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Jagat Seth family

2026-04-27T16:09:56Z

Sougataghosh: creating a data

{{Short description|Merchant and banker family of Bengal (1652–1912)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox family
|name = House of Jagat Seth
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|other_names =
|type = [[Family]]
|coat_of_arms = 
|coat_of_arms_size =
|alt =
|coat_of_arms_caption = 
|image = House Of Jagat Seth Complex - Mahimapur - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6165-6169.tif
|image_size = 300px
|alt2 =
|image_caption = Panoramic view of the mansion of Jagat Seth in Murshidabad, West Bengal
|parent_family = 
|country = {{Unbulleted list|
| [[Mughal Empire]]
| [[Bengal Subah]]
| [[Bengal Presidency]]
}}
|region = [[Bengal]]
|early_forms =
|etymology = 'Merchant/Banker of the world' ([[Persian language|Persian]])
|origin = [[Nagaur]]
|founded = {{Start date|1652}}
|founder = Hiranand Shah
|current_head =
|final_ruler = 
|final_head = 
|seat = 
|historic_seat = [[Murshidabad]]
|titles = 
|styles = 
|members = {{Unbulleted list|
| Hiranand Shah
| Manik Chand
| Fateh Chand
| Mehtab Chand
| Maharaj Swaroop Chand
}}
|connected_members = 
|other_families = 
|distinctions = 
|traditions = [[Jainism]]<ref name="marwar"/>
|motto = 
|motto_lang =
|motto_trans =
|heirlooms = 
|estate = House of Jagat Seth
|properties =
|dissolution = {{End date|1912}}
|deposition =
|cadet_branches = 
|website = 
|module = 
|footnotes =
}}

'''Jagat Seth''' was a wealthy merchant, banker and moneylender family from [[Murshidabad]] in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]<ref name="great">{{cite book |author1=M. Rajivlochan |title=Making India Great Again: Learning from Our History |date=30 September 2020 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=9781000194463 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zfr_DwAAQBAJ&q=jagat+seth |language=English |format=EBook}}</ref> during the time of the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawabs of Bengal]].<ref name="Jagat Seth">{{Cite web|title=Jagat Seth|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2020/08/13/bankrolling-a-battle.html}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Silliman |first=Jael |title=Murshidabad can teach the rest of India how to restore heritage and market the past |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/862281/murshidabad-can-teach-the-rest-of-india-a-lot-on-how-to-restore-heritage-and-market-the-past |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Scroll.in |date=28 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Though not at the same scale, but the influence exercised by this family in the finances of the [[Mughal Empire]] during the 17th and 18th century would be akin to that exercised by the [[Rothschild family]] in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=The Anarchy |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-63557-395-4 |location=Great Britain}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:House of Jagat Seth, Nashipur, Murshidabad, West Bengal 01.jpg|thumb|House of Jagat Seth in Murshidabad]]
The house was established by a [[Jain]]<ref name="anarchy"/> [[Oswal]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Surendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kOEDwAAQBAJ&dq=jagat+seth+oswal&pg=PT65 |title=Jains in India: History Essays |publisher=Routledge |year=2019|isbn=978-0-429-53737-0 }}</ref> Bania<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Aniruddha |title=Towns and Cities of Medieval India |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |pages=508}}</ref> named Hiranand Shah from [[Nagaur]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Taknet |first1=D. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXS2DAAAQBAJ |title=The Marwari Heritage |last2=IntegralDMS |date=2016-07-22 |publisher=IntegralDMS |isbn=978-1-942322-06-1 |pages=64–65 |language=en}}</ref> [[Rajasthan]],<ref name="marwar"/> who came to [[Patna]] in 1652.<ref name="jain">{{cite book |author1=Surendra Gopal |title=Jains in India: Historical Essays |date=17 January 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429537370 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kOEDwAAQBAJ&q=jagat+seth |language=English |format=EBook}}</ref>
In 1713, Manikchand helped Prince [[Farrukhsiyar]] financially to become the [[Mughal Emperor]]. In award, [[Farrukhsiyar]] conferred the title of ''Jagat Seth'' on Manik Chand,<ref name=":0" /> the head of the family, meaning "banker or merchant of the world".<ref name="anarchy">{{cite book |author1=William Dalrymple |title=The Anarchy |date=12 November 2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781526634016 |pages=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUMIEAAAQBAJ&q=jagat+seth |language=English |format=EBook}}</ref> This indicates the favour the family had gained at the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court.<ref name="before europe">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&q=%22Jagat+Seth%22+meaning&pg=PA282|title=India Before Europe|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine B.|last2=Talbot|first2=Cynthia|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|pages=282|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Jagat Seth's office premises at Murshidabad district 13.jpg|thumb|Kachari bari (office premises) of the Palace of Jagat Seth]]
Roben Orme, the official historian of the British East India Company described Jagat Seth as the greatest banker and money changer known in the world at that time.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.taleof2backpackers.com/hazarduari-murshidabad-tour/ | title = Murshidabad Tour Guide – beyond Hazar Duari | work = 11. House of Jagat Seth and Pareshnath Temple | date = 19 November 2019 | publisher = Offbeat Untold | accessdate = 20 June 2021}}</ref> The historian [[Ghulam Hussain Khan]] believed that "their wealth was such that there is no mentioning it without seeming to exaggerate and to deal in extravagant fables".<ref name="anarchy"/> They built up their business towards the last quarter of the 17th century and by the 18th century, it was perhaps the largest banking house in the country. In the 1750s, their entire wealth was estimated to be 140 million rupees.<ref name="great"/> Jagat Seth was extremely influential in financial matters in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] and had a monopoly of minting coins there.<ref name="before europe"/><ref name="anarchy"/>

[[File:The temple associated with memory of Jagat Sett's house at Mahimapur.jpg|thumb|The temple associated with memory of Jagat Sett's house at Mahimapur]]
The Nawabs of Bengal such as [[Murshid Quli Khan]] used the credit networks of the Jagat Seth family to pay annual tribute to the [[Mughal Emperor]]s in [[Delhi]].<ref name="anarchy"/> [[Alivardi Khan]] came to the throne of Bengal in a military coup financed and planned by the Jagat Seths.<ref name="anarchy"/> According to [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]], they could "make or break anyone in Bengal, including the ruler, and their political instincts were sharp as their financial ones".<ref name="anarchy"/> Once a local businessman named Kantu borrowed money from Jagat Seth Fateh Chand and was interested in the purchase of silk. However, he failed to return the money. Indian businessmen refused to deal with the [[East India Company]] unless Kantu returned the money to Fateh Chand. This shows the great respect the local businessmen had for the Jagat Seths.<ref name="jain"/> Fateh Chand suffered a great loss in [[Delhi]] during [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Nader Shah's sack of the city in 1740]], but he was able to continue his business.<ref name="jain"/> He died on 2 December 1744.<ref name="jain"/> The Jagat Seths were the most prominent moneylenders to the [[East India Company]].<ref name="sevilla">{{cite book |author1=Michael S. Moss |author2=Anthony Slaven |editor1-last=Eugenia Núñez |editor1-first=Clara |title=Entrepreneurial Networks and Business Culture |year=1998 |publisher=Universidad de Sevilla |isbn=9788447204441 |pages=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=896D3u22R6gC&dq=jagat+seth&pg=PA96 |language=English, French}}</ref>

During the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]], the [[Bargi]] Maratha mercenaries plundered the mansion of the Jagat Seth, taking away 25 million rupees as booty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=foundation |first1=Temple of India |title=Bengal – India's Rebellious Spirit |date=10 August 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64324-746-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4poDwAAQBAJ&dq=Maratha+Ditch&pg=PT74 |language=en}}</ref>

===Conspiracy against Siraj ud-Daulah===

[[File:The house associated with memory of Jagat Sett's house at Mahimapur.jpg|thumb|House of Jagat Seth]]
[[Siraj ud-Daulah]], the new Nawab of Bengal, alienated figures important to the interest of his state- including the Jagat Seth Mehtab Chand. The Nawab demanded a lavish tribute of 30 million rupees from the banker. Jagat Seth Mehtab Chand refused, and a result, [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] hit him.<ref name="before europe"/><ref name="anarchy"/> The Jagat Seth was<ref name="anarchy"/> a co-conspirator of [[Robert Clive]]<ref name=":1" /> against [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], along with other alienated figures, among them prominent being- [[Mir Jafar]], [[Krishnachandra Roy]], [[Omichund]], Yar Lutuf Khan, Rai Durlabh & other leading men.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Calcutta Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKugAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA97|accessdate=4 April 2017|year=1874|publisher=University of Calcutta.|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Banu1992">{{cite book |last=Banu |first=U. A. B. Razia Akter |year= 1992 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA26 |publisher=BRILL |page=26 |isbn=90-04-09497-0|language=en}}</ref> The Jagat Seth and other wealthy bankers funded the British for the conspiracy.<ref name="Jagat Seth"/>

Any members of the conspiracy group had no intention to found British rule in India, instead they were just concerned about their political futures.<ref name="conspiracy">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Rajatkanta |title=Palashir Sharajantra O Sekaler Samaj |year=1994 |publisher=Ānanda Pābaliśārsa |isbn=978-81-7215-165-2 |language=BN}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2024}}

==Decline==
[[File:Corridor of Jagat Seth's office.jpg|thumb|Corridor of Jagat Seth's official residence]]
After the [[Battle of Plassey]], [[Mir Qasim]] became the new Nawab. He organised the killing of several members of the family including Jagat Seth Mehtab Chand and his cousin Swarup Chand, in 1763, and threw their bodies off the ramparts of [[Munger Fort]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mahtab Chand's son, Kushal Chand, was granted the title of Jagat Seth, but with the transfer of the treasury and mint to Kolkata by the British, the need of a private banker at Murshidabad was vastly diminished.<ref name="marwar">{{cite web | last1 = Rozario | first1 = Joseph | url = http://www.marwar.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-jagat-sheths/ | title = The Rise and Fall of the Jagat Sheths | work = Joseph Rozario | date = 12 June 2015 | publisher = Marwar India, 12 June 2015 | accessdate = 20 July 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Garden Bench - House Of Jagat Seth - Mahimapur - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6199.JPG|thumb|Garden bench at the house of Jagat Seth]]
[[File:Varanda With Door And Windows - House Of Jagat Seth - Mahimapur - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6154.JPG|thumb|Interior of the house of Jagat Seth]]
Kushal Chand was only 18 years old when he became the ''Seth''. He lacked his father Mehtab Chand's political shrewdness and was a spendthrift. Thus the fortunes of the Jagat Seths began declining. Govindchand, the next ''Seth'', died in 1864, succeeded by Gopal Chand and Gulab Chand respectively. By then, the fortunes of the family had declined by a considerable amount.<ref name=":0" /> The last member of the family died in 1912, their fortunes being a thing of the past and surviving on a pension given by the British.<ref name="archive">{{cite book |last1=Rozario |first1=Joseph |url=http://www.marwar.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-jagat-sheths/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123040945/http://www.marwar.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-jagat-sheths/ |archive-date=2021-11-23 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Jagat Sheths {{!}} Marwar |work=Marwar India Magazine |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

==Museum==

[[File:GATE OF JAGAT SETH HOUSE - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Gate (main entrance) of the house of Jagat Seth]]
[[File:Standing Woman Statue - House Of Jagat Seth - Mahimapur - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6163.JPG|thumb|Sculpture at the Jagat Seth's house in Mahimapur, Murshidabad]]

The house of the Jagat Seths in Mahimapur locality of Murshidabad city of West Bengal state, complete with a secret tunnel as well as an underground chamber, where illegal trade plans were hatched, has been converted into [[museum]]. House of Jagat Seth Museum was established in 1980. It is privately managed. It contains personal possessions of the Jagat Seth family including coins of the bygone era, muslin and other extravagant clothes, Banarasi sarees embroidered with gold and silver threads.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.museumsofindia.org/museum/439/house-of-jagat-seth-museum |title = House of Jagat Seth Museum |publisher = Museums of India |accessdate = 20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112411/https://www.museumsofindia.org/museum/439/house-of-jagat-seth-museum |archive-date=26 November 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Jain Foot marks Inside Temple.jpg|thumb|Jain foot marks inside the temple within Jagat Seth's palace]]

[[File:Middle Building With Pool - House Of Jagat Seth - Mahimapur - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6164.JPG|thumb|Middle building with pool]]
According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] the house, temple and ruins associated with the memory of Jagat Seth's house at Mahimapur are [[List of State Protected Monuments in West Bengal|State Protected Monuments]] (Item no S-WB-94).<ref name="ASI MNI">[http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp List of State Protected Monuments as reported by the Archaeological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523134605/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp |date=2013-05-23 }}.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Siraj ud-Daulah]]
*[[East India Company]]
*[[Nawabs of Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |author1=D. K. Taknet |author1-link=D. K. Taknet |title=The Marwari Heritage |date=July 2016 |publisher=IntegralDMS |isbn=9781942322061 |pages=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXS2DAAAQBAJ&dq=jagat+seth&pg=PA67 |language=English |format=EBook}}
*{{Cite book |author1=Surendra Gopal |title=Jains in India: Historical Essays |date=17 January 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429537370 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kOEDwAAQBAJ&q=jagat+seth |language=English |format=EBook}}
*{{Cite book |author1=William Dalrymple |title=The Anarchy |date=12 November 2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781526634016 |pages=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUMIEAAAQBAJ&q=jagat+seth |language=English |format=EBook}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123040945/http://www.marwar.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-jagat-sheths/ The Rise and Fall of the Jagat Seths]
* [https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/bengal-banker-jagat-seth-who-gave-loans-to-east-india-company-financial-tips-to-aurangzeb/486979/ Bengal banker Jagat Seth who gave loans to East India Company, financial tips to Aurangzeb] The Print

{{Banking families}}

[[Category:Murshidabad]]
[[Category:Jain families]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Bengali families]]
[[Category:Banking families]]

Hari Lal Agrawal

2026-04-25T01:26:22Z

Sougataghosh: creating entry - done

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1927)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hari Lal Agrawal
| image =
| office = 12th [[Chief justice]] of [[Odisha High Court]]
| term_start = 01 May 1986
| term_end = 31 July 1989
| predecessor = [[Dambarudhar Pathak]]
| successor = [[Banwari Lal Hansaria]]
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|08|01|df=y}}
| death_date =
}}

'''Hari Lal Agrawal''' (born 1 August 1927) was an Indian judge and former chief Justice of the [[Orissa High Court]] from 1 May 1986 to 31 July 1989.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Life and career==
Agrawal was born on 1 August 1927. He was enrolled as an Advocate of [[Patna High Court]] on 19.12.1955. He was elevated as Senior Advocate of Patna High Court from 19.5.1972. Agrawal practiced mostly in civil cases. He was appointed as additional judge Patna High Court from 12 April 1973 and promoted as permanent judge from 01.01.1974.

He served as the Chief Justice of [[Orissa High Court]] from 1.5.1986 to 31.7.1989.<ref name="orissahighcourt">{{cite web |title=Former Chief Justice {{!}} Orissa High Court, Cuttack |url=https://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/former-chief-justices/hon-ble-mr-justice-hari-lal-agrawal/ |website=www.orissahighcourt.nic.in |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Orissa High Court]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Daak Vachan

2026-04-20T08:39:24Z

Sougataghosh: Stub - done

{{Short description|Collection of the sayings of Daak in Maithili literature}}'''Daak Vachan''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: डाक वचन) in the [[Maithili literature]] refers to collection of the [[proverb]]s told by the [[Maithils|Maithil]] scholar ''Daak'' in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sammelana |first=Akhila Bhāratīya Maithilī Sāhitya |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prathama_Akhila_Bh%C4%81rat%C4%ABya_Maithil%C4%AB_S.html?id=hZwuhlFiFDcC#%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE |title=Prathama Akhila Bhāratīya Maithilī Sāhitya Sammelana, Darbhangā: racanā-saṅgraha |date=1956 |publisher=Vaidehī Samiti evaṃ Akhila Bhāratīya Maithilī Sāhitya Sammelana |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=लाल |first=तेज नारायण |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B.html?id=7TwuAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE |title=मैथिली लोकगीतों का अध्ययन |date=1962 |publisher=Vinoda Pustaka Mandira |language=hi}}</ref> It is a treasure trove of ancient aphorisms, agricultural wisdom, emotional feelings and astrological predictions prevalent in the regions of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhā |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Maithil%C4%AB_bh%C4%81sh%C4%81_k%C4%81_vik%C4%81sa.html?id=4kgRAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE |title=Maithilī bhāshā kā vikāsa |date=1974 |publisher=Bihāra Hindī Grantha Akādamī |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Rameshwar |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/R%C4%81sh%E1%B9%ADrabh%C4%81sh%C4%81_Hind%C4%AB_k%C4%81_svar%C5%ABpa_v.html?id=2OwPAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE |title=Rāshṭrabhāshā Hindī kā svarūpa-vidhāna |date=1975 |publisher=Bhāratīya Grantha Niketana |language=hi}}</ref> It is an ancient literary collection in the Maithili literature. The sayings of the ''Daak Vachan'' are still prevalent among Maithil community. It is considered informative for agriculture activities, weather predictions, character of people, and social behaviours, etc.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Asha |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/J%C3%B4rja_Abr%C4%81hama_Griyarsana_aura_Bih%C4%81r.html?id=ZOIQAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8 |title=Jôrja Abrāhama Griyarsana aura Bihārī bhāshā sāhitya |date=1970 |publisher=Ātmārāma |language=hi}}</ref> The number of sayings and proverbs in the Daak Vachan is estimated to be one lakh.<ref name=":5" />

In the region of Assam, the Daak Vachan is called as ''Dakar Bachan''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=1970-01-01 |title=Dakar-bachan: 1 definition |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/dakar-bachan |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Its proverbs are followed by the people of the region for local building architecture and its construction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-03-11 |title=Oral Literature and Vernacular Architecture of Assam |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/vernacular-architecture-of-assam/d/doc1085459.html |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Daak Vachan has two terms Daak and Vachan. According to the dictionary published by ''Kalyani Foundation'' in [[Darbhanga]], the meaning of the word Daak is said to be an ancient [[Astrology|astrologer]] whose words were very popular among the people in the region. Similarly the Indic term ''Vachan'' refers to words or sayings by a person or a prominent personality in society. Thus the literal meaning of Daak Vachan is words or sayings by the ancient astrologer Daak in the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=डाक वचन : जो कहा एकदम सटीक कहा - null |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-7585626.html |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is also defined as the proverbs attributed to the legendary scholar Daak (or Dak).<ref name=":2" />

== Description ==
The Daak Vachan contains proverbs and poetic comments related to the food habits, drought, flood, planting of trees, buying bulls, and treatment prescriptions, etc. related to the soil and water of the region. Similarly, it gives information regarding auspicious time in house preparation related to [[Vastu shastra|Vastu]], [[omen]]s, [[Upanayana]], [[Head shaving in Hinduism|Mundan]], upbringing and education of children etc.<ref name=":0" />

It describes the cause of murder, robbery, rape, theft etc. as the destruction of intelligence in human beings. There is a proverb regarding this as,

{{Blockquote|text=ई जुनि बूझब डाक निर्बुद्धि, नाशहि काल विनाशे बुद्धि ।|title=Daak Vachan}}In the region of Mithila, the proverbs of the Daak Vachan spontaneously emerge from the throats of the farmers, which are the need of that moments for agricultural aspects.<ref name=":0" /> It covers a wide range of daily aspects of the life. It covers several sanskar rituals, possession of properties, sneezing, meaning of crow crying, right time of starting travel and its right direction, and several worship rituals, fasting, etc.<ref name=":0" /> It provides guidelines for several aspects of the daily life. For beginning a new work, it says
{{Blockquote|text=गिरिजा गिरा गोविन्द गणेश, सकल काज सुमरि गिरिजेश ।|title=Mangal Gaan|source=Daak Vachan}}The passage of the ''Mangal Gaan'' says that the five 'ग' letters in the row indicate that there will be no hindrance in the beginning of the work.<ref name=":0" />

On the matter of wealth possession, it says
{{Blockquote|text=धन में धान और धन गाय, किछु किछु सोना और सब छाय ।|source=Daak Vachan}}
The proverb translates to "Rice from paddy, milk from cow and money from gold are sufficient for living."<ref name=":0" />

The Daak Vachan provides guidelines on the direction for sneezing (''chhink''). On the matter of directions for sneezing, it says,

{{Blockquote|text=पूरब छींका मृत्यु हकार, अग्नि कोण में दुखद भार।}}The above proverb for sneezing direction is translated as "Sneezing in the east direction invites to death, and that in the direction of ''Agni Kon'' (south-east) loads to sorrow."

In the matter of Mundan Sanskar, it says
{{Blockquote|text=चैत छारि शुभ वासर मानि, जन्म मास में कीजिए त्यागि ।}}
This proverb provides the guidelines to avoide some specific time period for conducting auspicious sanskar rituals of Mundan, etc.<ref name=":0" />

== Origin ==
The original period of the Daak Vachan is disputed among scholars.<ref name=":1" /> Its origin period is considered to be before 14th century CE. According to the Maithili literature reviewer-litterateur ''Mohan Bhardwaj'', the oral tradition of Maithili literature in the form of Daak Vachan was prevalent during the period from 9th to 12th century.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=मैथिली साहित्य का विकास अनवरत जारी: भारद्वाज - null |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/bokaro-9249343.html |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

The literature of the Daak Vachan is more ancient that of the other Maithili text ''[[Varna Ratnakara|Varnaratnakara]]''. According to scholars, the literature of the Daak Vachan is either contemporary or later to the literature of the ''[[Lorik Katha Geet]]'' in the Maithili literature of the region. It is one of the three major ancient literatures in the Maithili language. The literatures of Lorik Katha Geet, Daak Vachan and Varnaratnakara are considered as the major three ancient sources of the Maithili literature in the region.<ref name=":3" />

== Legacy ==
The legacy of the Daak Vachan is still preserved orally among farmers and folk traditions in the region. Apart from the oral preservation, it has also been included in the curriculum of post graduation program at Maithili literature's department of several universities in the state of Bihar in India. It is taught in several universities of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syllabus for Vishwavidyalaya Maithili Vibhag |url=https://ppup.ac.in/download/public_html/download/UG-PG-Syllabus/P.G.%20Maithili.pdf |website=Patliputra University, Patna}}</ref>

The eminent linguist [[George Abraham Grierson]] during the period of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], in his book "Bihar Peasant Life" had several times mentioned the proverbs of the Daak Vachan used by the farmers in region for agricultural purposes.<ref name=":4" /> The proverbs of the Daak Vachan in the form of ''Daak'', ''Ghagh'', ''Dank'', ''Bhadar'', etc are also expressed in other several languages of the different parts across India. These proverbs have also been adopted in the languages of [[Bengal|Bangla]], [[Kannauji language|Kanaujia]] Gorakhpuriya, and [[Rajputana|Rajputaniya]] of [[Rajasthan]] region, etc.<ref name=":0" />

== Written literature ==
Since the several centuries, the proverbs and sayings of the Daak Vachan was propagated from one generation to next generations through oral folk traditions in the region. In recent centuries, several Maithili scholar in the region have tried to collect the proverbs and sayings of the Daak Vachan in written literature of the Maithili language.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Miśra |first=Tārākānta |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Maithil%C4%AB_loka_s%C4%81hitya_k%C4%81_adhyayana.html?id=1LsiAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0 |title=Maithilī loka-sāhitya kā adhyayana |date=1985 |publisher=Jānakī Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref>

The Maithil scholar Kapileshwar Jha wrote a book named ''Daak Vachanaamrit'', having collection of the proverbs and sayings of the Daak Vachan. The book was published into two parts. Similarly Babu Raghubir Singh, a bookseller in Madhubani published a book named ''Dakvachan Sangraha'' on the Daak Vachan in three parts. The other Maithil scholar Jivananda Thakur, in this literary movement published a book named ''Maithili Daak''. These books are the noteworthy literary works in the movement for the preservation of the sayings and proverbs of the Daak Vachan in the written form of the [[Maithili literature]].<ref name=":5" /> In 1996, the Maithili scholar Dr Shashinath Jha published a literary work ''Daak Samhita'' at the Maithili research magazine ''Jigyasa''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ṭhākura |first=Vidyāpati |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE.html?id=Ws94AAAAIAAJ#%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE |title=कीर्त्तिलता: मूल अवहट्ठ काव्य, संस्कृत छायानुवाद, पाठभेद, हिन्दी अनुवाद एवं विस्तृत भूमिका सहित |date=1997 |publisher=Śasinātha Jhā |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Maithili literature]]
[[Category:Maithili dialects]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]
[[Category:Proverbs]]
[[Category:Proverb scholars]]

Charkop Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:07Z

Sougataghosh: Added

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Charkop
| constituency_no = 161
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 161-Charkop.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Yogesh Sagar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors = 317,443
}}
'''Charkop Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.

==Overview==
Charkop (चारकोप) constituency is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 |df= }}</ref>

Charkop is part of the [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]], [[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]], [[Dahisar Assembly constituency|Dahisar]], [[Kandivali East Assembly constituency|Kandivali East]] and [[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West]] in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Yogesh Sagar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Charkop<ref name="Charkop Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Charkop Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/charkop |accessdate=27 December 2024 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227060231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/charkop |archivedate=27 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yogesh Sagar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,27,355 |percentage = 70.33% |change={{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yashwant Jayprakash Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,201 |percentage = 19.99% |change={{decrease}}3.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinesh Salvi |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 15,200 |percentage = 8.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,313 |percentage = 1.28% |change={{decrease}}2.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Gulabrao Lingayat |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,225 |percentage = 0.68% |change={{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 91,154 |percentage = 50.34% |change= {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,83,406 |percentage = 57.78% |change= {{increase}}6.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,81,093}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,17,443|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Charkop<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yogesh Sagar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,08,202 |percentage = 73.47% |change={{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalu Budhelia |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,453 |percentage = 23.40% |change={{increase}}9.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,927 |percentage = 3.35% |change={{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Morris Benny Kinny |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,523 |percentage = 1.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Farukh Abdul Mannan Khan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,037 |percentage = 0.70% |change={{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 73,749 |percentage = 50.08% |change= {{increase}}9.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,52,220 |percentage = 52.74% |change= {{increase}}1.07 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,47,265}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,88,602|ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Charkop<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yogesh Sagar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 96,097 |percentage = 60.71% |change={{increase}}14.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shubhada Subhash Gudekar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 31,730 |percentage = 20.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharat Parekh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,733 |percentage = 13.73% |change={{decrease}}19.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak Amrut Desai |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,654 |percentage = 3.57% |change={{decrease}}14.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,363 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Giri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 973 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 64,367 |percentage = 40.66% |change= {{increase}}27.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,59,729 |percentage = 50.41% |change= {{increase}}5.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,58,296}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,16,867|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}14.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Charkop<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yogesh Sagar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,687 |percentage = 45.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharat Parekh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,324 |percentage = 32.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak Amrut Desai |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 23,268 |percentage = 18.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Akhilesh N. Gaud |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,539 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,363 |percentage = 12.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,28,305 |percentage = 44.46% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,28,305}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,88,557|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Charkop]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.211|72.818|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Thasra Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:14Z

Sougataghosh: created new article

{{short description|Thasra (Thasra Taluka)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thasra
| state = Gujarat
| division = Charotar Region Of Gujarat
| district = [[Kheda district|Kheda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Yogendrasinh Parmar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:269548}}<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 119
}}
'''Thasra''' is Town and Tehsil Of [[Kheda district]]. one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

== Thasra ==
'''Thasra''' assembly constituency is one of the '''182''' assembly constituencies in '''Gujarat''' state.

It is a '''General''' category assembly seat. It is situated in '''KHEDA''' district and is one of the '''7''' assembly segments of '''PANCHMAHAL''' Parliament Seat.

SC voters at Thasra assembly is approximately 14,115 which is around 5.53% as per 2011 Census.

ST voters at Thasra assembly is approximately 8,219 which is around 3.22% as per 2011 Census.

MUSLIM voters at Thasra assembly is approximately 14,549 which is around 5.7% as per voter list analysis.

Rural voters at Thasra assembly is approximately 224,315 which is around 87.88% as per 2011 Census.

Urban voters at Thasra assembly is approximately 30,962 which is around 12.13% as per 2011 Census.

Total Voters of Thasra assembly as on 2019 Parliament Election – 255251 .

Number of Polling Booths of Thasra assembly as on 2019 Parliament Election – 308 .

Voters Turnout of Thasra assembly on 2019 Parliament Election – 59.17% .

Voters Turnout of Thasra assembly on 2017 Assembly Election – 70.91% .

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|last=|first=|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Thasra Taluka

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
*2007 - Ramsinh Parmar, [[Indian National Congress]]
*2012 - Ramsinh Parmar, [[Indian National Congress]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| Yogendrasinh Parmar (Bakabhai)<ref name=election2022/> ||
|{{Full party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Thasra<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Yogendrasinh Parmar (Bakabhai)
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 121348
|percentage = 61.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Parmar Kantibhai Shabhaibhai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 59429
|percentage = 30.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Maheshkumar Ramsinh Parmar
|party = Independent
|votes = 5655
|percentage = 2.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rathod Natvarsinh Punjabhai
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 3213
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2714
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:269548}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Thasra<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kanti Parmar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Thasra<ref name=election2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3840-gujarat-2012/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramsinh Parmar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 78226
|percentage = 47.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pratikshaben Parmar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 72726
|percentage = 44.54
|change =
}}{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5500
|percentage = 3.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 163275
|percentage = 71.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kheda district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.81|73.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Kheda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Chirala Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:00Z

Sougataghosh: Added

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chirala
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (106-Chirala highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Chirala Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 190,408
| constituency_no = 106
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
}}

'''Chirala Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Bapatla district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2024, there are a total of 190,408 electors in the constituency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{update after|2024}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Chirala
|-
| Vetapalem
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Chirala Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q18111218,Q58778686"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
|[[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Pragada Kotaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color| Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[Pragada Kotaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Jagarlamudi Lakshminarayana Chowdary
| {{Full party name with color| Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Pragada Kotaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kotaiah Guddanti
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Mutte Venkateswarlu
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| 1981 by-election
| Sajja Chandramouli
| {{Full party name with color| Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Chimata Sambu]]
| {{Full party name with color| Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Sajja Chandramouli
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Konijeti Rosaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2|Paleti Rama Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Konijeti Rosaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Amanchi Krishna Mohan]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Karanam Balaram Krishna Murthy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav]]
|}

==Election results==

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pragada Kotaiah]] |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=16,521 |percentage=31.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uthukuri Upendra Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=8,290 |percentage=16.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doggapati Raghavaiah |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=8,247 |percentage=15.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabhanam Ramasubba Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=6,149 |percentage=11.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nukalapati Joseph |party=Independent politician |votes=5,437 |percentage=10.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salagala Benjamin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,123 |percentage=9.89% |change=9.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bavanam Kotireddi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,365 |percentage=2.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. A. Basid |party=Independent politician |votes=678 |percentage=1.31% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,231 |percentage=15.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,810 |percentage=70.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,719 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pragada Kotaiah]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=24,598 |percentage=57.04 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jagarlamudi Lakshmi Narayana Chowdary|party=Communist Party of India|votes=18,525|percentage=42.96|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,073 |percentage=14.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=43,123|percentage=69.32%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,205 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser= Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagarlamudi Lakshmi Narayana Chowdary]] |party= Communist Party of India|votes=25,164 |percentage=45.05 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pragada Kotaiah]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=20,136|percentage=36.05|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,028 |percentage=9.00% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=57,252|percentage=80.81%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,851 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India|loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= [[ Pragada Kotaiah]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=25,704 |percentage=46.67 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|party=Independent|votes=23,138|percentage=42.01|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,566 |percentage=4.66 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,697 |change = }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=57,298|percentage=76.71|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| Indian National Congress |candidate= [[Kotaiah Guddanti]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=29,476 |percentage=49.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sajja Chandramouli]]|party=Independent|votes=28,878|percentage=48.02|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=598 |percentage=0.99 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,908 |change = }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=61,065|percentage=73.65|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= Mutte Venkateswarlu |party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=36,114 |percentage=43.47 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sajja Chandramouli]]|party=Janata Party|votes=34,257|percentage=41.23|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,857 |percentage=2.24 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,408 |change = }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=84,384|percentage=75.74|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chimata Sambu]] |party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=50,205 |percentage=60.33 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bandla Bala Venkateswarlu|party=Indian National Congress|votes=16,518|percentage=19.85|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,687 |percentage=40.48 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,603 |change = }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=84,276|percentage=63.08|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Telugu Desam Party|loser= Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sajja Chandramouli ]] |party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=44,156 |percentage=51.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ande Narasimha Rao|party=Indian National Congress|votes=35,384|percentage=41.32|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,772 |percentage=10.24 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,597 |change = }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=86,830|percentage=65.98|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Telugu Desam Party|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Konijeti Rosaiah ]] |party= Indian National Congress|votes=64,235 |percentage=60.08 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chimata Sambu]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=40,902|percentage=38.26|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,333 |percentage=21.83 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,095 |change = }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=109,772|percentage=69.00|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Paleti Rama Rao ]] |party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=54,039 |percentage=49.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=50,433|percentage=46.08|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,606 |percentage=3.29 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,178 |change = }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=110,809,394|percentage=72.82|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Telugu Desam Party|loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Paleti Rama Rao ]] |party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=60,806 |percentage=54.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anjalee Devi Goli|party=Indian National Congress|votes=47,298|percentage=42.60|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,508 |percentage=12.17 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,481 |change = }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=113,394|percentage=62.83|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Telugu Desam Party|loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|votes=73,497|percentage=61.93|change=+19.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Paleti Rama Rao]]|votes=43,420|percentage=36.59|change=-18.18}}
{{Election box majority||votes=30,077|percentage=25.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=118,670|percentage=75.26|change=+13.74}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Amanchi Krishna Mohan]]|votes=56,600|percentage=43.63|change=-18.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Janjanam Srinivasarao]]|votes=45,314|percentage=34.93|change=-1.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Paleti Rama Rao]]|votes=21,482|percentage=16.56|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,286|percentage=9.70|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=129,737|percentage=79.20|change=+3.94}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Amanchi Krishna Mohan]]|votes=57,544|percentage=37.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Pothula Suneetha]]|votes=47,209|percentage=30.60|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Balaji Yadam]]|votes=40,955|percentage=26.47|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,335|percentage=6.70|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=154,700|percentage=81.56|change=+2.36}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Karanam Balaram Krishna Murthy]]
|votes = 83,901
|percentage = 53.27
|change = +22.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Amanchi Krishna Mohan]]|votes=66,482|percentage=42.21|change=+15.74}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,419|percentage=26.20|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=157,511|percentage=na|change=na}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav]]
|votes = 72,700
|percentage = 42.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Karanam Venkatesh
|votes = 51,716
|percentage = 30.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Amanchi Krishna Mohan]]
|votes = 41,859
|percentage = 24.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,255
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,984
|percentage = 12.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,70,328
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web | title= AP Past Election Statistics |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/| access-date=17 Jan 2020 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Bapatla district}}
{{coord|15.82|80.36|display=title}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bapatla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

T. R. Satishchandran

2026-04-12T14:29:56Z

Sougataghosh: created a data

{{short description|Indian civil servant (1929–2009)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tumkur Ramaiah Satishchandran
| office = 8th [[List of Governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]
| predecessor = [[P. C. Alexander]]
| successor = [[J. F. R. Jacob]]
| term_start = 16 January 1998
| term_end = 18 April 1998
| office1 = 7th [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]
| predecessor1 = [[Amar Nath Verma]]
| successor1 = [[Narinder Nath Vohra|N. N. Vohra]]
| prime_minister = [[I. K. Gujral]]
| prime_minister1 = [[H. D. Devegowda]]
| term_start1 = 12 June 1996
| term_end1 = 30 June 1997
| office2 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary of Karnataka]]
| term_start2 = December 1983
| term_end2 = October 1987
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]
| birth_name = Tumkur Ramaiah Satishchandran
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|04|14}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|09|12|1929|04|14}}
| birth_place = [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now, [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| spouse = 1 (wife)
| children = 2
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2005)
| appointer = [[President of India]] {{small|(then, [[K. R. Narayanan]])}}
| president = K. R. Narayanan
| 4blankname = Chief Minister
| 4namedata = [[Pratapsingh Rane]]
}}

'''Tumkur Ramaiah Satishchandran''' (14 April 1929<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://ienblc.org/personality/chandan.HTM|title=T R Satish Chandran|website=[[Institution of Engineers (India)]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809025219/http://ienblc.org/personality/chandan.HTM|archive-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> – 12 September 2009) was a [[Padma Bhushan]]–winning 1953 batch<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/28184/satishchandran-civil-servant-model-kind.html|title=Satishchandran: Civil servant of a model kind|last=Jairaj|first=K.|date=October 1, 2009|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|oclc=185061134|access-date=July 30, 2024}}</ref> [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of [[Karnataka]] cadre, who served as the [[Governor of Goa]] and also served as the 7th [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]], the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of Karnataka and [[Secretary to Government of India|Power Secretary]] of India.

== Education ==
Satishchandran had a [[Honours degree|graduate honours]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc honours]]) degree in [[physics]] from [[University of Mysore|Mysore University]],<ref name=":0"/> a [[postgraduate diploma]] in [[electrical engineering]] from [[Indian Institute of Science|Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]],<ref name=":0" /> and a degree in [[Social Administration|social administration]] from the [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==

=== As an IAS officer ===
Satishchandran served in a number of important and key positions in the Government of Karnataka and the [[Government of India]] including [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka]], Secretary (Industries), Director (Industries) and [[District collector (India)|deputy commissioner and district magistrate]] of [[List of districts of Karnataka|districts]] in the [[Google|Karnataka government]];<ref name=":0" /> and as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Power Secretary]], a [[Secretary to Government of India|secretary]] in the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]], Advisor (Energy) in the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], director of the National Institute of Community Development and as a director in the now-erstwhile Ministry of Community Development in the [[Indian government]].<ref name=":0" />

==== Power Secretary of India ====
Satishchandran was appointed the Power Secretary of India by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC); during his tenure as secretary in the now-erstwhile Ministry of Energy, Satishchandran was elected the president of [[World Energy Conference]],<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19831015-t.r.-satish-chandran-elected-president-of-world-energy-conference-771101-2013-07-18|title=T.R. Satish Chandran elected president of World Energy Conference|date=October 15, 1983|website=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Aroon Purie]]|issn=0254-8399|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> a first for an Indian.<ref name=":1" />

==== Chief Secretary of Karnataka ====
Satishchandran was appointed the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka]] by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]]; he assumed the office of chief secretary in December 1983,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-chief-secretary-set-to-get-an-extended-fourmonth-term/article4820537.ece|title=Karnataka Chief Secretary set to get an extended four-month term|last=Rajendran|first=S.|date=June 17, 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=August 9, 2018|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|publication-place=[[Bangalore]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref> and demitted it—whilst simultaneously retiring from service—in October 1987, after getting an extension of service from the [[Government of India]] of six months,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> following a request by the then-[[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Karnataka chief minister]], [[Ramakrishna Hegde]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> thus serving as the state's top bureaucrat for almost four years.

=== Post-IAS ===
After his retirement from the Indian Administrative Service, Satishchandran was appointed the director of [[Institute for Social and Economic Change]];<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/01/10/stories/2004011001341702.htm|title=S.L. Rao is ISEC Chairman|date=January 10, 2004|website=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|author=((Our Bureau))|issn=0971-7528|oclc=456162874|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> Satishchandran was later elevated to the position of the institute's chairperson.<ref name=":3" />

==== Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India ====
Satishchandran was appointed by [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda]], through the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC), as his [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|principal secretary]];<ref name=":1" /> Satishchandran assumed the office of principal secretary in June 1996,<ref name="PMO PS TO PM">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/list-of-prlsecy-to-PM-along-with-their-tenure.pdf|title=List of Principal Secretaries to PM along with their Tenures|website=[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> and demitted it in June 1997.<ref name="PMO PS TO PM" />

==== Governor of Goa ====
Satishchandran was appointed the [[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]] by the [[President of India]] in January 1998,<ref name=":1" /> succeeding another former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] [[P. C. Alexander]]; Satishchandran resigned from the position of the state of Goa's governor in April 1998, after a change in government.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
Satishchandran died of an illness on 12 September 2009.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/T.R.-Satish-Chandran-dead/article16513237.ece|title=T.R. Satish Chandran dead|date=September 12, 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=August 9, 2018|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|publication-place=[[Bangalore]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref> On Satishchandran's death, former [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] said, "I am deeply saddened and shocked to learn about the passing away of Mr Satish Chandran";<ref name=":4" /> whereas the then-[[leader of opposition]] in [[Karnataka Legislative Council]], V. S. Ugrappa said that the best way to pay tribute to a visionary such as Satishchandran was to follow the examples set by them.<ref name=":4" /> The council observed a minute's silence in the memory of Satishchandran and S. Rudrappa, a freedom fighter and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of Karnataka legislative assembly]], who also died in 2009.<ref name=":4" />

== Honours ==
* Satishchandran was conferred the ''[[Padma Bhushan]]'', India's third highest civilian honour, for [[civil service]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=6751|title=Press Note : 96 Persons receive Padma Awards this year|date=January 25, 2005|website=[[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/26/stories/2005012610660400.htm|title=10 from State figure in Padma awards list|date=January 25, 2005|website=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|author=((Our Special Correspondent))|publication-place=[[Bangalore]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119|access-date=August 9, 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/padma-awards-2005/226328|title=Padma Awards 2005|date=January 25, 2005|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://ienblc.org/personality/chandan.HTM Profile by Institution of Engineers (India)]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000-2009}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satishchandran, T. R.}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:People from Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Principal secretaries to the prime minister of India|Satishchandran, T. R.]]
[[Category:Governors of Goa]]

Corps of Guides (India)

2026-03-23T13:30:07Z

Sougataghosh: enhanced formatting for clarity and corrected details

{{Short description|Regiment of the British Indian Army, in service from 1846 to 1922}}
{{for-multi|the Belgian unit|Guides Regiment|the youth movement|Girl Guides}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2010}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=Corps of Guides
|image=[[File:Corps of Guides (Infantry & Cavalry) - Richard Simkin.jpg|Corps of Guides (Infantry & Cavalry)|200px]]
|caption=
|dates=1846–1922
|country=[[British Raj|Indian Empire]]
|branch=Army
|type=Joint Infantry-Cavalry
|size=
|command_structure=[[Bengal Army]] (to 1895) [[Punjab Command]]
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|motto=
|colors=Drab; faced, 1859 drab, 1870 piped red, 1882 faced red, 1905 red velvet (officers) red cloth (soldiers), 1908 scarlet
|colors_label=Uniform
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=Punjab Mooltan [[Battle of Gujrat|Goojerat]] Delhi ALI MASJID 1879 KABUL 1878–80 AFGHANISTAN CHITRAL PUNJAB FRONTIER MALAKAND
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
}}

The '''Corps of Guides''' was a regiment of the [[British Indian Army]] made up of British and Indian officers, plus Indian cavalry [[sowars]] and infantry [[sepoys]], primarily intended for service on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North West Frontier]].

As originally raised in 1846, The Corps of Guides consisted of both infantry and cavalry. It evolved through the 20th century to become the [[Guides Cavalry]] and [[Guides Infantry]].
The Guides were transferred to Pakistan at Independence and became part of the new [[Pakistan Army]]. Since 1947 all ranks, including officers, are recruited solely from Pakistan.

The modern regiment exists as 2nd Battalion (The Guides) of the [[Frontier Force Regiment]] of the Pakistan Army.

==History==
[[File:Corps of Guides Infantry, 1887.jpg|thumb|right|Corps of Guides Infantry, 1897.|310px]]
The brainchild of [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Sir Henry Lawrence]], the Corps had [[Harry Burnett Lumsden|Lt. Harry Lumsden]] as its commandant and [[W.S.R. Hodson]] (the Hodson of ''[[Hodson's Horse]]'') as second-in-command. On 6 February 1847 Lumsden wrote to his father "I have just been nominated to raise the corps of Guides. It will be the finest appointment in the country".<ref>'Lumsden of the Guides' (London, 1899) by P. Lumsden and G. Elsmie; p. 28.</ref> A few months later, on 16 September 1847 Hodson wrote to his brother "…of my good fortune... I am to be the Second-in-Command with the Corps of Guides".<ref>'Twelve Years of a Soldier's Life in India; being extracts from the letters of the late Major W.S.R. Hodson' (London, 1859), edited by George H. Hodson; p. 47.</ref>

The Corps had modest beginnings. When it was raised at [[Kalu Khan]], on the Yusufzai Plain, in the [[Peshawar Valley]] region by Lt. Lumsden in December 1846, it comprised just one troop of cavalry and two companies of infantry.<ref>{{cite book|first=Boris|last=Mollo|page=56|title=The Indian Army|isbn=0-7137-1074-8|year=1981|publisher=Blandford }}</ref> The first action was at Mughdara, in the Panitar Hills. Within two years, the small force of Guides had established a name for itself, under Lumsden, its founder, and Hodson. When the [[Second Sikh War]] broke out in 1848, the unit was given authorisation for a three-fold increase in size, to six companies of infantry and three troops of cavalry. The Guides maintained the 'cavalry and infantry combined in the same regiment' organisation for many years, and even when split into two separate components, the name lingered in both elements.

The Corps of Guides became the garrison unit of a key post on the frontier, the new fort of (Hoti ~) [[Mardan]]. The building of the fort in 1854 was organised and supervised by Hodson<ref>'Twelve Years of a Soldier's Life in India; being extracts from the letters of the late Major W. S. R. Hodson' (London, 1859), edited by George H. Hodson; pp. 149, 153</ref> who had been promoted commandant of the regiment in 1852.<ref>'Twelve Years of a Soldier's Life in India; being extracts from the letters of the late Major W.S.R. Hodson' (London, 1859), edited by George H. Hodson; p. 128</ref> In 1857 the unit was called urgently to help relieve the [[Siege of Delhi]]. In just over three weeks the Guides marched nearly six hundred miles during the hottest month of the year, crossing five great rivers and fighting four small actions. The march coincided with the month of [[Ramadan]] meaning that the [[muslim]] soldiers in the force could neither eat nor drink during the hours of daylight. On arrival at Delhi, the force of 600 Guides were almost immediately called upon to join the defence of the city. Men who had just completed a march of some 580 miles were thrown into a battle of such intensity that no fewer than 350 of the 600 became casualties within an hour of their arrival in Delhi.

The Corps of Guides was part of the [[12th Frontier Force Regiment|Frontier Force]] brigade and developed a reputation of being an elite unit. Typically, the Guides were often used in small detachments, usually supported by other Frontier Force troops.

The designations of the Corps of Guides changed over time as follows:
* The Corps of Guides (1846)
* The Corps of Guides, [[Punjab Irregular Force]] (1857)
* Corps of Guides, Punjab Frontier Force (1865)
* Queen's Own Corps of Guides, Punjab Frontier Force (1876)
* Queen's Own Corps of Guides (1901)
* Queen's Own Corps of Guides (Lumsden's) (1904)
* Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides (Frontier Force) (Lumsden's) (1911).<ref>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 964</ref>

In 1911 the cavalry and infantry components were designated as such. The cavalry then became, successively:-
* Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides (Frontier Force) (Lumsden's) Cavalry (1911)
* [[10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps Of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force)]] (1922)
* The Guides Cavalry (10th Queen Victoria's Own Frontier Force) (1927)<ref>Gaylor, p. 81</ref>

and the infantry:-
* Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides (Frontier Force) (Lumsden's) Infantry (1911)
* 5th Bn (QVO Corps of Guides) [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] (1922)<ref>Gaylor, pp. 171–172</ref>

===Post-World War II===
In 1945, the 12th Frontier Force Regiment was renamed the Frontier Force Regiment and on independence and the [[partition of India]] it was allocated to [[Pakistan]]. The cavalry regiment was also allocated to Pakistan and was renamed the Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force). In 1957, the [[13th Frontier Force Rifles|Frontier Force Rifles]] and The [[Pathan Regiment]] were amalgamated with the Frontier Force Regiment to form a new [[Frontier Force Regiment]]. The Guides battalion became the 2nd battalion of the new regiment.

==Uniform==
The Guides were the first unit in the Indian or British Armies to dress in "[[khaki]]" or [[Drab (color)|drab]] uniforms,<ref name="Invicta">{{cite book |title=India's Army|last=Jackson |first=Major Donovan |year=1940 |publisher=Low, Marston |location=London }}</ref>{{rp|537–539}} first introduced in 1848.<ref>"Khaki Uniform 1848–49: First Introduction by Lumsden and Hodson", Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, JSAHR 82 (Winter 2004) pp. 341–347</ref>

The regiment wore a scarlet [[facing colour]] on the collars and cuffs of their khaki uniforms from their establishment.<ref>Major R.M. Barnes, pp. 180–181 "Military Uniforms of Britain & the Empire", Sphere Books Ltd London, 1972</ref> Accordingly, both The 10th Guides Cavalry (FF) and the 2nd Battalion (The Guides) of the Frontier Force Regiment of the Pakistan Army still wear red piping on the collars of their modern dress uniforms.

==Literature==
* The Guides are the subject of [[George John Younghusband]]'s book, ''The story of the Guides'', first published in March 1908.
*[[Rudyard Kipling]]'s "[[The Ballad of East and West]]" is about the Guides.
*[[M. M. Kaye|M.M. Kaye's]] novel ''[[Far Pavilions|The Far Pavilions]]'' is about an officer in the Guides.
*[[Peter Stark Lumsden]] and [[George Robert Elsmie]], ''Lumsden of the Guides: A Sketch of the Life of Lieut.-Gen. Sir Harry Burnett Lumsden, KCSI, CB., with Selections from His Correspondence and Occasional Papers'' (London: J. Murray, 1900; facsimile edition by BiblioLife, 2010)<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mfpWAAAAMAAJ Lumsden of the Guides]'', brief details online at books.google.com</ref>
* ''Twelve years of a soldier's life in India: being extracts from the letters of the late Major W. S. R. Hodson'' ed. by his brother, the Rev. George H. Hodson (London 1859) contains a number of references to its formation and accounts of the early years of the regiment under Lumsden and Hodson.
*''Memoirs of General Sir Henry Dermot Daly, G.C.B., C.I.E.'' (1905) by Maj. H. Daly.
*''The Leopard and the Cliff'', a fictitious account of an incident in the North-West Frontier during the [[Third Afghan War|Third Anglo-Afghan War]], was written by [[Wallace Breem]], a Commissioned Officer in the Corps of Guides. Although not principally about the Guides it is contemporaneous and makes several references to them.

==Founding figures==
[[File:Guides Memmorial.JPG|310px|thumb|right|Queen's Own Corps of Guides Memorial, [[Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari|Cavagnari's Arch]] in [[Mardan]]]]
*Sir [[Harry Burnett Lumsden|Harry Lumsden]]
*[[W.S.R. Hodson]] (the Hodson of ''[[Hodson's Horse]]'')
*[[G.N. Hardinge]]
*Dr. [[R. Lyell]] (MO)
*[[Frederick Battye]]
*[[Wigram Battye]]
*Sir [[Henry Daly]], GCB, CIE
*[[Walter Hamilton (VC)|Walter Hamilton]], VC
*Surgeon [[A.H. Kelly]] (MO)
*[[Arthur George Hammond|Arthur Hammond]], VC

==See also==
*[[Guides Cavalry]]
*[[Guides Infantry]]

==Footnotes==

{{Reflist}}

==References==
*''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919''. Army Headquarters, India. Calcutta. 1919.
*Gaylor, John. ''Sons of John Company – The Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903–1991''. Spellmount. Tunbridge Wells, Kent. 1996. {{ISBN|1-898594-41-4}}
*{{cite book| first=G.J.| last=Younghusband| title=The Story of the Guides| url=https://openlibrary.org/details/storyofguides00youniala| publisher=Macmillan| location=London| year=1908}}

==External links==
*[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2339920W/The_Story_of_the_Guides?edition=key%3A/books/OL7000525M Digitised copy of G.J. Younghusband's ''The Story of the Guides'' at Openlibrary.org]

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1846]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1922]]
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]
[[Category:British Indian Army cavalry regiments]]
[[Category:Indian World War I regiments]]
[[Category:Indian World War II regiments]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:1846 establishments in British India]]

Ujjal Biswas

2026-03-21T20:06:25Z

Sougataghosh: minor refine section to improve readability also and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ujjal Biswas
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|6|17}}
| birth_place = [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Nadia]]
| residence = [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Minister of Science, Technology & Bio-technology [[Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start = 3 August 2022
| term_end =
| constituency =
| predecessor = Ratna De (Nag)
| successor =
| office2 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = May 13, 2011
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 = [[Krishnanagar Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar Dakshin]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| spouse =
| college =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
| governor = C .V. Ananda Bose
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
}}

'''Ujjal Biswas''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the present Minister of the Science, Technology and Bio-Technology department in the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2022-08-04 |title=Eight new faces inducted in Bengal ministry, 4 dropped |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/eight-new-faces-inducted-in-bengal-ministry-4-dropped-488375 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=MillenniumPost |language=en}}</ref> Till 2022, he was the minister for correctional administration. He is also an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], elected from the [[Krishnanagar Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar Dakshin]] constituency of [[Nadia district]] in the [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525085921/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamata-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers/153060-37.html Mamata allots portfolios, keeps key ministries]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/election-news/story/20090601-all-the-didis-men-739813-2009-05-21|title=All the didis men|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/MinisterSecretary/MinisterSecretaryPortletWindow?category=M&action=e&windowstate=normal&in.gov.wb.portal.MENU_ID_PARAMETER=100&mode=view|title=Ministers in Mamata's Cabinet|access-date=22 May 2011|publisher=[[Government of West Bengal]]|date=21 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005213008/http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/MinisterSecretary/MinisterSecretaryPortletWindow?category=M&action=e&windowstate=normal&in.gov.wb.portal.MENU_ID_PARAMETER=100&mode=view|archive-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>

==Family==
Ujjal Biswas is from a [[Mahishya]] family of freedom fighters who participated in various agitations against the [[British rule]] such as [[Indigo revolt]] leader [[Digambar Biswas]] under whose leadership the indigo farmers protested against the European Indigo planters.

[[Anushilan Samiti]] [[revolutionary]] [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]] and also, freedom fighter Manmathanath Biswas also happen to be from the same family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NANDI |first=SOUMITRA |date=2017-10-20 |title=Story of Basanta Biswas, penned by Ujjal Biswas, to be portrayed on celluloid |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/story-of-basanta-biswas-penned-by-ujjal-biswas-to-be-portrayed-on-celluloid-267293 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Ujjal}}
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nadia district]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Sehore district

2026-03-20T03:28:08Z

Sougataghosh:

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Sehore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sehore district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2
|image1 = Vindhyavasini Vijayasana Mata Temple, Salkanpur.jpg
|caption1 = Salkanpur Temple
|image2 = 012092021 3rd century BCE Saru Maru Panguraria Buddhist site, Madhya Pradesh 020.jpg
|image3 = Natural beauty of salkanpur.jpg
}}
| image_caption = From left to right, top to bottom: Salkanpur Temple, [[stupa]]s, aerial view of Salkanpur
| image_map = MP Sehore district map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Sehore district in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|12|N|77|05|E|type:adm3rd_source:itwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Sehore
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhopal division|Bhopal]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sehore]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 8: 
#[[Sehore]]
#[[Ashta, Madhya Pradesh|Ashta]]
#[[Budhni]]
#[[Bhairunda]]
#[[Rehti]],
#[[Ichhawar]]
#[[Shyampur, Sehore|Shyampur]]
#[[Jawar, Sehore|Jawar]]
| area_total_km2 = 6578
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,311,332
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 70.06%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 918
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = Bhopal-Indore Highway
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://sehore.nic.in}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Sehore district''' ({{IPA|hi|siːɦoːɾ}}) is a [[Districts of Madhya Pradesh|district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in central India. The town of [[Sehore]] is the district headquarters. The district is part of [[Bhopal Division]].

==Geography ==
Sehore is 37 km from the state capital,Sehore is situated on the [[Western Railway Zone (India)|Western Railway]] line from [[Bhopal]] to [[Ratlam]]. It is surrounded by 7 districts: [[Bhopal]], [[Raisen]], [[Harda]], [[Hoshangabad]], [[Dewas]], [[Shajapur]] and [[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]].The Major rivers passing through the Sehore district is the [[Seevan River]] [[Kolar River (Madhya Pradesh)|Kolar River]] and [[Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)|Parvati River]].

== Demographics ==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,34,308|13=1911|14=2,54,693|15=1921|16=2,42,362|17=1931|18=2,62,560|19=1941|20=2,78,270|21=1951|22=2,83,968|23=1961|24=3,81,286|25=1971|26=5,10,894|27=1981|28=6,57,381|29=1991|30=8,41,358|31=2001|32=10,78,912|33=2011|34=13,11,332|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43356/download/47048/23%20A-2%20Madhya%20Pradesh.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sehore district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.73}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|10.52}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in India|Jainism]]|brown|0.48}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.27}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Sehore District has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,311,332.<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Sehore |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/748/download/2630/DH_2011_2328_PART_A_DCHB_SEHORE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Mauritius 1,303,717 July 2011 est.
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote =New Hampshire 1,316,470}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 373 in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 199 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 21.51%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Sehore has a [[sex ratio]] of 918 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 71.11%. 18.95% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 20.69% and 11.10% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Sehore district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 95.38 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 2.31 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Malvi language|Malvi]] |value3 = 1.46 |color3 = deeppink
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.85 |color4 = grey
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], 95.38% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]], 2.31% [[Urdu]] and 1.46% [[Malvi language|Malvi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10211/download/13323/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2300.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Madhya Pradesh |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Administration==
There are 4 Assembly of Sehore districts that are governed by MLAs:<ref>[https://sehore.nic.in/en/constituencies/ Sehore District official website: constituencies]</ref>
* 156 Budhni
* 157 Ashta
* 158 Ichhawar
* 159 Sehore

There are 9 tehsils in Sehore district: Sehore Urban, Sehore Rural, [[Shyampur, Sehore|Shyampur]], [[Ashta, Madhya Pradesh|Ashta]], [[Jawar, Sehore|Jawar]], [[Ichhawar tehsil|Ichhawar]], [[Bhairunda]] (otherwise [[Nasrullaganj]]), [[Budhni|Budni]] and [[Rehti tehsil|Rehti]].<ref>[https://sehore.nic.in/en/revenue-administration/#taluk Sehore District official website: list of tehsils]</ref>

==Economy Of Sehore==
Sehore is one of the fastest developing districts of [[Madhya Pradesh]].
===Agriculture===
Sehore district is primarily an agricultural district occupying the Chambal and Narmada basin valley, having predominantly an agricultural economy. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the district. Wheat, Rice, Jawar, Maize and Soyabean are the major crops sown in the district.<ref>Sehore-District-Export-Plan-Focused-on-ODOP.pdf</ref>

===Industries===
Sehore has two industrial areas, Badiyakhedi and Budhni.
Sehore's industrial landscape is thriving, particularly in sectors such as agro-processing, textiles, and manufacturing, contributing significantly to economic growth and employment generation. Big scale industries like [[ITC Limited]], [[Vardhman Group of Companies|Vardhman Fabric]] and Trident group operated in Sehore District.<ref>_2018,_Vardhman_Fabrics (1).pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Executive summary | url=https://www.mppcb.mp.gov.in/pdf/Public_Hearing-sum/486-Trident/486-English.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519124611/https://www.mppcb.mp.gov.in/pdf/Public_Hearing-sum/486-Trident/486-English.pdf | archive-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>

==Tourist places==
* [[Kolar Dam (Bhopal) | Kolar dam]]:- Kolar Dam Located in Sehore district, is known for a tourist attraction as well as boating
* [[Saru Maru|Saru-Maru Caves]]:- Ancient Buddhist caves with stupas, offering a glimpse into the region's history.<ref>[http://www.asibhopal.nic.in/monument/sehore_panguraria_sarcomprisedarea.html ASI Saru Maru page]</ref>
*Kubereshwar Dham:- Famous for lord [[Shiva]]'s temple Dedicated to Lord Shiva, this temple is of religious significance for the devotees. The architecture of the temple reflects traditional Indian temple design, with intricate carvings and sculptures adorning its structure.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Kubereshwar Dham Sehore कुबेरेश्वर धाम सीहोर | url=https://pravaah.in/kubereshwar-dham-sehore/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625224204/https://pravaah.in/kubereshwar-dham-sehore/ | access-date=2025-08-11 | archive-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>
*Shree Chintaman Ganesh Temple, Sehore
*Digambar waterfall
*Amargarh Waterfalls
*Aanwli Ghat
=== [[Bijasan Mata Temple, Salkanpur]] ===
This sacred Siddhpeeth of Vindhyavasni Bijasan Devi is a very ancient temple of Goddess “Durga” situated on an 800 feet high hill in Salkanpur village of Rehti tehsil. To reach the temple, devotees have to climb 1400 stairs.<ref>{{cite news |date= 1 June 2023 |title= 'Shila Puja' for Devi Lok at Salkanpur |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/shila-puja-for-devi-lok-at-salkanpur/articleshow/100664435.cms|newspaper= The Times of India}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Sehore is located on [[Ujjain–Bhopal section]] it own [[Sehore railway station|Railway Station]] which connects its major city of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1520#st | title=49 Departures from Sehore WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>

It's 37 km away from state capital [[Bhopal]] and well connected with roads,

Nearby airport is [[Bhopal Airport]].

==Notable people ==


* [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]], Indian Politician and Former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh.
* [[Umrao Singh (politician)|Umrao Singh]], Indian Politician
* [[Shailendra Patel]], Indian Politician
* [[William Townshend (cricketer)|William Townshend]] (1849–1923), English cricketer

==See also==
* [[Shahganj, Madhya Pradesh|Shahganj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://sehore.nic.in Sehore District web site]
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/275971063617]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sehore district
|North = [[Rajgarh district]]
|Northeast = [[Bhopal district]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Hoshangabad district]]
|South = [[Harda district]]
|Southwest = [[Dewas district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Shajapur district]]
}}

{{Districts of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Bhopal Division}}
{{Narmada basin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sehore district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Madhya Pradesh]]

Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah

2026-03-14T15:53:05Z

Sougataghosh: Made Article!

{{Short description|American anthropologist (1929–2014)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|1|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[British Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|01|19|1929|01|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], United States
| citizenship =
| field = [[Social anthropology|Social anthropologist]]
| work_institutions = [[S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia]] [[University of Ceylon]] [[University of Cambridge]] [[University of Chicago]] [[Harvard University]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Ceylon]] [[Cornell University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students = [[Chris Fuller (academic)|Chris Fuller]]
| known_for =
| influences =
| influenced =
| prizes = [[Balzan Prize]] (1997) 
[[Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize]] (1998)
| footnotes =
}}
{{Anthropology of religion}}
'''Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah''' (16 January 1929<ref name="emuseum"/> – 19 January 2014)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/bostonglobe/obituary.aspx?n=stanley-jeyaraj-tambiah&pid=169187897& | title=STANLEY JEYARAJ TAMBIAH – Obituary, Condolences | publisher=The Boston Globe | date=21 January 2014 | accessdate=24 January 2014}}</ref> was a [[social anthropology|social anthropologist]]<ref name="Gewertz-97"/> and Esther and Sidney Rabb Professor ''(Emeritus)'' of Anthropology at [[Harvard University]].<ref name="gazette"/> He specialised in studies of [[Thailand]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Tamil people|Tamils]], as well as the [[anthropology of religion]] and politics.

== Biography ==
Tambiah was born in [[Sri Lanka]] to a Christian [[Tamils|Tamil]] family. He attended [[S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia]] for his primary and secondary education. After finishing his [[undergraduate education]] at the [[University of Ceylon]] in 1951, he attended [[Cornell University]], graduating in 1954 with a PhD.<ref name="Gewertz-97">
{{cite news
| first = Ken
| last = Gewertz
| title = Stanley Tambiah To Be Awarded Balzan Prize For Groundbreaking Work on Ethnic Violence
| url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/10.23/StanleyTambiahT.html
| work = Harvard Gazette
| date = 23 October 1997
| accessdate = 19 August 2007}}</ref>
He began teaching sociology at the University of Ceylon in 1955, where he remained until 1960. After a few years as the [[UNESCO]] Teaching Assistant for Thailand, he taught at the [[University of Cambridge]] from 1963 to 1972 and at the [[University of Chicago]] from 1973 to 1976.<ref name="emuseum">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/tambiah_stanley.html
|title = Stanley Tambiah
|access-date = 19 August 2007
|last = Anthony
|first = Peterson
|work = Anthropology Biography Web
|publisher = Emuseum @ [[Minnesota State University, Mankato]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071018053756/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/tambiah_stanley.html
|archive-date = 18 October 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
He joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1976.<ref name="gazette">
{{cite news
|title = Harvard Foundation unveils portraits: Six minority faculty and administrators recognized and recognizable
|url = http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/05.12/01-portraits.html
|work = Harvard Gazette
|date = 12 May 2005
|access-date = 19 August 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070816152158/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/05.12/01-portraits.html
|archive-date = 16 August 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

His earliest major published work was an ethno-historical study of modern and medieval Thailand. He then became interested in the comparative study of the ways Western categories of magic, science and religion have been used by anthropologists to make sense of other cultures which do not use this three-part system. After the outbreak of civil war in Sri Lanka, he began to study the role of competing religious and ethnic identities in that country. At [[Harvard University|Harvard]], he trained several generations of anthropologists in a number of fields. He also served on the [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]]'s Committee for International Conflict Resolution.<ref name="Gewertz-97"/> He did field research on the Organisation of Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka (Monks, Priests and Peasants, a Study of Buddhism and Social Structure in Central Ceylon and several papers in the American Anthropologists and the Journal of Asian Studies).<ref name="Review of Edmund Leach: An Anthropological Life by Edmund Leach; Stanley Tambiah">{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/1196244 | title=Review of Edmund Leach: An Anthropological Life by Edmund Leach; Stanley Tambiah | publisher=Anthropology Today, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Jun. 2005), pp. 22–23 | accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In November 1997, Tambiah received the prestigious [[Balzan Prize]]<ref name="Gewertz-97"/> for "penetrating social-anthropological analysis of the fundamental problems of ethnic violence in South East Asia and original studies on the dynamics of Buddhist societies [that] have opened the way to an innovative and rigorous social-anthropological approach to the internal dynamics of different civilizations".<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.balzan.it/Premiati_eng.aspx?Codice=0000001326&nome=Stanley%20Jeyaraja%20Tambiah
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060514220748/http://www.balzan.it/Premiati_eng.aspx?Codice=0000001326&nome=Stanley%20Jeyaraja%20Tambiah
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 14 May 2006
|title = Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah
|access-date = 20 August 2007
|publisher = Fondazione Internazionale Balzan
}}</ref>
A month later, the [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] awarded him its highest recognition,<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.therai.org.uk/honours/honours.html
| title = Honours
| accessdate = 19 August 2007
| work = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070809090447/http://www.therai.org.uk/honours/honours.html  |archivedate = 9 August 2007}}</ref>
the Huxley Memorial Medal and Lecture.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.therai.org.uk/honours/prior_huxley.html
| title = Huxley Memorial Medal and Lecture: Prior Recipients
| accessdate = 19 August 2007
| work = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070712145950/http://www.therai.org.uk/honours/prior_huxley.html  |archivedate = 12 July 2007}}</ref>
In September 1998, he was awarded the [[Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize]] by the city of [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], capital of [[Fukuoka Prefecture]], Japan.<ref name="Gewertz-98">
{{cite news
| first = Ken
| last = Gewertz
| title = Stanley Tambiah To Be Awarded Fukuoka Asian Cultural Prize
| url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/08.06/StanleyTambiahT.html
| work = Harvard Gazette
| date = 6 August 1998
| accessdate = 19 August 2007}}</ref>

In 2000, he became a Corresponding Fellow of the [[British Academy]],<ref>
{{cite news
| title = British Academy elects Tambiah
| url = http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/11.09/03-newsmakers.html
| work = Harvard Gazette
| date = 9 November 2000
| accessdate = 19 August 2007}}</ref> a title given to those who have "attained high international standing" in a [[discipline]] in the [[humanities]] or [[social sciences]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.britac.ac.uk/fellowship/index.html
|title = The Fellowship of the British Academy
|access-date = 19 August 2007
|year = 2006
|publisher = [[The British Academy]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070709150936/http://www.britac.ac.uk/fellowship/index.html
|archive-date = 9 July 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

== Legacy and Impact ==

Scholars have drawn on Tambiah's work to theorize communal conflicts in many other settings, such as nineteenth-century Syria.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abu-Mounes |first=Rana |title=Muslim-Christian relations in Damascus amid the 1860 riot |date=2022 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-46495-7 |series=History of Christian-Muslim relations |location=Leiden; Boston}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
*''Buddhism and the Spirit Cults in North-East Thailand''. Cambridge University Press, 1970. {{ISBN|978-0-521-09958-5}}.
*''World Conqueror and World Renouncer : A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand against a Historical Background'' (Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology). Cambridge University Press, 1976. {{ISBN|978-0-521-29290-0}}.
*''The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets''. Cambridge University Press, 1984.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=S_jZRPPy2jcC&pg=PA340 ''Form and Meaning of Magical Acts''], in "Culture, Thought, and Social Action: An Anthropological Perspective", Harvard University Press, 1985 [1973], pp. 60–86.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=3V2xRnKcOEAC ''Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy''], Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1986. {{ISBN|978-0-226-78951-4}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vpd6zaVreUkC ''Magic, Science and Religion and the Scope of Rationality''] (Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures). Cambridge University Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-521-37631-0}}.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=C-PTZOAbFxYC ''Buddhism Betrayed? : Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka''] (A Monograph of the World Institute for Development Economics Research). University of Chicago Press, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-226-78950-7}}.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=58muiumm1F8C ''Leveling Crowds : Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia'']. (Comparative Studies in Religion and Society). University of California Press, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-520-20642-7}}.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=WBfBkGvRmowC ''Edmund Leach: An Anthropological Life'']. Cambridge University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-521-52102-4}}.

== See also ==
*[[List of Balzan Prize recipients]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/tambiah-stanley.pdf Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, "Stanley J. Tambiah", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2015)]
{{Association for Asian Studies presidents}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:American social anthropologists]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Anthropologists of religion]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Christians]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil people]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan academics]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Indologists]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy]]

List of ministers of law of Bihar

2026-03-09T20:49:59Z

Sougataghosh: Made New Details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

This is a '''list of law ministers of Bihar''', [[India]]. [[Mangal Pandey]] is the current Law Minister of Bihar.<ref name="Who got what in Nitish Kumar's new cabinet? Check full list of Bihar portfolios">{{cite news |title=Who got what in Nitish Kumar's new cabinet? Check full list of Bihar portfolios |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-got-what-in-nitish-kumars-new-cabinet-check-full-list-of-bihar-portfolios-101763732410568.html |access-date=22 November 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=21 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122140334/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-got-what-in-nitish-kumars-new-cabinet-check-full-list-of-bihar-portfolios-101763732410568.html |archive-date=22 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==List==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! #
!Portrait
! Name
! colspan="3" |Term
! [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| 1
| [[File:Shri Ram Nath Thakur.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Ram Nath Thakur]]
| 13 April 2008
| 26 November 2010
|{{Ayd|13 April 2008 |26 November 2010}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|-
| 2
|
| [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
| 26 November 2010
| 20 May 2014
|{{Ayd|26 November 2010 |20 May 2014}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|-
| (2)
|
| [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
| 20 May 2014
| 22 February 2015
|{{Ayd|20 May 2014 |22 February 2015}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|-
| (2)
|
| [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
| 22 February 2015
| 20 November 2015
|{{Ayd|22 February 2015 |20 November 2015}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|-
| 3
|
| [[Krishna Nandan Prasad Verma]]
| 20 November 2015
| 26 July 2017
|{{Ayd|20 November 2015 |26 July 2017}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|-
| (2)
|
| [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
| 2 June 2019
| 16 November 2020
|{{Ayd|2 June 2019 |16 November 2020}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|-
| 4
|
| [[Ram Surat Rai]]
| 16 November 2020
| 9 February 2021
|{{Ayd|16 November 2020|9 February 2021}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 5
|
| [[Pramod Kumar]]
| 9 February 2021
| 9 August 2022
|{{Ayd|9 February 2021 |9 August 2022}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 6
|
| [[Kartikeya Singh|Kartik Kumar]]
| 16 August 2022
| 31 August 2022
|{{Ayd| 16 August 2022|31 August 2022}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color| Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|-
| 7
| [[File:Shamim Ahmad.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Shamim Ahmad]]
| 31 August 2022
| 28 January 2024
|{{Ayd| 31 August 2022|28 January 2024}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color| Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|-
| 8
| [[File:Nitin nabin (1) (1).jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Nitin Nabin]]
| 15 March 2024
| 20 November 2025
|{{Ayd| 15 March 2024|20 November 2025}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 9
| [[File:Mangal Pandey minister Bihar.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Mangal Pandey (politician)|Mangal Pandey]]
| 20 November 2025
| Incumbent
|{{Ayd| 20 November 2025}}
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|}

==See also==
*[[List of ministers of finance of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of health of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of sports of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of panchayati raj of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of transport of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of co-operatives of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of science and technology of Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Bihar]]

Irengbam Nalini Devi

2026-03-07T14:49:27Z

Sougataghosh:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Meitei name|Irengbam|Nalini|Devi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}{{Infobox Indian politician|office=Member of the [[ Manipur Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Irengbam Nalini Devi''' (born 1959) is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. She is an MLA of National People's Party from [[Oinam Assembly constituency]] in [[Bishnupur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Oinam, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: NPEP's Irengbam Nalini Devi wins Oinam with 10808 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/oinam-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923457-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Samom |first=Sobhapati |date=2022-03-12 |title=Five women elected to 60-member Manipur assembly. It is a first |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election/five-women-elected-to-60-member-manipur-assembly-it-is-a-first-101647029097432.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> She is one of the five women elected to the 60-member [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] in 2022, the highest representation of women MLAs in the state legislature in the history of Manipur.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Verniers |first=Gilles |date=2022-03-09 |title=This election season, India's dismal score on women's representation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/this-election-season-india-s-dismal-score-on-women-s-representation-101646809350762.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barooah Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta |date=2022-03-11 |title=With Five Women Winning MLA Seats, a Historic Turn in Manipur |url=https://thewire.in/women/with-five-women-winning-mla-seats-a-historic-turn-in-manipur |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nalini hails from Irengbam Awang Mamang, Nambol post office, Bishnupur district. She was married to two-time former MLA, Irengbam Ibohalbi Singh, a medical doctor, who died of COVID in 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-20 |title=Former Manipur MLA Irengbam Ibohalbi dies of COVID-19 |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/7419/former-manipur-mla-irengbam-ibohalbi-dies-of-covid-19 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref> She did her schooling at Oinam Girls High School, Oinam and her pre-university course at Imphal College. Later, she completed her Bachelor of Arts in 1979 from CI College, Bishnupur, which is affiliated to [[Gauhati University]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-02-08 |title=Affidavit to be filed by the Candidate Along with nomination paper before the returning officer for election to the 12th Manipur Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/25/Irengbam%20Nalini%20Devi.pdf}}</ref>

== Career ==
After the death of her husband in 2021, Nalini contested as MLA on a [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] ticket from Oinam and won for the first time the seat represented by her husband in 2012 and 2007.<ref name=":1" /> She won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Oinam Assembly constituency]], defeating Laishram Radhakishore Singh of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by 442 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oinam, Manipur Assembly Election 2022 – Get Oinam constituency news updates and complete details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election/oinam-1127139095 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Oinam Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Irengbam Nalini Devi of NPP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/oinam-election-result-2022-live-updateswinner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4855217.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=[[News18 India|News18]] |language=en}}</ref> She polled 10,808 votes to 10,336 by Singh. In June 2023, she was part of the delegation of MLAs that met defence minister [[Rajnath Singh]], urging the centre to put an end to the violence in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=Manipur violence: 23 BJP, NPP MLAs meet Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, demands withdrawal of SoO |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-violence-23-bjp-npp-mlas-meet-union-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-demands-withdrawal-of-soo-600766-2023-06-19 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=[[India Today|India Today NE]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nalini Devi, Irengbam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]

Poojari

2026-03-04T07:31:02Z

Sougataghosh: fixed information further and fixed typos

{{distinguish|Pujari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Poojari
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Sharan
| writer = Keshav Adhithya (dialogues)
| screenplay = Sharan
| story = Sharan
| based_on = 
| producer = Mohan Kumar Mallikarjun Sharan
| starring = [[Adi Lokesh]] [[Neethu|Neethashree]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = S. Chandrashekar
| editing = Baby Nagaraj
| music = [[Abhimann Roy]]
| studio = Friends Movies
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2007|1|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Poojari''''' ({{Translation|Priest}}) is a 2007 Indian Kannada-language action drama film directed by Sharan and starring [[Adi Lokesh]] (in his lead debut) and [[Neethu|Neethashree]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Adi Lokesh]] as Poojari
*[[Neethu|Neethashree]] as Priya
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[Shobaraj]]
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
*[[Kuri Prathap|Prathap]]
}}

== Production ==
[[Adi Lokesh]] previously starred in ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]'' (2005) and made his lead debut with this film.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/nov/10/i-want-to-forget-poojari-5658.html|title='I want to forget Poojari'|date=10 November 2008|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref> Director Sharan did not let Adi Lokesh dub for himself.<ref name="N"/> The song "Kannale Nanna Chitra Baredanu" was shot in [[Bangkok]].<ref name="N"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Abhimann Roy]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/poojari-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1182414878|title=Poojari (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2007|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref> and the lyrics were written by Sharan Kumar Kabbur, Kantharaj S, Prashanth and Srinivas. The songs became popular.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Akka Pakka
| extra1 = Abhimann Roy, [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length1 = 3:58
| title2 = Ilibyada Maga
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Badri Prasad
| length2 = 4:59
| title3 = Janma Kotta Thayi
| extra3 = Vijay Kumar
| length3 = 4:11
| title4 = Kannalle
| extra4 = Divya Raghavan, Chaitra H. G.
| length4 = 5:04
| title5 = Kannalle (instrumental)
| extra5 = {{emdash}}
| length5 = 5:02
| title6 = Kele Thangaali
| extra6 = Abhimann Roy
| length6 = 5:04
| title7 = Muddu Muddaada
| extra7 = [[Udit Narayan]], H. Divya
| length7 = 5:01
| title8 = Poojaari
| extra8 = Abhimann Roy, Inchara, H. Divya, Kantha
| length8 = 4:21
| total_length = 37:40
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "The film is mass oriented and it attracted the mass audience. [...] Neeta looks glamorous in the song sequences".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/how_is_it/2007/poojari.shtml|title=POOJARY GOOD OPENING|website=[[Chitraloka.com|Chitraloka]]|access-date=6 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423230710/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/how_is_it/2007/poojari.shtml|archive-date=23 April 2008}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalkannada.com/what-happened-to-the-adi-lokesh-of-the-holy-lokesh/|title=What happened to Adi Lokesh of the holy Lokesh?|work=Global Kannada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711221543/https://globalkannada.com/what-happened-to-the-adi-lokesh-of-the-holy-lokesh/|archive-date=11 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="N"/> After the film's failure, Adi Lokesh decided to concentrate back on villain roles.<ref name="N"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14332680}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2007 Kannada-language films]]

Lava Kusha (2007 film)

2026-03-04T07:30:58Z

Sougataghosh: page edit

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Lava Kusha
|image =
|caption =
|director = [[Om Sai Prakash]]
|producer = Prabhakar
|writer = [[Mohan Shankar]]
|narrator =
|starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] [[Jennifer Kotwal]] [[Charmee Kaur]]
|music = [[Gurukiran]]
|cinematography = R. Giri
|editing = K. Eshwar
|studio = Vijaya Films
|released = {{Film date|2007|12|14|df=y}}
|runtime = 151 minutes
|country = India
|language = Kannada
|budget =
}}

'''''Lava Kusha''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Om Sai Prakash]] and written by [[Mohan Shankar]]. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], teaming up together again after ''[[Preethse]]''. The film also stars [[Charmy Kaur]], [[Jennifer Kotwal]] in the lead roles. The film was produced by Prabhakar under his Vijaya Productions banner.

== Plot ==
Cheeni and Chakri are friends who trick people to earn money. When they get separated due to an unexpected turn of events, they go to extreme lengths to strengthen their bond of friendship

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Cheeni
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Chakri
* [[Charmy Kaur]] as Sinchana
* [[Jennifer Kotwal]] as Sarah
* [[Hema Choudhary]] as Mayamma
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Vishakanta
* [[Vinayak Joshi]]
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Master Rangarao
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
* [[Tennis Krishna]]
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Surappa
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Vaijanath Biradar]]
* [[Mandya Ramesh]]
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* Rohith Nagesh
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
* [[Joe Simon (director)|Joe Simon]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
* [[M. S. Umesh]]

}}

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Gurukiran]].<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/album/K0000152.html Lava Kusha songs]</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Lava Kusha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|11|16}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chindi Chindi
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 04:20
| title2 = Apple Apple
| lyrics2 =Kaviraj
| extra2 = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| length2 = 05:02
| title3 = Oh Snehave
| lyrics3 = Hrudaya Shiva
| extra3 = [[Gurukiran]], Fayaz Khan
| length3 = 05:50
| title4 = Kamanna Makkalu
| extra4 = [[Shivrajkumar]], [[Vijay Yesudas]], Gururaj Hoskote
| lyrics4 = Rudramurthy Shastry
| length4 = 04:23
| title5 = Lava Kusha
| extra5 = [[Chetan Sosca]], [[Hemanth Kumar]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| lyrics5 = Kaviraj
| length5 = 05:16
| title6 = Hotappa Hot Sakkath
| extra6 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], Chaitra H. G.
| lyrics6 = Kaviraj
| length6 = 05:21
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that "There is no excuse for the experienced Saipraksh to churn out a film which has no relevance to these times".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Lava-Kusha/movie-review/2623794.cms|title=Lava Kusha Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "Lava Kusha may please the fans of Uppi and Shivanna".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/14lava.htm|title=Lava Kusha is run of the mill|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14282852}}

{{Sai Prakash}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lava Kusha}}
[[Category:2007 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sai Prakash]]
[[Category:2007 action films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Yahudi

2026-03-04T04:05:06Z

Sougataghosh: adjusted structure to improve readability and corrected details

{{About|a Hindi film|the ethnoreligious group and cultural community|Jews|similarly spelled subjects|Yehudi (disambiguation){{!}}Yehudi}}
{{Short description|1958 Indian film by Bimal Roy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yahudi
| image = yahudi.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Bimal Roy]]
| producer = Savak B. Vacha
| writer = [[Wajahat Mirza]]
| screenplay = [[Nabendu Ghosh]]
| based_on = {{based on |''[[Yahudi Ki Ladki]]'' |[[Agha Hashar Kashmiri]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dilip Kumar]] [[Meena Kumari]] [[Sohrab Modi]] [[Nazir Hussain]] [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]]
| music = [[Shankar Jaikishan]] [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] (lyrics)
| cinematography = Dilip Gupta
| editing = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| studio =
| distributor = Bombay Films
| released = {{Film date|1958|9|5|df=yes|ref1=<ref name="Release Date">{{cite news |title= Yahudi|website=Times of India |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/yahudi/movieshow/61324957.cms |access-date= 2018-07-03}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Yahudi''''' ({{translation|[[Jew]]}}) is a 1958 [[Hindi]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[historical drama|historical drama film]] directed by [[Bimal Roy]]. It stars [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Sohrab Modi]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]] among others. It is based on the play ''[[Yahudi Ki Ladki]]'' by [[Agha Hashar Kashmiri]], a classic in [[Parsi theatre|Parsi]]-[[Urdu]] theatre, about persecution of Jews in the [[Roman Empire]] in the empire's centre — [[Ancient Rome|Rome]].<ref name="Desai2013">{{cite book|author=Meghnad Desai|title=PAKEEZAH|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgKNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT44|date=2013|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5116-023-6|pages=44–}}</ref> The film was a big hit despite its alien theme, and was the third-highest grossing Indian film of 1958, owing to the box office draw of Dilip Kumar and Meena Kumari.<ref>{{cite news | last=Kohli | first=Suresh | title=Yahudi (1958) | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 November 2010 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Yahudi-1958/article15682722.ece | access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref>{{cn|date=May 2023}}

The film's lyricist [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] at the [[6th Filmfare Awards]], for the song "Yeh Mera Diwanapan Hai",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashutosh |date=2023-09-11 |title=Shailendra: Lyricist who found divinity in humanity |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/remembering-shailendra-the-legendary-lyricist-who-defined-bollywoods-soul/article67294434.ece |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Filmfare Awards Winners 1959: Complete list of winners of Filmfare Awards 1959 | website=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1959/101 | access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref> sung by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]].<ref>{{cite news | title='Yeh Mera Deewanapan Hai' Sung By Mukesh | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 October 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-popular-hindi-song-music-video-yeh-mera-deewanapan-hai-sung-by-mukesh/videoshow/78516074.cms | access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=March 2021}}
Ezra ([[Sohrab Modi]]) is a [[jeweller]] who has a son named Elijah and a friendly butler and childminder called Emmanuel. At the beginning of the film, Ezra is due to leave on a trip. As he does, Elijah becomes upset and stands on the balcony. On the roads of the Jewish quarter, Brutus ([[Nazir Hussain]]), [[Roman governor|Governor of Rome]], is passing, making an announcement. A stone slips from Elijah's hand on the balcony and hits Brutus on the head. Brutus immediately gets Elijah arrested, and as Elijah is a Jew, sentences him to death. Hearing this, Ezra rapidly returns and begs Brutus to free Elijah, but Brutus feeds Elijah to hungry lions. Ezra returns to his house, mourning his son in an almost catatonic state. In revenge, Emmanuel kidnaps Lydia, the motherless daughter of Brutus, and takes her to Ezra. Ezra snaps out of his catatonic state when the girl starts to call him father, and he refuses to kill her and instead adopts her as his child.

Brutus' anger brews. He orders the guards to find his daughter, and calls for punishment of all Jews. Emmanuel helps Ezra and Lydia to escape the guards, who eventually break down the front door. Emmanuel claims to have murdered Lydia by feeding her to stray dogs, upon which the enraged guards kill him. Ezra remains hidden and raises Lydia, who grows up thinking she is Ezra's daughter and that her name is Hannah.

Fifteen years pass and Ezra grows to become a successful jeweller, well known to be so good and a Jew. Hannah ([[Meena Kumari]]) grows into a beautiful young lady and attracts attention from many. The [[Roman emperor]] arrives in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] for the marriage of his son Prince Marcus ([[Dilip Kumar]]) to Brutus' niece Princess Octivia ([[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]]).

However, Prince Marcus avoids talking about his wedding and opposes it. One day, when returning from a hunting trip, he is injured and is cared for by Hannah. He then disguises himself as a Jew and goes back into the Jewish neighbourhood. He rescues Hannah from the unwanted attentions of a Roman soldier and meets her father, Ezra, not as Prince Marcus but as Moshe, a successful Jew from Alexandria. Ezra is happy to meet him and "Moshe" and Hannah fall in love. However, Hannah soon notices that something isn't right. Prince Marcus then reveals who he is, making Hannah very upset at his dishonesty, and she banishes the Prince from her life.

Then comes the day of the wedding of Prince Marcus and Princess Octivia. Everyone is invited. Before the ritual could commence, Hannah shouts that she had been cheated by a Roman. Ezra joins in to get back at his enemy Brutus. He clamours for justice. The Emperor demands the name of the culprit and Hannah claims it is Prince Marcus. Brutus tries to rebut Hannah and Ezra, but the Emperor insists that justice must be done. Heartbroken, Hannah returns home.

She is followed by Princess Octivia. Hannah sees the Princess at her doorstep and denies her entry. Hannah knew the princess would beg for the Prince's life. However, the princess tells Hannah that the Prince will be sentenced to death the very next day. Early the next day, without warning, Hannah takes Ezra with her to the Emperor. There she recants her accusation of the prince. She tells the Emperor that the man that cheated was not the prince but a look-alike. Ezra is shocked, and Brutus, filled with joy, sentences Hannah and Ezra to death. They are to be thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil that very day, in front of the Prince. Unable to bear that his beloved will be burnt in front of him, Prince Marcus blinds himself, then goes to the cauldron chamber.

Ezra bes for Hannah's life, and Hannah is trying to reason with Ezra that she'd rather die than live a life of hate. But Brutus stops at nothing and wants the two to die. Immediately, Ezra tells Brutus that he knows where the Governor's lost daughter is. Brutus is confused and says that this is Ezra's revenge and accuses the Jew of lying. Ezra sarcastically agrees. Brutus still begs Ezra for his daughter's whereabouts and Ezra will only reveal it on one condition: Hannah is to be thrown into the cauldron as soon as Brutus finds out who his daughter is. Ezra tells Brutus and the confused Hannah that Hannah is Brutus' daughter and the Jew tells the guards to throw Hannah into the boiling oil. Brutus orders them to stop. Ezra looks at Hannah and dies. Hannah cries over her foster father's dead body. Brutus tells Hannah not to cry, but Hannah does not listen. She runs away from Brutus looking for the Prince. Shocked to find him blind, Hannah lends him support and helps him as the two disappear into the distance.

==Cast==
The cast has been listed below:<ref>{{cite web | last=Hungama | first=Bollywood | title=Yahudi | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=1 January 1958 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yahudi/cast/ | access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref>
*[[Sohrab Modi]] as Ezra Johari
*[[Dilip Kumar]] as Shehzada [[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus]]
*[[Meena Kumari]] as Hannah / Lydia
*[[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]] as Shehzadi Octavia
*[[Nazir Hussain]] as Brutus
*[[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Antonio
*[[Minoo Mumtaz|Minu Mumtaz]] as Ruth
*[[Ramayan Tiwari|Tiwari]] as Emmanuel
*[[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Emperor [[Julius Caesar]]
*[[Indira (actress)|Indira]] as Yasmine
*[[Kumari Naaz|Baby Naaz]] as Young Lydia
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Dancer / Singer
*[[Cuckoo Moray|Cuckoo]] as Dancer / Singer
*[[Kumari Kamala|Kamala Laxman]] as Wedding Dancer / Singer

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aansoo Ki Aag Leke Teri Yaad Aayi
| extra1 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
| length1 = 03:50
|
| title2 = Aate Jaate
| extra2 = Lata Mangeshkar
| lyrics2 = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| length2 = 04:04
|
| title3 = Dil Mein Pyar Ka Toofaan
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar
| lyrics3 = Shailendra
| length3 = 04:30
|
| title4 = Meri Jaan Meri Jaan
| extra4 = Lata Mangeshkar
| lyrics4 = Shailendra
| length4 = 03:11
|
| title5 = Ye Duniya Hai Hamari Ye Duniya
| extra5 = [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| lyrics5 = Shailendra
| length5 = 03:24
|
| title6 = Yeh Mera Deewanapan Hai
| extra6 = [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
| lyrics6 = Shailendra
| length6 = 03:46
|
| title7 = Bechain Dil Khoyi Si Nazar
| extra7 = [[Geeta Dutt]], Lata Mangeshkar
| lyrics7 = Shailendra
| length7 = 04:38
|
| total_length = 27:23
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0052411|Yahudi}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jC3YoySGeA8 Full movie YouTube]

{{Bimal Roy}}

[[Category:1958 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bimal Roy]]
[[Category:Films set in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films about antisemitism]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Historical epic films]]
[[Category:1950s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1958 drama films]]

Bunny (2005 film)

2026-03-03T18:03:27Z

Sougataghosh: cleanup

{{short description|2005 film by V. V. Vinayak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bunny
| image = Bunny Telugu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. V. Vinayak]]
| producer = Mallidi Satyanarayana Reddy [[Allu Aravind]] (Presenter)
| screenplay = V. V. Vinayak
| story = V. V. Vinayak
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Allu Arjun]]
*[[Gowri Munjal]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Mukesh Rishi]]
}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Geetha Arts#Siri Venkateswara Productions (Satyanarayana, Aravind)|Siri Venkateswara Productions]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|4|6}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = ₹16 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2005 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2005/l |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bunny''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|romantic action comedy film]] written and directed by [[V. V. Vinayak]], with cinematography by [[Chota K. Naidu]]. The film was presented by [[Allu Aravind]] and produced by Mallidi Satyanarayana Reddy. This film stars [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Gowri Munjal]], while [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Mukesh Rishi]] play supporting roles with [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarath Kumar]] in a guest appearance. The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] with editing done by Gautham Raju and cinematography by [[Chota K. Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bunny The Hero Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/bunny-the-hero/movieshow/61297462.cms |access-date=2021-07-29 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=2005-12-30 |title=Dubbed films rule yet again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706091816/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |archive-date=2015-07-06 |website=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Junior N.T.R's two attempts (Naa Alludu and Narasimhudu) proved disasters.}}</ref>

The film was released on 6 April 2005, received mixed-to-positive reviews, and was commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bunny The Hero Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/bunny-the-hero/movieshow/61297462.cms |access-date=2021-07-29 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=2005-12-30 |title=Dubbed films rule yet again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706091816/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |archive-date=2015-07-06 |website=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Junior N.T.R's two attempts (Naa Alludu and Narasimhudu) proved disasters.}}</ref>

Later the film was dubbed and released in [[Malayalam]] as ''Bunny: The Lion'' was also commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bunny The Hero Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/bunny-the-hero/movieshow/61297462.cms |access-date=2021-07-29 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was remade in Bangladeshi Bengali as ''Tomar Jonno Morte Pari'' (2007) starring [[Shakib Khan]].

==Plot==
Somaraju is a leading businessman and crime boss in [[Visakhapatnam]]. Mysamma is a close member of Somaraju and his right hand handles his criminal deals in [[Hyderabad]]. Mahalakshmi is Somaraju's daughter, and he dearly loves her. Bunny alias Raja joins the same college as Mahalakshmi. He impresses her on the first day itself. Slowly, she falls in love with him. Somaraju, though reluctant initially, agrees to the marriage. Now, Raja has a condition that Somaraju should give his entire property to Raja as a dowry. The rest of the story explains why Raja asks for Somaraju's property.

Raja's birth father, a king, Ranga Rao Bhupathi Raja, is Mahalakshmi's maternal uncle. Bhupathi Raja was a great man with much land and property, as well as much regard from the government and other people. There is a water shortage for farming in the area where he lives. As a result, Bhupathi Raja starts a rally to initiate the Polavaram Project. The rally becomes so widespread, that the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, decides to meet with Bhupathi Raja. Bhupathi Raja decides to give away all of his land, 4,000 acres, to the people who lose land when the project gets initiated. When Mahalakshmi is born, her mother asks Bhupathi Raja to perform the baby naming ceremony and such. On Bhupathi Raja's way there, however, Somaraju attacks him with the help of a bunch of rowdies. Somaraju fraudulently transfers Bhupathi Raju's property to himself. They pretty much kill Bhupathi Raja and leave him to die in the forest. However, Bhupathi Raja manages to live and perform Mahalakshmi's ceremony, but he dies minutes after without telling anyone what happened.

Raja learns of this when his so-called father, Rangaswamy, explains to him that he is his godfather and not his father. While trying to save him, his godfather and godmother give up their son to keep him alive. To regain his rightful property, Raja fights Mysamma and wins his girl.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Allu Arjun]] as Raja alias Bunny
* [[Gowri Munjal]] as Mahalakshmi
** [[Kavya Kalyanram| Baby Kavya]] as Young Mahalakshmi
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Somaraju
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Maisamma
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Rangaswamy, Raja's foster father
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Raja's foster mother
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Bunny's aunt
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Suri, Somaraju's henchman
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as [[Deputy commissioner|DCP]] Venkhayya
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Chief Minister Gudumba Chatti
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Daiva Sahayam and Daiva Sahayam's father
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Advocate Suryanarayana
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Daiva Sahayam's assistant
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Somaraju's henchman
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Doctor
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as Lecturer
* [[Chitram Srinu]] as Bunny's friend
* Dil Ramesh as Somaraju's henchman
* Sravan as Tarun
* [[Sarath Kumar]] as Ranga Rao Bhupathi Raja (guest appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Bunny is Allu Arjun's third film as the lead actor after ''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]'' (2003) and ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=19 August 2012 |title=Interview with Allu Arjun |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/int1/alluarjun.html |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bunny
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Bunny
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 25 February 2005
| recorded = 2005uy
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:07
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Devi Sri Prasad
| prev_title = [[Maayavi]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Sachein]]
| next_year = 2005
}}
All music was scored by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and released by Aditya Music.
{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:07
| title1 = Maro Maro
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 5:08
| title2 = Jabilammavo
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose
| extra2 = [[Gandham Sagar|Sagar]], [[Malathy Lakshman]]
| length2 = 4:34
| title3 = Va Va Vareva
| lyrics3 = [[Viswa]]
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Sumangali
| length3 = 4:08
| title4 = Mayilu Mayilu
| lyrics4 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra4 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length4 = 4:57
| title5 = Kana Padaleda
| lyrics5 = Suddala Ashok Teja
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length5 = 3:33
| title6 = Bunny Bunny
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose
| extra6 = [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]], [[Khushi Murali|Murali]]
| length6 = 4:47
| title9 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| title7 =
| length10 =
}}

== Reception ==
B Anuradha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' criticized the plot for being an "age-old revenge drama" while praising Allu Arjun's performance. "Allu Arjun's effortless dancing and fights could be in vain, thanks to the boring theme," she added.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anuradha |first=B |date=12 April 2005 |title=The plot killed Bunny! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/12bunny.htm |access-date=2021-07-29 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' who rated 3/5 also echoed the same. "The story and presentation is old wine in a new bottle, but the performance of Allu Arjun, Prakash Raj and Raghu Babu saves the film to a very large extent," the reviewer stated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bunny |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/bunny-review-telugu-pclvI6biccjaa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123220237/https://www.sify.com/movies/bunny-review-telugu-pclvI6biccjaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2022 |access-date=2021-07-29 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
[[Gandham Sagar|Sagar]] was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]] at [[53rd Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2006 |title=53rd Annual Filmfare Awards-South Winners |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429030243/http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm |archive-date=29 April 2007 |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=Cinegoer}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0432090}}

{{V. V. Vinayak}}

[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2005 action films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. V. Vinayak]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Enai Noki Paayum Thota

2026-03-03T03:01:47Z

Sougataghosh: quick update

{{short description|2019 film directed by Gautham Menon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Enai Noki Paayum Thota.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| writer = Gautham Vasudev Menon
| producer = P. Madhan Gautham Vasudev Menon Venkat Somasundaram
| starring = [[Dhanush]] [[M. Sasikumar]] [[Megha Akash]] [[Sunaina]]
| cinematography = [[Jomon T. John]] [[Manoj Paramahamsa]]
| editing = Praveen Antony
| music = [[Darbuka Siva]]
| studio = [[Photon Kathaas|Ondraga Entertainment]] [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = Vels Film International
| released = {{film date|2019|11|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=ENAI NOKI PAAYUM THOTA |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/enai-noki-paayum-thota-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotc3mza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250130133948/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/enai-noki-paayum-thota-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotc3mza |archive-date=30 January 2025 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 25 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2025 |title=Box Office: Analysing theatrical performance of Dhanush's recent movies- Raayan emerges biggest grosser |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-analysing-theatrical-performance-of-dhanushs-recent-movies-raayan-emerges-biggest-grosser-1376987 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328171808/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-analysing-theatrical-performance-of-dhanushs-recent-movies-raayan-emerges-biggest-grosser-1376987 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Enai Noki Paayum Thota''''' ({{translation|The bullet headed towards me}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], who co-produced the film with P. Madhan and Venkat Somasundaram. The film stars [[Dhanush]], [[M. Sasikumar]], [[Megha Akash]] and [[Sunaina]]. The music was composed by [[Darbuka Siva]] with cinematography handled by [[Jomon T. John]] and [[Manoj Paramahamsa]], while Praveen Antony handled the editing.

The film began production in March 2016 but suffered delays due to financial issues, and was completed only in September 2018. It was released on 29 November 2019 to mixed reviews from critics and became an average venture at the box office.

== Plot ==
Raghu lives with his family in [[Pollachi]]. His older brother Thiru left their house after his girlfriend was killed during a biking trip. Raghu is in his final year of college studying [[computer science and engineering]] when he meets an actress Lekha, who is forced to act against her will. After a few more encounters, they become friends, which eventually blossoms into love. Raghu takes her to his house to introduce Lekha to his parents and they accept her. However, a film director named Kuberan and a producer arrive at Raghu's house and take Lekha away after threatening Raghu's family. Raghu does not hear from Lekha again and is heartbroken, thinking that she has dumped him.

Four years later, Raghu receives a call from Lekha, who tells him that she is with Thiru, who is in trouble, and further asks him to arrive at [[Mumbai]] to help him. Raghu arrives at Mumbai and learns that Thiru is actually an [[Covert operation|undercover police officer]] who is seeking to expose an illegal [[Arms trafficking|arms deal]] and is now on the run as the police are after him. Thiru is arrested and taken to court, where the police and goons attack him. Thiru and Raghu, who arrives there on the behest of Thiru's senior Arun Bhide, subdues the attackers, and Thiru escapes without seeing Raghu. Raghu finds the location where Lekha had asked him to arrive and finds her held at knifepoint. He rescues Lekha by defeating the goons and then gets into an auto, where Thiru appears and the brothers reconcile. However, the auto is attacked and Thiru is killed in the shootout, leaving Raghu devastated.

Before the auto was attacked, Thiru had given a keychain to Raghu and asked him to keep it safe. Lekha then narrates what happened after Kuberan took her from Raghu's house. Kuberan wanted Lekha to act in more films against her interest, and to make her accept, he thrashed his son and wife, where she finally agreed to act out of fear for Raghu and his family. Kuberan takes her to Mumbai where he pimped her to other actors, but she is rescued by Thiru. One day, Thiru asked her to accompany him and visited a gym and a few other places. It was during this time that Lekha had contacted Raghu. Raghu takes Lekha to his college senior Mythili's room in order to keep her safe.

Kuberan learns about Lekha's location and arrives with [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Nagaraj to take Lekha away, but Raghu thrashes Kuberan and stabs Nagaraj (who was the person behind Thiru's death), where he escapes again with Mythili and Lekha and tries to clear his brother's name. Raghu visits the gym that Thiru had visited but finds the locker to be empty. The police arrive with DCP Suraj, who actually got Thiru embroiled in this problem, and arrest Raghu. In the meantime, Kuberan arrives after finding Lekha's location and takes Lekha and Mythili. Raghu is taken to a room, which is revealed to be Thiru's [[safe house]], where he attacks the police officers before being shot by Nagaraj. However, one of the police officers shoots Nagaraj, and the room is locked.

Having been saved by the keychain, Raghu discovers a table which has a keyhole that matches with the key Thiru had given him (the keychain was actually a key) and finds a [[Hard disk drive|hard disk]] and a laptop, which reveals about the illegal arms dealings done by many influential people, including Kuberan. Raghu calls Kuberan and arranges a meeting to provide the hard disk. The police arrive as well, and Raghu shoots all of them dead. Thiru's name is finally cleared, and those involved in the dealings were arrested. Raghu arrives at his sister's wedding with Lekha and Mythili. After secretly performing Thiru's last rites, Raghu tells his parents that Thiru is doing well and that he is a police officer. In a [[voice-over]], Raghu narrates that he will hunt down the people who are involved in Thiru's death.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dhanush]] as Raghu
* [[M. Sasikumar]] as Thiru
* [[Megha Akash]] as Lekha
* [[Sunaina]] as Mythili
* Senthil Veerasamy as Kuberan
* [[Rakendu Mouli]] as Vasanth, Raghu's best friend
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Santhosh, Raghu's father<ref name="Writer Vela Ramamoorthy plays Dhanush’s father in ENPT">{{Cite news |date=19 January 2017 |title=Writer Vela Ramamoorthy plays Dhanush's father in ENPT |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/writer-vela-ramamoorthy-plays-dhanush-s-father-enpt-55972 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808072142/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/writer-vela-ramamoorthy-plays-dhanush-s-father-enpt-55972 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>
* S. Kameshwari as Raghu's mother
* [[Munna Simon]] as Anand Bhai (Superstar Anand)
* [[Sindhuri]] as Saranya, Raghu's sister
* [[Sanjana Sarathy]] as Sanjana, Lekha's friend
* Vinu Kartikeyan S as Kishore
* [[Ashwin Kkumar]] as Nagraj Manohar
* [[Arjun Chidambaram]] as Police Officer
* [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] as Saranya's groom
* AM Venkat as Pandian
* Dadhi Raj as Arun Bhinde
* Vinod as Lala
* Ajit Koshy as Inspector Ajith
* Meena Vemuri as Kuberan's wife
* [[Rana Daggubati]] (guest appearance in "Naan Pizhaippeno")<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Shiva |date=2 December 2019 |title='Enai Noki Paayum Thotta': Five reasons to watch Dhanush and Megha Akash starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/enai-noki-paayum-thotta-review-five-reasons-to-watch-dhanush-and-megha-akash-starrer/articleshow/72279106.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523021706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/enai-noki-paayum-thotta-review-five-reasons-to-watch-dhanush-and-megha-akash-starrer/articleshow/72279106.cms |archive-date=23 May 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] first discussed the script of ''Enai Noki Paayum Thota'' with actor [[Suriya]] during mid-2013, but the actor's rejection meant that they instead chose to finalise ''[[Dhruva Natchathiram (2025 film)|Dhruva Natchathiram]]'' as their next project together. However, soon after the pair had creative differences and their intended collaboration in 2013 was cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2013 |title=Gautham Menon opens up on Dhruva Natchathiram drop, friendship with Suriya and Thala 55 |url=http://cinemalead.com/news-id-gautham-menon-opens-up-on-dhruva-natchathiram-drop-friendship-with-suriya-and-thala-55-gautham-menon-05-12-134004.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227100004/http://cinemalead.com/news-id-gautham-menon-opens-up-on-dhruva-natchathiram-drop-friendship-with-suriya-and-thala-55-gautham-menon-05-12-134004.htm |archive-date=27 December 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |website=Cinema Lead}}</ref>

''Enai Noki Paayum Thota'' was relaunched with [[Dhanush]] in the lead role during February 2016, after Menon and Dhanush had discussed the script following their work on a talk show.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2016 |title=Gautham Menon & Dhanush Team up for en Mel Paayum Thotta |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-dhanush-team-up-for-en-mel-paayum-thotta/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232724/https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-dhanush-team-up-for-en-mel-paayum-thotta/ |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2016 |title=Dhanush gives a nod to Gautham Menon's Yenai Nokki Paayum Thotta |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180216/dhanush-gives-a-nod-to-gautham-menon-s-yenai-nokki-paayum-thotta.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232727/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180216/dhanush-gives-a-nod-to-gautham-menon-s-yenai-nokki-paayum-thotta.html |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Intended to be a quick project, the team expected to finish the shoot within two months starting from March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2016 |title=Dhanush-Gautham Menon project titled 'Enmel Payyum Thota' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dhanush-gautham-menon-project-titled-enmel-payyum-thota/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232724/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dhanush-gautham-menon-project-titled-enmel-payyum-thota/ |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Jomon T. John]] was signed as the film's cinematographer,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothsna |date=19 February 2016 |title=GAUTHAM MENON BRINGS FROM KERALA |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jomon-t-john-will-be-the-cinematographer-for-gautham-menon-dhanush-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920065211/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jomon-t-john-will-be-the-cinematographer-for-gautham-menon-dhanush-film.html |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> while [[Megha Akash]] was selected to play the leading female role after Menon was impressed with her work in the then unreleased film, ''[[Oru Pakka Kathai]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2016 |title=Yenai Nokki Paayum Thotta: Is it Dhanush vs Rana Daggubati in Gautham's next? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yenai-nokki-paayum-thotta-is-it-dhanush-vs-rana-daggubati-in-gauthams-next-313393-2016-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232723/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yenai-nokki-paayum-thotta-is-it-dhanush-vs-rana-daggubati-in-gauthams-next-313393-2016-03-15 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film was announced as a joint production between Menon and P. Madan of [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Actor Dhanush and Director Gautham Menon busy shooting for the next film in Turkey |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-dhanush-and-director-gautham-menon-busy-shooting-next-film-turkey-41216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232719/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-dhanush-and-director-gautham-menon-busy-shooting-next-film-turkey-41216 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Dhanush to shoot ENPT in Turkey |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-to-shoot-enpt-in-turkey-news-tamil-qefkDtbebagfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827012740/https://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-to-shoot-enpt-in-turkey-news-tamil-qefkDtbebagfg.html |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography began at [[Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering|SSN Engineering College]] in Chennai in mid-March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MK |first=Surendhar |date=12 December 2017 |title=Dhanush resumes shooting of long-pending film Enai Nokki Paayum Thota, slated for February 2018 release |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhanush-resumes-shooting-of-long-pending-film-enai-nokki-paayum-thota-slated-for-february-2018-release-4254771.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131051647/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhanush-resumes-shooting-of-long-pending-film-enai-nokki-paayum-thota-slated-for-february-2018-release-4254771.html |archive-date=31 January 2025 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref> Dhanush and Megha Akash shot scenes on the first day, and were joined by [[Rana Daggubati]], who would portray a guest role.<ref name=":0" /> In April 2016, the team travelled to [[Turkey]] to film a song and scenes in regions including Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir and Alanaya.<ref name="auto" /> Menon had initially attempted to simultaneously shoot the film's Turkey schedule alongside his commitments for his other long-delayed venture, ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016), but the lead actor of the other film, [[Silambarasan]], opted not to turn up to the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2016 |title=Gautham Menon to hit two birds with one stone |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gautham-menon-to-hit-two-birds-with-one-stone-317105-2016-04-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904065431/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gautham-menon-to-hit-two-birds-with-one-stone-317105-2016-04-09 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2015 |title=Simbu does not turn up for shoot: Gautham Menon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Simbu-does-not-turn-up-for-shoot-Gautham-Menon/articleshow/49056162.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914233819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Simbu-does-not-turn-up-for-shoot-Gautham-Menon/articleshow/49056162.cms |archive-date=14 September 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=9 July 2016 |title=Things will be sorted out with Simbu: Gautham Menon |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090716/things-will-be-sorted-out-with-simbu-gautham-menon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232724/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090716/things-will-be-sorted-out-with-simbu-gautham-menon.html |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> In October 2016, following a brief production break to allow Dhanush and Menon to finish other ventures, the team shot an action scene with [[Stunt Silva]] in areas across Chennai such as Alwarpet and Thiruvanmiyur. [[Sunaina]] was announced as part of the cast in May 2017, after she had already shot some scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2017 |title=Sunainaa plays a cameo in Gautham Menon's next |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/sunainaa-plays-cameo-gautham-menon-s-next-61539 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250131051334/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/sunainaa-plays-cameo-gautham-menon-s-next-61539 |archive-date=31 January 2025 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=K |first=Janani |date=24 October 2016 |title=Enai Nokki Paayum Thotta nearing completion |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/241016/enai-nokki-paayum-thotta-nearing-completion.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232721/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/241016/enai-nokki-paayum-thotta-nearing-completion.html |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

In November 2016, Menon revealed that 85% of the film's shoot was complete and that only one more schedule in [[Mumbai]] remained. He added that five songs were shot as montages, because the team had not yet finalised a music composer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2016 |title=No composer yet but Gautham Menon shoots songs with Dhanush for new film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/no-composer-yet-but-gautham-menon-shoots-songs-with-dhanush-for-new-film/story-nTgbAEvX8nXqSuHb7foR7J.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232724/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/no-composer-yet-but-gautham-menon-shoots-songs-with-dhanush-for-new-film/story-nTgbAEvX8nXqSuHb7foR7J.html |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> The film's first look posters and teaser were released in the same month, and the team announced a February 2017 release, but the date was not met after the film ran into financial troubles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K |first=Janani |date=12 December 2017 |title=Enai Noki Paayum Thota: Dhanush resumes shooting after several months' delay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/enai-noki-paayum-thota-dhanush-resumes-shooting-delay-1105774-2017-12-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232726/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/enai-noki-paayum-thota-dhanush-resumes-shooting-delay-1105774-2017-12-12 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Enai Nokki Paayum Thota' – First Look |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/enai-nokki-paayum-thota--first-look-imagegallery-kollywood-ql2kLfeidfggd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205223128/http://www.sify.com/movies/Enai-Nokki-Paayum-Thota--First-Look-imagegallery-kollywood-ql2kLfeidfggd.html |archive-date=5 December 2016 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Menon also later revealed that he was yet to write a climax to the film and that the film had started shoot without a complete script.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=13 November 2016 |title=I don't mind being called elitist: Gautham Menon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/I-don%E2%80%99t-mind-being-called-elitist-Gautham-Menon/article16445251.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620140600/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/I-don%E2%80%99t-mind-being-called-elitist-Gautham-Menon/article16445251.ece |archive-date=20 June 2021 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Following a year-long production delay owing to financial problems and Menon and Dhanush's other commitments, another schedule began in December 2017, with Menon suggesting it would complete the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2017 |title=Gautham Menon, Dhanush Resume Shooting For Long-Delayed Enai Noki Paayam Thota |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/enai-noki-paayam-thota-begins-last-stretch-of-shooting/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232727/https://silverscreen.in/news/enai-noki-paayam-thota-begins-last-stretch-of-shooting/ |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2017 |title=Gautham Menon reveals Enai Noki Paayum Thota's composer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/18/gautham-menon-reveals-enai-noki-paayum-thotas-composer-1676877.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232725/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/18/gautham-menon-reveals-enai-noki-paayum-thotas-composer-1676877.html |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A further final ten day schedule was then shot in Mumbai during July 2018 with extra scenes added to include actor [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]], who would play the elder brother of Dhanush's character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2018 |title=Gautham Menon resumes Enai Noki Paayum Thota shoot; Sasikumar joins the cast |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/gautham-menon-enpt-dhanush-sasikumar-5263017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232721/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/gautham-menon-enpt-dhanush-sasikumar-5263017/ |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2018 |title=Gautham Menon Wraps Up Shoot For 'Enai Noki Paayum Thota' |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-wraps-up-shoot-for-ennai-noki-paayum-thota/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232724/https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-wraps-up-shoot-for-ennai-noki-paayum-thota/ |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref> Principal photography ended in September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2018 |title=Dhanush's Enai Noki Paayum Thota set to clash with Vijay's Sarkar at box office |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhanush-enai-noki-paayum-thota-vijays-sarkar-5340754/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221228/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhanush-enai-noki-paayum-thota-vijays-sarkar-5340754/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In regard to the continuous delay of the film, Dhanush stated that he was unaware of the financial reasons behind the delay but that he agreed to film whenever Menon had requested.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2018 |title='It is not in my hands': Dhanush on 'Enai Noki Paayum Thota's delay |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it-not-my-hands-dhanush-enai-noki-paayum-thotas-delay-90400 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232732/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it-not-my-hands-dhanush-enai-noki-paayum-thotas-delay-90400 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The South Indian Film Financiers’ Association (SIFFA) later announced that their members would not finance any of Gautham's films unless ''Enai Noki Paayum Thota'' or his other long-delayed venture ''Dhruva Natchathiram'' were released. The film was cleared by the censor board without Dhanush dubbing for his character, and even by March 2019, Dhanush's salary had not been settled.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Film Financiers Decide To Stop Funding Gautham Vasudev Menon Till He Releases Pending Films |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menons-enai-noki-paayum-thota-expected-to-release-in-april/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232725/https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menons-enai-noki-paayum-thota-expected-to-release-in-april/ |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Enai Noki Paayum Thota
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Darbuka Siva]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2018
| recorded =
| venue = Chennai
| studio = Seed Studios 20dB Soundstudios
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 43:22
| language = Tamil
| label = Ondraga Entertainment [[Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Darbuka Siva]]
| prev_title = [[Nimir]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Rocky (2021 film)|Rocky]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|OJh0AMEW3K0|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Enai Noki Paayum Thota
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Maruvaarthai
| single1date = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|02|10}}
| single2 = Naan Pizhaippeno
| single2date = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|03|25}}
| single3 = Maruvaarthai – Restrung Version
| single3date = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|10|17}}
| single4 = Visiri
| single4date = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|12|31}}
}}
}}
The music composer of ''Enai Noki Paayum Thota'' was kept secret by the director, and was simply referred to as "Mr. X". The first single, "Maruvaarthai" was released on 10 February 2017 and a second single, "Naan Pizhaippeno" was released on 25 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2017 |title=The mystery behind Mr. X of Dhanush starrer, Ennai Nokki Paayum Thotta |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/the-mystery-behind-mr-x-of-dhanush-starrer-ennai-nokki-paayum-thotta-4518950/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023120032/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/the-mystery-behind-mr-x-of-dhanush-starrer-ennai-nokki-paayum-thotta-4518950/ |archive-date=23 October 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

After much speculations of who being the music composer of the film, it was revealed that "Mr. X" is [[Darbuka Siva]] through Menon's Twitter post. The restrung version of "Maruvaarthai" was released on 17 October and therefore, all the songs of this film are now credited with Darbuka Siva as the composer.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=920509865461731328 |user=menongautham |title=The restrung cult Maruvaarthai! Most of you know who the composer is but here it is officially Such Blessed talent! |author=Gauthamvasudevmenon |author-link=Gautham Vasudev Menon |date=17 October 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904062939/https://twitter.com/menongautham/status/920509865461731328 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Enai Noki Paayum Thota (2019) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/enai-noki-paayum-thota-songs-T0004480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902042915/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/enai-noki-paayum-thota-songs-T0004480 |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> In April 2019, the audio rights were transferred from Ondraga to [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2019 |title=Sony Music snaps ENPT, to release in May? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sony-music-snaps-enpt-to-release-in-may-news-tamil-tegqgqdbiihff.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902055933/https://www.sify.com/movies/sony-music-snaps-enpt-to-release-in-may-news-tamil-tegqgqdbiihff.html |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 43:22
| title1 = Maruvaarthai
| lyrics1 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length1 = 5:56
| title2 = Naan Pizhaippeno
| lyrics2 = Thamarai
| extra2 = D. Sathyaprakash
| length2 = 6:01
| title3 = Poi Varavaa
| lyrics3 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra3 = [[Bombay Jayashri]]
| length3 = 1:10
| title4 = Visiri
| lyrics4 = Thamarai
| extra4 = Sid Sriram, [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| length4 = 5:11
| title5 = Thirudaadhe Thirudaadhe
| lyrics5 = Thamarai, [[Aaryan Dinesh Kanagaratnam]]
| extra5 = Darbuka Siva, Karthik, Aaryan Dinesh Kanagaratnam, [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| length5 = 6:25
| title6 = Adadaa Naana
| lyrics6 = Thamizhanangu
| extra6 = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| length6 = 4:15
| title7 = Hey Nijame
| lyrics7 = Madhan Karky
| extra7 = Bombay Jayashri
| length7 = 4:35
| title8 = Maruvaarthai
| lyrics8 = Thamarai
| extra8 = Sid Sriram
| note8 = Restrung
| length8 = 5:01
| title9 = Maruvaarthai
| lyrics9 = Thamarai
| extra9 = Sid Sriram
| note9 = Unplugged
| length9 = 4:48
}}
== Release ==
In November 2018, [[Lyca Productions]] bought the film's rights but soon opted out due to some issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2018 |title=Lyca acquires Dhanush's 'Enai Nokki Paayum Thotta' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lyca-acquires-dhanushs-enai-nokki-paayum-thotta-92314 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419185046/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lyca-acquires-dhanushs-enai-nokki-paayum-thotta-92314 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> ''Enai Noki Paayum Thota'' was planned to release in May 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Exclusive: Dhanush's Enai Noki Paayum Thota will release in May, says {{as written|distr|ibuter [sic]}} SN Rajarajan |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/exclusive-dhanushs-enai-noki-paayum-thota-will-release-in-may-says-distributer-sn-rajarajan-363911.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405003017/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/exclusive-dhanushs-enai-noki-paayum-thota-will-release-in-may-says-distributer-sn-rajarajan-363911.htm |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=[[In.com]] |language=en}}</ref> but began facing uncertainty over its release due to Menon's financial problems and Arka Media Works' stay on films produced/distributed by S. N. Rajarajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Telangana HC stalls Dhanush's Enai Noki Paayum Thota, Vijay Sethupathi's Sindhubaadh's release – here's why |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/telangana-hc-stalls-dhanush-s-enai-noki-paayum-thota-vijay-sethupathi-s-sindhubaadhs-release-heres-why/418393 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702101447/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/telangana-hc-stalls-dhanush-s-enai-noki-paayum-thota-vijay-sethupathi-s-sindhubaadhs-release-heres-why/418393 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |access-date=2 July 2019 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, in August, Menon announced that the film would be released on 6 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=Gautham Menon announces the release date of 'Ennai Noki Paayum Thotta' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-announces-the-release-date-of-ennai-noki-paayum-thotta/articleshow/70644242.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813141937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-announces-the-release-date-of-ennai-noki-paayum-thotta/articleshow/70644242.cms |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=13 August 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 5 September, the film's release was further delayed due to lingering financial issues;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=5 September 2019 |title=Enai Noki Paayum Thota release postponed (again): Here's why Gautam Menon-Dhanush's film keeps getting pushed |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/enai-noki-paayum-thota-release-postponed-again-heres-why-gautam-menon-dhanushs-film-keeps-getting-pushed-7289741.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190905080556/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/enai-noki-paayum-thota-release-postponed-again-heres-why-gautam-menon-dhanushs-film-keeps-getting-pushed-7289741.html |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> it was later pushed to 15 November 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2019 |title=ENPT: Dhanush and Gautham Menon film to finally release on November 15 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/enpt-dhanush-and-gautham-menon-s-long-delayed-film-to-release-on-november-15-1605461-2019-10-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003002249/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/enpt-dhanush-and-gautham-menon-s-long-delayed-film-to-release-on-november-15-1605461-2019-10-02 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |access-date=2 October 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and then finally to 29 November after Ishari K. Ganesh of Vels Films International bought the film's rights.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2019 |title='Enai Noki Paayum Thota' gets yet another release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/enai-noki-paayum-thota-gets-yet-another-release-date/article29864112.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102184108/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/enai-noki-paayum-thota-gets-yet-another-release-date/article29864112.ece |archive-date=2 November 2019 |access-date=2 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''Enai Noki Paayum Thota'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=Gautham Menon to team up with Anushka Shetty |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/24/gautham-menon-to-team-up-with-anusha-shetty-16196.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421142314/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/24/gautham-menon-to-team-up-with-anusha-shetty-16196.html |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |quote=After a long struggle, Gautham Menon finally released Enai Nokki Paayum Thota, which opened to mixed reviews from critics and audiences.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=20|count=5|average=4|ref=yes}}

Pradeep Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''ENPT'' is no stroke of genius from Gautham Menon. But the way he makes the film punch way above its weight, is a mark of one".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=29 November 2019 |title='Enai Noki Paayum Thota' review: A film for the 'romantic at heart'. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/enai-noki-paayum-thota-review-a-film-for-the-romantic-at-heart/article30115090.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129125449/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/enai-noki-paayum-thota-review-a-film-for-the-romantic-at-heart/article30115090.ece |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Director Gautham Menon's ''Enai Noki Paayum Thota'' starring Dhanush and Megha Akash has a solid storyline. But the promising action drama is diluted by weak writing. Marks Gautham Menon's big-screen comeback after four years. Backed by brilliant performances, the film is a decent watch minus the crazy coincidences".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=29 November 2019 |title=Enai Noki Paayum Thota Movie Review: Dhanush is excellent in overstretched action drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/enai-noki-paayum-thota-movie-review-dhanush-is-excellent-in-overstretched-action-drama-1623641-2019-11-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130005902/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/enai-noki-paayum-thota-movie-review-dhanush-is-excellent-in-overstretched-action-drama-1623641-2019-11-29 |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Gautham Menon’s film is stylish but has little substance, his thrillers increasingly feel like he’s remaking the same template over and over again".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=29 November 2019 |title='Enai Noki Paayum Thota' review: GVM's film is stylish but has little substance |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/enai-noki-paayum-thotta-review-gvm-s-film-stylish-has-little-substance-113182 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130150127/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/enai-noki-paayum-thotta-review-gvm-s-film-stylish-has-little-substance-113182 |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars stating "''Enai Noki Paayum Thota'' is more or less a reiteration of Gautham Vasudev Menon's previous film, ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''. A competently shot but less than compelling film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=29 November 2019 |title=Enai Noki Paayum Thotta Movie Review : A competently shot but less than compelling film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/enai-noki-paayum-thotta/movie-review/72289669.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191129071942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/enai-noki-paayum-thotta/movie-review/72289669.cms |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[News18]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars stating "Cinema has long ceased to be fantasy and make-believe. Gautham Vasudev Menon helms this kind of unbelievable existence, his earlier works too have more or less remained in this groove. Dhanush is not a bad actor, and has learnt to be subdued and subtle, not giving himself to histrionics. But his range is something we have never seen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=29 November 2019 |title=Enai Noki Paayum Thota Movie Review: Gautham Menon Turns Dhanush Into Superman |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/enai-noki-paayum-thota-movie-review-gautham-menon-turns-dhanush-into-superman-2405753.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130134249/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/enai-noki-paayum-thota-movie-review-gautham-menon-turns-dhanush-into-superman-2405753.html |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'', Sreedhar Pillai gave 2 out of 5 stars stating "''Enai Noki Paayum Thota'' is way off the target and should have been shorter. The Gautham Menon magic is clearly missing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=29 November 2019 |title=Enai Noki Paayum Thota movie review: Dhanush-starrer is Gautham Menon's weakest film yet. |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/enai-noki-paayum-thota-movie-review-dhanush-starrer-is-gautham-menons-weakest-film-yet-7718261.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130141833/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/enai-noki-paayum-thota-movie-review-dhanush-starrer-is-gautham-menons-weakest-film-yet-7718261.html |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Average romantic action thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Enai Nokki Paayum Thotta review: Tiring and Unsatisfying. |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/enai-nokki-paayum-thotta-review-tiring-and-unsatisfying-review-tamil-tl3qgQjghieje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130082144/https://www.sify.com/movies/enai-nokki-paayum-thotta-review-tiring-and-unsatisfying-review-tamil-tl3qgQjghieje.html |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Post-release ==
In a 2025 interview with ''Galatta Plus'', Menon was asked about ''Enai Noki Paayum Thota'' but denied directing the film, saying it was made by "somebody else".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2025 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon disowns ENPT with Dhanush; wishes Suriya headlined Joshua: 'When I see Kill and Marco, I feel...' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menon-disowns-enpt-with-dhanush-wishes-suriya-headlined-joshua-when-i-see-kill-and-marco-i-feel-101737550598528.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250131051034/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menon-disowns-enpt-with-dhanush-wishes-suriya-headlined-joshua-when-i-see-kill-and-marco-i-feel-101737550598528.html |archive-date=31 January 2025 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> His comments were perceived by some as a joke, while others believed Dhanush interfered with the direction; the film's [[Wikipedia]] page was briefly [[Vandalism on Wikipedia|vandalised]] to include Dhanush's name as director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title='He hijacked my film!' After Nayanthara, Gautham Menon levels serious allegation against Dhanush! |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/he-hijacked-my-film-after-nayanthara-gautham-menon-levels-serious-allegation-against-dhanush-1.10278924 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123103750/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/he-hijacked-my-film-after-nayanthara-gautham-menon-levels-serious-allegation-against-dhanush-1.10278924 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref> In a subsequent interview with ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'', Menon called it the only film he regretted directing to that point, and refused to take responsibility for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=22 January 2025 |title='The Only Film I Regret Making Is...': Gautham Vasudev Menon Before The Release Of 'Dominic And The Ladies' Purse' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/the-only-film-i-regret-making-is-gautham-vasudev-menon-before-the-release-of-dominic-and-the-ladies-purse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122151355/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/the-only-film-i-regret-making-is-gautham-vasudev-menon-before-the-release-of-dominic-and-the-ladies-purse |archive-date=22 January 2025 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref> He later said his comments in the earlier interview were simply a "joke" and were misconstrued.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon backtracks on disowning Dhanush's Enai Noki Paayum Thota: 'It's just a joke' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menon-backtracks-on-disowning-dhanushs-enai-noki-paayum-thota-its-just-a-joke-101738400024207.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250201174546/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menon-backtracks-on-disowning-dhanushs-enai-noki-paayum-thota-its-just-a-joke-101738400024207.html |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Gautham Vasudev Menon}}

[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
[[Category:Films scored by Darbuka Siva]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ankara]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in İzmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

Takkellapadu, Kanigiri mandal

2026-03-02T23:58:10Z

Sougataghosh: created new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}

'''Takkellapadu''' is a village in [[Kanigiri mandal]], [[Markapuram district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located between [[Kanigiri]] and Pamuru, in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2011 - Town and villages directory |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42648/download/46323/PC11_TV_DIR.xlsx |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=27 December 2023}}</ref> Takkellapadu consist of three colonies named Kancharalavaripalli (post), Vijaya Gopalapuram, and Narapareddyvaripalli, B.C colony.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]

{{Markapuram-geo-stub}}

Paranthe Wali Gali (film)

2026-03-02T10:03:36Z

Sougataghosh: adding a biography

{{for|the food street|Gali Paranthe Wali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paranthe Wali Gali
| image = Paranthe Wali Gali.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sachin Gupta (director)|Sachin Gupta]]
| producer = Sachin Gupta Sushma Gupta Subodh Goel
| writer = Sachin Gupta
| starring = [[Anuj Saxena]] Neha Pawar
| music = [[Vasundhara Das]] Vikram Khajuria
| editing = Vinay R Chauhan
| cinematography = Debasish Banerjee
| released = {{Film date|2014|01|17|df=yes}}
| studio = [[Chilsag Entertainment Network]]
| distributor = [[Reliance BIG Entertainment|Reliance]]
| runtime = 105 Minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''''Paranthe Wali Gali''''' ({{translation|The alley of parathas}}) is a 2014 Indian [[romance film|romance]] [[comedy film]] directed and produced by award-winning playwright and theatre director [[Sachin Gupta (director)|Sachin Gupta]] under Chilsag-Civitech Motion Pictures. It is produced by Sachin Gupta and Sushma Gupta and co-produced by Subodh Goel and Alka Goel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/life-in-technicolour/1082325 |title=Life in Technicolor |work=The Financial Express |accessdate=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115051547/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/life-in-technicolour/1082325 |archive-date=15 January 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/news-interviews/37039810_1_chandni-chowk-director-sachin-gupta-movie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216054815/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/news-interviews/37039810_1_chandni-chowk-director-sachin-gupta-movie |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2013 |title=Sachin Gupta, Anuj & Neha Pawar in Delhi |date= |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=12 February 2013}}</ref> The film stars [[Anuj Saxena]] and Neha Pawar in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-08/news/36993406_1_sachin-gupta-film-paranthe-wali-gali |title=Now a Movie on Paranthe Wali Gali |work=The Economic Times |date=8 February 2013 |accessdate=8 February 2013 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113220345/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-08/news/36993406_1_sachin-gupta-film-paranthe-wali-gali |url-status=dead }} {{cite web |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/anuj-saxenas-trip-paranthe-wali-gali |title=A Trip to Paranthe Wali Gali |work=Telly Chakkar |date= |accessdate=24 April 2013 }} {{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Old-Delhi-gets-its-own-film/Article1-985468.aspx|archive-date=2013-01-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106105025/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Old-Delhi-gets-its-own-film/Article1-985468.aspx|title=Old Delhi gets its own film|work=The Hindustan Times|date=|accessdate=5 January 2013}} {{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/paranthe-wali-gali-to-explore-unexplored-delhi_125284.htm |title='Paranthe Wali Gali' to explore unexplored Delhi |work=Zeenews.india.com |date= |accessdate=25 February 2013 }} {{cite web |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/Entertainment/20121228/2127833.html |title='Paranthe Wali Gali' to explore unexplored Delhi |work=News.webindia123.com |date=28 December 2012 |accessdate=10 March 2013 }} {{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/capturing-the-exotic-smells-sounds-and-food-of-walled-city-on-celluloid/article4306119.ece |title=Capturing the exotic smells, sounds and food of Walled City on celluloid |work=The Hindu |date=14 January 2013 |accessdate=15 February 2013 }} {{cite web |url=http://paranthewaligalithefilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dainikbhaskar.jpg |title='Anuj Saxena aur Neha Pawar pardey par utarengey dilli ka khan paan' |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar |date=15 February 2013 |accessdate=15 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115043627/http://paranthewaligalithefilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dainikbhaskar.jpg |archive-date=15 January 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} {{cite web |url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2013/02/08/359--Shooting-in-Old-Delhi-challenging-Sachin-Gupta-unperturbed-.html |title=Shooting in Old Delhi challenging, Sachin Gupta unperturbed |publisher=IANS |date=8 February 2013 |accessdate=15 February 2013 }} {{cite web |url=http://www.sodelhi.com/entertainments/2238-paranthe-wali-gali-brings-delhi-into-the-spotlight |title=Paranthe Wali Gali brings Delhi into the spotlight |publisher=Sodelhi.com |accessdate=15 February 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216191808/http://www.sodelhi.com/entertainments/2238-paranthe-wali-gali-brings-delhi-into-the-spotlight |archive-date=16 February 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Anuj Saxena]] as Maulik
* [[Neha Pawar]] as Naina Kaur
* Mohinder Gujral as Rimjhim Gaur
* Vijayant Kohli as Saluja
* Himanshu Thakkar as Danish
* Yuvraj Haral as Vivian
* Prabhakar Srinet as Farhaz
* Paropkar Singh as Jasmeet
* Jaspreet Kaur as Surili
* Ritika Jasmera as Tamanna

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paranthe Wali Gali
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vasundhara Das]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|12|26}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/paranthe-wali-gali-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/791577130 |title=Paranthe Wali Gali (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:09
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Times Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|ulgG_84TpEU|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The music for the film was composed by [[Vasundhara Das]] and Vikram Khajuria and the background score by Vikram Khajuria with song lyrics by Vipin Mishra, Viraj Mishra and Devshi khanduri. The soundtrack album was released on 30 December 2013, with the following songs.

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:09

| title1 = Paranthe Wali Gali
| extra1 = Krishna Bhardwaj
| lyrics1 = Devshi Khanduri
| music1 = Vikram Khajuria
| length1 = 5:28

| title2 = Tere Bin Ho Na Sakega Gujara
| lyrics2 = Devshi Khanduri
| extra2 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]]
| music2 = Vikram Khajuria
| length2 = 5:20

| title3 = Party Sharty
| lyrics3 = Virag Mishra
| extra3 = Jasraj Joshi
| music3 = Vasundhara Das
| length3 = 4:24

| title4 = Wind Of Change
| lyrics4 = Vasundhara Das & Vipin Mishra
| extra4 = [[Siddharth Basrur]], Joi Barua, Vasundhara Das & Prashant Vadiyar,
| music4 = Vasundhara Das
| length4 = 4:24

| title5 = Khidki Se Zara Future Aane Do
| lyrics5 = Virag Mishra
| extra5 = [[Vasundhara Das]]
| music5 = Vasundhara Das
| length5 = 3:26

| title6 = Dil Yeh Dhun Gaa Raha Hai
| lyrics6 = Virag Mishra
| extra6 = Tejas Shankar & Vasundhara Das
| music6 = Vasundhara Das
| length6 = 3:50

| title7 = Subah Meri Subah Re
| lyrics7 = Virag Mishra
| extra7 = [[Vasundhara Das]]
| music7 = Vasundhara Das
| length7 = 4:49
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2907156}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161004072940/http://paranthewaligalithefilm.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/ParantheWaliGali Facebook]
* [https://twitter.com/pwgfilm Twitter]
* [http://instagram.com/paranthewaligali Instagram ParantheWaliGaliTheFilm]

[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]

Mukurthi National Park

2026-03-01T08:49:51Z

Sougataghosh: New.

{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{short description|National park in India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Mukurthi National Park
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = II
| iucn_ref =
| image = Niltahr.jpg
| image_caption = [[Nilgiri tahr]] in montane grasslands
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = [[Nilgiri District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|16|N|76|28.5|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area_km2 = 78.46
| elevation = 2629
| established = 12 December 2001
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_ref =
| governing_body =
| website = {{URL|www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_muknp.html}}
| url =
| child =
| module =
}}
'''Mukurthi National Park''' is a {{cvt|78.46|km2}} [[national park]] in the western [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiris mountains]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[South India]]. It was created to protect its [[keystone species]], the [[Nilgiri tahr]].<ref name="DograMGT">{{Cite report |last=Dogra |first=R. K. |title=Mukurthi National Park Management plan; 2004–2009 |publisher=Wildlife Warden, Mount Stuart Hill |location=Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu |date=2006 |url=}}</ref>
It is part of [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]], India's first [[International Biosphere Reserve]]. As part of the Western Ghats, it is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Four natural and four cultural properties added to UNESCO's World Heritage List on Sunday |date=2012 |work=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/902}}</ref>
It is characterised by [[montane grasslands and shrublands]] interspersed with [[shola]]s, high rainfall, near-freezing temperatures and strong winds. It harbours [[Bengal tiger]] and [[Asian elephant]].

==History==
{{Maplink|from=Mukurthi NP.map|type=shape |frame=yes|zoom=10|frame-lat=11.28|frame-long=76.5|stroke-width=1|frame-align=right |text=Mukukurthi National Park boundary}}
Native [[hill tribe]] communities including the [[Toda people]] have harvested firewood from the sholas and grazed their animals including the [[Wild Asian water buffalo|hill buffalo]] for centuries. Indiscriminate felling of the sholas started with the establishment of British settlements in Ootacamund, [[Coonoor]] and [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]] in the early 19th century. Beginning in 1841 authorities issued contracts to bidders to fell wood from specific sholas in a 'timber conservancy' program. In 1868 James Breeds, commissioner of the Hills, wrote: "...unless conservancy is taken in hand and organized under some efficient system under the control of an experienced officer, the destruction of the sholas is but a question of time."{{sfnp|Thyaagarajan or Thyagarajan|p=70}}

[[Bangitappal]] (Cannabis tableland), at the southwest end of the park at the confluence of two streams at the head of the [[Sispara|Sispara Pass]], used to be a halting place on the old Sispara ghat road from [[Kozhikode]] to Ooty, constructed in 1832. This pass provided a short land route for postal runners from Ooty to the west coast in the 19th century and was used for smuggling of cannabis, tobacco and later salt.<ref>Venugopal, Dharmalingam, "Stairway to heaven, up the blue mountain", The Hindu Business Line, 8 July 2002.[http://www.blonnet.com/life/2002/07/08/stories/2002070800030300.htm Ooty trek]</ref> A forest rest house and a trekkers shed built there in 1930 are now used by park staff and visiting researchers.

Between 1840 and 1856 [[plantation]]s of several non-native tree species were introduced to the area to satisfy the fuel-wood demand. These included four [[Acacia|wattle]] species ([[Acacia mollissima|black wattle]], [[Acacia dealbata|silver wattle]], [[Acacia decurrens|green wattle]] and [[Acacia melanoxylon|blackwood]]), [[Eucalyptus globulus|eucalyptus]], [[cypress]], [[Chir pine|Indian long leaf pine]] and [[Common gorse|thorny gorse]]. Eucalyptus became the preferred plantation tree.

Unlike the others, the wattles spread by root suckers to quickly cover large areas of native grasslands, including the Mukurthi Hills, and was declared a pest "useful for covering wastelands".{{sfnp|T. Jayadev|p=12}} Some [[Acacia mollissima|black wattle]] plantations were maintained for the leather industry, as their bark yielded [[tannin]].

In 1882 Inspector General of Forests, [[Dietrich Brandis]] "recommended bringing the present {{convert|1200|acre|km2}} of plantation up to {{convert|5000|acre|km2}} to create enormous forest blocks "...which would make any remaining sholas redundant forest resources".{{sfnp|Sutton|p=6}} The entire area of MNP, was declared as a [[Reserve forest]] in 1886.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvp|Dogra|2006|loc=MNP Mgt plan, 3.6.1, Legal status}}</ref>

In 1920 it was suggested that 10–15 acre plots in the Kundah Hills including the present park area, "be planted up each year in places where sholas have almost or quite disappeared, the most suitable species probably being ''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (silver wattle)", thus replacing highly diverse endemic and stable ecosystems with an exotic monoculture supporting little animal diversity.{{sfnp|Ranganathan|pp=45–47}}

The area was declared as a wildlife sanctuary on 3 August 1982 and upgraded to a National Park on 15 October 1990 in order to protect the Nilgiri tahr.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name=Dogra/>

==Geography==
[[Image:AMS-Erode-C-Mukurthi-NP.jpg|thumb|Mukurthi National Park topographic map 1:250,000]]
[[Image:Mukurthi NP Map.jpg|thumb|Mukurthi National Park boundaries and features map]]
[[Image:Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, showing Mukurthi National Park in relation to multiple contiguous protected areas]]
[[File:Mukurthi-National-Park.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Mukurthi National Park, the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India. A lovely tapestry of southern high mountain grasslands]]
Mukurthi National Park has an elongated crescent shape facing to the west between 11°10' to 11°22' N and 76°26' to 76°34' E. It is bordered on the west by Nilambur South Forest Division, to the northwest by Gudalur Forest Division, to the northeast, east and southeast by [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=11.348104&lon=76.523209&z=11&l=0&m=h&show=/1700478/ Nilgiri South Forest Division] and to the south by Mannarghat Forest Division. At its southwest tip the peaks of this park straddle the northeast corner of [[Silent Valley National Park]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Mukurthi – National Park . Retrieved 18 April 2007 [http://www.asiannature.org/mukurthi.html]</ref>

On the Nilgiri Plateau, the Kundah range of the Nilgiri hills is a ridge on the south-western side of Mukurthi National Park bordering [[Kerala]]. The Tamil Nadu/Kerala border here is 39 km long. The park generally slopes towards the east and south receiving water from the Billithadahalla, Pykara and Kundah rivers, and the Upper Bhavani and Mukurthi reservoirs which flow through the park. Also several perennial streams originate in the park, most of which drain into the Bhavani River.<ref>Ahmed, Ameen ''Romantic Mukurthi'' Deccan Herald, Bangalore. 21 January 2001. [https://tumkurameen.blogspot.com/2006/03/romantic-mukurthi.html 'Romantic Mukurthi']</ref>
[[Image:Mukurthi peak.jpg|thumb|[[Mukurthi|Mukurthi Peak]] elevation: 2554 m.]]
Park elevation varies from {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|2629|m|ft|abbr=on}}, with '''Kollaribetta''' {{convert|2629|m|ft|abbr=on}}, '''[[Mukurthi]]''' {{convert|2554|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and '''Nilgiri''' {{convert|2476|m|ft|abbr=on}} being the highest peaks in this part of Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu. With elevations greater than the general level of the plateau, the range possesses some peaks close to the height of [[Doddabetta]], just east of Ooty.
'''Avalanche hill''' of this range has twin-peaks of the '''Kudikkadu''' (height: {{convert|2590|m|ft|0}}) and the '''[[Kolaribetta]]'''. '''Derbetta''' (or Bear Hill) (height: {{convert|2531|m|ft|0}}) and '''Kolibetta''' (height: {{convert|2494|m|ft|0}}), south of the Ouchterlony valley, are a continuation of the Kundah range.

'''Pichalbetta''' (height: {{convert|2544|m|ft|0}}), '''Nilgiri Peak''' and '''Mukurthi Peak''' are the important heights of this area. Though not the highest hills in the Nilgiris, these three hills stand out in relation to the generally uniform level of this area.<ref>District Administration, Nilgiris (20 August 2007) National Informatics Centre, Nilgiris. Retrieved 2008/08/31 [http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/newpages/hills_and__peaks.htm Hills and Peaks]</ref>

Important peaks in the southwest Sispara/Bangitipal part of the park are '''[[Sispara]]''' (height: {{convert|2206|m|ft|0}}) '''[[Anginda peak|Anginda]]''' (height: {{convert|2383|m|ft|0}}), '''Nadugani''' (height: {{convert|2320|m|ft|0}}) and '''Gulkal''' (height: {{convert|2468|m|ft|0}}).

The park has a harsh environment with annual rainfall varying from 2010 mm to 6330 mm (79–249 inches), night temperature sometimes below freezing in the winter and wind speeds ranging up to {{convert|120|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Dogra/> page 13

==Fauna==
[[Image:Redadmiral08.JPG|thumb|[[Vanessa indica|Indian red admiral]]]]
Several [[threatened]] mammal species live here including [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[Indian elephant]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[Nilgiri marten]], [[Nilgiri langur]] and [[Servant mouse|Bonhote's mouse]]. Mukurthi is near the northern end of the range of the Nilgiri tahr. A three-day census in March 2007 estimated 200 tahrs in the park including 60 young ones sighted.<ref>(12 April 2007) "Nilgiri Tahr population healthy: census", ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 18 April 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314214944/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031205360300.htm "eco-sensitive zone"]</ref> There are also [[Indian leopard|leopard]], [[bonnet macaque]], [[sambar deer]], [[barking deer]], [[mouse deer]], [[otter]], [[jungle cat]], [[small Indian civet]], [[Indian wild dog|wild dog]], [[jackal]], [[black-naped hare]], [[Suncus montanus|shrew]], [[Malabar spiny dormouse]] and [[soft-furred rat]].

Avifauna consists mostly of hill birds including the threatened [[Nilgiri laughingthrush]], [[Malabar whistling thrush]], [[Eurasian woodcock]], [[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], [[black-and-orange flycatcher]], [[Nilgiri flycatcher]], [[grey-headed canary flycatcher]] [[black bulbul]], [[Indian white-eye]] and [[Nilgiri pipit]]. The predatory [[black-winged kite]], [[common kestrel]] and [[black eagle]] may be seen in the grasslands.

The area is home to many species of point-endemics among reptiles such as the geckos [[Cnemaspis|dwarf gecko]], Nilgiri salea (''[[Salea horsfieldii]]'') and the [[skink]] (''[[Kaestlea bilineata]]'') the snakes [[Trimeresurus strigatus|horseshoe pit viper]], [[Fowlea piscator|checkered keelback]], [[Ptyas mucosa|rat snake]], ''[[Oligodon venustus]]'', [[Ahaetulla perroteti|bronze-headed vine snake]] and several [[Uropeltidae|shieldtail]]s of which [[Plectrurus perrotetii|Perrotet's shieldtail]] is the most common. Like reptiles, almost all species of amphibians here are endemic only to this region, except the widespread common Indian toad (''[[Duttaphrynus melanostictus]]''); main species include ''[[Bufo microtympanum]]'' and many species of [[tree frog]]s including ''[[Raorchestes tinniens]]'', ''[[Raorchestes signatus]]'', ''[[Raorchestes ravii]]'', ''[[Raorchestes thodai]]'', ''[[Raorchestes primarrumpfi]]'', ''[[Ghatixalus variabilis]]'' and the [[dancing frog]] ''[[Micrixalus phyllophilus]]'' and aquatic ones like ''[[Nyctibatrachus indraneili]]'' and ''[[Fejervarya nilagirica]]''.<ref name=Dogra/> 

Butterflies with [[Himalaya]]n affinity like the [[Kaniska canace|blue admiral]], [[Vanessa indica|Indian red admiral]], [[Argynnis hyperbius|Indian fritillary]], [[Pieris rapae|Indian cabbage white]] and [[Oreolyce quadriplaga|hedge blue]]s are seen here. Some streams had been stocked with exotic [[rainbow trout]] in the past.<ref>Shanker, K. (1996). ''Sholas and Grasslands''. Sanctuary Asia Magazine, Vol. XVI, No.2 [http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/kartik/sanct.htm retrieved April 18, 2007]</ref>

==Flora==
The area is home to numerous endemic plants particularly of the [[scapigerous]] annual ''[[Impatiens]]'' plants. ''[[Alchemilla indica]]'' and ''[[Hedyotis verticillaris]]'' are found only within or on the fringes of this park.

[[Image:Rhododendron arboreum .jpg|thumb|[[Rhododendron]] tree in shola]]
[[Rhododendron]]s, ''[[Rhododendron arboreum]]'' the national flower of Nepal or ''[[Rhododendron nilagiricum]]'',<ref>Shanker Kartik (2002) [http://www.atree.org/nilgiris.pdf ''Nilgiris Floral Paradise''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110081340/http://www.atree.org/nilgiris.pdf |date=10 November 2007 }} Nilgiris, p65. Retrieved 17 February 2008</ref>
are seen throughout the grasslands and very large specimens are conspicuous around many sholas. Other common shola trees and shrubs among the 58 species found here include: ''[[Syzygium calophyllifolium]]'', ''[[Daphniphyllum neilgherrense]]'', ''[[Cinnamomum wightii]]'', ''[[Vaccinium leschenaulti]]'', ''[[Mahonia leschenaulti]]'', ''[[Litsea]]'' sp., ''[[Lasianthus]]'' sp., ''[[Psychotria]]'' sp. and ''[[Michelia nilagirica]]''.
[[Image:Rubus sp. yellow.JPG|thumb|[[Rubus idaeus|Wild yellow raspberries]] grow on the edge of sholas and in disturbed soil along trails and roads]]
The edges of most sholas are lined with the shrubs: ''[[Gaultheria fragrantissima]]'', ''[[Rhodomyrtus tomentosa]]'', ''[[Rubus]]'' sp., ''[[Bergeris tinctoria]]'', ''[[Eurya nitida]]'', ''[[Strobilanthes]]'' sp., and ''[[Helichrysum]]'' sp.

The [[orchid]]s ''[[Eria abliflora]]'', ''[[Oberonia santapaui]]'', ''[[Aerides ringens]]'', ''[[Aerides crispa]]'' and ''[[Coelogyne odoratissima]]''
are found on the high west edge of the park. Among the grasslands are a plethora of ''[[Brachycorythis iantha]]'', [[Satyrium nepalense]], ''[[Habenaria cephalotes]]'', ''[[Seidenfia densiflora]]'', ''[[Spiranthes sinensis]]'' and [[Liparis atropurpurea]].
The natural habitats of the park have been much disturbed by previously easy motor vehicle access through four entry points and<ref>Davidar, ERC, Distribution and Status of the Nilgiri Tahr Bombay Natural History Society 75(3): 815–844</ref> extensive commercial planting and natural spreading of non-native [[eucalyptus]] and [[acacia|wattle]] (''[[Acacia dealbata]]'', ''[[Acacia mearnsii]]'' and other species). In addition there is one large, and several smaller hydro-electric impoundments in the area.<ref>Rice, C G Dr (1984) US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, USA, "''The behaviour and ecology of Nilgiri Tahr''", Tahr Foundation. Retrieved 17 April 2007 [http://www.tahrfoundation.org/html/cl1.htm "''The behaviour and ecology of Nilgiri Tahr''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928155241/http://www.tahrfoundation.org/html/cl1.htm |date=28 September 2006 }}</ref>

Only 20% of the park area has more than a 50% chance of being used by tahr. If old commercial forests are removed and restored to their original grassland habitat, usable tahr habitat would increase to 60%.<ref>Sumithran, Stephen (1997) "''Status and Ecology of the Nilgiri Tahr in the Mukurthi National Park, South India''" Phd dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Retrieved 18 April 2007 [http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40511 Nilgiri Tahr in the Mukurthi National Park]</ref>

==Management==
Mukurthi National Park is managed by the Tamil Nadu Department of Forestry with the main objective to [[habitat conservation|conserve]] the endangered shola-grassland ecosystem and its endemic flora and fauna. The department operates an effective year round anti-[[poaching]] program with gun- and radio-equipped foot patrols operating from anti-poaching camps at Bangitappal, Nadugani, Western Catchment and Mukurthi Fishing Hut.
[[Image:Grassland restoration.JPG|thumb|Grassland restoration from old [[Acacia|wattle forest]]]]
Prevention and control of destructive [[forest fires|wildfire]] is achieved through creation of artificial [[firebreak]]s in the form of hand-dug fire lines along ridges and cleared trek paths. Local fire watchers are employed for early detection and control during the dangerous December to April fire season. Invasive imported plant species, especially [[Acacia|wattle]], [[Scotch broom]] and [[gorse]] are controlled and eliminated from the park through a phased, long-term program focused on restoration of the original biota.

Tourism is not a management objective, but the Forest Department does periodically conduct nature awareness and conservation programs for the public and some special interest groups through controlled visits to the Western Catchment and Avalanche areas of the park.

The Forest Department seeks to identify and acquire contiguous undisturbed crucial habitat areas for future inclusion in the park.<ref name=Dogra>{{Citation |author = Rakesh Kumar Dogra| editor-last = Seshan| editor-first = Suprabha | title =Mukurthi Unforeseen Wilderness, A Compendium of Writings and Photographs on Mukurthi National Park| url = https://archive.org/stream/MukurthiUnforeseenWilderness| publisher = Tamil Nadu Forest Department| pages = 48 50| date = April 2007}}</ref>

==Visitor information==
[[Image:Management sign.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|Management sign at Upper Bhavani entrance]]
[[Image:Bangitapal Trekking Shed.jpg|thumb|[[Bangitappal]] rest house and surroundings]]
Casual tourism and commercial tour operation is not permitted. Tourist facilities are not available in the park. Special interest groups are sometimes permitted for supervised educational programs, [[Hiking|trek]]king and [[camping]]. There are forest rest houses at Bangitapal, Avalanche, Pykara and some unfurnished trekking sheds.

A mostly downhill three-, four- or five-day trek through Mukurthi and [[Silent Valley National Park]]s starts by driving 75 km from Udhagamandalam [[Udhagamandalam|(Ooty)]] in 4 hours and a 1 km walk to overnight at Bangitapal. Walk 24 km through Mukurthi Park in 9 hours to overnight at Walakkad or overnight half-way at the new trekkers bungalow at [[Sispara|Sispara peak]] then continue 12 km steep downhill the next day to Walakkad. Walk 18 km in 7 hours to overnight at Poochipara. Walk 8 km in 3 hours to Sairandhiri in Silent Valley, then take a park van out or overnight at [[Silent Valley National Park|Sairandhri]] and trek 23 km to Mukkali village. A forest guide-cum-cook accompanies park visitors during all treks.<ref>Venugopal, Dharmalingam, "Stairway to heaven, up the blue mountain", ''Business Line'', 8 July 2002. [http://www.blonnet.com/life/2002/07/08/stories/2002070800030300.htm Ooty trek]</ref><ref>Radhareddyh, Silent Valley Trek, Travelblog.com, 2007/01/18. [http://www.travelblog.com/2606/users/radhareddyh/index.php Trek]</ref>
In some cases the guide may instruct visitors to bend down to drink straight from a stream like a deer and prohibit bathing in a stream so the silt at the bottom is not disturbed and because human body odour might affect the animals.<ref>Vijayah T. Anantha 2008/03/23 Treks and tracks, ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 2007/04/18 [https://web.archive.org/web/20040927134437/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/yw/2002/03/23/stories/2002032300080200.htm]</ref>

Beginning in November 2007, the Forest Department has organised trekking programmes inside forest areas of Mukurthi Park with the objective to familiarise the public with their conservation efforts. The places covered by treks are Mudimund, Mukurthi Peak, Western Catchment, Bangitapal, Moyar, Anaikatti, Morganbetta, Avalanchi, Kolleribetta, Sispara and Silent Valley. Trek distances vary between 8 km and 60 km. Each group comprises up to 20 members. Guides, instructors, cooks, porters, tents and food are provided by the department. Trekkers have to bring rucksacks and sleeping bags. Application for trekking permits can be made to the range officer.<ref name="Dogra2">{{cite news|url=http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/Ecotourism/graphics/Eco-Trekking.pdf|title=Education and awareness programme of conservation – |last=Dogra|first=Rakesh Kumar |date= 11 January 2007|work=Press release|publisher=Office of the Wildlife Warden |access-date=2009-02-01}}</ref>

The nearest airport is Coimbatore (140 km away). The nearest railway station is Udhagamandalam (45 km away). The best seasons are February to May and September to November.<ref>[http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_muknp.html Tamil Nadu Forest Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221185438/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/wildbiodiversity/np_muknp.html |date=21 February 2014 }}, National Parks, Mukurthi National Park. Retrieved 17 April 2007</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Mukurthi&w=all 100+ Photographs of Mukurthi National Park on flickr.com]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* ''A Day in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - A Lifescape To Experience'' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNhDo1Mb4zE available] on YouTube.

{{Tourism in The Nilgiris}}
{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{National Parks of India}}

[[Category:National parks in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2001]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nilgiris district]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

S. U. Arun Kumar

2026-02-21T15:16:00Z

Sougataghosh:

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. U. Arun Kumar
| image = S_U_Arun_Kumar_cropped.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|02|26}}<ref name="AK iv">{{cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/su-arun-kumar-interview-vijay-sethupathi-sindhubaadh/|title=The SU Arun Kumar Interview|website=Silverscreen India|date=27 June 2019|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031428/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/su-arun-kumar-interview-vijay-sethupathi-sindhubaadh/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Film director]]
[[Screenwriter]]
| years_active = 2014–present
| awards =
}}

'''S. U. Arun Kumar''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in the [[Tamil film industry]]. He is from [[Paravai]] near [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name="marriage">{{cite web|url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/pannaiyaarum-padminiyum-director-arunkumar-gets-married.html|title=Director Arun Kumar gets married|website=Behindwoods|date=9 November 2016|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031427/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/pannaiyaarum-padminiyum-director-arunkumar-gets-married.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is known for directing the films ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' (2014), ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' (2016), and ''[[Chithha]]'' (2023).

==Personal life==
Arun Kumar married costume designer Deepika in November 2016. The wedding took place in his hometown, [[Paravai]]. In addition to their long-standing professional friendship, Arun Kumar shares a personal bond with Vijay Sethupathi and his family, but it seems they have separated. Kumar's second marriage was held in Madurai on 2 February 2025.<ref name="'Veera Dheeran Sooran' director Arun Kumar ties the knot: Chiyaan Vikram, Siddharth, Vijay Sethupathi, SJ Suryah, and others grace the event...">{{cite news |title='Veera Dheeran Sooran' director Arun Kumar ties the knot: Chiyaan Vikram, Siddharth, Vijay Sethupathi, SJ Suryah, and others grace the event... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/veera-dheeran-sooran-director-arun-kumar-ties-the-knot-chiyaan-vikram-siddharth-vijay-sethupathi-sj-suryah-and-others-grace-the-event-/articleshow/117855335.cms |access-date=2 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=2 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202095622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/veera-dheeran-sooran-director-arun-kumar-ties-the-knot-chiyaan-vikram-siddharth-vijay-sethupathi-sj-suryah-and-others-grace-the-event-/articleshow/117855335.cms |archive-date=2 February 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar became interested in filmmaking and made a few short films. He joined the second season of ''Nalaya Iyakunar'' (a TV competition for short films) to build his portfolio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/future-stock/article5096552.ece/|title=Future stock|website=The Hindu|date=5 September 2013 |access-date=2023-06-20|archive-date=2023-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031425/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/future-stock/article5096552.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar made his [[feature film]] directorial debut with ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' (2014) starring [[Vijay Sethupathi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/3521/pannaiyarum-padminiyum-release-date-confirmed|title=Pannaiyarum Padminiyum release date confirmed|work=Moviecrow|date=3 Jan 2014|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031426/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/3521/pannaiyarum-padminiyum-release-date-confirmed|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was originally a short film and later made into a feature film, retaining the main characters but with a completely different storyline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gyZwEE6T5c|title='Pannaiyarum Padminium' isn't a magical movie says Director Arun Kumar|website=Behindwoods|date=5 February 2014 |access-date=2023-06-20|archive-date=2023-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031425/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gyZwEE6T5c&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Though it won critical acclaim and was screened at many international film festivals,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.habitatfilmclub.com/| title=Habitat Film Club| access-date=2023-06-20| archive-date=2022-01-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128043526/https://www.habitatfilmclub.com/| url-status=live}}</ref> it was not successful at the box office.<ref name="AK iv"/>

Kumar later collaborated with Vijay Sethupathi again for ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' (2016) as they both wanted to give a commercial hit together.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iflicks.in/News/2016/02/17181329/An-exclusive-interview-with-Sethupathi-director-SU-Arun-Kumar.vpf|title=An exclusive interview with Sethupathi director S. U. Arun Kumar|website=IFlicks|date=17 Feb 2016|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220162428/http://www.iflicks.in/News/2016/02/17181329/An-exclusive-interview-with-Sethupathi-director-SU-Arun-Kumar.vpf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-and-su-arun-kumar-join-hands-anjali-yuvan-shankar-raja-1194161-2018-03-21|title=Vijay Sethupathi's next: All you need to know about his film helmed by SU Arun Kumar|website=India Today|date=21 March 2018 |access-date=2023-06-20|archive-date=2023-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031428/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-and-su-arun-kumar-join-hands-anjali-yuvan-shankar-raja-1194161-2018-03-21|url-status=live}}</ref> It released to positive reviews and ended up being a commercial success.<ref name="AK iv"/> Arun Kumar joined hands with Vijay Sethupathi for the third time for ''[[Sindhubaadh]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/20366/vijay-sethupathi---anjalis-film-begins-shooting-with-a-pooja|title=Vijay Sethupathi Anjali's film begins shooting with a pooja|website=Moviecrow|date=6 Jun 2018|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031429/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/20366/vijay-sethupathi---anjalis-film-begins-shooting-with-a-pooja|url-status=live}}</ref> The actor was cast in the film after eleven other actors could not work in the film due to various reasons.<ref name ="N2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jun/26/a-journey-with-vijay-sethupathi-1995314.html|title='Sindhubaadh' director Arun Kumar's journey with Vijay Sethupathi|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2023-06-20|archive-date=2023-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031428/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jun/26/a-journey-with-vijay-sethupathi-1995314.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Kumar cast Vijay Sethupathi's son, Surya, in ''Sindhubaadh'' although Sethupathi was insistent to cast someone else.<ref name="vjs iv">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-i-treat-success-and-failure-just-the-same-5810248/|title=I treat success and failure just the same: Vijay Sethupathi|website=Indian Express|date=2 July 2019|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031425/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-i-treat-success-and-failure-just-the-same-5810248/|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the film's footage was shot in Malaysia, Cambodia and Thailand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/wrote-character-keeping-vijay-sethupathis-son-mind-sindhubaadh-director-arun-103117|title=Wrote the character keeping Vijay Sethupathi's son in mind: 'Sindhubaadh' director Arun|website=The News minute|date=6 June 2016|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031428/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/wrote-character-keeping-vijay-sethupathis-son-mind-sindhubaadh-director-arun-103117|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar made a documentary called ''Imaikka Vizhigal'' in 2020 about the chain snatching epidemic in [[Tenkasi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaipatrika.com/post/Tenkasi-District-Police-Department-talks-about-how-they-solved-the-crimes-of-Chain-snatching|title=Chain snatch documentary|website=Chennai patrika|date=18 October 2020 |access-date=2023-06-20|archive-date=2023-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031430/http://chennaipatrika.com/post/Tenkasi-District-Police-Department-talks-about-how-they-solved-the-crimes-of-Chain-snatching|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to being its writer and director, he was also the cinematographer.

Kumar then directed ''[[Chithha]]'' (2023) starring [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] in the lead. It released in late 2023 and received critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siddharths-chithha-gets-release-date-and-new-poster-rumoured-girlfriend-actor-aditi-rao-hydari-asks-who-dat-8901196/|title=Siddharth's Chithha gets release date and new poster|website=The Indian Express|date=20 Aug 2023|access-date=2 September 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902175504/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siddharths-chithha-gets-release-date-and-new-poster-rumoured-girlfriend-actor-aditi-rao-hydari-asks-who-dat-8901196/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharths-chithha-with-director-arun-kumar-explores-the-chithappa-relationship/articleshow/99558183.cms|title=Siddharth's "Chithha" with Arun Kumar explores the Chithappa relationship|website=Times of India|date=17 Apr 2023|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharths-chithha-with-director-arun-kumar-explores-the-chithappa-relationship/articleshow/99558183.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

His next project was ''[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]'' starring [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], which was released in early 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Veera Dheera Sooran Part 2: Vikram and SU Arun Kumar grab attention with intriguing teaser |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veera-dheera-sooran-part-2-vikram-and-su-arun-kumar-grab-attention-with-intriguing-teaser-9276098/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Feature films ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]''||[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] (Third prize) [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] (Special Jury Award)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/telugu/pushpa-2-stampede-nhrc-demands-answers-on-crowd-control-failures/|title = Tamil Nadu State Film Awards presented for 2009-2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/award-winners-at-the-7th-biffes-2014/articleshow/45510960.cms|title = Award winners at the 7th BIFFES 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/sethupathi-review-a-film-for-vijay-and-he-has-to-win/story-2nZQ8kxuoP44ahcklTzm1N.html|title = Sethupathi review: A film for Vijay, and he has to win}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Sindhubaadh]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/sindhubaadh-review-vijay-sethupathi-and-son-try-steer-sinking-ship-104408|title = 'Sindhubaadh' review: Vijay Sethupathi and son try to steer a sinking ship}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 ||''[[Chithha]]''|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Tamil]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-chithha-wins-best-tamil-film-su-arun-kumar-named-best-director-article-112245820|title = 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South 2024: Chithha Wins Best Tamil Film, SU Arun Kumar Named Best Director}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 ||''[[Veera Dheera Sooran|Veera Dheera Sooran: Part – 2]]''||
|''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Veera Dheera Sooran teaser: Vikram's seemingly compassionate family man has a darker side |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veera-dheera-sooran-teaser-vikrams-seemingly-compassionate-family-man-has-a-darker-side-9715248/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>''
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="33"| Year
! Title
|-
|-
| align="center" | 2012
| align="left"| ''Pannaiyarum Padminiyum''
|-
| align="center" | 2012
| align="left"| ''5 Rupees''
|-
| align="center" | 2012
| align="left"| ''Nadodi Mannan''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6176498}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, S U Arun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Madurai]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]

Satendra Singh (doctor)

2026-02-18T21:21:32Z

Sougataghosh: created a bio

{{Short description|Medical doctor and activist}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr Satendra Singh
| image = Dr Satendra Singh with the Henry Viscardi achievement award.jpg
| caption = Dr Satendra Singh with the Henry Viscardi achievement award
| alt =
| birth_date =
| education = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]], MD
| alma_mater = Ganesh Shankar Vidhyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
| organization = [[University College of Medical Sciences]]
| known_for = Disability rights activism
}}

'''Dr Satendra Singh''' is a medical doctor at the [[University College of Medical Sciences]] and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital]], [[Delhi]]. A [[physiologist]] by profession, Singh contracted [[poliomyelitis]] at the age of nine months but went on to complete a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] from [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College]], Kanpur and later on [[Doctor of Medicine]] in [[Physiology]]. He is the first-ever Indian to win the prestigious [[Henry Viscardi Achievement Awards]] given to extraordinary leaders in the global disability community.<ref>{{cite news|title=Disability rights activist awarded in US|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/disability-rights-activist-awarded-in-us/articleshow/61954373.cms|publisher=Times News Network|date=7 December 2017}}</ref> He has been honoured with the WHO South-East Asia Public Health Champion Award 2025 for leading transformative advocacy that redefined disability — shifting it from a medical limitation to a human rights and equity issue, and shaping policies, curricula, and institutional practices in India and beyond.<ref>https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/detail/22-09-2025-who-south-east-asia-region-announces-winners-of-public-health-champion-awards</ref>

Singh is a noteworthy disability activist who is known for his sustained efforts to make public places, employment opportunities and voting rights accessible for disabled persons.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 August 2013 |title=They innovate to e-nable |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/They-innovate-to-e-nable/articleshow/21837337.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202102525/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-15/delhi/41412907_1_assistant-professor-software-disabilities |archive-date=2 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> For his body of work, he received a National Award by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=7 officials, NGO from Delhi get 'Best Electoral Practices Awards-2020' |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/india/7-officials--ngo-from-delhi-get----best-electoral-practices-awards-2020---.html |agency=Daily Pioneer}}</ref> Singh is also the first Indian to be awarded the [[MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics]] fellowship at the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Kesari Youth Today, 25-06-2019 Punjab Kesari Youth Today: readwhere |url=http://mpaper.punjabkesari.com/m5/2213893/Punjab-Kesari-Youth-Today/25-06-2019-Punjab-Kesari-Youth-Today#page/3/1 |work=mpaper.punjabkesari.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Our Alumni: 2018-2019 {{!}} The MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics |url=https://macleanethics.uchicago.edu/fellowship/alumni/year/2018_2019/ |website=macleanethics.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

Singh had been involved in the synthesis of [[epibatidine]] analogues, leading to the discovery of [[epiboxidine]].<ref name="SINGHAVOR1999">{{cite journal |last1=SINGH |first1=Satendra |last2=AVOR |first2=Kwasi S. |last3=POUW |first3=Buddy |last4=SEALE |first4=Thomas W. |last5=BASMADJIAN |first5=Garo P. |year=1999 |title=Design and Synthesis of Isoxazole Containing Bioisosteres of Epibatidine as Potent Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists. |journal=Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1501–1505 |doi=10.1248/cpb.47.1501 |issn=0009-2363 |pmid=10553647 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In contrast to [[RTI-336]], which positions a 3-[[tolyl]] group on the [[isoxazole]] ring to the DAT receptor, a phenyl group was too sterically encumbered to be tolerated in the case of the nicotinic receptors. Although aromatic moieties seem to be tolerated at the mGlu5 receptor in the case of [[ADX-47273]].

Singh is known not only for advocating for his own disability rights, but also for his work to protect other disabled doctors' rights. He raised public awareness regarding the discrimination by UPSC which disallowed doctors with disabilities to apply for various Central Health Services (CHS) employment positions. Dr. Singh, himself, was rejected in 2014 but challenged the rejection and was later allowed to appear for the interview.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2011 |title=M.S.J.E. doesn't consider disabled doctors fit for teaching jobs |url=http://www.dnis.org/news.php?issue_id=5&volume_id=8&news_id=1142&i=6 |newspaper=D.N.I.S}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2013 |title=UPSC discriminating against me, alleges differently-abled doctor |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/upsc-discriminating-against-me-alleges-differentlyabled-doctor/article5334572.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2013, his application was once again rejected and he highlighted the same discrimination was present in other job posts, for the second time.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 November 2013 |title=Rejected by UPSC twice, physically challenged doctor battles for justice |url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2013/11/08/rejected-by-upsc-twice-physically-challenged-doctor-battles-for-justice/}}</ref> He was subsequently allowed to apply in a quick intervention.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2013 |title=Success for Dr Singh, but other physically challenged doctors still in lurch |url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2013/11/14/success-for-dr-singh-but-other-physically-challenged-doctors-still-in-lurch/ |newspaper=India Medical Times}}</ref>

Singh's RTI revealed that doctors with disabilities are not considered eligible for specialist CHS posts in teaching, non-teaching as well as public health specialties. Undeterred, he complained again and requested the health ministry to allow all eligible doctors with disabilities to apply for these posts. Dr. Singh's single-handed relentless fight for justice over four years ultimately forced the Health Ministry to make 1,674 specialist central posts available for disabled doctors.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 June 2015 |title=One man's crusade opens up CHS jobs for disabled doctors |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/One-mans-crusade-opens-up-CHS-jobs-for-disabled-doctors/articleshow/47661044.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Advocacy for doctors with disabilities ==
The apex court of India, in its judgment, lauded his achievement as that of someone who has scaled extraordinary heights while braving all adversities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livelaw.in/supreme-court/supreme-court-lauds-achievements-of-persons-with-disabilities-in-judgment-allowing-medical-education-for-candidate-with-disability-272510 |title=Supreme Court Lauds Achievements of Persons with Disabilities in Judgment Allowing Medical Education for Candidate with Disability |date=15 October 2024 }}</ref> He was also instrumental in contributing to the Supreme Court of India's disability jurisprudence in Om Rathod v Director General of Health Services (2024) as well as Anmol v Union of India (2025). In the former case, Singh's report contrasted sharply with the approaches of the AIIMS panel which lead the apex court direct NMC to revise its guidelines in line with functional competency assessments and clinical accommodations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rathod |first1=Om |last2=Singh |first2=Satendra |last3=Dhawan |first3=Prannv |last4=Bajaj |first4=Rahul |title=Assessment for inclusion: Promoting equity and justice in Disability Assessment Boards in India |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |date=21 February 2025 |doi=10.20529/IJME.2025.015|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the later case, the apex court came down heavily on the NMC's
"both hands intact" stipulation calling it reeks of ableism, had no place in statutory regulation and made a mockery of the principle of reasonable accommodation. Upholding Singh's dissent against 5 AIIMS board panel, the court directed NMC again to revise its guidelines in consultation with doctors with disabilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/sc-reiterates-direction-to-national-medical-commission-to-revise-disability-guidelines/ |title=SC reiterates direction to National Medical Commission to revise disability guidelines }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-rejects-decades-old-both-handsintact-requirement-to-study-mbbs/articleshow/118462560.cms |title=SC rejects decades-old 'both handsintact' requirement to study MBBS |work=The Times of India }}</ref>

In 2013, as a result of his petition to the Court of the [[Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities]], under the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]], [[Government of India|the Government of India]] instructed [[Medical Council of India]] to issue directives to all the medical institutions in India to be inclusive of disabled doctors.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 2013 |title=MCI asks all medical institutions to be 'accessible' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/mci-asks-all-medical-institutions-to-be-accessible/article4628862.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2013 |title=Demand for barrier-free buildings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Demand-for-barrier-free-buildings/articleshow/18683893.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214201640/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-26/delhi/37308686_1_access-audit-barrier-chief-commissioner |archive-date=14 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 June 2013 |title=Hope in India as Mandatory Access For People with Disability Takes Shape |url=http://www.indiaamericatoday.com/article/hope-india-mandatory-access-people-disability-takes-shape |newspaper=India America Today}}</ref> Despite this mandate, most medical institutions did not comply with the directions.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 June 2013 |title=Hospitals waking up to the disabled's needs, but slowly |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/340497/hospitals-waking-up-disabled039s-needs.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 August 2013 |title=AIIMS plans access to disabled, others silent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/AIIMS-plans-access-to-disabled-others-silent/articleshow/21768471.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131210125003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-12/delhi/41331636_1_medical-colleges-aiims-mci |archive-date=10 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 August 2013 |title=Most medical colleges ignore directive on facilities for disabled |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/most-medical-colleges-ignore-directive-on-facilities-for-disabled/article5014252.ece?textsize=large&test=1 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

In 2018, Singh filed a petition to the [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Satendra |date=25 Aug 2018 |title=Medical Council of India's new guidelines on the admission of persons with specified disabilities: Unfair, discriminatory and unlawful |url=http://ijme.in/articles/medical-council-of-indias-new-guidelines-on-admission-of-persons-with-specified-disabilities-unfair-discriminatory-and-unlawful/?galley=html |journal=[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–34 |doi=10.20529/IJME.2018.064 |pmid=30473493 |s2cid=53751946|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> to advocate for doctors with disabilities within the Central Government, and to add amendments to the controversial MCI guidelines lifting the bar on admission of candidates with specified disabilities.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 Aug 2018 |title=Medical Council of India's guidelines for pupils with disabilities amended by Union Health Ministry |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-medical-council-of-india-s-guidelines-for-pupils-with-disabilities-amended-by-union-health-ministry-2653437 |agency=DNA}}</ref>

in 2019, Singh sparked an international conversation about a lack of disability rights in the medical field<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salian |first1=P |date=2019 |title=One Doctor's Disability May Lead to Curriculum Change in India |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=365 |article-number=l4215 |doi=10.1136/bmj.l4215 |pmid=31239366 |s2cid=195659599}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meeks |first1=LM |last2=Maraki |first2=I |last3=Singh |first3=S |last4=Curry |first4=RH |date=14 March 2020 |title=Global commitments to disability inclusion in health professions. |journal=Lancet |volume=395 |issue=10227 |pages=852–853 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30215-4 |pmid=32171395 |s2cid=212698423 |doi-access=free}}</ref> which led to an international collaboration to frame disability competencies for health profession educators.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Satendra |last2=Cotts |first2=Kamalagullapalli |last3=Maroof |first3=Khanamir |last4=Dhaliwal |first4=Upreet |last5=Singh |first5=Navjeevan |last6=Xie |first6=Tao |date=2020 |title=Disability-inclusive Compassionate Care: Disability Competencies for an Indian Medical Graduate |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1719–1727 |doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1211_19 |pmc=7266227 |pmid=32509678 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Through sustained judicial advocacy with the [[Medical Council of India]], Singh successfully led to the incorporation of disability rights as a human rights issue in the new medical curriculum in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhuyan |first1=Anoo |date=19 July 2019 |title=MCI Finally Updates MBBS Curriculum to Include Disability Rights and Dignity |url=https://thewire.in/health/mci-mbbs-curriculum-disability-rights |agency=The Wire}}</ref> This was a significant moment. Disability competencies promoting equity and social justice became a mandatory part of the Indian medical school curriculum. Disability rights were no longer overlooked or treated as elective or optional, and became a mandated part of the learning curriculum for students enrolled in medical school.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 Aug 2019 |title=MBBS students to learn disability rights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mbbs-students-to-learn-disability-rights/articleshow/70578920.cms |agency=Times of India}}</ref>

== Advocacy for people with disabilities ==
In 2012, Singh held a black armband protest on the [[United Nations' International Day of Persons with Disabilities]] in 2012, which led authorities to construct ramps outside all the hostels at his medical college.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2012 |title=Black armband silent protest against GTB hospital |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=14990 |newspaper=Millennium Post}}</ref>

In the same year, Singh's judicial activism led to the [[web accessibility]] of all the hospitals under [[Government of Delhi]]. Singh set up an [[Enabling Unit]] for persons with disabilities and founded [[Infinite Ability]]. These are the first such bodies in any medical college in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=S |date=May 2012 |title=Broadening horizons: looking beyond disability. |journal=Medical Education |volume=46 |issue=5 |page=522 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04246.x |pmid=22515781 |s2cid=33404803}}</ref>

In 2013, Singh was a whistleblower to raise awareness about problems faced by voters with disabilities, both before and during the [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], through [[Right to Information]] Act.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 December 2013 |title=Not a disabled friendly electoral system |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/not-a-disabled-friendly-electoral-system/article5424837.ece |newspaper=The Hindu.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 December 2013 |title=मतदान केन्द्रो पर विकलांगो के लिए जरूरी सुविधाओ का अभाव |newspaper=हिंदुस्तान}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 December 2013 |title=Raw deal for physically challenged voters |newspaper=The Statesman, page 2.}}</ref> Singh advocated and wrote to the election commission and the Chief Justice of India advocating on behalf of disabled voters to ask that they be permitted to vote before declaration of final results.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 December 2013 |title=Delhi election 2013: Disabled voters rip apart system on web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-assembly-polls-Disabled-voters-rip-apart-system-on-web/articleshow/26922114.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> His RTI on fourth [[National Voters' Day]] revealed that [[Election Commission of India]] was unprepared and violated Supreme Court orders of 2004 to safeguard the rights of voters with disabilities.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2014 |title=Polls near, but no data of voters with disabilities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Polls-near-but-no-data-of-voters-with-disabilities/articleshow/29432418.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129213636/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-27/india/46683677_1_national-voters-disabilities-electoral-participation |archive-date=29 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

After this incident, Delhi asked Singh to be involved in election proceedings in Delhi, to ensure that they are inclusive of people with disabilities.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2014 |title=Call for inclusive elections |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/call-for-inclusive-elections/article5807757.ece |newspaper=Hindu}}</ref> Singh advised the election officers to assist voters with disabilities and helped set up a disability registration helpline.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2014 |title=Voters with disability can register online |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Voters-with-disability-can-register-online/articleshow/32751952.cms |newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> Singh helped facilitate election booths across the capital to make them accessible to disabled and elderly voters.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2014 |title=Lok Sabha Polls. Spirited disabled voters throng well equipped poll booths. |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-sabha-polls-spirited-disabled-voters-throng-wellequipped-poll-booths/464145-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026124524/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-sabha-polls-spirited-disabled-voters-throng-wellequipped-poll-booths/464145-3.html |archive-date=26 October 2014 |newspaper=IBN Live}}</ref> The [[Election Commission of India]] also made its website more user-friendly to people with disabilities.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2014 |title=EC warned to make website differentlyabled-friendly. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/ec-warned-to-make-website-differentlyabled-friendly/article6327836.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Singh received State and National Award for these initiatives.

Singh's continued advocacy on behalf of disabled people also led to ramps being constructed to facilitate access at bank ATM machines in India.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 April 2013 |title=Doctor's efforts bring disabled-friendly ATMs at GTB Hospital |url=http://theenablist.blogspot.in/2013/04/doctors-efforts-bring-disabled-friendly.html |newspaper=The Statesman, Page 3}}</ref> He raised awareness by highlighting inaccessible ATMs at banks,<ref>{{cite news |date=3 December 2012 |title=Few ATMs disabled-friendly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Few-ATMs-disabled-friendly/articleshow/17457342.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214201428/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-03/delhi/35570203_1_accessibility-status-persons-with-disabilities-act-locomotor-disability |archive-date=14 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and at post offices throughout the capital, advocating for people with disabilities through the [[Right to Information Act]].<ref>{{cite news |date=12 November 2012 |title=Many post offices not accessible to disabled, reveals RTI query |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/many-post-offices-not-accessible-to-disabled-reveals-rti-query/article4090017.ece?textsize=small&test=2 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2012 |title=No ease of access to post offices for disabled |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=Q0FQLzIwMTIvMTAvMjkjQXIwMDcwMA%3D%3D |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109070345/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=Q0FQLzIwMTIvMTAvMjkjQXIwMDcwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=9 January 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2012 |title=Access denied: Delhi not for disabled |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Access-denied-Delhi-not-for-disabled/Article1-967459.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224195709/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Access-denied-Delhi-not-for-disabled/Article1-967459.aspx |archive-date=24 December 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref>

Singh organized the first [[Theatre of the Oppressed]] workshop for medical students in India with disabilities.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=S |author2=Khosla, J |author3=Sridhar, S |date=July 2012 |title=Exploring medical humanities through theatre of the oppressed |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=296–7 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.102461 |pmc=3512382 |pmid=23226869 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Singh was also instrumental in organising a unique 'Blind with Camera' workshop for the visually impaired and [[Blindness|blind]] students of [[University of Delhi]] in 2012 with Partho Bhowmick.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2012 |title=They capture the world in their mind's eye |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/They-capture-the-world-in-their-minds-eye/articleshow/16716938.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107191540/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-08/delhi/34321923_1_du-students-residual-sight-photo-exhibition |archive-date=7 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 August 2012 |title=Photography, a collegiate passion |url=http://archive.asianage.com/life-and-style/photography-collegiate-passion-736 |newspaper=The Asian Age}}</ref>

In 2014, after being harassed by security personnel at the Hyderabad airport because of his orthosis (sometimes known as braces or calipers). Dr Singh approached [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) and [[Bureau of Civil Aviation Security]] (BCAS) to amend screening procedures to incorporate [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]].<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2014 |title=DU professor with disability harassed at Hyderabad airport |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DU-professor-with-disability-harassed-at-Hyderabad-airport/articleshow/30971043.cms |agency=Times of India}}</ref> (BCAS) As a result, both DGCA and BCAS implemented sensitivity training for airport security personnel to ensure people with disabilities are no longer harassed or humiliated at airports.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 October 2014 |title=India Civil Aviation Misses Court of CCPD Notice Deadline On Frisking |url=http://www.reducedmobility.eu/20141003506/The-News/india-civil-aviation-misses-court-of-ccpd-notice-deadline-on-frisking.html |publisher=Reduced Mobility}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 September 2014 |title=DGCA given 30 days to prove disabled not harassed |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/DGCA-given-30-days-to-prove-disabled-not-harassed/articleshow/42479388.cms |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

In 2016, Singh continued fighting for the rights of disabled citizens, when he challenged [[Union Public Service Commission]]'s format requiring disabled applicants to paste photographs showing their disability as proof of their disability. The Court of [[Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities]] directed the UPSC to refrain from asking disabled candidates to submit photographs showing their disabilities; and, to consider the 'permanent disability certificate' issued from a government hospital as sufficient valid proof.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 2014 |title=UPSC asked to withdraw proforma which demands photographs showing disability from applicants |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/disability-gfxdisability-upsc-meenakshiguest-live-720098.html |newspaper=IBN Live.}}</ref> His advocacy led to the withdrawal of similar proforma by IITJEE<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2015 |title=IITs asked to stop using disability photos in applications |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/iits-asked-to-stop-using-disability-photos-in-applications/story-ooKM1jGog3BJ8ZFNPvJ9oK.html |access-date=17 February 2016 |via=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

After [[Rotary International]] established World Polio Day (24 October) to commemorate the birthday of virologist [[Jonas Salk]] who developed polio vaccine,<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO World Polio Day|url=https://www.who.int/pmnch/media/events/2013/polioday/en/}}</ref> the erroneous observance was challenged by Singh in his publication in the official journal of the Edward Jenner Society's [[Vaccine (journal)]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=S|title=It's time to correct the literature.|journal=Vaccine|date=11 January 2013|volume=31|issue=4|page=591|pmid=23219693|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.059}}</ref> Google dedicated a doodle on Salk's 100th birthday to confirm October 28 as Salk's correct birthday.<ref>{{cite news|title=Google doodle celebrates 100th birthday of Jonas Salk, who developed polio vaccine|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Google-doodle-celebrates-100th-birthday-of-Jonas-Salk-who-developed-polio-vaccine/articleshow/44955622.cms|publisher=Times of India}}</ref> Rotary still celebrates the day on October 24, despite media reporting that the correct date of birth is October 28.<ref>{{cite news|title=Observing polio day on the wrong date?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/observing-polio-day-on-the-wrong-date/article6543230.ece|publisher=Hindu|date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

== First case under the new disability law ==
In April 2017, Singh filed the first-ever case under the new [[Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016]], which imposes strict punishment for contravention of provisions of the Act. This first case was filed against Indian Politician named [[Satyadev Pachauri]] after he publicly ridiculed a female disabled employee.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 April 2017 |title=Delhi University doctor stands up for UP government employee's rights |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/new-disability-law-du-doc-stands-up-for-up-govt-employees-rights/articleshow/58321074.cms |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> If convicted, Pachauri will face a six-month to a five-year prison term.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 Apr 2017 |title=UP Minister Could Become First to Be Tried Under New Disability Law |url=https://thewire.in/126598/satyadev-pachauri-persons-with-disabilities-act-uttar-pradesh/ |publisher=The Wire}}</ref>

== Intersex rights ==
In 2021, Singh, together with activists Dr. [[Aqsa Shaikh]] and Dr. Sanjay Sharma, successfully petitioned the [[Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] after they recommended [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Government]] ban medically unnecessary sex normalisation surgeries on [[intersex]] children.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Priya Menon|date=Jan 13, 2021 |title=DCPCR recommends ban on sex assignment surgeries on intersex children in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/dcpcr-recommends-ban-on-sex-assignment-surgeries-on-intersex-children-in-delhi/articleshow/80253025.cms |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honors ==
*National Award by [[President of India]] on [[Election Commission of India]]'s [[National Voters' Day]] 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=7 officials, NGO from Delhi get 'Best Electoral Practices Awards-2020' |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/india/7-officials--ngo-from-delhi-get----best-electoral-practices-awards-2020---.html |agency=Daily Pioneer}}</ref>
*[[World Health Organization]] South-East Asia Public Health Champion Award 2025<ref>https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/feature-stories/detail/championing-disability-inclusion-in-health-systems-and-medical-education--dr-satendra-singh</ref>
*State award by Delhi Election Commission on National Voters Day 2020 on contributing to make the General Elections 2019 inclusive and accessible.
*Bucksbaum Institute International Scholar, 2019 at the [[Bucksbaum Institute for Clinical Excellence]] at the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Medicine |first1=The University of Chicago |title=Bucksbaum Institute for Clinical Excellence at the University of Chicago |url=https://bucksbauminstitute.uchicago.edu/people/international-scholars/ |website=Bucksbaum Institute for Clinical Excellence at the University of Chicago |language=en}}</ref>
*[[MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics]] fellowship from [[University of Chicago]] in 2019
*[[Mary Glowrey]] - Liliane Brekelmans Disability Award – 2019 by Catholic Health Association of India and Liliane Foundation, Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news |title=CHAI hosts the 2019 Mary Glowrey - Liliane Brekelmans Disability Award |url=https://www.chai-india.org/chai-hosts-the-2019-mary-glowrey-liliane-brekelmans-disability-award/ |work=CHAI |date=12 December 2019}}</ref>
*[[Henry Viscardi Achievement Awards]] by the [[Viscardi center]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Doctor Who Helped People With Disabilities In 2014 Election Wins Prestigious US Award|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/doctor-who-helped-people-with-disabilities-in-2014-election-wins-prestigious-henry-viscardi-achievem-1784044|publisher=NDTV|date=5 December 2017}}</ref>
*'Medical Personality of the Year' award by Delhi Medical Association in 2017.
* State Award by the [[Government of Delhi]] for exceptional achievement by a person with disability in the field of social work in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=They tell tales of a disabled system that hurt them|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/They-tell-tales-of-a-disabled-system-that-hurt-them/articleshow/55760501.cms|access-date=7 December 2016|publisher=Times of India|date=3 Dec 2016}}</ref>
*[[NCPEDP MphasiS Universal Design Awards]] 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Disability awards presented|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/disability-awards-presented-113081400589_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=14 August 2013}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Satendra}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian disability rights activists]]
[[Category:Theatre of the Oppressed]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian physiologists]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors with disabilities]]
[[Category:Indian activists with disabilities]]

Bombay sandwich

2026-02-09T22:04:24Z

Sougataghosh: Stub - done

{{Short description|Toasted sandwich}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Bombay sandwich
| name_lang =
| name_italics =
| image = File:Bombay cheese sandwich.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt = A sandwich with a layer of potatoes, a layer of vegetables, and bread in the middle, topped with cheese
| caption =
| alternative_name =
| type = [[Sandwich]]
| course =
| place_of_origin = [[Mumbai]] (Bombay)
| region =
| associated_cuisine =
| creator =
| year = {{Circa|1960s}}
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served = Hot or cold
| main_ingredient = [[White bread]], [[potato]], green [[chutney]]
| minor_ingredient = [[Beetroot]], [[onion]], [[capsicum]], [[tomato]], [[cheese]], [[sev (food)|sev]]
| variations =
| serving_size =
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| module =
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes =
}}

The '''Bombay sandwich''' is a sandwich made of [[white bread]] covered in [[butter]] and [[chutney]] with a filling of [[potato]]es and raw vegetables, often as a [[toasted sandwich]]. It may be toasted over a flame or using an electric toaster. Its ingredients may include [[cucumber]]s, [[onion]]s, [[beetroot]], and [[chaat masala]], and it may be topped with [[cheese]] or [[sev (food)|sev]]. Many variations of ingredients exist. The origin of the Bombay sandwich is uncertain, but it may have been invented by migrant textile workers in the 1960s. The sandwich is popular as [[street food of Mumbai|street food across Mumbai]], but it is not as popular elsewhere.

== Preparation ==
[[File:Gastoaster.jpg|thumb|alt=A tool with two long handles to open a space that can fit a sandwich|A ''[[Pie iron|chimta]]'' used to toast a sandwich over a flame]]

The Bombay sandwich is a vegetarian sandwich consisting of two or three slices of [[white bread]] with their crusts cut off, spread with [[butter]] and a green [[chutney]], and filled with boiled [[potato]]es and raw vegetables.<ref name="Vijayakar">{{Cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=Kunal |author-link=Kunal Vijaykar |date=27 November 2022 |title=What the Fork: What Makes the Bombay Sandwich a Truly Mumbai Dish, Writes Kunal Vijayakar |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/what-the-fork-what-makes-the-bombay-sandwich-a-truly-mumbai-dish-writes-kunal-vijayakar-6480733.html |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[News18]] |archive-date=26 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726112114/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/what-the-fork-what-makes-the-bombay-sandwich-a-truly-mumbai-dish-writes-kunal-vijayakar-6480733.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nath">{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Aatish |date=18 June 2025 |title=The Coolest Restaurants in Mumbai Have a Secret—and It’s Hiding between Two Slices of Bread |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/the-coolest-restaurants-in-mumbai-have-a-secret-and-its-hiding-between-two-slices-of-bread |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[Vogue India]]}}</ref> The sandwich uses vegetables such as [[onion]] slices, [[cucumber]]s, [[tomato]]es, [[capsicum]]s, and [[beetroot]],<ref name="Ramadurai">{{Cite news |last=Ramadurai |first=Charukesi |date=29 September 2023 |title=The Incomparable Bombay Sandwich |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230929-the-incomparable-bombay-sandwich |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=30 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130100148/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230929-the-incomparable-bombay-sandwich |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Menon">{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Smitha |date=2 July 2020 |title=Is the Bombay Sandwich Really from Mumbai? |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/bombay-sandwich-recipe-where-to-eat-mumbai-food/ |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[Condé Nast Traveller]] |archive-date=1 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901134656/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/bombay-sandwich-recipe-where-to-eat-mumbai-food/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and it is seasoned with salt and [[chaat masala]] or [[mango powder]], or with a proprietary blend of spices.<ref name="Vijayakar" /><ref name="Nath" /> The chutney is made with [[pudina]] and [[coriander leaf]].<ref name="Menon" /> The sandwich commonly uses [[Wibs]] brand bread, which is large and soft.<ref name="Vijayakar" /><ref name="Menon" />

The sandwich is often toasted, traditionally done by holding it over a flame with a [[Pie iron|chimta]], though some sandwich vendors, as well as restaurants, use electric [[sandwich toaster]]s.<ref name="Ramadurai" /><ref name="Menon" /> This gives it a texture that is soft on the inside and crunchy on the outside.<ref name="Ramadurai" /> The large sandwich is cut into four or six slices.<ref name="Vijayakar" /> It is often topped with [[grated cheese]],<ref name="Ramadurai" /> while some versions top it with crunchy [[sev (food)|sev]].<ref name="Vijayakar" /><ref name="Menon" /> Street vendors serve the sandwich with [[ketchup]] on [[paper plate]]s.<ref name="Ramadurai" /> It may be served hot<ref>{{Cite news |last=Promod |first=Sheba |date=22 December 2012 |title=Hot Food on a Cold Day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/hot-food-on-a-cold-day/article4221500.ece |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> or cold.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |date=12 July 2020 |title=Rude Food by Vir Sanghvi: Roll Redemption |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rude-food-by-vir-sanghvi-roll-redemption/story-WLkxCkUTD0BSDcINWNAALI.html |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024034732/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rude-food-by-vir-sanghvi-roll-redemption/story-WLkxCkUTD0BSDcINWNAALI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many variations of the Bombay sandwich exist,<ref name="Vijayakar" /> with street vendors modifying the basic ingredients of the sandwich.<ref name="Nath" /> The Bombay masala sandwich uses the spiced mashed potatoes used in [[masala dosa]].<ref name="Vijayakar" /> A version of the sandwich uses [[paneer]], while another uses potatoes and peas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Francis |first=Ali |date=27 September 2021 |title=You Haven’t Had a Toasted Sandwich Until You’ve Had a Jaffle |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/jaffle-maker |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[Bon Appétit]] |archive-date=2 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202040905/https://www.bonappetit.com/story/jaffle-maker |url-status=live }}</ref> Upscale versions of the Bombay sandwiches use ingredients such as imported cheese, [[sliced meat]], [[avocado]], or [[Schezwan chutney]], while sweet versions use chocolate or [[Nutella]].<ref name="Nath" /><ref name ="Ramadurai" /> California-based chef [[Preeti Mistry]] has served a version made with [[Yukon gold potato]]es, [[Chiogga beet]]s, [[pickled onions]], and [[Monterey Jack]] cheese.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duruz |first=Jean |chapter=Geographies of Fusion |date=2019-02-25 |title=Routledge Handbook of Food in Asia |pages=13–28 |editor-last=Leong-Salobir |editor-first=Cecilia |edition=1st |publisher=[[Routledge]] |doi=10.4324/9781315617916-2 |isbn=978-1-315-61791-6}}</ref>{{rp|15, 20}} Chef [[Meera Sodha]] adapted the Bombay sandwich into a recipe called Bombay rolls, replacing the bread with [[puff pastry]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vaculin |first=Kendra |date=7 December 2020 |title=I'm Leaving Everything From 2020 Behind Except Meera Sodha's Bombay Rolls |url=https://www.epicurious.com/recipes-menus/meera-sodhas-bombay-rolls-best-2020-recipe-article |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[Epicurious]] |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824131138/https://www.epicurious.com/recipes-menus/meera-sodhas-bombay-rolls-best-2020-recipe-article |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The Bombay sandwich was invented in [[Mumbai]]—then called Bombay{{NoteTag|Although the city's official name has been changed to Mumbai, the dish is still known as the Bombay sandwich.<ref name="Ramadurai" />}}—following the introduction of the British [[sandwich]] during [[Bombay Presidency|British colonial rule]].<ref name="Vijayakar" /><ref name="Ramadurai" /><ref name="Menon" /> Potatoes and bread had already been part of India's cuisine, introduced by [[History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)|Portuguese colonists]].<ref name="Vijayakar" /><ref name="Ramadurai" /> The vegetables used in Bombay sandwiches and the herbs in the chutney had come to Mumbai from other parts of India.<ref name="Menon" />

The Bombay sandwich is a recent invention relative to other [[Street food of Mumbai|street foods in Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Madhur |author-link=Madhur Jaffrey |title=Curry Easy Vegetarian |publisher=[[Ebury Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780091949471 |pages=230 |chapter=Bombay Sandwiches}}</ref> though it is not known exactly when it was invented.<ref name="Vijayakar" /><ref name="Menon" /> Food writer [[Kunal Vijaykar]] and cookbook writer [[Sonal Ved]] both believe that the dish may have been invented in the 1960s by migrant workers during the boom in the city's textile industry, as they required a cheap and accessible food.<ref name="Vijayakar" /><ref name="Ramadurai" /> According to Vijaykar, the original version of the Bombay sandwich was not toasted, and it was often served with [[pumpkin ketchup]] rather than tomato ketchup as it was cheaper. Cheese was added once the sandwich began being served toasted.<ref name="Vijayakar" /> According to Perzen Patel of ''[[The Spinoff]]'', early vendors of the dish set up small tables, while later vendors had more permanent locations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patel |first=Perzen |date=9 April 2023 |title=The Bombay Sandwich Is Mumbai’s Ultimate Street Food |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/kai/09-04-2023/the-bombay-sandwich-is-mumbais-ultimate-street-food |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[The Spinoff]] |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428025620/https://thespinoff.co.nz/kai/09-04-2023/the-bombay-sandwich-is-mumbais-ultimate-street-food |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Bombay sandwich was popular in the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elsa |first=Evangeline |last2=Gulzah |first2=Farah |last3=Bhatia |first3=Shreya |date=22 December 2019 |title=UAE: 15 Street Foods You Must Try at the Global Village in Dubai |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/uae-15-street-foods-you-must-try-at-the-global-village-in-dubai-1.1576661597386 |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[Gulf News]] |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610145918/https://gulfnews.com/uae/uae-15-street-foods-you-must-try-at-the-global-village-in-dubai-1.1576661597386 |url-status=live }}</ref> Food writer [[Vir Sanghvi]] states that it was the first Indian sandwich to achieve popularity<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |date=2 February 2020 |title=Rude Food by Vir Sanghvi: The Great Indian Sandwich Theory |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rude-food-by-vir-sanghvi-the-great-indian-sandwich-theory/story-ENzQkoXdFtystP3QFMTsEN.html |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113151930/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rude-food-by-vir-sanghvi-the-great-indian-sandwich-theory/story-ENzQkoXdFtystP3QFMTsEN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and that its reliance on mass-produced ingredients is similar to other Mumbai street foods that became popular around this time, such as [[vada pav]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |date=26 July 2020 |title=Rude Food by Vir Sanghvi: A Requiem for Bombay Bhelpuri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rude-food-by-vir-sanghvi-a-requiem-for-bombay-bhelpuri/story-rDn9SJCh72ABULSJS0FBMK.html |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527120353/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rude-food-by-vir-sanghvi-a-requiem-for-bombay-bhelpuri/story-rDn9SJCh72ABULSJS0FBMK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Consumption ==
[[File:Bombaiya Sandwich.jpg|thumb|alt=A sandwich with very thin vegetables between two slices of bread, topped with sev and ketchup and cut in four pieces.|A Bombay sandwich served in Mumbai]]

The Bombay sandwich is primarily a street food, eaten as a snack or light meal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dina |first=Arzoo |date=14 February 2022 |title=Best Bombay sandwich in Mumbai, as Picked by the City’s Top Foodies |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/best-bombay-sandwich-in-mumbai-as-picked-by-the-citys-top-foodies/ |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[Condé Nast Traveller]] |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606030339/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/best-bombay-sandwich-in-mumbai-as-picked-by-the-citys-top-foodies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is available in every part of Mumbai.<ref name="Ramadurai" /><ref name="Menon" /> A Bombay sandwich costs about 25 to 30 rupees (about US${{To USD|25|IND|r=1|year=2018}}), as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peterson |first=Lucas |date=20 December 2018 |title=Mumbai, a City Both Uplifting and Heartbreaking |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/travel/frugal-mumbai-budget-travel.html |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418003919/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/travel/frugal-mumbai-budget-travel.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is popular among college students and office workers, and many vendors attract long lines. It is also served at restaurants. Charukesi Ramadurai of [[BBC News]] attributes the dish's popularity to its unique texture and flavour combination.<ref name="Ramadurai" /> Despite its popularity in the city, the Bombay sandwich is not well known outside of Mumbai.<ref name="Sanghvi 2023" /> It is uncommon in Delhi, with a few vendors of the dish in [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazaar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soofi |first=Mayank Austen |author-link=Mayank Austen Soofi |date=9 July 2014 |title=A Taste of Bombay |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/70AUCOozV9rkoYuaGWT8XP/A-taste-of-Bombay.html |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> It is served by some restaurants in the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref name="Sanghvi 2023">{{Cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |date=19 July 2023 |title=Rude Food by Vir Sanghvi: Hits and Misses on the Sandwich Scene |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/the-rise-of-sandwiches-in-india-from-street-food-to-gourmet-and-the-advent-of-the-deli-tradition-with-buffalo-meat-pastrami-in-mumbai-s-veronicas-101682094045308.html |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102153931/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/the-rise-of-sandwiches-in-india-from-street-food-to-gourmet-and-the-advent-of-the-deli-tradition-with-buffalo-meat-pastrami-in-mumbai-s-veronicas-101682094045308.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vada pav]]
*[[Dabeli]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sandwiches}}

[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian sandwiches]]
[[Category:Indian vegetable dishes]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Potato dishes]]
[[Category:Street food in India]]
[[Category:Vegetarian sandwiches]]

C. M. Abdulla Moulavi

2026-02-06T06:11:19Z

Sougataghosh: New - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{citation style|date=January 2014}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = CM Abdulla Moulavi
| image =
| alt = Chembarika Qazi, CM Usthad
| caption =
| birth_date = 1933
| death_date = 15 February 2010<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/islamic-scholar-found-drowned-in-kasargod/article107057.ece|title = Islamic scholar found drowned in Kasargod|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 15 February 2010}}</ref>
| birth_place = Chembirika, [[Kasaragod]] district, [[Kerala]], India.
| known_for = [[Islamic jurisprudence]], [[astronomy]], mathematics, literature, founder of Malabar Islamic Complex
| occupation =
| website =
}}

{{Islam}}

'''CM Abdulla Moulavi''' ([[Arabic]]: سي.ام. عبد الله مولوي, [[Malayalam]]: സി.എം. അബ്ദുല്ല മൗലവി) widely known as Chembirika Qazi, was a Muslim scholar hailing from [[Chembirika]], a village in [[Kasaragod]] district and former vice President of [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)|Samastha Kerala Jamiyathul Ulama]]. He was well known for his special calibre in astronomy and mathematics. He strived for the progress of Muslims and laid foundation for Jamiya Sa'adiya Arabiya (Deli, Kasaragod) and Malabar Islamic Complex<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.miccollege.org/home/1-latest-news/87-khazi-c-m-abdulla-moulavi |title=Khazi C M Abdulla Moulavi |access-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130727022621/http://www.miccollege.org/home/1-latest-news/87-khazi-c-m-abdulla-moulavi |archive-date=27 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Chattanchal, Kasaragod). He wrote down many ground-breaking oeuvres in astronomy and Islamic jurisprudence and established a timetable for the prayer time (Namaz time). He served as [[Qadi|Qazi]] for about 100 Mahals (localities) and concentrated his work based on [[Mangaluru]]. He was appointed as the Qazi of [[Mangaluru]] province after the demise of late Qazi [[Kotta Abdul Khader Musliyar|Kota Abdul Khader Musliyar]]. He strived for the communal harmony in [[Karnataka]].

==Early life==
Born in 1933 into a famous scholarly family in the [[Chembirika]] village of [[Kasargod]], Qazi got his initial education from his father C Muhammad Kunhi Musliyar Al Jamhari, a verily respected scholar whose abode worked as a traditional court and a spiritual refuge for seekers. Muhammad Kunhi Musliyar taught various branches of Islamic knowledge at the native mosque for 25 years, and acted as the Qazi of several adjoining villages, called Mahallu. When he died in 1973, CM Abdullah Moulavi was unanimously asked to inherit his father. By that time he had earned sound knowledge, maturity and insights needed to keep the scholarly heritage of the family.

==Education==
While studying religious subjects from his father, Qazi continued schooling at the Talangara Muslim High School and completed the [[SSLC]]. Along with [[Arabic]] and local language of [[Malayalam]], he learned [[Urdu]] and English languages and became well-versed in all the four languages. He frequently reminded the importance of learning various languages, saying it is a door to the wider world. After SSLC, he continued his education in the traditional mosque colleges (known as Palli Dars) at various places in Kerala. He completed the Maulvi Fadhil Baqawi course in 1962 from the famous Baqiyat al-Swalihat Arabic College, Vellore, [[Tamil Nadu]], a major centre of higher Islamic learning in South India established in 1882. Soon after completing his official religious education he started his teaching career and served as chief Mudarris at different mosque-colleges until he settled in Chembarikka following his father's death.

==Literary contribution==
An overview of Kerala Muslim history in the 20th century shows the emergence of various religious organizations with both traditionalist and modernist thoughts and philosophies, and their unparalleled activism in setting up religious, educational, social and cultural institutions. Most of the brilliant scholars and intellectuals spent their lifetime in unending social work and creative activities. It is said that due to increased social activism and enhanced focus on the teaching as well as propagation field, the Ulama of [[Kerala]], especially in the 20th century, gave less attention to the field of writing and publication. Many of the brilliant and visionary scholars of the century left no works behind them, despite having possessed qualified knowledge in various branches of Islamic sciences.

However, Qazi Abdulla Maulvi was a different personality. Though he played the active roles of an activist and multi-tasked leader by founding various educational and other institutions and dealing with the social and religious issues of thousands of people in hundreds of Muslim localities, he found time for writing and exploring new horizons of knowledge. He was a prolific writer who authored some ten noted books on various areas of knowledge in different languages. A great scholar of Islam, Qazi wrote books, treatises and articles on Hadees, [[Fiqh]], history, genealogy, literature, and even showed his literary skill writing down a stunning poem in the locally developed but rich-in-resource Arabic-Malayalam language. He also proved his enormous linguistic ability by translating various literatures to and from Arabic, Urdu, English and Malayalam languages. His translation into poetic Arabic of some of Allama Iqbal's Urdu verses is worth mentioning. The language is stunning and the translation can be read with full sense of reading its original verses in Urdu.

==Expert in Astronomy, Mathematics and Qibla Sciences==

Qazi CM Abdullah Maulvi was an expert of rational or intellectual sciences. He showed amazing interest in exploring comparatively less beaten tracks of astronomy, mathematics and Qibla sciences. Having good knowledge of both classical Arabic and modern English he simultaneously studied traditional Arabic texts in these subjects and the modern English works in the field, making comparative analysis and successful reconciliation between the traditional and modern. He had the habit of observing the celestial objects and the movements of stars in the night. His ability to designate the exact places for mosques and houses was par excellence.
He used to prepare timetables of Islamic prayers and of sunrise and sunset through his own explorations, and kept a good understanding of even minute time-differences in various places of Kerala and Karnataka. He even employed latest technologies like Google map and Google earth to designate places and explore its time differences. In the annually-published calendar of his institute Malabar Islamic Complex, he included many of his discoveries regarding prayer timings and moon sights, specifically mentioning certain dates of each month in which there are chances of moon-sighting and in which there is no need to even watch for it.

His office in the Malabar Islamic Complex was in fact a laboratory of an astronomer. There, he kept various instruments used for astronomic explorations including one circular instrument called Dairatul Hindiyya, and he had built a small dais in front of the ground of the Islamic college building, in a place where the sunrays fall throughout the day. This dais or podium was the Centre of all his astronomical explorations. In the days meant for explorations he will reach in the college campus very early to start his experiments. As the sun moves from east to west he would watch its shadows and draw various lines accordingly, with the spirit of a true scientist seeking new discoveries. For many of his students and colleagues who showed less interest in such difficult subjects like astronomy, trigonometry and logarithm, the sight of a traditional religious scholar with long beard, white turban and conventional Ulama dress experimenting celestial truths in the sun using scale and other instruments was an amazing scene. During his reading and revising sessions at his room he can be seen dialoging with quality works from different areas of knowledge like modern astronomy, mathematics, traditional Ilmul Falak (astronomy) and Hisab (mathematics) as well as texts of Islamic jurisprudence that explain about moon-sighting, qibla directions and prayer timings.

Qazi Abdullah Maulvi was in an attempt to revive a disappearing area of knowledge that has seen tremendous contributions by Muslim scholars, whose brilliant works were widely taught and commented upon at various Islamic higher learning centers. Generally being part of the rational sciences, called ma’qulat or al-‘ulum al-‘aqliyya, Hisab (mathematics) and ‘ilmul falak (astronomy) were included in the madrasa syllabus with an added objective of enabling scholars in preparing charts of prayer times, moon-sighting, seasonal changes, designating qibla direction of the mosques and related things. Mathematics and astronomy, along with subjects like logic, philosophy and Metaphysics, were also taught in the madrasas to enhance the thinking and reasoning capacity of the upcoming religious scholars. Khulasatu'l-Hisab, Euclid, Tashrihu'l-Aflak, Chaghmini, risalatul maradiniya, etc. were key texts used in teaching astronomy and mathematics. With the introduction of secular western education and the ensuing dichotomy of Islamic education into religious and material, the Islamic higher learning centers were effectively alienated from the modern science and technology. Though many of the traditional Islamic schools continued teaching the texts for hisab, astronomy and Qibla science, it never incorporated or accommodated to these subjects the latest discoveries and developments emerged in the west. While some rare brilliant minds kept their interest for these subjects burning, many other learned these for the sake of learning.

==Writing on science subjects==
Qazi C.M. Abdullah Maulvi was one among the rare breed of astronomy specialists among [[Kerala]] Muslim scholars. However, he outshined others in the group with his yearning to grasp all modern developments in the field. He bought latest journals and magazines published by authorities like [[NASA]], thoughtfully read about latest discoveries and explorations, and enthusiastically discussed it with his students and colleagues. One of his junior colleagues remembers the smile and pleasure of a true scientist he saw in the face of Qazi when he explained for them the news about dismissal of [[Pluto]] from the planet family around the Sun, after reading a latest [[NASA]] journal about it. He wrote plenty of quality articles in various magazines and souvenirs about astronomy, qibla directions and about seasonal, regional and geographical differences in defining timings of prayers, moon-sighting, sunset and sunrise.

He saw the general indifference towards this field among both religious and secular students, thanks to the tough and boring nature of the subjects to most of the people. But he continued his bids, now by writing a small treatise in Arabic on logarithms and trigonometry, aimed at giving an easy entry for religious students to modern mathematics with which they can easily comprehend the old texts in the light of modern terminologies. The book is called Tazweedul fikri wal himam fi tabyeeni nnisab wallogarithem (Provision for thought and resolve in explaining ratio and logarithm). Introducing this book, he said that it was written for an easy opening to the world of difficult and ambiguous mathematics. His introductory book on astronomy is ‘ilmul falak ‘ala dhaui ‘ilmil hadees (Astronomy on light of modern science). Incorporating the modern mathematics and astronomy into the traditional astronomy and qibla science he wrote his another work called Risala fi istikhraju auqati ssalati wa sumutul qibla ‘ala tariqi hisabi logarithm (Treatise on extracting prayer timings and qibla directions using logarithm mathematics).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Qazi CM Abdullah Moulavi Chembarikka - Islamonweb.net {{!}} Islamonweb.net | url=http://www.islamonweb.net/article/2012/05/199/qazi-cm-abdullah-moulavi-chembarikka/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214415/http://www.islamonweb.net/article/2012/05/199/qazi-cm-abdullah-moulavi-chembarikka/ | access-date=2025-07-16 | archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>

Then came the works in English and Arabic describing the result of his lifelong experiments. The declination of the commonly used magnetic compass in designating the qibla direction always troubled his mind. The deficiency of the magnetic compass in clearly designating the exact north, thus its relative weakness in locating the exact qibla direction, induced him to make all his experiments. He developed a new method for exact calculation using logarithm and trigonometry. The above-mentioned treatise was a first step in this regard.

Then to make his discovery known to more people he wrote a quality work in English named ‘Magnetic Compass and Its Declination from Standard Directions’. In its introduction he said, "Most of the people do not care to check the Magnetic Compass they use for making out various points of the basement of their structures for Homes or Mosques where accurate directions of cardinal points should be known. They do not consider the value of the magnetic variation of the place at all while using a magnetic Compass. This aspect was the inducement for the author for endeavor. I have tried, in very simple term in the following pages a brief history of magnetic Compass and clear description of declination of the magnetic needle from the true direction including the method by which to find out the standard direction (cardinal points). This book not only explains the direction and the declination but also guides you to achieve them from their sources." He later translated this work into Arabic as ‘Al-Buswilatul Mu’antisiyya wa inhirafuha ‘anil jihatil aswliyya’.

He has reportedly written some other works in this field, but decided not to publish them fearing that their contents would be tough for common people to understand. In his final days, he had mentioned to his well-wishers about the plan of a work on geography. He had the habit of observing stars in certain nights. However, it is painful that his lifelong dedication for exploring astronomy and unusual interest in synthesizing the contributions of medieval Muslim scholars and those of modern astronomy and mathematics went unnoticed until his death. As his fields of activities remained with the common people and his engagements as a religious scholar, teacher and qazi kept him busy always, the scientific achievements of this traditional Islamic scholar got no entry into academic seminars or journals.

==Reconciliation of traditional and modern in Islamic education==
Qazi C. M. Abdullah Maulvi is also remembered for his pioneering role in the post-independence bids among Kerala Muslims to reconcile traditional and modern knowledge in Islamic higher learning centers. Having proved through his own example that there is no contrast in embracing both simultaneously, he led movements for teaching the so-called material subjects in Islamic colleges. He emphasized the need to learn various languages including English, saying languages are doors to the abundant world of knowledge.

==Demise==
Usthad was founded drowned in the early morning of 15 February 2010.<ref name="auto"/> The large crowd from the all sector of the people paid their homage to their respected scholar. The CBI was commissioned to investigate the mysterious premature death of the Qazi.<ref>http://www.malayalamclips.com/current-affairs/news-current-affairs/asianet-news/unnatural-and-mysterious-death-of-qazi-cm-abdulla-moulavi-fir-dec-05-part-2/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://voiceofkasaragod.com/third-death-anniversary-of-quazi-cm-abdulla-moulavi-held-at-mic.htm |title=Third death anniversary of Quazi Cm Abdulla Moulavi held at MIC | Voice of Kasargod |access-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130727022717/http://voiceofkasaragod.com/third-death-anniversary-of-quazi-cm-abdulla-moulavi-held-at-mic.htm |archive-date=27 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kasaragodtv.com/2012/02/skssf-stand-against-cbi-on-khazi-cm.html|title=永利官网游戏-永利官网网址}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manoramalive.blogspot.in/2012/02/skssf-stand-against-cbi-on-khazi-cm.html|title = Manorama Live News Channel: SKSSF stand against CBI on KHAZI CM Abdulla Moulavi's death case|date = 8 February 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moulavi, CM Abdulla}}
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Kerala Sunni-Shafi'i scholars]]

Alokananda Roy

2026-02-06T01:20:17Z

Sougataghosh: made basic entry with sources

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alokananda Roy
| yearsactive = 1957 – 1962 1978 – present
| awards = [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|BFJA Awards]]
}}
'''Alokananda Roy''' is an Indian actress known for her work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] and [[Bengali theatre|theatre]]. She made her thespian debut at the age of seven in the 1951 and later on became part of numerous Bengali plays. She made her screen debut with [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjungha]]'' (1962).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Debaleena |date=20 May 2012 |title=I knew who Monisha was: Alokananda Roy |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/i-knew-who-monisha-was-alokananda-roy-112052000022_1.html |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> She received a [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award|BFJA Award]] for her role in [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]'s Bengali film ''[[Phera]]'' (1988).<ref name=":0" /> She appeared in [[National Film Award|National Award]] winning films such as ''[[Paromitar Ek Din]]'', ''[[Utsab]]'', ''[[Prohor]]'' and ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bravely told heroic tale |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bravely-told-heroic-tale/cid/968821 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
While searching for a new face to portray the character of Manisha in ''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjungha]]'' (1962), [[Satyajit Ray]] ultimately chose Alokananda Roy for the role. Ray had to convince her father and her uncle as well that the role was sober enough to play.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Goopy Bagha on Ray birthday |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/goopy-bagha-on-ray-birthday/cid/1689867 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref> The film did not perform well at the box office.<ref name=":2" />

In 1978, She returned to stage with the Bengali play ''Acharya'' directed by [[Shekhar Chatterjee]]. She featured opposite [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] for near about ten years, in the Bengali play ''Homapakhi'' directed by the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‌দুই নাটকে জন্মদিন পালন সৌমিত্রর |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/news/entertainment/26936 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224051511/https://aajkaal.in/home/?aspxerrorpath=/news/entertainment/26936 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2022|access-date=21 December 2020 |website=aajkaal.in |language=en }}</ref> She starred as Rangapishima in [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s Bengali thriller TV series ''Tahar Namti Ranjana''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranga Pishima to come alive through Tahar Namti Ranjana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Ranga-Pishima-to-come-alive-through-Tahar-Namti-Ranjana/articleshow/20571937.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026063943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Ranga-Pishima-to-come-alive-through-Tahar-Namti-Ranjana/articleshow/20571937.cms |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Due to the sudden demise of Ghosh, the series was never carried on after completion of the first episode.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2020 |title=ঋতুপর্ণ ঘোষ |url=https://sobbanglay.com/sob/rituparno-ghosh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930021359/https://sobbanglay.com/sob/rituparno-ghosh/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=সববাংলায় |language=bn-BD}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
![[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|BFJA Award]]
|1989
|Best Actress in a Leading Role
|''[[Phera]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=BFJA Awards 1989: Complete list of Awards and Nominations |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/award/bfja-awards/bfja-awards-1989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415170452/http://www.filmiclub.com/award/bfja-awards/bfja-awards-1989 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
![[Anandalok Puraskar]]
|1998
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|''Sedin Chaitramas''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anandalok Awards 1998: Complete list of Awards and Nominations |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/award/anandalok-awards/anandalok-awards-1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420142956/http://www.filmiclub.com/award/anandalok-awards/anandalok-awards-1998 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!Filmfare Award Bangla
|2022
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|''Ekannoborty''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Joy Filmfare Awards Bangla 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2021_-52674.html |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Filmography==

===Hindi film===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2004
|''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]''
|Prabhabati Devi
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

===Bengali film===

{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1962
|''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjungha]]''
|Manisha
|directed by Satyajit Ray
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ray Did: Actors relive moments spent with Ray |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Actors-relive-moments-spent-with-Ray/articleshow/11430042.cms |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1988
|''[[Phera]]''
|
|directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta
|
|-
|1992
|''[[City of Joy]]''
|Mother of child in opening scene
|directed by Roland Joffé
|
|-
|1997
|''Sedin Chaitramas''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''[[Paromitar Ek Din]]''
|
|directed by Aparna Sen
|
|-
|''[[Utsab]]''
|
|directed by Rituparno Ghosh
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Prohor]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Kranti (2006 film)|Kranti]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Jara Bristite Bhijechhilo]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2015
|''Family Album''
|
|
|
|-
|2016
|''Benche Thakar Gaan''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tollywood celebs glam up premiere of Benche Thakar Gaan |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/5302/tollywood-celebs-glam-up-premiere-of-benche-thakar-gaan.html |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Cinemawala]]''
|
|directed by [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
|2021
|''Ekannoborti''
|
|directed by [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]''
|
|directed by [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|}

===Bengali TV series===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Channel
!Role
|-
|1999
|''[[Ek Akasher Niche]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Bangla]]
|Nandini's mother.
|-
|2008
|''[[Khela]]''
|Tista's mother.
|-
|2010
|''[[Gaaner Oparey|Ganer Opare]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Jalsha]]
|Sucharita Sanyal.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Bodhuboron|Badhubaran]]''
|Rangama.
|-
|''[[Raage Anuraage]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Mallar's mother.
|-
|2016
|''[[Membou]]''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|Gora's paternal grandmother.
|-
|2017
|''[[Jamai Raja (2017 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Nilasha's maternal grandmother
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Guriya Jekhane Guddu Sekhane]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Jalsha]]
|
|-
|''[[Sreemoyee]]''
|Sreemoyee's
Mother.
|-
|2021
|''[[Ei Poth Jodi Na Sesh Hoy|Amader Ei Poth Jodi Na Shesh Hoy]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Rama Sarkar:Satyaki's Grandmother
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=9704937}}
*[https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/adver/107172as-an-actress.html Alokananda Roy] on [https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com calcuttayellowpage]

[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Shubham Rathi

2026-02-05T04:49:14Z

Sougataghosh: created post

{{short description|Indian social activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|caption =
|image =
|name = Shubham rathi
|other_names =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|04|10}}
|birth_place = [[Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|education =
|alma_mater = [[Hindu College, Delhi]]
|movement = [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-kantar-jammed-sloganeering-in-protest-against-attack-on-rakesh-tikait-21521121.html|work=[[Dainik Jagaran]]|access-date=2 April 2021|language=hi|title=उत्तर प्रदेश स्टूडेंट यूनियन के प्रदेश अध्यक्ष शुभम राठी अपनी टीम के साथ ठाकुरद्वारा में कृषि सुधार कानूनों के विरोध में हुई महापंचायत से लौट रहे थे।|trans-title=State President of Uttar Pradesh Student Union, Shubham Rathi along with his team was returning from Mahapanchayat in Thakurdwara to protest against the agricultural reform laws.|archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425182459/https://m.jagran.com/lite/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-kantar-jammed-sloganeering-in-protest-against-attack-on-rakesh-tikait-21521121.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|organization = [[Jat Mahasabha]] uttar pradesh student union
|awards =
}}
'''Shubham Rathi''' (born 10 April 1992) is an Indian social activist, promoting issues raised by [[Farmers]], [[Students]] and labourers facing injustice in India.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 January 2021|title=Shubham Rathi, state president of the UP Students' Union, was among those who made urgent calls at night to mobilise students. "After the January 26 event, we had gone into depression, but we were determined to continue even then. Some people had started packing up though. But after Baba (Tikait) broke down|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/tikait-call-rallies-not-just-farmers-but-students-too-7167271/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425182450/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/tikait-call-rallies-not-just-farmers-but-students-too-7167271/|archive-date=25 April 2022|access-date=17 August 2022|website=[[Indian Express Limited]]|language=en}}</ref> He is the state president of Uttar Pradesh student union in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and youth president of [[Jat Mahasabha]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-shubham-rathi-becomes-state-president-of-jat-mahasabha-3408348.html|work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]|access-date=9 August 2020|language=hi|title=शुभम राठी बने जाट महासभा के प्रदेश अध्यक्ष|trans-title=shubham rathi becomes state president of jat mahasabha|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425182456/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-shubham-rathi-becomes-state-president-of-jat-mahasabha-3408348.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/sheopur-farmer-kept-toll-for-free-vehicals-in-sheopur-6605545|work=[[Dainik Jagran]]|access-date=12 February 2021|language=hi|title=नरेश टिकैत को गदा भेंट कर उनकी हौसला अफजाई की गई। इसमें यूपी स्टूडेंट यूनियन के अध्यक्ष शुभम राठी आदि भी शामिल रहे।|trans-title=Naresh Tikait was encouraged by presenting a mace to him. UP Student Union President Shubham Rathi was also involved in this|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425182451/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-in-farmer-mahapanchayat-like-baba-tikait-naresh-was-filled-with-enthusiasm-in-the-native-style-21362763.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is an alumnus of [[Hindu College, Delhi]].

==Early life==
Shubham Rathi was born in Jahangipur village in [[moradabad]] [[district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] on 10 April 1992. He is the son of a Kulveer Singh Rathi. Rathi graduated with a degree from Hindu College, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shamli/jat-mahasabha-expanded-the-organization-shamli-news-mrt5757046192|work=[[Amar Ujala]]|access-date=4 February 2022|language=hi|title= महासभा के युवा प्रदेश अध्यक्ष शुभम राठी ने जनपद शामली से विक्रांत बालियान, मुजफ्फरनगर से विपिन लाठियान और सहारनपुर से अरविंद चौधरी को जिलाध्यक्ष पद पर नियुक्त किए जाने की घोषणा की।|trans-title=Youth State President of Mahasabha Shubham Rathi announced to appoint Vikrant Balian from district Shamli, Vipin Lathian from Muzaffarnagar and Arvind Chaudhary from Saharanpur as District President.|archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425182456/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shamli/jat-mahasabha-expanded-the-organization-shamli-news-mrt5757046192|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Activism==
Rathi On 8 August 2020 appointed as president of youth students Wing of All India [[Jat Mahasabha]] and on 19 November 2021 appointed as state president of youth students wing of all india jat mahaSabha.Uttar pradesh student union founded in year 2018. Uttar Pradesh Students Union Under Shubham Rathi To Protest Across uttar pradesh Against Agnipath Scheme.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 June 2022|title=behind holding protest regarding newly-introduced Agnipath scheme, Shubham Rathi, the State President of Uttar Pradesh Students Union|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/uttar-pradesh-students-union-under-shubham-rathi-to-protest-across-up-against-agnipath-scheme-news-205297|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]]|language=en|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703180321/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/uttar-pradesh-students-union-under-shubham-rathi-to-protest-across-up-against-agnipath-scheme-news-205297|url-status=live}}</ref> Director [[Ekta Kapoor]] lodged FIR on the web series.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-tahrir-given-against-ekta-kapoor-39-s-film-3259251.amp.html|work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]|access-date=4 January 2021|language=hi|title=यूनियन के प्रदेश अध्यक्ष शुभम राठी ने तहरीर देकर कहा है कि डायरेक्टर एकता कपूर ने एक्सएक्सएक्स वेब सीरीज बनाई है। इसमें भारतीय सेना में कार्य करने वाले सैनिकों के परिवार को लेकर अभद्र व अनैतिक संबंधों को दर्शाया है। जिसे भारतीय सेना के जवान व उनके परिवार की छवि धूमिल हुई है। |trans-title=Union State President Shubham Rathi has given a complaint saying that director Ekta Kapoor has made XXX web series. It depicts indecent and immoral relations with the family of soldiers serving in the Indian Army. Which has tarnished the image of Indian Army jawans and their families.|archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030100111/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-tahrir-given-against-ekta-kapoor-39-s-film-3259251.amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of peace activists]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathi, shubham}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian anti-corruption activists]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Adivasi activists]]
[[Category:Social workers from Uttar Pradesh]]

Abhiruchi Sports Day

2026-02-05T01:20:29Z

Sougataghosh: made basic article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Sports Day of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Abhiruchi Sports Day
| type = [[Sports day]]
| image = Sarusajai2.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]] pictured in 2017, where Abhiruchi Sports Day events are often held
| official_name = Abhiruchi Sports Day
| observedby = [[Assam]]
| significance = Recognition of [[Bhogeswar Baruah]] and other Assamese athletes
| duration = 1 day/2 days
| frequency = Annual
| celebrations = Sports activities and physical exercises Awarding of state sports awards Group dances Traditional games in schools
| observances =
| date = 3 September
| startedby = {{hlist|Abhiruchi magazine|Balendra Mohan Chakravarty}}
| firsttime = 3 September 1984
| nickname = Abhiruchi Krira Divas
}}
'''Abhiruchi Sports Day''', also known as '''Abhiruchi Krira Divas''', is the [[Sports day|state sports day]] of [[Assam]] which has been held annually on 3 September since 1984. It commemorates the achievements of [[Bhogeswar Baruah]], the first [[Assamese people|Assamese]] sportsperson to win the [[Arjuna Award]], and exists to celebrate the success of sportspersons, encourage young athletes and promote sports in the state. Thousands participate in the events and activities held annually,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=Thousands participate in Abhiruchi Sports Day |url=https://assamtribune.com/thousands-participate-in-abhiruchi-sports-day |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> and the day has been attended by various athletes and political figures.

== History and context ==
=== Bhogeswar Baruah ===
{{Main|Bhogeswar Baruah}}Bhogeswar Baruah is an Indian athlete. He began his athletics career through his entry to the [[Indian Army Corps of EME|Indian Army Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers (EME)]]. He made his first national athletics appearance in 1963 and in the subsequent few years he became the Indian national champion in the [[800 metres]]. At the [[1966 Asian Games]], Baruah won gold in the 800 metres by running a time of 1:49.4, setting a new Asian Games record. In the [[1970 Asian Games]], he won a silver medal in the [[4 × 400 metres relay|4 x 400 metres relay]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kirtonia |first=Dev |date=2024-05-29 |title=Biography of Bhogeswar Baruah |url=https://devlibrary.in/biography-of-bhogeswar-baruah |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Dev Library |language=en-US}}</ref>

Baruah was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1966, becoming the first Assamese recipient of the award. He has since received numerous awards, including the Lachit award in 2015 and the Bir Chilarai Award in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhogeswar Baruah To be Conferred with Bir Chilarai Award |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/bhogeswar-baruah-to-be-conferred-with-bir-chilarai-award |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.pratidintime.com |language=en}}</ref> He is widely regarded as a state icon and sporting legend in Assam.<ref name=":0" />

=== Origins ===
After Baruah's retirement, he became a driver in the [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC). This came to the attention of Balendra Mohan Chakravarty, who was the editor of the Abhiruchi magazine. Chakravarty published an article condemning ONGC for giving the post of a driver to Baruah and described it as deeply shameful for the state (due to Baruah being the first Assamese Arjuna award recipient), and also petitioned the [[president of India]] and [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) [[Dinesh Goswami|Dinesh Chandra Goswami]]. Following the controversy, ONGC shifted post of Sports Officer from [[Dehradun]] to Sibsagar and appointed Baruah to the position in 1983.<ref name=":10">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bardoloi|2019|pp=140–150}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=What is Abhiruchi Sports Day? Why is it celebrated in Assam on September 3? |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2022/09/what-is-abhiruchi-sports-day-why-is-it-celebrated-in-assam-on-september-3/,%20https://thenewsmill.com/2022/09/what-is-abhiruchi-sports-day-why-is-it-celebrated-in-assam-on-september-3/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Chakravarty and Abhiruchi magazine later decided that they would honour Baruah by celebrating his birthday as "Abhiruchi sports day", as Chakravarty assessed that most Assamese people were not aware of who Baruah was or his achievements. The 3 September in the English calendar became the date for the day, after Baruah consulted his relatives for his birthdate. The first Abhiruchi sports day was subsequently held on 3 September 1984.<ref name=":10" /> Chakravarty later became the managing director and chairman of the organising committee of the day.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2007 |title=Athletics academy on anvil - Abhiruchi to tap talent |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/athletics-academy-on-anvil-abhiruchi-to-tap-talent/cid/683902 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref>

== Observance ==
=== Purpose and activities ===
[[File:Bhogeswar Baruah statue in April 2023.jpg|thumb|A [[gamosa]] was laid on the statue of Baruah in [[Sivasagar|Sibsagar]] (pictured) for Abhiruchi sports day in 2024.]]
The day is held to commemorate Baruah,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Assam observes Abhiruchi Sports Day on Wednesday. |url=https://pragnews.com/en/assam-marks-42nd-abhiruchi-sports-day-in-honor-of-bhogeswar-baruahs-birth-anniversary |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=pragnews.com |language=en}}</ref> but also to promote sports and encourage young athletes in the state, with Baruah himself stating that inspiring young athletes would bring more "laurels" to the state.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-04 |title=State marks Abhiruchi Sports Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-celebrates-abhiruchi-sports-day-in-honor-of-bhogeswar-barua/articleshow/113045203.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On the 42nd Abhiruchi sports day, Sports Minister [[Nandita Garlosa]] assessed that while many young students would not have seen Baruah in his prime, the celebration would allow them to "witness and draw inspiration from his journey".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2025-09-03 |title=42nd Abhiruchi Diwas: Sarusajai to be renamed after sprint legend Bhogeswar Baruah |url=https://assamtribune.com/guwahati/42nd-abhiruchi-diwas-sarusajai-to-be-renamed-after-sprint-legend-bhogeswar-baruah-1590110 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> Cricketeer [[Anjum Chopra]] said that the events in the Abhiruchi sports day would "definitely boost youngsters" in taking up sports seriously.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=reporter |first=Sports |date=2010-09-15 |title=Sportspersons feted on Abhiruchi Sports Day |url=https://assamtribune.com/sportspersons-feted-on-abhiruchi-sports-day |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

Activities for the sports day vary, but frequently there is a mass jogging event from Chandmari Flyover to the [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]] in Guwahati.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=Assam celebrates 40th Abhiruchi Sports Day |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/assam-celebrates-40th-abhiruchi-sports-day/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> Other activities include participation by schools in group dances and physical training exercises and drills,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2007 |title=5000 joggers run for Barua - 24th abhiruchi day observed across state |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/5000-joggers-run-for-barua-24th-abhiruchi-day-observed-across-state/cid/684220 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref> cycle rallies,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=Abhiruchi Sports Day Observed With Fervour In Guwahati |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/abhiruchi-sports-day-observed-with-fervour-in-guwahati-553141 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> and felicitations of sportspeople. In 2016, half-marathons were also introduced as part of the state-wide activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2016 |title=Abhiruchi Day gets new event |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/abhiruchi-day-gets-new-event/cid/1418520 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref> Sports quizzes and felicitation ceremonies for coaches and organisers are also held across Assam.<ref name=":2" /> Further local activities in schools include traditional sports games including [[kabaddi]], [[musical chairs]] and [[Cockfighting in India|cockfighting]] competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Assam: Margherita marks 42nd Abhiruchi Sports Day with enthusiastic participation |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/video/assam-margherita-marks-42nd-abhiruchi-sports-day-with-enthusiastic-participation-1271947-2025-09-03 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> A [[Gamosa]] has also been laid on the statue of Baruah in Sibsagar on the day in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2024-09-03 |title=Assam honours 7 athletes with State Sports Awards on legend Bhogeswar Baruah's birth anniversary |url=https://assamtribune.com/sports/assam-honours-7-athletes-with-state-sports-awards-on-legend-bhogeswar-baruahs-birth-anniversary-1550160 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

Felicitations during the day are of athletes from various sports including [[archery]], [[fencing]], [[sepak takraw]], [[taekwondo]], [[boxing]], [[swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[weightlifting]], [[rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[Bowls|lawn bowls]] and [[badminton]] amongst other fields.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Athletes Honoured With Assam State Sports Award On Abhiruchi Sports Day |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/seven-athletes-honoured-with-assam-state-sports-award-on-abhiruchi-sports-day |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Notable days ===
==== 1st ====
The first Abhiruchi sports day took place on 3 September 1984, with the programme involving mass jogging led by Baruah with the participation of school students, college students, and citizens. The huge public support for the day led to the spread of the programmes state-wide and the central programme in Guwahati began to host athletes.<ref name=":6" />

==== 24th ====
The 24th Abhiruchi sports day in 2007 took place in 104 places across the state saw over 5000 joggers run as part of the activities for the event. Baruah along with [[Monalisa Baruah Mehta]] and [[Kamlesh Mehta]] were the chief guests of the event. In the Abhiruchi awards, 26 sportsperson, four coaches and six heads of education institutions were bestowed honours. Mehta said at the event that Assam had developed world class infrastructure and could host future international events.<ref name=":4" />

==== 37th ====
The 37th Abhiruchi sports day took place in 2020, but due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 Pandemic]] the normal events of mass jogging, dance competitions and athlete felicitation were postponed. [[Tayabun Nisha]] and Purnananda Baruah, brother of Bhogeswar Baruah, were among the chief guests at the function held at the Gauhati Press Club that was presided over by Chakravarty.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=The 37th Abhiruchi Sports Day was celebrated in Guwahati |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/the-37th-abhiruchi-sports-day-was-celebrated-in-guwahati-499367 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Sentinel |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2010-09-15 |title=Abhiruchi Sports Day |url=https://assamtribune.com/abhiruchi-sports-day |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== 38th ====
The 38th Abhiruchi sports day took place in 2021 also during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 Pandemic]], and events were again reduced. The cycle rally was held from Chandmari Flyover to the [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]], and was flagged off by Minister [[Bimal Bora]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=38th Abhiruchi Sports Day celebrated |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/local-sports/38th-abhiruchi-sports-day-celebrated-553276 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Sentinel |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guwahati Observes Abhiruchi Sports Day Today, September 3 |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/guwahati-observes-abhiruchi-sports-day-today-september-3 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== 40th ====
The 40th Abhiruchi sports day was held over a 2 day celebration, where the usual mass jogging event was held along with the sports quiz and the felicitation programme of athletes. Over 50 athletes from Assam were awarded honours in the ceremony, and the RG Baruah award was also bestowed in the 40th Abhiruchi sports day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-02 |title=40th Abhiruchi Sports Day celebration to kick off on Sunday |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/local-sports/40th-abhiruchi-sports-day-celebration-to-kick-off-on-sunday-665296 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=Assam celebrates 40th Abhiruchi Sports Day |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/assam-celebrates-40th-abhiruchi-sports-day/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Attendees ===
Athletes at the early Abhiruchi sports days included [[Milkha Singh]] in 1986, and [[Talimeren Ao]] and [[M. P. Ganesh|M.P. Ganesh]] in 1987. Since then, further athletes including [[Prakash Padukone]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Ajit Wadekar]], [[Shiny Abraham|Shiny Wilson]], [[Vandana Rao]], [[Dutee Chand]], [[Kunjarani Devi]], [[Khajan Singh]], [[Manohar Aich]], [[Monika Devi]], [[Anjum Chopra]],<ref name=":3" /> and [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] have all attended the event.<ref name=":10" />

Political figures including successive Chief Ministers [[Tarun Gogoi]],<ref name=":4" /> [[Sarbananda Sonowal]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2015 |title=Abhiruchi to miss sheen |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/abhiruchi-to-miss-sheen/cid/1394412 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref> and [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] have either attended or taken part in the activities of the sports day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Assam CM felicitates state sports award winners on Abhiruchi Sports Day |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-cm-felicitates-state-sports-award-winners-on-abhiruchi-sports-day-1084841-2024-09-03 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

== Influence and legacy ==
=== Significance ===
[[Kamlesh Mehta]] described the Abhiruchi Sports Day as a "unique initiative", particularly as it honours Baruah in his lifetime. Chakravarty assessed in 2007 that the sports day had done enough to make Baruah a "familiar face in almost every household across the state."<ref name=":5" />

Filmmaker [[Utpal Borpujari]] as a student participated in the first celebrations of the event, and also from 1986 to 1990 where he volunteered for the organising team. He stated in 2022 that he did not think anywhere else in India a sportsperson's birthday was celebrated as a state sports day, (the national sports day in India began 28 years after the Abhiruchi initiative in Assam).<ref name=":6" />

Activities for the event still took place despite environment or political issues, including during floods<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2004 |title=39 in roll of honour - 21st Abhiruchi Sports Day to be celebrated sans frills |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/39-in-roll-of-honour-21st-abhiruchi-sports-day-to-be-celebrated-sans-frills/cid/719414 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref> and the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 Pandemic]].<ref name=":7" /> The event has also been used to raise awareness of sports politically, with there being appeals to the government to provide further assistance to different sports organisations promoting sports in the state.<ref name=":7" />

=== Cultural impacts ===
==== Promotion of sports for youth ====
At the 2007 Abhiruchi sports day, Chief Minister [[Tarun Gogoi]] called for special attention school-level sports, with there being many school children among the 5000 runners who participated in the events of the day.<ref name=":4" />

[[Laishram Sarita Devi]] stated in the 2023 that the honouring of Baruah in the Abhriuchi sports day would help to "inspire the new generation to come into the sport".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=Abhiruchi Sports Day celebrated: Bring children in sports to make NE drug free: Sarita |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/local-sports/abhiruchi-sports-day-celebrated-bring-children-in-sports-to-make-ne-drug-free-sarita-665523 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> Olympic medalist [[Lovlina Borgohain]] counselled young athletes at the 2024 Abhiruchi sports day to put in effort to try to make their dreams into reality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=Abhiruchi Sports Day celebrated in Guwahati city |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/local-sports/abhiruchi-sports-day-celebrated-in-guwahati-city |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Sentinel |language=en}}</ref>

==== Athlete recognition ====
{{Main|Bhogeswar Baruah National Sports Awards}}
The Bhogeswar Baruah national sports awards were established in 2025, which were bestowed on the Abhiruchi Sports Day, in the categories of Best Sportsperson, Emerging Player and Lifetime Achievement at both national and Assam levels. Several notable Assamese athletes and dignitaries attended the inaugural ceremony of the sports awards including [[Lovlina Borgohain]], Union Minister Sonowal and Chief Minister Sarma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2025-11-04 |title=New drought-resistant rice ‘Arun’ launched to help farmers facing erratic weather |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/new-drought-resistant-rice-arun-launched-to-help-farmers-facing-erratic-weather-1596869 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Economic influence ===
In 2016, the "Run Raise Respond" [[Half marathon|half-marathon]] was held during the Abhiruchi sports day which was used to raise funds for directly supporting local entrepreneurs and support flood relief activities in [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudreswar Deka emerges winner of 'Run Raise Respond' North East - Guwahati Half-Marathon on Abhiruchi Sports Day |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rudreswar-deka-emerges-winner-of-run-raise-respond-north-east-guwahati-half-marathon-on-abhiruchi-sports-day-116090300386_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718235420/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rudreswar-deka-emerges-winner-of-run-raise-respond-north-east-guwahati-half-marathon-on-abhiruchi-sports-day-116090300386_1.html |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[National Sports Day]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Bardoloi |first=Narayan |title=সোণালী দৌৰ |title-link= |publisher=Biplab Baruwa |year=2019 |isbn= |location=India |language=Assamese |trans-title=Golden race}}
{{Refend}}

{{Assam}}

[[Category:1984 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Sport in Assam]]
[[Category:Observances in India]]
[[Category:September observances]]

2022 Odisha Floods

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#REDIRECT [[2022 Odisha floods]]

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Tai (caste)

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Sougataghosh: improved article

{{ethnic group|
|group= Tai
|poptime =
|popplace = India • Pakistan
|langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] • [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] • [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|rels= Islam<ref name= "gov.guj"/>
|related=
}}

The '''Tai''' are a Muslim community{{Clarify|reason=Asked what makes them a distinct community among all the other Muslim communities of Gujarat. Is Tai the name of a caste/tribe/clan/sub-clan or followers of a particular religious figure? Are they distinct on account of the language they use or their traditional vocation.|date=September 2025}} found in the state of [[Gujarat]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumari |first=Ashok Pratap Singh& Patiraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHNsxbiEM4UC&dq=Global+Encyclopedic+Ethnography+Of+Indian+Muslim&pg=PT4 |title=Psychological Implications in Industrial Performance |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-200-9 |pages=806–809 |language=en}}</ref> There is also a large [[diaspora]] in the city of [[Karachi]] in Pakistan.<ref name= "gov.guj">{{Cite web |title=List of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes of Gujarat State {{!}} List of Castes {{!}} Director, Developing Castes Welfare |url=https://sje.gujarat.gov.in/ddcw/List-of-Socially-and-Educationally-Backward-Classes-of-Gujarat-State?lang=english |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=sje.gujarat.gov.in |publisher=Gujarat Government}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}

Maibi, Madhubani

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Sougataghosh: New.

{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
'''Maibi''' is a [[village]] in [[Bihar]] state, India.<ref>Bihar govt.website</ref> It is one of seven villages of Maibi [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] (Baswan, Amarupi, Beharpur, Maibi, Bahera, Sonbarsa, and Manmohan) in the Lakhnaur block, [[Jhanjharpur]] subdivision, [[Madhubani district|Madhubani District]] of Bihar.

Maibi is populated by various [[caste]]s, such as [[Kyot (Kaiwart)]]s, [[Brahmin]]s, Koir, [[Chamar]], [[Dom (caste)|Dom]], as well as by [[Muslim]]s.

== Items of Note ==
*Baba Tapneshwarnath Temple of [[Shiva]]
*The [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtmi]] and the [[Durga Puja]] [[festival]]s are celebrated in Maibi.

{{Coord|25.6516|85.5126|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]

{{Madhubani-geo-stub}}

Junior wives of Krishna

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Sougataghosh:

{{Short description|Unnamed junior wives of Hindu god Krishna}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
[[File:Krishna enters Pragjaothishyapura.jpg|thumb|The captive women of Narakasura greet Krishna (right).]]
Besides the [[Ashtabharya]] (Eight principal queens of Krishna),<ref name="Hudson2008">{{cite book|author=D Dennis Hudson|title=The Body of God : An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C&pg=PA264|accessdate=28 March 2013|date=27 August 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970902-1|pages=263–4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjL3ogbdJNkC&dq=Junior+wives+krishna&pg=PA101 |title=The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine |date=September 2000 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-0-89281-807-5 |pages=101–102 |language=en}}</ref> [[Krishna]] is described to have married several thousand women whom he rescued from the demon [[Narakasura]]. The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' state that 16,000 women were rescued, however the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and the ''[[Harivamsa]]'' (appendix of the ''Mahabharata'') differ and set the number as 16,100.<ref name = "prabhupada">{{cite web |url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/59/33/en |title=Bhagavata Purana 10.59.33 |author=Prabhupada |author-link=Prabhupada |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170628/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/59/33/en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="vishnu">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp146.htm#page_582|title=Vishnu Purana|author = Horace Hayman Wilson|author-link = Horace Hayman Wilson|year=1840}}</ref><ref name="BulckePrasāda2010">{{cite book|author1=Camille Bulcke|author2=Dineśvara Prasāda|title=Rāmakathā and Other Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvE4wF-cfX0C&pg=PA183|accessdate=24 April 2013|year=2010|publisher=Vani Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5000-107-3|page=183}}</ref><ref name="Williams2008"/> These 16,000 junior queens are all identified as manifestations of goddess [[Lakshmi]], the eternal consort of Krishna or [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trobe |first=Kala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_idDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72&dq=sixteen+thousand+Krishna+Lakshmi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8uvCIovWRAxWVHTQIHSyPALQQ6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q=sixteen%20thousand%20Krishna%20Lakshmi&f=false |title=Invoke the Goddess: Connecting to the Hindu, Greek & Egyptian Deities |date=2019-07-08 |publisher=Llewellyn + Orm |isbn=978-0-7387-5964-7 |language=en}}</ref> Generally all of them are unnamed, however many commentators of the ''Bhagavata Purana'' regard [[Rohini (Krishna's wife)|Rohini]] to be their leader, though such an explicit mention is not found in the scripture.<ref name="vedabase.net">{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/61/18/en |title=Bhagavata Purana 10.61.18 |author=Prabhupada |author-link=Prabhupada |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921163109/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/61/18/en |archivedate=21 September 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Venkatesananda(Swami.)1989">{{cite book|author1=Swami Venkatesananda|author2=Venkatesananda (Swami.)|title=The Concise Śrīmad Bhāgavataṁ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLkrkjn1Yv0C&pg=PA301|accessdate=2 March 2013|year=1989|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-2283-1 |pages=301–}}</ref><ref name="ShastriKunst">{{cite book|author1=Jagdish Lal Shastri|author2=Arnold Kunst|title=Ancient Indian tradition & mythology|year=1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n04IAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=2 March 2013|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref>

==Before captivity by Narakasura==
The ''Bhagavata Purana'' mentions that the captive women are princesses. The ''Vishnu Purana'' says that they are daughters of gods, ''[[siddha|siddhas]]'' (saints), demons and kings. According to the ''[[Kalika Purana]]'' and the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' book of the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata'', they were ''[[apsara|apsaras]]'' (celestial female spirits).<ref name = "prabhupada"/><ref name="vishnu"/><ref name="Wilson1870">{{cite book|author=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishńu Puráńa: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=21 February 2013|year=1870|publisher=Trübner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ/page/n84 81]–3}}</ref> In the ''Dana Dharma'' chapter of the ''[[Shanti Parva]]'' book affixed centuries later, they are blessed by the goddess [[Bhudevi]] to be wives of Krishna.<ref name="Wilson1870"/>

Some legends narrate that events in their past life led to them being wives of Krishna. A king had 16,000 daughters. While the king was sitting in court with the princesses, Vishnu arrived disguised as a sage. The daughters flocked around Vishnu, making their father angry who cursed them. When the daughters cried and begged for forgiveness, the king blessed them that in their next birth, they would be wives of Vishnu. In other versions, the damsels plead to others for liberation from the curse. The creator-god [[Brahma]], on the advice of his son and divine sage [[Narada]] or the sage, himself give the princesses the boon to be wives of Vishnu.<ref name="Mani">{{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani|page = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/531 531]}}</ref>

==Captivity and release==
[[File: Krishna Cleaves the Demon Narakasura with his Discus.jpg|thumb|left|Krishna kills Narakasura.]]
Narakasura was the king of [[Pragjyotisha]]. He was the demon ([[asura]]) son of Vishnu's boar avatar [[Varaha]] and the earth-goddess [[Bhūmi|Bhumi]]. As the son of Bhumi, he was also called Bhauma or Bhaumasura (asura suffix appended). He conquered the three worlds: [[Svarga|heaven]], earth, and the [[Patala|underworld]]. On earth, he captured 16,000 princesses of defeated nations. In heaven, he stole the earrings of [[Aditi]], mother of [[Indra]] - the king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and heaven. In the underworld, he seized the imperial umbrella of [[Varuna]], the god of the waters.<ref name="Mani"/><ref name="Hudson2008b">{{cite book|author=D Dennis Hudson|title=The Body of God : An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C&pg=PA256|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=27 August 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970902-1|pages=256–7}}</ref>

The captive women were imprisoned at Audaka on the top of the mountain Maniparvata in his kingdom. Various demons including the five-headed Mura and his seven sons guarded the kingdom's gates. Narakasura's ten sons guarded the women.<ref name="Mani"/><ref name="Hudson2008b"/>

Indra comes to Krishna and pleads with him to save the universe from Narakasura's tyranny. Krishna and his third wife [[Satyabhama]] fly on their mount [[Garuda]] to Pragjyotisha. Krishna slays Mura, his sons, Narakasura's army, and finally the demon-king himself. Bhumi surrenders all stolen items, including the captive women to Krishna. When Krishna arrives in the palace of the captive women, each of them prays to Krishna to accept her as his wife. Krishna complies and sends them to his capital with Narakasura's plunder and four-tusked white elephants gifted by Bhumi. After returning Aditi's earrings to Indra in heaven, Krishna returns to Dvaraka and marries the rescued women, making them his wives, saving them from destitution and infamy.<ref name=" Hudson2008b"/><ref name="Pattanaik2000"/>

==Marital life==
The ''Bhagavata Purana'' describes the life of Krishna's wives after their marriage. Each of the junior wives was given a home, with hundreds of maid-servants. Krishna divides himself into several forms, one for each wife, and spends the night with each wife simultaneously. In the morning, all his forms unite into one body of Krishna when Krishna works as the king of Dvaraka.

In another story narrated in the ''Bhagavata Purana'', [[Narada]], Vishnu's devotee and wandering sage, was curious to find out how Krishna was managing to live with his 16,108 wives and came to Dvaraka to check. Krishna welcomed Narada with all the honors due to him being a sage. Narada then visited every one of the houses of Krishna's 16,108 wives and was surprised to see Krishna present in every house with his wife in an atmosphere of total domesticity, laughing and joking with his wife and taking care of his children, and helping his wife in household chores. Watching this phenomenon, Narada was convinced that it was divinity in the form of Krishna, a complete and manifold manifestation who had enjoyed the company of his 16,108 consorts at the same time. He also concluded that Krishna was a divine supreme being. Having satisfied himself of the divine powers of the deity himself, Narada embarked on his usual voyages around the world singing the praise of Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/69/en|title=Bhagavata Purana|work=Canto 10, Chapter 69 Nārada Muni Visits Lord Kṛṣṇa's Palaces in Dvārakā|accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=Srimadbhagavatam.org|archive-date=17 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317051300/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/69/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> A variant tells that the mischief-maker sage Narada requested Krishna to gift him one of his many wives, as he was a bachelor. Krishna told him to win any wife for himself if he was not with her. Then Narada went round to each of the houses of Krishna's 16,108 wives but found Krishna in every house that he visited, and thus Narada had to remain a bachelor.<ref name=" Moor1810">{{cite book|author=Edward Moor|title=The Hindu Pantheon|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40087|accessdate=10 March 2013|year=1810|publisher=J. Johnson|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40087/page/n220 204]–}}</ref>

In the ''Bhagavata Purana'', Rohini and Krishna are described to have an unspecified number of sons, out of which only Diptiman and Tamratapta are named. The sons are said to represent all the children of the junior wives.<ref name="vedabase.net"/>

The ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'', the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' and the ''[[Varaha Purana]]'' narrate that some of Krishna's junior wives were infatuated with [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], the handsome, trouble-maker son of Krishna and one of his senior queens, [[Jambavati]]. One wife, Nandini, disguised herself as Samba's wife and embraced him. For this incest, Krishna cursed Samba to be inflicted with leprosy and his wives to be kidnapped by [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] robbers after his death.<ref name="Mani b">{{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani|page = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/677 677]}}</ref><ref name="Pattanaik2000">{{cite book|author=Devdutt Pattanaik|title=The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjL3ogbdJNkC|accessdate=24 April 2013|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-807-5|pages=101–2}}</ref>

The ''Bhagavata Purana'' records the wailing of Krishna's queens and their subsequent leap in Krishna's funeral pyre immolating themselves (see ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/11/31/20/en|title=Bhagavata Purana 11.31.20|author=Prabhupada|author-link=Prabhupada|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-date=13 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613194505/http://vedabase.net/sb/11/31/20/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''[[Mausala Parva]]'' book of the ''Mahabharata'' which describes the death of Krishna and end of most of his race records only four of Krishna's wives, including Rohini, committing sati. Dvaraka submerges in the ocean and the rest of its inhabitants including Krishna's widows accompany Krishna's friend [[Arjuna]] to his capital [[Hastinapur]]a. On the way, [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] robbers attack the entourage and plunder their wealth and kidnap some of Krishna's widows. Some of the widows burn themselves alive. When the entourage reaches Hastinapura, all other widows retire to the forest for austerities (''[[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m16/m16007.htm|title=Mahabharata|accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=Sacred-texts.com|author=Kisari Mohan Ganguli|author-link=Kisari Mohan Ganguli}}</ref>

==Interpretations==
The [[Gopi]]s, milkmaids from the life of young Krishna - who was a herdsman, are sometimes called his 16,000 wives. This mythology of Krishna's love with gopis is also described theologically as devotional worship of Krishna. The gopis risked having a relationship with him. It is also said he assumed 16,000 forms at the same time to be with all of them for his love play.<ref name="Williams2008">{{cite book|author=George Mason Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA188|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=18 June 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=188, 222}}</ref>

Another theory relates the Krishna, who plays the flute and the lover of music, and his 16,000 wives to the 16,000 ''[[raga]]''s or musical modes or passions or affections of the mind in [[Indian classical music]], and their wives - the ''Ragini''s (female ''raga''). The ''Ragini''s selected one of these ''raga''s to which to modulate her strains for affecting and securing the heart of Krishna, the blissful and harmonious deity. Krishna who was devoted to music received and enjoyed every variety of modulation, multiplied to the number of 16,000, fancifully personified in the form of the women derived from ''Bhauma'' (a name of Narakasura), a five-stringed musical instrument.<ref name=" Moor1810"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Krishna}}

[[Category:Consorts of Krishna]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]

Sabaash Naidu

2026-01-05T19:52:49Z

Sougataghosh: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects#Sabaash Naidu]]

[[Category:Fiction about the Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:Film spinoffs]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Tamil-language films]]

Bhoopali

2026-01-05T14:31:30Z

Sougataghosh: updated

{{Short description|Hindustani raga}}
{{for-multi|the demonym|Bhopal|other uses|Bhopali (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox raga
| name = Bhoopali
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| thaat = [[Kalyan (thaat)|Kalyan]]
| type = Audava
| time = Early night, 7-9 PM
| season =
| arohana =S R G P D S'
| avarohana =S' D P G R S
| vadi = G
| samavadi = D
| pakad = {{ubl|S R G R S D1 S R G
| S R G R S D1 S R G P G D P G R S
| G R P G G R S R D1 S
| G R S D1 S R G R P G D P G R S}}
| chalan = {{ubl|S R G R S D1 S R G
| S R G R S D1 P1
| P1 D1 S R G R G
| S R P G
| G R S R G P
| G P D P D D S’
| P G P D P D S’ R’ G’ R’ G’
| G’ R’ S’ D P G R S}}
| synonym = {{ubl|Bhup|Bhup Kalyan}}
| equivalent = {{ubl|[[Mohanam]] | [[Major pentatonic scale]]}}
| similar =
}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}

'''Bhoopali''', also known as ''Bhoop'', ''Bhopali,'' or ''Bhupali'', is a [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] [[raga]]. Bhupālī, is a raag in [[Kalyan Thaat]]. It is a pentatonic scale (uses 5 notes in ascending and descending scale).<ref name="Menon 1973 p. 50">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=R.R. |title=Discovering Indian Music |publisher=Somaiya Publications |year=1973 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuUXAQAAIAAJ |access-date=26 May 2021 |pages=50 |quote=Some prefer the first Raga to be pentatonic in scale. Let us take for an example, the pentatonic Bhoopali. Its notes are: SA RI GA PA DHA SA up and down the scale.}}</ref> Most of the songs in this raga are based on Bhakti rasa. Since it uses 5 notes, belongs to the "Audav jaati" of ragas.

The same raga in [[Carnatic music]] is known as [[Mohanam]].

Raga Bhoopali, [[Raga Yaman]], and [[Raga Bhairav]] tend to be the three basic ragas of Hindustani music, learned first by its students.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pathak Yajurvedi |first1=Dr. Sarita |title=Lecture – Raag Bhopali (Edusat) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORL5A4WraCo |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=Bharti College, University of Delhi |access-date=5 December 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219164533/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORL5A4WraCo |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Theory ==
[[File:Raga Bhoopali - Rudra Veena - Madhuvanti Pal.webm|thumb|[[Madhuvanti Pal]] plays raag Bhoopali on [[rudra veena]]]] Karhade (2011) explains that raga Bhopali consists of just 5 notes - सा रे ग प ध (sa, re, ga, pa and dha).<ref name="kar">{{cite web |last1=Karhade |first1=Aradhana |title=Raag Bhopali (Uploaded 20 January 2011) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VV-DgnPPhSo |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=Karhade, A |access-date=5 December 2016 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004195055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VV-DgnPPhSo |url-status=live }}</ref>
It does not use Ma (also called Madhyam) and Ni (also called Nishadh).<ref name="kar" /> It is said that the absence of Ni (representative of physical pleasure) and Ma (representative of loving) means this raga is about non-attachment.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Rāgas of Northern Indian music |last=Alain |first=Daniélou |date=2014 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |others=Daniélou, Alain. |isbn=978-81-215-0225-2 |edition=2014 |location=New Delhi |oclc=39028809}}</ref>

The Introduction consists of two parts – ''Aaroh'' आरोह (where the notes are simply recited on an ascending scale) and ''Avaroha'' (where the notes are simply recited on a descending order)<ref name="kar" />

Thereafter, with these same five notes, different combinations are made by the singer, similar to short phrases, also called "chalan".<ref name="kar" />

=== Aroha and avaroha ===
The scale of ''Bhopali'' uses only ''Shuddh'' [[swara]]s.
* [[Arohana|Aroha]] (ascent): Sa Re Ga Pa Dha Sa'
* [[Avaroha]] (descent): Sa'! Dha Pa Ga Re Sa

=== Vadi and samavadi ===
* [[Vadi (Hindustani classical music)|Vadi]]
Gandhar – ga

* [[Samavadi]]
Dhaivat – Dha

=== Alap ===

# S, D1 D1...S, R - - S...D1 S..., D1 - - - P1, S - - - D1 S - - D1 P1, P1 D1, D1 D1 S
<ref name=":0" />

=== Pakad and chalan ===
The Pakad (catchphrase that often helps in identifying a raga) is:

S R G R S D1 S R G

or:

S R G R S D1 S R G P G D P G R S

or:

G R P G G R S R D1 S

or:

G R S D1 S R G R P G D P G R S

or:

G R P G S R D1 S

Some chalans (elaborations of the pakad) are:

# S R G R S D1 S R G
# S R G R S D1 P1
# P1 D1 S R G R G
# S R P G
# G R S R G P
# G P D P D D S’
# P G P D P D S’ R’ G’ R’ G’
# G’ R’ S’ D P G R S

Note: Normally written swaras (individual notes) indicate the middle octave. A swara immediately followed by '''1''' indicates the ''mandra saptak'' (lower octave) and ''' ' ''' indicates the ''taar saptak'' (higher octave).

A few movements in Bhopali are important to note. There is typically a slide when descending between Sa and Dha, as well as between Pa and Ga. These slides parallel each other and can be used to create a symmetry about how the Swaras are developed. Also, many performers will bring out the ''Kalyan'' flavor of Bhopali by using ''{{lang|hi-Latn|abhasi}}'' of the notes {{lang|hi-Latn|Shuddha}} Ni and {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra}} Ma. That is to say, these notes are only vaguely suggested in passing ornaments, not actually sung for long enough for the Swara to become a clear part of the Raga. Some examples would be:

(N1)D1 S

P(m)P(m) D P

where the notes in parentheses are connected by slides or sung as ''meend''.

=== Bandish ===

This [[bandish]] is bound with [[Teental|Teentaal]] (16 beats).

1 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 8 | 9 10 11 12 | 13 14 15 16 |

[[Asthayi]]:

D S D2 P | G2 R2 S R2 |

G2 _ G2 P | G2 R2 S _ |

S R2 G2 P | R2 G2 P D2 |

G2 P D2 P | G2 R2 S _ |

[[Antara (music)|Antara]]:

G2 _ G2 G2 |P _ D2 P |

S' _ S' S' |D3 R3 S' _|

G3 G3 R3 S'|R3 R3 S' D3|

S' _ D2 P |G2 R2 S _|

The Asthayi starts with the 9th beat.

== Organisation and relationships ==

Raga Bhoopali belongs to the [[Kalyan (thaat)|Kalyan]] Thaat.

Related ragas: Deshkar (a pentatonic raga belonging to the Bilawal Thaat with the same scale as Bhoopali). Shuddha Kalyan is another similar raga.

=== Samay (Time) ===
First part of night. 7-9

=== Rasa ===
''Bhakti Rasa'' (Devotional)

The essence from the raga evokes the Shanti [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]] – peaceful and calming.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Shastriya Raag Darshan |last=Yagnik |first=Hasu |publisher=Gurjar Granthratna Karyalay |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-8480-826-1}}</ref>

The Rasa can also be called Shanta Rasa

=== Film songs ===

Bhoopali is a popular raga used in [[Indian folk music|Indian folk]] songs, and thus in Hindi and other regional film songs.<ref name="kar" />

[[Hindi]]:
* "Jyoti Kalash Chhalake" (''[[Bhabhi Ki Chudiyan]]'') (1961)
* "Pankh Hote To Ud Aati Re" (''[[Sehra (film)|Sehra]]'') (1963)
* "Main Jahaan Rahoon" (''[[Namastey London]]'') (2007)
* "Dil Hoom Hoom Kare" (''[[Rudaali]]'') (1993)
* "Sayonara Sayonara" (''[[Love in Tokyo]]'') (1966)
* "Dekha ek khwaab to yeh silsile hue" (''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'') (1981)<ref>{{cite web |title=Songs based on Raaga Bhopali |url=http://www.soundofindia.com/raaga_details.asp?raaga=17 |website=www.soundofindia.com |publisher=Sound of India |access-date=5 December 2016 |archive-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106035057/http://www.soundofindia.com/raaga_details.asp?raaga=17 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "Aayat" (''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'') (2015)
* "Neel Gagan Ki Chaanv men" (''[[Amrapali (film)|Amrapali]]'') (1966)

[[Marathi language|Marathi]]:
* "Ghanashyama Sundara" (''[[Amar Bhoopali]]'') (1951)
* "Dehaachi Tijori" (''[[Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava]]'') (1951)
* "sujana kasā mana corī" (''[[Sangeet Natak]]'')
* "śarayū tīrāvarī ayodhyā" (''[[Geet Ramayan]]'')

[[Kannada language|Kannada]]:
* "Malgudi Days Theme Music"
* "Mohana Muraliya Naada Leelege"
* "Olave Jeevana Saakshaatkaara"
* "Bellane Belagayitu"
* "Aashaadha Maasa Bandeetavva"
* "Belliya Raja Baaro Kullara Raja Baa"
* "Utthunga Naadininda Ondu Hudugi (Folk)"
* "Nigi Ningee Ningi Ningee"
* "Hottito Hottitu Kannadada Deepa"
* "Udayavaagali Namma Cheluva Kannada Naadu"
* "Bayaside Ninnanu Bhaavada Melake"
* "Ellaadaru Iru, Entaadaru Iru"
* "Karunaalu Baa Belake"
* "Tungaa Teeradi Ninta Suyativara"
* "Teraa Yeri Ambaradaage"
* "Tunturu Alli Neera Haadu"
* "Sarasada Ee Prati Nimisha"
* "Amara Madhura Prema"
* "Malli Malli Minchulli"
* "Nanna Aase Hannaagi Nanna Baala Kannaade"
* "Innu Hattiraa Hattiraa Baruveya"
* "Radha Madhava Vinoda Haasa"
* "Yaava Janmada Maitri"
* "Kogile O Kogile"
* "Naliyutaa Hrudaya Haadanu Haadide"
* "Kogileye Kshemave"
* "Santasa Araluva Samaya"
* "Doni Sagali Munde Hogali"
* "Mudala Maneya Muttina Neerina"
* "Appaa I Love You Paa"
* "Jenina Holeyo Haalina Maleyo"
* "Naavaaduva Nudiye"
* "Om Karadi Kande"
* "Neela Megha Gaali Beesi"
* "Ee Hasiru Siriyali Manavu Mereyali"
* "Ee Sambhaashane"
* "Baanallu Neene Bhuviyallu Neene"
* "Yogi Manege Bandaa"
* "Mella Mellane Bandane"
* "Jayatu Jaya Viththala"
* "O Pandu Ranga Prabho Viththala"
* "Avatarisu Baa Narayana"
* "Pillangoviya"

=== Tamil movie songs in Mohanam ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song
! Movie
! Lyricist
! Composer
! Singer
|-
|''Giridhara Gopala''
| Meera
|
| S. V. Venkatraman
| M. S. Subbulakshmi
|-
|''Thillai Ambala Nadaraajaa''
| [[Soubhagyavathi]]
|[[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]
|[[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|''Nilavum Malarum''
|[[Then Nilavu]]
|rowspan=4|[[Kannadasan]]
|[[A. M. Rajah]]
|[[A. M. Rajah]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| ''Aarumugamana Porul''
| Kandhan Karunai
| rowspan="3"|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[S. Janaki]], Rajalakshmi
|-
| ''Om Namasivaya''
| [[Thiruvilaiyadal]]
|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| ''Malargal Nanaindhana''
| Idhaya Kamalam
| rowspan="4"|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
| ''Velli Mani Oosaiyil''
| Iru Malargal
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| rowspan="9"|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
| ''Chittukuruvikenna''
| Saavale Samali
|rowspan="3"| [[Kannadasan]]
|-
| ''Iraivan Varuvan''
| Shanthi Nilayam
|-
|''Yaumuna Nadhi Inge''
| Gowaravam
| S. P. Balasubramaniam, P. Susheela
|-
| ''Sangey Mozhangu''
| Kalangarai Vilakam
| [[Bharathidasan]]
| P. Susheela, Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|-
| ''Thanga Thoniyile''
| rowspan="2"|Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban
| rowspan="3"|Vaali
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], P. Susheela
|-
| ''Bansaye''
| T. M. Soundarajan, [[L. R. Easwari]]
|-
| ''Kadaloram Vaangiya Kaatru''
| Rickshawkaaran
|rowspan="2"| T. M. Soundarajan
|-
|''Vanda naal mudhal''
| Paavamannippu
|rowspan=3|[[Kannadasan]]
|-
|'' Thiruchendoorin Kadalorathil Senthilnaathan''
|[[Dheivam]]
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
|''Neelakkadalin Oratthil''
|[[Annai Velankanni]]
|[[G. Devarajan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Madhuri]]
|-
|''Oru Kadhal Samrajyam''
|[[Nandha En Nila]]
|
|[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]], [[T. K. Kala]]
|-
| ''Ninu Kori Varnam Isaithida''
| Agni Natchatram
|
|rowspan="13"| [[Illayaraja]]
|Chitra
|-
|''Kanmaniye Kadhal Enbadhu''
| Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai
|
| rowspan="2"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. Janaki
|-
|''Nilavu thoongum''
| Kungumachimizh
|
|-
|''Iru Paravaigal''
|[[Niram Maratha Pookal]]
|
|Jency
|-
|''Meenkodi Theril ''
| Karumbhu Vil
|
|[[K.J. Yesudas]], [[Jency Anthony]]
|-
|''Vaan Pole Vannam''
| Salangai Oli
| [[Vairamuthu]]
| S. P. Balasubhramaniam, S. P. Sailaja
|-
|'' Oru Thanga Rathathil''
| Dharma Yutham
|
| Malaysia Vasudevan
|-
| ''Kannan Oru kaikulanthai''
| Bhadrakali
|
| KJ Yesudas, P Susheela
|-
| ''Kaathirunthen Thaniye''
| [[Rasa Magan]]
|
| Chandrasekar, Srilekha
|-
| ''Sreeramane Unnai''
| [[Kangalin Vaarthaigal]]
|
|[[K. S. Chithra]], [[Illayaraja]]
|-
|'' Oru Raagam''
| [[Anandha Ragam]]
|rowspan=2|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|'' Geetham Sangeetham''
| Kokarako
|rowspan="4"| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''Poovil Vandu''
| Kaadhal Oviyam
|[[Vairamuthu]]
|-
|''Ravi varman oviyamo''
| Puthu vayal
|
| Aravinth
|-
|''Sivappu Lolaku''
|rowspan=2|Kaadhal Kottai
|
|rowspan="5"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|'' Vellarika''
|
| Krishnaraj
|-
|''Nepala Malaiyoram''
| Thaikulame Thaikulame
|
| S. P. Balasubhramaniam, Swarnalatha
|-
|'' Priya Priya''
| Kattabomman (film)
|
|rowspan=2|S. P. Balasubhramaniam, K.S.Chitra
|-
|''Thoonganakuruvi''
| Jallikattu kalai
|
|-
|Kadhal Kaditham
|[[Cheran Pandiyan]]
|colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|[[Soundaryan]]
|[[S.A. Rajkumar]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| ''Boom Boom''
| Boys
|rowspan=2|[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| rowspan="8"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
| Adnan Sami, Sadhana Sargam
|-
| ''Ennodu Nee Irundhaal''
| [[I (2015 film)|I]]
| [[Sid Sriram]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]

|-
| ''Porale Ponnuthayi''
| [[Karuthamma]]
| rowspan=9|[[Vairamuthu]]
| [[Unni Menon]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Swarnalatha]](Pathos)(Won National Award)
|-
|''Madrasai Suthi''
(Ragamalika:Mohanam, Punnagavarali)
| [[May Maadham]]
| [[Shahul Hameed]], [[Swarnalatha]], [[G. V. Prakash]] & [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|-
| ''Pakkada Pakkade''
| [[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]
| Minmini
|-
| ''Varayo Thozhi''
| [[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]
| Sonu Nigam, Harini
|-
| ''Samba Samba''
| [[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]
| Aslam Mustafa
|-
| ''Kannai Katti Kollathey''
| [[Iruvar]]
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|''Poi Solla Poren''
|[[Thiruttu Payale]]
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|[[KK (singer)|KK]], Kanmani
|-
|''Oru Kathal Enpathu''
|[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|''Chinnapattam Poochi''
|[[Sugamana Sumaigal]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|''Kaalai Neeye''
|[[Kaalaiyum Neeye Maalaiyum Neeye]]
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|[[Devendran]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|''Malaiya Kodainju Pathaya Amaichen''
|[[Pudhu Padagan]]
|colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|[[Kalaipuli S. Thanu|S. Thanu]]
|rowspan=2|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Unnai Ninachi
|[[Avathara Purushan]]
|
|rowspan=3|[[Sirpy]]
|-
|Mudhal Mudhalai
|[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]
|
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
|Pottu Mela Pottu
|[[Janakiraman]]
|
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
|Mainaave Mainaave
|[[Thithikudhe]]
|
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Rosave Rosave
|[[Ellaichami]]
|[[Pulamaipithan]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|'' Maname Thottal''
| Thottachinungi
|
| Phillip Jerry
|rowspan=2|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Kadhalithal Anandham
|[[Style (2002 film)|Style]]
|
|[[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
|-
|Uchi Mudhal
|[[Sukran]]
|colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|[[Vijay Antony]]
|Timmy, Gayathri
|-
|Engeyum Kadhal
|[[Engeyum Kadhal]]
|[[Thamarai]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Aalap Raju]], [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Ranina Reddy]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Malayalam movie songs in Mohanam (Selected)
|-
! Song !! Movie !! Lyricist !! Composer !! singer(s)
|-
| Malini nadiyil || Sakunthala || Vayalar Ramavarma || G Devarajan || KJ Yesudas, P Suseela
|-
| Manjalayil mungi thorthi || Kalithozhan || P Bhaskaran || G Devarajan || P Jayachandran
|-
| Manjani Poonilaav || Nagarame Nandi || P Bhaskaran || K Raghavan || S Janaki
|-
| Suprabhatham (neelagiriyude) || Panitheeratha Veedu || Vayalar Ramavarma|| MS Viswanathan || P Jayachandran
|-
| Chandrikayilaliyunnu || Bharyamar Sookshikkuka || Sreekumaran Thampi || V Dakshinamoorthy || KJ Yesudas, P Leela, AM Raja
|-
| Pournami Chandrika || Rest House || Sreekumaran Thampi || MK Arjunan || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Madhuchandrikayude || Anachadanam || Vayalar Ramavarma || G Devarajan || P Jayachandran
|-
| Swargaputhri Navarathri || Nizhalattam || Vayalar Ramavarma || G Devarajan || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Guruvayurambala Nadayil || Othenante makan || Vayalar Ramavarma || G Devarajan || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Ezharapponnana purath || Akkarappacha || Vayalar Ramavarma || G Devarajan || P Madhuri
|-
| Nin maniyarayile || CID Nazir || Sreekumaran Thampi || MK Arjunan || P Jayachandran
|-
| Arivin Nilave || Rajashilpi || ONV Kurup || Raveendran || KS Chithra
|-
| Etho nidrathan || Ayal Katha Ezhuthukayanu || Kaithapram || Raveendran || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Maarikkuliril neela thulasi || Kouravar || Kaithapram || SP Venkitesh || KJ Yesudas, KS Chithra
|-
| Chandanalepa Sugandham || Oru vadakkan veeragatha || K Jayakumar || Ravi Bombay || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Aareyum Bhava gayakan aakkum || Nakhakshathangal || ONV Kurup || Ravi Bombay || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Maayaponmane || Thalayanamanthram || Kaithapram || Johnson || KS Chithra
|-
| Manje vaa madhuvidhu vela || Thusharam || Yousuf Ali Kechery || Shyam || KJ Yesudas, SP Balasubrahmaniam
|-
| Thaara noopuram chaarthi || Sopanam || Kaithapram || SP Venkitesh || KJ Yesudas, Manju Menon
|-
| Mouliyil mayilpeeli || Nandanam || Gireesh Puthenchery || Raveendran || KS Chithra
|-
| Ponkasavu njoriyum || joker || Yousuf Ali Kechery || Mohan Sithara || P Jayachandran, KS Chithra
|-
| Parvanendu mukhi || Parinayam || Yousuf Ali Kechery || Ravi Bombay || KS Chithra
|-
| Kaliveedurangiyallo || Deshadanam || Kaithapram || Kaithapram || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Aakasha neelima || Kayyum thalayum purathidaruth || Mullanezhi || Raveendran || KJ Yesudas
|-
| Nee en sarga soundaryame || Kathodu kathoram || ONV kurupp || Ouseppachan || KJ Yesudas, Lathika
|}

== See also ==
* [[Durga (raga)|Durga]]
* [[Shivaranjani]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514235610/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_others_samay_index.html SRA on Samay and Ragas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514234610/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_raga/sra_raga_that/sra_raga_that_index.html SRA on Ragas and Thaats]
* [http://www.parrikar.org/hindustani/bhoopali/ Rajan Parrikar on Ragas]

{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}

[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]

Randhir Singh (politician)

2026-01-05T13:22:04Z

Sougataghosh: adding biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kalakote–Sunderbani Assembly constituency|Kalakote–Sunderbani]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Randhir Singh''' (born 1966) is an Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir. He is a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kalakote–Sunderbani Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Kalakote–Sunderbani, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Randhir Singh defeats JKNC's Yashu Vardhan Singh with 14409 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kalakote-sunderbani-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612961-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Kalakote-Sunderbani Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kalakote-sunderbani-election-result-2024-live-update-9077468.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Kalakote]], Rajouri District, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of Gian Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randhir Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KALAKOTE - SUNDERBANI(RAJOURI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/JammuKashmir2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=308 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won from Kalakote Sunderbani Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 35,010 votes and defeated his nearest rival which was his nephew Yashu Vardhan Singh of [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]], by a margin of 14,409 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Kalakote–Sunderbani Vidhan Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Kalakote-Sunderbani में BJP ने JKNC को दी शिकस्त |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/kalakote-sunderbani-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2064459-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalakote - Sunderbani Constituency Election Results 2024: Kalakote - Sunderbani Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir/constituency-show/kalakote-sunderbani |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Randhir, Singh}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Rajouri district]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Swami Sachchidanand

2025-12-31T07:59:52Z

Sougataghosh: created entry

{{Short description|Indian religious ascetic and writer (born 1932)}}
{{for|Indian yoga guru|Swami Satchidananda Saraswati}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Swami Sachchidanand
| image = Swami Sachchidanand.jpg
| alt = Swami Sachchidanand
| caption = Swami Sachchidanand at Dantali Ashram, [[Nadiad]], 2006
| birth_name = Nanalal Motilal Trivedi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1932|04|22}}
| birth_place = Moti Chandur, [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer
| language = [[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works =
| awards = {{awd|[[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] (1984)| [[Padma Bhushan]] (2022)}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| website = {{URL|http://sachchidanandjiblog.org}}
}}
'''Swami Sachchidanand''' (22 April 1932), born as '''Nanalal Motilal Trivedi''', is an Indian social reformer, philosopher, welfare activist, humanitarian, religious ascetic and writer from [[Gujarat]], India. He was awarded the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1984 and the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]], in 2022 by the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] in the field of Literature and Education.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-26|title=Padma Awards 2022: Complete list of recipients|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/padma-awards-2022-complete-list-of-recepient-11643162439142.html|access-date=2022-01-26|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.canindia.com/padma-bhushan-for-swami-sachidanand-padma-shri-for-six-other-gujaratis/|title=Padma Shree for Swami Sachidanand, Padma Shri for six other Gujaratis|date=2022-01-25|access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>

== Life ==
Swami Sachchidanand was born on 22 April 1932 in Moti Chandur village in [[Patan district]] of Gujarat, India. At the age of 21, he left home and after travelling all over India, in 1956, he took the initiation of sanyasa to Swami Muktanandji 'Paramahansa' in [[Firozpur]] town of [[Punjab]], India.<ref name="Trivedi">{{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Thakar|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|encyclopedia=Gujarati Vishvkosh (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ)|title=Swami Sachchidanand |last=Trivedi|first=Chimanlal|volume=|year=|edition=|publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust]]|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|page=|oclc=}}</ref> His purvashram name was Nanalal Motilal Trivedi. In 1966, he received the degree of Vedantacharya from Varanasi Sanskrit University. In 1969, he established ''Sri Bhakti Niketan Ashram''<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Swami-Sachidanand-gets-regular-bail/articleshow/11877460.cms|title=Swami Sachidanand gets regular bail|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2016-02-13|access-date=2016-04-18}}</ref> located in Dantali village in [[Anand district]] of Gujarat, India.<ref name="Trivedi"/>

== Writing ==
[[File:Gujarati Vishwakosh12.jpg|thumb|On the occasion of the release of the sixth volume of the [[Gujarati Vishwakosh]], [[Bholabhai Patel]], [[Narhari Amin]], Swami Sachchidananda, [[Manubhai Pancholi]] 'Darshak', [[Shrenik Kasturbhai Lalbhai]]; 8 October 1994]]
''Mara Anubhavo'' (1985) and ''Videshyatrana prerak prasango'' (1985) are his biographical volumes. ''Bhartiya Darshano'' (1979), Sansar Ramayana (1984), Vedanta Samiksha (1987), ''Shrikrishnalila Rahasya'', ''Mahabharat Sar'', etc., are his spiritual and cultural texts.<ref name="Trivedi"/> ''Pruthvi-Pradakhsina'', ''Chin Mari Najre'', ''Egypt-Israel'', ''Afrika Pravasna Sansmarano'', ''Shrilankani Safare'', ''Purvama Navu Pashchim'' etc., are his travelogue.<ref name="Trivedi"/> He wrote more than 100 books. ''Bhartiya Yuddhono Sankhshipt Itihas'' and ''Bharatma Angrejona Yuddho'' are his history based books. ''Chalo, Abhigam Badalie'', ''Nava Vicharo'', ''Aapane ane Pashchim'', ''Rashtrana Salagata Prashno'' are collection of his essays on various subject. Many of his books are translated in [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] and English.<ref name="Trivedi"/>

== Awards ==
Swami Sachchidanand has received [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] (1984) for his autobiographical work ''Mara Anubhavo''. The [[Government of India]] honored him with the third-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2022 for his distinguished contribution in the field of Literature and Education.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gujarati|first=TV9|date=2022-01-25|title=સ્વામી સચ્ચિદાનંદને પદ્મભૂષણ અન્ય સાત ગુજરાતી પદ્મશ્રી એવોર્ડથી સન્માનિત|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/gandhinagar/swami-sachchidanand-honored-with-padma-bhushan-and-seven-other-gujarati-padma-shri-awards-415944.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=TV9 Gujarati|language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
{{Commons category|Swami Sachchidanand}}
* [https://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Swami-Sachchinanand.html Introduction on Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]
* [http://www.sachchidanandji.org Official Website]
* {{Gbooks-author|Swami Sachchidanand}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sachchidanand, Swami}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]

Mantena Rama Raju

2025-11-26T16:08:08Z

Sougataghosh: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{one source|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mantena Ramaraju
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency_AM = [[Undi Assembly constituency]]
| assembly = 15th Andhra Pradesh
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = [[Vetukuri Venkata Siva Rama Raju]]
| successor = [[Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]]
| prior_term = 5 Years
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_name = Kalavapudi Rambabu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|02|13}}
| birth_place = Kalavapudi, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_date = 
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Andhra University]]
| relations =
| spouse = Smt. Mantena Sushma
| children = Mantena Manohar Raju, Mantena Jeswanth Varma.
| parents = Mantena Chinna Venkata Raju, Mantena Suryakantam.
}}

'''Mantena Rama Raju''' is the chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC) in 2024 appointed by chief minister Sri Nara Chandra Babu Naidu and he was the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Undi Assembly constituency]] from [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 to 2024]], representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramaraju Mantena(TDP):Constituency- UNDI(WEST GODAVARI) |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5417 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref> He is very popular by distributing Annadaya medicine across various parts of Andhra Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Krishan Kumar (Narwana politician)

2025-11-08T17:45:56Z

Sougataghosh: creating biography

{{Short description|Haryana politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Second Saini ministry|Cabinet Minister]], Government of Haryana
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice =
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = *Social Justice, Empowerment
*SCs & BCs Welfare and Antyodaya (SEWA)
*Hospitality
*Architecture
| term_start = 17 October 2024
| office1 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Narwana Assembly constituency|Narwana]]
| term_start1 = 8 October 2024
| term_end1 =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor1 = [[Ramniwas Surjakhera]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Krishan Kumar''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Narwana Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is also a member of the Haryana cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Narwana Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/narwana-election-result-2024-live-update-9077325.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Narwana, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Krishan Kumar with 59474 defeats INC's Satbir Dablain |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/narwana-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612815-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Krishan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Vanambadi (TV series)

2025-11-02T04:17:34Z

Sougataghosh: created a entry

{{Short description|2017 Indian musical television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Vanambadi TV series.jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Musical film|Musical]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Family drama]]
| creator = M.Renjith
| developer = M.Renjith
| writer =a {{plainlist|
*[[J. Pallassery]]
}}
| director = Adithyan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sai Kiran]]
* [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy Renjith]]
* Gauri P. Krishnan
}}
| opentheme = "Muthamittu Muthamittu Thaa"
| endtheme = "Njan Oru Vanambadi"
| composer = {{plainlist|
* [[M. Jayachandran]]
* Harinarayanan (lyrics)
* Saanand George Grace (Bgm)
}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 7
| num_episodes = 1019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/vanambadi/s-997 |website=www.hotstar.com |title=No. of episodes in Vanambadi |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815164106/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/vanambadi/s-997 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy Renjith]]
| editor = Pradeep Bhagvath
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* Anurag Guna
* Vimal Krishna
* Alex U. Thomas
}}
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup]]
| runtime = 25 - 40 minutes
| company = {{plainlist|
* Rejaputhra Visual Media
* Avanthika Creations (banner)
}}
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|1|30|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|9|18|df=y}}
}}
'''''Vanambadi വാനമ്പാടി''''' ({{translation|''Nightingale''}}) is an Indian [[Musical film|musical]] television series. The show premiered first on 30 January 2017 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] channel and streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and last episode aired on 18 September 2020. The show features [[Sai Kiran]], [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy Renjith]], Gouri P
Krishnan and others. It marks the debut of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] actor [[Sai Kiran]] in the Malayalam industry. It is the official remake of the [[Bengali language]] series ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]''. It is one of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series#Malayalam|longest-ran soap opera]] in [[Malayalam]].

==Synopsis==
Mohan Kumar, a budding singer falls in love with Nandini, a normal village girl. They get secretly married. However, Mohan is forced to choose between music and Nandini. He chooses the former and abandons Nandini. Mohan marries a wealthy woman named Padmini "Puppy" Menon, unaware that Nandini is pregnant.

Padmini gives birth to Thampuru, and Nandini gives birth to Anugraha "Anu". Thampuru is a spoilt brat. While Anugraha, just like her father, loves music. Nandini lives with her brother Nandu and sister in law Bhadra who dislike her. Eventually, Anu is seen to be a great fan of Mohan and goes to meet him. Nandini, gets hit by a car and is hospitalized. Anu collects money for her mother's treatment only to be devastated to know that Nandini has died.

Anu wanders off alone, dressed up as a boy, where she reaches Mohan's home where Every members, except Padmini, Thampuru and her parents becomes fond of Anu by her musical talent. Mohan's brother Chandran and his wife Nirmala decides to adopt Anu. Padmini gets to know about Anu's true identity and reveals it to all. Meanwhile, Bhadra realises her mistakes and enters Sreemangalam house as a housemaid named Kalyani, Anu recognises her. Kalyani (Bhadra) too starts supporting Anu.

The rest of the story hurdles about Anu's life in that house. Including, the friend-foe relationship between Anu and Thampuru. Mohan and Anu starts to get closer where Mohan realise that Anu is his daughter. Thampuru discovers that Anu is her half sister. Anu and Thampuru get even more closer.

However, the series ends, as Padmini realises her mistakes. Guilt-ridden, Padmini leaves the house after leaving a message, to Mohan and Thampuru and asks Anu for forgiveness. Mohan, Thampuru and Anu are much worried about her, as they wait in a hope that she will return.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sabari-naths-sad-demise-to-vanambadi-going-off-air-here-are-the-top-news-from-malayalam-tv-this-week/photostory/78216688.cms?picid=78216757|title=Sabari Nath's sad demise to Vanambadi going off air; Here are the top news from Malayalam TV this week|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/from-bigg-boss-malayalam-2-getting-terminated-to-movie-stars-making-their-tv-debut-heres-a-quick-rewind-of-what-happened-in-malayalam-tv-this-year/photostory/80048980.cms?picid=80049057|title=From Bigg Boss Malayalam 2 getting terminated to movie stars making their TV debut; here's a quick rewind of what happened in Malayalam TV this year|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==

*[[Sai Kiran]] as Mohankumar / Mohanakrishnan
*[[Chippy (actress)|Chippy Renjith]] as Nandini Mohankumar, Anumol's mother
*Gauri P Krishnan as Anugraha Mohankumar/Anumol/Anumon/Gouri
*Suchithra Nair as Padmini "Puppy" Mohankumar
*Jelina P as Thampuru Mohankumar & Aiswarya Maheendran (dual role)
*Balu Menon as Chandrakumar / Chandrasekharan / Chandran
*[[Uma Nair]] as Nirmala "Nimmy" Chandran
*Mohan Ayroor as Meledath Viswanathan Menon, Padmini's father
*Pria Menon as Rukmini Viswanathan, Padmini's mother
*Indira Thampi as Sreemangalath Devakiyamma, Mohan and Chandran's mother
*Rajkumar as DYSP Jayaraj / Jayan, Padmini's uncle
*[[Seema G. Nair]] as Bhadra / Kalyani, Anumol's aunt
*Saji Surya as Driver Sudevan
*Nandu Poduval as Nandagopan / Nandan / Nandu Maman, Anumol's uncle
*[[Rajeev Parameshwar]] as Maheendran / Mahi, Thamburu's real father
*Anusree Chembakassery as Archana Maheendran / Achu
*Binny George as Aleena
*Bincy Joseph as Karthika
*Divya Jayish Nair as Nandini (governess)
*Manu Varma as Doctor GK, Mohan's friend
*Indulekha as Devi Teacher
*[[J. Pallassery]] as Kalappurakkal Madhavan, Nirmala's father
*Girija Preman as Yashodhamma, Nirmala's mother
*Deepika Mohan as Maheswariyamma, Maheendran's mother
*Vipin James as Pramod Krishnan
*Ravikrishnan Gopalakrishnan as Simon
*Santhosh Keshavan as Vijayanandan
*Hareendran as Vinod
*Yathikumar as Ananthan / Anantha Moorthi
*[[Kailas Nath]] as Vasudevan / Vasu Annan, Menon's Karyasthan
*J Padmanabhan Thampi as Venugopalan Thampi / Thampi Annan, Temple Committee President
*Kottayam Rasheed as Mamachan, mechanic
*Anand Thrissur as Suresh
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Devan (Anumol's Swami Muthashan)
*Geetha Nair as Lakshmi Devan
*Sharika Menon as Priya Suresh
*Neeraja as Neeraja, Nirmala's sister
*Biji Raj as Satheeshan, Neeraja's husband
*Baby Megha Mahesh as Neeraja's and Satheeshan's daughter
*F.J. Tharakan as Jacob Tharakan
*Rajmohan as SI Rajmohan
*Sindhu Varma as Mamachan's wife
*Sreekala as Karthiyayani
*Kaladharan as Swami
*Amboori Jayan as Jayanthan
*Thirumala Ramachandran as Balan
*[[Kuttyedathi Vilasini]]
*Manu Gopinathan as Balu
* Sachin SG as Sumesh
* Achu Sugandh as Pappikunju
* Nariyapuram Venu

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing

| headline = Original Songs

| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| all_lyrics = B. K. Harinarayanan

| title1 = Palanalay Thirumunnil
| length1 = 2:50<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qo5yFX5zwMQ|title=ഏതു കല്ലും പിളർക്കുന്ന, ഏതു മനസ്സും ഭക്തിസാന്ദ്രമാക്കുന്ന ഒരു ഗാനാഞ്ജലി|publisher=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|date=8 February 2020|access-date=16 August 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| extra1 = Varsha Renjith

| title2 = Neeyen Ganam
| length2 = 3:30<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaWshuJKut8|title=കുറ്റബോധത്തോടെ തന്റെ ഭൂതകാലം ഓർത്ത് പത്മിനി|publisher=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|date=25 August 2020|access-date=16 August 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| extra2 = Varsha Renjith

| title3 = Chenkadali Koombinnullil
| length3 = 1:33<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLFNVxwQe9g|title=സിനിമാഗാനങ്ങളെ വെല്ലുന്ന ഗാനചിത്രീകരണവും, ശ്രവണ മധുരവുമായ സീരിയൽ ഗാനം {{!}} വാനമ്പാടി|publisher=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|date=10 January 2017|access-date=16 August 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| extra3 = [[Mridula Warrier]], [[Shreya Jayadeep]]

| title4 = Mathileri Kunnile
| length4 = 2:27<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bUfSW9Of9U|title="മതിലേറി കുന്നിലെ" - ഭക്തിസാന്ദ്രമായ മുടിയാട്ടം പാട്ട്|publisher=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|date=7 February 2020|access-date=16 August 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref>

| title5 = Devi Manamuruki
| length5 = 1:30<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4c61A6WJYY|title=ശ്രീമംഗലത്ത് ഇനി കലാശക്കൊട്ട്. കുടുംബങ്ങൾക്ക് മുന്നിൽ നൃത്താർച്ചനയുമായി പത്മിനിയും അർച്ചനയും.|publisher=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|date=13 December 2019|access-date=16 August 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref>

| title6 = Devi Saraswathi Maye
| length6 = 3:06
| extra6 = [[M. Jayachandran]]

| title7 = Poovalipayye Poovalipayye
| length7 = 1:54
| extra7 = Shreya Jayadeep

| title8 = Njanoru Vanambadi
| length8 = 2:34
| extra8 = Shreya Jayadeep, M. Jayachandran

| title9 = Shishiravennila Veendume
| length9 = 2:23
| extra9 = M. Jayachandran

| title10 = Kannillenkilum Kazhchakanan
| length10 = 2:43
| extra10 = Varsha Renjith

| title11 = Swaramazhayil Manammayangum
| length11 = 3:09
| extra11 = Varsha Renjith

| title12 = Ammapakshi
| length12 =
| extra12 = M. Jayachandran

}}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:13%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:16%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:13%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:16%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]'' পটল কুমার গানওয়ালা
| 14 December 2015
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 10 September 2017
| Original
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Vanambadi'' വാനമ്പാടി
| 30 January 2017
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|18 September 2020
| rowspan="5" |Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam]]'' மௌன ராகம்
| 24 April 2017
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 17 March 2023
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]'' कुल्फ़ी कुमार बाजेवाला
| 19 March 2018
| [[StarPlus]]
| 7 February 2020
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Tuzech Mi Geet Gaat Aahe]]'' तुझेच मी गीत गात आहे
| 2 May 2022
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 16 June 2024
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Namma Lacchi]]'' ನಮ್ಮ ಲಚ್ಚಿ
| 6 February 2023
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 6 April 2024
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asianet programs}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Bengali-language television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]

Bhavanaben Ajabaji Chaudhary

2025-10-17T14:22:05Z

Sougataghosh: made basic data more to come

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality =
| sport = [[Paralympic athletics]]
|disability =
|disability_class =
| event =
| club =
| coach =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| retired=
| height =
| weight =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
}}

'''Bhavanaben Ajabaji Chaudhary''' (born 1 June 1998)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhavanaben Ajabaji Chaudhary |url=https://www.paralympic.org/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/bhavanaben-ajabaji-chaudhary_3493519 |access-date=2024-09-06 |work=[[Paris 2024 Paralympics]]}} ([https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/bhavanaben-ajabaji-chaudhary_3493519 alternate link], [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024-paralimpicos/atleta/bhavanaben-ajabaji-chaudhary_3493519 alternate link 2])</ref> is an Indian para athlete from [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=5 para athletes from Gujarat part of Indian team for Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/5-para-athletes-from-gujarat-part-of-indian-team-for-paralympics/articleshow/112256484.cms |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She competes in women's javelin throw in F46 category. She qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]], France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-18 |title=India names largest-ever contingent for Paris 2024 Paralympics |url=https://madhyamamonline.com/sports/olympics/india-names-largest-ever-contingent-for-paris-2024-paralympics-1320740 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=madhyamamonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=India name Bhagyashree Jadhav and Sumit Antil as flag bearers for Paralympics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/paris-paralympics-india-bhagyashree-jadhav-sumit-antil-flag-bearer-2583153-2024-08-16 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

She also represented India at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] in [[Hangzhou, China]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-10-21 |title=India at Asian Para Games 2023: Complete list of Indian athletes |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-at-asian-para-games-2023-complete-list-of-indian-athletes-china-hangzhou-2022-news/article67445414.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Bhavanaben Ajabaji}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Indian women javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Gujarat]]

Jaison Water Tap

2025-09-21T17:12:55Z

Sougataghosh: creating data

{{Short description|Self-closing tap}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
[[File:J. L. SUBRAMONYA IYER.png|thumb|J.L.Subramonya Iyer]]
The '''Jaison Water Tap''' or '''Jayson Water Tap''' (also known as '''Waste Not Water Tap''') is a self-closing water-saving tap<ref name="book_1978_nepal_pipe_fitting"/> invented in the early 20th century
<ref name=achuth_13Jan2017>[http://www.thehindu.com/society/Innovators-and-patent-holders/article17034917.ece Innovators and patent holders], Achuthsankar S. Nair, [[The Hindu]], Thiruvananthapuram, 13 January 2017</ref>
by [[J.P. Subramonya Iyer]] at [[Travancore]], South India.
These taps were a common sight on the roads in erstwhile [[Travancore]], part of modern-day [[Kerala]] state in South [[India]].
They are quite popular throughout the Indian sub-continent and can still be commonly found in most of the traditional railway stations operated by [[Indian Railways]].

== History ==
J.P. Subramonya Iyer, who invented the tap, served as an insurance officer in the erstwhile [[Travancore-Cochin]] state.<ref name=achuth_13Jan2017/> The tap was meant to reduce the water wastage which occurred when road-side water taps were left open by their users. With the help of a few friends who were engineers, such as [[Sri Rajangam]] (Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer of [[South Indian Railway Company|South Indian Railway]]) and S.L.Narayanan, he developed the tap.<ref name="sri_rajangam_biography">{{Cite web|url=http://ravanasamudram.com/know-your-past-generation/|title=Ravanasamudram: Know Your Past Generation - Sri Rajangam|website=ravanasamudram.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>
He patented the invention, improved it further and patented the improved tap version as well. The Jaison water tap was the first of its kind to be patented.

In order to facilitate large-scale production, Subramonya Iyer set up a factory at [[Karamana]]. Due to militant trade union activism prevalent in the region, the factory had to shut shop and moved to [[Coimbatore]].<ref name=achuth_13Jan2017/>

== International use ==
The Jayson Tap has been used in many countries such as [[Nepal]],<ref name="book_1978_nepal_pipe_fitting">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fa_Rural_Water_Supply_in_Nepal-Pipe_and_Fitting_Course|title=Technical Training Manual No. 4, Pipe and Fitting Course, Rural Water Supply in Nepal|publisher=Local Development Department, Ministry of Home and Panchayat, SATA - Series Association for Technical Assistance, UNICEF|year=1978}}</ref> [[Sri Lanka]]<ref name="paper_1984_sri_lanka">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/public-standposts-colombo-sri-lanka|title=Public Standposts in Colombo, Sri lanka: A Support Paper by Bep. M. Fristchi Consultant, 1984|website=www.ircwash.org|last=Fristchi|first=Bep. M.|language=en|date=1984|access-date=2018-01-14|archive-date=2018-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114101537/https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/822.4311.pdf}}</ref><ref name="book_1982_waterlines_IRDP">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pU09AAAAYAAJ&q=%22Jayson+Tap%22|title=Waterlines|date=1982|publisher=IT Publications|language=en}}</ref> and [[Bhutan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punakha.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/SBD-for-Plumbing-Sanitary-Items.pdf|title=Bidding Document for Procurement of Goods|last=Ministry of Finance|first=Public Procurement Policy Division|date=2016-06-30|website=Royal Government of Bhutan, Dzongkhag Administration, Punakha|access-date=2018-01-14|archive-date=2018-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114110703/http://www.punakha.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/SBD-for-Plumbing-Sanitary-Items.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> particularly in rural environments.

[[HydroPlan]], a German company, purchased the rights to produce, sell and distribute the tap worldwide except in India and Sri Lanka. Subsequently, the tap spread to [[Europe]], [[England]] and [[Japan]].<ref name=achuth_13Jan2017/>

== Current deployments ==
Ironically, usage of the tap in its birthplace, Kerala, has steeply declined in the 21st century. Public water taps on roads face extinction in Kerala, due to increased usage of bottled water by the state's relatively affluent population.

[[Indian Railways]] still uses the Jaison water tap widely across India,<ref name="madras_musings_jul_2006">{{Cite news|url=http://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%201/Vol%20I%20-%20No%2006.pdf|title="Foods and Fads: Hope for the head"|last=K|first=V|date=July 1–14, 2006|work=[[Madras Musings]], Vol.1, No.6, Page 6|access-date=2018-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114111139/http://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%201/Vol%20I%20-%20No%2006.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-14}}</ref> both inside trains and at stations. Both metal-based and plastic-based variants are in use.

== See also ==
* [[Automatic faucet]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Innovation in India]]
[[Category:Water conservation]]

Hoovina Hadagali

2025-08-12T04:36:25Z

Sougataghosh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = HuvinaHadagali
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =

| image_map = {{Switcher
|{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1185|frame-width=270|frame-height=350|stroke-width=2|frame-lat=15.04|frame-long=76.40|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{coord|15|01|07|N|75|56|00|E|
}}|marker-size2=medium}}
|Huvinahadagali in Karnataka map
|{{maplink|display=|frame=yes|type=shape-inverse|id=Q25566174|plain=y|title=Huvinahadagali|description=|coord=|marker=|stroke-width=2|frame-lat=14.9|frame-long=75.90|zoom=9|icon=no|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|text=Interactive map outlining Huvinahadagali}}
|Huvinahadagali outline map
|[[File:Huvinahadagali taluk map with grid.svg|300px|center]]
|Huvina Hadagali Map
}}
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|15|1|2|N|75|56|10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kannada people.svg}} [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Town Municipal Council
| leader_name = Santhosh Kumar
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 19.84
| area_rural_km2 = 928.12
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 532
| population_total = 27,967
| population_rural = 167252 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/591/download/2012/DH_2011_2911_PART_B_DCHB_BELLARY.pdf|access-date= 18 August 2023|title=Census Data Handbook undivided Ballari 2011}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 583 219
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08399
| registration_plate = KA 35
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| subdivision_name4 = Huvina Hadagali
| subdivision_type4 = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]
}}
'''Hoovina Hadagali''' or '''Huvina Hadagali''' is a town and a taluk in the [[Vijayanagara district]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the HuvinaHadagali Taluk.

==Historical names of Huvina Hadagali==
*'''Puvina-Posavadangile'''<ref>{{cite web | title = South Indian Inscriptions, Vol IX - Part - I- Chalukyas of Kalyani | url = http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_9/chalukyas_of_kalyani_149.html | access-date = 2007-10-18 }}</ref>
: An inscription found on a slab set up at the western entrance into the [[Keshava]]swami temple at Huvina Hadagali, records that "Rebbaladevi, wife of the brave [[Brahmin|Brahman]] general Ravideva or Raviga caused the construction of the temple of Kesavadeva in '''Puvina-Posavadangile''', which was her birthplace and having set up the god in the temple, made grants of many plots of land for the service of the god and for maintaining a feeding house for Brahmans, a flower garden and a house for the satra, in the presence of the Brahman Mahajanas of the place".
* '''Puvina-Padangile'''<ref>{{cite web | title = South Indian Inscriptions, Vol IX - Part — I- Yadavas | url = http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_9/yadavas.html | access-date = 2007-10-18 }}</ref>
: An inscription found on a slab set in the front of the [[Anjaneya]] temple at Yenigi, Hadagali Taluk, records that "while the king (the [[Seuna|Sevuna Yadava]] king Kandharadeva or Kannara (1247-1261)) was camping at the ''nelevidu'' of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Devagiri]], the 120 Brahman Mahajanas of '''Puvina-Padangile''', who are described as very learned in the [[Veda]]s and the [[Shastra]]s, performing [[Aupasana]] and [[Agnihotra]] and as ''ripukula-kadali-vana-kunjarar'' (as destructive to enemies as elephants to a forest of plantain-trees) and ''saranagata-vajra-panjarar'' (mail-armour to those who seek shelter under them), made a gift of various plots of land of specified boundary, for the service of the god Kusmanatha at the village." '''Puvina-Padangile''' is stated to have been "situated in the ''Kogali-nadu'', which was the eye of the ''Nolambavadi-nadu'' which again was, as it were, the nose of ''Kuntala-desa''".

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Huvina Hadagali had a population of 23,404. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Huvina Hadagali has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 67%, and female literacy is 53%. In Huvina Hadagali, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}

==Major cultivation==
[[Mysore mallige#Hadagali Mallige .28Jasminum auriculatum.29|Hadagali Mallige]] (ಹಡಗಲಿ ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ) ([[Jasminum auriculatum]]) is one of the top three [[cultivars]] of [[Jasmine]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Karnataka]], grown mainly in Huvina Hadagali and surrounding in [[Bellary district]] of Karnataka. The other two varieties being [[Mysore mallige#Mysore Mallige .28Jasminum sambac.29|Mysooru Mallige]] ([[Jasminum sambac]]) and [[Mysore mallige#Udupi Mallige .28Jasminum grandiflorum.29|Udupi Mallige]] ([[Jasminum grandiflorum]]), and Paddy has also become the 2nd major commercial crop.

==Notable peoples==
* [[C. R. Rao]] (1920–2023), mathematician and statistician, was born in Hoovina Hadagali.
* [[M. P. Prakash]], lawyer and ex-[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], was born in Hoovina Hadagali.
* [[Krishna Nayaka]], [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of [[Hoovina Hadagali Assembly constituency|Hadagali Constituency]]
* [[P. T. Parameshwar Naik]], Ex [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of [[Hoovina Hadagali Assembly constituency|Hadagali Constituency]]
* [[B.Chandra Naik]], Former [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of [[Hoovina Hadagali Assembly constituency|Hadagali Constituency]]

==Tourist places==

# Kalleshwara Temple (Sogi - 10 km.)
# Panduranga Temple
# [[Kalleshwara Temple, Hire Hadagali]] (20 km.)
# Bettadamalleshwara Temple (20 km.)
# Anjaneya Temple, Madalagatta
# Suryanarayan Temple (Hoysala period), Magala
# Huligudda
# Singataluru Dam
# Gavimata
# [[Tungabhadra]] river

==Places to visit==
# Singataluru Dam (15 km.)
# [[Modalagatti|Madalagatta]] Temple Hanuman and river crossing
# Navali on the banks of Tungabhadra River
# Magala on the banks of Tungabhadra River
# Hire Hadagali Kalleshwara Temple and Mutt (14 km.)
# Mailaralingeshwara Temple and Mailara Bridge (36 km.)
# Kuruvatti Basaveshwara Temple of Kuruvatti, built by Jakanacharya (41 km.)
# Sri Channaveereshwara Matha of Sri Ma Ni Pra Channaveerashivayogigalu of Jangamakshetra, Linganayakanahalli (51 km.)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Hoovina Hadagali}}
* http://wikimapia.org/10727399/RANGA-BHARATHI-DRAMA-THEATER

[[Category:Cities and towns in Vijayanagara district]]
[[Category:Taluks in Vijayanagara district]]

National Highway 217 (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T01:56:13Z

Sougataghosh: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 47 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

SAC Vasanth

2025-06-25T10:44:12Z

Sougataghosh: adding new details

{{Short description|Indian magician, illusionist and laser show artist (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{COI|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = SAC Vasanth
| image = SAC Vasanth.jpg
| caption = SAC Vasanth(Right) with [[Garry Kasparov]](Left) in 'Global Leadership Awards 2014'
| birth_name = Sebasti Arul Christopher Vasanth
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|8|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].
| occupation = Magician, Illusionist, Laser Show.
| years_active = 2000–present
| other_names = Master Magician, India's Magic Star
| website = [http://www.sacvasanth.com www.sacvasanth.com]
}}

'''Sebasti Arul Christopher Vasanth (SAC Vasanth)''' is an Indian magician, illusionist and laser show artist<ref name="Rao"/><ref name="Shastry"/> who performs shows in India,<ref name="Jeshi"/> USA, Europe, Africa, Middle East and globally.<ref name="Jeshi"/> He was titled as "Master Magician" by Star One television in 2010.<ref name="Jeshi"/>

==Early life==
Vasanth was born on 22 August 1974 in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

==Television shows==
* 'Maya Maya' in [[Doordarshan]].
* 'G Boom Vikram' in [[Vijay TV]].
* 'Fox History and Entertainment' in BBC.
* 'Logic illa Magic' in [[Kalaignar TV]].<ref name="Jeshi"/>
* 'Star One, India’s Magic Star' in [[STAR One]].<ref name="Rao"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/franz-harary-to-appear-in-indias-magic-star_100396773.html | title=Franz Harary To Appear In 'India's Magic Star' | publisher=Thaindian News | date=16 July 2010 | accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>
* 'Comedy Circus ka Jadoo' in [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)]]<ref name="Shastry"/>

==Awards and honors==
* "Best Creative Magician Award" in Hyderabad for the Year 2004
* "Best innovative Magician Award" in Howrah for the Year 2005
* "Dr. Mgr. Bharat Rathna Award" for the year 2009
* [[STAR One|Star One television]] titled him as "Master Magician" in 2010<ref name="Jeshi"/>
* [[Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo]] crowned him as "Prince of Indian Magic" in 2011<ref name="Jeshi"/>
* [[Global Leadership Awards|Global Leadership Awards 2014]] – Award for Excellence in the Art of Illusions<ref name="Jeshi"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Rao">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nothing-short-of-magic/article2924045.ece | title=Nothing short of magic | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=23 February 2012 | accessdate=22 January 2015 | author=Rao, Subha J.}}</ref>
<ref name="Shastry">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/SAC-Vasanth-plans-to-do-more-laser-beam-shows/articleshow/12686659.cms | title=SAC Vasanth plans to do more laser-beam shows | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=16 April 2012 | accessdate=22 January 2015 | author=Shastry, Vaibhav}}</ref>
<ref name="Jeshi">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/tricks-up-his-sleeve/article6012296.ece | title=Tricks up his sleeve | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=15 May 2014 | accessdate=22 January 2015 | author=Jeshi, K.}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100710/jsp/entertainment/story_12665224.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713072432/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100710/jsp/entertainment/story_12665224.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 July 2010 | title=Pure magic | publisher=The Telegraph | date=10 July 2010 | accessdate=22 January 2015 | author=Roy, Priyanka}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasanth, SAC}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian magicians]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]

Karahi chadana

2025-06-19T04:15:15Z

Sougataghosh: creating data

'''Karahi chadana''' is a typically North Indian tradition that happens five days before the wedding, in which a large [[karahi|wok style pan]] is set up to cook food.<ref name=Kandhari2021>{{cite journal |last1=Kandhari |first1=Palaaksha |title=Anand Karaj Marriages: Past, Present and Future |journal=Legal Lock Journal |date=2021 |volume=1 |pages=1 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/lgllckjnl1&div=4&id=&page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Multicultural & Asian Wedding Traditions |url=https://woodhallmanor.com/2023/10/multicultural-asian-wedding-traditions/#:~:text=Karahi%20Chadana%20is%20one%20of,until%20the%20wedding%20day%20itself. |website=Woodhall Manor |access-date=11 June 2025 |language=en |date=3 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh Wedding (Anand Karaj) - Rituals & Traditions, Ceremonies |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/weddings/regional-weddings/sikh-wedding.html |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Food preparation for Indian wedding 39.jpg|thumb|Karahi at an Indian wedding]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India-stub}}

[[Category:Punjabi culture]]

Lakshminarayanan Vignesh

2025-04-04T01:00:16Z

Sougataghosh: added references

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Lakshminarayanan Vignesh
| image =
| country =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|3|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 10 October
| year = 2015
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/419679.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Lakshminarayanan Vignesh''' (born 20 March 1989) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/419679.html |title=Lakshminarayanan Vignesh |access-date=10 October 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 1 October 2015 in the [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="debut">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901695.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group B: Tamil Nadu v Baroda at Chennai, Oct 1-3, 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/419679.html}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vignesh, Lakshminarayanan}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chennai]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1989-stub}}

Evacuation of Ny Sjælland

2025-04-02T10:04:19Z

Sougataghosh: Stub

{{Short description|1757 Danish evacuation of a colony}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Evacuation of Ny Sjælland
| place = Ny Sjælland (present-day [[Kalatapu]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Nicobar Island]])
| coordinates = {{coord|8.172877|N|93.481476|E|display=inline,title}}
| partof = the Danish colonization of the Nicobar Islands
| image = David Rosen's colony "Frederikshavn".png
| image_size = 300px
| caption = David Rosen's colony Frederikshavn, 1833–1834 on [[Camorta Island|Camorta]]. Located in the same place as Ny Sjælland
| territory = Danes evacuate Ny Sjælland
| result = Nicobarese victory
| combatant1 = [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese tribes]]
| combatant2 = {{Flag|Denmark–Norway}}
| commander1 = Unknown tribal chief
| commander2 = {{Flagicon|Denmark–Norway}} Christian Lund {{Flagicon|Denmark–Norway}} "Captain" John
| units1 = None
| units2 = {{Flagicon|Denmark–Norway}} ''Ebenezer''
| strength1 = 200–400 men
| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 = None
| strength2 = <24 men 1 ship
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
| date = 25–28 August 1757
}}

The '''evacuation of Ny Sjælland''' ({{Langx|da|Rømningen af Ny Sjælland}}, {{Lit|New [[Zealand]]}}) was a Danish evacuation of a newly established colony on [[Camorta Island|Camorta]], [[Nicobar Islands]] due to native threats and raids.

== Background ==
Due to its ability to produce exotic crops and strategic placement, the [[Nicobar Islands]] were unsuccessfully colonized by the [[Danish Asiatic Company]] based in [[Tranquebar]]. The Danes first attempted to establish a colony on [[Great Nicobar Island]], named Ny Danmark (New Denmark),{{Sfn|Christensen|1992|pp=83–84}} however due to illness the colony failed.{{Sfn|Christensen|1992|p=85}}{{Sfn|Rastén|2012|p=14}}

The remnants of the colony were moved to [[Camorta Island]], where the Danes established Ny Sjælland (New [[Zealand]]).{{Sfn|Christensen|1992|p=86}}{{Sfn|Rastén|2012|p=15}} Despite being kindly received by the local [[Nicobarese people]] and their chief, Captain John, the situation soon deteriorated, with the first Dane dying of disease a short time after arriving.{{Sfn|Weihe|2006|p=55}}

Subsequently, there were several raids into the colony's [[warehouse]]s,{{Sfn|Weihe|2006|p=55}} and the Danish commander, Christian Frederik Lund, believed that the Nicobarese used the Danes' vulnerability to their advantage. In a report written several years later, Lund also placed the blame on the deceased commander, Jens Tved, saying he should not have indulged the Nicobarese with [[tobacco]] and [[cloth]].{{Sfn|Christensen|1992|p=87}} Soon the Nicobarese had enough of those items and demanded weapons and iron instead.{{Sfn|Weihe|2006|p=56}}

== Evacuation ==
Lund says that he complained about the thefts to Captain John, whom Lund himself had appointed as the colony's [[officer]]. Subsequently, a great number of spear-armed warriors showed up in the colony one morning. Lund asserts the size of the army to 300-400 warriors, while another witness claims 200-300.{{Sfn|Christensen|1992|p=87}}

They demanded the Danes' weapons so they could hunt the thieves. Despite succeeding in sending them away, the Danes still perceived them as very threatening. After a few days,{{Sfn|Weihe|2006|p=56}} Lund gave up the defense and on 28 August, decided to evacuate the colony on the vessel ''Ebenezer'', and the next day set sail for Achin (present-day [[Aceh]]). Lund left most of the equipment and 6 Indian soldiers in the colony.{{Sfn|Christensen|1992|p=87}}

It is unclear how the events unfolded. Lund recalls the warriors arriving on 27 August, and he recounts that the next day they could see them approaching the colony again to carry out a night attack. According to the [[captain]] of the ''Ebenezer'', Matthias Rasmussen, the significant influx of warriors occurred on 25 August. In the days leading up to 28 August, the Danes kept watch at night, while they drew ''Ebenezer'' close to the colony's landing site. Captain John promised to protect the colony but also informed the Danes that there were a couple of hundred Nicobarese warriors ready in the jungle to attack the Danes.{{Sfn|Christensen|1992|p=87}}

== Aftermath ==
It is entirely possible that Lund exaggerated the conflict with the local population in order to have an excuse to evacuate the failing colony. The dramatic attack might not have happened and it is also possible that he exaggerated and blamed Jens Tved for problems not related to him.{{Sfn|Weihe|2006|p=56}}

The ''Ebenezer'', with Lund, gets back from Achin in January 1758 to retrieve the property in Ny Sjælland. However, Lund found it impossible to resume colonization as there were too few people left. The 6 Indians initially left in the colony were never mentioned again.{{Sfn|Christensen|1992|p=88}} After the failure of Ny Danmark and Ny Sjælland, the Danish Asiatic Company no longer showed big interest for the Nicobar Islands.{{Sfn|Rastén|2012|p=14}}

== References ==
{{Ref list}}

== Works cited ==
* {{Cite book |last=Weihe |first=Hans-Jørgen |title=Historical encounters in the Nicobar Islands |publisher=Permafrost Press |year=2006 |language=English}}
* {{Cite book |last=Christensen |first=Holger |url=https://dwis.dk/images/Dokumenter/Specialer/Indien/Christensen_Det_danske_fremstoed_i_Indien_i_1750-erne.Kbh_1992.pdf |title=Det danske fremstoed i Indien i 1750-erne |publisher=Historisk Institut |year=1992 |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish |trans-title=The Danish push in India in the 1750s}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, Residenter, Kommandanter og Chefer |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=[[Copenhagen]] |pages= |language=Danish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rastén |first=Simon |url=https://www.dwis.dk/images/Dokumenter/Specialer/Indien/Rasten.Moedet_med_Nicobarernes_klima.Kbh_2012.pdf |title=Mødet med Nicobarnes klima |publisher=[[University of Copenhagen]] |year=2012 |location=Copenhagen |pages= |language=Danish|trans-title=The meeting with Nicobars climate}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ny Sjælland}}
[[Category:1750s in Danish India]]
[[Category:History of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Battles involving Norway]]
[[Category:Battles involving Denmark]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company|Serampore]]
[[Category:1700s in India]]

Shriharsha

2025-03-16T23:02:53Z

Sougataghosh: created new details

{{Short description|12th century Indian philosopher poet}}
'''Shri-harsha''' ([[IAST]]: '''Śrīharṣa''') was a 12th century CE [[Indian philosophy|Indian philosopher]] and [[Indian poetry|poet]]. Śrīharṣa works discuss various themes in [[Indian philosophy|Indian Philosophy]], such as [[pramana]]. He has been often interpreted as promoting [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedānta]] in his [[Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍanakhādya|''Sweets of Refutation'' (''Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍanakhādya'')]], however, this interpretation remains controversial among modern scholars.<ref name="Shradh Bhag 2">{{cite book |last1=Shashtri |first1=Pandurang |title=Shradh Bhag 2 |publisher=Nirmal Niketan |pages=29–42}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Das |first=Nilanjan |title=Śrīharṣa |date=2021 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/sriharsa/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=2023-06-09 |edition=Winter 2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}</ref><ref>Granoff, Phyllis E., 1978, ''Philosophy and Argument in Late Vedānta: Śrī Harṣa’s Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍakhādya'', Dodrecht: D. Reidel. [Contains a translation of the introduction to ''Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍakhādya'' on pages 71–208]. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-9822-3</ref> Śrīharṣa's thought was influential for both [[Nyaya|Nyāya]]-[[Vaisheshika|Vaiśeṣika]] thinkers and also for the Advaita Vedānta tradition.<ref name=":0" />

== Life ==

Śrīharṣa was born to a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=S.N. Sadasivan|title=A Social history of India|date=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&dq=bhattanarayan+sriharsa&pg=PA234|page=234|publisher=APH |isbn=978-81-7648-170-0 }}</ref> Śrīhira and Mamalladevī. His father, Śrīhira, was a poet in the court of the [[Gahadavala]] king [[Vijayachandra]].{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1974|p=177}} His father was also a guide of common people towards god with vedas, Bhagavad Gita's thoughts etc. His father asked Harsha at the time of his death to study well and become a pandit. He told him to use his shiksha (education) towards making life of common people divinity oriented and better. Also, he told Śrīharṣa to take thoughts of Bhagavad Gita to every one.

Śrīharṣa had a classic Indian education at a [[gurukula]], studying and living under guru's guidance. He mastered all scriptures and all schools of thoughts prevailing at that time. He famously wrote the ''Sweets of Refutation'' (''[[Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍanakhādya]]''), which critiques the epistemology of the [[Nyaya|Nyaya school]] and the rational inquiry in general.<ref name="Shradh Bhag 2"/>

Śrīharṣa spent his later life in ascetic serenity on the banks of River Ganga. He composed several works. These include ''Naiṣadhacarita,'' ''[[Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍanakhādya|Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍakhādya]],'' ''Vijayaprasasti'', ''Chindaprasasti'', ''Gaudorvisakulaprasasti'', ''Sahasankacarita'', ''Arnavavarnana'' and ''Amarakhandana''.

== Philosophy ==
Śrīharṣa's most well known philosophical text is the ''[[Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍanakhādya|Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍakhādya]]'' ("Sugar-candy Pieces of Refutations" or just ''Sweets of Refutation'').<ref>{{cite book |author=C.Kunhan Raja |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/223739875/Survey-of-Sanskrit-Literature-C-Kunhan-Raja |title=Survey of Sanskrit Literature |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=147}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Śrīharṣa thinks that any philosophical argument or view is subject to ''refutation-arguments'' (''khaṇḍana-yukti'') and thus all philosophical arguments are defeasible and are not sufficient evidence to believe in any philosophical view.<ref name=":0" />

The work focuses on [[Skepticism|skeptical]] critiques of rational philosophical proofs, especially the epistemological system of the [[Nyaya|Nyāya]]-[[Vaisheshika|Vaiśeṣika]] philosophical school.<ref name=":0" /> His main critique is the inadequacy of the Nyaya definitions of the six philosophical categories they defend: substance (''dravya''), quality (''[[guṇa]]''), action (''karma''), universal (''sāmānya''), ultimate differentiator (''viśeṣa''), and the relation of inherence (''samavāya'').<ref name=":0" /> Śrīharṣa also critiques the Nyaya definition of knowledge, and argues that there may no single satisfactory definition.<ref name=":0" />

Śrīharṣa thinks that his critiques also provide evidence for the [[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-duality]] of consciousness, the view that only consciousness truly exists.<ref name=":0" /> Indeed, while Śrīharṣa critiques almost all philosophical categories and views, including causality and the external world (apart from consciousness), he affirms the reality of consciousness.<ref name=":0" />

According to Śrīharṣa, all consciousness events are self-aware or self-revealing. Thus, consciousness knows itself, and this reflexive self-knowing is the only thing we need to know that consciousness is real. This view was commonly defended by the [[Yogachara|Yogācāra]] school of Buddhism, which defended the theory of self-reflexive awareness ([[Svasaṃvedana|svasamvedana]]).<ref name=":0" />

Śrīharṣa also seeks to show through his many critiques of rational Nyaya thought that using [[rationality]] to attempt to understand ultimate reality is a futile act. Thus, he thinks that rational argumentation cannot prove the dualistic system of Nyaya nor can it prove non-dualism either.<ref name=":0" /> Instead, he says that the method of knowing non-duality is a subtle awareness of non-duality which arises from contemplation based on hearing the words and great sentences ([[Mahāvākyas|mahavakyas]]) of the [[Upanishads|Upaniṣads]].<ref name=":0" />

One reading of the main idea of this text is that it seeks to show the instability of [[reason]], and how any rational argument can be undermined by further reasoning. Thus, reasoning is always inconclusive. Because of this, Śrīharṣa argues that Nyaya logicians should stop doing philosophy and have faith in the liberating power of the [[Upanishads|Upaniṣads]].<ref name=":0" /> Śrīharṣa is thus radically different from the Advaita philosopher [[Adi Shankara|Saṃkara]], who held that reason can help us better understand ultimate truth. For Śrīharṣa, reason is useless, only faith and the [[Upanishads|Upaniṣads]] will lead us to the truth of non-duality.<ref name=":0" />

== Poetry ==
Śrīharṣa composed the ''[[kāvya]]'' poem ''[[Naishadha Charita]]'' ([[IAST]]: ''Naiṣadhacarita'') in 1174, during the reign of the Vijayachandra's son [[Jayachandra]]. According to Rājaśekhara's ''[[Prabandha Kosha|Prabandhakośa]]'', upon the wide acceptance of ''Naishadha Charita'', Śrīharṣa was dignified with the title ''Narabharati''.{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1974|p=177}}

The ''Naishadha Charita'' contains erotic themes, but according to the 15th-century Jain scholar [[Hammira Mahakavya|Nayachandra Suri]], Śrīharṣa was actually a celibate, who had "conquered his sense organs" (''jitendriya'').{{sfn|Phyllis Granoff|2006|p=37}}

The ''Naishadha Charita'' was brought into [[Gujarat]] by Harihara during the reign of [[Vaghela dynasty#Viradhavala|Vīradhavala]] to which Chandu Pandita in his ''Dipika'', composed in 1296, refers to as a new poem and also to the commentary of Vidyādhara. ''Naishadha Charita'' was composed earlier than ''Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍakhādya'' in which text Sriharsha alludes to the works of [[Kalidasa]].{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1974|p=177}}

== See also ==
*[[Nagarjuna]] (a Buddhist philosopher who wrote similar refutations of Nyaya)
*[[Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa]] (a similar skeptic from the [[Charvaka|Carvaka]] school)
*[[Yogachara|Yogacara]]
*[[Philosophical Reflections in the Naisadhacarita]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |author=M. Srinivasachariar |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA177 |year=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0284-1}}
* {{cite journal |author=Phyllis Granoff |author-link=Phyllis Granoff |title=Mountains of Eternity: Raidhū and the Colossal Jinas of Gwalior |journal=Rivista di Studi Sudasiatici |volume=1 |year=2006 |publisher=Firenze University Press |url=http://fupress.net/index.php/rss/article/viewFile/2455/2290 |doi=10.13128/RISS-2455 |pages=31–50 }}

==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-naishadha-charita-of-shriharsha The Naishadha-charita] English translation by K. K. Handiqui [proofread] (includes glossary)

{{Sanskrit language topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sanskrit poetry]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian philosophers]]

National Highway 310A (India)

2025-02-27T16:29:50Z

Sougataghosh: basic added page and corrected details

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 310A
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=10|frame-lat=27.43|frame-long=88.58|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55593253|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 310A}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 55
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = Tashiview Point
| terminus_b = [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 10
| next_route = 10
| states = [[Sikkim]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 310A''', commonly referred to as '''NH 310A''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158729.pdf|title=New highways notification dated March, 2014|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 10 (India)|National Highway 10]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> NH-310A traverses the state of [[Sikkim]] in [[East Sikkim district|East District]] and [[North Sikkim district|North District]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nelive.in/north-east/news/lost-highway-sikkim|title=THE LOST HIGHWAY OF SIKKIM|date=6 Aug 2015|access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
Tashiview point - [[Phodong]] - [[Mangan, India|Mangan]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|10|country=IND}} Terminal near Tashiview point.<ref name=":122" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3826071 NH 310A on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH10 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Sikkim]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Kouthala mandal

2025-02-09T21:24:14Z

Sougataghosh: creating new stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Kouthala''' is a [[Subdivisions of India|Mandal]] in [[Komaram Bheem district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in India.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumr.asp?selstate=0219000000&pno=1&ptype=B
|title=Mandals in Adilabad district
|publisher=Panchayat Informatics Division
|accessdate=2007-02-28
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327185343/http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumr.asp?selstate=0219000000&pno=1&ptype=B
|archivedate=2007-03-27
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

'''Koutala''' has the following temples:{{cn|date=February 2025}}
* Shivalay temple
* Sai baba temple
* Sri Ramalayam temple
* Kanyaka parmeshwari temple

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{coord|19|31|N|79|44|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Komaram Bheem district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Komaram Bheem district]]

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}