| other =
| references= <ref name="mindat" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Agate |url=https://www.gemdat.org/gem-51.html |website=gemdat.org |access-date=9 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Agate Value, Price, and Jewelry Information |url=https://www.gemsociety.org/article/agate-gem-information/ |website=gemsociety.org |publisher=International Gem Society |access-date=9 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Agate''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|ɡ|ɪ|t}} {{respell|AG|it}}) is a variously translucent, banded variety of [[chalcedony]]. Agate stones are characterized by alternating bands of different colored chalcedony and may also include visible [[quartz]] crystals. They are common in nature and can be found globally in a large number of different varieties. There are some varieties of chalcedony without bands that are commonly called agate ([[moss agate]], [[fire agate]], etc.); however, these are not true agates. Moreover, not every banded chalcedony is an agate; for example, banded [[chert]] forms via different processes and is opaque. Agates primarily form as nodules within [[volcanic rock]], but they can also form in [[Vein (geology)|veins]] or [[Silicification|silicified]] fossils. Agate has been popular as a [[gemstone]] in [[Jewellery|jewelry]] for thousands of years, and today it is also popular as a collector's stone. Some duller agates sold commercially are artificially treated to enhance their color.

==Etymology ==
Agate was given its name by [[Theophrastus]], a [[Greeks|Greek]] [[philosopher]] and [[naturalist]]. He discovered the stone {{circa|350 BCE}} along the shoreline of the River Achates ({{langx|grc|Ἀχάτης}}), now the [[Dirillo|Dirillo River]], on the [[Italy|Italian]] island of [[Sicily]], which at the time was a Greek territory.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=52,162}}

==Composition==
Agate is composed principally of chalcedony,<ref name="mindat" /> a [[Microscopic scale|microscopic]] ([[microcrystalline]]) and submicroscopic ([[cryptocrystalline]]) form of quartz that grows in fibers. The chemical composition of quartz is {{chem2|SiO2}}, also known as [[silica]]. Normally, between 1% and 20% of the "quartz" in chalcedony is actually [[moganite]], a quartz [[Crystal polymorphism|polymorph]].<ref name="chalcedony" /> Unlike [[Macroscopic scale|macroscopic]] (macrocrystalline) quartz, which is [[anhydrous]], chalcedony normally contains very small amounts of water bound to its crystal structure.<ref name="chalcedony" /><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=11}}

Agate contains multiple layers, or bands, of chalcedony fibers.<ref name="mindat" /> The fibers are twisted,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang|first1=Yifeng |last2=Merino|first2=Enrique |date=1990-06-01 |title=Self-organizational origin of agates: Banding, fiber twisting, composition, and dynamic crystallization model |journal=[[Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta]] |language=en |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1627–1638 |doi=10.1016/0016-7037(90)90396-3 |bibcode=1990GeCoA..54.1627W |issn=0016-7037}}</ref><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=11}} forming a [[helix|helical]] shape.<ref name="PSU" /> There are two different types of chalcedony fibers: length-slow (also known as ''quartzine'') and length-fast. Agate primarily contains length-fast chalcedony fibers, consisting of crystals stacked perpendicular to the c-axis (side to side). Some intergrown quartzine may also be present, consisting of quartz crystals stacked parallel to the c-axis (tip to tip).<ref name="chalcedony">{{cite web |title=Chalcedony |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-960.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref>

Agate can sometimes contain small amounts of [[opal]], an [[amorphous]], hydrated form of silica.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=11}} Agates also frequently contain macrocrystalline quartz, particularly in the center.<ref name="lynch formation" /><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=18}}

==Formation==
[[File:Agate- & quartz-lined geode 5 (32375570960).jpg|thumb|Agate geode]]

Geologists generally understand the early stages of agate formation, but the specific processes that result in band development are widely debated. Since they form in cavities within host rock, agate formation cannot be directly observed,<ref name="lynch formation" /> and agate banding has never been successfully replicated in the lab.<ref name="PSU">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Nancy Marie |title=How Do Agates Form? |url=https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/how-do-agates-form |website=psu.edu |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University |date=31 August 2001|access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="moxon 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Moxon |first1=Terry |title=A re-examination of water in agate and its bearing on the agate genesis enigma |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=October 2017 |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=1223–1244 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2017.081.002 |bibcode=2017MinM...81.1223M |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/reexamination-of-water-in-agate-and-its-bearing-on-the-agate-genesis-enigma/81967BDA3CFFBCE5CD23385B8BF47752 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

{{anchor|Nodular agate}}Agates are most commonly found as [[Nodule (geology)|nodules]] within the cavities of volcanic rocks<ref name="Moxon" /> such as [[basalt]], [[andesite]], and [[rhyolite]]. These cavities, called [[Vesicle (geology)|''vesicles'']] (''amygdaloids'' when filled),<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=12}} are gas bubbles that were trapped inside the lava when it cooled.<ref name="Moxon">{{Cite journal |last1=Moxon |first1=T |last2=Reed |first2=S. J. B. |year=2006 |title=Agate and chalcedony from igneous and sedimentary hosts aged from 13 to 3480 Ma: a cathodoluminescence study |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/minmag/article/70/5/485/140307 |url-status=live |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=485–498 |bibcode=2006MinM...70..485M |doi=10.1180/0026461067050347 |s2cid=54607138 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313041353/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/minmag/article/70/5/485/140307 |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=October 1, 2006|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="lynch formation">{{Cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Dan R. |title=Lake Superior Agates Field Guide |last2=Lynch |first2=Bob |date=2012 |publisher=Adventure Publications |isbn=978-1-59193-282-6 |pages=11–13}}</ref><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=12}} The vesicles are later filled with hot, silica-rich water from the surrounding environment, forming a silica gel. This gel crystallizes through a complex process to form agates.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=12–15}} Since agates usually form in lavas poor in free silica, there are multiple theories of where the silica originates from, including micro-shards of silica glass from [[volcanic ash]] or [[tuff]] deposits and decomposing plant or animal matter.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=11}} Agates are much harder than the rocks they form in; some varieties (e.g. [[Lake Superior agate]]s) are frequently found detached from their host rock.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=84}}

{{anchor|Wall-banded agate}}In ''wall-banded agates'', chalcedony fibers grow radially from the vesicle walls inward, perpendicular to the direction of the bands.<ref name="mindat">{{Cite web |title=Agate |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-51.html |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/njma/2009/00000186/00000002/art00001|title=The formation of agate structures: models for silica transport, agate layer accretion, and for flow patterns and flow regimes in infiltration channels|last1=Walger|first1=Eckart|last2=Mattheß|first2=Georg|date=August 2009|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen|language=en|access-date=March 3, 2020|last3=von Seckendorff|first3=Volker|last4=Liebau|first4=Friedrich|volume=186 |issue=2 |pages=113–152 |doi=10.1127/0077-7757/2009/0141 |bibcode=2009NJMA..186..113W |archive-date=June 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604062121/https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/njma/2009/00000186/00000002/art00001|url-status=live}}</ref> The vesicle walls are often coated with thin layers of [[celadonite]] or [[chlorite]],<ref name="lynch formation"/><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=18}} soft, green [[phyllosilicate]] minerals that form from the reaction of hot, silica-rich water with the rock.<ref name="lynch formation" /> This coating provides a rough surface for the chalcedony fibers to form on, initially as radial [[spherulite]]s. The rough surface also causes agate husks to have a pitted appearance once the coating has been weathered away or removed.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=18–19}} Sometimes, the spherulites grow around mineral inclusions, resulting in eyes, tubes, and sagenitic agates.<ref name="mindat" />

The first layer of spherulitic chalcedony is typically clear, followed by successive growth bands of chalcedony alternated with chemically precipitated color bands, primarily [[iron oxides]].<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=13}} The center is often macrocrystalline quartz,<ref name="lynch formation" /> which can also occur in bands and possibly forms when there is not enough chemically bound water in the silica gel to promote chalcedony [[polymerization]].<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=18}} When the silica concentration of the gel is too low, a hollow center forms, called an agate ''geode''. In geodes, quartz forms crystals around the cavity, with the apex of each crystal pointing towards the center. Occasionally, quartz in agates may be colored, occurring in [[Mineral variety|varieties]] such as [[amethyst]] or [[smoky quartz]].<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=17}}

{{anchor|Level-banded agate}}''Level-banded agates'' form when chalcedony precipitates out of solution in the direction of gravity, resulting in horizontal layers of microscopic chalcedony spherulites.<ref name="mindat" /> Level banding commonly occurs together with wall banding, often forming at the base of the vesicle or in the center when the gel stops adhering to the vesicle walls. This is probably due to a decrease in bound water in the gel. Level-banded agate is less dense and less compact than wall-banded agate, as it is less fibrous and more granular.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=19}}

[[Enhydro agate|''Enhydro agates'']], or ''enhydros'', form when liquid water becomes trapped within an agate (or chalcedony) nodule or geode, often long after its formation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bates |first1=R. L. |last2=Jackson |first2=J. A. |title=Glossary of Geological Terms |date=1987 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |page=788 |edition=3rd |url=https://www.gamineral.org/writings/enhydros-gray.html |access-date=9 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enhydro Agate |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-7596.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=9 March 2025}}</ref>

{{anchor|Vein agate}}Agates can also form within rock fissures, called ''veins''.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=11–12}} Vein agates form in a manner similar to nodular agates (see above),<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=13}} and they include lace agates such as [[blue lace agate]] and crazy lace agate. Veins may form in either volcanic rock or [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] rock.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=50}}

Less commonly, agates can form as nodules within sedimentary rocks such as [[limestone]], [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] or tuff. These agates form when silica replaces another mineral, or silica-rich water fills cavities left by decomposed plant or animal matter.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=11–12}} {{anchor|Fossil agate}}Sedimentary agates also include ''fossil agates'', which form when silica replaces the original composition of an organic material.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fossil Agate |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-7603.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=9 March 2025}}</ref> This process is called [[silicification]], a form of [[petrification]]. Examples include [[petrified wood]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Petrified Wood |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-8018.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=9 March 2025}}</ref> agatized coral,<ref>{{cite web |title=Agatized coral |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-43510.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=9 March 2025}}</ref> and Turritella agate (''[[Elimia tenera]]'').<ref name="turritella" /> Although these fossils are often referred to as being "agatized", they are only true agates if they contain bands.<ref name="mindat" />

==Structural varieties==
Agates are broadly separated into two categories based on the type of banding they exhibit.<ref name="lynch water-level" /><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=24,36}} ''[[#Wall-banded agate|Wall banding]]'', also called ''concentric banding'' or ''adhesional banding'', occurs when agate bands follow the shape of the cavity they formed in. ''[[#Level-banded agate|Level banding]]'', also called ''water-level banding,'' ''gravitational banding'', ''horizontal banding'', ''parallel banding'', or ''Uruguay-type banding'', occurs when agate bands form in straight, parallel lines. Level banding is less common and usually occurs together with wall banding.<ref name="mindat" />
[[File:Agate 6 (32375570980).jpg|thumb|center|200px|Agate exhibiting wall banding (top) and level banding (bottom)]]

=== Wall-banded agates ===
{{anchor|Fortification agate}}''Fortification agates'' are any wall-banded agates with tight, well-defined bands.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=29}} They get their name from their appearance which resembles the walls of a [[Fortification|fort]]. Fortification agates are one the most common varieties, and they are what most people think of when they hear the word "agate".<ref name="lynch fortification">{{Cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Dan R. |title=Lake Superior Agates Field Guide |last2=Lynch |first2=Bob |date=2012 |publisher=Adventure Publications |isbn=978-1-59193-282-6 |pages=22–25}}</ref>

{{anchor|Lace agate}}''Lace agates'' exhibit a [[lace]]-like pattern of bands with many swirls, eyes, bends, and zigzags. Unlike most agates, they usually form in veins instead of nodules.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=31}}

{{anchor|Faulted agate}}''Faulted agates'' have bands that were broken and slightly shifted by rock movement and then re-cemented together by chalcedony. They have the appearance of rock layers with [[Fault (geology)|fault lines]] running through them. ''Brecciated agates'' also have bands that were broken apart and re-cemented with chalcedony, but they consist of disjointed band fragments at random angles.<ref name="lynch brecciated">{{Cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Dan R. |title=Lake Superior Agates Field Guide |last2=Lynch |first2=Bob |date=2012 |publisher=Adventure Publications |isbn=978-1-59193-282-6 |pages=70–73}}</ref><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=24,28}} They are a form of [[breccia]], which is a textural term for any rock composed of angular fragments.<ref name="lynch brecciated" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brecciated agate |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-7593.html |access-date=February 11, 2025 |website=Mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy}}</ref>

{{anchor|Eye agate}}''Eye agates'' have one or more circular, concentric rings on their surface.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eye Agate |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-7598.html |access-date=February 11, 2025 |website=Mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy}}</ref> These "eyes" are actually [[Hemisphere (geometry)|hemispheres]] that form on the husk of the agate and extend inward like a bowl.<ref name="lynch eyes">{{Cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Dan R. |title=Lake Superior Agates Field Guide |last2=Lynch |first2=Bob |date=2012 |publisher=Adventure Publications |isbn=978-1-59193-282-6 |pages=82–85}}</ref>

{{anchor|Sagenitic agate}}''Sagenitic agates'', or ''sagenites'', have [[Acicular (crystal habit)|acicular]] (needle-shaped) inclusions of another mineral, usually [[anhydrite]], [[aragonite]], goethite, [[rutile]], or a [[zeolite]]. Chalcedony often forms tubes around these crystals and may eventually replace the original mineral, resulting in a [[pseudomorph]].<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=34}} The term "sagenite" was originally a name for a type of rutile, and later [[rutilated quartz]]. It has since been used to describe any quartz variety with acicular inclusions of any mineral.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sagenite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-8578.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref>

{{anchor|Tube agate}}''Tube agates'' contain tunnel-like structures that extend all the way through the agate.<ref name="lynch tubes">{{Cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Dan R. |title=Lake Superior Agates Field Guide |last2=Lynch |first2=Bob |date=2012 |publisher=Adventure Publications |isbn=978-1-59193-282-6 |pages=64–67}}</ref> These "tubes" may sometimes be banded or hollow, or both. Tube agates form when chalcedony grew around sagenitic inclusions embedded within the agate, forming [[Stalactite|stalactitic]] structures. Visible "eyes" can also appear on the surface of tube agates if a cut is made (or the agate is weathered) perpendicular to the stalactitic structure.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=27,35}}

{{anchor|Dendritic agate}}''Dendritic agates'' have dark-colored, fern-like patterns ([[Dendrite (crystal)|dendrites]]) that form on the surface or in the spaces between bands.<ref name="lynch dendritic">{{Cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Dan R. |title=Lake Superior Agates Field Guide |last2=Lynch |first2=Bob |date=2012 |publisher=Adventure Publications |isbn=978-1-59193-282-6 |pages=78–81}}</ref><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=25}} They are composed of manganese or iron oxides. ''Moss agates'' exhibit a [[moss]]-like pattern and are usually green or brown in color. They form when dendritic structures on the surface of an agate are pushed inward with the silica gel during their formation. Moss agate was once believed to be petrified moss, until it was discovered the moss-like formations are actually composed of celadonite, [[hornblende]], or a [[Chlorite group|chlorite]] mineral. ''Plume agates'' are a type of moss agate, but the dendritic "plumes" form tree-like structures within the agate. They are often bright red (from inclusions of [[hematite]]) or bright yellow (from inclusions of [[goethite]]).<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=32–33}} While dendrites frequently occur in banded agates, moss and plume agates usually lack bands altogether. Therefore, they are not true agates according to the mineralogical definition.<ref name="mindat" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Geology In |title=Moss Agate: Formation, Occurrence, Uses |url=https://www.geologyin.com/2020/02/what-is-moss-agate.html#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Geology In |language=en}}</ref>

{{anchor|Iris agate}}''Iris agates'' have bands that are fine enough that when thinly sliced, they cause white light to be [[Diffraction|diffracted]] into its [[spectrum|spectral]] colors. This "iris effect" usually occurs in colorless agates, but it can also occur in brightly colored ones.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=30}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
Agate Braziilia.jpg|Brazilian agate with classic fortification banding
Eyeballed by all the eye agates (27395607964).jpg|Tumbled Lake Superior eye agates
Detail, Dendritic agate (cropped).jpg|Dendritic agate from India
Four moss agate cabochons.jpg|Moss agate cabochons
Iris Agate from (Agatized Petrified Wood), Stinking Water, Oregon detail, from- Oregon004 (cropped).jpg|Iris agate from petrified wood
</gallery>

=== Level-banded agates ===
Agates with level banding are traditionally called ''[[onyx]]'', although the formal definition of the term onyx refers to color pattern, not the shape of the bands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Onyx |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-2999.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref> Accordingly, the name ''onyx'' is also used for wall-banded agates. Onyx is also frequently misused as a name for banded [[calcite]]. The name originates from the Greek word for the human nail, which has parallel ridges.<ref name="pabian">{{Cite book |last1=Pabian |first1=Roger |title=Agates: Treasures of the Earth |last2=Jackson |first2=Brian |last3=Tandy |first3=Peter |last4=Cromartie |first4=John |date=2016 |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-77085-644-8}}</ref>{{rp|p=37}} Typically, onyx bands alternate between black and white or other light and dark colors. ''Sardonyx'' is a variety with red-to-brown bands alternated with either white or black bands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sardonyx |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-7604.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date= February 10, 2025}}</ref>

[[Thunderegg|Thunder eggs]] are frequently level-banded, however they may also have wall banding. Level banding is also common in [[Lake Superior agate]]s.<ref name="lynch water-level">{{Cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Dan R. |title=Lake Superior Agates Field Guide |last2=Lynch |first2=Bob |date=2012 |publisher=Adventure Publications |isbn=978-1-59193-282-6 |pages=34–37}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
Onyx Mainzer Becken.jpg|Onyx agate
Thunder Egg Agate (Priday Blue Bed, John Day Formation, Miocene; near Madras, Oregon, USA) 5.jpg|Level-banded thunder egg from Oregon, USA
</gallery>

== Regional varieties ==
Agates are very common, and they have been found on every continent,<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=5}} including Antarctica.<ref name="Antarctica" /> In addition to the structural varieties detailed in the previous section, numerous geological, local, and trade names are used to describe agates from different localities.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=7–9}} Below is a table of agate varieties from different regions of the world.{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" |
|+ Regional varieties of agate
|-
! Name !! Locality !! Region !! Description !! Type !! Geologic environment !! Age !! Photo(s) !! References
|-
| [[Blue lace agate]] || Chiefly Namibia || Africa || Pale blue and white lace agate || [[#Vein agate|Vein agate]] || Volcanic rock (dolomite associated with [[dolerite]]) || [[Jurassic]] period || [[File:Blue Lace Agate.jpg|130px]] Blue lace agate from Ysterputz Mine, Namibia || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=134–135}} <ref name="JAES">{{cite journal |last1=Welman-Purchase |first1=Megan |last2=Wicht |first2=Joanna |last3=Miller |first3=Duncan |last4=Roelofse |first4=Frederick |title=Blue lace agate and chalcedony pseudomorphs from Ysterputs in southern Namibia |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |date=April 2024 |volume=212 |article-number=105211 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105211 |bibcode=2024JAfES.21205211W |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| {{anchor|Botswana agate}}Botswana agate || Botswana || Africa || Typically {{convert|2.5|–|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter, with contrasting bands of purple, pink, black, grey, and white || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Volcanic rock (Karoo Series, basalt) || [[Permian]] period || [[File:Agat - Bobonong, Botswana.jpg|130px]] Botswana agate || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=131–132}}
|-
| {{anchor|Malawi agate}}Malawi agate || Malawi || Africa || Typically bright red or orange with contrasting white bands, some are pink and blue || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Volcanic rock || Permian period || [[File:Malawi Agate (Malawi, southeastern Africa) (32734668126).jpg|130px]] Malawi agate || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=134}}
|-
| (Unnamed agate) || [[Bellingshausen Station]], [[King George Island (South Shetland Islands)|King George Island]] || Antarctica || White and clear bands || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || || || [[File:Agate (Tertiary; Agate Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands) 1.jpg|130px]] Agate from King George Island, Antarctica || <ref name="Antarctica">{{cite web |title=Collins Harbour, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, Western Antarctica, Antarctica |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-420174.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{anchor|Queensland agate}}Queensland agate || [[Queensland]] || Australia || Often green or yellow-green (colors that are rarely found in other regions), frequently level-banded || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Volcanic rock (basaltic lava flows) || Late Permian period || [[File:Agat ze strefą krustalną - Agate Creek, Queensland, Australia.jpg|130px]] Queensland agate with level banding || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=144–145}}
|-
| German agate || Near Idar-Oberstein, Germany || Europe || Often red or pink, sometimes other colors || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Volcanic rock || Permian period || [[File:Agate-MCG 91225-P4150832-white.jpg|130px]] German agate from Idar-Oberstein || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=52–55}}
|-
| Scottish agate || [[Stonehaven]] to just south of [[Ayr]], near [[Oban]], and surrounding the [[Cheviot Hills]], Scotland, United Kingdom || Europe || Various colored bands || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Volcanic rock (andesite) || [[Early Devonian]] period || [[File:Agate detail, Scotland 007 (cropped).jpg|130px]] Close-up of a Scottish agate from [[Ayrshire]] || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=58–61}}
|-
| Small Isles agate || Islands off the west coast of Scotland, United Kingdom || Europe || Various colored bands || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Volcanic rock (basalt) || [[Tertiary (period)|Tertiary]] period || {{Image requested inline}} || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=58–61}}
|-
| Potato stone (Pot stone) || [[Bristol]] and [[Somerset]], England, United Kingdom || Europe || Irregularly-shaped, reddish, banded agate nodules, typically surrounding a hollow cavity lined with macroscopic quartz, but sometimes completely filled || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Sedimentary rock (dolomitic [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] and [[marl]]) || [[Triassic]] period || [[File:Quartz-agate (12250382174).jpg|130px]] Potato stone from England || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=72}}
|-
| Blue Bed (Pony Butte) thunder egg || Richardson Ranch (formerly Priday Ranch), northeast of [[Madras, Oregon]], United States || North America || Blue and white banding with dark brown shell, frequently level-banded || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] ([[thunder egg]]) || Volcanic rock (John Day Formation, [[Rhyolite|rhyolitic]] volcanic ash) || [[Miocene]] epoch || [[File:Thunder Egg Agate (Priday Blue Bed, John Day Formation, Miocene; near Madras, Oregon, USA) 3 (33992544563).jpg|130px]] Blue Bed thunder egg from near Madras, Oregon || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=99}}
|-
| {{anchor|Boley agate}}Boley agate || Central [[Oklahoma]], United States || North America || White fortification and eye banding with clasts of brecciated chert || [[#Vein agate|Vein agate]] || Sedimentary rock (Boley conglomerate layer, Vamoosa formation) || [[Virgilian series]] || {{Image requested inline}} || <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suneson |first1=Neil H. |last2=Lyon |first2=William G. |last3=Goza |first3=David |title=Boley Agate — Chert Breccia Clasts In The Vamoosa Formation |journal=Shale Shaker |date=July–August 2013 |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=22–37 |url=http://www.ogs.ou.edu/geology/pdf/BOLEYAGATEnhs.pdf |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{anchor|Coldwater agate}}Coldwater agate (Lake Michigan cloud agate) || Great Lakes Region, United States|| North America || Banded lines of grey and white chalcedony || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Sedimentary rock (marine limestone and dolomite) || || {{Image requested inline}} || <ref>{{Cite book|last=Garvin|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3a1XkpBGdAcC&q=Coldwater+agates&pg=PA65|title=Iowa's Minerals: Their Occurrence, Origins, Industries, and Lore|date=2010-09-13|publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=978-1-60938-014-4|language=en|access-date=2020-10-29|archive-date=2023-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826164756/https://books.google.com/books?id=3a1XkpBGdAcC&q=Coldwater+agates&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{anchor|Crazy lace agate}}Crazy lace agate || Mexico || North America || Brightly colored lace agate, typically white and red, sometimes yellow and grey || [[#Vein agate|Vein agate]] || Sedimentary rock || Late [[Cretaceous]] period || [[File:Crazy Lace Agate - Macro Panorama.jpg|130px]] Crazy lace agate || <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Atkinson|first1=Bill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSP94tREw7AC&q=Crazy+lace+agate&pg=PA165|title=Within the Stone: Photography|last2=Ackerman|first2=Diane|date=2004|publisher=BrownTrout Publishers|isbn=978-0-7631-8189-5|language=en|access-date=2020-10-29|archive-date=2023-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826164751/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSP94tREw7AC&q=Crazy+lace+agate&pg=PA165|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=121}}
|-
| {{anchor|Crowley's Ridge agate}}Crowley's Ridge agate || [[Crowley's Ridge]], Arkansas and Missouri, United States || North America || Pale yellow to tan fortification banding, rarely pink to red (purportedly due to heating in wildfires). Also found along the Mississippi River basin in Mississippi and Louisiana. || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Sedimentary rock || [[Paleozoic]] era (deposited in [[Pliocene]] gravel) || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Crowley's Ridge Agates |url=https://www.sailorenergy.net/Agates/AgatesArkansasCrowleysRidge01.html |website=Dwarves' Earth Treasures |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Agate from Crowley's Ridge (Crowleys Ridge), Malden, Dunklin County, Missouri, USA |url=https://www.mindat.org/locentry-1499833.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Guccione |first1=M. J. |last2=Prior |first2=W. L. |last3=Rutledge |first3=E. M. |title=The Tertiary and Quaternary Geology of Crowley's Ridge: A Guidebook |url=https://www.geology.arkansas.gov/publication/guide_books/GB-86-4-guidebook.html |website=Office of the State Geologist |publisher=Arkansas Geological Commission |access-date=17 February 2026 |date=1986}}</ref>
|-
| {{anchor|Dugway geode}}Dugway geode || [[Utah]], United States || North America || Light grey to blue, often contain hollow cavities lined with drusy quartz || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] ([[Thunderegg|thunder egg]]) || || || [[File:Dugway Geode (Juab County, Utah, USA) 2 (34581522545).jpg|130px]] Dugway geode from Utah || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=92}}
|-
| [[Fairburn agate]] || [[South Dakota]] and [[Nebraska]], United States || North America || Red fortification banding || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Sedimentary rock (marine carbonate sediments) || [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]] period || [[File:Fairburn Agate (ultimately derived from the Minnelusa Formation, Pennsylvanian-Permian; collected east of the Black Hills, western South Dakota, USA) 26 (32406082220).jpg|130px]] Fairburn agate from western South Dakota || <ref>{{cite web |title=Fairburn Agate |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-1441.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=77}}
|-
| {{anchor|Holley blue agate|Holly blue agate}}Holley (Holly) blue agate || Near [[Holley, Oregon]] || North America || Lavender to blue || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || || || [[File:Holley Blue Agate (Linn County, Oregon, USA) 9.jpg|130px]] Holley blue agate from Oregon || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=103}}
|-
| {{anchor|Laguna agate}}Laguna agate || Ojo Laguna, [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], Mexico || North America || Vibrant bands in shades of red, orange, pink, or purple, often exhibit parallax or shadow banding, inclusions common || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Volcanic rock (andesite) || [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]] period || [[File:LagunaAgateFromMexico.jpg|130px]] Laguna agate || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laguna Agate |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-7611.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=114–115}}
|-
| [[Lake Superior agate]] || Near [[Lake Superior]], United States and Canada || North America || Bands in shades of red, orange, yellow, brown, white, and grey, level banding and various structural features common || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Volcanic rock (basalt) || Late [[Precambrian]] (can be found in [[Pleistocene]] glacial deposits) || [[File:Agate nodule ("Lake Superior Agate") (floor of Lake Superior, offshore Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan USA) 2 (33741645898).jpg|130px]] Rough Lake Superior agate from [[Keweenaw Peninsula]], Michigan || <ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Superior Agate |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-9253.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="lynch whole book">{{Cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Dan R. |title=Lake Superior Agates Field Guide |last2=Lynch |first2=Bob |date=2012 |publisher=Adventure Publications |isbn=978-1-59193-282-6}}</ref><ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=83–84}}
|-
| {{anchor|Lysite agate}}Lysite agate || Lysite Mountain, [[Fremont County, Wyoming]], United States || North America || Colorful bands with plumes and moss || [[#Vein agate|Vein agate]] || Sedimentary rock (marine origin) || || [[File:Lysite Agate Wyoming.jpg|130px]] Lysite agate from Wyoming || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=79}}
|-
| {{anchor|Sweetwater agate}}Sweetwater agate || Near [[Sweetwater River (Wyoming)|Sweetwater River]], [[Wyoming]] || North America || Small moss agates with brown or black dendrites, fluorescent under [[Ultraviolet|UV]] light || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Sedimentary rock (sandstone) || Miocene epoch || {{Image requested inline}} || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=79}}
|-
| [[Elimia tenera|Turritella agate]] || Wyoming || North America || Brown fossil agate with the elongated spiral shells of an extinct freshwater snail (Elimia tenera) || [[#Fossil agate|Fossil agate]] || Sedimentary rock ([[Green River Formation]]) || [[Eocene]] epoch || [[File:Elimia fossils Wyoming.jpg|130px]] Turritella agate (''Elimia tenera'') || <ref name="turritella">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Hobart M. |title=Turritella Agate |url=https://geology.com/gemstones/turritella/ |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=geology.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{anchor|Brazilian agate}}Brazilian agate || [[Rio Grande do Sul]] and other southeastern states, Brazil || South America || Often large, up to {{convert|0.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter and over {{convert|120|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, commonly pale yellow, gray, or colorless (usually sold artificially dyed), are more colorful or contain structural features || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Volcanic rock (decomposed volcanic ash and basalt) || Late Permian period || [[File:Brazilian agate section (detail).JPG|130px]] Natural Brazilian agate <br><br> [[File:5agat, Brazylia.jpg|130px]] Dyed Brazilian agate || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=122–126}}
|-
| [[Condor agate]] || [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], Argentina || South America || Bright red and yellow fortification banding, may contain mossy or sagenitic inclusions || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || || || [[File:Argentina001.jpg|130px]] Condor agate || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=129–131}}
|-
| {{anchor|Crater agate}}Crater agate || [[Patagonia]], Argentina || South America || Typically hollow, black with red bands near the center || [[#Nodular agate|Nodular agate]] || Volcanic rock (rhyolite) || [[Jurassic]] period || {{Image requested inline}} || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=131}}
|-
| {{anchor|Puma agate}}Puma agate || [[Andes]], Patagonia, Argentina || South America || Agatized coral || [[#Fossil agate|Fossil agate]] || Sedimentary rock (marine) || || {{Image requested inline}} || <ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=131}}
|}

== Uses ==
Agate is frequently used as a gemstone in [[jewelry]] such as [[pins]], [[brooch]]es, [[necklaces]], [[earrings]], and [[bracelets]]. Agates have also historically been used in the art of [[hardstone carving]] to make knives, [[inkstand]]s, [[seal (emblem)|seals]], [[marbles]], and other objects. Today, they are widely used to make beads, decorative displays, carvings, and [[cabochons]], as well as face-polished and tumble-polished specimens of varying size and origin. Agate collecting is a popular hobby, and agate specimens can be found in numerous gift shops, museums, galleries, and private collections.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=159–168}}

Industrial uses of agate exploit its hardness, ability to retain a highly polished surface finish and resistance to chemical attack. Historically, it was used to make bearings for highly accurate [[laboratory balance]]s and [[Mortar and pestle|mortars and pestles]] to crush and mix chemicals. During the [[Second World War]], black agate beads mined from [[Queensland]], Australia were used in the turn and bank indicators of military aircraft.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=168–169}}

Agates, particularly moss agates, were first used during the [[Stone Age]] to make tools such as arrow and spear points, needles, and hide scrapers. Artifacts from as early as 7000 BCE have been found in Mongolia, and the [[Natufian]] people of the [[Levant]] are known to have made knives and arrowheads from moss agate as early as 10000 BCE. Agate jewelry from [[Sumeria]] has been dated to c. 2500 BCE, and the [[Ancient Egyptians]], [[Mycenaeans]], and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] all used agate in their jewelry.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=159–163}} Archaeological recovery at the [[Knossos]] site on [[Crete]] illustrates the role of agates in [[Bronze Age]] [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] culture.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2007. [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes ''Knossos fieldnotes'', Modern Antiquarian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711201424/http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes |date=2018-07-11 }}</ref> The ornamental use of agate was common in [[ancient Greece]], in assorted jewelry and in the [[seal stone]]s of Greek warriors.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=7 November 2017 |title=Masterpiece of Greek Art Found in the Griffin Warrior Tomb |url=https://smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/masterpiece-greek-art-found-griffin-warrior-tomb-180967141 |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref>

Idar-Oberstein was a historically important location in Germany that made use of agate on an industrial scale, dating back to c. 1375 CE.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=52}} Originally, locally found agates were used to make all types of objects for the European market, but it became a globalized business around the turn of the 20th century. Idar-Oberstein began to import large quantities of agate from Brazil, as ship's ballast. Making use of a variety of proprietary chemical processes, they produced colored beads that were sold around the globe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.farlang.com/art/2007-04-15.7721093142 |title=Background Article on Idar Oberstein |access-date=2008-11-27 |archive-date=2008-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223064824/http://www.farlang.com/art/2007-04-15.7721093142 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
File:Tumbled agate and jasper.jpg|A {{convert|15|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}} barrel full of tumble-polished agate and [[jasper]]
File:Zegelring in goud met intaglio met portret van Commodus in nicolo, 180 tot 200 NC, vindplaats- Tongeren, de Schaetzengaarde 22, 1998, losse vondst (mogelijk goudschat), collectie Gallo-Romeins Museum Tongeren, GRM 1892.jpg|Gold Roman signet ring with portrait of emperor [[Commodus]] in niccolo agate, 180-200 CE, found in Tongeren, [[Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren|Gallo-Roman Museum (Tongeren)]]
File:Byzantine - The "Rubens Vase" - Walters 42562.jpg|The "[[Rubens Vase]]" ([[Byzantine Empire]]). Carved in high relief from a single piece of agate, most likely created in an imperial workshop for a Byzantine emperor.
File:Victorian banded agate ear rings.jpg|Victorian banded agate earrings
File:唐-玛瑙兽首杯.jpg|Agate [[drinking horn]], [[Tang dynasty]]
</gallery>

== Treatment and processing ==
[[File:Agate, physical properties and origin (Plate VII) BHL48235765.jpg|thumb|Composite image of an agate slice showing natural color at the top and various artificial colors below]]
Many pale or dull agates are artificially treated to enhance their colors and make them more appealing to consumers. Chalcedony is one of the earliest stones to be artificially enhanced,<ref name="russell">{{cite web |last1=Russell |first1=Daniel |title=Historic Methods of Artificially Coloring Agates |url=https://www.mindat.org/article.php/170/Historic+Methods+of+Artificially+Coloring+Agates |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=8 September 2025 |date=13 January 2008}}</ref> with heating having been used for centuries to produce the rich red color of carnelian.<ref name="treated gem">{{cite web |title=treated gem |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/treated-gem |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=8 September 2025 |date=6 November 2016}}</ref> Many varieties of chalcedony, including agate, are relatively porous and absorb [[dye]]s well.<ref name="russell" /><ref name="treated gem" /> The classical methods<ref name="color loss">{{cite journal |last1=de Almeida Silva |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Petter |first2=Carlos Otavio |last3=Schneider |first3=Ivo André H. |title=Avaliação da perda da coloração artificial de ágatas |journal=Rem: Revista Escola de Minas |date=September 2007 |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=477–482 |doi=10.1590/S0370-44672007000300007 |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/rem/a/ZmDd64KZTchSBcfXtGKPxvm|hdl=10183/10181 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> of staining agates were developed in the early 19th century in Idar-Oberstein, Germany. After the agates were cut and cleaned, they were soaked for several days in a particular inorganic dye or sugar solution depending on the desired color to be achieved. This was often followed by an acid bath and/or heating ("burning") to [[oxidize]] the compounds:<ref name="russell" />

* Blue agates were produced by using a solution of [[potassium ferricyanide]] or [[Potassium ferrocyanide|ferrocyanide]] followed by [[iron sulfate]], which forms [[Prussian blue|iron ferricyanide (Prussian blue)]].<ref name="russell" />
* Red agates were produced either by burning alone, or if not enough natural iron was present in the stones, by first soaking them in a solution of [[iron nitrate]] and then burning them to form [[iron oxide]].<ref name="russell" />
* Green agates were produced using solutions of [[nickel]] or [[chromium]] [[Salt (chemistry)|salts]] followed by burning.<ref name="russell" />
* Black agates were produced by soaking the stones in a sugar solution and then immersing them in [[sulfuric acid]] to carbonize the sugars;<ref name="russell" /> brown agates can also be produced using a similar method.<ref name="treated gem" />
* Yellow agates can be produced using hydrochloric acid followed by burning.<ref name="treated gem" />

Organic [[aniline]] dyes derived from [[coal tar]] began to be used later in the 19th century,<ref name="russell" /> which allowed for the production of agates of additional colors such as pink and purple. While the colors produced by the classical methods are typically permanent, the colors produced by organic dyes can fade with exposure to light or heat.<ref name="color loss" /> Organic dyes can also only penetrate a short distance into the agate from the exposed surfaces. The practice of artificially treating agates remains popular today, and dyed Brazilian agates in particular are very common on the global market.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|p=157}}

Larger agates are often cut into halves or slices with circular diamond saws. They can then be polished with lapidary grinding, sanding, and polishing wheels of successively greater grit sizes.<ref name="pabian" />{{rp|pp=151–155}} Smaller agates and crushed agate fragments can alternatively be polished using [[Tumble finishing|rock tumblers]] or vibratory polishers. This equipment can generate large quantities of silica dust. Respiratory diseases such as [[silicosis]], and a higher [[Cumulative incidence|incidence]] of [[tuberculosis]] among workers involved in the agate industry, have been studied in India and China.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhury |first1=Nayanjeet |last2=Phatak |first2=Ajay |last3=Paliwal |first3=Rajiv |title=Co-morbidities among silicotics at Shakarpur: A follow up study |journal=Lung India |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=6–10 |doi=10.4103/0970-2113.92348 |pmc=3276038 |pmid=22345906 |date=January 2012 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=CQ |last2=Xiao |first2=LW |last3=Lam |first3=TH |last4=Xie |first4=NW |last5=Zhu |first5=CQ |title=Accelerated silicosis in workers exposed to agate dust in Guangzhou, China. |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine |date=July 2001 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=87–91 |pmid=11439400 |doi=10.1002/ajim.1074}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tiwari |first1=RR |last2=Narain |first2=R |last3=Sharma |first3=YK |last4=Kumar |first4=S |title=Comparison of respiratory morbidity between present and ex-workers of quartz crushing units: Healthy workers' effect |journal=Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |date=September 2010 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=87–90 |pmid=21461160 |doi=10.4103/0019-5278.75695 |pmc=3062020 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Geology|Earth sciences|Minerals}}
* {{annotated link|List of minerals}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141227143847/http://snr.unl.edu/data/geologysoils/agates/index-agates.aspx "Agates"], School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (retrieved 27 December 2014).

{{Silica minerals}}
{{Gemstones}}
{{Jewellery}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Agates| ]]
[[Category:Gemstones]]
[[Category:Hardstone carving]]
[[Category:Symbols of Florida]]
[[Category:Provincial symbols of Nova Scotia]]

Kalabhavan Navas

2026-02-10T18:22:13Z

Souravroyjournalist: added details to improve readability and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian (1974–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalabhavan Navas
| image = Kalabhavan ansar (cropped).jpg
| caption = Navas in 2010
| birth_date = {{birth date|1974|4|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Wadakkancherry, Thrissur|Wadakkancherry]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=yes|2025|8|1|51}}
| death_place = [[Chottanikkara]], Kerala, India
| alma mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian|[[Impressionist (entertainment)|mimic]]|singer}}
| years_active = 1992–2025
| spouse = {{marriage|Rehna Navas|27 October 2002}}
| children = 3
| father = Aboobacker
| relatives = [[Niyas Backer]] (brother)
}}

'''Navas Backer''' (27 April 1974 – 1 August 2025), better known by his stage name as '''Kalabhavan Navas''', was an Indian actor, comedian and [[Impressionist (entertainment)|mimic]]. He began his career performing mimicry in stage shows and gained prominence after joining the [[Kalabhavan]] troupe, from which he adopted his professional moniker. He subsequently performed with the Cochin Arts troupe along with his brother, [[Niyas Backer]]. He was also a singer.

Navas made his film debut in ''Chaithanyam'' (1995) and appeared in approximately 50 Malayalam films, primarily in comedic roles. He is best known for his roles in ''[[Mimics Action 500]]'' (1995), ''[[Hitler Brothers]]'' (1997), ''[[Junior Mandrake]]'' (1997), ''[[Mattupetti Machan]]'' (1998), ''[[Chandamama (1999 film)|Chandamama]]'' (1999) and ''[[Thillana Thillana]]'' (2003).

==Early life==
Navas was born in a village at [[Wadakkancherry, Thrissur]], in 27 April 1974. His father, Aboobacker, was a theatre and film actor who had appeared in several [[Malayalam film]]s, while his mother, originally from [[Ernakulam]], was a homemaker. Navas grew up with two siblings — an elder brother, Niyas, and a younger brother, Nisam.<ref name="MM_interview">{{cite news |author1=Ajith |title=ചിരി നിറയുന്ന മൺവീട്; കലാഭവൻ നവാസിന്റെ വീട്ടുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2019/11/11/kalabhavan-navas-mud-house-aluva-memories.html |access-date=1 August 2025 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|language=ml}}</ref> The family were practising [[Muslims]]. Though his father worked as an actor, his earnings were meagre, and the family lived within limited means during Navas's childhood.<ref name="Mathrubhumi_interview1">{{cite news |last1=കാസിം |first1=സിറാജ് |title=സിനിമാക്കാലത്തെ പെരുന്നാൾ, മസാലദോശയും തരിക്കഞ്ഞിയും; വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി നവാസും രഹ്നയും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/lifestyle/features/kalabhavan-navas-rehana-sharing-perunnal-memories-1.7482579 |access-date=1 August 2025 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=2 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

After beginning his career as an artist, he moved to his mother's ancestral home in Ernakulam and lived there for twenty years. His brother, Niyas Backer, also went on to become a comic actor in film and television.<ref name="MM_interview"/> His other brother Nisam (Nisamuddin) became a journalist.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nakul |first1=V. G. |title=പ്രായത്തിൽ ‘മറിമായ’മില്ല, എനിക്ക് 46, മോൾക്ക് 21! സോഷ്യൽ മീഡിയയുടെ സംശയങ്ങൾക്ക് നിയാസ് ബക്കർ മറുപടി പറയുന്നു |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/2019/03/07/niyas-backer-actor-interview-special.html |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=[[Vanitha (magazine)|Vanitha]] |date=7 March 2019 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Career==

Navas and his brother Niyas Backer used to visit the filming location of ''[[Venkalam]]'', directed by [[Bharathan]] — who was also from Wadakkanchery — and would perform skits at the artists' camp.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/070217/hard-work-and-patience-pay-niyas-backer.html|title=Hard work and patience pay'-Niyas Backer|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Inspired by mimicry artists of the time such as [[Jayaram]] and [[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]], the brothers developed a keen interest in [[Impressionist (entertainment)|mimicry]] and began performing on stage. Navas later joined [[Kalabhavan]], where he started doing professional mimicry shows. Eventually, he became independent and, together with his brother Niyas, founded Cochin Arts, under which they continued performing mimicry.<ref>{{cite news |last1=M. |first1=Athira |title='Comedy should be natural' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/comedy-should-be-natural/article7374752.ece |access-date=1 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 July 2015}}</ref> Navas used to imitate his father's role in ''[[Vatsalyam]]'' on stage.<ref name="MM2"/>

Navas debuted as an actor in the feature film ''Mr and Mrs'' in 1992 as Newspaper Boy. He mostly played comic roles in films. He is best known for his roles in ''[[Mimics Action 500]]'' (1995), ''[[Hitler Brothers]]'' (1997), ''[[Junior Mandrake]]'' (1997), ''[[Mattupetti Machan]]'' (1998), ''[[Chandamama (1999 film)|Chandamama]]'' (1999) and ''[[Thillana Thillana]]'' (2003).<ref name="GN">{{cite news |last1=Pavithran |first1=Lekshmy |title=‘Gone too soon’: Celebs and fans mourn actor Kalabhavan Navas |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/celebs-fans-mourn-kalabhavan-navas-sudden-death-stuns-malayalam-film-industry-1.500220337 |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=2 August 2025}}</ref> Sometime after his marriage, Navas wrote and directed the telefilm ''Velicham'', which also featured his wife Rehna. The couple also appeared together in the short film ''Mandan Bench'' in 2015.<ref name="MM2">{{cite news |last1=ദയാബ്ജി |first1=രൂപാ |title=ആ ചിത്രം കണ്ടാൽ അന്ന് വീട്ടിൽ കരച്ചിലും ബഹളവുമാണ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/women/interviews/interview-with-navas-and-rahna.html |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |date=16 January 2016}}</ref> The couple once again played leading roles in the 2025 film ''Izha'', which also marked Rehna's return to feature films.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Zee Malayalam News Desk |title=Izha Movie: 20 വർഷത്തിന് ശേഷം നടി രഹന തിരിച്ചെത്തുന്നു; റിലീസിന് തയ്യാറായി 'ഇഴ' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/navas-kalabhavan-rahna-movie-izha-teaser-released-movie-will-be-released-soon-219401 |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=[[Zee News Malayalam]] |date=15 January 2025 |language=ml}}</ref> His final release before death was ''[[Detective Ujjwalan]]'' (2025).<ref name="GN"/> That same year, he acted in ''Tiki Taka'' and ''Prakambanam''. He died shortly after completing the latter.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Filmfare |title=Kalabhavan Navas Passes Away at 51: Malayalam Cinema Mourns a Comic Talent Gone Too Soon|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/kalabhavan-navas-passes-away-at-51-malayalam-cinema-mourns-a-comic-talent-gone-too-soon-76295.html |publisher=Filmfare |access-date=2 August 2025 |date=2 August 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Navas was married to Rehna, who had acted in a few films and television serials. Their marriage was arranged while they were both acting in the film ''Neelakasham Niraye'' (2002).<ref name="MM2"/> The couple had three children — Naharin, Rihan and Ridwan. After their marriage, Navas built a house in Choondy, [[Aluva]], where they lived for several years. Eventually, they moved to a new home he constructed at Nalam Mile, Aluva. Later on, Rehna repurposed their former residence, converting the upper floor into a [[boutique]] and the ground floor into a nursery school.<ref name="MM_interview"/> She is originally from [[Palluruthy]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi_interview1"/> Their daughter Naharin debuted in the film ''[[Confessions of a Cuckoo]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news |title=കലാഭവൻ നവാസിന്റേയും രഹ്നയുടേയും മകൾ നഹറിൻ അഭിനയരം ഗത്തേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kalabhavan-navas-and-actress-rehna-daughter-naharin-debut-in-malayalam-cinema-1.5325603 |access-date=1 August 2025 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=2 January 2021 |language=ml}}</ref>

On 1 August 2025, Navas was found unconscious at a hotel in [[Chottanikkara]], after having returned to his room after a film's shooting. His death was confirmed at the nearest hospital due to [[cardiac arrest]]. He was 51.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actor Kalabhavan Navas passes away; found dead in hotel room in Kochi |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1583122&u= |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |access-date=1 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="death-article">{{cite web |title=നടൻ കലാഭവൻ നവാസ് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/actor-kalabhavan-navas-passed-away-296085 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |access-date=1 August 2025 |language=ml |date=1 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2025 |title=Malayalam Actor Kalabhavan Navas Found Dead In Kochi Hotel Room, Police Suspect Cardiac Arrest |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/malayalam-actor-kalabhavan-navas-found-dead-in-kochi-hotel-room-police-suspect-cardiac-arrest-article-152393480 |access-date=2 August 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Actor Kalabhavan Navas passes away">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Actor Kalabhavan Navas passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/actor-kalabhavan-navas-found-dead/article69884575.ece |access-date=4 August 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=1 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804040815/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/actor-kalabhavan-navas-found-dead/article69884575.ece |archive-date=4 August 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1992 ||''Mr and Mrs'' || Newspaper Boy || (Debut cameo)
|-
|1993 ||''[[Venkalam]]'' || || Cameo
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1995 || ''Chaithanyam'' || || playback singer
|-
|| ''[[Ezharakoottam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mimics Action 500]]'' || Babykutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalamasseriyil Kalyanayogam]]'' || Navas ||
|-
|| ''[[Kidilol Kidilam]]'' || Krishnankutty ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1996 || ''Mimics Super 1000'' || ||
|-
|| ''Ishtamanu Nooruvattom'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1997 || ''[[Hitler Brothers]]'' || Thankappan ||
|-
|| ''Siamese Irattakal'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Junior Mandrake]]'' || Sandeep Nambiar ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1998 || ''Mayajalam'' || Pappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Amma Ammaayiyamma]]'' ||Sharath ||
|-
|| ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
|| ''[[Mattupetti Machan]]'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
|| ''Aagosham'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1999 || ''[[Chandamama (1999 film)|Chandamama]]'' || Pullepadi Monayi ||
|-
|| ''[[My Dear Karadi]]'' || Appukuttan ||
|-
|| ''Auto Brothers'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2001 || ''[[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]]'' || Shajahan ||
|-
|| ''House Owner''|| ||
|-
|| ''[[Korappan The Great]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''Neelakasham Niraye'' || ||
|-
|| ''Desam'' || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Thillana Thillana]]'' || Govindan ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Vettam]]'' || Prince ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Thamburankunnu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2006 || ''[[Chakkara Muthu]]'' || Santhosh ||
|-
|| ''Anuvadhamillathe'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Chattambinadu]]'' || Manikandan||
|-
|| ''[[Boomi Malayalam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2010 || ''[[Senior Mandrake]]'' || Sandeep Nambiar ||
|-
|| ''[[Valiyangadi (film)|Valiyangadi]]'' || Pariyakutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Veeraputhran]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]'' || ||Also Playback Singer
|-
|| ''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]'' || Gymman ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]]'' || Saji ||
|-
|| ''The Factory'' || || Single Character Film
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu]]'' || Khadar ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[John Honai]]'' || Jaffer ||
|-
|| ''[[Ormakalil Oru Manjukaalam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''3 Wicketinu 365 Runs'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Iyer in Pakistan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''Pretham Undu Sookshikkuka'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Achayans]]'' || Fr. Jose Kireekadan's Assistant ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''Priyapettavar'' || ||
|-
|| ''Prashnaparihara Shala'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''Thanka Bhasma Kuriyitta Thamburatti'' || SI Rajan ||
|-
|| ''Visudha Pusthakam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mera Naam Shaji]]'' || Marunnu Johny ||
|-
|| ''[[Driving License (film)|Driving License]]'' || Menon || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.msidb.org/movies.php?tag=Search&actor=Kalabhavan%20Navas&limit=9&alimit=4&sortorder=3&sorttype=1|title=Kalabhavan Navas Filmography}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''Louis'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2023 || ''Vanita'' || ||
|-
| [[A Ranjith Cinema]]||Yousaf||
|-
|| ''KrishnaKripa Sagaram'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''Aaro'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=25 April 2024 |title=Joju George and Anumol's Aaro gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/25/joju-george-and-anumols-aaro-gets-a-release-date |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]'' || Rajeev|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-movie-getting-good-response-running-successfully-in-theatres-212421|title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam: ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിച്ച അന്വേഷണം, മികവ് പുലർത്തി अभिनേതാക്കളും; ഗംഭീര പ്രതികരണം നേടി 'ഒരു അന്വേഷണത്തിന്റെ തുടക്കം'|date=9 November 2024|website=Zee News Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
|| ''Izha'' || Shoukath||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2025 || ''[[Detective Ujjwalan]]'' || Ashokan||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=14 April 2025 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Detective Ujjwalan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/14/dhyan-sreenivasans-detective-ujjwalan-gets-release-date |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tikki Taka'' || Philip || Posthumous release
|-
| ''[[Prakambanam]]'' || || Posthumous release
|}

===Television===
;As Host
*''[[Badai Bungalow]]''
*''Rani Maharani''
;As Judge
*''Comedy Masters''
*''Comedy Stars Season 2''
*''Thakarppan Comedy ''
*''Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumber Chiri Season 2 ''

;Himself as Guest
*''Cinema Chirima''
*''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]''
*''Manam Pole Mangalyam''
*''Komedy Circus''
*''Star Ragging''
*''Idavelayil''
;TV serials
*''Veedu''
*''Bhagyanakshatram''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1335091}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Navas, Kalabhavan}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]

Sanket Goel

2026-02-09T03:30:11Z

Souravroyjournalist: made a pg.

{{Short description|Indian academic (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sanket Goel
| native_name = संकेत गोयल
| native_name_lang = hi
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1977|12|31}}
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| fields = [[MEMS]] [[Microfluidics]] [[Nanoelectronics]]
| workplaces = {{Unbulleted list | [[BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus]] (2015 onwards)| UPES, [[Dehradun]] (2011–2015)| [[Agency for Science, Technology and Research]], [[Singapore]] (2008–2011)| [[Stanford University]] (2006–2008) | [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory]], [[DRDO]], [[Bangalore]] (2006) | [[Institute for Plasma Research]], [[Gandhinagar]] (2000–2001)}}
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list | [[University of Alberta]] ([[Ph.D.|PhD]]), (2001–2005) |[[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] ([[M.Sc.|MSc]]) (1998–2000) |[[Ramjas College]], [[Delhi University]] ([[B.Sc.|B.Sc Honors]] [[Physics]]) (1995–1998)}}
| thesis_title = Opto-biochips for Microcytometry
| thesis1_title = Opto-biochips for Micro Cytometry
| thesis2_title = Study on Optical Fiber Bragg Gratings and their sensing applications
| thesis_url = https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/344b872d-8fb4-4e0b-8dd8-705105a3136b
| thesis1_url = https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/344b872d-8fb4-4e0b-8dd8-705105a3136b
| thesis_year = 2006
| website = http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/~sgoel
| thesis1_year = 2006
| thesis2_year = 2000
}}

'''Sanket Goel''' (born 31 December 1977) is an Indian academic working with the department of [[electrical and electronics engineering]] at [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani|Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani]], [[BITS Pilani, Hyderabad|Hyderabad Campus]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]. He is the [[principal investigator]] of the MEMS, microfluidics and nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab<ref name="Shrimansi">{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/hyderabad-researchers-develop-affordable-diabetes-testing-device-1853802 |last=Kaushik |first=Shrimansi |date=12 January 2025 |title=Hyderabad Researchers Develop Affordable Diabetes Testing Device |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=6 September 2025 |title=Prof. Sanket Goel of BITS Pilani Honoured with National Award to Teachers 2025 for Exemplary Contribution to Education and Innovation |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/education-careers/prof-sanket-goel-of-bits-pilani-honoured-with-national-award-to-teachers-2025-for-exemplary-contribution-to-education-and-innovation-1003979 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> and founding director of Cleome Innovations Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Chiranti |date=26 January 2023 |title=India leverages student entrepreneurship to fuel disruptive innovations |work=[[Gulf News]] |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/india-leverages-student-entrepreneurship-to-fuel-disruptive-innovations-1.1674716577083 |access-date=2 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Cleome">{{cite web |url=https://www.cleome.in/ |title=Focus Areas |website=Cleome Innovations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606203149/https://www.cleome.in/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> As of 2025, he is listed as Dean – Research and Innovation at BITS Pilani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Urunkar |first=Salil |date=27 November 2024 |title=DIAT and BITS Pilani Sign MoU to Boost Research and National Security Collaboration |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/diat-and-bits-pilani-sign-mou-to-boost-research-and-national-security-collaboration |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ITN |date=30 July 2025 |title=UST and BITS Pilani Sign MoU to Accelerate Innovation, Skilling, and Research Excellence |url=https://indiatechnologynews.in/ust-and-bits-pilani-sign-mou-to-accelerate-innovation-skilling-and-research-excellence/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=India Technology News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2024 |title=BITS Pilani develops new device to trace bacterial infections quickly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/revolutionary-device-from-bits-pilani-detects-bacterial-infections-in-just-15-minutes/articleshow/114196439.cms |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Scientific contributions ==
Goel's research centers on [[Microelectromechanical systems|MEMS]], [[microfluidics]], and [[nanoelectronics]], with applications in [[Sensor|sensing]], [[energy harvesting]], and [[Energy storage|storage]].<ref name="MMNE Flipbook">{{cite web |url=https://heyzine.com/flip-book/b8d49aa588.html |title=Innovations Through Micro-Nano Engineering |website=MMNE Lab |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> His works include published topics such as [[sustainable fuel]], laser-induced [[graphene]], and [[enzymatic biofuel cell|biofuel cell]] technologies, along with 24 co-filed patents and two edited books on microelectronics and electrochemical devices. He also works with the MMNE Lab and the associated Cleome Innovations company on [[Miniaturization|minimal-scale]] sensing platforms and energy systems.<ref name="Cleome"/> The group has developed droplet-based microfluidics,<ref name="Shrimansi" /> underwater [[solar cell]] designs,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Preeti |date=23 August 2021 |title=Solar cells by Hyderabad scientists to make waves |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/solar-cells-by-city-scientists-to-make-waves/articleshow/85548890.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[3D printing|3D-printed]] devices for extraterrestrial settings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vatyam |first=Nirupa |date=16 March 2021 |title=Academic deploys 3D printing tech for space projects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Academic-deploys-3D-printing-tech-for-space-projects/articleshow/81518611.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Other projects include tools for [[Soil science|soil]] diagnostics,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2022 |title=Low-cost soil nutrients detection device unveiled |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/low-cost-soil-nutrients-detection-device-unveiled/article65229606.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> [[DNA amplification]],<ref name="PCR">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/new-device-developed-by-bits-reduces-pcr-test-time/articleshow/84424422.cms |last=Vatyam |first=Nirupa |date=15 July 2021 |title=New device developed by BITS Pilani reduces PCR test time |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> and nanomaterial processing.

Since 2021, his team has also worked on biomedical technologies, including a wearable glucose monitoring patch using sweat,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2023 |title=3D printed device uses sweat to detect & monitor diabetes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/3d-printed-device-uses-sweat-to-detect-monitor-diabetes/articleshow/103000052.cms}}</ref> an implantable system powered by blood glucose,<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2024 |title=Safer implants: BITS Pilani, Hyderabad team powers them via blood glucose, not cells |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/safer-implants-bits-pilani-hyderabad-team-powers-them-via-blood-glucose-not-cells/articleshow/114966233.cms}}</ref> and a field-ready [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] system.<ref name="PCR"/> Their work has also included space-oriented diagnostic platforms<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2024 |title=This BITS Pilani project is making tools to overcome astronaut health problems |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/this-bits-pilani-project-is-making-tools-to-overcome-astronaut-health-problems-2606276-2024-09-26}}</ref> and low-cost diabetes test kits.<ref name="Shrimansi" />

In 2025, Goel developed a nano-engineered fiber-optic portable sensor for brain health monitoring, in collaboration with IIT Bombay,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bits-pilani-iit-bombay-develop-low-cost-portable-sensor-for-brain-health-monitoring/article70052577.ece |date=19 September 2025 |title=BITS Pilani & IIT Bombay develop low cost, portable sensor for brain health monitoring |work=The Hindu |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> along with a cost-efficient multiplexed potentiostat.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/bits-team-builds-affordable-testing-device-1910420 |last= |date=15 October 2025 |title=BITS Team Builds Affordable Testing Device |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

== Honors and awards ==
Goel has won several awards, honors and distinctions, including the [[Japan Society for the Promotion of Science]] Invitational Fellowship (2021),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan Society of Promotion of Science Short-Term fellows 2021 |url=https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-inv/adoptlist/data/FY2020/2020_short_2_e.pdf |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Japan Society for Promotion of Science}}</ref> [[Fulbright Fellowship]] (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fulbright Scholars Program |url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/grantee/sanket-goel |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Fulbright Scholars}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharucha |first=James |title=Fulbright-Nehru Program |url=https://www.bharucha.org/fulbright-nehru |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=James Bharucha |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329011730/https://www.bharucha.org/fulbright-nehru |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Dr C R Mitra Best Faculty Award by Prof V S Rao Foundation / BITS-Pilani (2021). In 2022, he has become the fellow of [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers|Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE)]] and [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institution of Engineers (IE)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IEEE.vTools |title=International Event on Optical Sensors (ISOS) 2025 |url=https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/468605 |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=events.vtools.ieee.org |language=en}}</ref>

Goel is with the editorial team of several journals including ''[[IEEE Sensors Journal]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=IEEE Sensors |title=IEEE Sensors Journal, Editorial Board |url=https://ieee-sensors.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/jsen-cover2-fill-3167591.pdf |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=IEEE Sensors}}</ref> ''[[IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience, Editorial Board |url=https://www.embs.org/tnb/associate-editors/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society}}</ref> ''[[Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. Editorial Board |url=https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/journals/journal-of-micromechanics-and-microengineering/editorial-board/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=IOP Publishing}}</ref> ''[[Applied Nanoscience]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Applied Nanoscience, Editorial Board |url=https://www.springer.com/journal/13204/editors |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Springer |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401124638/https://www.springer.com/journal/13204/editors |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''Journal of Nanobiotechnology''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Editorial Board |url=https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/about/editorial-board |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=[[BioMed Central]]}}</ref> Earlier, he was in the Editorial Board of [[IEEE Access|''IEEE Access Journal'']]. He has also been appointed as a Distinguished Lecturer by the [[IEEE Sensors Council]] for a term of 2 years from 2024-2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Distinguished Lecturer Program - IEEE Sensors Council |url=https://ieee-sensors.org/distinguished-lecturer-program/ |website=ieee-sensors.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 5 September 2025, Goel was among the 21 faculty members nationwide recognised by the President of India for excellence in teaching, research, innovation, and institution-building through the National Award for Teachers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hans News Service |date=6 September 2025 |title=Prof. Sanket Goel of BITS Pilani Honoured with National Award to Teachers 2025 for Exemplary Contribution to Education' Innovation |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/education-careers/prof-sanket-goel-of-bits-pilani-honoured-with-national-award-to-teachers-2025-for-exemplary-contribution-to-education-and-innovation-1003979 |work=The Hans India}}</ref> This award was presented by the President of India at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2025 |title=Prof Sanket Goel of BITS Pilani honoured with National Award to Teachers 2025 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/prof-sanket-goel-of-bits-pilani-honoured-with-national-award-to-teachers-2025 |work=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=6 September 2025 |title=Department of Higher Education selects 21 teachers from Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and Polytechnics for National Awards to Teachers (NAT) 2025 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/education-careers/prof-sanket-goel-of-bits-pilani-honoured-with-national-award-to-teachers-2025-for-exemplary-contribution-to-education-and-innovation-1003979 |work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Sonal |last2=Jain |first2=Shikha |last3=Ps |first3=Venkateswaran |last4=Tiwari |first4=Avanish K. |last5=Nouni |first5=Mansa R. |last6=Pandey |first6=Jitendra K. |last7=Goel |first7=Sanket |date=1 January 2015 |title=Hydrogen: A sustainable fuel for future of the transport sector |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115006127 |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=51 |pages=623–633 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.040 |bibcode=2015RSERv..51..623S |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kothuru |first1=Avinash |last2=Hanumanth Rao |first2=C. |last3=Puneeth |first3=S. B. |last4=Salve |first4=Mary |last5=Amreen |first5=Khairunnisa |last6=Goel |first6=Sanket |date=July 2020 |title=Laser-Induced Flexible Electronics (LIFE) for Resistive, Capacitive and Electrochemical Sensing Applications |journal=IEEE Sensors Journal |volume=20 |issue=13 |pages=7392–7399 |bibcode=2020ISenJ..20.7392K |doi=10.1109/JSEN.2020.2977694 |issn=1558-1748 |s2cid=216415990}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rewatkar |first1=Prakash |last2=Goel |first2=Sanket |date=October 2018 |title=Paper-Based Membraneless Co-Laminar Microfluidic Glucose Biofuel Cell With MWCNT-Fed Bucky Paper Bioelectrodes |journal=IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=374–379 |doi=10.1109/TNB.2018.2857406 |issn=1558-2639 |pmid=30028713 |bibcode=2018ITNB...17..374R |s2cid=51706033 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003168225 |title=Microelectronics and Signal Processing: Advanced Concepts and Applications |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=9780367640125 |editor1-last=Goel |editor1-first=Sanket |doi=10.1201/9781003168225 |s2cid=235504021}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goel |first=Sanket |title=Miniaturized Electrochemical Devices - Advanced Concepts, Fabrication, and Applications |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781032392714}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goel, Sanket}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]
[[Category:University of Alberta alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Ramjas College alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh academics]]
[[Category:Indian electronics engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]

Attingal Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-30T01:30:22Z

Souravroyjournalist:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Attingal <Br>{{Small|KL-19}}
| map_image = Attingal Lok Sabha Constituency.jpg
| map_caption = Attingal Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = [[File:Adoor Prakash.JPG|150px]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| mp = [[Adoor Prakash]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| assembly_cons = [[Varkala (State Assembly constituency)|Varkala]]<br>[[Attingal (State Assembly constituency)|Attingal]]<br>[[Chirayinkeezhu (State Assembly constituency)|Chirayinkeezhu]]<br>[[Nedumangad (State Assembly constituency)|Nedumangad]]<br>[[Vamanapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Vamanapuram]]<br>[[Aruvikkara (State Assembly constituency)|Aruvikkara]]<br>[[Kattakada (State Assembly constituency)|Kattakkada]]
}}
'''Attingal Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008 following the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of the parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012553800400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128174755/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012553800400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2008|title=New electoral landscape for the State Delimitation impact |last=Nair |first=C. Gouridasan |date=23 January 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 January 2010|location=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==

Attingal Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|127
|[[Varkala Assembly constituency|Varkala]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[V. Joy]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 128
|[[Attingal Assembly constituency|Attingal]] (SC)
|[[O. S. Ambika]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|129
|[[Chirayinkeezhu Assembly constituency|Chirayinkeezhu]] (SC)
|[[V. Sasi]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|130
|[[Nedumangad Assembly constituency|Nedumangad]]
|[[G. R. Anil]]
|-
|131
|[[Vamanapuram Assembly constituency|Vamanapuram]]
|[[D. K. Murali]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|136
|[[Aruvikkara Assembly constituency|Aruvikkara]]
|[[G. Steephen]]
|-
|138
|[[Kattakada Assembly constituency|Kattakkada]]
|[[I. B. Sathish]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Members of Parliament==

'''As Chirayinkil'''

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
!colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
| colspan="6" |'''[[Travancore-Cochin]]'''
|-
|[[1951-52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]
|[[V. Parameswaran Nayar]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|
|[[United Front of Leftists]]
|1952-1967
|-
| colspan="6" |'''After the Formation of [[Kerala]]'''
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]
|rowspan="2" |[[M. K. Kumaran]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|1957-1962
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
|1962-1967
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
|K. Anirudhan
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1967-1971
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vayalar Ravi]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|1971-1977
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|1977-1980
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|[[A.A. Rahim]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|1980-1984
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Thalekunnil Basheer]]
|1984-1989
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|1989-1991
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|[[Susheela Gopalan]]
| rowspan="5" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|rowspan="5" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1991-1996
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|[[Anirudhan Sampath|A. Sampath]]
|1996-1998
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Varkala Radhakrishnan]]
|1998-1999
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|1999-2004
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|2004-2009
|-
|}

'''As Attingal'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Election
!Lok Sabha
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anirudhan Sampath|A. Sampath]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|2009-2014
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|2014-2019
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Adoor Prakash]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|2019-2024
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|45.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|45.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|46.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|44.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|46.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|48.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|47.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|48.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|52.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|55.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|52.54}}
}}

===General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Attingal]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Attingal">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Attingal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1119.htm |access-date=3 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803183252/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1119.htm |archive-date=3 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Adoor Prakash]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=328,051|percentage=33.29|change=-5.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[V. Joy]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=327,367|percentage=33.22|change=-1.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[V. Muraleedharan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=311,779|percentage=31.64|change=+6.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=9,791|percentage=1.01|change=+0.44}}
{{Election box majority||votes=684|percentage=0.07|change=-3.77}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=986,917|percentage=70.44|change=-4.04}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = -5.05
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Adoor Prakash]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,80,995 |percentage=38.34 |change=-0.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anirudhan Sampath|Dr. Anirudhan Sampath]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=3,42,748|percentage=34.50|change=-11.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sobha Surendran]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,48,081|percentage=24.97|change=+14.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=5,685|percentage=0.57|change=-0.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sunil Soman|party=Independent politician|votes=5,433|percentage=0.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ajamal Ismail|party=Social Democratic Party of India|votes=5,429|percentage=0.55|change=-0.76}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,247 |percentage=3.85 |change=-4.22 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,93,614|percentage=74.48|change=4.89}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,50,710 |change =7.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -7.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anirudhan Sampath]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,92,478 |percentage=45.67 |change=0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bindhu Krishna |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,23,100 |percentage=37.60 |change=-5.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Girija Kumari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=90,528 |percentage=10.53 |change=3.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Manoj Kumar |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=11,225 |percentage=1.31 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Anil Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,586 |percentage=1.00 |change=-1.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=6,924 |percentage=0.81 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vakkom G. Ajith |party=Shiv Sena |votes=5,511 |percentage=0.64 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Priya Sunil |party=Welfare Party of India |votes=4,862 |percentage=0.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Hariharan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,064 |percentage=0.47 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,850 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=69,378 |percentage=8.07 |change=5.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,59,350 |percentage=68.67 |change= 2.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,51,398 |change =14.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 0.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anirudhan Sampath]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,28,036 |percentage=45.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prof. G. Balachandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,09,695 |percentage=42.83 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thottakkadu Sasi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,620 |percentage=6.59 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Sudhakaran |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=15,558 |percentage=2.15 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajimon |party=Independent politician |votes=5,217 |percentage=0.72 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sreenath |party=Shiv Sena |votes=4,968 |percentage=0.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Saifudeen |party=Independent politician |votes=4,228 |percentage=0.58 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,341 |percentage=2.54 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,23,045 |percentage=66.26 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,91,432 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Varkala Radhakrishnan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=313,615|percentage=46.9|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[M.I. Shanavas]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=262,870|percentage=39.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Padmakumar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=71,982|percentage=10.8|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,745
|percentage=7.6 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,68,280|percentage=65.5|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,20,604 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Varkala Radhakrishnan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=309,304|percentage=44.8|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[M.I. Shanavas]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=306,176|percentage=44.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Padmakumar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=63,889|percentage=9.2|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,128
|percentage=0.5 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,91,113|percentage=63.0|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,96,417 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Varkala Radhakrishnan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=321,479|percentage=46.2|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[M.M. Hassan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=313,937|percentage=45.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T.M. Viswambharan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=47,249|percentage=6.8|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,542
|percentage=1.1 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,95,722|percentage=65.68|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,56,903 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anirudhan Sampath]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,30,079 |percentage=48.53 |change=0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thalekunnil Basheer]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,81,996 |percentage=41.46 |change=-6.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Radhakrishnan Unnithan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,348 |percentage=4.46 |change=1.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pulipara Biju |party=Peoples Democratic Party (India) |votes=11,963 |percentage=1.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suseela Rajan |party=Independent politician |votes=7,807 |percentage=1.15 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devadathan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,298 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sebastian |party=Independent politician |votes=3,290 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=48,083 |percentage=7.07 |change=6.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,80,181 |percentage=67.22 |change= -2.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,35,445 |change =3.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 0.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Susheela Gopalan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,31,518 |percentage=47.86 |change=0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thalekunnil Basheer]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,30,412 |percentage=47.70 |change=-0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. R. Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,159 |percentage=2.91 |change=-0.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,106 |percentage=0.16 |change=-0.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,92,666 |percentage=69.73 |change= -4.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,03,307 |change =1.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thalekunnil Basheer]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,49,068 |percentage=48.16 |change=-2.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Susheela Gopalan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,43,938 |percentage=47.45 |change=2.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. N. Gopalakrishnan Nair |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,049 |percentage=3.18 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Sanjeev |party=Janata Party|votes=3,500 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,130 |percentage=0.71 |change=-5.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,24,825 |percentage=74.21 |change= 1.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,84,118 |change =35.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thalekunnil Basheer]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,66,230 |percentage=50.67 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Sudhakaran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,34,765 |percentage=44.68 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vattappara Das |party=Independent politician |votes=10,870 |percentage=2.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharathanoor Das |party=Independent politician |votes=2,989 |percentage=0.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basheer |party=Independent politician |votes=2,765 |percentage=0.53 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pattom Jayachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,567 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,465 |percentage=5.99 |change=4.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,25,386 |percentage=72.97 |change= 13.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,28,111 |change =10.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 2.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. A. Rahim]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,85,596 |percentage=48.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vayalar Ravi]] |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=1,79,533 |percentage=46.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. Vijayan |party=Independent politician |votes=14,345 |percentage=3.71 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sreenivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,156 |percentage=1.08 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varkala Balam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,915 |percentage=0.75 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,063 |percentage=1.57 |change=-13.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,86,545 |percentage=59.12 |change= -16.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,60,715 |change =17.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vayalar Ravi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,38,253 |percentage=57.33 |change=-0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Anirudhan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,77,328 |percentage=42.67 |change=0.67 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=60,925 |percentage=14.66 |change=-0.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,15,581 |percentage=75.46 |change= 11.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,64,054 |change =12.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vayalar Ravi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,82,431 |percentage=57.54 |change=14.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Radhakrishnan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,33,159 |percentage=42.00 |change=-10.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Sudevan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,463 |percentage=0.46 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=49,272 |percentage=15.54 |change=5.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,17,053 |percentage=63.67 |change= -11.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,02,730 |change =22.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 5.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Anirudhan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,57,040 |percentage=52.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Sankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,27,697 |percentage=42.59 |change=-1.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. Sastry |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=15,072 |percentage=5.03 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,343 |percentage=9.79 |change=-1.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,99,809 |percentage=75.47 |change= 4.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,10,807 |change =-6.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -3.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. K. Kumaran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,68,927 |percentage=55.45 |change=2.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shahul Hameed |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,35,708 |percentage=44.55 |change=26.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,219 |percentage=10.90 |change=-23.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,04,635 |percentage=71.31 |change= 2.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,37,189 |change =11.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 2.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]] : Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. K. Kumaran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,40,930 |percentage=52.54 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,329 |percentage=18.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ahmed Hussain |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=43,261 |percentage=16.13 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balakrishnan |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=35,702 |percentage=13.31 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=92,601 |percentage=34.52 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,68,222 |percentage=68.60 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,90,978 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Indian general election, 2014 (Kerala)]]
* [[2014 Indian general election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}

{{coord|8.6800|N|76.8300|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Thiruvananthapuram district]]

Bhandara taluka

2026-01-23T12:06:24Z

Souravroyjournalist: Adding New Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhandara Taluka
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption = Location in Bhandara district (MH), India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhandara district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]] City
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| population_total = 2,80,030
| population_as_of =2011
| population_urban = 1,26,519
|population_rural = 1,53,511
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 643
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics1_info1 = 78.23
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 974
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhandara Taluka''', is a [[Taluka]] in Bhandara subdivision of [[Bhandara district]] in [[Maharashtra]] State of [[India]].<ref>[https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/bhandara-taluka-maharashtra-4039 Bhandara Taluka Population, Caste, Religion Data – Bhandara district, Maharashtra].</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bhandara district]]

{{Bhandara-geo-stub}}

Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road

2026-01-12T06:54:52Z

Souravroyjournalist: Put Up Some Details From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Primary sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Excessive examples|date=January 2026}} }}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Road in Kolkata (Calcutta)
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4957|N|88.3705|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata District|Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata]]
| governing_body = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|KMDA]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 =
}}

'''Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/raja-subodh-mullicks-house-kolkata|title=Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick's House, Kolkata|publisher=Govt. of India|access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> is an important road that runs through [[South Kolkata|Southern Kolkata]] connecting [[Jadavpur]] near Jadavpur Police station and [[Garia]] near Garia Crossing.

== Transport ==

=== By Rail ===
[[Jadavpur railway station|Jadavpur Rail Way Station]] , [[Dhakuria railway station|Dhakuria Railway Station]] are the very nearby railway station to Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Jadavpur.

=== Local Bus ===
Jadavpur 8b Stand Bus Station , Jadavpur Stn. Rd Bus Station , Raja S.C. Mullick Rd Bus Station , Raja S.C. Mullick Road. Bus Station , Raja Subodh Mullick Rd Bus Station are the nearby by Local Bus Stops to Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Jadavpur . runs Number of busses from Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Jadavpur to different Places.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bus Stop, Jadavpur |url=https://www.mappls.com/laflmu |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=www.mappls.com |language=en}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=January 2026}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Roads in Kolkata]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Dibrugarh Express

2026-01-11T11:47:32Z

Souravroyjournalist:

{{Short description|India Railways train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Dibrugarh-Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1987|10|09}}<br> {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|07|20}} (extended to Dibrugarh from Guwahati)
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
| stops = 51 as 15645, 53 as 15646
| end = {{stnlnk|Dibrugarh}}
| distance = {{convert|3144|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 60 hours 45 minutes as 15645, 60 hours 25 minutes as 15646
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC First Class, AC 2-tier, AC 3-tier, Sleeper class, General unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Pantry car, On-board catering, E-catering (available at LTT, NK, MMR, BSL, BAU, KNW, HD, ET, JBP, MZP, DDU, DNR, PNBE, NNA, KIR, KNE, KYQ, GHY, LMG, DMV for 15645 and at DMV, LMG, GHY, KYQ, NBQ, NOQ, NCB, PNBE, DNR, BXR, DDU, MZP, PCOI, STA, BAU, BSL, MMR, NK, KYN, TNA, LTT for 15646)
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = Below the seats
| other facilities=
| stock = [[LHB coaches]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15645 / 15646
| speed = {{convert|52|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 15645/46 '''Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Dibrugarh Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]]' [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] of [[Maharashtra]] and {{stnlnk|Dibrugarh}} of [[Assam]] in India.<ref> {{Cite web|title=Ltt Guwahati Express extended upto Dibrugarh|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/guwahatilokmanya-tilak-express-extended-up-to-dibrugarh-602980|website=www.sentinelassam.com}}</ref>

It is also called the Dadar Express. It operates as train number 15645 from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus to Dibrugarh and as train number 15646 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]], [[Nagaland]] & [[Assam]].<ref>[http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/katihar/story/1001214.html], ''prabhatkhabhar.com'', 7 June 2017</ref>

==Coaches==
The 15645 / 46 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Dibrugarh Express runs with 1 AC First Class coaches, 1 AC 2-tier coaches, 5 AC 3-tier coaches, 11 sleeper class, 2 general unreserved coaches, 2 SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches and 1 End-On-Generator. It also carries a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 15645 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Dibrugarh Express covers the distance of {{convert|3144|km|0|abbr=on}} in 50 hours 45 mins (52 km/h) and in 60 hours 25 mins as the 15646 Dibrugarh–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express (52 km/h).<ref>[http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/opening-and-several-trains-passing-through-bihar-has-changed-learn/869714.html], ''prabhatkhabhar.com'', 29 September 2016</ref>
The 15645 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Dibrugarh Express departs from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus at 08:05 on Wednesdays and Saturdays and arrives on the third day at 20:50. The 15646 Dibrugarh-Lokmanya Tilak Express departs from Dibrugarh at 05:25 on Wednesdays and Sundays and arrives on the third day at 17:50.

As the average speed of the train is lower than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't include a superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The halts of the train is given as follows:

'''MAHARASHTRA'''
#[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
#{{stnlnk|Thane}} (only for 15646)
#{{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
#{{rws|Nasik Road}}
#{{rws|Manmad Junction}}
#{{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}

'''MADHYA PRADESH'''
#{{rws|Burhanpur}}
#{{rws|Khandwa Junction}}
#{{rws|Harda}}
#{{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
#{{stnlnk|Pipariya}} (only for 15646)
#[[Jabalpur Junction railway station|Jabalpur]]
#{{rws|Katni Junction}}
#{{rws|Satna}}

'''UTTAR PRADESH'''
#[[Cheoki Junction railway station|Prayagraj Chheoki Junction]]
#{{rws|Mirzapur}}
#[[Mughalsarai Junction railway station|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction]]
#{{rws|Dildarnagar Junction}}

'''BIHAR'''
#{{rws|Buxar}}
#Dumraon
#{{rws|Ara Junction}}
#{{rws|Danapur Junction}}
#{{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}
#{{rws|Patna Sahib}}
#{{rws|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}}
#{{rws|Barh}}
#{{rws|Mokama}}
#[[New Barauni Junction]]
#{{rws|Begusarai}}
#{{rws|Khagaria Junction}}
#{{rws|Mansi Junction}}
#Thana Bihpur Junction
#{{rws|Naugachia}}
#{{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}}
#{{rws|Barsoi Junction}}
#{{rws|Kishanganj}}

'''WEST BENGAL'''
#[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]
#{{rws|Dhupguri}}
#{{rws|New Cooch Behar}}
#{{rws|New Alipurduar}}

'''ASSAM'''
#{{rws|Kokrajhar}}
#{{rws|New Bongaigaon Junction}}
#{{rws|Barpeta Road}}
#{{rws|Rangiya Junction}}
#{{rws|Kamakhya Junction}}
#{{rws|Guwahati}}
#{{rws|Hojai}}
#{{rws|Lumding Junction}}
#{{rws|Diphu}}
#{{rws|Furkating Junction}}
#{{rws|Mariani Junction}}
#{{rws|Simaluguri Junction}}
#{{rws|New Tinsukia Junction}}
#{{rws|Dibrugarh}}

'''NAGALAND'''
#{{rws|Dimapur}}
.<ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct1414/city053], ''assamtribune.com'', 14 October 2014</ref>

==Traction==
A [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan]]-based [[WAP-7]] hauls the train from [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] till {{rws|Guwahati}} after which a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WDP-4|WDP-4/4B/4D]] pulls the train to its destination, {{rws|Dibrugarh}}, and vice versa. Additional bankers are used between [[Kasara railway station|Kasara]] and
[[Igatpuri railway station|Igatpuri]] due to the [[Thal ghat]] section.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-ltt-guwahati-express-via-katihar-15645/587/466/546 15645 Mumbai LTT-Dibrugarh Express (via Katihar)] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/guwahati-mumbai-ltt-express-via-katihar-15646/514/546/466 15646 Dibrugarh-Mumbai LTT Express (via Katihar)] at India Rail Info
*[https://indianrailways.info/train_time_table/15645/ 15645 Mumbai LTT-Dibrugarh Express Time table]
*[https://indianrailways.info/train_time_table/15646/ 15646 Dibrugarh-Mumbai LTT Express Time table]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Guwahati Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]

Arvind Gupta (politician)

2026-01-05T13:21:10Z

Souravroyjournalist: Adding Pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jammu West Assembly constituency|Jammu West]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Sat Paul Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Arvind Gupta''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Jammu West Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Jammu West, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Arvind Gupta defeats INC's Manmohan Singh with 21360 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/jammu-west-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612956-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Jammu West Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/jammu-west-election-result-2024-live-update-9077463.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arvind, Gupta}}
[[Category:Politicians from Jammu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavole

2025-12-28T08:47:21Z

Souravroyjournalist: starting

{{Short description|Medieval Indian merchant guild}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

The '''Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavole''' were a merchant [[guild]] from [[Aihole]] that provided trade links between trading communities in [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. They have been mentioned in inscriptions from the 9th century CE.<ref name="HI120">{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://www.furkatingcollege.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/A-History-of-India-2nd-ed.pdf |title=A History of India |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2010 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |edition=2nd |pages=120–26 |chapter=Medieval Kingdoms |orig-year=1998}}</ref> Aihole was formerly a major city of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]] and a place with many temples and [[Brahmin|brahmans]], some of whom seem to have become involved in the trading activities of the Five Hundred.<ref name="HI120" /> But most of the Ayyavole Lords were merchants, especially those engaged in long-distance trade. Their inscriptions between the 9th and 14th centuries record their endowments made to temples and throw light on their trading activities or commodities.<ref name="HI120" />

The Five Hundred guild, known as ''Ayyavole'' in [[Kannada]]'', Ayyavolu'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]'', Aryarupa'' in [[Sanskrit]]'', and Ainuruvar'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], operated in [[South India|Southern India]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. They became more powerful under the [[Chola Dynasty|Cholas]].<ref name="book_2009_nagapattinam_suvarnadwipa">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC&q=Anjuvannam |title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=2009 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789812309372 |editor-last=Kulke |editor-first=Hermann |location=Singapore |pages=xviii and 181 |language= |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref> They were protectors of the Veera-Banaju-Dharma, that is, law of the heroic or noble merchants. The Bull was their symbol which they displayed on their flag; and they had a reputation for being daring and enterprising.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhoraisingam |first=Samuel S. |url=https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/908 |title=Peranakan Indians of Singapore and Melaka |date=2005 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore |page=3}}</ref>

==Description==
The following passage on the guild of Ayyavole merchants is taken from an inscription dated 1055 CE and summarises their activities and commodities:<ref name="HI120" />

{{Quote|text=Famed throughout the world, adorned with many good qualities, truth, purity, good conduct, policy, condescension, and prudence; protectors of the vira-Bananju-dharma [law of the heroic traders], having 32 veloma, 18 cities, 64 yoga-pithas, and asramas at the four points of the compass; born to be wanderers over many countries, the earth as their sack,....the serpent race as the cords, the betel pouch as a secret pocket,... by land routes and water routes penetrating into the regions of the six continents, with superior elephants, well-bred horses, large sapphires, moonstones, pearls, rubies, diamonds,...cardamoms, cloves, sandal, camphor, musk, saffron and other perfumes and drugs, by selling which wholesale or hawking about on their shoulders, preventing the loss by customs duties, they fill up the emperor's treasury of gold, his treasury of jewels, and his armoury of weapons; and from the rest they daily bestow gifts on pundits and munis; white umbrellas as their canopy, the mighty ocean as their moat, Indra as the hand-guard of their swords, Varuna as the standard bearer, Kubera as the treasurer,...}}

==Origin and activities==
The Five Hundred were an itinerant group that became a community because of their operations.<ref name="HI120" /> In comparison to other guilds, they were considered the most flamboyant. Together with another guild of merchants called Manigramam, the guild of Five Hundred were found in ports and commercial centres. They endowed temples, fed Brahmans, and contributed to the maintenance of irrigation works. Their inscriptions dot the entire southern peninsula, tracing an inter-regional and international network of merchants. Some of these merchants were called "''nanadesi''" (or "of many countries), while some were called "''swadesi''" (or "of own country"). These traders were one of the conduits for transporting Indian culture to Southeast Asia.<ref name="HI120" />

Evidences show that the erection of temples and mathas depended upon royal patronage and mercantile guilds like Ayyavole and Nakaramu who supported temple building activity. Similarly temple building activity also depended upon guilds of architects or the Acharyas of the [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishwakarma-Kula]] who also seem to have organised themselves into guilds based on geographical divisions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=B. Rajendra |url=https://archive.org/details/artofsouthindiaa0000braj/mode/1up |title=Art of South India: Andha Pradesh |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |year=1980 |location=Delhi |page=85}}</ref>

===Veera-Balanjas===
The lords of Ayyavole were called Vira-Balanjas.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32066/mode/1up |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms: Circa 1325 AD to Circa 1448 AD |author2= |publisher=Andhra University |year=1948 |editor1-last=Sarma |editor-first=M. Somasekhara |volume= |location=Waltair |page=397 |quote=}}</ref> The term Vira-Balanja in Kannada and Vira-Valanjiyar in Tamil, Vira-Balija in Telugu, all of them mean "valiant merchants".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tDAAAAYAAJ |title=Ancient India and South Indian History and Culture: Papers on Indian History and Culture: Ancient India to AD 1300 |author2= |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |year=1941 |editor1-last=Aiyangar |editor-first=S. Krishnaswami |volume= |location=Poona |page=801 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=S.S. Shashi |author2=|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
|volume=106 |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=2000|page=86|isbn=9788170418597|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wUwAQAAIAAJ }}</ref> These merchants styled themselves as protectors of Vira Balanja Dharma (''Vira Balija Dharma Pratipalanulu'') and often figured in the inscriptions of medieval [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=K. Sundaram |author2=|title=Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600
|volume= |publisher=Triveni Publishers |year=1968|page=69-76|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJFXAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> There are several epigraphs available on the Veera-Balanjas. One example is an epigraph of 1531 CE from the Anilama village of [[Cuddapah]], which refers to the grant of certain toll-income (Magama) on articles of trade, such as cotton, yarn, cloth, etc., made by the Veera-Balanja merchant guild of Ayyavole, for the lamp-offerings of God Sangamesvara of that village.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Ravula Soma Reddy |author2=|title=Hindu and Muslim Religious Institutions, Andhra Desa, 1300-1600
|volume= |publisher=New Era |year=1984|page=110|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAIYAAAAIAAJ }}
</ref>

Copper-plate inscriptions of [[Nellore]] mention that the organisation of Ayyavola, or ''Ayyavola-enumbaru-swamigalu'' were the protectors of the Vira-Balanja dharma (aka Vira-Bananja dharma) and followed the Vira-Banaja-Samaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1991 |title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXBuAAAAMAAJ |journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |location=Bangalore |publisher=Mythic Society |volume=82 |pages=88–91}}
</ref> According to an inscription dated 1240 CE found at Chintapalli in Guntur district, the Vira-Balanja Samaya (a trade corporation) consisted of Ubhayananadesis, the [[Gavara]], and the Mumuridandas; and they were the recipients of five hundred hero edicts.

<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=T. Venkateswara Rao |author2=|title=Prasasti of The Vira Balanja
|volume=6 |publisher=Itihas|isbn= |year=1978|page=74|quote=A Chintapalli record of S. 1162 mentions that the Ubhaya - Nānādēsi, Mummuridandas and Gavares were the protectors of the Vira - Balanja - Dharma. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwpDAAAAYAAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=K. Sundaram |author2=|title=Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600| chapter = The Balanja Merchant Community of Medieval Andhra, (A. D. 1300 - 1600)
|volume= |publisher=Triveni Publishers|isbn= |year=1968|page=72|quote=In one of the early inscriptions of the merchants from Chintapalli in Guntur District of the year A.D. 1240, it is mentioned that Ubhaya Nanadesis, Gavares and Mummaridandas as protectors of Vira Balanja Dharma. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJFXAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Vasant K. Bawa |author2=|title=Aspects of Deccan History
|volume= |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |isbn= |year=1975|page=120|quote=One record from Chintapalli 26 in the Guntur district, dated S. 1162, states the Virabalamja - samaya was composed of the Ubhaya - nanadesi, the Gavares and the Mummiridandas. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1HRAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> Of these, the Ubhayananadesis were a unit of merchants derived from all quarters and countries, consisting of Desis, Paradesis and Nanadesis, while the Gavares derived their name as a body of merchants worshipping God Gavaresvara. <ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma |author2=|title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.)
|volume= |publisher=Andhra University |year=1948|page=396|quote=The body of Gavares seems to have derived its name from worshipping god Gavaresvara, one of the gods, referred to in the prasasti of the Vira Balañjyas, as having been worshipped by them Mummuridaṇḍas was another component sect of the Vira Balañjya samaya | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Kambhampati Satyanarayana |author2=|title=A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras
|volume=2 |publisher=People's Publishing House |year=1975|page=52|quote=The body of Gavares seems to have derived its name from worshipping God Gavaresvara ... The Mummuridandas, probably, represented the advance guard of the trading caravan " . Another body of traders| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb21AAAAIAAJ }}
</ref>

Some trade guilds were based on religious identities, such as the [[Nagarattar|Nakaras]] (a guild) which was a body of Vaisya devotees of Nakaresvara and the Gavares which was a body of [[Balija]] devotees of Gavaresvara (''Sri Gavaresvara divya deva sripada padmaradhakulu'').<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KG8wAQAAIAAJ |title=Cultural Heritage of the Kakatiyas: a Medieval Kingdom of South India |author2= |publisher=District Council for Cultural Affairs |year=1993 |editor1-last=Rao |editor-first=S. Nagabhushan |volume= |page=59 |quote=}}
</ref> The Mummuridandas were warriors first and merchants next. An inscription of 1177 AD from Kurugodu, Bellary explicitly states that the Mummuridandas were an offshoot of the 'Five Hundred' who were eminent in Aryapura, that is, Aihole or Ayyavole (''srimad aryya nama pura mukhyabhutar enip ainurvarind adavid anvay ayatar'').<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, Pedarapu Chenna Reddy |author2=|title=Brahma Sri: Researches in Archaeology, History, and Culture in the New Millennium : Dr. P.V. Parabrahma Sastry Felicitation
|volume=1 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |year=2004|page=169|isbn=9788188934164|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-RtAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> Trade corporations like Vira-Balanja-Samaya flourished under various empires despite wars and invasions.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Kambhampati Satyanarayana |author2=|title=A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras: From stone age to feudalism
|volume= |publisher=People's Publishing House |year=1975|page=125|isbn=978-0-88386-025-0|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYsBAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>

=== Tamil sources ===
A fragmentary Chera inscription datable to 1000 CE in the reign of Bhaskara Ravi, found on three broken stones in a mosque in Pandalayini-Kollam (near Kozhikode), refers to Valanjiyar and other merchants found in the assembly of Ayyavole-500 trade guild.<ref name="book_2009_nagapattinam_suvarnadwipa2" /> The Ayyavole-500 were simply called ''Ainuruvar'' in Tamil.

In Visakhapatnam, three inscriptions were found, two in Telugu and one in Tamil. They were on the Ainuttava-perumballi (500 perumballi) in [[Visakhapatnam]] and dated to 1090 CE under the reign of the Ganga king Anantavarmadeva.<ref name="book_2009_nagapattinam_suvarnadwipa2" /> Another Telugu inscription records a similar grant to the same Ainuttava-Perumballi by the Chief Mahamandaleshvara Kulotungga Prithvisvara. The inscriptions suggest that the Anjuvannam people were patronized by the Ayyavole-500 guild and even treated as members of that guild.<ref name="book_2009_nagapattinam_suvarnadwipa2">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC&q=Anjuvannam |title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=2009 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789812309372 |editor-last=Kulke |editor-first=Hermann |location=Singapore |pages=163–65 |language= |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>

It would seem that when the ''Ayyavole-500'' guild became a big overreaching guild of Southern India, most of the existing indigenous and local trade guilds became associated with it. The Manigramam and nanadesi guilds joined the Ayyavole-500. Due to the various Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia and the support provided by the Cholas to the Ayyavole guild, the Ayyavole guild emerged as a maritime power and continued to flourish in the kingdom of [[Srivijaya]] (a dominant [[Thalassocracy|thalassocratic]] city-state based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia). This is well documented in an inscription of the Ayyavole guild of the year 1088 AD found in [[Barus]] of [[West Sumatra]], Indonesia. South Indian merchants were also active in Burma and the Thai peninsula.<ref name="book_2009_nagapattinam_suvarnadwipa1">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC&q=Anjuvannam |title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=2009 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789812309372 |editor-last=Kulke |editor-first=Hermann |location=Singapore |pages=10–12 |language= |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Trade Guilds of South India]]
*[[Anjuvannam]]
*[[Manigramam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian merchants]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Economic history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Guilds in India]]

Harihar

2025-12-18T13:08:09Z

Souravroyjournalist: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=September 2008}}
{{original research|date=September 2008}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Harihara
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Harihareshwara Temple]] at Harihara
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.507|N|75.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = City Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 15
| area_rural_km2 = 470
| area_metro_km2 = 9
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 539
| population_total = 83219
| population_rural = 163668
| population_metro = 7283
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/607/download/2076/DH_2011_2913_PART_B_DCHB_DAVANAGERE.pdf|access-date=4 January 2024|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[India Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 577 601
| area_code = (91) 08192
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA-17]]
| unemployment_rate =
| website = http://www.hariharcity.mrc.gov.in
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Davangere]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{convert|14|km|mi}}
}}
'''Harihara''' ({{IPA|kn|harihəra|}} also called ''Harihar''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilks|first1=Mark|title=History of Mysore|date=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120604919|page=796|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEvQL8wHHngC&pg=PA796}}</ref>) is a city in [[Davanagere District]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the Harihara Taluk. Harihara is famous for Harihareshwara Temple.

Harihara is situated on the banks of the Tungabhadra River, 275 kilometres North of Bengaluru. Harihar and Davangere (14 km away) are referred as "twin cities". Harihar is connected by road and railway, and is located on National Highway 48 ([[Mumbai]] – [[Bengaluru]]). It has a very pleasant climate year round. The major lifeline of this city is the [[Tungabhadra River]], which is being exploited and polluted as a result of heavy industrialization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/stretches-of-tunga-bhadra-tungabhadra-rivers-highly-polluted-minister-1204188.html|access-date=4 January 2024|title=River Pollution}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
Harihara (or ''Hari-hara'') is a [[syncretism|syncretic]] deity in [[Hinduism]], combining the two major gods [[Vishnu]] (Hari) and [[Shiva]] (Hara). The region of Harihara had been under the control of the Hoysalas from the 11th to 13th centuries AD.

There is a famous temple built in the 12th century during [[Hoysala]]'s time called Harihareshwara temple.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Legend ===
The god [[Harihara|Harihareshwara]] is a combination of the gods Shiva and Vishnu. There is a story behind the [[avatar]] of this god. In ancient days this place was known as "Guharanya", a dense jungle and habitat of a demon Guhasura. He had a gift that no human or [[Rakshasa]] or god can kill him. And he started harassing people around this place. Then Vishnu and Shiva came together in a new avatara called Hari – Hara (Harihara) – and killed demon Guhasura.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Industry==
Harihar serves as a major industrial base also. It was served by the [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]] industry and at present [[Aditya Birla]] Group's [[Grasim Industries]], Synthite, Shamanur Sugar's, Cargill and more. [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]] Engineering company has closed down in 2001, resulting in a loss of nearly 15,000 jobs.

==Attractions==
[[File:View of staggered square layout of mantapa of Harihareshwara Temple at Harihar.jpg|right|thumb|Harihareshwara Temple at Harihar]]
[[File:Large open mantapa with lathe turned pillars in the Harihareshwara Temple at Harihar.jpg|right|thumb|Harihareshwara Temple [[mandapa]] at Harihara]]
Harihar is popular for temples.
* [[Harihareshwara Temple (Harihar)|Harihareshwara Temple]]
* [[Kondajji]] situated a few kilometers from Harihar is a picnic spot.
* [[Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary]] around 20 km
* Omkar Math
* Banashankari Temple on the Banks of Tungabhadra.
* Kanyaka Parameshwari Temple in Temple Street.
* Raghavendra Swamy temple (popularly known as Raayara Matha)
* Ayyappa Temple other side of the river.
* Rajanahalli Hanumappa temple (Hanuman Temple in Rajanahalli, around 6 km from Harihar on bypass highway)
* Maargadha Durgamma temple (towards Ranibennur on NH4, around 3 km)
* Kumaranahalli Sri Ranganatha temple and Sri Ranganatha Ashram
* Mother Mary's Church
* Hazarat Chaman Shah Wali Dargha at Bathi Sharief, 6 km towards Davangere
* Hazarat Naadband Shah wali baba Dargha
* Hazarat Ahmed Shah Wali Mahmood Shah Wali Dargha.
* Narayana Aashrama 6 km towards Harapanahalli road. It is believed that original Rama Pariwara idols of Ayodhya were secretly established here.
* Satya Ganapati Temple 3 km towards Harapanahalli road.
* Kirloskar Institute of Advanced Management Studies, Yantranagar

==Geography==
Harihara is located at {{coord|14.52|N|75.8|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Harihar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Harihar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 540 metres (1771 feet).

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = {{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
| 1971 | 33888
| 1981 | 52334
| 1991 | 66647
| 2001 | 75042
| 2011 | 77447
}}
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Harihar had a population of 85,000. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. In Harihar, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. [[Kannada language|Kannada]] is the official and most spoken language.

==Connectivity==
Situated exactly in the middle of Karnataka, Harihar has a good connectivity with the South and North of Karnataka.

===Air===

The nearest airport is at shivamogga around 80 km from Harihar. From there one can reach Bengaluru and Mumbai. The nearest International airports are 272 km and 275 km away in [[Mangaluru]] and [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]] respectively, from where one can take flights to most of the important cities in India. Harihar also has a private [[Harihar Airport|airport owned by Aditya Birla Group]] on their grounds and often used by politicians and famous personalities.

===Railway===

Harihara is well connected with most of the major cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai through regular trains. Harihar Railway Station, in central [[Harihar railway station|Harihar]] and at [[Amaravati Colony Junction railway station|Amaravati Colony Junction]]. These stations connect Harihara to Bangalore and Pune and to [[Hospet]] and [[Bellary]] via [[Harapanahalli]] and [[Kotturu, Karnataka,|Kottur]].

===Road===

Major highways passing through Harihara are [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway-48 (Bangalore - Mumbai) stretch]], [[State Highway 25 (Karnataka)|State Highway-25]] and [[State Highway 76 (Karnataka)|SH-76]].

It is a 3-hour drive from Hubballi (131 km) and 6-hour-drive from [[Mangaluru]] (272 km) and Bengaluru (278 km). Almost all the buses which run from/to North Karnataka to/from South Karnataka go via Harihar. The town is 14 km from Davanagere city, which was earlier a part of the Chitradurga district (78 km).

==References==
{{reflist}}
https://www.kiams.ac.in/

==External links==
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july182004/d6.asp Defiling of Tungabhadra continues in Harihar]
* https://www.kiams.ac.in/

[[Category:Cities and towns in Davanagere district]]

Dasari Kotiratnam

2025-12-17T17:19:49Z

Souravroyjournalist: details

{{Short description|Indian actress, singer, and film producer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dasari Kotiratnam
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Prathipadu, Guntur district|Prathipadu]], [[Guntur district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = 21 December 1972
| death_place = [[Chilakaluripet]]a, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|producer}}
| honours =
| other_names =
| height =
| spouse =
}}
'''Dasari Kotiratnam''' was an Indian actress, singer, and film producer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Vinayaka Rao |date=4 May 2011 |title=తొలి మహిళా నిర్మాత కోటిరత్నం |trans-title=First Female Producer Kotiratnam |url=https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_5i5uBW_3lo/TdPna1F9jDI/AAAAAAAAGtc/zkrBjevdZkY/s1600/producer+kotiratnam.jpeg |website=Navya, [[Andhra Jyothi]] |page=66 |language=te}}</ref> She was the first female producer of [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Py9LAQAAIAAJ&q=Dasari+Kotiratnam |title=Limca Book of Records |date=2006 |publisher=Bisleri Beverages Limited |isbn=978-81-902837-2-4 |pages=113 |language=en |quote=First woman producer Dasari Kotiratnam produced Anasuya in 1935.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ōlgā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VF7aAAAAMAAJ&q=Dasari+Kotiratnam |title=Womanscape |date=2001 |publisher=Asmita Resource Centre for Women |isbn=978-81-7525-206-6 |pages=1944 |language= |quote=Dasari Kotiratnam was the first actress to set up a theatre group while Venkubai and Kamala of the Surabhi Company were well-known stage artists. Dasari Kotiratnam later became the first woman to produce films.}}</ref><ref>Mareswara Rao, Akkina (1997). ''[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/25594/7/07_chapter%202.pdf Cultural and Ideological Mediation of Telugu Cinema in Colonial Andhra's Past (1931–1947)]''. [[University of Hyderabad]]. Chapter 2. p. 102. "Dasari Kotiratnam of Sakkubai fame emerged as the first woman producer of Telugu film industry by producing Anasuya in 1935."</ref> She was also the first actress to set up a [[theatre]] group in Andhra.<ref name=":0" /> Her career as a theatre actor spanned over four decades.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Vinayaka Rao |date=4 May 2011 |title=తొలి మహిళా నిర్మాత కోటిరత్నం |trans-title=First Female Producer Kotiratnam |url=https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NrUKmmYfzP8/TdPnh_3Ib_I/AAAAAAAAGtg/UL7kcsHqTBc/s1600/producer+kotiratnam+1.jpeg |website=Navya, [[Andhra Jyothi]] |page=67 |language=te}}</ref>

She produced her first film, [[Sati Anasuya (1935 film)|''Sati Anasuya'']] (1935) in collaboration with [[Aurora Film Corporation]].<ref name=":13" /> She later acted in films like ''Lanka Dahanam'' (1936), ''Mohini Bhasmasura'' (1938), [[Vara Vikrayam (film)|''Vara Vikrayam'']] (1939), ''Panduranga Vitala'' (1939), ''[[Paduka Pattabhishekam]]'' (1945), ''Varudhini'' (1946), ''[[Gollabhama]]'' (1947).<ref name=":13" />

== Early life ==
Dasari Kotiratnam was born in a [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] family<ref name=":5">M. L. Kantha Rao (July 1999), [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/25437/ ''A Study of the Socio-Political Mobility of the Kapu Caste in Modern Andhra'']. [[University of Hyderabad]]. Chapter 6. pp. 280–281. hdl:10603/25437</ref> in [[Prathipadu, Guntur district|Prathipadu]], [[Guntur district]] of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She was born in 1898 or 1910.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kiran Prabha Talk Show on Dasari Kotiratnam - దాసరి కోటిరత్నం | date=19 May 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xz0oiud6mc0&t=160s |access-date= |language=en}}; Event occurs from 2:40 to 2:50.</ref><ref name=":1" /> Her father was a stage actor and she trained under him. She began acting in [[Play (theatre)|plays]] at the age of nine. She also trained in [[Indian classical music]] under Rajanala Venkatappayya Sastri.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Kotiratnam played various male characters, along with female characters in theatre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurthi |first=N. Putali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJyGAAAAIAAJ&q=Dasari+Kotiratnam |title=The Changing Condition of Women in Andhra: From the Middle of the 19th Century to the Middle of the 20th Century |date=1980 |publisher= |pages=274 |language=en}}</ref> After her mother died, she left Prathipadu and settled in Nakkabokkalapadu, her grandfather's village. There she founded a drama company.<ref name=":1" /> She was the first actress to set up a theatre company in Andhra.<ref name=":0" /> After five years she shifted to [[Guntur]] and continued running the drama company there. They practiced many plays and performed them in various towns and villages. She employed many artists on a payroll. She entered the film industry based on her reputation in theatre.<ref name=":1" />

In 1935 Kotiratnam went to [[Calcutta]] along with her theatre troupe artists like B. V. Ramanandam and Tungala Chalapathi Rao. All of them acted in the film ''Sathi Sakkubai'' (1935) produced by Bharatalakshmi Films and directed by Charuchandra Roy. Kotiratnam played the [[Title character|title role]] of Sakkubai, while Tungala Chalapathi Rao played [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]. She was also the first woman to play a title role in Telugu films.<ref name=":13" />

In collaboration with [[Aurora Film Corporation]], Kotiratnam produced [[Sati Anasuya#Sati Anasuya (1935 film)|''Sati Anasuya'']] under the direction of Ahin Chowdary. She also played the title role in the film.<ref name=":13" /> It was released on 4 October 1935.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sati Anasuya (1935) |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/sati-anasuya |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=Cinemaazi}}</ref> Thus she became the first female producer of [[Telugu film industry]]. She later acted in films like ''Lanka Dahanam'' (1936), ''Mohini Bhasmasura'' (1938), [[Vara Vikrayam (film)|''Vara Vikrayam'']] (1939), ''Panduranga Vitala'' (1939), ''[[Paduka Pattabhishekam]]'' (1945), ''Varudhini'' (1946), ''[[Gollabhama]]'' (1947).<ref name=":13" />

== Death ==
In 1958, she fell ill and her voice was damaged. Her acting chances reduced as a result. In 1960, she was felicitated by Andhra Nataka Parishat in [[Tanuku]].<ref name=":13" /> Kotiratnam died on 21 December 1972 in [[Chilakaluripet]]a.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kiran Prabha Talk Show on Dasari Kotiratnam - దాసరి కోటిరత్నం | date=19 May 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xz0oiud6mc0&t=1020s |access-date= |language=en}}; Event occurs from 17:00 to 17:10.</ref>

== Filmography ==
[[File:Book cover of Sati Anasuya, 1935 film (page 1 crop).jpg|thumb|220x220px|''Sati Anasuya'' (1935) book cover]]

*''Sathi Sakkubai'' (1935)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dasari Kotiratnam |url=https://indiancine.ma/grid/year/name=Dasari_Kotiratnam |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
* [[Sati Anasuya#Sati Anasuya (1935 film)|''Sati Anasuya'']] (1935)<ref name=":1" />
* ''Lanka Dahanam'' (1936)<ref name=":13" />
* ''Mohini Bhasmasura'' (1938)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Vara Vikrayam (film)|''Vara Vikrayam'']] (1939)<ref name=":2" />
* ''Panduranga Vitala'' (1939)<ref name=":2" />
* ''[[Paduka Pattabhishekam]]'' (1945)<ref name=":13" />
* ''Varudhini'' (1946)<ref name=":13" />
* ''[[Gollabhama]]'' (1947)<ref name=":13" />
* ''Radhika'' (1947)
* ''Chandravanka'' (1951)<ref name=":13" />
* ''Agni Pariksha'' (1951)<ref name=":2" />
* ''Bangaru Bhoomi'' (1954)<ref name=":13" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0467707}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kotiratnam, Dasari}}
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]

Sankhyayana Brahmana

2025-12-16T23:15:19Z

Souravroyjournalist: made a data.

{{Short description|Brahmana text of Rigaveda}}
{{Infobox religious text|background=[[Rigaveda]]|religion=[[Sanatana]] [[Hinduism]]|name=Sankhyayana Brahmana|previous=|footnotes=Second survived [[Brahmana]] text of [[Rigveda|Rigaveda]]|author=Vedic sages Kaushitaki and [[Sankhyayana]]|period=Vedic Period|chapters=30|language=[[Sanskrit]]|misc=Earlier name "Kaushitaki Brahmana"|orig_lang_code=|title_orig=}}
'''Sankhyayana Brahmana''' ([[Sanskrit]]: शाङ्खायनब्राह्मणम्) ([[Romanization|Romanised]]: Śāṅkhyāyana Brāhmaṇa) is an ancient ''[[Brahmana]]'' text of [[Rigveda]]. It is also called the ''Kaushitaki Brahmana''. The text is associated with ''Baskala Shakha'' of Rigaveda. The text is attributed to the Vedic sage ''Kaushitaki'' and his disciple ''[[Sankhyayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=flipbook |url=https://vedicheritage.gov.in/flipbook/Shankhayana_Brahmanam/#book/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=vedicheritage.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cowell |first=E. B. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.344865 |title=Kaushitaki-brahmana-upanishad |date=1861}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Guptā |first=Pushpā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrhFAQAAIAAJ |title=Saṃskr̥ta sāhitya kā viśada itihāsa |date=1994 |publisher=Īsṭarna Buka Liṅkarsa |isbn=978-81-85133-92-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZpJDMVHOzYC&q=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5 |title=Bhartiya Aryabhasha Aur Hindi |date=2004-09-01 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-267-0933-5 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
Sankhyayana Brahmana is the second available and preserved [[Brahmana]] text of the [[Rigveda|Rigaveda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmana {{!}} Hindu Literature, Rituals & Vedic Texts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmana |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The text is divided into 30 chapters and 226 ''Khandas''. It is said that Kaushitaki was the teacher of Sankhyayana. He imparted the knowledge of the text to his disciple Sankhyayana. Then Sankhyayana nominated the name of the text as Kaushitaki Brahmana after his teacher name. But later the text was called as Sankhyayana Brahmana. The text is also mentioned in the commentary of [[Brahma Sutras|Brahman Sutra]] by [[Adi Shankara|Shankracharya]]. Similarly the Vedic sage and Sanskrit grammarian [[Pāṇini|Panini]] in his text [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|Astadhyayai]] mentioned about the text.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Keith |first=Arthur Berriedaled |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.23771 |title=Rigveda Brahmanas: the Aitareya and Kausitaki Brahmanas of the Rigveda |date=1920 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmana Granthas |url=https://www.sanskrit.nic.in/about_sanskrit.php#brahmanagranthas |website=[[Central Sanskrit University]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kausitaki (Shankhayana) Brahmana {{!}} Vedic Heritage Portal |url=https://vedicheritage.gov.in/brahmanas/kausitaki-shankhyayana-brahmana/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=vedicheritage.gov.in}}</ref>

It is said that the text Sankhyayana Brahmana is generally not mentioned in [[Puranas]] but in [[Agni Purana]] its mention is found at the second shloka of chapter 271.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शाङ्खायनब्राह्मणम्: The Sankhayana Brahmana (Containing the Original Sanskrit Text with Hindi Translation Introduction and Appendices) - An Old and Rare Book {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/sankhayana-brahmana-containing-original-sanskrit-text-with-hindi-translation-introduction-and-appendices-old-and-rare-book-nzi625/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-11-15 |title=The different recensions of the Vedas (śākha) [Chapter 271] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-agni-purana/d/doc1083500.html |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

{{Quotes|text="bhedaḥ sāṅkhyāyanaścaika āśvalāyano dvitīyakaḥ, śatāni daśa mantrāṇāṃ brāhmaṇā dvisahasrakaṃ"|source=Agni Purana - 271.2}}

In the Sankhyayana Brahmana, the rules and instructions of human conduct have been described. Apart from the human conduct, it also describes some astronomical events in its passages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vahia |first1=Mayank |last2=Sôma |first2=Mitsuru |date=2023-09-22 |title=AN EXAMINATION OF 'ATRI'S ECLIPSE' AS DESCRIBED IN THE RIG VEDA |url=https://www.sciengine.com/JAHH/doi/10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2023.06.35;JSESSIONID=4fb3b0ba-d4ae-4665-b6c8-f804e8d99085 |journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage |language=en-US |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=405–410 |doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2023.06.35 |issn=1440-2807 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2024-09-09 |access-date=2024-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909180025/https://www.sciengine.com/JAHH/doi/10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2023.06.35;JSESSIONID=4fb3b0ba-d4ae-4665-b6c8-f804e8d99085 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first six chapters of the text describe about the Yajna of food and the remaining chapters describe about the Yajna of Soma. The [[Somayajna|Soma Yajna]] in the Vedic tradition is considered as the major subject of the text.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anurag |first=Dr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgngEAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5 |title=History of Ancient Indian (From Earliest Time to C.A.D. 319): e-Book for e-Book for B.A., First Semester 1st SEMESTER, Haryana NEP |date=2023-10-30 |publisher=Thakur Publication Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5755-713-9 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Contents ==
The chapters of the text is called ''Adhyaya''. There are 30 Adhyayas in the text.

=== Chapter 1 ===
The first Adhyaya having five verses discusses about the establishment of [[Agni]]. The verses are attributed to the sacred offerings to different forms of Agni, the attainment of pre and post offerings by Agni, the time of re-establishment of Agni, pre and post offerings and the portion of butters. The last verse is attributed to the Vibhaktis and offerings to Goddess [[Aditi]].<ref name=":2" />

=== Chapter 2 ===
The second Adhyaya or chapter of the text have nine verses. The chapter discusses about the [[Agnihotra]].

=== Chapter 3 ===
The third chapter discusses about the offerings to the new and the full [[Chandra|moon]]. It contains nine verses.

=== Chapter 4 ===
The fourth chapter of the text discusses about some special Yajnas attributed to sages. There fourteen verses in the chapter.

=== Chapter 5 ===
The fifth chapter discusses about the four monthly Yajnas. In this chapter there are ten verses attributed to [[Visvedevas|Viswadevas]], ''Varunapraghasas'', ''Sakamedhas'' and father, etc.

=== Chapter 6 ===
The sixth chapter discusses about the [[Brahmin]] priest. There are fifteen verses in this chapter which discusses about the activities of [[Prajapati]], part of the [[Brahmin]] priests and [[Haviryaga|Haviryajna]].

=== Onward Chapters upto Chapter 30 ===
The chapters onwards to the sixth chapter discuss about the Yajnas related to the ''Soma''. These Yajnas are called as [[Somayajna]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Vedas]]
[[Category:Rigveda]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
{{Hinduism-stub}}

National Highway 6 (India)

2025-12-02T08:41:45Z

Souravroyjournalist:

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{For|the old National Highway 6|National Highway 6 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 18 (India)|National Highway 49 (India)|National Highway 53 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 6
| length_km = 667
| image = Shillong-Jowai Road.JPG
| image_notes = NH 6 in Meghalaya
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|id=Q25351490|title=National Highway 6|zoom = 7 |frame-lat=24.7|frame-long=92.61 |text= Map of National Highway '''6''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|1}}{{Jct|country=IND|AH|2}}
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = [[Jorabat]]
| junction =
| direction_b = South
| terminus_b = [[Zokhawthar]] India/Myanmar border
| states = [[Meghalaya]], [[Assam]], [[Mizoram]]
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 27 
| next_route = 2 
}}

'''National Highway 6''', commonly referred to as '''NH 6''', is a primary [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name="New Numbers">{{cite web |title=Rationalization of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=Govt of India |url=http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=21 Aug 2011}}</ref> The highway passes through the Indian states of [[Meghalaya]], [[Assam]], and [[Mizoram]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Before renumbering of national highways NH-6 was variously numbered as old national highways 40, 44, 154 & 54.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>

== Route ==
NH6 links [[Jorabat]], [[Shillong]], [[Jowai]], [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]], [[Panchgram]], [[Kolasib]], Kawnpui, [[Aizawl]], [[Seling]], Lumtui, Khawthlir, Tuisen, Neihdawn, [[Champhai]] and terminates near [[Zokhawthar]] at India/Myanmar border.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158832.pdf|title=Route substituition for national highways 302 and 6|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>
In sept 2008, a 120 meter long tunnel was built at Sonapur in Meghalaya inside the [[Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary|Narpuh Sanctuary]] northwest of [[Silchar]], it connects Meghalaya with Assam's [[Barak Valley]] in Meghalaya's southeast.<ref name=tnew2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/border-roads-organisation-blazes-a-trail-in-most-testing-conditions/articleshow/95608878.cms CITYBorder Roads Organisation blazes a trail in most testing conditions], Times of India, 18 nov 2022.</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} Terminal near Jorabat.<ref name=":0" />
: {{jct|NH|106|country=IND}} near Shillong
: {{jct|NH|206|country=IND}} near Jowai
: {{jct|NH|306|country=IND}} near Kolasib.
: {{jct|NH|108|country=IND}} near Aizawl.
: {{jct|NH|2|country=IND}} near Selling.
: {{jct|NH|102B|country=IND}} near [[Kawlkulh]]

==Asian Highways==
Jorabat to Shillong stretch of National Highway 6 is part of [[AH1|Asian Highway 1]] and [[AH2|Asian Highway 2]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unescap.org/our-work/transport/asian-highway/database|title=Asian Highway Database - Country wise|website=[[UNESCAP]]|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11662352 NH 6 on OpenStreetMap]

{{commons category|NH 6 (India)}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH6 sr}}
{{AHN}}

[[Category:AH1]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Assam]]
[[Category:National highways in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:National highways in Mizoram]]

Jangaon mandal

2025-11-14T13:22:33Z

Souravroyjournalist: created pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jangaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Mandal/Tehsil/Taluka
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.72|79.18|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jangaon district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Warangal|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2809_PART_B_DCHB_WARANGAL.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=5 April 2017|pages=14, 54–55}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 382
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 92446
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 506 167 & 201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91–8716
| registration_plate = TG-27
| website = {{URL|http://jangaon.telangana.gov.in/maps/}}
}}
'''Jangaon Mandal''' (also known as tehsil, tahsil, taluka or taluq) is an administrative division or Sub District in Jangaon district in the Indian state of Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jangaon.telangana.gov.in/maps/|title=Maps – THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF JANGAON DISTRICT}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Jangaon Mandal is located on the eastern [[Deccan Plateau]] and has an average elevation of {{convert|382|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=1269256|title=Elevation of Jangaon, India Elevation Map, Topography, Contour|website=www.floodmap.net}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Jangaon Taluk.jpg|thumb|left|Jangaon Taluk with Circles 1951]]
[[File:Jangaon Taluk census 1961.jpg|thumb|left|Jangaon Taluk census 1961]]
[[File:Jangaon Taluk 1951.jpg|thumb|Jangaon Taluk 1951 in Nalgonda District (1905 to 1953)]]
[[File:Jangaon Taluk 1961.jpg|thumb|Jangaon Taluk 1961 in Warangal District (1953 to 2016)]]

In 1854 the Jangaon Taluka was under [[Bhongir|Bhonagheer Circars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/MedduckGolcondah-pharoah-1854|title=1854 Pharoah and Company Map of the Hyderabad, Sangareddy and Nalgonda Districts of Telangana, India|publisher=}}</ref> Jangaon is mentioned as Zungaon in an 1854 map. In 1866 new districts were created; all Circars were delimited and merged. Bhonagheer, Davercondah and Nelgoondah Circars merged to form [[Nalgonda District]] but the Jangaon Taluka was transferred from Bhongir Circar to [[Warangal District]] in 1866, Cherial was renamed Taluka by adding some parts of Wardannapet region, with its headquarters at Jangaon.<ref name="Yazdani-1937">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXBB1nZYoLIC&pg=PA121|title=Hyderabad State|first=Ghulam|last=Yazdani|year=1937|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|via=Google Books}}</ref>

1905 Jangaon Taluka was transferred to Nalgonda District from Warangal district. Hyderabad State was annexed to the [[Dominion of India]] by [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|operation polo]] in 1948, and became an Indian state. In 1948 Jangaon taluka was part of Nalgonda district in [[Medak Gulshanabad Division|Gulshanabad Division]] of [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]].<ref name="gwmc.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.gwmc.gov.in/knowyourcorporation.aspx|title=Know Your Corporation|publisher=|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125023730/https://gwmc.gov.in/knowyourcorporation.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1953, there was a shuffling of areas, shifting some villages from one taluka to the other. Subsequently, when [[Warangal district]] was divided to facilitate administrative control and on 1 October 1953, [[Khammam district]] was formed.<ref name="gwmc.gov.in" /> But again Jangaon taluka from [[Nalgonda district]] have become part of Warangal district. After these changes in 1953, few villages of Jangaon taluka went to [[Medak district]] and some remained in Nalgonda district. During the reign of [[Marri Chenna Reddy]] in 1979, Jangaon taluka was split into [[Cherial, Warangal|Cherial]], [[Kodakandla]] and Jangaon talukas, at that time Jangaon taluk consist of 7 Circles namely Jangaon, Cherial, Rebarthi, Narmetta, Ippaguda, Chennur and Kodakondla Cirles. In 1985, when [[N. T. Rama Rao]] introduced the mandal system, Jangaon taluka was further divided in to Jangaon, [[Raghunathpalle]], [[Lingalaghanpur]] Mandal and two villages merged in Station Ghanpur Mandal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4pvVOd2L0cC&q=kodakondla+taluk+created&pg=PA214|title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories : (in 36 volumes). 2. Andhra Pradesh|first=Shankarlal C.|last=Bhatt|date=6 January 2005|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788178353586|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The [[List of states in India by past population|1951 Hydearabad State Census]] report shows Jangaon taluka was the most populated taluka of Nalgonda district with a total population of 2,91,165 with an area of {{Convert|1403.9|sqkm|sqmi}} with more than 200 inhabited towns and villages. [[Aler, Yadadri district|Aler]], [[Cheriyal]], and [[Kolanpak]] were under Jangaon taluka before they were transferred to other districts.<ref name="Yazdani-1937"/>

{{As of|2011}}, the [[census of India]], the Jangaon Mandal had a population of 92,446. The total population consists of 46,807 males and 45,639 females—a sex ratio of 975 females per 1,000 males. 9207 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 4711 are boys and 4496 are girls—a ratio of 954 per 1,000. The average literacy rate was 72.91% with male literacy rate is 73.57% and the female literacy rate is 57.53% in Jangaon Mandal.

As per Census 2011 out of total population, 56.7% people lives in Urban areas while 43.3% lives in the Rural areas. The average literacy rate in urban areas is 82.4% while that in the rural areas is 60.5%. Also the Sex Ratio of Urban areas in Jangaon Mandal is 952 while that of Rural areas is 975.

== Towns and Villages ==
[[File:Jangaon Mandal.jpg|thumb|Jangaon Mandal]]
Jangaon Mandal now consist of [[Jangaon Municipality]] and 19 Panchayats Villages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jangaon.telangana.gov.in/mandals-villages/|title=Mandals & Villages – THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF JANGAON DISTRICT}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Goparajpalle
* Peddapahad
* Venkriyala
* Adavikeshvapur
* Yerragollapahad
* Marigadi
* Gangupahad
* Wadlakonda
* Oblakeshvapur
* Peddaramancherla
* Chowdarpalle
* Siddenki
* Pasarmadla
* Yellamla
* Pembarthy
* Shamirpet
* Cheetakodur
* Chowdaram
* Yeswanthapur
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jangaon district|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Jangaon district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Jangaon district]]

Chandana Sharma

2025-11-09T09:01:08Z

Souravroyjournalist: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandana Sharma
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| years active = 1998–present
| occupation = TV Actress
| relations = [[Anjana Bhowmik]] (mother)<br>[[Nilanjana Sengupta]] (sister)<br>[[Veerendra]] (father-in-law)<br>[[Jisshu Sengupta]] (brother-in-law)
}}
'''Chandana Sharma''' (born 7 August 1982) is an Indian television actress. She is the daughter of [[Anjana Bhowmik]]. Her sister [[Nilanjana Sharma]] is also an actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040904/asp/calcutta/story_3713869.asp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228135611/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040904/asp/calcutta/story_3713869.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=28 December 2004
|title=Tollywood top girls on the go, at a glance|publisher=www.telegraphindia.com|accessdate=2008-10-29|location=Calcutta, India|date=2004-09-04}}</ref> She made her debut in director [[Rabi Kinagi]]'s ''[[Premi]]''.

==Television career==

She started her acting career with the role of Aditi in the popular TV show ''[[Just Mohabbat]]'' which aired on Sony TV. While filming Just Mohabbat, she bagged another role in the show ''Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin opposite'' [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1974)|Vishal Singh]], she played Diya, who falls in love with a man who is struggling with love in his life. She also starred in Dhak Dhak in Dubai on 9X Channel.

She played the role of Tara Arora in the serial ''[[Yeh Dil Chahe More]]'' telecast on [[STAR One]]. She was the anchor of a lifestyle show ''[[Home Shanti Home]]'' on STAR One.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

She worked in her hit show ''[[Love Ne Mila Di Jodi]]'' as a strong independent women Damini Gujral, that aired on STAR One. She also made an appearance in one episode of ''[[Rishta.com]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]] and in ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]''.

She has also shot an ad film for "Airtel" with Shah Rukh Khan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkCjfJU4Ncs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/MkCjfJU4Ncs |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Airtel Ad-Shahrukh Khan and Chandana Sharma|date=10 May 2006 |publisher=www.youtube.com|accessdate=2011-11-29}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* ''[[Premi]]'' (Bengali film 2004)
* ''Mumbai Mast Kalandar'' (Marathi film 2011)
* ''[[Criminal Justice: Behind Closed Doors]]'' (Hindi web series 2020)

==Television==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Series !! Role !! Language || Notes
|-
|1998-2000 || ''[[Just Mohabbat]]'' || Aditi || Hindi || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|-
| 2002 || ''Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin'' || Diya || Hindi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Yeh Dil Chahe More]]'' || Tara Arora || Hindi || [[STAR One]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' || Episodic role || Hindi || [[STAR Plus]]
|-
| 2007-08 || ''Dhak Dhak in Dubai'' || || Hindi || [[9X (TV channel)|9X]]
|-
| || ''Home Shanti Home'' || Herself (Anchor) || Hindi || STAR One
|-
| 2009-10 || ''[[Love Ne Mila Di Jodi]]'' || Damini Prithvi Saxena (née Gujral) || Hindi || STAR One
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Rishta.com]]'' || || Hindi || STAR One
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3989661}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Chandana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

2021–22 MFA Elite Division

2025-10-27T21:02:40Z

Souravroyjournalist: Adding Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[MFA Elite Division]]
| season = 2021–22
| winners = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maithilesh |first1=Aryalok |title=Ambernath United Atlanta FC: The Invincible Kings of Mumbai Football |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/ambernath-united-atlanta-fc-the-invincible-kings-of-mumbai-football/ |website=Football Counter |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602121649/https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/ambernath-united-atlanta-fc-the-invincible-kings-of-mumbai-football/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (1st title)
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| matches =
| total goals =
| league topscorer = Alister Anthony (21)
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]] (17)
| longest unbeaten = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]] (17)
| longest winless = Companeroes (17)
| longest losses = Companeroes
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2019–20 MFA Elite Division|2019–20]]
| nextseason = [[2022–23 MFA Elite Division|2022–23]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2021–22 MFA Elite Division''' was the 109th season of the [[MFA Elite Division]], the top-tier [[association football|football]] league in [[Mumbai]], a city in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The 2020–21 season was called off due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The league format was restructured in [[2018–19 MDFA Elite Division|2018–19 season]] and two groups were formed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: MDFA Elite Division set for revamp, to feature two groups of 13 teams|url=https://khelnow.com/news/article/mumbai-elite-division-changes|work=Khel Now|date=4 August 2018|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807094145/https://khelnow.com/news/article/mumbai-elite-division-changes|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MDFA Elite Division Set To Undergo Massive Overhaul, Will Feature Two Groups|url=https://sportzdose.com/mdfa-elite-division-set-to-undergo-massive-overhaul-will-feature-two-groups/|work=Sportzdose|date=4 September 2018|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928215040/https://sportzdose.com/mdfa-elite-division-set-to-undergo-massive-overhaul-will-feature-two-groups/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, the groups were renamed the MFA Elite Premier League<ref>{{cite web |title=MFA Elite Premier League |url=https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-premier-league/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525101004/https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-premier-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and MFA Elite Corporate League.<ref>{{cite web |title=MFA Elite Corporate League |url=https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-corporate-league/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525101102/https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-corporate-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Aaditya Thackeray]] was re-elected president of the [[Mumbai Football Association]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aaditya Thackeray reelected Mumbai District Football Association chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/aaditya-thackeray-reelected-mumbai-district-football-association-chief/articleshow/89901227.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525122322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/aaditya-thackeray-reelected-mumbai-district-football-association-chief/articleshow/89901227.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''[[Mumbai City FC]]''' is considered Mumbai's premier club, having participated in the [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22 Indian Super League season]] and the [[2022 AFC Champions League]], while '''[[Kenkre FC]]''' was Mumbai's representative at the [[2021–22 I-League]]. However, Mumbai City hasn't competed in the MFA Elite League since 2019 when their U-18 team was suspended for assaulting the assistant referee.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=MDFA suspends Mumbai City FC U18 on assault charges. |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/mdfa-suspends-mumbai-city-fc-u18-on-assault-charges-ban-for-involved-players-staffs/ |website=Football Counter |date=16 December 2019 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526082925/https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/mdfa-suspends-mumbai-city-fc-u18-on-assault-charges-ban-for-involved-players-staffs/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Ritabrata |title=MDFA suspends Mumbai City FC's U18 side for a year and slaps Rs 10 Lakh fine |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/mdfa-suspends-mumbai-city-fc-u18-for-a-year-10-lakh-fine/1rsq70knyzmx11f68b31n3obp3 |website=Goal |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526082925/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/mdfa-suspends-mumbai-city-fc-u18-for-a-year-10-lakh-fine/1rsq70knyzmx11f68b31n3obp3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://iftwc.com/mfa-announce-first-set-of-fixtures/|title=MFA announce first set of fixtures for MFA Elite League|publisher=IFTWC|date=29 March 2022|access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524165239/https://iftwc.com/mfa-announce-first-set-of-fixtures/|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Karnatak Sports Association''' were the champions of the 2019–20 MFA Elite Division.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majumdar |first1=Rounak |title=MDFA distribute trophies for Season 2019-20 |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-distribute-trophies-for-season-2019-20/ |website=Football Counter |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217184744/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-distribute-trophies-for-season-2019-20/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Format ==
The [[MFA Elite Division]] consists of two parallel leagues, the '''MFA Elite Premier League'''<ref>{{cite web |title=MFA Elite Premier League |url=https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-premier-league/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525101004/https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-premier-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the '''MFA Elite Corporate League'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=MFA Elite Corporate League |url=https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-corporate-league/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525101102/https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-corporate-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This season, the Elite Premier League has 18 teams while the Elite Corporate League has 14. Only the teams from the MFA Elite Premier League are considered for promotion to the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]].

In the League stage, teams from their respective leagues play each other once. The teams finishing at the top of their respective league are crowned winners.

The winners and the next two teams from each league qualify for the '''Harwood Champions League''' where they will play each other once in a joint league. The leaders will be declared the champions. This tournament is expected to run from the 27th June to 11th July at the [[Cooperage Ground]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=MFA Harwood Champions League to commence from June 27th onwards |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/mfa-harwood-champions-league-to-commence-from-june-27th-onwards/ |website=Football Counter |date=26 June 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626143908/https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/mfa-harwood-champions-league-to-commence-from-june-27th-onwards/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Stadiums==
Matches were played at the [[Cooperage Ground]] in [[ Nariman Point]], Neville D’Souza Football Turf in [[Bandra]], and [[Mumbai Football Arena]] in [[Andheri]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=MFA announce first set of fixtures for MFA Elite League |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/mfa-announce-first-set-of-fixtures-for-mfa-elite-league/ |website=Football Counter |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526065042/https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/mfa-announce-first-set-of-fixtures-for-mfa-elite-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MFA Elite League Fixtures & Standings|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/|website=Football Counter|access-date=27 May 2022|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801211914/https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Teams==
{{location map+
|Mumbai
|float=right
|width=385
|caption=MFA Elite Premier League Teams
|places=

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.28 |long=72.87 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.24 |long=72.85 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Goalorious Mother SC|GMSC]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.10 |long=72.89 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|Oranje}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.03 |long=72.84 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.07 |long=72.85 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|India Rush}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.16 |long=72.94 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|Mumbai Strikers}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.02 |long=73.02 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|FSI Seaview}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.04 |long=72.82|label= <div style="font-size:90%;"> '''Bandra'''
</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=18.92 |long=72.83|label= <div style="font-size:90%;"> '''South Mumbai'''
</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |Mumbai |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=19.09 |long=73.03|label=<div style="font-size:80%;">'''Bandra Teams'''<br>
{{nowrap|Sellebrity}}<br>
{{nowrap|Millat FC}}<br>
{{nowrap|JMJ Sports Club}}<br>
{{nowrap|Companeroes}}<br>
</div>
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |Mumbai |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=18.94 |long=73.00 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">'''South Mumbai Teams'''<br>
{{nowrap|[[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|Karnatak Sporting}}<br>
{{nowrap|[[Bombay Gymkhana]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|Bombay Muslims}}<br>
</div>
|position=right}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Premier League
!Location
|-
|[[Ambernath United Atlanta FC]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=We want to win this league unbeaten: Steven Dias |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/we-want-to-win-this-league-unbeaten-steven-dias/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |agency=Football Counter |date=May 11, 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525095812/https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/we-want-to-win-this-league-unbeaten-steven-dias/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=Mumbai football's Golden Boot race between teammates |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/mumbai-footballs-golden-boot-race-between-teammates/ |website=Football Counter |date=22 May 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526063926/https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/mumbai-footballs-golden-boot-race-between-teammates/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=The Atlanta FC story – From fifth tier to Mumbai's top division in a decade |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/the-atlanta-fc-story-from-fifth-tier-to-mumbais-top-division-in-a-decade/ |website=Football Counter |date=24 September 2020 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526065054/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/the-atlanta-fc-story-from-fifth-tier-to-mumbais-top-division-in-a-decade/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Mira Road]]
|-
|[[Goalorious Mother SC|GMSC]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=GMSC to conduct trials for MDFA Elite Division |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/gmsc-to-conduct-trials-for-mdfa-elite-division/ |website=Football Counter |date=24 August 2019 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526070328/https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/gmsc-to-conduct-trials-for-mdfa-elite-division/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Borivali]]
|-
|[[PIFA F.C.|PIFA FC]]
|[[Colaba]]
|-
|The Oranje FC (ICL Payyade SC)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Halder |first1=Suchit |title=The Oranje FC to host trials for MDFA Elite Division |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/the-oranje-fc-to-host-trials-for-mdfa-elite-division/ |website=Football Counter |date=29 October 2020 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526065040/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/the-oranje-fc-to-host-trials-for-mdfa-elite-division/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Powai]]
|-
|Iron Born CFCI
|[[Dahisar]]
|-
|India Rush RSF
|[[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]
|-
|Karnataka Sports Association
|[[Churchgate]]
|-
|Bombay Muslims SC<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maithilesh |first1=Aryalok |title=Bombay Muslims Sports Club to conduct trials for its Elite Division Team |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/bombay-muslims-sports-club-to-conduct-trials-for-its-elite-division-team/ |website=Football Counter |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525113128/https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/bombay-muslims-sports-club-to-conduct-trials-for-its-elite-division-team/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Mumbai Central]]
|-
|Sellebrity
|[[Bandra]]
|-
|[[Kenkre FC]]
|[[Mahim]]
|-
|Millat FC
|[[Bandra]]
|-
|DK Pharma FC<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=DK Pharma FC to conduct trials for MFA Elite Division |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/dk-pharma-fc-to-conduct-trials-for-mfa-elite-division/ |website=Football Counter |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526065044/https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/dk-pharma-fc-to-conduct-trials-for-mfa-elite-division/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Badlapur]]
|-
|Mumbai Strikers
|[[Mulund]]
|-
|JMJ Sports Club
|[[Bandra]]
|-
|Football School of India|FSI Seaview
|[[Nerul]]
|-
|[[Bombay Gymkhana]]
|[[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]]
|-
|Salsette FC<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=Mumbai Elite Division club Salsette FC to hold trials |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/mumbai-elite-division-club-salsette-fc-to-hold-trials/ |website=Football Counter |date=3 February 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525095819/https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/mumbai-elite-division-club-salsette-fc-to-hold-trials/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Thane]]
|-
|Companeroes<ref>{{cite web |title=Companeroes SC to conduct trials for MDFA 1st Division Campaign |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/companeroes-sc-to-conduct-trials-for-mdfa-1st-division-campaign/ |website=Football Counter |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525140525/https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/companeroes-sc-to-conduct-trials-for-mdfa-1st-division-campaign/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Bandra]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Corporate League
!Location
|-
|[[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Mumbai Customs]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=MDFA Elite Division Champions Mumbai Customs to conduct trials |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/mdfa-elite-division-champions-mumbai-customs-to-conduct-trials/ |website=Football Counter |date=2 August 2019 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526075657/https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/mdfa-elite-division-champions-mumbai-customs-to-conduct-trials/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]
|-
|[[Income Tax Department|Income Tax]]
|[[Churchgate]]
|-
|Century Rayon
|[[Churchgate]]
|-
|[[Air India FC]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India to conduct senior team trials for MFA Elite League |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/air-india-to-conduct-senior-team-trials-for-mfa-elite-league-on-monday/ |website=Football Counter |date=9 April 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525113753/https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/air-india-to-conduct-senior-team-trials-for-mfa-elite-league-on-monday/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Vile Parle]]
|-
|[[Union Bank of India|Union Bank]]
|[[Nariman Point]]
|-
|[[HDFC Bank]]
|[[Churchgate]]
|-
|[[Bank of Baroda]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=Elite Division team Dena Bank now known as Bank Of Baroda to conduct trails for upcoming season |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/elite-division-team-dena-bank-now-known-as-bank-of-baroda-to-conduct-trails-for-upcoming-season/ |website=Football Counter |date=July 2019 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526075659/https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/elite-division-team-dena-bank-now-known-as-bank-of-baroda-to-conduct-trails-for-upcoming-season/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Bandra]]
|-
|[[Reserve Bank of India]]
|[[Ballard Estate]]
|-
|[[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Railway]]
|[[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]]
|-
|[[Bank of India]]
|[[Bandra]]
|-
|[[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Railway]]
|[[Churchgate]]
|-
|[[Employees' State Insurance|ESIC]]
|[[Lower Parel]]
|-
|[[Central Bank of India]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Chittu |title=Central bank of India to conduct trials for upcoming MDFA Elite Division season |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/central-bank-of-india-to-conduct-trials-for-upcoming-mdfa-elite-division-season/ |website=Football Counter |date=9 August 2019 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526075655/https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/central-bank-of-india-to-conduct-trials-for-upcoming-mdfa-elite-division-season/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Ballard Estate]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra Police]]
|[[Colaba]]
|}

== League table ==
=== Elite Premier League ===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=[https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-premier-league/ MFA Elite Premier League] [https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/ Football Counter]


|team1=AMB 
|team6=GMSC 
|team3=PIFA 
|team4=OFC 
|team5=IRON 
|team8=RSH 
|team2=KSA 
|team9=MMS 
|team10=SEL 
|team7=KEN 
|team12=MIL 
|team11=DKP 
|team13=MST 
|team14=JMJ 
|team16=FSI 
|team15=GYM 
|team17=SAL 
|team18=COM 


|result1=CHA
|result2=IL2
|result3=QUA
|result15=REL
|result16=REL
|result17=REL
|result18=REL


|win_AMB=17|draw_AMB=0|loss_AMB=0|gf_AMB=77|ga_AMB=6 
|win_GMSC=10|draw_GMSC=1|loss_GMSC=6|gf_GMSC=34|ga_GMSC=24 
|win_PIFA=10|draw_PIFA=4|loss_PIFA=3|gf_PIFA=45|ga_PIFA=19 
|win_OFC=10|draw_OFC=2|loss_OFC=5|gf_OFC=36|ga_OFC=14 
|win_IRON=9|draw_IRON=5|loss_IRON=3|gf_IRON=31|ga_IRON=10 
|win_RSH=8|draw_RSH=4|loss_RSH=5|gf_RSH=25|ga_RSH=16 
|win_KSA=10|draw_KSA=4|loss_KSA=3|gf_KSA=50|ga_KSA=21 
|win_MMS=8|draw_MMS=3|loss_MMS=6|gf_MMS=21|ga_MMS=26 
|win_SEL=8|draw_SEL=1|loss_SEL=8|gf_SEL=41|ga_SEL=32 
|win_KEN=8|draw_KEN=4|loss_KEN=5|gf_KEN=36|ga_KEN=24 
|win_MIL=8|draw_MIL=0|loss_MIL=9|gf_MIL=35|ga_MIL=29 
|win_DKP=7|draw_DKP=4|loss_DKP=6|gf_DKP=21|ga_DKP=18 
|win_MST=5|draw_MST=3|loss_MST=9|gf_MST=18|ga_MST=42 
|win_JMJ=3|draw_JMJ=4|loss_JMJ=10|gf_JMJ=22|ga_JMJ=41 
|win_FSI=3|draw_FSI=2|loss_FSI=12|gf_FSI=15|ga_FSI=51 
|win_GYM=3|draw_GYM=3|loss_GYM=11|gf_GYM=20|ga_GYM=45 
|win_SAL=2|draw_SAL=3|loss_SAL=12|gf_SAL=12|ga_SAL=41 
|win_COM=0|draw_COM=1|loss_COM=16|gf_COM=13|ga_COM=92 


|name_AMB=[[Ambernath United Atlanta FC]]
|name_GMSC=[[Goalorious Mother SC|GMSC]]
|name_PIFA=[[PIFA F.C.|PIFA FC]]
|name_OFC=The Oranje FC (ICL Payyade SC)
|name_IRON=Iron Born CFCI
|name_RSH=India Rush RSF
|name_KSA=Karnatak Sports Association
|name_MMS=Bombay Muslims SC
|name_SEL=Sellebrity
|name_KEN=[[Kenkre FC]]
|name_MIL=Millat FC
|name_DKP=DK Pharma FC
|name_MST=Mumbai Strikers
|name_JMJ=JMJ Sports Club
|name_FSI=FSI Seaview
|name_GYM=Bombay Gymkhana FC
|name_SAL=Salsette FC
|name_COM=Companeroes

|show_limit=5|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_CHA=green1
|text_CHA='''Champions,''' Harwood Champions League, and possible qualification for the [[2022–23 I-League 2]]
|col_IL2=blue1
|text_IL2=Harwood Champions League and possible qualification for the [[2022–23 I-League 2]]
|col_QUA=yellow1
|text_QUA=Harwood Champions League
|col_REL=red1
|text_REL=Relegation to [[MFA Super Division]]
}}</onlyinclude>

=== Elite Corporate League ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=26 June 2022
|source=[https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-corporate-league/ MFA Elite Corporate League] [https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/ Football Counter]


|team3=CUS 
|team6=AIR 
|team2=TAX 
|team11=RAY 
|team1=BOB 
|team5=HDF 
|team4=UBI 
|team10=CNR 
|team7=RBI 
|team9=BOI 
|team8=CBI 
|team13=WNR 
|team14=ESI 
|team12=MSP 


|result1=CHA
|result2=QUA
|result3=QUA


|win_CUS=8|draw_CUS=3|loss_CUS=1|gf_CUS=36|ga_CUS=14 
|win_AIR=6|draw_AIR=3|loss_AIR=3|gf_AIR=27|ga_AIR=19 
|win_TAX=9|draw_TAX=1|loss_TAX=2|gf_TAX=28|ga_TAX=18 
|win_RAY=2|draw_RAY=4|loss_RAY=6|gf_RAY=9|ga_RAY=21 
|win_BOB=9|draw_BOB=1|loss_BOB=2|gf_BOB=35|ga_BOB=10 
|win_HDF=5|draw_HDF=8|loss_HDF=0|gf_HDF=33|ga_HDF=11 
|win_UBI=7|draw_UBI=3|loss_UBI=3|gf_UBI=23|ga_UBI=24 
|win_CNR=3|draw_CNR=3|loss_CNR=6|gf_CNR=16|ga_CNR=21 
|win_RBI=5|draw_RBI=2|loss_RBI=5|gf_RBI=16|ga_RBI=11 
|win_BOI=4|draw_BOI=2|loss_BOI=5|gf_BOI=17|ga_BOI=21 
|win_CBI=5|draw_CBI=1|loss_CBI=1|gf_CBI=27|ga_CBI=8 
|win_WNR=0|draw_WNR=2|loss_WNR=9|gf_WNR=7|ga_WNR=31 
|win_ESI=0|draw_ESI=1|loss_ESI=10|gf_ESI=11|ga_ESI=51 
|win_MSP=2|draw_MSP=1|loss_MSP=8|gf_MSP=12|ga_MSP=21 


|name_CUS=[[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Mumbai Customs]]
|name_TAX=[[Income Tax Department|Income Tax]]
|name_RAY=Century Rayon
|name_AIR=[[Air India FC]]
|name_UBI=[[Union Bank of India|Union Bank]]
|name_HDF=[[HDFC Bank]]
|name_BOB=[[Bank of Baroda]]
|name_RBI=[[Reserve Bank of India]]
|name_CNR=[[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Railway]]
|name_BOI=[[Bank of India]]
|name_WNR=[[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Railway]]
|name_ESI=[[Employees' State Insurance|ESIC]]
|name_CBI=[[Central Bank of India]]
|name_MSP=[[Maharashtra Police]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_CHA=green1
|text_CHA='''Corporate League Champions''' and Harwood Champions League qualification
|col_QUA=blue1
|text_QUA=Harwood Champions League
}}</onlyinclude>

== Harwood Champions League ==

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=[https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-harwood-champions-league/ Mumbai Football Association] [https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/harwood-champions-league/68/ Football Counter]


|team1=AMB 
|team2=BOB 
|team6=CUS 
|team3=KSA 
|team4=PIFA 
|team5=TAX 


|result1=CHA


|win_AMB=4|draw_AMB=1|loss_AMB=0|gf_AMB=10|ga_AMB=3 
|win_BOB=3|draw_BOB=1|loss_BOB=1|gf_BOB=8|ga_BOB=6 
|win_CUS=0|draw_CUS=3|loss_CUS=2|gf_CUS=3|ga_CUS=7 
|win_KSA=1|draw_KSA=2|loss_KSA=2|gf_KSA=10|ga_KSA=10 
|win_PIFA=1|draw_PIFA=2|loss_PIFA=2|gf_PIFA=3|ga_PIFA=5 
|win_TAX=0|draw_TAX=3|loss_TAX=2|gf_TAX=5|ga_TAX=8 


|name_AMB=[[Ambernath United Atlanta FC]]
|name_BOB=[[Bank of Baroda]]
|name_CUS=[[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Mumbai Customs]]
|name_KSA=Karnatak Sports Association
|name_PIFA=[[PIFA F.C.|PIFA FC]]
|name_TAX=[[Income Tax Department|Income Tax]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_CHA=green1
|text_CHA='''Harwood Champions League Winners'''
}}</onlyinclude>

==See also==
* [[2018–19 MDFA Elite Division]]
* [[2021–22 season in state football leagues of India]]
* [[2022–23 I-League 2nd Division]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in Maharashtra}}
{{2021–22 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-12 MFA Elite Division}}
[[Category:Mumbai Premier League seasons]]
[[Category:2021–22 in Indian football leagues]]

Nanaji Deshmukh

2025-10-02T15:45:39Z

Souravroyjournalist: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian social reformer (1916–2010)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nanaji Deshmukh
| image = Nanaji Deshmukh 2017 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Deshmukh on a 2017 stamp of India
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| term_start = 22 November 1999
| term_end = 21 November 2005
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| constituency3 = 
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 =
| constituency4 =
| birthname = Chandikadas Amritrao Deshmukh
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1916|10|11}}
| birth_place = [[Parbhani District|Kadoli]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br /> {{small|(present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)}}
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| awards = [[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (January 2019) <br />
[[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1999)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|02|27|1916|10|11}}
| death_place = [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| termstart1 = 1977
| termend1 = 1980
| predecessor1 = Chandra Bhal Mani Tiwari
| successor1 = Chandra Bhal Mani Tiwari
| constituency1 = [[Balrampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh]]
}}
'''Chandikadas Amritrao Deshmukh''' ({{Pronunciation|Nanaji_Deshmukh.wav|help=no}}; 11 October 1916 – 27 February 2010), better known as '''Nanaji Deshmukh''', was an Indian social activist and politician. He worked in the fields of education, health, and rural self-reliance. He was posthumously awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian award in 2019 by the [[Government of India]]. He was a leader of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS), the precursor to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), alongside being a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[paramilitary]] organisation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bharat-ratna-pranab-mukherjee-bhupen-hazarika-nanaji-deshmukh-ram-nath-kovind-republic-day-2019/354087 | title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab Mukherjee, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika | publisher=Times Now | date=25 January 2019 | access-date=25 January 2019 | archive-date=31 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831133139/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bharat-ratna-pranab-mukherjee-bhupen-hazarika-nanaji-deshmukh-ram-nath-kovind-republic-day/354087 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who was Nanaji Deshmukh?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-nanaji-deshmukh-4884617/|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi paying floral tributes to Nanaji Deshmukh, on the Birth Centenary Celebrations of Nanaji Deshmukh, at IARI, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Prime minister Narendra Modi paying floral tributes to Deshmukh on the birth centenary celebrations, at IARI, New Delhi on 11 October 2017]]
Nanaji was born on 11 October 1916 into a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] ''[[Deshastha Brahmin]]'' family<ref>{{cite book|title=New Quest, Issues 25–30|year = 1981|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpctAAAAIAAJ|publisher=The Indian Association for Cultural Freedom|page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC|publisher=Primus Books|year=2010|page=194|isbn=978-1849041386}}</ref> in [[Parbhani district]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|British India]]. He worked as a vegetable seller to raise money for his education.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGmOAAAAMAAJ|title=BJP Today, Volume 14|publisher= Bhartiya Janata Party|year=2005|page=459}}</ref>

He went to high school in [[Sikar]], where he was given a scholarship. He studied in Birla College.<ref>{{cite book|title=Architect of A Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYRCDwAAQBAJ|author=Preeti Trivedi|date = December 2017|page=37|publisher=Bhartiya Sahitya Inc|isbn = 9781613016381|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> As a child, he was inspired by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Vaibhav |date=25 January 2019 |title=All You Need To Know About Nanaji Deshmukh: 10 Facts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bharat-ratna-award-2019-all-you-need-to-know-about-nanaji-deskhmukh-10-facts-1983435 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

Then RSS chief [[M. S. Golwalkar]] sent him to Gorakhpur (U.P) as ''Pracharak'' (full-time functionary). He rose to be the ''Saha Prant Pracharak'' of the whole of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nanaji Deshmukh, Sangh ideologue who established RSS in UP (Profile)|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/nanaji-deshmukh-sangh-ideologue-who-established-rss-in-up--profile/1465754|publisher=Outlook India|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref>

== RSS volunteer ==
[[File:The Vice President, Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat presenting Shri Naresh Samata Puraskar to Shri Nanaji Deshmukh, in New Delhi on April 8, 2006.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The Vice President, [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] presenting Shri Nanesh Samata Puraskar to Shri Nanaji Deshmukh, in New Delhi on 8 April 2006.]]
Deshmukh's family had always had been in close contact with [[K. B. Hedgewar]], the founder of the RSS and an activist for [[Hindutva]], a Hindu nationalist ideology.<ref>{{cite book|title=BJP Today, Volume 14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGmOAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Bharatiya Janata Party|page=459|year=2005|quote=Nanaji family was in close contact with Dr. Hedgewar who was a regular visitor to the family of Nanaji.}}</ref>

In 1940, after Hedgewar's death, Deshmukh joined the RSS. He was sent to [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a ''Pracharak''. At [[Agra]], he met [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]], the leader of the BJS. Later, he had to stay in a ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]]'' but had to keep on changing ''Dharmashalas'' as no one was allowed to stay there for more than three days consecutively. Ultimately, he was given shelter by Baba Raghavdas, reportedly on condition that he would cook meals for him.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04JwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP5|title=Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya|author=Anil Kumar 'Salil'|date=January 1, 2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|page=5|isbn=9789351863519}}</ref>

Within three years, almost 250 ''[[Sangh Shakha]]s'' commenced in and around Gorakhpur. He established India's first ''[[Vidya Bharati]]'', the educational wing of the RSS, in [[Gorakhpur]] in 1950.<ref name="TNIE1" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC|publisher=Primus Books|year=2010|page=193|isbn=978-1849041386}}</ref>

When in 1947, the RSS decided to launch two journals (''Rashtradharma'' and ''[[Panchjanya (magazine)|Panchjanya]]'') as well as a newspaper, ''Swadesh'', Deshmukh was given the role of the managing director.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya: An inquest, introductory part|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsS1AAAAIAAJ|quote=its auspices were published the magazine 'Rashtra Dharma', the weekly ' Panchajanya' and the daily 'Swadesh'. Of these, the last two were edited by Panditji. Nanaji Deshmukh was the managing director of publication|author=Dattopant Bapurao Thengadi|publisher=[[Suruchi Prakashan]]|page=9|year=1988}}</ref>

Following the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1948 by [[Nathuram Godse]], who has connections with the RSS, the organisation faced significant political backlash, culminating in a government-imposed ban. In response to this political crackdown, the organisation adopted a more covert approach to continue disseminating its ideological materials. Deshmukh emerged as a key figure during this period, playing a central role in orchestrating underground publication efforts.<ref>{{cite book|title=BJP Today, Volume 14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGmOAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Bharatiya Janata Party|page=459|year=2005|quote=A different strategy was adopted keeping the ban in mind and Nanaji was the brain behind underground publication work by the RSS those days.}}</ref>

== Political life ==
When the ban on the RSS was lifted and the BJS came into being, Deshmukh was asked by Golwalkar to take charge of the party in [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a general secretary.<ref>{{cite book|title=BJP Today, Volume 14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGmOAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Bharatiya Janata Party|year=2005|page=459}}</ref>

Deshmukh's groundwork was a great help in strengthening the BJS at the grassroots.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?519|title=Nanaji Deshmukh- Amrit Mahotsav|date=27 December 2021}}</ref> His relations with [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] helped bring the BJS closer to other socialist parties in the country. Lohia and Deshmukh's association led to the first non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] coalition government in [[Uttar Pradesh]] after the [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967 state elections]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/nanaji-deshmukh-key-architect-of-janata-party-who-quit-politics-to-transform-rural-india/521300/|title=Nanaji Deshmukh — key architect of Janata Party, who quit politics to transform rural India |date=11 October 2020 }}</ref>

Later, [[Morarji Desai]], who became the prime minister heading the [[Janata Party]] government offered him the Cabinet portfolio of Industry, but Deshmukh declined the offer. Deshmukh had won in the 1977 election held after revocation of [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] with a comfortable margin from the Balrampur [[Lok Sabha]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="TNIE1">{{cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Who was Bharat Ratna Nanaji Deshmukh? All you need to know about him |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-was-bharat-ratna-nanaji-deshmukh-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-social-reformer/articleshow/94774996.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

He was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]] by the NDA coalition government, under prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/nanaji-deshmukh-inspired-many-bjp-leaders-harshwardhan-khare/story-SlpRs0H8tvtNCWNOPZmcLM.html|title=The influencer: Why Bharat Ratna Nanaji Deshmukh’s politico-social leanings impacted India|date=27 January 2019}}</ref>

== Social work ==
[[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat conferring the 'Dnyaneswar Award' to noted & veteran social worker Shri Nanaji Deshmukh, in New Delhi on June 1, 2005.jpg|thumb|220px|right|The Vice President Shri [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] conferring the 'Dnyaneswar Award' to noted & veteran social worker Shri Nanaji Deshmukh, in New Delhi on 1 June 2005.]]
Following his retirement from active political life, Nanaji Deshmukh dedicated himself to the work of the Deendayal Research Institute, an organisation he had founded in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-pays-tributes-to-bharat-ratna-nanaji-deshmukh-on-birth-anniversary-who-is-this-politician-turned-social-activist-11423331.html|title=PM pays tributes to Bharat Ratna Nanaji Deshmukh on birth anniversary: Who is this politician-turned-social activist|date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

He did work towards the anti-poverty and minimum needs programme. Other areas of his work were agriculture and cottage industry, rural health and rural education. Deshmukh assumed chairmanship of the institute after leaving politics and devoted all his time to building up the institute. He was also instrumental in carrying out social restructuring programme in over 500 villages of both [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] states of India.<ref name="TNIE1" />

He also established [[Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya|Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya]] in [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]], India's first rural University, and served as its Chancellor.<ref name="TNIE1" />

== Awards and recognition ==

Deshmukh was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the [[Padma Vibhushan]], in 1999, by Vajpayee's BJP government.<ref name=":0" /> In 2019, he was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian award, the [[Bharat Ratna]], by Narendra Modi's BJP government.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab Mukherjee, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bharat-ratna-pranab-mukherjee-bhupen-hazarika-nanaji-deshmukh-ram-nath-kovind-republic-day-2019/354087 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831133139/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bharat-ratna-pranab-mukherjee-bhupen-hazarika-nanaji-deshmukh-ram-nath-kovind-republic-day/354087 |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=25 January 2019 |publisher=Times Now}}</ref>

== Death ==
Deshmukh died on 27 February 2010 in the premises of [[Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya|Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya]] that he established. He was unwell for some time due to old age and had refused to be taken to Delhi for treatment. He [[Devise and bequeath|bequeathed]] his body to the Dadhichi Dehdaan Sanstha of New Delhi, and so his body was sent to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] for [[medical research]].<ref name="TNIE1" />

== See also ==
*[[Vidya Bharati]]
* [[Indian Nationalism]]
* [[Deen Dayal Upadhyaya]]
*[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]
*[[Lal Krishna Advani]]
*[[Balraj Madhok]]
*[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nanaji Deshmukh}}
* [https://trendingnewswala.online/modern-chanakya-nanaji-deshmuk/ Nanaji Deshmukh Details]
* [http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2357.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
* [http://www.bjp.org/today/aug_0105/Aug_p_25.htm Bharatiya Janata Party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030226/http://www.bjp.org/today/aug_0105/Aug_p_25.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}
* [http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=9565 Government of India award citation]
* [http://www.chitrakoot.org Deendayal Research Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830043517/http://www.chitrakoot.org/ |date=30 August 2009 }}

{{Bharat Ratna}}
{{Sangh Parivar}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, Nanaji}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in social work]]
[[Category:People from Balrampur district]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:People from Hingoli district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Social workers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]

Instant Khichdi

2025-09-22T11:22:30Z

Souravroyjournalist: revise

{{Short description|Indian sitcom series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Khichdi2.jpg
| caption = Logo
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 38
| producer =
| editor =
| runtime = approximately 25 minutes
| channel = [[STAR Plus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2005|07|01}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2005|08|07}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]''
* ''[[Khichdi (2018 TV series)|Khichdi Returns]]''
}}
}}
'''''Instant Khichdi''''' is an Indian [[sitcom]] that aired on [[STAR One]] from 1 July 2005 to 7 August 2005. The series served as the second season of [[Khichdi (franchise)|''Khichdi'' franchise]] and a sequel to the show ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]'', which aired on [[STAR Plus]] channel. The show has been made into a film: ''[[Khichdi: The Movie]]''.

==Plot==
The series portrays the life of an eccentric [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] joint family living in [[Mumbai]]. The family is led by the elderly Tulsidas Parekh and consists of his offspring, who he acquired at a local carnival. The first season, particularly the initial episodes, focus on the idiosyncratic members of the family who are only united by their desire to separate from each other. Since the patriarch does not permit them to sell off their house and separate into [[nuclear families]], they live on hoping that he changes his mind or passes away. Eventually, they move into a much larger house left behind by a deceased aunt.

They become overnight millionaires when they discover oil in their older property. The second season portrays humorous depictions of a [[bourgeois]] family that is trying to settle itself into higher society with their new-found wealth. They live on in their own eccentric way, trying to ace the lives of the super-rich.

==Cast==
* [[Anang Desai]] as Tulsidas Parekh a.k.a. Babuji: Praful, Bharat, Raju, Heera and Meera's father; Hansa, Jayashree, Melissa and Bhavesh Kumar's father-in-law; Damyanti's widower; Tiwariben's son and Jackky and Chakki's grandfather.
* [[Rajeev Mehta]] as Praful Tulsidas Parekh:Tulsidas and Damyanti's elder son; Hansa's husband; Bharat, Raju, Heera and Meera's elder brother and Chakki's father.
* [[Supriya Pathak]] as Hansa Praful Parekh: Praful's wife; Chandrakant's daughter; Himanshu's elder sister; Tulsidas's eldest daughter-in-law and Chakki's mother.
* [[Vandana Pathak]] as Jayshree Bharat Parekh:Tulsidas's widowed second daughter-in-law; Bharat's widow; Jignesh's elder sister and Jackky's mother.
* [[Jamnadas Majethia]] as Himanshu Chandrakant Seth: Hansa's younger brother; Behen Parminder's husband.
* Richa Bhadra as Chakki Praful Parekh:Hansa and Praful's daughter. Jackky's cousin and Tulsidas's granddaughter.
* Yash Mittal as Jackky Bharat Parekh: Jayashree and Bharat's son; Chakki's cousin and Tulsidas's grandson.
* [[Amit Varma (actor)|Amit Varma]] as Raju Tulsidas Parekh
* [[Tina Parekh]] as Melissa Raju Parekh
* Arya Rawal as Heera Tulsidas Parekh: Tulsidas's eldest daughter; Praful, Bharat, Raju and Meera's sister.
* [[Kamlesh Oza]] as Bhavesh Kumar
* Aatish Kapadia as Jignesh
* [[Gireesh Sahedev]] as Parminder Singh: Bhai Parminder and Behen Parminder's brother.
* Anokhi Srivastava as Parminder Himanshu Seth: Bhai Parminder and Parminder Singh's sister and Himanshu's wife.
* Sweety Nayak as Madhuri
* [[Lily Patel]] as Tiwariben Parekh a.k.a. Badi Maa
* Deepesh Shah as Inspector Dheeman (and various characters)
* [[Ami Trivedi]] as Mira Tulsidas Parekh (archived footage)

===Guest appearances===
* [[Delnaaz Irani]] as Shehnaaz
* [[Sachin Shroff]] as Pranay
* [[Disha Vakani]] as Nisha
* Kalpana Diwan as Jagdamba Maami (photo)
* [[Kishwer Merchantt]] as Rambha
* Shabnam Sayed as Kaamna
* [[Dinyar Contractor]] as Mr. Mehta
* [[Deven Bhojani]] as 'Vodka' Genie
* [[Smita Singh]] as Sandhya Devi
* Aanchal Dwivedi as Savitri
* [[Shweta Kawatra]] as Cindy
* [[Manav Gohil]] as Wilson
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Rakesh
* Dimple Shah as Hetal
* Jignesh Joshi as Manish (and other characters)
* Cast of ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'' in the crossover episode

==Awards and nominations==

=== Indian Telly Awards ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Nominated Work
!scope="col"|Category
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope=row|2005
|''[[Supriya Pathak]] as Hansa''
|Best Actor in a Comic Role (Female)
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|title=Winners list of the Indian Telly Awards 2005|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|2005
|''Yash Mittal as Jacky''
|Best Child Artiste (Male)
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
!scope=row|2005
|''Aatish Kapadia''
|Best Sitcom / Comedy Writer
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/tec_nom.htm|title=Nominees for the Indian Telly Awards 2005 - Technical|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922183243/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/tec_nom.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|2005
|''Vandana Pathak as Jayshree''
|Best Actor in a Comic Role (Female)
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|title=Nominees for the Indian Telly Awards 2005 - Popular|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025305/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|2005
|''Rajeev Mehta as Praful''
|Best Actor in Comic Role (Male)
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
!scope=row|2005
|
|Best Sitcom/Comedy Programme
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090413030246/http://starone.indya.com/serials/khichdi/ ''Instant Khichdi'' official site on STAR One]

{{Khichdi franchise}}
{{STAR One}}

[[Category:Star One (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2005 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television series about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:2005 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into films]]
[[Category:Hats Off Productions]]

Mahishmati

2025-09-15T16:17:07Z

Souravroyjournalist: Put Up Entry...

{{Short description|Ancient city in present-day central India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|right|thumb|300px|Mahishmati in Mahajanapadas of India in 500 BCE.]]
'''Mahishmati''' ({{IAST3|Māhiṣmati}}) was an ancient city and the capital of Haihayas in the present-day central India on the banks of [[Narmada River]] (in [[Madhya Pradesh]]), although its exact location is uncertain. The city may have flourished as late as until 13th century, as indicated by a [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] inscription.

== Identification ==
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The following things are known about Mahishmati's location:

* It was located on the banks of the [[Narmada]] river.<ref>{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n367 410] }}</ref>
* It was located to the south of [[Ujjayini]], and north of [[Pratishthana]], on the route connecting the two cities (according to ''[[Sutta Nipata]]''). [[Patanjali]] mentions that a traveler starting out from Ujjayini saw the sunrise at Mahishmati.<ref name="PKB_1977"/>
* It was located in the [[Avanti (India)|Avanti kingdom]], and at times was a part of a separate kingdom near Avanti. It replaced Ujjayani as the kingdom's capital for a brief period. It also served as the capital of the other kingdoms that separated from Avanti, such as [[Anupa kingdom|Anupa]].<ref name="PKB_1977"/><ref>{{cite book |author1=V. S. Krishnan |author2=P. N. Shrivastav |author3=Rajendra Verma |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Shajapur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiALAQAAIAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Government Central Press, Madhya Pradesh |page=12}}</ref>
* Avanti was divided into two parts by the [[Vindhyas]]. Ujjayini was located in the northern part, while Mahishmati was located in the southern part.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harihar Panda |title=Professor H.C. Raychaudhuri, as a Historian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1XMtc2Q97IC&pg=PA23 |year=2007 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-210-3 |page=23 }}</ref>

Several cities in [[Madhya Pradesh]], located along the Narmada river, are claimed to be the ancient Mahishmati. These include:

; [[Mandhata]] or [[Omkareshwar]]
: [[F. E. Pargiter]],<ref>{{cite book |title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore). |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JtEAQAAMAAJ |year=1911 |page=65 }}</ref> and G. C. Mendis,<ref>{{cite book |author=G.C. Mendis |title=The Early History of Ceylon and Its Relations with India and Other Foreign Countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVrUcdi4ZikC&pg=PA31 |date=1 December 1996 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0209-0 |page=31 }}</ref> among others, identify Mahishmati with the Mandhata island ([[Omkareshwar]]).
: According to Pargiter, the description of Mahishmati in ''[[Raghuvamsa]]'' makes it clear that it was located on an island. Moreover, ''[[Harivamsa]]'' states that the founder of Mahishmati was [[muchukunda]], the son of [[Mandhatri|King Mandhata]].<ref name="PKB_1977"/>
: A 1225 CE inscription of the Paramara king [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]] has been found at Mandhata. It records the grant of a village to [[Brahmin]]s, and states that the grant was made while the king was staying at Mahishmati.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |pages=175–177}}</ref>

; [[Maheshwar]]
: [[Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia|HD Sankalia]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia |title=Aspects of Indian History and Archaeology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pwtAAAAMAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=B. R. |page=218 |isbn=9789350500347 }}</ref> [[Pramatha Nath Bose|PN Bose]]<ref name="PNBose_1882"/> and [[Francis Wilford]],<ref name="PNBose_1882"/> among others, identify Mahishmati with present-day Maheshwar.
: Pargiter criticises this identification, stating that the Bramin priests of Maheshwar claimed their town as the ancient Mahishmati on basis of similar-sounding names, in order to glorify their town.<ref name="PKB_1977"/>

; Other obsolete identifications
: Writers such as [[Alexander Cunningham]],<ref name="MP_Rajgarh">{{cite book |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Rajgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pBhAAAAIAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Government Central Press, Mahishmati |page=175 }}</ref> [[John Faithfull Fleet]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fleet |first1=J. F. |title=XII. Mahishamandala and Mahishmati |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=42 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=425–447 |issn=0035-869X |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00039605|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1550229 }}</ref> and Girija Shankar Agrawal<ref>{{cite book |author=Hartosh Singh Bal |title=Water Close Over Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwONAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|date=19 December 2013 |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=978-93-5029-706-3 |page=69 |author-link=Hartosh Singh Bal }}</ref> identified [[Mandla]] as the location of ancient Mahishmati. However, this view is no longer considered as accurate by the modern scholars.<ref name="PKB_1977"/>
: [[B. Lewis Rice]] identified Mahishmati as a location in the former [[Mysore State]] (present-day [[Karnataka]]). His argument was based on ''Mahabharata'', which states that Sahadeva crossed the Kaveri River on his way to Mahishmati. However, besides the [[Kaveri River|southern Kaveri]], there is a [[Kaveri River, Madhya Pradesh|smaller Kaveri]], which meets Narmada near Mandhata.<ref name="PKB_1977"/>

== Mentions in ancient literature ==

=== Sanskrit texts ===

The Sanskrit epic [[Ramayana]] mentions the attack of [[Rakshasa kingdom|Rakshasa]] king [[Ravana]] on Mahishmati.<ref name="PNBose_1882">{{cite journal |author=PN Bose |publisher=Asiatic Society |location=Calcutta, India |title=Note on Mahishmati |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVsyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA129 |year=1882 |pages=129}}</ref> The ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' states that [[Ikshvaku]]'s son Dashashva was a king of Mahishmati. It goes on to mention that the [[Haihayas|Haihaya]] king [[Kartavirya Arjuna]] ruled the entire earth from his capital Mahishmati (13:52).<ref name="PKB_1977"/> He was killed by [[Parashurama]].<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8897ridkczoC&q=Mahishmati&pg=PA435 | title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography, Volume 2 | publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd | author=Subodh Kapoor | year=2002 | pages=435 | isbn=9788177552997}}</ref>

''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions Mahishmati as part of a kingdom distinct from the Avanti kingdom.<ref name="PKB_1977">{{cite book |title=Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records |author=PK Bhattacharya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njYpsvmr2dsC&pg=PA170 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-3394-4 |year=1977 |pages=170–175 }}</ref> The ''[[Sabha Parva]]'' (2:30) states that the [[Pandava]] general [[Sahadeva]] attacked Mahishmati, and defeated its ruler Nila.<ref name="PKB_1977"/> Mahismati was protected by Agni, due to his matrimonial relationship with the king's daughter. Agni even granted the unmarried women of Mahismati liberty of not staying with only one husband forever, and moving about freely. <ref>PC Roy Mahabharata, Sabha Parva, Digvijaya Parva, Section XXXI Page 73</ref> King Nila of Mahishmati is mentioned as a leader in the [[Kurukshetra War]], rated by [[Bhishma]] as a ''Rathi''. His coat of mail had blue colour (Mbh 5:19,167).

''[[Harivamsha]]'' (33.1847) names the founder of Mahishmati as Mahishmant, a king who was the son of Sahanja and a descendant of [[Yadu]] through [[Haihayas|Haihaya]]. At another place, it names the city's founder as [[Muchukunda]], an ancestor of [[Rama]]. It states that he built the cities of Mahishmati and Purika in the [[Riksha Mountains|Rksha mountains]].<ref name="PKB_1977"/>

The ''[[Raghuvamsa]]'' states that Mahishmati was located on the Reva river (Narmada), and was the capital of the [[Anupa]] country.<ref name="PKB_1977"/>

According to the [[Padma Purana]] (VI.115), the city was founded by a certain Mahisha<ref name="p3">Pargiter, F.E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp.263,263fn3.</ref>

Another account states that [[Kartavirya Arjuna]] conquered Mahishmati city from [[Karkotaka|Karkotaka Naga]], a Naga chief and made it his fortress-capital.<ref name="p4">Pargiter, F.E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.265-7</ref>

=== Pali texts ===

The Buddhist text ''[[Digha Nikaya]]'' mentions Mahishmati as the capital of Avanti, while ''[[Anguttara Nikaya]]'' states that [[Ujjaini]] was Avanti's capital.<ref>{{cite book |author=Manika Chakrabarti |title=Mālwa in Post-Maurya Period: A Critical Study with Special Emphasis on Numismatic Evidences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coQeAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> The ''Maha-Govinda Suttanta'' also states that Mahishmati as the capital of Avanti, whose king was one Vessabhu. It is possible that the capital of Avanti was transferred from [[Ujjayani]] to Mahishmati temporarily.<ref name="PKB_1977"/>

The ''[[Dipavamsa]]'' mentions a territory called Mahisa, describing it as ''Mahisa-ratta'' ("Mahisa country"). The ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' describes this region as a [[rajamandala|mandala]], calling it ''Mahisha-mandala''. The 5th century Buddhist scholar [[Buddhaghosa]] terms this territory variously as ''Rattham-Mahisham'', ''Mahishaka-mandala'' and ''Mahishmaka''. [[John Faithfull Fleet]] theorized that Mahishmati was the capital of this region, which was named after a tribe called "Mahisha". This appears to be same as "Mahishaka", which is described as a southern kingdom (that is, south of the [[Vindhyas]] and the Narmada) in the ''[[Bhishma Parva]]'' of the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="PKB_1977"/>

The ''[[Sutta Nipata]]'' states that when Bavari's disciples traveled from [[Pratishthana]] to Ujjayani, Mahishmati was one of the cities on the route. The inscriptions at [[Sanchi]] mention that pilgrims from Mahishmati visited the [[stupa]] at Sanchi.<ref name="PKB_1977"/>

== Epigraphic records ==

During the 6th and 7th centuries, Mahishmati may have served as the capital of the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri]] kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalachuris of Mahismati |url=https://coinindia.com/galleries-kalachuri-mahismati.html |access-date=2012-01-08 |publisher=CoinIndia}}</ref>

Rulers of some 11th and 12th century kingdoms in present-day South India claimed Haihaya ancestry. They indicated their claimed place of origin with the title "Lord of Mahishmati, the best of the towns".<ref name="PKB_1977"/>

Mahishmati appears to have been a flourishing city in as late as the 13th century. A 1225 CE inscription of the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]] mentions that he stayed at Mahishmati.<ref name="PKB_1977"/>

==In popular culture ==
The [[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali film series]] directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]] is set in a [[Fiction|fictionalized]] version of the kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baahubali is set in Mahishmathi kingdom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubali-is-set-in-Mahishmathi-kingdom/articleshow/46849092.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Avanti (region)]]

Swamithope Pathi

2025-09-11T15:26:55Z

Souravroyjournalist: made a details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Swamithoppe Pathi
| image = Swamithope.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Western Entrance
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|8|7|23|N|77|29|48|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
| location = [[Swamithoppe]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vaikundar ([[Trimurthi]]), Lakshmi, Narayana
| festivals= [[Ayya Vaikunda Avataram]]<br />[[Kodiyettru Thirunal]]<br />[[Panguni Theertham]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]{{sfn|Urwick|2007|p=58}}
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Swamithoppu Pathi''' ({{langx|ta|சுவாமிதோப்பு பதி}}, ''Swamithoppu-pathi'', ''Manavai-pathi, [[Detchanam|Detchana-pathi]],'' or ''Thamarai-pathi'') is the primary [[pathi]] of the [[Ayyavazhi]] and the sacred venue of the [[Tavam of Vaikundar|Tavam]]. Swamithope is considered primary among the [[Pancha pathi]] and the primary centre of the incarnational activities of Vaikundar.

According to the [[Ayyavazhi]] legends, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Lord Vaikundar]], an incarnation of Lord [[Narayana]], carried out his [[tavam]] at [[Poovantanthoppe]], attracting many followers across [[India]].<ref>C. Paulose, ''Advaita Philosophy of Brahmasri Chattampi Swamikal'', Chapter 2, p. 24: "To propagate his teachings and ideas he opened upon 7 Patis and 7 Tangs in Travancore and hundreds of small Pagodas through India."</ref> Upon his death, Lord Vaikundar is believed to have been interred there, with the square-shaped 'pathi' constructed to envelop him. The holy book [[Akilathirattu ammanai|Akilathirattu Ammanai]] of Ayyavazhi refers to the [[temple]] as "Thoppuppathi".

==Genesis and history==

As per [[Akilam]], Lord Vaikundar incarnated from the sea, and after providing rules and regulations to godheads, he came to [[Detchanam]] (Swamithoppe). He performed [[Tavam of Vaikundar|Tavam for six years]] in the [[Vatakku Vasal|Vada-va-mugam]] of Swamithoppe. When the [[Kalineesan]] came to arrest him, he retreated into the sea at [[Muttappathi]]. When he later returned to Swamithoppe, he was arrested.<ref>Manibharathi, "Samithoppu Ayya Narayana Cuvami - 3" in Tina Tanti Kutumba Malar, in dt.08-01-1995, Page-4</ref> In Tamil, his incarnation, retreat, and return are collectively known as the [[Vinchai]].

After his trial, his devotees carried him to Swamithoppe in a vahana. There, he incinerated the evil spirits and unified the Seven Virgins by himself through marriage. This ceremony took place in [[Ambalappathi]]. He returned to Swamithoppe afterward.

According to [[Akilathirattu Ammanai]], Swamithoppe is the only place [[Narayana]] ([[Vaikundar]]) slept (in Tamil: Pallikolluthal) after the incarnation. He sent 700 families to [[Vakaippathi]] to perform [[Thuvayal Thavasu]] and organise festivals and celebrations. After all of the Avathara Ekanais, he attained [[Vaikundam]]; his physical body was interred in the [[Palliyarai]] of Swamithoppe.<ref>''Frederic Wilkinson'', "Report of the Nagercoil Mission District for the year 1864", ARTDC for the year 1864, page-4.</ref>

==Architecture and structure==
[[File:The blue print of Swamithope Pathi.png|230px|left|thumb|Blueprint of Swamithoppe Pathi]]
The Palliyarai contains two [[oil lamp]]s (''kuthuvilakku''), an ''[[elunetru]]'', and a large mirror. On a raised pedestal and covered with kavi cloth, the temple also preserves some articles believed to have been used by Ayya Vaikuntar. This includes a [[rattan]] cane (''perampu'') and a pair of wooden sandals. Inner corridors surround the Palliyarai.

There is a fifty-five-foot-tall flag mast at a distance of 50 feet from [[Palliyarai]]. North of the flag mast is an Unpanpurai. Here, they cook food and distribute it to devotees. In addition, there is Paal Kinaru in the extreme east, [[Vatakku Vasal]] in the north, and Sivaye Medai (also called Karuda Medai) in the west. The outer corridors surrounded all these. There is also a Sivalinga and an Amman Sannathi near the outer corridors. About 300 metres from the main path, there is a shared well. [[Akilathirattu Ammanai|Akilattirattu Ammanai]] states that all eighteen castes take baths in that well. It was considered sacred to bathe in and drink the water from that well. There is a bell tower above the spot where [[Vaikundar]] performed the [[Tavam]]. On the door of the [[Swamithoppe]] [[Palliyarai]] is a carving of the [[Dashavatara|ten avatars of Vishnu]].

The main celebration of Swamithoppe includes [[Kodiyettru Thirunal]], which is celebrated three times a year during the Tamil months of Vaikasi, Aavani, and Thai. It starts with Kodiyetrru (flag hoisting) and ends on the eleventh day with a car procession. People from different parts of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] participate in this festival.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110426154212/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/06/01/stories/2004060105940400.htm The Hindu Report on the Car festival in Swamithoppe]}}</ref><ref>[[Dina Thanthi|The Daily Thanthi]] ([[Nagercoil]] Edition), 29-1-2007, Page 12, "Devotees from the districts of [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Thoothukkudi]], [[Theni]], [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]] and also from the State of [[Kerala]] participated in the Car festival."</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080202160115/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/29/stories/2008012954390600.htm The Hindu report] on the Car festival at Swamithope on 29 January 2008.</ref><ref>[[Dina Thanthi|The Daily Thanthi]] ([[Nagercoil]] Edition), 3-6-2008, Page 11, "Thousands of devotees from the districts of [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Thoothukkudi]], [[Theni]], [[Coimbatore]] and also from the State of [[Kerala]] participated in the Car festival."</ref> Then there was [[Thiru Edu-Vasippu|Thiru Eadu Vasippu]], a seventeen-day festival during which the whole contents of Akilattirattu Ammanai were read melodiously. It was celebrated during the Tamil month of Karthigai, the month in which Hari Gopalan Citar wrote it.

===Nitham Thirunal===
[[File:Ten Incarnation door.jpg|thumb|The door of [[Swamithoppe]] [[Palliyarai]] with the [[Dashavatara|ten avatars of Vishnu]] carved on it]]

As per the instructions in [[Akilam]], the [[Swamithope pathi|Swamithope Pathi]] conducts a daily festival, and every day is considered a festival day. The ritual practices conducted during festival days are conducted here throughout the year, though not on a grand scale as during the other festivals. The daily [[Panividai]] starts very early in the morning. Every day, around 3a.m., the Dharmagharttas and the people staying at the temple go to [[Muthirikkinaru]] and take a holy bath. They return to the [[Pathi]] and start the panividai. The [[Payyan dynasty|Payyan]] chants [[Ukappatippu]], and the devotees repeat it. Then they open the door of the sanctum sanctorum. Witnessing this scene with the sound of a dozen temple bells and conch is considered sanctifying. Then there is the [[Vahana pavani]].

Vahana Pavani comes around the temple and along the four-car streets, first through the Santhana Veethi and then through the [[Temple car|Ratha]] Veethi. The [[Nithiyapal]] is prepared daily and offered to [[Ayya Vaikundar]] ritually. It was the only food Ayya believed to be eaten when in human form at Swamithoppe. Thavanaipal, a gruel prepared with rice and green gramme, is distributed to the devotees.

The noon [[Panividai]] starts around 11a.m. Daily [[Ucchipatippu]] is chanted. The devotees will repeat it, and Thavanaipal is distributed to the devotees. On Sundays, many people from far and near come here to participate in the Ucchipatippu.

[[File:Vadakku Vasal Chair.JPG|235px|thumb|right|The asana at the Vada-va-mugam, the sacred venue of the [[Tavam of Vaikundar|Tavam]]]]

In the evening, panividai starts around 5p.m. The sanctum sanctorum door is opened amidst the sound of the temple bells and [[conch]]. Then, the Payyan would chant ukappatippu. Those followers who congregate for the evening panividai would repeat this. Then, there will be vahana panividai. The Vahana is taken around the temple and the four-car streets. After this, there will be [[Annadharmam]].{{fact|date=May 2024}}

This is the daily routine of [[Swamithoppe pathi|Swamithoppe Pathi]]. One can worship at any time of the day in this temple.{{fact|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Avatara oorvalam.jpg|235px|thumb|left|The Great Masi Procession' from [[Nagercoil]] to [[Swamithope]].]]

===Ayya Vaikunda Avataram===
The most important festival is [[Ayya Vaikunda Avataram|Ayya Vaikunda Avataram, or Vaikunda Jayanthi]], the day on which [[Ayya Vaikundar|Lord Vaikundar]] incarnated from the sea at [[Tiruchendur]]. Though many worship centres, including other [[Pathi|Pathis]], conduct celebrations during this festival, it is considered sacred to visit Swamithoppe on this day. So on this day, Swamithoppe will get populated with the nationwide [[Ayyavazhi]] followers.{{fact|date=May 2024}}

This is the largest festival conducted in Swamithope Pathi. Several processions were held on the day, which started from different places, including Thiruchendur and Thiruvananthapuram, and ended at [[Swamithoppe]].{{fact|date=May 2024}}

==Location==
[[File:Location of Pancha Pathi.png|235px|thumb|right|Location of Swamithope pathi and other [[Pathi]]s]]
Swamithoppe Pathi is the primary [[pathi]] of the [[Pancha pathi|five pathis]] of [[Ayyavazhi]] and its geographical focal point. Swamithoppe Pathi is located in the town of [[Swamithope]], which lies southeast of the city of [[Nagercoil]]. Nagercoil is the headquarters (capital) of the [[Kanyakumari district|District of Kanyakumari]] in the State of [[Tamil Nadu]], at the extreme southern tip of India. [[Swamithope]] lies about halfway between the cities of [[Nagercoil]] and [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanniyakumari]] on the [[Eathancaud]]-Manakkudi road.

This Pathi lies north of all other [[Pathi]]s within [[Pancha pathi]]. [[Nagercoil]] (12 km) is the nearest railway station, and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (94 km) is the nearest international airport. Town buses are available to Swamithope from [[Nagercoil]] and [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]].

==See also==
*[[Ayyavazhi mythology]]
*[[Pancha pathi]]
*[[Ambala Pathi]]
*[[Poo Pathi]]
*[[Pancha pathi#Mutta Pathi|Mutta Pathi]]
*[[Pancha pathi#Thamaraikulam Pathi|Thamaraikulam Pathi]]
*[[Avathara Pathi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{wikibooks}}
{{Wikivoyage|Swamithoppu}}

* [http://ayyavaikundar.com/lord_vaikundar_english/ www.ayyavaikundar.com]
* [http://www.vaikundar.com/history-of-ayya-vaikundar.aspx www.vaikundar.com]
* [http://www.vaikunt.org/AyyaVaikuntar/ www.vaikunt.org]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051124171109/http://www.ayyavaigundar.org/avatar.htm#23 www.ayyavaigundar.org]
*[http://ayyavazhi.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=40 www.ayyavazhi.org]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071009031519/http://www.tsi.org.in/conference/chennai_tourism.asp#temple www.tsi.org.in]
*[https://www.india9.com/i9show/Swamithope-62475.htm www.india9.com]
{{Ayyavazhi large}}
{{Regions of Kanyakumari}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swamithope Pathi}}
[[Category:Holy cities]]
[[Category:Pancha pathi]]
[[Category:Ayya Vaikundar]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanyakumari district]]

Maranghada

2025-08-23T21:53:00Z

Souravroyjournalist: Put Up Entry...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maranghada
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.082032 |N|85.402256 |E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khunti district|Khunti]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 962
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835210
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06528
| registration_plate = JH 23
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 59.07%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Khunti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
| website = {{URL|khunti.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
|}}
'''Maranghada''' is a village in the [[Khunti block|Khunti]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the Khunti Sadar subdivision of the [[Khunti district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|16|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Khunti district in South Chotanagpur Division'''<br/>M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|23|0|27|N|85|31|56|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Arki | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Arki, Khunti]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|4|35|N|84|59|39|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Gobindpur| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Gobindpur, Khunti]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|46|45|N|85|6|16|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Rania| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Rania, Khunti]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|7|49|N|85|7|46|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Karra| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Karra, Khunti]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|0|24|N|85|24|52|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Kitahatu| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Kitahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|57|57|N|85|16|39|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Murhu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Murhu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|58|58|N|85|29|28|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Ulihatu| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Ulihatu]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|53|27|N|85|30|58|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Birbanki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Birbanki]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|4|55|N|85|24|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Maranghada| numbered9=R| mark-title9= Maranghada (R)|shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|4|51|N|85|16|38|E}} | label-pos10=top|label10=Khunti| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[Khunti]] (M) |label-color10=#800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|55|56|N|85|5|36|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11= Torpa | numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Torpa, India]] (CT) |shape-color11= #A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|56|44|N|85|15|24|E}} | label-pos12= bottom|label12=Panchghagh Falls | numbered12=T| mark-title12= [[Panchghagh Falls]] (T) |shape-color12= #74C365
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|50|8|N|85|9|49|E}} | label-pos13= top|label13=Perwaghagh Falls | numbered13=T| mark-title13= [[Perwaghagh Falls]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|2|0|N|85|20|30|E}} |label14= Karkari |labela14= River |label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14= -110| label-pos14=top| label-size14=10| mark-size14=0| mark-title14 =none
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|46|0|N|85|1|0|E}} |label15= South Koel |labela15= River |label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15= 40| label-pos15=top| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|0|0|N|85|7|0|E}} |label16= North Karo |labela16= River |label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16= -60| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|7|N|85|24|36|E}}| label17= Dombari|labela17= Buru| label-color17 = #C42222 | label-angle17=0| label-pos17=bottom| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none}}

===Location===
Maranghada is located at {{coord|23.082032|N|85.402256|E|display=inline}}

===Area overview===
In the adjacent map the area shown is "undulating and covered with hills, hillocks and jungles (jungles/ forests are shown as shaded area in the map). The soil of the area is rocky, sandy and red loam upland. There are paddy fields only in the depressions. It has a gentle slope adjacent to the streams."<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2020_PART_A_DCHB_KHUNTI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Khunti, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 9-10: Topographical and geographical features |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 2 November 2021}}</ref> A major part of the district is in the altitude range of {{convert|500-700|m}}, with up to ± 200 m for some parts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Slope/Khunti_Slope_Report.pdf | title = Report on Slope, Aspect and Altitude of Khunti District, Jharkhand State | work = Page 9: Physiography, Page 17: Altitude | publisher = Jharkhand Space Applications Centre, Department of Information Technology, Government of Jharkhand | accessdate = 13 October 2021 | archive-date = 7 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220307214801/https://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Slope/Khunti_Slope_Report.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2011, it had a density of population of 210 persons per sq km. Khunti is an overwhelmingly rural district with 91.5% of the population living in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2020_PART_A_DCHB_KHUNTI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Khunti, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 32: Census findings, population and its distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 2 November 2021}}</ref> Famous places in this area are [[Ulihatu]], the birth place of [[Birsa Munda|Bhagwan Birsa Munda]], and Dombari Buru, the central point of his activity.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://khunti.nic.in/khunti.nic.in/place-of-interest/ | title = Places of Interest | work = Ulihatu and Dombari Buru | publisher = Khunti district administration|access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>

<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small>

==Civic administration==

===Police station===
There is a police station at Maranghada.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/khunti| title = District Police Profile - Khunti| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 30 October 2021| archive-date = 23 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211023221241/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/khunti| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Maranghada had a total population of 962, of which 513 (53%) were males and 449 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 178 The total number of literate persons in Maranghada was 463 (59.07% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2020_PART_B_DCHB_KHUNTI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Khunti, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 375201, pages 114-115|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 October 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Khunti block#Language and religion]])

==Education==
High School Maranghada is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1968. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. The school has a playground and a library with 435 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/khunti/20230611409/high-school-maranghada.html | title = High School Maranghada | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 30 October 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] in Maranghada.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://khunti.nic.in/accommodation/ | title = Hospital List | publisher = Khunti district administration | access-date = 30 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Khunti district]]

Jagdish Makwana

2025-08-02T16:40:29Z

Souravroyjournalist: created a entry.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Jagdish Makwana''' (born 1972)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jagdishbhai Prabhubhai Makwana(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- WADHWAN(SURENDRANAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5231 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Wadhwan Assembly constituency in [[Surendranagar district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Wadhwan Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate JAGDISHBHAI PRABHUBHAI MAKWANA wins from Wadhwan , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/wadhwan-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568179 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Makwana is from [[Wadhwan]], Surendranagar district, Gujarat. He is the son of Prabhubhai Maganbhai. He completed his B.Com. in 1995 at ARS Sakhida Arts and Commerce College, [[Limbdi]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Makwana won from [[Wadhwan Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 105,903 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Hitesh Patel Bajrang of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 65,489 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wadhwan Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Jagdishbhai Prabhubhai Makwana Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/wadhwan-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562597.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0662.htm?ac=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205173952/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0662.htm?ac=62 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makwana, Jagdish}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Surendranagar district]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University

2025-07-31T09:11:38Z

Souravroyjournalist: typo fix

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=March 2021}}
{{Cleanup-PR|1=article|date=March 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University
|native_name =
|image = MAFSU logo.png
|type = [[state university (India)|State]]
|established = {{Start date and age|2000|12|3}}
|chancellor = [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|vice_chancellor= Dr. Niteen V. Patil
|city = [[Nagpur]]
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|country = India
|campus =
|website= {{url|https://mafsu.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University''' is an agriculture [[state university (India)|state university]] headquartered from [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It was established under ''The Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University Act, 1998''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University Act, 1998 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/MAH/MH015.HTM |website=www.bareactslive.com |access-date=8 February 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was officially established on 3 December 2000 by carving seven colleges out of the other four state agriculture universities in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences University|url=http://www.mafsu.in/About_Us.aspx|access-date=2021-02-03|website=www.mafsu.in}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Maharashtra}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Veterinary schools in India]]
[[Category:Fishing in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Universities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Animal research institutes]]

Robert Giles (civil servant)

2025-06-13T23:24:41Z

Souravroyjournalist: fixed structure to improve readability after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Robert Giles''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CIE|JP}} (27 September 1846 – 17 March 1928) was a British civil servant in colonial [[Bombay]].<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Obituary: Mr. Robert Giles |work=[[The Times]] |page=16 |date=23 March 1928}}</ref>

Giles was born in [[Grimsthorpe]],<ref>''1851 England Census''</ref> the son of Archdeacon [[John Giles (priest)|John Douglas Giles]], Canon of Lincoln and Rector of Willoughby, and Sarah Elizabeth (''née'' Allen). His brother Edward Giles {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} was also a civil servant.

Giles was a career civil servant who was stationed only in Sind.<ref name="times"/>
He attended Durham Grammar School and [[St. John's College, Cambridge]], earning his B.A. in 1869 and M.A. in 1874. He was appointed to the Sind Commission in 1868. He worked for the Bombay Revenue Survey, and was Deputy Collector, Deputy Superintendent of Police, and Educational Inspector. He served as the Chief Commissioner of Sind from 1900 to 1902.<ref name="times"/> He was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] in the [[1899 Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27086 |date= 3 June 1899 |page= 3586}}</ref>

He retired in April 1902 and returned to live in [[Midhurst]], Sussex, where he was [[Justice of the peace|JP]] for West Sussex. He died in [[Monte Carlo]], aged 81.<ref name="times"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| title = [[List of commissioners and governors of Sind in British India|Commissioner in Sind]]
| before = [[Evan James I.C.S.|Henry Evan Murchison James]]
| after = [[Alexander Cumine]]
| years = 1900–1902
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Giles, Robert}}
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]
[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Lincolnshire]]

{{UK-gov-bio-stub}}

List of chief ministers of Punjab, India

2025-05-26T17:41:17Z

Souravroyjournalist: small changes

#REDIRECT [[Chief Minister of Punjab, India]]

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