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Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya

2026-05-05T16:56:01Z

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{{short description|2009 Indian television series}}
{{Long plot|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image = Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya12.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Spellbound Productions Walkwater Media Ltd
| writer = Pearl Grey [[Shanti Bhushan]] Vishal Watwani Ahsan Bakshi
| director = Ravindra Gautam Prasad Govandi Santosh Bhatt Jatin Ravasia Gurpreet Rana Arvind Gupta Sandeep Vijay
| creative_director = Pearl Grey
| editor = Sameer Gandhi
| country = India
| language = Hindi Awadhi
| executive_producer = Pearl Grey
| location =
| producer = Pearl Grey
| company = Spellbound Productions Walkwater Media Ltd
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| channel = [[Star Plus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|12|07}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2012|10|27}}
| num_episodes = 767
| starring = [[Pooja Gor]] [[Arhaan Behll]]
| num_seasons = 2
| related = [[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2]]
}}

'''''Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya''''' ({{translation|''The Voice from the Heart... Pledge''}}) is an Indian [[drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that aired on [[STAR Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pavitra Rishta, Pratigya, Taarak Mehta lead Apsara awards nomination|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pavitra-rishta-pratigya-taarak-mehta-lead-apsara-awards-nomination-617978|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The series premiered on 7 December 2009 and ended on 27 October 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pratigya-to-go-off-air/articleshow/16576007.cms|title=Pratigya to go off air|website=[[The Times Of India]]|date=28 September 2012 }}</ref> It starred [[Pooja Gor]] and [[Arhaan Behll]]. All episodes of the series re-telecasted at [[Star Bharat]] from October 2020 to March 2021. A new season of the series, ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2]]'', premiered on 15 March 2021 on [[Star Bharat]], produced by [[Director's Kut Productions]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Athar Siddiqui undergoes hard training for Mann Ki Awaaz Pratigya 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/athar-siddiqui-undergoes-hard-training-for-mann-ki-awaaz-pratigya-2/articleshow/81363347.cms|website=The Times of India|date=6 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story focuses on a young, strong-minded woman, Pratigya Saxena, who will go to any length to fight for her rights, and Krishna Singh Thakur, an uneducated goon. The Thakurs, headed by Krishna's father, Sajjan Singh Thakur, hold power in Allahabad, and are rooted deep in tradition and superstition. The Saxena family, however, are traditional but believe in progressive thinking and educating their daughters Pratigya and Aarushi.

Krishna, Pratigya's secret admirer, forces her to marry him. To protect Pratigya, her elder brother Adarsh marries Komal, Krishna's younger sister. Pratigya is not satisfied with her marriage, but over time she realizes Krishna's genuine love for her and makes it her mission to change Krishna’s patriarchal views and ways. Meanwhile, she is constantly taunted by her in-laws, while Krishna’s elder brother, Shakti, beats his wife, Kesar, regularly.

Angad, Pratigya's stalker from college, is killed in an altercation between him and Adarsh. Pratigya’s father takes the blame but is proven innocent by an advocate, Aman Mathur, despite Sajjan’s efforts to influence the case. Krishna, shocked by Pratigya’s duplicity, leaves the home and is injured. She later finally confesses her love to him, and they consummate their marriage. Meanwhile, Aarushi falls for Aman and their marriage is fixed, while his younger brother, Jay, intentionally hits Adarsh with his father's car, causing serious injury and forcing him to walk on a wheelchair. Pratigya and Krishna, smelling foul, find out that Aman is cheating on Aarushi and disclose this to Aman’s father (a police officer who has a rivalry with Sajjan), who calls off the wedding. Aarushi, swearing revenge, marries Shakti, despite the law declaring [[bigamy]] to be illegal, and impresses the Thakurs. She later realizes her mistake and leaves Shakti.

Pratigya finds out about Krishna’s lie of getting a job and is heartbroken. During the Holi celebrations, Krishna’s cousin, Radhe, misbehaves with Pratigya. Learning this, Krishna chases him, who unintentionally shoots Pratigya. After her recovery, Krishna starts his food business but Radhe destroys it. Pratigya’s mother-in-law, conspiring to separate Krishna and Pratigya, attempts suicide, and Pratigya is blamed by Sajjan and Krishna. Krishna later learns the truth and tries to reunite with Pratigya, who reluctantly accepts him. Sajjan soon marries a younger woman, Ganga, but learns of her affair with a man and is convinced to let her go.

4 years later, Shakti, while beating Kesar, causes her to lose her mind, causing her to be mentally unstable. As a result, Pratigya starts caring for Shakti and Kesar's son, Samar. Shakti marries Menaka, who wants to usurp the property of the Thakur family. Abhimanyu Singh Yadav, Sajjan's illegitimate son, emerges and stakes claim to his rights and starts planning against the family. Meanwhile, in the Saxena household, Tanmay Srivastav, Aarushi's husband, plans to kill Adarsh and frames Krishna for Adarsh's murder after killing him. Later, Pratigya, with the help of her lawyer, proves Krishna innocent and Tanmay is sentenced to life imprisonment, divorced by Aarushi. Abhimanyu too tries to kill Komal and her daughter Chinky when Komal finds out his true colors, but both are saved by Kartik, Krishna and Pratigya. Abhimanyu's truth comes in front of everyone, and he is arrested. Later, Komal marries Kartik after Chinky pleads and requests Sajjan Singh for the marriage. Krishna's mother returns after a long struggle, but Sajjan initially rejects her for staying with another man. He later accepts her on Dussehra when she tries to kill herself. The show takes a leap when Pratigya and Krishna officially adopt Samar. The show ends with Pratigya giving birth to a daughter, and the whole family celebrates.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Pooja Gor|Pooja Gaur]] as Pratigya Singh Thakur (née Saxena): Naina and Shyam's elder daughter; (2009−2012)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/remember-mann-ki-awazz-pratigya-girl-pooja-gor-she-has-majorly-transformed-into-a-fashionista/photostory/59031351.cms|title=Remember 'Mann ki Awazz – Pratigya' girl Pooja Gor? She has majorly transformed into a fashionista|date=2017-06-07|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>
* [[Arhaan Behll]] as Krishna Singh Thakur: Sajjan and Sumitra's younger son;(2009−2012)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/interviews/arhaan-behl-i-am-too-young-to-get-married-271148/|title=Arhaan Behl: I am too young to get married! {{!}} Bollywood Life|date=2013-09-30|website=Bollywood Life|language=en-EN|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-arhaan-behl-gearing-up-for-his-next-show-1847871|title=Arhaan Behl gearing up for his next show|last=Unnikrishnan|first=Chaya|date=2013-06-14|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* [[Parvati Sehgal]] as Komal Saxena/Komal Kumar (née Singh Thakur): Sajjan and Sumitra's daughter;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Parvati-Sehgal-quits-Pratigya/articleshow/11399631.cms|title=Parvati Sehgal quits Pratigya – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2012 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/pratigya-gets-parallel-female-lead|title=Pratigya gets a parallel female lead|website=Telly chakkar magazine|language=en|access-date=2010-09-02}}</ref> (2009–2012)
* Shahab Khan as Shyam Saxena: Naina's widower; (2009–2012)
* Monica Singh as Naina Saxena: Shyam's wife; (2009–2011) (Dead)
* [[Avantika Hundal]] as Aarushi Saxena: Naina and Shyam's younger daughter;
* [[Ankit Gera]] / [[Aniruddh Singh]] as Adarsh Saxena: Naina and Shyam's son;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pratigya-gets-a-new-brother/articleshow/11553564.cms|title=Pratigya gets a new brother|website=Times of India|date=20 January 2012 }}</ref> (2009–2011) / (2012) (Dead)
*[[Neha Marda]] as Adult Chinky Kumar:(2012)
* Drishti Hemdev as Chinky Saxena: Adarsh and Komal's daughter Samar Kriti Girish and Garv's Cousin (2011–2012)
* Arya Dhramchand Kumar as Kartik Kumar: Komal's second husband (2012)
* [[Kunal Karan Kapoor]] as Angad Yadav: Thug; Pratigya and Komal's foe (2010) (Dead)
* [[Mrunal Jain]] as ASP Iqbal Khan IPS Officer: Shyam's student; Pratigya and Aarushi's childhood friend; Krishna and Komal's wellwisher (2009–2012)
*[[Anupam Shyam]] as Sajjan Singh Thakur: Sumitra's husband;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-am-unaware-about-my-return-on-Pratigya-Sajjan-Singh/articleshow/14296444.cms|title=I am unaware about my return on Pratigya: Sajjan Singh – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 June 2012 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> (2009–2012)
* Asmita Sharma as Sumitra Singh Thakur: Sankata's sister; (2009–2012)
* Jaswant Menaria as Shakti Singh Thakur: Sajjan and Sumitra's elder son; Krishna and Komal's brother; Abhimanyu's half-brother; Kesar and Menaka's husband; Samar's father; Aarushi's ex–husband (2009–2012)
* Kalpna Bohra / Aalika Sheikh as Kesar Shakti Singh Thakur: Shakti's first wife; Samar's mother <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/same-characters-different-actors/4824|title=Same characters different actors|website=Mid Day}}</ref> (2009–2012)
*[[Shaleen Bhanot]] as Dr Samar Singh Thakur: (2012)
* Eklavya Ahir as Samar Singh Thakur: Kesar and Shakti's son; Krishna and Pratigya's adopted son Girish's brother Chinky Kriti and Garv's cousin (2011–2012)
* [[Malhar Pandya]] as Er Girish Singh Thakur Shakti and Kesar's younger son; Samar's brother; Chinky Kriti and Garv's cousin (2012)
*[[Chhavi Pandey]] as Kriti Singh Thakur an entrepreneur Pratigya and Krishna's daughter, Garv's sister Chinky Samar and Girish's cousin (2012)
*[[Ankit Mohan]] as ASP Garv Singh Thakur IPS Officer Pratigya and Krishna's son, Kriti's brother, Samar Chinky and Girish's cousin (2012)
* [[Soni Singh]] as Menaka Singh Thakur: Shakti's second wife (2011)
* Asha Sharma as Mrs. Saxena: Shyam's mother; Adarsh, Pratigya and Aarushi's grandmother (2009–2012)
* [[Mohit Malik]] as Advocate Abhimanyu Singh Yadav: Sajjan and Shakuntala's son; Shakti, Krishna and Komal's half-brother (2011–2012)
* [[Abhishek Rawat]] as Tanmay Srivastav: Aarushi's ex-husband; Adarsh's murderer
* Amita Udgata as Mrs. Singh Thakur: Sajjan's mother; Shakti, Krishna, Komal and Abhimanyu's grandmother
* [[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Sankata Singh: Sumitra's brother
* [[Sana Amin Sheikh]] as Ganga: Sajjan's mistress (2011)
* [[Deeya Chopra]] as Anu Mathur: Aman's wife (2011)
* [[Piyush Sahdev]] as Advocate Aman Mathur: Sarveshwardayal's second son; Gaurav and Jay's brother; Aarushi's ex-fiancé; Anu's husband (2010–2011)
* Sachin Sharma as Gaurav Mathur: Sarveshwardayal's eldest son; Aman and Jay's brother; Nandini's husband (2010)
* Mayank Arora as Jay Mathur: Sarveshwardayal's youngest son; Gaurav and Aman's brother (2010)
* [[Chetan Pandit]] as I.G. Sarveshwardayal Mathur: Gaurav, Aman and Jay's father (2010)
*[[Pooja Madan]] as Mrs Mathur I.G.'s wife
*[[Monica Casetellino]] as Nandini Mathur Gaurav's wife
* Sehrish Ali as Roli: Pratigya's best friend; Adarsh's lover (2010)
* [[Manmohan Tiwari]] as Radhe
* Prachi Pathak as Maayi
* [[Kunal Jaisingh]] as Sarang "Gunga" (2011)
* Kunal Madhiwala as Lucky
* Dinesh Sudarshan Soi as Jugnu
* Vinay Rajput as Tunna
* [[Pratima Kazmi]] as Guru Maa
* [[Sonal Jha]] as Shakuntala:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sonal-Jha-to-enter-Mann-Ki-Awaaz-Pratigya/articleshow/14427956.cms|title=Sonal Jha to enter Mann Ki Awaaz Pratigya!|website=Times Of India|date=27 June 2012 }}</ref> Sajjan's mistress; Abhimanyu's mother (2012)
* [[Nirbhay Wadhwa]] as Goon
* Raj Premi as Makhnu Singh
* Jaydeep Suri as Chandu
* Abner Reginald as Judge (in Angad Yadav murder case) (2010)
* [[Ruchi Savarn]] as Sunehri (2011)
* [[Chaitanya Choudhury]] as Abhishek: Neelima's husband; Pratigya's college friend (2011)
* [[Akanksha Juneja]] as Neelima: Abhishek's wife; Pratigya's college friend (2011)
* [[Neha Kaul]] as Meera: Krishna's one–sided lover (2011)
* Deepak Advani as Mr. Batra: Abhishek and Neelima's boss (2011)
* [[Deepika Singh]] as Sandhya
* [[Sanaya Irani]] as Khushi
* [[Manasi Parekh]] as Gulaal

==Production==
===Promotion===
As a part of promotion of the series before its launch, in December 2009, a campaign was done as ''Meri Pratigya'' at [[Nariman Point]] in [[Mumbai]] where along with lead [[Pooja Gor]], 500 women as a chain to create an awareness on eve-teasing and ill treatment of women.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pratigya Initiates 'Mere Pratigya|url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/pratigya-initiates-mere-pratigya-to-fight-against-disrespect-towards-women-21238.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316061749/https://www.businesswireindia.com/pratigya-initiates-%E2%80%98mere-pratigya-fight-against-disrespect-towards-wom-21238.html|archive-date=16 March 2021|access-date=2021-03-16|website=www.businesswireindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Parvati Sehgal]] who played Komal's role in the show was originally approached for Aarushi's role but got rejected because of a look test but later got selected for Komal's role when she was approached for the second time.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reality shows are scripted: Parvati Sehgal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/reality-shows-are-scripted-parvati-sehgal/articleshow/14745069.cms|website=The Times of India|date=8 July 2012 }}</ref>

[[Falaq Naaz]] was originally signed to play an uneducated village girl Shakun in the show who was Abhimanyu's wife but things couldn't work out as she chose another show of Star Plus ''Khamoshiyan'' later her role got scrapped from the show.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Falaq picks Khamoshiyaan over Pratigya!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/falaq-picks-khamoshiyaan-over-pratigya/articleshow/14337014.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210220064833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/falaq-picks-khamoshiyaan-over-pratigya/articleshow/14337014.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=20 February 2021|website=The Times of India|date=26 June 2012 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> [[Rohit Khurana]] was finalized for Krishna's role but rejected it as he was busy with ''[[Uttaran]]'' at that time.

In mid 2011, Monica Singh playing Naina quit the series and was hoped for coming back after a break. However, as she refused returning, the makers decided to end her character and she agreed to shoot for two days but did not turn up. Thus, her character was mentioned dead in a car accident.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Monica, oh my problem!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/monica-oh-my-problem/articleshow/10567521.cms|website=The Times of India|date=2 November 2011 }}</ref>

===Cancellation and future===
The series was off aired in October 2012. In early 2013, the series was confirmed returning with a new season based on story of lead character Pratigya and Krishna's daughters.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pratigya gears up for season-2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pratigya-gears-up-for-season-2/articleshow/18557380.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210219172041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pratigya-gears-up-for-season-2/articleshow/18557380.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=19 February 2021|website=The Times of India|date=18 February 2013 |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Pratigya' season 2 underway|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pratigya-season-2-underway-1801843|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210219172833/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pratigya-season-2-underway-1801843|archive-date=19 February 2021|website=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref> [[Neha Marda]] was roped as one of the leads and the pilot episode was shot and approved by the channel but the series was dropped when the discussions between the production house and channel stalled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Walking out of Pratigya was right: Neha Marda|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/walking-out-of-pratigya-was-right-neha-marda/story-M5v0P1hXSlOnEYOKwkDIJK.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=21 May 2013}}</ref> However, on 19 February 2021, the series was confirmed returning with a new season on [[Star Bharat]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: TV show Mann Ki Awaz Pratigya to return after a decade with a new season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-tv-show-mann-ki-awaz-pratigya-to-return-after-a-decade-with-a-new-season/articleshow/81108994.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210220064018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-tv-show-mann-ki-awaz-pratigya-to-return-after-a-decade-with-a-new-season/articleshow/81108994.cms|archive-date=20 February 2021|website=The Times of India|date=19 February 2021 |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Plus to bring back 'Mann Ki Awaz Pratigya' for new series?|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-to-bring-back-mann-ki-awaz-pratigya-for-new-series/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210220064310/https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-to-bring-back-mann-ki-awaz-pratigya-for-new-series/|archive-date=20 February 2021|website=Biz Asia|date=19 February 2021|access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2]]'' premiered on 15 March 2021, is produced by former season producer Pearl Grey along with Rajan Shahi under [[Director's Kut Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mann Ki Awaaz Pratigya 2 team kick-starts the Mumbai schedule with havan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/mann-ki-awaaz-pratigya-2-team-kick-starts-the-mumbai-schedule-with-havan-1775606-2021-03-04|website=India Today|date=4 March 2021 }}</ref>

===Filming===
Based on the backdrop of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Allahabad]], the series was mainly filmed at sets in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film city]] in [[Mumbai]] while some sequences were also shot at Allahabad.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive Pics! Pooja Gor and Arhaan Behll shoot for Mann Ki Awaaz Pratigya 2 in Prayagraj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-pics-pooja-gor-and-arhaan-behll-shoot-for-mann-ki-awaaz-pratigya-2-in-prayagraj/articleshow/81209991.cms|website=The Times of India|date=25 February 2021 }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critics===
''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, "It's a perfect Hindi heartland show - over-the-top drama and aggressive, regressive as well as progressive in characters and content."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Who is the prime-time leader?|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/who-is-the-primetime-leader-/823649/0|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In November 2010, ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' criticised, "The serial that broke many a record on Star Plus because of its unique anti-eve teasing storyline, seems to have changed track completely. Today, it’s boiled down to a tale where a woman is humiliated at home, her self respect trampled on by her in-laws and husband instead of portraying her to be a strong woman who stands her ground."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Displaced concern - Regressive Serials|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/112475/displaced-concern.html|website=Deccan Herald|date=13 November 2010}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' criticised, "From the current crop of serials, a very good example of enthusiastic consumption of a bizarre plot line is the serial “''Mann ki Awaaz Pratigya''”. The production house, Star TV, bills it a “fight against disrespect of women”. And what does the lead character do? She marries a goon who eve-teases her. Then she tells him that he can win her body but not her love. You fight disrespect by marrying the eve-teaser, taking the battle into his home."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Is this women empowerment?|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Sevanti_Ninan/Media-Matters-Is-this-empowerment/article16123388.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210406071141/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Sevanti_Ninan/Media-Matters-Is-this-empowerment/article16123388.ece|archive-date=6 April 2021|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 April 2010|access-date=6 April 2021|last1=Ninan|first1=Sevanti}}</ref>

===Ratings===
Pratigya opened with a rating of 3.7 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pratigya debuts with 3.7 TVR on Star Plus|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k9/dec/dec163.php|website=Indian Television dot com|date=16 December 2009}}</ref> As in April 2010, it was one of the top ten Hindi GEC which garnered 4.5 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Plus shines, Colors fades|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/star-plus-shines-colors-fades/612010/2|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> As in July 2010, it was at second position with ratings ranging 4 to 5.3 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Just surf it|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/just-surf-it/cid/498226|website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref> In weeks 24 and 25 of 2010, it garnered 4.8 and 5.5 TVRs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Plus rides new high with 445 GRPs|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/star-plus-rides-new-high-with-445-grps?amp|website=Indian Television dot com|date=23 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bits & bytes|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bits-bytes/639538/|website=The Financial Express|date=30 June 2010}}</ref> In week 4 of 2011, it garnered 5.7 TVR.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Star triggers telly war with weekend entertainment|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/star-triggers-telly-war-with-weekend-entertainment-111020700009_1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316141302/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/star-triggers-telly-war-with-weekend-entertainment-111020700009_1.html|archive-date=16 March 2021|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=7 February 2011|last1=Joshi|first1=Priyanka}}</ref> As in week 29 of 2011, it dropped to 3.9 TVR while its peak ratings garnered were around 6 TVR in its run time.<ref name=":0" /> In the week ending 27 September 2011, it garnered 4.27 TVR occupying fourth position.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pratigya and Uttaran in a TRP tussle|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pratigya-and-uttaran-in-a-trp-tussle/articleshow/10066209.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316140752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pratigya-and-uttaran-in-a-trp-tussle/articleshow/10066209.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=16 March 2021|website=The Times of India|date=21 September 2011 }}</ref> When the ratings dropped ranging between 2 and 2.5 TVR, it was off aired in October 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Veera' to grow 10.30 pm slot for Star Plus by 30%: Ormax study|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/veera-to-grow-1030-pm-slot-for-star-plus-by-30-ormax-study|website=Indian Television dot com|date=25 October 2012 }}</ref>

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Awards !! Category !! Recipient !! Result
|-
| 2010
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]] || Best Serial || ''Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya'' || {{won}}<ref name="ITA 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010#winners |title=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com |access-date=2012-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820113113/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010 |archive-date=20 August 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || Best Actor – Drama – Popular || Krishna ([[Arhaan Behll]]) || {{won}}<ref name="ITA 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011#winners |title=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com |access-date=2012-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070936/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 |archive-date=26 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| Kalakar Awards || Favourite Actress in Television || Pratigya ([[Pooja Gor]]) || {{won}}<ref name="urlwww.kalakarawards.co">{{cite web |url=http://www.kalakarawards.co/images/pastawardeeslist.pdf |title=www.kalakarawards.co |access-date=2012-05-05 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Zee Gold Awards]] || Best Negative Actor(Male) – Popular || [[Anupam Shyam]] || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|2012 || rowspan="3"| [[Indian Telly Awards]] || Best Actor in Negative Role (Jury) || Sajjan Singh ([[Anupam Shyam]]) || {{won}}<ref name="Telly Awards 2012">{{cite web |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |title=Winners of 11th Indian Telly Awards |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archive-date=2 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|| Best Actress in Negative Role (Jury) || Takurain ([[Asmita Sharma]]) || {{won}}<ref name="Telly Awards 2012" />
|-
| Best actor in childhood || Amir singh ([[Saurav Singh]]) || {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Gold Awards]] || Best Negative Actor – Male || [[Anupam Shyam]] || {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/#!/mann-kee-awaaz-pratigya-487-s Official Website] on [[hotstar]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television series about marriage]]
[[Category:Television series about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Domestic violence in television]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows about violence against women]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]

Dhandari Kalan railway station

2026-05-05T07:58:23Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{Short description|Railway station in Punjab, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Dhandari Kalan
| type = [[Indian Railways]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Dhndari kalan.jpg
| image_caption = Dhandari Kalan Railway station
| address = [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]], Dhandari Kalan, [[Ludhiana]], [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.8743755|N|75.909877|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|254|m|ft}}
| line = [[Ambala–Attari line]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 3
| tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 1870
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DDL
| division = {{rwd|Firozpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Punjab#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Ludhiana Junction|right=Sahnewal|type=[[Ambala–Attari line]]}}
}}

'''Dhandari Kalan railway station''' a railway station on [[Ambala–Attari line]] under [[Firozpur railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]]. This is situated beside [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]] at Dhandari Kalan, [[Ludhiana]] in [[Ludhiana district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Yash|title=Dhandari Kalan Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/dhandari-kalan-ddl/657|access-date=2021-05-22|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhandari Kalan Railway Station (DDL) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/dhandari-kalan-ddl-station|access-date=2021-05-22|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Amritsar–Attari line was completed in 1862.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scinde, Punjaub & Delhi Railway - FIBIwiki|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Scinde,_Punjaub_&_Delhi_Railway|access-date=2021-05-22|website=wiki.fibis.org}}</ref> the electrification of the line was completed in different period. Shahbad Markanda-[[Mandi Gobindgarh railway station|Mandi Gobindgarh]] sector was electrified in 1995–96, the Mandi Gobindgarh–[[Ludhiana Junction railway station|Ludhiana]] sector in 1996–97, the [[Phillaur Junction railway station|Phillaur]]–Phagwara sector in 2002–03, and the [[Phagwara railway station|Phagwara]]–[[Jalandhar City Junction railway station|Jallandhar City]]–[[Amritsar Junction railway station|Amritsar]] in 2003–04.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[IRFCA] Electrification History from CORE|url=https://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|access-date=2021-05-22|website=irfca.org}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
The station consists of three platforms with standard on-ground infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news
|last=Behl
|first=Mohit
|title=Infra boost: Dhandari railway station gets third platform
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/infra-boost-dhandari-railway-station-gets-third-platform/articleshow/101094218.cms
|work=The Times of India
|date=19 June 2023
|access-date=5 May 2026
}}</ref> Basic passenger amenities are available, including shelters and ticketing facilities.

== Services ==
The station is served primarily by passenger trains and MEMU trains on the [[Ambala–Attari line]]. Major nearby railway stations include [[Ludhiana Junction railway station|Ludhiana Junction]] and [[Sahnewal railway station|Sahnewal]].

== Freight operations ==
The station is located within the industrial belt of Ludhiana and supports freight movement related to local industries. It is situated near logistics and inland freight facilities serving the region.

== Amrit Bharat Station Scheme ==
Dhandari Kalan railway station has been identified for redevelopment under the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]], under which multiple stations in Punjab are being modernised with improved passenger amenities and infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Under the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme, a total of 30 stations identified for renovation and modernization in Punjab
|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2248011
|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India
|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
|date=1 April 2026
|access-date=5 May 2026
}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
The station is located along [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]] and is connected to Ludhiana city by road. Public transport options such as buses and auto-rickshaws are available for last-mile connectivity.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1870]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]

St. Antony's Syro-Malabar Forane Church, Kurumpanadam

2026-05-04T13:17:52Z

SoniaBlankinship: Created Some Article Added Tags

{{Short description|Religious building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{onesource|date=January 2010}}

'''Kurumpanadam Forane Church''' in Kerala, India is on a [[hillock]] about 6 km east of [[Changanacherry]] and 800 metres north of [[Perumpanachy]] Junction. This area was a part of Changanacherry Parish in ancient days and later from 1835 to 1837 under the jurisdiction of Thuruthi Parish. The Mooppachanmar (Senior Fathers) who had visited Kurumbanadu to select aspirants for [[priesthood]] selected Chorikkavungal Zackarias and Mukkattukunnel Thomas from this area. They requested the [[Catholic church|Catholics]] of this area to erect a [[church (building)|church]]. Following their request, 93 Catholic families who had inhabited Kurumbanadu erected the first Catholic Church here on 13 June 1837. It had stood on the north of the present church. As the church was not spacious enough, the [[construction]] of a new church was started in 1844. Fr. Philipose Chalackal, a parishioner of Thuruthi, was the vicar of Kurumpanadu. The main role in the construction of the new church was played by Fathers Thomas Mukkattukunnel and Zackarias Chorickavunkal.

== Local seminary ==
There had been a local [[seminary]] at [[Kurumbanadu]], erected in 1843 with the permission of the [[Bishop of Varapuzha]]. The seminary was administered by European [[Missionary|missionaries]] of the [[Carmelites|Carmelite Order]]. Seven seminarians of the first intake of this seminary including Fathers Thomas Mukkattukunnel and Zackarias Chorikavunkal were ordained by the Bishop of Varapuzha in 1852.

==The clothing of Puthenparampil Thomachan==
Puthenparampil Thomachan from Edathuva, who had founded the [[Franciscan]] munnam sabha in Kerala, received the religious habit (sabha vastram) in 1868 at Kurumbanadu church from [[vicar]] Palakkunnel Valiachan. This incident is recorded in the church annals as, "Puthenparampil Thomachan vowed that he would wear the habit (sabha vastram) of Anchukaya Prasiskose’s munnam sabha on 26 dhanu 1868 which was the Feast of St. Esthaphanose. With my unworthy hands I enrobed him with the habit of Franciscan munnam sabha on the steps of Mar Antony’s church at Kurumbanadu. It was not the custom of Malayali males to cover the upper part of their body in those days."

==St. Peter’s English Middle School==
St. Peter’s English Middle School was established at Kurumpanadu in 1921 under the leadership of Fr. Jacob Kandankaril. Fr. George Mukkattukunnel (Junior), a seminarian, took much effort in the establishment of the school. Archbishop Mar Joseph Powvathil was a former student of this school. This Middle School was upgraded to a High School on 2 June 1952. The first manager of the school was Fr. George Mukkattukunnel. The foundation stone of the High School building was laid by Archbishop Mar Mathew Kavukattu on 29 June 1952. In course of time the High School grew into the present St. Peter’s Higher Secondary School. Higher Secondary classes were started here in 1998. There is an L.P. School named St. Antony’s L.P. School under the management of the church.

== Marthomadasasangham ==
Mar Thomas Kurialassery became the Bishop of [[Diocese of Changanacherry|Changanacherry Diocese]] in 1911. He selected a group of young people for the purpose of conducting prayers in remote areas and teaching catechism to the people. They conducted prayers in different places where there were no churches. Thomas Kurialassery also made a by-law for their activities and named them as "Marthommadasasangham". He also arranged a two-day training for "Marthommadasasangham" members at parel minor seminary at Changanacherry. Fr. Dominic Thottassery was the first president of Marthommadasasangham. Thrikidithanam, Mannila, Kurumpanadam and Payipadu were the main functional areas of Marthommadasasangham. Changanacherry Cathedral Church and Kurumpanadam Church were the main centers of Marthommadasasangham at that time.

Marthomadasasangham conducted prayers in Mannilakunnu. Once a year the members of the dasasangham of Changanassery Diocese used to celebrate the thirunnal of Marthoma Sleeha at Mannilakkunnu under the auspices of the Kurumbanadam unit. A cross was erected at Mannulakkunnu in June 1927. Later a shed was erected there and the image of the [[Holy Family]] was placed there. The function was led by Fathers Sauriyar and Thomas Kalayamkandathil. The members of the dasasangham of the Kurumpanadam unit began to conduct prayers there every Wednesday.

== Holy Family Church Mannila ==
{{Main|Holy Family Church Mannila}}
Holy Family church was established in 1927. The old church was created in 1940. Later in 1995 a new church was created in Mannilakunnu. Fr. Karingada Thomma erected a cross in Mannilakunnu in 1927 with the help of Marthommadasasangham members. Fr. Dominic Thottassery was the president of Marthommadasasangham. Holy Family Church situated nearly 10 km away from Changanacherry. It comes under the Archdiocese of Changanacherry and the forane of Kurumpanadam.

In 1929 the construction work of a [[convent]] belonging to the [[Clarists|Clarist Order]] began at Kurumbanadu. It was consecrated on 10 May 1930. St. Joseph’s English Medium School is functioning under the convent.

It was decided to erect the present church in 1956, construction work started in 1961 and it was consecrated in 1967 by Mar Mathew Kavukattu. It was the third [[renovation]] of the church at Kurmbanadu. The present church was erected on the site of the second church. The efforts and leadership of Fr. George Mukkattukunnel for the erection of the church were unforgettable. The convenor of the construction work was Chacko Mathew Kollamparampil (Pappachan). Under the tenure of Fr. George Thachangaril, land was acquired for a [[cemetery]] and a big cemetery was constructed. The 150th Jubilee of the parish was also celebrated in 1937.

During the tenure of Fr. Kuriakose Parambathu (later Vicar General) Kurumbanadam was raised to a Forane Church. The parish churches in Rajamattom, Mammoodu, Mannilla and Assumption are under Kurumbanadam Forane Church. The parishes of Madappalli, Assumption and Mannilla were carved out of Kurumbanadam parish. Some parishioners of Veroor and Mammoodu had been the parishioners of Kurumbanadam before they were erected as [[parish]]es. [[Freedom fighter]] Sri. P. J. Sebastian ex-M.L.A. was a member of Kurumbanadam Parish.

The new parish hall situated on the east of the church was erected by the efforts of vicar Fr. Antony Kunnathettu. The foundation stone of the parish hall was laid by Mar Joseph Powathil on 14 December 1990, and it was consecrated in December 1991. For the convenience of parishioners residing in Kannamchira, the church belonging to the [[Malankara Rite]] was bought under the initiative of parish priest Fr. George Idathinakathu and made it a part of the parish. Fr. George renovated it and it was made a kurisupalli of Kurumbanadu church. The consecration of this kurissupalli was performed by Mar Joseph Powathil on 1 January 1995. The foundation stone of the present vicarage was laid by Vicar General George Aalanchery on 14 August 1994. It was consecrated by Mar Joseph Powathil on 31 January 1997. The chapel in the cemetery was constructed with the financial assistance from Sri Babychan Chethippuzha. It was decided to consecrate the chapel by Mar Joseph Powathil on 6 January on which Danaha thirunnal is celebrated. A new kodimaram was erected with the financial assistance of Sri Babu Jacob Assariparambil under the leadership of vicar Fr. Mathew Kallukalam and assistant vicars Joseph Mulavana and James Chundakkattil.

{{As of|2013}} there were 1205 Catholic families in this parish; 28 priests and 67 sisters from this parish were serving in different parts of the world.

In 2024, the vicar is the Very Rev Father Cherian Karukaparampil.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archdiocesechanganacherry.org/index.php/welcome/Parishes |title=Parishes |author= |date= |website=Archeparchy of Changanacherry |publisher= |access-date=2024-06-03}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Antonys Forane Church}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}
[[Category:Changanassery]]
[[Category:Churches in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]

Chippy Renjith

2026-05-04T09:19:10Z

SoniaBlankinship: Done.

{{short description|Indian actress, producer}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chippy Renjith
| image = Chippy Renjith.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Divya Shaji
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
| alma_mater = [[Mar Ivanios College|Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram]]
| years_active = 1992–present
| spouse = M.Renjith
| children = 1
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|producer}}
}}

'''Divya Shaji''', better known by her stage names '''Chippy ''' and '''Shilpa''' in Malayalam and Kannada films respectively, is an Indian actress and producer who works in the South Indian film industry, primarily in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and Kannada films. She has won several accolades including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Kannada Actress]] & [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]] for her performance in ''[[Janumada Jodi]]'' (1996).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3e.htm |title=Best actress |publisher=Filmfare |date=5 July 1998 |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980705000000/http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3e.htm |archive-date=5 July 1998}}</ref>

She has acted in many Kannada superhit films such as ''[[Bhoomi Thayiya Chochchala Maga]]'' (1998), ''[[Mungarina Minchu]]'' (1997) and ''[[List of Kannada films of 1999|Idhu Entha Premavayya]]'' (1999). Shilpa and [[Ramesh Aravind]] pair is considered as one of the best onscreen pairs in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |title=I want to do a negative role |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/'I-want-to-do-a-negative-role'/article17281018.ece |first=Ahtira |last=M |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 February 2017 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402084024/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/%E2%80%98I-want-to-do-a-negative-role%E2%80%99/article17281018.ece |archive-date=2 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her best known works in Malayalam-language films include sister of Aadu Thoma ([[Mohanlal]]) in ''[[Spadikam]]'' and Chandradas's ([[Mammootty]]) estranged daughter in ''[[Patheyam]]''.

She has also acted in several Malayalam Superhit TV series and her notable works include ''Sthreejanmam'', ''Sthree oru Santhwanam'', ''Sreeguruvayoorappan'', ''[[Aakashadoothu]]'' and ''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vanambadi: Actress Chippy back on TV with serial 'Vanambadi' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-chippy-back-on-tv-with-serial-vanambadi/articleshow/56778822.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatv.in/santhwanam-serial-asianet-wiki/ |title=Santhwanam Asianet Serial Star Cast, Behind The Scene – Latest Malayalam Series |date=16 September 2020 |publisher=Kerala TV}}</ref>

== Career ==

Chippy made her film debut with the [[Bharathan]] directorial ''[[Padheyam]]'' in 1993, co-starring [[Mammootty]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} She has acted in several Malayalam films in supporting roles and a few lead roles. In 1995, she acted as the sister of the iconic goon Aadu Thoma in the film [[Spadikam]] starring [[Mohanlal]]. Later she debuted as ''Shilpa'' in [[Kannada cinema]] through the 1996 Kannada film, ''[[Janumada Jodi]]'', which broke many records in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film industry]] and screened for five hundred days. She received the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]] award from the [[Government of Karnataka]] for her role portrayal in the same film establishing herself as a lead actress in the Kannada cinema.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} Post marriage she shifted her focus into [[Malayalam]] television serials. She played Mayamma in ''Sthreejanam''. Later she launched her own production house, Avanthika Creations, a subsidiary of her husband M.Renjith's film production company ''Rejaputhra Visual Media''. She produced and played lead roles in Malayalam serials ''[[Akashadoothu (TV series)|Akashadoothu]]'', ''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]'', ''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]'' and in Tamil serials ''[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam]]'' and ''[[Mouna Raagam 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chippy-says-she-signed-vanambadi-impressed-by-its-story-and-music/articleshow/57079146.cms |title=Chippy says she signed 'Vanambadi' impressed by its story and music |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2025/05/07/thudarum-mohanlal-ranjith-interview-film-success.html |title=ഞാൻ സിനിമ നോക്കും, ചിപ്പി സീരിയലും; ഒരിക്കലും കഥയിൽ ഇടപെടാത്ത ലാലേട്ടൻ ഒറ്റക്കാര്യം പറഞ്ഞു: രഞ്ജിത് അഭിമുഖം |work=Manorama Online |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2021}}
Chippy was born as Divya to Shaji Dharmapal and Thankam Shaji at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala. Chippy has a sister, Drishya.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Chippy |title=Interview with Chippy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=harmqEH0p7k |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731135025/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=harmqEH0p7k&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=31 July 2012 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Amrita TV]] |via=YouTube |access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> She was educated at [[Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School|Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram]] and at [[Mar Ivanios College|Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} Chippy is married to M. Renjith, a film and television producer who runs Rejaputhra Visual Media. The couple have a daughter.

== Filmography ==
=== Malayalam ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Chippy Renjith Malayalam film credits
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1993 || ''[[Sopanam (film)|Sopanam]]'' || Anju Varma ||
|-
|1993 || ''[[Padheyam]]''|| Haritha Menon ||
|-
| 1994|| ''Harichandanam'' || ||
|-
|1994 ||''[[Vendor Daniel State Licency]]''|| Seetha ||
|-
|1994|| ''[[CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed.]]'' || Damayanthi ||
|-
|1994 || ''[[Santhanagopalam]]''|| Ammini ||
|-
|1994 ||''[[Puthran]]''|| Lekha ||
|-
|1995 ||''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum]]'' || Shobha ||
|-
|1995 || ''[[Spadikam]]''|| Jancy Chacko ||
|-
|1995 || ''[[No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North]]''|| Sindhu ||
|-
|1995 || ''[[Achan Kombathu Amma Varampathu]]''|| Radhika ||
|-
|1995 || ''[[Sargavasantham]]''|| Abhirami ||
|-
|1995 || ''[[Prayikkara Pappan]]'' || Radha ||
|-
|1995 ||''[[Indian Military Intelligence]]'' ||Sreedevi Varma ||
|-
|1995 || ''[[Minnaminuginum Minnukettu]]'' || Indira ||
|-
|1995 || ''[[Kusruthikaatu]]'' || Ganga ||
|-
|1995 || ''Kakkakkum Poochakkum Kalyanam'' || Shyamala ||
|-
|1995 || ''[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]'' || Hema ||
|-
|1995 || ''[[Mimics Action 500]]'' || Sridevi/Souparnika Thampuratti ||
|-
|1996 ||''[[Padanayakan]]''|| Sreedevi ||
|-
|1996||''[[Kaathil Oru Kinnaram]]''|| Varsha ||
|-
|1996|| ''[[Kalyana Sougandhikam (1996 film)|Kalyana Sougandhikam]]''|| Vasumathi ||
|-
|1996|| ''[[Devaraagam]]''||Rukku ||
|-
|1996|| ''[[Harbour (film)|Harbour]]''|| Sophie ||
|-
|1996||''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]''||Aarathi ||
|-
|1996|| ''[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]'' || Thulasi ||
|-
|1997|| ''[[Asuravamsam]]''|| Gayathri ||
|-
|1998|| ''Poothiruvathira Ravil''||Radha ||
|-
|1998|| ''[[Achaammakkuttiyude Achaayan]]''|| Mereena ||
|-
|1998|| ''Inspector Eeswara Iyer Green Roomilundu''|| ||
|-
|1998|| ''Aaram Jaalakam'' || ||
|-
|2000|| ''[[Kattu Vannu Vilichappol]]''|| Seetha ||
|-
|}

=== Kannada ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Chippy Renjith Kannada film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Janumada Jodi]]'' || Kanaka || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Actress |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3e.htm |website=Filmfare |publisher=filmfare.com |access-date=15 August 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/19980705062035/http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3e.htm |archive-date=5 July 1998 |date=5 July 1998 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]]<ref>{{cite news |title=I want to do a negative role |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/'I-want-to-do-a-negative-role'/article17281018.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 February 2017 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402084024/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/%E2%80%98I-want-to-do-a-negative-role%E2%80%99/article17281018.ece |archive-date=2 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1997 || ''[[List of Kannada films of 1997|Kalyani]]'' || Kalyani ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Muddina Kanmani]]'' || Hema ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[List of Kannada films of 1997|Lakshmi Mahalakshmi]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[List of Kannada films of 1997|Vimochane]]'' || Sumathi ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Mungarina Minchu]]'' || Indu ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[List of Kannada films of 1997|Chikka]]'' || Kasthuri ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[List of Kannada films of 1998|Suvvi Suvvalali]]'' || Chandana ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[List of Kannada films of 1998|Bisi Raktha]]'' || ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Bhoomi Thayiya Chochchala Maga]]'' || Nilambika ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[List of Kannada films of 1998|Megha Banthu Megha]]'' || Vedha ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[List of Kannada films of 1999|Premachaari]]'' || Gowri ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Arunodaya (film)|Arunodaya]]'' || Nirmala ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[List of Kannada films of 1999|Naanenu Madlilla]]'' || Puttathayi ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Idu Entha Premavayya]]'' || Apoorva ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[List of Kannada films of 2000|Khadga]]'' || Jhanvi ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Dharma Devathe'' || Bheema ||
|-
| 2004|| ''Pandava'' || Anasooya ||
|}

=== Tamil ===

* ''[[Dharma (1998 film)|Dharma]]'' (1998), Geetha

=== Telugu ===

* ''[[Pelli Peetalu]]'' (1998), Aswini

== Television career ==
;As an actress
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Chippy Renjith television credits as an actress
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" | language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2002–2003|| Sthree Janmam || Mayamma || [[Surya TV]] ||Rowspan=13|[[Malayalam]] || Television debut<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/joicy-about-late-actress-rekha-mohan-reveals-why-she-ouit-sthreejanmam-serial-092478.html|title=ശാലു മേനോന്റെ ക്യാരക്ടർ മൂലം രേഖ മോഹൻ പിണങ്ങി; എത്ര പറഞ്ഞിട്ടും വന്നില്ല; അന്തരിച്ച നടിയെക്കുറിച്ച് ജോയ്സി }}</ref>
|-
| 2003–2004 || Sthree oru Santhwanam || Seetha || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
| 2006-2007 ||mazhamegha pravukal ||seetha|| Surya TV ||
|-
| 2005 || Nokketha Doorath|| || Asianet ||
|-
| ||| || ||
|-
| 2006 || Amma Manassu||Isa|| Asianet ||
|-
| 2007–2008 || Sree Guruvayoorappan||Gauri Antharjanam a.k.a. [[Kururamma]] || Surya TV ||
|-
| 2007 || Mizhiyoram|| ||Kerala Vision/Surya TV||
|-
| 2008 || Aliyanmarum Penganmarum|| Amritha Vijayan||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
| 2009 || Adiparasakthi Chottanikkarayamma || — || Surya TV ||Cameo Appearance in the title song
|-
| 2011–2013 || [[Akashadoothu (TV series)|Akashadoothu]] || Meenu || Surya TV || Also producer
|-
| 2011 || Sreekrishnan || [[Yashoda]] || Surya TV ||
|-
| 2017–2020 || [[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanambadi: Actress Chippy back on TV with serial 'Vanambadi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-chippy-back-on-tv-with-serial-vanambadi/articleshow/56778822.cms |first=Arya |last=UR |date=25 January 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> || Nandini || Asianet || Also Producer
|-
| 2017-2020|| [[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam]] || Mallika / Karpagam || [[Star Vijay]] ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| Also producer<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/raveena-daha-set-to-act-in-mouna-ragam-2-serial/articleshow/78270351.cms |script-title=ta:மௌன ராகம் 2 சீரியலில் லீட் ரோலில் விஜய் பட நடிகை |language=ta |trans-title=Vijay is the lead actress in the serial Mauna Ragam 2 |first=Mahantesh |last=Batakurki |date=23 September 2020 |website=[[Samayam]] Tamil |via=amil.samayam.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2020– 2024 || [[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]] || Sreedevi Balakrishnan a.k.a. Devi|| Asianet ||[[Malayalam]]||Also Producer
|-
|2021–2023|| [[Mouna Raagam 2]] || Mallika|| [[Star Vijay]] ||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| Also producer
|-
|2022||[[Bharatidasan Colony]]||{{NA}}||[[Star Vijay]]||producer
|}

;As a Judge
* Junior Idol (Jaihind)
* Comedy Stars (Asianet)
* Super Dancer Junior 5 (Amrita TV)
* Red Carpet (Amrita TV) – Mentor

;As a Guest
* Flowers oru kodi
* Tharapakittu
* Thiranottam

;As a Reality show contestant
* [[Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran]] – 2017

== Awards ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2023}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Chippy Renjith awards
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film/serial
! scope="col" | Result
|-
|rowspan="2"|1996
|[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Janumada Jodi]]''
|Rowspan=10 {{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]
|-
|2005||Rowspan=8|[[Asianet Television Awards]]||Best daughter ||Sthree oru Santhwanam
|-
|2017||Best Actress ||rowspan=4|[[Vanambadi]]
|-
| 2017 ||Best Serial
|-
|2018 || Most Popular Serial
|-
|2019 ||Best Serial
|-
|2022||Best serial||rowspan=2|[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]
|-
|2022||Best actress
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1428288|name=Chippy}}

{{Karnataka State Award for Best Actress}}
{{FilmfareKannadaBestActress |state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renjith, Chippy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil television producers]]

Door-Desh

2026-04-29T07:00:07Z

SoniaBlankinship: Done.

{{short description|1983 film directed by Ambrish Sangal}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gehri Chot- Urf: Durdesh
| image = Gehri Chot.jpeg
| caption =
| director = Ambrish Sangal
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Jagdish Bahroos
* Ashok "Charlie" Mehra
* Shamim Ahmed
}}
| writer = [[Suraj Sanim]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shashi Kapoor]]
* [[Sharmila Tagore]]
* [[Raj Babbar]]
* [[Parveen Babi]]
* [[David Abraham (actor)|David Abraham]]
* [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem Baig]]
* [[Bobita]]
}}
| music = [[Usha Khanna]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
| editing = Govind Dalwadi
| studio = Friends Films International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1983|03|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minuntes
| country = Canada India
| language = Hindi
| gross =
}}
'''''Gehri Chot''''', also released as '''''Door-Desh''''', is a 1983 Indian-Canadian [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime film|crime-drama]] film directed by Ambrish Sangal, starring [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Sharmila Tagore]] in the lead roles with [[Raj Babbar]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[David Abraham (actor)|David Abraham]], [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem Baig]], and [[Bobita]] in supporting roles. This was both Pakistani actor Nadeem and Bangladeshi actress Bobita's only appearance in a [[Bollywood]] film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Directors who can't make good films resort to item numbers, says Nadeem Baig Pakistani |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1180276 |work=Dawn |date=18 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nadeem – Cineplot.com|url=http://cineplot.com/nadeem|access-date=2021-08-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Profile: The legend speaks |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/738001/profile-the-legend-speaks |work=Dawn |date=29 July 2012}}</ref> This was also the last time veteran actor David Abraham appeared in a movie, filmed shortly before his death in 1982.

A lot of the film was shot in [[Toronto]], Canada.<ref name=fp/> It was later dubbed into [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in Bangladesh.

==Plot==
Arun Khanna ([[Shashi Kapoor]]) is an [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] from [[Toronto]], [[Canada]] who marries a traditional Indian woman Shobha ([[Sharmila Tagore]]). They have a son named Raju ([[Raj Babbar]]) and a daughter named Pinky ([[Bobita]]). Shobha finds it difficult to fit into the Western lifestyle in Canada and eventually separates from Arun after suspecting him of an affair with his secretary. Shobha decides to take her son Raju back with her to India while Arun stays in Canada with his daughter Pinky. 20 years pass by and the family is reunited when Pinky is kidnapped by some gangsters led by psychopathic killer Tony ([[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem Baig]]). Tony develops an obsession with Pinky and falls in love with her. Pinky initially resists him but eventually she too falls in love with him. Raju is brought to Canada by his mother Shobha, unaware of Arun being his father. He is told by Shobha that Arun is an old family friend who needs help finding his daughter. Raju enlists the help of Renu ([[Parveen Babi]]) to help find the gang who kidnapped Pinky. Raju soon discovers Arun is actually his father and Pinky is his sister. Raju is contacted by the kidnappers and hands over the ransom money to Tony. Tony's boss ([[David Abraham (actor)|David Abraham]]) realising that Tony is getting too close to Pinky decides to have Pinky killed. Tony intervenes and kills his boss and runs away with Pinky. Tony and Pinky hide out at a cottage and his boss's henchman find them and surround them, armed with guns. Raju and his family also arrive and fight off the henchmen. Pinky sees her father and runs out, while a shootout is ensuing between Tony and the henchmen. Tony runs out to save Pinky from the gunfire and is shot several times by the henchmen. Raju and Renu kill the goons and Pinky admits she loves Tony before he dies. In the end, Pinky reunites with her father, mother and brother.

==Cast==
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Arun Khanna
*[[Sharmila Tagore]] as Shobha
*[[Raj Babbar]] as Raju
*[[Parveen Babi]] as Renu
*[[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem Baig]] as Tony
*[[Bobita]] as Pinky
*[[David Abraham (actor)|David Abraham]] as Head of Kidnapping gang

==Music==
The music was composed by [[Usha Khanna]] (and Kamal Joshi) and featured the following songs:<ref>{{Citation|title=Door - Desh (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Usha Khanna & Kamal Joshi|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/door-desh-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1334808245|language=en-GB|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> All lyrics are written by [[Indeevar]].

*"Yaaron Mere Yaar Se Milo" - [[Asha Bhosle]], picturised on [[Parveen Babi]]
*"Aap To Aise Na The" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Yesudas]], picturised on Parveen Babi & [[Raj Babbar]]
*"Dushmani Na Karo Sanam" - Lata Mangeshkar, picturised on [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem Baig]] & [[Bobita]]
*"Ruk Jaa Saathi" (Male) - [[Anwar (singer)|Anwar]], picturised on Shashi Kapoor & Sharmila Tagore
*"Ruk Jaa Saathi" (Female) - Lata Mangeshkar, picturised on Shashi Kapoor and Sharmila Tagore

In the Bengali dub, the music was composed by Golam Hossain Litu.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}
*"Tumi Amare Bhalobaso" - [[Sabina Yasmin]] and [[Syed Abdul Hadi]] ("Aap To Aise Na The")
*"Dushmoni Korona Priyotomo" - Sabina Yasmin ("Dushmani Na Karo Sanam")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangla/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-244821|title=ববিতার সোনালী দিনের স্মরণীয় গান|last=Akbar|first=Jahid|date=30 July 2021|accessdate=25 October 2021|language=bn|website=The Daily Star}}</ref>
*"Jeona Saathi" - Sabina Yasmin and Syed Abdul Hadi (male and female versions of "Ruk Jaa Saathi")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/entertainment/252919/নতুন-গানের-জন্য-সৈয়দ-আব্দুল-হাদীর-১-মাস-চর্চা|title=নতুন গানের জন্য সৈয়দ আব্দুল হাদীর ১ মাস চর্চা|website=Daily Ittefaq|accessdate=25 October 2021|language=bn}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
Gautam Chintamani from ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote that "Gehri Chot failed to sow the seeds of the poignancy that the films of Mira Nair and, to some extent, Deepa Mehta, displayed when it came to the diaspora".<ref name=fp>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shashi-kapoor-sharmila-tagores-gehri-chot-is-an-80s-indo-canadian-film-about-the-immigrant-experience-5249341.html|title=Shashi Kapoor, Sharmila Tagore's Gehri Chot is an 80s Indo-Canadian film about the immigrant experience|date=24 September 2018|website=Firstpost|first=Gautam|last=Chintamani|access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0085456|title=Durdesh}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1980s crime action films]]
[[Category:1983 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Canadians]]
[[Category:1983 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Toronto]]
[[Category:Films scored by Usha Khanna]]
[[Category:Films shot in Toronto]]
[[Category:Canadian crime drama films]]
[[Category:1983 Canadian films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Himachali

2026-04-28T21:33:20Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{wikt|Himachal Pradesh}}
'''Himachali''' may refer to:
*the people and [[Culture of Himachal Pradesh|culture]] of the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
**[[Arts and crafts of Himachal Pradesh|Himachali arts and crafts]]
***[[Himachali cap]]
**[[Music of Himachal Pradesh|Himachali music]]
**[[Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh|Himachali traditional dances]]
*[[Western Pahari|Himachali languages]], the Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the state
**[[Mandeali]], also known as Himachali, spoken in the Mandi district of the state

==See also==
*{{intitle|Himachali}}

{{Disambiguation}}
[[Category:Language and nationality disambiguation pages]]

Sankararaman murder case

2026-04-27T08:21:04Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{Short description|Sankaracharjya blame for murder case}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
The '''Sankararaman murder case''' was a case on the murder of Sankararaman, the manager of [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]] in [[Kanchipuram]], a town in state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was murdered in the premises of the temple on 3 September 2004. The blame was hoisted on the Shankaracharya [[Jayendra Saraswathi|Shri Jayendra Saraswati Swamigal]] and [[Shri Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal]]. This case is seen as "personal vengeance and motives" by Chief Minister Jayalalithaa against the Kanchi Seers, rather than genuine legal action, as suspected by Karunanidhi, the leader of opposition, who welcomed the arrest initially but retracted it later [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dmk-chief-finds-something-fishy-in-seers-interrogation/articleshow/931327.cms#:~:text=%22Though%20I%20welcomed%20the%20arrest%20of%20Jayendra,could%20be%20due%20to%20personal%20enmity%2C%22%20Karunanidhi]

The report by investigative journalist Dhamodaran Prakash in the Tamil weekly ''Nakkeeran'' and the confession by the surrendered, lead to the arrest of [[Jayendra Saraswati]] and Vijayendra Saraswati, the seers of the [[Kanchi Mutt]], a popular [[South Indian]] monastic institution. Sankararaman is alleged to have constantly leveled accusations against the Kanchi seers and the functioning of the Kanchi Mutt. The victim responsible for the arrest of the Jayendra Saraswati is alleged to have sent anonymous letters to the Mutt in his own name and his pen name Somasekara Ganapadigal alleging instances of financial irregularities and nepotism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/murder-and-mystery/article5443699.ece|title=Murder and mystery|website=Frontline|date=11 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sankararaman murder case: Puducherry court to pronounce verdict on Wednesday|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sankararaman-murder-case-Puducherry-court-to-pronounce-verdict-on-Wednesday/articleshow/26427501.cms|publisher=The Times of India|work=TNN|date=26 November 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sankararaman Murder Case: Chronology of Events|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=818769|publisher=Outlook|work=TNN|location=Puducherry|date=27 November 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>

The trial involved examining 189 witnesses during the trial period of 2009 to 2013, out of which 89 turned hostile. On 27 November 2013, all the 24 accused were acquitted by the Puducherry Principal District Session, quoting lack of incriminating evidence against them. The Puducherry court that pronounced the verdict on the trial noted that fair and proper trial was not performed in the case in the investigation, especially due to the active involvement of SP of Kanchipuram Premkumar IPS in the case beyond what is specified by law against [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Put-allegations-on-paper-SC-to-seer/articleshow/1081527.cms Shankaracharya]. It is to be noted that the SP was later [https://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/22/controversial-cop-in-kanchi-seers-case-dismissed-1179825349.html convicted] for his misuse of power

==Background==
[[File:Varadharajar2.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|Varadharaja Perumal temple, where Sankarraman was murdered|alt=a pyramidal temple tower, with a four pillared dome in its foreground]]
Sankararaman was the manager of [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]] in [[Kanchipuram]], a town in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Sankararaman constantly leveled accusations against the Kanchi seers and the functioning of the Kanchi Mutt. He is alleged to have sent anonymous letters to the Mutt.<ref name=Mint/> His father, Anantakrishnasharma was working closely with the 68th seer, Chandrasekarendra Saraswathi, the predecessor of Sri Jayendra Saraswathi. Sankararaman was an employee of the Mutt until the demise of Chandrasekarendra Saraswati in 1994. He detached himself from the mutt when Jayendra saraswathi became the head of the Mutt and he joined the Varadaraja Perumal temple as a manager. He was reported to be a stickler of tradition and he streamlined the assets and income of the temple. He suspended two of the temple priests when there was a robbery in the temple and refused to allow them until they paid the loss of {{INR}}105,000. He made the tenants and land leasers of the temple pay the arrears amount. He filed a case in a court in 2000, against Jayendra Saraswathi visiting [[China]], quoting that the seers of the Mutt cannot cross ocean, but can take land route.<ref name=":0" /> Jayendra Saraswathi cancelled the trip eventually. He was allegedly once not allowed to enter the [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]] along with his family in 2001 by the Mutt authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kanchipuram|first=A. Ganesh Nadar in|title=Who was Sankararaman?|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/nov/13agn1.htm|access-date=2021-05-14|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/nov/13agn1.htm|title=Who was Sankararaman?|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2017-09-13}}</ref>

Sankararaman was murdered by a set of five gang men on 3 September 2004 in the premises of the temple using sharp weapons.<ref name=Mint>{{cite news|title=Kanchi Seers, Others Acquitted in Sankararaman Murder Case|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3138158931.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611052806/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3138158931.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|publisher=Mint|date=27 November 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014|location=Puducherry}}</ref> While there were no eyewitnesses to the murder, the perpetrators presumably visited the house of Sankararaman an hour before to enquire about his whereabouts. His daughter, as per her statement in the court, revealed the incident.<ref name=IBN/>

==Key accused==
[[Jayendra Saraswathi]] Swamigal was the head of the [[Kanchi Mutt]], one of a prominent Hindu monastic institutions in the country. An investigative journalist named Dhamodaran Prakash in the Tamil weekly ''Nakkeeran'' alleged the reasons of the murder being the continuous infuriation by Sankararaman against Jayendrar and Kanchi Mutt. His report claimed that the letters were denting the image of the seer and the Mutt against prospective sponsors of the mutt. The report, which claimed that the murder was done at the behest of the seer and the confessions of some of accused who surrendered earlier brought Jayendrar into the spectrum of the case and necessitated his arrest.<ref name=IBN/>

Jayendra Saraswathi and [[Vijayendra Saraswathi]] were named as accused number one (A-1), and A-2 respectively.<ref name=":1" /> Appu alias Krishnaswamy was accused of utilizing his gang men for the murder of Sankararaman. Appu is believed to be associated with politicians from major parties and his criminal records have sandalwood smuggling and sand quarrying charges. He was arrested twice during 1996-2001 for those charges but was released immediately. Before the murder, he had nine pending cases against his name that included one murder and three attempts to murder. It was alleged that Appu directed five gang men to murder Sankararaman. Ravi Subramanian, a civil contractor who constructed buildings related to the Kanchi Mutt was alleged to have arranged Appu for the murder.<ref>{{cite news|title=Appu's CV: From backroom boy to small-time don|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Appus-CV-From-backroom-boy-to-small-time-don/articleshow/964454.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140211012313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-20/india/27159712_1_appu-sankararaman-varadaraja-perumal|url-status=live|archive-date=11 February 2014|date=20 December 2004|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> Sundaresa Ayyar, the manager of the mutt for several years was added as an accused in the case as he was alleged to have arranged the funds for the murder from the Mutt accounts.<ref name=frontline>{{cite journal|title=A Major breakthrough|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2201/stories/20050114006902000.htm|journal=Frontline|volume=22|issue=1|date=1–14 January 2005|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 24 people were accused in the case.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=274764|title=Chargesheet filed in Sankararaman murder case|newspaper=Outlook|location=Kancheepuram|date=21 January 2005|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>

==Arrests==
[[File:Jayendra Saraswathi 3.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Jayendra Saraswathi, the Acharya (head and guru) of the [[Kanchi Mutt]] and one of the accused in the case|alt=a seer in a seated posture]]
The case involved the arrest of [[Jayendra Saraswati]] and [[Vijayendra Saraswati]], the seers of the [[Kanchi Mutt]], a monastic institution claimed to be established by Sri Adishankara. Jayendra was arrested on the Diwali day of 11 November 2004 at around 11:25 p.m. in [[Andhra Pradesh]], while Vijayendra Saraswathi was arrested on the Mutt premises on 10 January 2005.<ref name=Mint/> Both the seers were in [[Mahabubnagar]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] when the warrant was issued and the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] reached Hyderabad. Jayendra Saraswathi was arrested and brought to [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad airport]] from where he was brought to [[Chennai]].<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=Behind the arrest|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20041203006100400.htm&date=fl2124/&prd=fline&|last=T.S.|first=Subramanian|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 November 2004|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> 12 men including Jayendra, were arrested in the case and five others surrendered in front of the George Town court. One of them confessed that he surrendered as {{INR}}50,000 was paid to him for the surrender and the police arrested six men who arranged for the surrender.<ref name=Hindu/> Appu was arrested on 11 November 2004 in Andhra Pradesh in connection with the case.<ref name=frontline/> Sundaresa Ayyar, the manager of the Kanchi Mutt was arrested in December 2004.<ref>[[#Gupta|Gupta 2006]], p. 1227</ref>

== Alleged confession ==
Senior Supreme Court lawyer KTS Tulsi claimed in court that the Jayendra Saraswati in tears, admitted to his role in the murder of Sankararaman from 19 to 21 November 2004 at an All Women's police station, Kanchipuram.<ref name="Anand 2004">{{cite web | last=Anand | first=S. | title=10 Minutes In A Life | website=Magazine Outlookindia | date=2004-12-06 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/10-minutes-in-a-life/225895 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922151348/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/10-minutes-in-a-life/225895 |url-status=live |archive-date=2022-09-22 |access-date=2021-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/seer-has-confessed-to-involvement-tn/120199/|title=Seer has confessed to involvement: TN|date=30 November 2004|website=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/slur-of-lady-lucre-on-kanchi-seer/cid/702439|title=Slur of lady & lucre on Kanchi seer|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|date=29 November 2004|accessdate=19 October 2022}}</ref>

==Chargesheet==
The then [[Deputy superintendent|Superintendent of Police]] K Premkumar who made the arrest and S P Sakthivelu, who was the investigating officer, submitted an 1875-page charge sheet before the Judicial Magistrate of Chingalpet.<ref name=Mint/> The charge sheet, filed on 21 January 2005, named 24 people accused in the case. There were separate charge sheets filed against Jayendrar and Vijayendrar who were the prime accused in the case. It named 377 witnesses in the case and provided 722 documents related to the case. The submission of charge sheet in the case enabled the trial to begin.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chargesheets filed in Sankararaman murder case|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1093609691.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202449/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1093609691.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=21 January 2005|accessdate=1 January 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref> Ravi Subramanian, who was a civil contractor and co-accused in the case turned an approver,<ref name=Mint/> and he was included as a prosecution witness. He mentioned that the arrest of Jayendrar was done based on the confession from Kathiravan, who was charged as accused number 6 in the case.<ref>{{cite news|title=Police file charge sheet in Sankararaman murder case|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/22/stories/2005012205990100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124024604/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/22/stories/2005012205990100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2005|last=V.|first=Venkatasubramanian|date=22 January 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>

==Trial==
{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=right
| bgcolor =
|width = 30%
| title=Final Judgement
| halign=center
| quote="Neither substantial nor reliable evidence is available on record to corroborate the testimony of hostile witnesses or evidence of prosecution witnesses, who conducted the identification parade to fix the identification of the accused. No incriminating evidence is available against the accused. Material objects seized from the accused are not proved,"
| salign=right
|source= ~ Justice CS Murugan,''Sankararaman Murder: Kanchi Seers, Others Acquitted'', 27 November 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Sankararaman Murder: Kanchi Seers, Others Acquitted|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=818765|publisher=Outlook|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S|date=27 November 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>
}}

Saraswati{{who|date=December 2023}} was produced in judicial magistrate court in Kanchipuram, and was jailed [[Vellore Central Prison]] on 12 November 2004. Kanchipuram judicial magistrate extended his judicial custody until 10 December 2004 on 26 November 2004. After four days the prosecution claimed that Saraswati "admitted to his involvement" in the murder of Sankararaman.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|first4=|title=Case against Shankaracharya gets intricate as new characters enter the scene, probe widens|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20041213-case-against-shankaracharya-gets-intricate-as-new-characters-enter-the-scene-probe-widens-788922-2004-12-13|access-date=2021-05-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

The bail plea of Jayendrar was declined in lower court and also in [[Madras High Court]] in December 2005.<ref>[[#Gupta|Gupta 2006]], p. 1226</ref> Jayendrar was released on bail on 10 January 2005, after two months of his arrest, by an order of the [[Supreme Court of India]], which condemned the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] for not gathering credible evidence against the seer. The court also issued a notice to the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] seeking explanation on detaining Krishnaswamy, one of the key accused in the case and not allowing him to be granted bail.<ref name=Newswire1>{{cite news|title=Sankararaman murder case trial begins in Pondicherry|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1000998871.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611052940/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1000998871.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=10 March 2006|access-date=1 January 2014|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The court also condemned the SP Premkumar for showing "undue interest and active participation" beyond his stated jurisdiction.<ref name=Asian>{{cite news|title=Seers acquitted of murder|url=http://www.asianage.com/delhi/seers-acquitted-murder-234|newspaper=The Asian Age|last=S.|first=Prasad|date=28 November 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> Jayendrar was asked by the court not to visit the Mutt premises until the chargesheet was filed by the police.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arising out of SLP(Crl.) No. 6192 OF 2004 Jayendra Saraswathi Swamigal Vs. State of Tamil Nadu|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/helddis.aspx|publisher=Supreme Court of India|date=10 January 2005|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu government also filed a petition to the Supreme Court that the accused shall not reside in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Pondicherry during the course of investigation of the trial, but the petition was dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal M.P. Nos. 540, 543 and 11224 of 2005 Jayendra Saraswathi Swamigal Vs. State of Tamil Nadu|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/helddis.aspx|publisher=Supreme Court of India|date=26 October 2005|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> Vijayendrar was released on bail by the Madras High Court on 11 February 2005, with a personal bond for {{INR}}50,000 and two sureties.<ref name=Asian1>{{cite news|title=Junior Seer too gets bail in Sankararaman murder case|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2005/02/11/junior-seer-too-gets-bail-sankararaman-murder-case|newspaper=The Asian Age|last=Rao|first=M. Rama|date=11 February 2005|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Premkumar dismissed|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/23/stories/2007052306541200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524094001/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/23/stories/2007052306541200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2007|date=23 May 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>

{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=left
| bgcolor =
|width = 30%
| title=Witness under duress
| halign=center
| quote="Out of the 181 prosecution witnesses, 84 turned hostile and this shows that they were under duress to give evidence"
| salign=right
|source= ~ Justice CS Murugan,''Kanchi Seer absolved in Mutt murder'', 27 November 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanchi Seer absolved in Mutt murder|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=kanchi-seers-absolved-of-mutt-murder&section_url_key=todays-newspaper|publisher=The Pioneer|last=Chellappan|first=Kumar|location=Chennai|date=28 November 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>
}}
The trial was initially planned in Chengalpet court. But, the seers appealed in the [[Supreme Court of India]] against the conduct of trial in the state citing political reasons and doubting fair trial. Sankarraman's widow opposed it by quoting that the 375 witnesses were all from Tamil Nadu and the legal documents were all written in Tamil. On 27 March 2007, the court ordered the case to be shifted to the neighbouring Union Territory, [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name=Newswire1/><ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court notice to Tamil Nadu Government in Sankararaman murder case|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1011058421.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611052928/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1011058421.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=27 March 2006|accessdate=1 January 2014|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

The trial began on 28 November 2007 in the principal [[Sessions Court|sessions court]] in Pondicherry amidst tight security.<ref name=Newswire2>{{cite news|title=Sankararaman murder case trial begins in Pondicherry|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979312891.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611052803/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979312891.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=28 November 2005|accessdate=1 January 2014|location=Puducherry}}</ref> Jayendrar also filed a special leave petition in the Supreme Court on 22 July 2008, challenging the continuance of Public prosecutor appointed by the Tamil Nadu government in the Puducherry court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sankararaman murder case hearing adjourned|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1427217661.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611052937/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1427217661.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=11 February 2008|accessdate=1 January 2014|location=Puducherry}}</ref> The court reserved its orders on transfer of the case to Puducherry on his petition in March 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sankararaman Murder Case hearing today|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1614520391.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611052930/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1614520391.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=18 December 2008|accessdate=1 January 2014|location=Puducherry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal Appeal No. 1248 Arising out of SLP(Crl.) No. 1248 of 2006 Jayendra Saraswathi Swamigal Vs. State of Tamil Nadu|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/helddis.aspx|publisher=Supreme Court of India|date=27 March 2007|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> The Supreme Court ordered the Puducherry government to appoint a public prosecutor in the case, following which, a senior lawyer, N Devadoss was appointed by the Puduchery government to handle the case. The case was the first of its kind in the legal history of Puducherry when a case was transferred to the Union Territory.<ref name=IndiaToday/> Kathiravan, one of the 24 accused was murdered on 5 March 2013 by five gang men in his houses in KK Nagar in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Accused in Sankararaman case hacked to death|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/accused-in-sankararaman-murder-hacked-to-death/article4534390.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 March 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> A Trichy-based lottery businessman with whom Kathiravan was involved in a land grab issue, was allegedly found to be the reason of the murder.<ref>{{cite news|title=Businessman behind Kathiravan's murder?|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1528115.ece#.UvlqifldUxU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303170217/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1528115.ece#.UvlqifldUxU|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|work=Express India News Service|location=Chennai|date=3 April 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>

The trial involved examining 189 witnesses during the trial period of 2009 to 2013, out of which 89 turned hostile. The trial also saw four judges handling the case.<ref name=IndiaToday/> On 27 November 2013, all the 24 accused were acquitted by the Puducherry Principal District Session, quoting lack of incriminating evidence against them. One among the 24, M Kathiravan, a prime accused, was hacked to death by a five-member gang near his house on 24 March 2013, was also acquitted.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2013-03-21|title=Accused in Sankararaman murder hacked to death|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Accused-in-Sankararaman-murder-hacked-to-death/article12393967.ece|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The judge in his order, pronounced that the witnesses including the daughter of Sankararam failed to identify the accused in the court.<ref name=Mint/><ref name=IndiaToday>{{cite web|title=Sankararaman murder case: Kanchi Sankaracharya, 22 others acquitted|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/sankararaman-murder-kanchi-mutt-seers-found-not-guilty-218832-2013-11-26|date=27 November 2013|work=PTI|location=Puducherry|publisher=India Today|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

The Puducherry court that pronounced the verdict on the trial noted that fair and proper trial was not performed in the case by the investigation officer due to the active involvement of SP Premkumar in the case beyond what is specified law. The court noted the same statements used by the Supreme Court against the SP when it granted bail to the seer during 2005.<ref name=Asian/><ref>{{cite news|title=Kanchi seers acquitted in Sankararaman case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanchi-seers-acquitted-in-sankararaman-case/article5396743.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Puducherry|last=K.T.|first=Sangameswaran|date=27 November 2013|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> After opinion from Attorney-General [[Mukul Rohatgi]] to the central Home ministry, the Puducherry government reversed its decision to file an appeal on the case.<ref>{{cite news|title=No appeal against acquittal of Kanchi Sankaracharyas|location=Puducherry|date=14 September 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Political background==
{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=left
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
|width = 30%
| title=Arrest of the seer
| halign=center
| quote="Everyone is equal before the law. When the trial takes place, the truth will come out. This is one of the most painful decisions I had to take in my entire political career. It was not a decision that I have taken happily as this was not the decision that I wanted to take. But circumstances have compelled me to do my duty. I am doing my duty"
| salign=right
|source= ~ PTI,''Seer's arrest 'most painful' decision: Jaya'', 30 November 2004<ref>{{cite web|title=Seer's arrest 'most painful' decision: Jaya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Seers-arrest-most-painful-decision-Jaya/articleshow/941441.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140209044437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-11-30/india/27146125_1_kanchi-seer-jayendra-saraswati-arrest-kanchi-mutt|url-status=live|archive-date=9 February 2014|date=30 November 2004|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>
}}

[[J Jayalalithaa]], the leader of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ([[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]) and then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, was an ardent follower of the Shankaracharya and the Mutt. The last meeting between the seer and her had been reported on 11 August 2003, in the premises of the Mutt, when [[Sushil Kumar Shinde]], the [[Maharashtra]] Chief Minister, was also paying a visit to the seer. The arrest of the Hindu seer in the case was seen as a political mileage for Jayalalithaa to improve her secular image with the [[Indian National Congress]], who were otherwise part of the alliance of the opposing [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name="oulook">{{cite news|title=Her Highness|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?225797|last=S.|first=Anand|publisher=Outlook|date=29 November 2004|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref> [[K. T. S. Tulsi|Kavi Tejpal Singh Tulsi]], the senior Supreme Court advocate in the case criticized Jayendra Saraswati's supporters saying "for them a [[Brahmin]] is above the law" and said that Jayalalitha allowed the law to take its own course and did not engineer the case. He said that the Seer's food was cooked by a Brahmin constable in the prison and allegations about his mistreatment in the jail are wild and not true.<ref>{{Cite web|title='For them a Brahmin is above the law!'|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/01inter.htm|access-date=2021-05-14|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> Another account claimed that Appu, one of the prime accused was working under [[Arcot N. Veeraswami]], one of the leaders of the DMK. The seer's association with Appu, an opposition party member, is also believed to have effected in the fallout.<ref name=IBN/>

Following the arrest of the seer, former prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], former president [[R. Venkataraman]] and leaders from different political parties held a protest in [[New Delhi]] condemning the arrest while the DMK party chief [[M. Karunanidhi]] welcomed the arrest and appreciated Tamil Nadu police however, he soon changed his stance, suspecting "personal vengeance and motives" by Chief Minister Jayalalithaa behind the manner of arrest, rather than genuine legal action [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/dmk-chief-finds-something-fishy-in-seers-interrogation/articleshow/931327.cms#:~:text=%22Though%20I%20welcomed%20the%20arrest%20of%20Jayendra,could%20be%20due%20to%20personal%20enmity%2C%22%20Karunanidhi]. Vajpayee met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and asked that Saraswathi be moved to "some decent guest house". The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Sangh Parivar]], which have been waging a battle against the seer's arrest with their "Hinduism under threat" slogan failed to create any significant response.<ref name="frontline" /> There was very little public response except Brahmin groups performing yagnas and lighting lamps.<ref name="Anand 2004" /> The then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] advised the state government to handle the case with care, considering the political tension surrounding it. The [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) organised a nationwide [[bandh]] to protest the arrest.<ref name=IBN/> The Democratic Progressive Alliance made massive demonstrations in many areas of the State to protest against the BJP's attempt to communalise Saraswati's arrest.<ref name="frontline" />

The AIADMK government led by Jayalalithaa was defeated (61/248 seats) in the 2006 Tamil Nadu assembly elections in spite of alliance with DMDK, a strong contender even till 2026. The arrest of the Kanchi seer was viewed as a major factor in this defeat, particularly due to the perceived anti-Hindu sentiment and the fallout with the Brahmin community and other devout Hindus. This shows that public in Tamil Nadu may not react but they do respond.

==Impact on Kanchi Mutt==
The [[Kanchi Mutt]] is seen as one of the prominent institutions of Hinduism and claims to have been established by [[Adi Sankara]] in 5th century BC. The Mutt was an element of criticism for the [[Dravidian parties]] in the state that espouse [[E. V. Ramasami Naicker|Periyar]]'s ideologies.<ref name="V17">[[#Vaasanthi|Vaasanthi 2008]], p. 17</ref> It got national prominence with the involvement of Jayendra in the [[Ayodhya issue]].<ref name="oulook"/> Following the arrest of the seer, all the 194 bank accounts of the Mutt were sealed as police believed that the murder was funded by these bank accounts. The Mutt operated temporarily out of Kalavai, following the release of Jayendra on bail.<ref name=IBN>{{cite news|title=Sankararaman case verdict today; Kanchi seer, junior accused|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sankararaman-case-verdict-today-kanchi-seer-junior-accused/436334-62-128.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130024640/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sankararaman-case-verdict-today-kanchi-seer-junior-accused/436334-62-128.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2013|publisher=IBN Live|date=27 November 2013|last=Iyer|first=Kajal|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref>

The [[Madras High Court]] ruled against the Tamil Nadu Police on 11 January 2005, quoting "No one is above the law. But if you divert and deviate from that direction unmindful of the rights of innocent devotees of the Mutt, it would result not only in diluting the prosecution, but also cast a deep shadow on it. If there is anything wrong with the administration of the Mutt, it is for the [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department]] which has to comply with the procedure under the Act and to look after the said issues in terms of the provisions of the Act and it is not for the police to interfere with the functions of the Mutt while investigating a case of murder or assault."<ref>{{cite web|title=W.P.No.1050 of 2005, His Holiness Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Vs. 1. The State of Tamil Nadu|url=http://judis.nic.in/judis_chennai/qrydispfree.aspx?filename=4711|publisher=Madras High Court|date=11 January 2005|accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>

Several cases were also filed against the supporters of Kanchi Seers in this case including Gurumurthy who were writing articles and questioning Government's motive behind this case. Eventually, all of those cases against Gurumurthy were dismissed as baseless. [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1858959/#:~:text=The%20State%20Rep.-,By%20Additional%20...%20on%2031%20January%2C%202006,a%20sensational%20Sankararaman%20murder%20case]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India, Volume 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&q=kanchi+mutt&pg=PA1227|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|last1=Gupta|first1=K.R.|last2=Gupta|first2=Amita|year=2006|isbn=9788126906390|ref=gupta}}
* {{cite book|title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC&q=kanchi+mutt&pg=PA17|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2008|isbn=9780143063124}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:2004 murders in India]]
[[Category:Murder in India]]
[[Category:September 2004 crimes in Asia]]

Prafulla Roy

2026-04-24T06:35:55Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{Short description|Indian writer (1934–2025)}}
{{Distinguish|Prafulla Chandra Roy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{infobox writer
| name = Prafulla Roy
| notable_works = ''Keya Patar Nouko''
| occupation = Writer
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|9|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = Atpara, [[Bikrampur District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|6|19|1934|9|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| nationality = Indian
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| image = Prafulla Roy - Kolkata 2014-02-07 8656.JPG
}}

'''Prafulla Roy'''<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Prafulla Roy">{{Cite web |title=Prafulla Roy |url=https://www.beebooks.in/prafulla-roy/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=Beebooks |language=en-US}}</ref> (11 September 1934 – 19 June 2025) was an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] author, who lived in [[West Bengal]]. He received [[Bankim Puraskar]] and [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his literary contribution in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].

==Early life==
Prafulla Roy was born on 11 September 1934 in the village of Atpara, [[Bikrampur District|Bikrampur]], in the former [[East Bengal]], district of [[Dhaka]]. He moved to India in 1950 and resided in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Pratidin">{{Cite news |date=2019-04-26 |script-title=bn:প্রফুল্ল রায় ও কেয়াপাতার নৌকো |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2019/04/26/418941 |access-date=2021-12-26 |work=Bangladesh Pratidin |language=bn}}</ref> He had to struggle a lot to set foot in a new land. He travelled all over the country to experience the struggles of the people. And for this purpose he lived for some time among the indigenous people of [[Nagaland]], who were the untouchables of [[Bihar]] and the rootless people of the mainland of the [[Andaman Islands|Andamans]], most of which later appeared flawlessly in his writings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prafulla Roy |url=https://www.beebooks.in/prafulla-roy/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Beebooks |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Prafulla Roy" />

== Author ==
Roy's writings portray powerful realities in both urban and rural conditions. He wrote over 150 books, including novels and short stories. His first novel was ''Purva Parvati'', written in [[Nagaland]] and published in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |title=সাহিত্যিক প্রফুল্ল রায় প্রয়াত |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/veteran-author-prafulla-roy-passes-away-after-suffering-from-long-standing-illness-dgtl/cid/1612797 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref> He penned novels on refugee life, such as ''Keya Patar Nauko'' (2003), ''Shatdharay Boye Yay'' (2006), ''Uttal Samayer Itikatha'' (2014), ''Nona Jal Mithe Mati'' (Bang 136). Although it differs in form and name from ''Kayapatar Nauka'', ''Shatdharaya Boye Yaya'', ''Uttal Samay Itikatha'', it is actually a trilogy.

From 1986 to 1989, at the initiative of Monindra Roy, ''Keya Patar Nauko'' was continuously published in ''Amrit Patrika''.<ref name="Pratidin"/>

== Adaptations ==
About 45 telefilms, tele-series, and number of feature-films were made based on his novels. Among his notable works are ''[[Ekhane Pinjor]]'' (1971), ''[[Bagh Bondi Khela]]'' (1975), ''Mohana Dike'' (1984), ''[[Aadmi Aur Aurat]]'' (1984), ''[[Ekanta Apan]]'' (1987), ''[[Bagh Bahadur]]'' (1989), [[Prithibir Sesh Station|''Prithibir Sesh Station'']] (1993), ''[[Charachar]]'' (1994), ''Target'' (1996), ''[[Mondo Meyer Upakhyan]]'' (2003), [[Desh (film)|''Desh'']] (2002), ''[[Krantikaal]]'' (2005), ''Pitribhumi'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-20 |title=Author Prafulla Roy passes away at 91 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/author-prafulla-roy-passes-away-at-91/articleshow/121960536.cms |access-date=2025-06-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

India produced a serial drama of the same name based on his novel ''Keya Patar Nouko'', which aired on Indian Channel [[Zee Bangla]]. {{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== Death ==
Roy died on 19 June 2025, at the age of 90.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eminent-bengali-writer-prafulla-roy-dies-at-91-mamata-condoles-death-of-roy-101750345674739.html Eminent Bengali writer Prafulla Roy dies at 91, Mamata condoles death of Roy]</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[Bankim Puraskar]] for his novel ''Akasher Neeche Manush'' (1985)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his novel ''Krantikal'' (2003)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
* Bhualka Puraskar<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
* Matilal Puraskar<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Prafulla Roy |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/64526.Prafulla_Roy |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Bankim Puraskar]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Bengali]]

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1433589}}
* [https://www.bengalitranslator.net/blogliterary/manush-short-story-prafulla-roy/ ''Man''], a short story by Prafulla Roy translated from Bengali by Subhamay Ray.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Prafulla}}
[[Category:Prafulla Roy| ]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category: Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Bikrampur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]

T. H. Sonawane

2026-04-21T23:10:45Z

SoniaBlankinship: Created First Entry Basic Info...

{{short description|Indian politician (1910–1973)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T.H. Sonawane
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|9|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Najhra, [[Solapur]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1973|11|10|1910|9|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], India
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Pandharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| term = 1957–1971
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Nivruti Kamble]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Yashodabai
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1383.htm
}}

'''Tayappa Hari Sonawane''' (10 September 1910 – 10 November 1973) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/21pan.htm | title=Brothers' proxy battle in Pandharpur | publisher=Rediff | accessdate=19 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQMfAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=12 December 2020|year=1968|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|page=295}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ceodelhi.gov.in/Notification/1957/List%20of%20MPs%201957.pdf | title=The Gazette of India | publisher=MINISTRY OF LAW | date=5 April 1957 | accessdate=19 January 2019}}</ref>

Sonawane died in [[Bombay]] on 10 November 1973, at the age of 63.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lok Sabha Debates Vol. 32 |date=1973 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |pages=3 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.98945/2015.98945.Lok-Sabha-Debates-Vol32no1-10-Series5-Session9_djvu.txt |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1383.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonawane, T.H.}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

National Film Award for Best Odia Feature Film

2026-04-17T14:58:55Z

SoniaBlankinship: done...

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Odia Feature Film
| subheader = National award for contributions to [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia feature film]] of the year
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1960
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name = President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Odia (1960–1968) National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia (1969–2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = '' [[Pushkara (film)|Pushkara]]'' (2023)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Odia Feature Film''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).

The [[National Film Awards]], established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the [[Indian cinema]]. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various [[Languages of India|regional languages]].

The films made in [[Odia language]] were not considered until the [[8th National Film Awards]] ceremony held in March 1961.<ref name="8thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|title=8th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 1960 Prafulla Kumar Sengupta directorial film ''[[Sri Lokanath]]'' received the first president's silver medal for Best Feature Film in Odia. Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], the name was changed to "Best Odia Feature Film".<ref>{{cite web |author=Under Secretary to the Government of India |date=14 December 2023 |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |access-date=28 August 2024 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

== Winners ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus Award) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;width:40%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Awards legends
|-
| style="background-color:#F4F4F4;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EFECD1;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#D6E0CC;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#E0EAEA;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Best Feature Film}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of award films, showing the year (award ceremony), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"| Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | [[8th National Film Awards|1960 {{small|(8th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sri Lokanath]]''
| Rupa Raga Pvt Ltd.
| Prafulla Kumar Sengupta
| align="center" |<ref name="8thaward"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[9th National Film Awards|1961 {{small|(9th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Nua Bou]]''
| Ram Krishna Tripathy
| [[Prabhat Mukherjee]]
| align="center" |<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[10th National Film Awards|1962 {{small|(10th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Suryamukhi]]''
| Soumendra Misra
| P. K. Sengupta
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="10thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|title=10th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929062243/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''[[Lakshmi (1962 film)|Lakshmi]]''
| [[Parbati Ghosh|Parvati Ghose]] and G. P. Ghose
| Sarda Naik
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[11th National Film Awards|1963 {{small|(11th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Jeevan Sathi]]''
| Srinibash Paikaroy
| [[Prabhat Mukherjee]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''Nari''
| Narendra Kumar Mitra
| Narendra Kumar Mitra, Amalendu Bagehi and Kavichandra [[Kalicharan Patnaik]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[12th National Film Awards|1964 {{small|(12th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Sadhana''
| Diamond Valley Production
| [[Prabhat Mukherjee]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="12thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12thNFAAward.aspx|title=12th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225220334/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=25 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''Naba Janma''
| Pancha Sakha Pictures
| Sachin Mukherji
|-
| align="center" | [[13th National Film Awards|1965 {{small|(13th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="13thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf|title=13th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[14th National Film Awards|1966 {{small|(14th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kaa (1965 film)|Kaa]]''
| [[Parbati Ghosh|Parbati Ghose]]
| Sidhartha
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite book |title=Cultural Forum, Volume 12 (p-99)|publisher=the University of California, 1969}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[15th National Film Awards|1967 {{small|(15th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Arundhati (1967 film)|Arundhati]]''
| Dhiren Patnaik
| Prafulla Sengupta
| align="center" |<ref name="15thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|title=15th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[16th National Film Awards|1968 {{small|(16th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Stree (1968 film)|Stree]]''
| [[Parbati Ghosh|Parbati Ghose]]
| Sidhartha
| align="center" |<ref name="16thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf|title=16th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=22 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="17thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[18th National Film Awards|1970 {{small|(18th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=18th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[19th National Film Awards|1971 {{small|(19th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[21st National Film Awards|1973 {{small|(21st)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="21stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf|title=21st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[22nd National Film Awards|1974 {{small|(22nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="22ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf|title=22nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[23rd National Film Awards|1975 {{small|(23rd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf|title=23rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Shesha Shrabana]]''
| Nagen Roy
| [[Prashant Nanda]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | [[25th National Film Awards|1977 {{small|(25th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Chilika Teerey]]''
| Shyamghan Rai Chaudhari
| Biplab Rai Chaudhari
| align="center" |<ref name="25thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="26thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|title=26th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Shri Krishnaka Rasalila''
|
|
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | [[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/28th_nff_1981.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Seeta Raati''
| Balram Misra
| [[Manmohan Mahapatra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf|title=29th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[30th National Film Awards|1982 {{small|(30th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="30thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/30th_nff_1983.pdf|title=30th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Neeraba Jhada]]''
| [[Manmohan Mahapatra]]
| [[Manmohan Mahapatra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Klanta Aparahna]]''
| Dynamic Studio
| [[Manmohan Mahapatra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Hakim Babu]]''
| Amiya Ranjan Patnaik
| Pranab Das
| align="center" |<ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Majhi Pahacha''
| Dipti Mohanty
| [[Manmohan Mahapatra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Nishidhdha Swapna''
| [[Manmohan Mahapatra]]
| [[Manmohan Mahapatra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Kichi Smruti Kichi Anubhuti''
| K. Jagadeswari
| [[Manmohan Mahapatra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Andha Diganta''
| Vox Visuals Pvt. Ltd.
| [[Manmohan Mahapatra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Tara''
| [[Bijaya Jena]]
| [[Bijaya Jena]]
| align="center" |<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Vinya Samaya''
| Shankar Gope
| [[Manmohan Mahapatra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aranya Rodan|Aranya Rodana]]''
| Prasan Prusti
| Biplab Ray Chaudhuri
| align="center" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Moksha''
| Jayadev Mallick and Pramoda Kumar Nayak
| Gouri Shankar Das and Malaya Kumar Roy
| align="center" |<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Shunya Swaroopa''
| Alaya Kumar Mohanty
| Himanshu Sekhar Khatua
| align="center" |<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Shesha Drushti]]''
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| [[Apurba Kishore Bir]]
| align="center" |<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Nandan''
| N'CYP
| [[Apurba Kishore Bir]]
| align="center" |<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Biswaprakash]]''
| NFDC
| [[Susant Misra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Magunira Shagada]]''
| NFDC
| Prafulla Mohanty
| align="center" |<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aw Aaakare Aa]]''
| Subash Das
| Subash Das
| align="center" |<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kathantara]]''
| [[Iti Rani Samanta]]
| Himanshu Khatua
| align="center" |<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Puja Pain Phulatie]]''
| Padmini Puty
| Gadadhar Puty
| align="center" |<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/58_NFA.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="61staward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aadim Vichar]]''
| Mohapatra Movie Magic Pvt. Ltd.
| [[Sabyasachi Mohapatra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pahada Ra Luha]]''
| Mohapatra Movie Magic Pvt. Ltd.
| [[Sabyasachi Mohapatra]]
| align="center" | <ref name="69thaward">{{cite web |date=2023-08-24 |title=69th National Film Awards: Pratikshya adjudged Best Odia feature film {{!}} Sambad English |url=https://sambadenglish.com/69th-national-film-awards-pratikshya-adjudged-best-odia-feature-film/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Hello Arsi]]''
| Ajaya Routray
| Sambit Mohanty
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odia-film-hello-arsi-wins-big-at-65th-national-film-awards/articleshow/63785182.cms|title=Odia film Hello Arsi wins big at 65th National Film Awards|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |
|- style="background:#ebebe0;"
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background:#e0e0d1;"| ''Saala Budhar Badla''
| New Generation Films
| [[Sabyasachi Mohapatra]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.nic.in/images/News/1098_winners_for_67th.pdf|access-date=25 May 2022|title=67th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ebebe0;"
! scope="row" style="background:#e0e0d1;"|''[[Kalira Atita]]''
|Eleenora Images Pvt Ltd.
|[[Nila Madhab Panda]]
|-
| align="center" | [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pratikshya]]''
|Anupam Patnaik
| Anupam Patnaik
| align="center" | <ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Daman (2022 film)|Daman]]''
|JP Motion Pictures and Mentis Films
| [[Vishal Mourya and Debi Prasad Lenka]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite press release|title=70th National Film Awards: Rishab Shetty wins Best Actor for ‘Kantara,’ ‘Aattam’ bags Best Feature Film|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/70th-national-film-awards-full-list-of-winners/article68531760.ece|work=The Hindu|date=16 August 2024|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pushkara (film)|Pushkara]]''
|[[Tarang Cine Productions]]
|Subhransu Das
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]

{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Odia]]
[[Category:Cinema of Odisha]]

Pankaj Purohit

2026-04-11T12:52:56Z

SoniaBlankinship: created new page

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1968)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pankaj Purohit
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|07|28}}
| birth_place = [[Devalgarh]], [[Tharali]], [[Chamoli]], Uttarakhand, India
| education = LL.B.
| alma_mater = [[H.N.B. Garhwal University]]
| occupation = Judge
| known_for = Judge of [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
}}

'''Justice Pankaj Purohit''' (born 28 July 1968) is an Indian judge serving on the bench of the [[Uttarakhand High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Sitting Judges - Justice Pankaj Purohit |url=https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/223-honble-sitting-judges#:~:text=I%20dated%2027%20April%2C%202023,his%20primary%20education%20in%20Lucknow. |website=High Court of Uttarakhand |accessdate=2024-12-22}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Justice Purohit was born on 28 July 1968 in Village Dewalgwarh, Tharali, District Chamoli, Uttarakhand. He received his primary education in Lucknow and completed his LL.B. from Government P.G. College, Gopeshwar, under H.N.B. Garhwal University in 1991. Throughout his academic career, he secured top positions, achieving distinctions and ranking in merit lists during his High School and Intermediate examinations.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Legal career ==
Enrolled as an advocate with the Bar Council of Uttar Pradesh on 24 February 1992, Justice Purohit began his practice under the guidance of his father, the late Prem Chandra Purohit, in the District and Sessions Court of Chamoli at Gopeshwar. He appeared in various lower judiciary courts, including revenue courts up to the level of Commissioner, Garhwal Division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Pankaj Purohit |url=https://www.livelaw.in/amp/tags/justice-pankaj-purohit |website=Live Law |accessdate=2024-12-22}}</ref>

In 1997, he shifted his practice to the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad. Following the creation of the State of Uttarakhand on 9 November 2000, he returned to Uttarakhand and commenced practice at the High Court of Uttarakhand in Nainital. His practice encompassed constitutional, criminal, civil, service, and revenue matters. He represented several institutions, including United India Insurance Co. Ltd., Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd., Nagar Palika Parishad Chamoli, Zila Panchayat Chamoli, Uttarakhand Electricity Regulatory Commission, U.P. Avas Evam Vikas Parishad, and Uttarakhand Subordinate Service Selection Commission (UKSSSC).{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

In 2008-2009, he was appointed as a Central Government Counsel by the Union of India. On 29 May 2017, he was appointed as Deputy Advocate General for the State of Uttarakhand, a position from which he resigned on 19 July 2019 due to personal reasons.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Judicial appointment ==
Justice Purohit was appointed as a Judge of the High Court of Uttarakhand via Notification No.K-13032/03/2022-US.I dated 27 April 2023. He took oath as a Permanent Judge of the Uttarakhand High Court on 28 April 2023.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Personal life ==
Justice Purohit is married to Smt. Rameshwari Purohit, who serves as a government teacher.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/223-honble-sitting-judges Profile of Hon'ble Mr. Justice Pankaj Purohit]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purohit, Pankaj}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh

2026-03-31T21:56:30Z

SoniaBlankinship: Created New Bio From Scratch

{{Short description|2024 Indian Supreme Court case}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox court case
| name = The State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| image = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India 2025.svg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| full name = The State of Punjab & Ors. v. Davinder Singh & Ors.
| date_decided = 1 August 2024
| citations = 2024 INSC 562
| transcripts = [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/155595286/ (Indian Kanoon)] [https://www.scobserver.in/judgement/state-of-punjab-v-davinder-singh-judgment/ (SCObserver)]
| prior_actions = Appeal against the judgment of the Punjab and Haryana High Court which had struck down Section 4(5) of the Punjab Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes (Reservation in Services) Act, 2006, relying on ''[[E. V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh]]''.
| subsequent_actions =
| judges = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]] (CJI), [[B. R. Gavai]], [[Vikram Nath]], [[Bela M. Trivedi]], [[Pankaj Mithal]], [[Manoj Misra]], and [[Satish Chandra Sharma]]
| number of judges = 7
| decision by = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| Dissent = 1
| concurring = B. R. Gavai, Vikram Nath, Pankaj Mithal, Manoj Misra, and Satish Chandra Sharma
| dissenting = Bela M. Trivedi
| Overturned previous case = [[E. V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh]]
}}
'''''The State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh'''''., 2024 INSC 562, is a landmark [[Supreme Court of India]] judgment by a seven-judge [[Constitution bench]], which held that state governments have the power to create sub-classifications within the [[Scheduled Castes]] (SCs) and [[Scheduled Tribes]] (STs) for the purpose of [[Reservation in India|reservation]] in public employment and education. In a 6:1 majority verdict delivered on 1 August 2024, the Court overruled its previous 2004 decision in ''[[E. V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh]]'', which had held that Scheduled Castes form a homogenous group and cannot be subdivided for reservation benefits. The judgement affirmed state's power to make sub-classifications for the benefit of the most disadvantaged groups within the SC and ST lists under Articles 15 and 16 of the [[Constitution of India]], acknowledging that judicial decisions should not be divorced from 'social and economic reality'.<ref name="f137">{{cite book |last=Choragudi |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iat3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 |title=Caste Matters in Public Policy: Issues and Perspectives |last2=Pellissery |first2=S. |last3=Jayaram |first3=N. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-000-63197-5 |page=103 |access-date=July 11, 2025}}</ref>

== Background ==
The case originated from a 1975 notification by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab government]] that allocated 50% of the reserved seats for Scheduled Castes to the [[Valmiki]] and [[Mazhabi Sikh]] communities, which were considered the most backward among the SCs in the state.<ref name="the-indian-express-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Decode Politics: How Punjab came to be among first states to sub-categorise SCs, and has been fighting to retain it |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/decode-politics-punjab-sc-sub-categorisation-constitutional-bench-9152966/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2000, [[Andhra Pradesh]] legislature passed a similar law called "Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2000" organising SCs into sub-groups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-01 |title=Explained: The 'quota within quota' debate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/supreme-court-sc-st-reservation-quota-6572693/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, the constitutionality of this law was challenged in the High Court, where it was upheld, and appealed to Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=Who was E V Chinnaiah, lead petitioner in Supreme Court's SC sub-classification case? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/e-v-chinnaiah-lead-petitioner-supreme-court-sc-sub-classification-case-9489550/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2004, a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court in its judgement ''[[E. V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh]],'' held that the President's list of Scheduled Castes under Article 341 constitutes a single, homogenous group, struck down the law as unconstitutional.<ref name="SCObserver_background">{{cite web |title=Validity of Sub-Classification Within Reserved Categories - Supreme Court Observer |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/punjab-davinder-singh-validity-of-sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-case-background/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Supreme Court Observer}}</ref>

Following the ''Chinnaiah'' decision, the Punjab government passed the Punjab Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes (Reservation in Services) Act, 2006 in which Section 4(5) codified the "first-preference" reservation policy from 1975. The constitutionality of the act was challenged by the Chamar Mahasabha represented by Davinder Singh,<ref name="the-indian-express-2024" /> and it was struck down by the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] in several rulings relying on precedent in ''Chinnaiah''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-15 |title={50% reservation to Valmiki, Mazhabi Sikhs among SCs} MP Manish Tewari writes to Channi to reiterate Punjab's stand |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/50-reservation-to-valmiki-mazhabi-sikhs-among-scs-mp-manish-tewari-writes-to-channi-to-reiterate-punjab-s-stand-101636999103035.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> The state subsequently appealed the high court ruling in the Supreme Court which was heard by a five-judge bench in 2020 led by Justice Arun Mishra and comprising Justices Indira Banerjee, Vineet Saran, M.R. Shah, and Aniruddha Bose.<ref name="SCObserver_background" />

The division bench of the Supreme Court, hearing the appeal, expressed doubt about the correctness of the ''Chinnaiah'' verdict, noting its inconsistency with the principles laid down by a larger nine-judge bench in ''[[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India]]''. The bench observed that both caste and class are dynamic, and that the benefits of reservation were often being cornered by a few dominant castes within the SC list, leaving the most marginalized without representation. Consequently, the matter was referred to a seven-judge bench to authoritatively decide the issue.<ref name="SCObserver_background" />

== Judgment ==
The seven-judge bench, headed by Chief Justice [[D. Y. Chandrachud]], delivered its judgment on 1 August 2024, with a 6:1 majority after hearing the arguments for three days. The majority opinion, authored by Chandrachud, held that the sub-classification of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes is constitutionally permissible.<ref name="LiveLaw_overruled">{{cite web |date=1 August 2024 |title=Scheduled Castes Not A Homogeneous Class, Sub-classification One Of The Means To Achieve Substantive Equality: Supreme Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/scheduled-castes-not-a-homogeneous-class-sub-classification-one-of-the-means-to-achieve-substantive-equality-supreme-court-263384 |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=LiveLaw}}</ref> Justices [[B. R. Gavai]], [[Vikram Nath]], [[Pankaj Mithal]], [[Manoj Misra]], and [[Satish Chandra Sharma]] wrote separate, concurring opinions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub-Classification Within Reserved Categories {{!}} Judgement Summary |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-judgement-summary/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Majority opinion ===
The judgment located the state's authority to sub-classify within Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution, which it described as enabling provisions for the state to create special measures for backward classes. The Court distinguished this legislative power from the President's distinct power under Article 341, which is limited to identifying which castes are included in the SC list. The states, the Court held, are empowered to apportion reservation benefits among those identified castes to ensure equitable outcomes.<ref name="LiveLaw_overruled" /><ref name="LawBhoomi2">{{cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh - LawBhoomi |url=https://lawbhoomi.com/state-of-punjab-v-davinder-singh/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=LawBhoomi}}</ref> Based on this reasoning, the majority explicitly overruled the five-judge bench decision in ''E.V. Chinnaiah'', stating its interpretation was flawed because it did not recognize that equality principles require the state to address inequalities even within a broader class.<ref name="LiveLaw_overruled" /> However, the Court mandated that any such sub-classification by a state must be justified by quantifiable and empirical data that demonstrates the relative backwardness of a subgroup and its inadequate representation in public service.<ref name="WhiteBrief">{{cite web |date=16 October 2024 |title=The State of Punjab V. Davinder Singh (2024 SCC OnLine SC 1860) |url=https://whiteandbrief.com/state-of-punjab-v-davinder-singh-scc-sc-1860/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=White & Brief}}</ref><ref name="supreme-court-observer" /> In a further significant observation, the majority also endorsed the application of the "[[creamy layer]]" exclusion principle to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to ensure affirmative action benefits reach the most deserving members of these communities.<ref name="BarBench_creamy">{{cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=Creamy layer: a proper yardstick to determine backwardness within Scheduled Castes/Tribes |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/creamy-layer-a-proper-yardstick-to-determine-backwardness-within-scheduled-castes-tribes |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Bar and Bench}}</ref>

=== Dissenting opinion ===
Justice [[Bela M. Trivedi]] delivered the sole [[dissenting opinion]]. She argued that the Constitution makers intended the Scheduled Castes list to be a single, homogenous class for the purpose of reservations. In her view, any sub-classification by states would amount to tinkering with the Presidential list under Article 341, a power exclusively vested in the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="LiveLaw_dissent">{{cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Sub-classification Of Castes Would Amount To States Tinkering With Presidential List : Justice Bela Trivedi's Dissent |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/sub-classification-of-castes-would-amount-to-states-tinkering-with-presidential-list-justice-bela-trivedis-dissent-263560 |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=LiveLaw}}</ref> She opined that allowing states to sub-classify would lead to political fragmentation and that the ''E.V. Chinnaiah'' judgment laid down the correct position of law.<ref name="Manupatra_analysis">{{cite web |title=Judgement Analysis: The State of Punjab & Ors. v. Davinder Singh & Ors. |url=https://www.manupatracademy.com/assets/pdf/legalpost/state-of-punjab-and-ors-vs-davinder-singh.pdf |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=Manupatra Academy}}</ref>

== Significance ==
The judgment is considered a major development in India's reservation jurisprudence.<ref name="supreme-court-observer">{{Cite web |title=Reservations and sub-classification of SC/STs: A mixed bag for substantive equality |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/reservations-and-sub-classification-of-sc-sts-a-mixed-bag-for-substantive-equality/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> It empowers state governments to implement targeted affirmative action policies focusing on the most deprived sections within the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.<ref name="jilp-2025">{{Cite web |last=JILP |date=2025-03-27 |title=Fragmentation or Fairness? The Indian Supreme Court's Judgment on Sub-Classification of SCs and STs – NYU JILP |url=https://nyujilp.org/fragmentation-or-fairness-the-indian-supreme-courts-judgment-on-sub-classification-of-scs-and-sts/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> By allowing sub-quotas, the verdict aims to ensure a more equitable distribution of reservation benefits, which were allegedly being disproportionately accessed by more advanced groups within these communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC Sub-Quota Verdict: Revisiting the Long-Drawn Struggle for Reservation Justice |url=https://thewire.in/rights/sc-sub-quota-verdict-revisiting-the-long-drawn-struggle-for-reservation-justice |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PCLS_blog">{{cite web |date=20 March 2025 |title=A Second Look: The Need to Reconsider the Supreme Court's Verdict on SC Sub-Classification |url=https://pcls.in/2025/03/20/a-second-look-the-need-to-reconsider-the-supreme-courts-verdict-on-sc-sub-classification/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=The PCLS Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Rajinder Puri |date=3 Feb 2022 |title=Who Gains From Reservation? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/who-gains-from-reservation/237542 |work=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref>

The decision has also sparked debate on federalism. By interpreting Articles 15 and 16 as independent sources of legislative power for states to sub-classify, some legal analysts argue the Court has created potential for conflicts between Union and state laws concerning social welfare policies.<ref name="LSPR_federalism">{{cite web |date=18 November 2024 |title=State Of Punjab V. Davinder Singh: opening the floodgates to a new realm of contested Federalism |url=https://lawschoolpolicyreview.com/2024/11/18/state-of-punjab-v-davinder-singh-opening-the-floodgates-to-a-new-realm-of-contested-federalism/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Law School Policy Review}}</ref>

The Court's strong endorsement of applying the creamy layer principle to SCs/STs is another significant outcome, potentially paving the way for future legislative or judicial action to exclude the most affluent individuals from the ambit of reservation.<ref name="supreme-court-observer" />

== See also ==
* [[Reservation in India]]
* [[E. V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India]]
* [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{SCI-cases}}
[[Category:Indian constitutional case law]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian case law]]
[[Category:August 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2024]]

Boyha Biswanath Tudu

2026-03-29T20:13:05Z

SoniaBlankinship: Done.

{{Short description|Indian Santali writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Boyha Biswanath Tudu
| image = File:Boyha Biswanath Tudu receiving Child Literature Award 2010 from Sahitya Akademi.jpg
| caption = Boyha Biswanath Tudu receiving Child Literature Award 2010 from Sahitya Akademi
| birth_place = Andharjur village, Mayurbhanj district, Odisha, India
| occupation = Writer
| language = Santali (Ol Chiki)
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Novel, children's literature, poetry
| employer = Life Insurance Corporation of India
| awards = Bal Sahitya Puraskar (2010)
}}

'''Boyha Biswanath Tudu''' is an Indian [[Santali language]] writer known for his contribution to Santali literature written in the [[Ol Chiki]] script. He is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for his contribution to children's literature in Santali.<ref name="SA">{{cite web |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar Awardees |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Boyha Biswanath Tudu was born in Andharjur village in [[Mayurbhanj]] district of [[Odisha]]. He belongs to the Santhal community. Alongside his literary career, he has worked as an officer with the [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC) in Odisha.<ref name="Gaon">{{cite news |url=https://en.gaonconnection.com/english/an-lic-employee-in-odisha-and-a-prolific-writer-keeps-a-tribal-language-alive-2/ |title=An LIC employee in Odisha and a prolific writer keeps a tribal language alive |work=Gaon Connection |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Tudu began writing in the [[Ol Chiki]] script in the 1980s. His first novel, ''Haire Chando Likhon'', was published in 1987.<ref name="Gaon" />

Over the decades, he has authored numerous works including novels, children's literature, poems, travelogues and prose writings in Santali.<ref name="Gaon" />

His notable works include:

* ''Haire Chando Likhon'' (1987)
* ''Bono Amge Injij Hopon'' (2002)
* ''Sishu Saoned'' (2004)<ref name="Gaon" />
* Mission Olchki 2025<ref name="OdishaPost">{{cite web |url=https://odishapostepaper.com/uploads/epaper/2024-07/669d9f260204e.pdf |title=Odisha Post e-paper |publisher=Odisha Post |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

He has written more than 100 books in Santali, making him one of the most prolific Santali writers from Odisha.<ref name="Gaon" />

Santali literature, including authors such as Tudu, forms part of the Civil Services Examination syllabus under Santali Literature optional subject.<ref name="Jagran">{{cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/santali-syllabus-for-ias-mains-exam-2011-1308915896-1 |title=Santali Syllabus for IAS Mains Exam |publisher=Jagran Josh |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2010, Tudu received the [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] from the Sahitya Akademi.<ref name="SA" />

In 2011, he was honoured at the 'Akhra Awards' ceremony recognising Santali writers.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/akhra-awards-go-to-santhali-writers/cid/405832 |title=Akhra awards go to Santhali writers |work=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

== See also==
[[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Santali|List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Santali Language]]

==External links==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?page%20id=5871 Sahitya Akademy]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tudu, Boyha Biswanath}}
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Santali]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Alpana Goswami

2026-03-25T20:29:36Z

SoniaBlankinship: Starting First Info Initial Version

{{short description|Indian film actress}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alpana Goswami
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|08|19|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy Chowdhury |first=Moumita |title=রূপোলি পর্দার অন্তরালে |publisher=Biva Publication |year=2004 |isbn=9789390890989 |language=Bn |trans-title=}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1976—1992<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=28 April 2020|title=আশির দশকে ঝড় তুলেছিলেন বাংলা ছবিতে! অভিনয়ে ফিরতে পারেন আলপনা|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/former-bengali-heroine-alpana-bose-goswami-may-return-to-screen-216582/|access-date=9 September 2020|work=Indian Express Bangla|language=bn-IN}}</ref>
}}
'''Alpana Goswami''' (born 18 August 1955), also known as '''Alpana Bose Goswami''', is an Indian actress who is recognised for her work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alpana Goswami movies and filmography|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/alpana-goswami-10833/filmography|access-date=9 September 2020|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alpana Goswami on Moviebuff.com|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/alpana-goswami|access-date=9 September 2020|website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>

Goswami hails from [[Bandel]] in [[Hooghly district]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daw |first=Nivedita |date=21 June 2014 |title='বৈদুর্য্য রহস্য'র সিক্যুয়েলটা যদি হত... |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/interview-of-alpana-goswami/articleshow/36935879.cms |access-date=13 May 2021 |work=Ei Samay |language=bn}}</ref> She began her acting career in late 1970s. Her first leading role on silver screen was that in ''Krishna Sudama'' (1979). Presently she lives in [[United States|USA]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Debnath |first=Shanoli |date=14 May 2020 |title=উত্তমকুমারের নায়িকা আর সত্যজিতের ছবিতে অভিনয়, জীবনের এই দুই অপূর্ণ ইচ্ছে |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-80s-bengali-actress-alpana-goswami-221450/ |access-date=13 May 2021 |work=Indian Express Bangla |language=bn-IN}}</ref>

==Career==
Goswami began her acting career after joining in Rammohan Mancha and Bishwarupa. She regularly played in Theatre in [[Kolkata]]. Goswami first worked in the film ''Surya Trishna''. She played the lead role in ''Krishna Sudama'' in 1979. After releasing the film she became a 1980s celebrated [[Bengalis|Bengali]] actress.

==Filmography==
===Hindi film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1982
| ''Dawedaar''
|
|
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Yeh Raat Phir Na Aayegi (1992 film)|Yeh Raat Phir Na Aayegi]]''
|Roopa
|
|
|}

===Bengali film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |1979
|''Krishna Sudama''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Arun Barun O Kiranmala]]''
|Queen
|
|
|-
|1980
| ''[[Dui Prithibi (1980 film)|Dui Prithibi]]''
|
|Cameo
|
|-
|1982
|''Khelar Putul''
|
|Cameo
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
| ''[[Ashleelotar Daye]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Obhinoy Noi]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
| ''Rashifal''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Samarpita]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1985
| ''Ajante''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Nishantay''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Baidurya Rahasya]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sandhya Pradip]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986
| ''[[Swarga Sukh]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Uttarlipi]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1987
| ''[[Dabar Chal]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Bidrohi''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Pratibha''
|
|
|
|-
|''Pratirodh''
|
|Bangladeshi film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1988
|''Hushiyar''
|
|Bangladeshi film
|
|-
| ''Kalankini Nayika''
|
|
|
|-
|1989
| ''[[Nishi Trishna]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996
| ''[[Abasheshe]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rabibar]]''
|
|Cameo
|
|}

===Bhojpuri Film===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1985
| ''Bihari Babu''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAuTZ6_1XL4C&pg=PT100 |title=CINEMA BHOJPURI |date=22 May 2010 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-256-4 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2594243/ Alpana Goswami – IMDb]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Alpana}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Public administration

2026-03-22T12:14:44Z

SoniaBlankinship: refine page for consistency

{{Short description|Academic discipline; implementation or management of policy}}
{{About|the discipline|the journal|Public Administration (journal)}}
{{See also|Public policy|Political science|Nonprofit management}}
[[File:FEMA - 43019 - FEMA National Advistory Council meets in Washington, DC.jpg|thumb|Public administration is both an academic discipline and a field of practice; the latter is depicted in this picture of [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal public servants]] at a meeting.]]
{{Politics sidebar|expanded=Public administration}}
'''Public administration''', also known as '''public policy and administration''' or '''public management''', and in some cases '''policy management''', is the implementation of [[Public policy|public policies]], which are sets of proposed or decided actions to [[Problem solving|solve problems]] and address relevant [[Social issue|social and economic issues]].

This implementation generally occurs through the administration of government programs in the [[public sector]], but also through the [[management]] of [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organizations]] in the [[community sector]], and/or [[business]]es in the [[private sector]] that provide [[goods and services]] to the government through [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnerships]] and [[government procurement]].<ref name="Lassance">{{Cite SSRN |last=Lassance |first=Antonio |date=2020-11-10 |title=What Is a Policy and What Is a Government Program? A Simple Question With No Clear Answer, Until Now |language=en |ssrn=3727996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Random House Unabridged Dictionary |url=http://dictionary.infoplease.com/public-administration |access-date=2014-08-23 |publisher=Dictionary.infoplease.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2021 |title=What is Public Policy? Why It's Important? {{!}} UoPeople |url=https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/what-is-public-policy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012114324/https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/what-is-public-policy/ |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=University of the People}}</ref><ref>Robert and Janet Denhardt, ''Public Administration: An Action Orientation''. 6th Ed. 2009: Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont CA.</ref> It has also been characterized as the “translation of politics into the reality that citizens experience every day.”<ref name="KettlDonald">Kettl, Donald and James Fessler. 2009. ''The Politics of the Administrative Process''. Washington D.C.: CQ Press</ref>

In an academic context, public administration has been described as the study of government decision-making; the analysis of policies and the inputs that have produced them, as well as those necessary to produce alternative policies.<ref>Jerome B. McKinney and Lawrence C. Howard. Public Administration: Balancing Power and Accountability. 2nd Ed. 1998: Praeger Publishing, Westport, CT. p. 62</ref> It is also a subfield of [[political science]] taught in [[public policy school]]s where studies of policy processes and the structures, functions, and behavior of public institutions and their relationships with broader society take place. The study and application of public administration is founded on the principle that the proper functioning of an organization or institution relies on effective management. In contemporary literature, it is also recognized as applicable to private businesses and nonprofit organizations.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=David H. Rosenbloom |title=Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics, and Law in the Public Sector |author2=Robert S. Kravchuk |author3=Richard M Clerkin |date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003198116 |location=New York}}</ref>

The mid-twentieth century saw the rise of German [[Sociology|sociologist]] [[Max Weber]]'s theory of [[bureaucracy]], bringing about a substantive interest in the theoretical aspects of public administration. The 1968 [[Minnowbrook Conference]], which convened at [[Syracuse University]] under the leadership of [[Dwight Waldo]], gave rise to the concept of [[New Public Administration]], a pivotal movement within the discipline today.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article/21/suppl_1/i1/913462 |access-date=2024-02-17 |title=Minnowbrook: Tradition, Idea, Spirit, Event, Challenge |first=Rosemary |last=O'Leary |journal=Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory |volume=21 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=i1–i6|doi=10.1093/jopart/muq066 }}</ref>

==Definitions==
[[File:US Navy 020614-N-0552D-001 SPAWAR award winning employee.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Administrators tend to work with both paper documents and computer files: "There has been a significant shift from paper to electronic records during the past two decades."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipc.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/Resources/up-erdms_e.pdf |title=Electronic Records and Document Management Systems: A New Tool for Enhancing the Public's Right to Access Government-Held Information? |access-date=2017-04-29}}</ref> Pictured here is Stephen C. Dunn, Deputy Comptroller for the US Navy.]]

Public administration encompasses the execution, oversight, and management of government policies and the management of public affairs. The field involves the organization, operation, and strategic coordination of [[Bureaucracy|bureaucratic structures]] in the public sector. Public administrators play a significant role in devising and executing policies, managing shared resources, and ensuring the efficient functioning of government agencies and programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Public Administration? |url=https://onlinempa.unc.edu/academics/what-is-public-administration/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=UNC-MPA |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1947, [[Paul H. Appleby]] defined public administration as the "public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action." In democracies, it usually has to do with such leadership and executive action in terms that respect and contribute to the dignity, worth, and potential of the citizen.<ref>Appleby, Paul 1947. "Toward Better Public Administration", ''[[Public Administration Review]]'' Vol. 7, No. 2 pp. 93–99.</ref> One year later, Gordon Clapp, then Chairman of the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]], defined public administration "as a public instrument whereby democratic society may be more completely realized." This implies that it must relate itself to concepts of justice, liberty, and fuller economic opportunity for human beings and is thus concerned with "people, with ideas, and with things".<ref>Clapp, Gordon. 1948. "Public Administration in an Advancing South", ''[[Public Administration Review]]'' Vol. 8. no. 2 pp. 169–75. Clapp attributed part of this definition to Charles Beard.</ref> James D. Carroll and Alfred M. Zuck called [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s publication of his essay, "[[The Study of Administration]]", "the beginning of public administration as a specific and influential field of study."<ref>Carroll, J.D. & Zuck, A.M. (1983). "The Study of Public Administration Revisited". ''A Report of the Centennial Agendas project of the American Society for Public Administration''. Washington, DC; American Society for Public Administration.</ref>

More recently, scholars claim that "public administration has no generally accepted definition" because the "scope of the subject is so great and so debatable that it is easier to explain than define."<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia">{{cite web|url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/public-administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328003943/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/public-administration/|url-status=live|archive-date=March 28, 2017|title=Public Administration | the Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=March 13, 2018}}</ref> Public administration is a field of study (i.e., a discipline) and an occupation. There is much disagreement about whether the study of public administration can properly be called a discipline, largely because of the debate over whether public administration is a sub-field of political science or a sub-field of administrative science, the latter an outgrowth of its roots in policy analysis and evaluation research.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Haveman |first=R. H. |year=1987 |title=Policy analysis and evaluation research after twenty years |journal=Policy Studies Journal |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=191–218|doi=10.1111/j.1541-0072.1987.tb00775.x }}</ref> Scholar Donald F. Kettl is among those who view public administration "as a sub-field within political science."<ref name="h-net">{{cite web |title=The Future of Public Administration |first=Donald F. |last=Kettl |url=http://www.h-net.org/~pubadmin/tfreport/kettl.pdf |publisher=H-net.org |access-date=October 25, 2010}}</ref> According to Lalor, a society with a public authority that provides at least one public good can be said to have a public administration, whereas the absence of either (or ''a fortiori'' both) a public authority or the provision of at least one public good implies the absence of a public administration. He argues that public administration is the public provision of public goods in which the demand function is satisfied more or less effectively by politics, whose primary tool is rhetoric, providing for public goods, and the supply function is satisfied more or less efficiently by public management, whose primary tools are speech acts, producing public goods. The moral purpose of public administration, implicit in its acceptance of its role, is the maximization of the opportunities of the public to satisfy its wants.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lalor |first=Stephen |title=A General Theory of Public Administration |year=2014}}</ref>

The [[North American Industry Classification System]] definition of the Public Administration sector (NAICS 91) states that public administration "... comprises establishments primarily engaged in activities of a governmental nature, that is, the enactment and judicial interpretation of laws and their pursuant regulations, and the administration of programs based on them." This includes "legislative activities, taxation, national defense, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and international assistance, and the administration of government programs are activities that are purely governmental in nature."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic91defe.html |title=Definition Public Administration (NAICS 91) |publisher=Ic.gc.ca |access-date=October 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506223436/http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic91defe.html |archive-date=May 6, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==

===India in the 6th century BCE===
{{Main|Charvaka#Public_administration}}

The [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro]] civilizations had organized bodies of public servants, suggesting the presence of some form of public administration. Numerous references exist to [[Brihaspati]]'s contributions to laws and governance. An excerpt from [[Ain-i-Akbari]] [vol.III, tr. by H. S. Barrett, p. 217–218], written by [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]], mentions a symposium of philosophers from various faiths held in 1578 at Akbar's instance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent |title=The Jain Teachers of Akbar |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |year=1917}}</ref> It is believed that some [[Charvaka]] thinkers may have participated in the symposium. In "[[Āstika and nāstika|Naastika]]," Fazl refers to the Charvaka law-makers emphasizing "good work, judicious administration, and welfare schemes." [[Somadeva]] also describes the Charvaka method of defeating the nation's enemies, referring to thirteen disguised enemies in the kingdom with selfish interests who should not be spared. [[Chanakya|Kautilya]] presents a detailed scheme to remove the enemies in the guise of friends. The Charvaka stalwart, Brihaspati, is more ancient than Kautilya and Somadeva. He appears to have been contemporaneous with the Harappa and Mohenjo-daro cultures.

Archaeological evidence regarding kings, priests, and palaces in the Harappa and [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjo-Daro]] excavations is limited.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-09 |title=The lost city of Mohenjo Daro |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/mohenjo-daro |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=History |language=en}}</ref> However, the presence of complex civilization and public facilities such as granaries and bathhouses, along with the existence of large cities, indicates the likelihood of centralized governance. The uniformity in the artifacts and brick sizes suggests that there was some form of centralized governance. Although speculation regarding social hierarchies and class structures is plausible, the absence of discernible elite burial sites also suggests that most citizens were almost equal in status.

===Antiquity to the 19th century===
Dating back to antiquity, states have required officials like pages, treasurers, and tax collectors to administer the practical business of government. Before the 19th century, the staffing of most public administrations was rife with nepotism, favoritism, and political patronage, which was often referred to as a "[[spoils system]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spoils system {{!}} Definition, Examples, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/spoils-system |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Public administrators have long been the "eyes and ears" of rulers. In medieval times, the abilities to read and write, as well as add and subtract were as dominated by the educated elite as public employment. Consequently, the need for expert civil servants whose ability to read and write formed the basis for developing expertise in such necessary activities as legal record-keeping, paying and feeding armies, and levying taxes. As the [[European imperialism|European imperialist age]] progressed and the military powers extended their hold over other continents and people, the need for a sophisticated public administration grew.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Basheka |first=B.C. |date=March 2012 |title=THE PARADIGMS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RE-EXAMINED: A REFLECTION |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC121371 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=25–67 |hdl=10520/EJC121371 |via=Sabinet African Journals}}</ref>

==== Roots in ancient China ====
The field of [[management]] may have originated in ancient [[China]],<ref name="Ewan Ferlie p.30">Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E. Lynn, Christopher Pollitt (2005) ''The Oxford Handbook of Public Management'', p.30.</ref> including, possibly, the first highly centralized bureaucratic state and the earliest (by the second century BC) example of a [[meritocracy]] based on [[Imperial examination|civil service tests]].<ref name="APHq">Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142. ''One of the oldest examples of a merit-based civil service system existed' in the imperial bureaucracy of China.''
* {{cite book|last1=Tan|first1=Chung|first2=Yinzheng|last2=Geng|title=India and China: twenty centuries of civilization interaction and vibrations|year=2005|publisher=University of Michigan Press|page=128|quote=China not only produced the world's first "bureaucracy", but also the world's first "meritocracy"}}
* {{cite book|last=Konner|first=Melvin|title=Unsettled: an anthropology of the Jews|url=https://archive.org/details/unsettledanthrop00konn|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Viking Compass|page=[https://archive.org/details/unsettledanthrop00konn/page/217 217]|isbn=9780670032440|quote=China is the world's oldest meritocracy}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tucker|first1=Mary Evelyn|year=2009|title=Touching the Depths of Things: Cultivating Nature in East Asia|journal=Ecology and the Environment: Perspectives from the Humanities|page=51|quote=To staff these institutions, they created the oldest meritocracy in the world, in which government appointments were based on civil service examinations that drew on the values of the Confucian Classics}}</ref> In regards to public administration, China was considered to be "advanced" compared to the rest of the world up until the end of the 18th century.

[[Thomas Taylor Meadows]], the British consul in [[Guangzhou]], argued in his ''Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China'' (1847) that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only."<ref name="Bodde" /> Influenced by the ancient Chinese imperial examination, the [[Northcote–Trevelyan Report]] of 1854 recommended that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, and promotion should be through achievement rather than "preferment, patronage, or purchase".<ref>[http://www.civilservant.org.uk/northcotetrevelyan.pdf Full text of the Northcote-Trevelyan Report] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222072511/http://www.civilservant.org.uk/northcotetrevelyan.pdf |date=22 December 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Bodde">{{cite web|last=Bodde|first=Derke|title=China: A Teaching Workbook|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/song/readings/inventions_ideas.htm|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> This led to implementation of [[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] as a systematic, meritocratic civil service bureaucracy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Walker|first=David|title=Fair game|work=The Guardian|date=2003-07-09|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2003/jul/09/publicsector.guardiansocietysupplement|access-date =2003-07-09|location=London, UK}}</ref> Like the British, the development of French bureaucracy was influenced by the Chinese system. [[Voltaire]] claimed that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and [[François Quesnay]] advocated an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mark W. Huddleston |author2=William W. Boyer |title=The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre |isbn=0822974738 |page=15}}</ref> French civil service examinations adopted in the late 19th century were also heavily based on general cultural studies. These features have been likened to the earlier Chinese model.<ref name="rung">{{cite book |last1=Rung |first1=Margaret C. |title=Servants of the State: Managing Diversity & Democracy in the Federal Workforce, 1933–1953 |date=2002 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=0820323624 |pages=8,200–201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucVgkbmqynUC}}</ref>

Though Chinese administration cannot be traced to any one individual, figures of the [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Fa-Jia]] emphasizing a [[merit system]], like [[Shen Buhai]] (400–337 BC), may have had the most influence, and could be considered its founders, if they are not valuable as rare pre-modern examples of the abstract theory of administration. Creel writes that, in Shen Buhai, there are the "seeds of the [[civil service examination]]", and that, if one wishes to exaggerate, it would "no doubt be possible to translate Shen Buhai's term Shu, or technique, as 'science'", and argue that he was the first political scientist, though Creel does "not care to go this far".<ref>Creel, What Is Taoism?, 94
* Creel, 1974 p.4, 119 Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C.
* Creel 1964: 155–6
* Herrlee G. Creel, 1974 p.119. Shen Pu-Hai: A Secular Philosopher of Administration, Journal of Chinese Philosophy Volume 1.
* Paul R. Goldin, p.16 Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism. https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_</ref>

==== Europe in the 18th century ====
In the 18th century, [[Frederick William I of Prussia|King Frederick William I of Prussia]] created professoriates in [[Kameralism|Cameralism]] in order to train a new class of public administrators. The universities of [[Frankfurt an der Oder]] and the [[University of Halle]] were [[Prussia]]n institutions emphasizing economic and social disciplines, with the goal of societal reform. [[Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi]] was a well-known professor of [[Cameralism]].

[[Lorenz von Stein]], an 1855 German professor from Vienna, is considered the founder of the science of public administration in many parts of the world. {{citation needed|date=August 2024}} In the time of Von Stein, public administration was considered a form of administrative law, but Von Stein believed this concept was too restrictive. Von Stein taught that public administration relies on many pre-established disciplines such as [[sociology]], political science, [[administrative law]], and [[public finance]]. He called public administration an integrating science and stated that public administrators should be concerned with both theory and practice. He argued that public administration is a science because knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific method.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===In the United States===
[[File:Woodrow Wilson (Nobel 1919).jpg|thumb|[[Woodrow Wilson]]]]
The father of public administration in the US is considered to be [[Woodrow Wilson]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stivers |first1=C |last2=McDonald |first2=B. D. |year=2023 |title=Teaching Public Administration Historically |journal=Journal of Public Affairs Education |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=275–279 |doi=10.1080/15236803.2023.2205805}}</ref> He first formally recognized public administration in an 1887 article entitled "[[The Study of Administration]]". The future president wrote that "it is the object of administrative study to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and, secondly, how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or energy."<ref name="Wilson">Wilson, Woodrow. June 1887. "[[The Study of Administration]]", ''Political Science Quarterly'' 2.</ref>

By the 1920s, scholars of public administration had responded to Wilson's solicitation and textbooks in this field were introduced. Distinguished scholars of that period include [[Luther Gulick (social scientist)|Luther Gulick]], [[Lyndall Urwick]], [[Henri Fayol]], and [[Frederick Winslow Taylor|Frederick Taylor]]. Taylor argued in ''[[The Principles of Scientific Management]],'' that scientific analysis would lead to the discovery of the "[a] best way" to do things or carry out an operation. Taylor's technique was introduced to private industrialists, and later to various government organizations.<ref name="JeongChun">{{cite book |first1=Chun Hai |last1=Jeong |first2=Nor Fadzlina |last2=Nawi |year=2007 |title=Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Karisma Publications |isbn=978-983-195-253-5}}</ref>

[[Image:Exec bldg.JPG|right|thumb|The [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]] at night]]
In 1937, the [[Brownlow Committee]], which was a presidentially commissioned panel of [[political science]] and public administration experts, recommended sweeping changes to the executive branch of the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]], including the creation of the Executive Office of the President. Based on these recommendations, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1939 lobbied Congress to approve the [[Reorganization Act of 1939]]. The Act led to Reorganization Plan No. 1,<ref name="Plan1">{{cite news |last= Roosevelt |first= Franklin D. |url= http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15748 |title= Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act |date= April 25, 1939 |department= John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters |work= The American Presidency Project |location= Santa Barbara |publisher= University of California |access-date=May 6, 2011}}</ref> which created the office,<ref name="Mosher">{{cite book |last= Mosher |first= Frederick C. |title= American Public Administration: Past, Present, Future |edition= 2nd |location= Birmingham |publisher= University of Alabama Press |year= 1975 |isbn= 0817348298}}</ref> which reported directly to the president.

The [[American Society for Public Administration]] (ASPA), the leading professional group for public administration was founded in 1939. ASPA sponsors the journal [[Public Administration Review]], which was founded in 1940.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/ASPAgeneral.cfm |title=Our Web Site Has Moved! |publisher=Aspanet.org |access-date=2014-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203193218/http://www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/ASPAgeneral.cfm |archive-date=2011-12-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[National Academy of Public Administration (United States)|National Academy of Public Administration]] (NAPA) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental, non-partisan organization. As a [[Congressional charter|congressionally chartered]] [[national academy]], its mission is to produce independent research and studies that advance the field of public administration and facilitate the development, adoption, and implementation of solutions to government's most significant challenges.<ref>''[https://napawash.org/who-we-are Who We Are]'' ''National Academy of Public Administration'' Retrieved March 12, 2025.</ref>

==== 1940s ====
[[File:Luther Gulick (social scientist).jpg|thumb|left|[[Luther Gulick (social scientist)|Luther Gulick]] (1892–1993) was an expert on public administration.]]

The separation of politics and administration advocated by Wilson continues to play a significant role in public administration today. However, the dominance of this dichotomy was challenged by second-generation scholars, beginning in the 1940s. [[Luther Gulick (social scientist)|Luther Gulick]]'s fact-value dichotomy was a key contender for Wilson's proposed [[politics-administration dichotomy]]. In place of Wilson's first generation split, Gulick advocated a "seamless web of discretion and interaction".<ref>Fry, Brian R. 1989. Mastering Public Administration; from Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. Chatham, New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, Inc. p. 80</ref>

Luther Gulick and [[Lyndall Urwick]] are two second-generation scholars. Gulick, Urwick, and the new generation of administrators built on the work of contemporary behavioral, administrative, and organizational scholars including [[Henri Fayol]], [[Fredrick Winslow Taylor]], Paul Appleby, Frank Goodnow, and Willam Willoughby. The new generation of organizational theories no longer relied upon logical assumptions and generalizations about human nature like classical and enlightened theorists.

Gulick developed a comprehensive, generic theory of organization that emphasized the scientific method, efficiency, professionalism, structural reform, and executive control. Gulick summarized the duties of administrators with an acronym; [[POSDCORB]], which stands for planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting. Fayol developed a systematic, 14-point treatment of private management. Second-generation theorists drew upon private management practices for administrative sciences. A single, generic management theory bleeding the borders between the private and the public sector was thought to be possible. With the general theory, the administrative theory could be focused on governmental organizations. The mid-1940s theorists challenged Wilson and Gulick. The politics-administration dichotomy remained the center of criticism.

==== 1950s - 1970s ====
During the 1950s, the United States experienced prolonged prosperity and solidified its place as a world leader. Public Administration experienced a kind of heyday due to the successful war effort and successful post-war reconstruction in Western Europe and Japan. Government was popular as was President Eisenhower. In the 1960s and 1970s, the government itself came under fire as ineffective, inefficient, and largely a wasted effort. The costly [[Vietnam War|American intervention in Vietnam]] along with domestic scandals including the bugging of Democratic Party headquarters (the 1974 [[Watergate]] scandal) are two examples of self-destructive government behavior that alienated citizens.
[[File:B-52D(061127-F-1234S-017).jpg|thumb|right|The costly [[Vietnam War]] alienated U.S. citizens from their government. Pictured is [[Operation Arc Light]], a U.S. bombing operation.]]

There was a call by citizens for efficient administration to replace ineffective, wasteful bureaucracy. Public administration would have to distance itself from politics to answer this call and remain effective. Elected officials supported these reforms. The [[Hoover Commission]], chaired by University of Chicago professor [[Louis Brownlow]], examines the reorganization of government. Brownlow subsequently founded the Public Administration Service (PAS) at the university, an organization that provided consulting services to all levels of government until the 1970s.

Concurrently, after [[World War II]], the entire concept of public administration expanded to include policy making and analysis, thus the study of "administrative policy making and analysis" was introduced and enhanced into the government decision-making bodies. Later on, the human factor became a predominant concern and emphasis in the study of public administration. This period witnessed the development and inclusion of other social sciences knowledge, predominantly, psychology, anthropology, and sociology, into the study of public administration (Jeong, 2007).<ref name="JeongChun" /> Henceforth, the emergence of scholars such as [[Fritz Morstein Marx]], with his book ''The Elements of Public Administration'' (1946), Paul H. Appleby ''Policy and Administration'' (1952), Frank Marini 'Towards a New Public Administration' (1971), and others that have contributed positively in these endeavors.

Stimulated by events during the 1960s such as an active civil rights movement, the Vietnam War and war protests, assassinations of a president and civil rights leaders, and an active women's movement, public administration changed course somewhat. Landmark legislation such as the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]] and the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] also gave public administrators new responsibilities. These events were manifest in the public administration profession through the new public administration movement. "Under the stimulating patronage of Dwight Waldo, some of the best of the younger generation of scholars challenged the doctrine they had received".<ref>Schick, A. (1975). The trauma of politics: public administration in the sixties. In Mosher, F. (Ed.),
American Public Administration: Past, Present, Future, pp. 142–80. University of Alabama Press (p. 161).</ref> These new scholars demanded more policy-oriented public administrators that incorporated "four themes: relevance, values, equity, and change".<ref>Schick, A. (1975). The trauma of politics: public administration in the sixties. In Mosher, F. (Ed.),
American Public Administration: Past, Present, Future, pp. 142–80. University of Alabama Press. (p. 162).</ref> All of these themes would encourage more participation among women and minorities.<ref name="Shields, P. M. 2022 pp.1 - 19">Shields, P. M., & Elias, N. M. (2022). Introduction to the Handbook on Gender and Public Administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.)Handbook on Gender and Public Administration. pp.1 – 19. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781789904727/9781789904727.00008.xml</ref>
Stimulated by the events of the '60s, the 1970s brought significant change to the American Society for Public Administration. Racial and ethnic minorities and women members organized to seek greater participation.<ref>Foye-Cox, N. (2006). Women in public administration: breaking new ground. In Felbinger, C. and
Haynes, W. (Eds.), Profiles of Outstanding Women in Public Administration, pp. 7–42. American
Society for Public Administration.</ref> Eventually, the Conference on Minority Public Administrators and the Section for Women in Public Administration were established.<ref>Rubin, M. (1990). Women in ASPA: the fifty-year climb toward equality. Public Administration Review,
50(2), 277–87.</ref>

==== 1980s - 1990s ====
In the late 1980s, yet another generation of public administration theorists began to displace the last. The new theory, which came to be called [[New Public Management]], was proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler in their book ''Reinventing Government''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Kamensky | first = John M. | title = Role of the "Reinventing Government" movement in Federal management reform | journal = [[Public Administration Review]] | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 247–55 | doi = 10.2307/976448 | jstor = 976448 | date = May–June 1996 }}</ref> The new model advocated the use of [[private sector]]-style models, organizational ideas and values to improve the efficiency and service-orientation of the public sector. During the [[Clinton Administration]] (1993–2001), Vice President [[Al Gore]] adopted and reformed federal agencies using NPM approaches. In the 1990s, new public management became prevalent throughout the bureaucracies of the US, the UK, and to a lesser extent, in Canada. The original public management theories have roots attributed to policy analysis, according to [[Richard Elmore]] in his 1986 article published in the "[[Journal of Policy Analysis and Management]]".<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Elmore | first = Richard F. | author-link = Richard Elmore | title = Graduate education in public management: working the seams of government | journal = [[Journal of Policy Analysis and Management]] | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–83 | doi = 10.1002/pam.4050060107 | date = 1986 }}</ref>

Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of splitting large bureaucracies into smaller, more fragmented agencies, encouraging competition between different public agencies, and encouraging competition between public agencies and private firms and using economic incentives lines (e.g., performance pay for senior executives or user-pay models).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Margetts | first1 = Helen | last2 = Dunleavy | first2 = Patrick | last3 = Bastow | first3 = Simon | last4 = Tinkler | first4 = Jane | author-link1 = Helen Margetts | author-link2 = Patrick Dunleavy | title = New public management is dead – long live digital-era governance | journal = [[Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory]] | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 467–94 | doi = 10.1093/jopart/mui057 | date = July 2006 | doi-access = free }}</ref> NPM treats individuals as "customers" or "clients" (in the private sector sense), rather than as citizens.<ref>[[Diane Stone]], (2008) "Global Public Policy, Transnational Policy Communities and their Networks", ''Journal of Policy Sciences''.</ref>

Some critics<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=John Clayton |date=November–December 2013 |title=Citizen, Customer, Partner: Rethinking the Place of the Public in Public Management |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42003125 |journal=Public Administration Review |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=786–796 |doi=10.1111/puar.12109 |jstor=42003125 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mathiasen |first=David |date=31 July 2000 |title=The new public management and its critics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1096749400874334 |journal=Elsevier |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=90–111 |doi=10.1016/S1096-7494(00)87433-4 |via=Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref> argue that the New Public Management concept of treating people as "customers" rather than "citizens" is an inappropriate borrowing from the private sector model, because businesses see customers as a means to an end (profit), rather than as the proprietors of government (the owners), opposed to merely the customers of a business (the patrons). In New Public Management, people are viewed as economic units not as democratic participants which is the hazard of linking an MBA (business administration, economic and employer-based model) too closely with the public administration (governmental, [[Public good (economics)|public good]]) sector. Nevertheless, the NPM model (one of four described by Elmore in 1986, including the "generic model") is still widely accepted at multiple levels of government (e.g., municipal, state/province, and federal) and in many OECD nations.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In the late 1990s, Janet and Robert Denhardt proposed a new public services model in response to the dominance of NPM.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Denhardt | first1 = Robert B. | last2 = Vinzant Denhardt | first2 = Janet | title = The new public service: serving rather than steering | journal = [[Public Administration Review]] | volume = 60 | issue = 6 | pages = 549–59 | doi = 10.1111/0033-3352.00117 | jstor = 977437 | date = November–December 2000 }}</ref> A successor to NPM is [[digital era governance]], focusing on themes of reintegrating government responsibilities, needs-based holism (executing duties in cursive ways), and digitalization (exploiting the transformational capabilities of modern IT and digital storage).

One example of the deployment of DEG is [[Open Forum (Australia)|openforum.com.au]], an Australian not-for-profit e-Democracy project that invites politicians, senior public servants, academics, business people, and other key stakeholders to engage in high-level policy debate. Another example is Brunei's Information Department in deploying Social Media technology to improve its Digital Governance process.<ref name=":3">Omar, A. M. (2020). Digital Era Governance and Social Media: The Case of Information Department Brunei. In Employing Recent Technologies for Improved Digital Governance (pp. 19–35). IGI Global.</ref> The book chapter work concludes that digital dividends can be secured through the effective application of Social Media within the framework of Digital Era Governance.<ref name=":3" />

Another new public service model is what has been called New Public Governance, an approach that includes a centralization of power; an increased number, role, and influence of partisan-political staff; personal-politicization of appointments to the senior public service; and, the assumption that the public service is promiscuously partisan for the government of the day.<ref>Aucoin, Peter (2008). "New Public Management and the Quality of Government: Coping with the New Political Governance in Canada", Conference on ''New Public Management and the Quality of Government'', SOG and the Quality of Government Institute, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, 13–15 November 2008, p. 14.</ref>

In the mid-1980s, the goal of community programs in the United States was often represented by terms such as independent living, [[community integration]], inclusion, community participation, [[deinstitutionalization]], and civil rights. Thus, the same public policy (and public administration) was to apply to all citizens, inclusive of disability. However, by the 1990s, categorical state systems were strengthened in the United States (Racino, in press, 2014), and efforts were made to introduce more disability content into the public policy curricula<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Elmore | first1 = Richard F. | last2 = Watson | first2 = Sara | last3 = Pfeiffer | first3 = David | author-link1 = Richard Elmore | title = A case for including disability policy issues in public policy curricula | journal = Journal of Policy Analysis and Management (Curriculum and Case Notes) | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–73 | doi = 10.2307/3325146 | date = 1992 | jstor = 3325146 }}</ref> with disability public policy (and administration) distinct fields in their own right.<ref>{{Citation | last = Zola | first = Irving K. | author-link = Irving Zola | contribution = Introduction | editor-last1 = Brown | editor-first1 = Susan T. | title = An Independent Living Approach to Disability Policy Studies | publisher = Research and Training Center on Public Policy And Independent Living, World Institute on Disability | location = Berkeley, CA | year = 1993 | oclc = 36404707 | postscript = .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Racino | first = Julie A. | title = Public administration and disability community services administration in the US | publisher = CRC Press | location = Boca Raton | year = 2015 | isbn = 9781466579828 }}</ref> Behaviorists have also dominated "intervention practice" (generally not the province of public administration) in recent years, believing that they are in opposition to generic public policy (termed [[ecological systems theory]], of the late [[Urie Bronfenbrenner]]).

Increasingly, public policy academics and practitioners have utilized the theoretical concepts of [[political economy]] to explain policy outcomes such as the success or failure of reform efforts or the persistence of suboptimal outcomes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Corduneanu-Huci |first1=Cristina |first2=Alexander |last2=Hamilton |first3=Issel |last3=Masses Ferrer |year=2012 |title=Understanding Policy Change: How to Apply Political Economy Concepts in Practice |publisher=The World Bank |location=Washington DC. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKShuAAACAAJ }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==== Women's civic clubs and the Settlement movement ====
Contemporary scholars <ref name="elgaronline.com">Shields, P. M., & Elias, N. M. (2022). Introduction to the ''Handbook on Gender and Public Administration''. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.)''Handbook on Gender and Public Administration''. pp.1 – 19. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781789904727/9781789904727.00008.xml</ref><ref name="Stivers, C. 2000">Stivers, C. (2000). ''Bureau Men, Settlement Women: Constructing Public Administration in the Progressive Era''. University Press of Kansas.</ref><ref>Burnier, D. (2008). Erased history: Frances Perkins and the emergence of care-centered public administration. ''Administration & Society'', 40(4), 403–22.</ref><ref>Burnier, D. (2022). The long road of administrative memory: Jane Addams, Frances Perkins and care-centered administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.),''Handbook on Gender and Public Administration''. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA, Edward Elgar Publishing.</ref> are reclaiming a companion public administration origin story that includes the contributions of women. This has become known as the "alternative" or "settlement" model of public administration.<ref name="elgaronline.com" /> During the 19th century upper-class women in the United States and Europe organized voluntary associations that worked to mitigate the excesses of urbanization and industrialization in their towns. Eventually, these voluntary associations became networks that were able to spearhead changes to policy and administration.<ref>Skocpol, T. (1992). ''Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States''. Harvard University Press.</ref><ref>Hunt, K. (2006). Women as citizens: changing the polity. In Simonton, D. (Ed.), ''The Routledge History of Women in Europe Since 1700'', pp. 216–58. Routledge.</ref> These women's civic clubs worked to make cities and workplaces safer (cleaner streets, water, sewage, and workplace. As well as workplace regulation) and more suited to the needs of their children (playgrounds, libraries, juvenile courts, child labor laws). These were administrative and policy spaces ignored by their fathers and husbands. The work of these clubs was amplified by newly organized non-profit organizations ([[Settlement houses|Settlement Houses]]), usually situated in industrialized city slums filled with immigrants.<ref name="Stivers, C. 2000" /><ref name="Shields, P. 2022">Shields, P. (2022). The origins of the settlement model of public administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.), ''Handbook on Gender and Public Administration''. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA, Edward Elgar Publishing.</ref><ref>Shields, P. (2017). Jane Addams: pioneer in American sociology, social work and public administration. In Shields, P. (Ed.), ''Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration'', pp. 43–67. Springer.</ref><ref name="doi.org">Burnier, D. (2021). Hiding in plain sight: recovering public administration's lost Legacy of social justice, ''Administrative Theory & Praxis'', https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2021.1891796.</ref>

Reforms that emerged from the [[New Deal]] (e.g., income for the old, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent children and the disabled, child labor prohibitions and limits on hours worked, etc.) were supported by leaders of the Settlement movement. Richard Stillman <ref>Stillman II, R. (1998). Creating the American State: The Moral Reformers and the Modern Administrative World They Made. University of Alabama Press p. 82.</ref> credits [[Jane Addams]], a key leader of the Settlement movement and a pioneer of public administration with "conceiving and spawning" the modern welfare state. The accomplishments of the Settlement movement and their conception of public administration were ignored in the early literature of public administration. The alternative model of Public Administration was invisible or buried for about 100 years until Camilla Stivers published ''Bureau Men and Settlement Women'' in 2000.<ref name="ReferenceB">Stivers, C. (2000). Bureau Men, Settlement Women: Constructing Public Administration in the Progressive Era. University Press of Kansas.</ref>

Settlement workers explicitly fought for social justice as they campaigned for reform.<ref name="doi.org" /> They sought policy changes that would improve the lives of immigrants, women, children, sick, old, and impoverished people. Both municipal housekeeping and industrial citizenship applied an ethic of care informed by the feminine experience of policy and administration.<ref>Burnier, D. (2022). The long road of administrative memory: Jane Addams, Frances Perkins and care-centered administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.), Handbook on Gender and Public Administration. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA, Edward Elgar Publishing.</ref> While they saw the relevance of the traditional public administration values (efficiency, effectiveness, etc.) and practices<ref>Schachter, H.L. (2002). Women, progressive-era reform, and scientific management. ''Administration & Society'', 34(5), 563–78.</ref><ref>Schachter, H.L. (2011). The New York School of Philanthropy, the Bureau of Municipal Research, and the trail of the missing women: a public administration history detective story. ''Administration & Society'', 43(1), 3–21.</ref> of their male reformist counterparts, they also emphasized social justice and social equity. Jane Addams, for example, was a founder of the [[NAACP|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP).<ref>Shields, P. (ed.)(2017) ''Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration'', Springer.</ref>

===== The Settlement Model of Public Administration =====
The Settlement movement and its leaders such as Jane Addams, [[Julia Lathrop]], and [[Florence Kelley]] were instrumental in crafting the alternative, feminine inspired, model of public administration.<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref>McGuire, J.T. (2011). Continuing an alternative view of public administration: Mary van Kleeck and industrial citizenship, 1918–1927. Administration & Society, 43(1), 66–86.</ref> This settlement model of public administration, had two interrelated components – municipal housekeeping and industrial citizenship.<ref name="Shields, P. 2022" /><ref name="Shields, P. M. 2022 pp.1 - 19" /> Municipal housekeeping<ref>Shields, P. (2017). Jane Addams: pioneer in American sociology, social work and public administration. In Shields, P. (Ed.), Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration, pp. 43–67. Springer.</ref> called for cities to be run like a caring home, the city should be conceived as an extension of the home where families could be safe and children cared for. Clean streets, clean water, playgrounds, educational curricular reform, and juvenile courts, are examples of reforms associated with this movement. Industrial citizenship <ref>Shields, Patricia (2023). 'Jane Addams and Public Administration: Clarifying Industrial Citizenship', in Patricia M. Shields, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams pp. 305–326. Oxford Academic https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.3</ref> focused on the problems and risks of labor force participation in a laissez-faire, newly industrialized economy. Reforms that mitigated workplace problems such as child labor, unsanitary workplaces, excessive work schedules, risks of industrial accidents, and old age poverty were the focus of these efforts. Organized settlement women's reform efforts led to workplace safety laws and inspections. Settlement reformers went on to serve as local, state, and federal administrators. Jane Addams was a garbage inspector, Florence Kelley served as the chief factory inspector for the State of Illinois, Julia Lathrop was the first director of the [[United States Women's Bureau|Women's Bureau]] and [[Francis Perkins]] was Secretary of Labor during the F. Roosevelt Administration<ref>Shields, P. (2022). The origins of the settlement model of public administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. (Eds.), Handbook on Gender and Public Administration. pp. 35–52. Edward Elgar Publishing</ref><ref>Burnier, D. (2008). Erased history: Frances Perkins and the emergence of care-centered public administration. Administration & Society, 40(4), 403–22.</ref><ref>Newman, M.A. (2004). Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins. In Felbinger, C. and Hanes, W. (Eds.), Outstanding Women in Public Administration: Leaders, Mentors, and Pioneers, pp. 83–102. Routledge.</ref>

==Branches==

=== Alternative names for the field ===

* Public administration
* Public policy and administration
* Public policy and public administration
* Public management<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master of Arts in Public Management |url=https://landing.advanced.jhu.edu/mapubmgmt/ |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=JHU AAP LP |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Policy management<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master of Policy Management - Georgetown McCourt School |url=https://mccourt.georgetown.edu/master-of-policy-management/ |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=McCourt School of Public Policy |language=en}}</ref>

=== Core branches ===
In academia, the field of public administration consists of several sub-fields. Scholars have proposed several different sets of sub-fields. One of the proposed models uses five "pillars":<ref name="Shafritz">Shafritz, J.M., A.C. Hyde. 2007. ''Classics of Public Administration''. Wadsworth: Boston.</ref>
* [[Organization theory|Organizational theory in public administration]] is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars inculcated in them.
* [[Public sector ethics|Ethics in public administration]] serves as a normative approach to decision making.
* [[Policy analysis]] and [[program evaluation]] serves as an empirical approach to decision making.
* Public budgeting and public finance
** [[Public budgeting]] is the activity within a government that seeks to allocate scarce resources among unlimited demands.
** [[Public finance]] is the study of the role of the government in the economy.<ref name="Public Finance and Public Policy2">{{cite book |last=Gruber |first=Jonathan |title=Public Finance and Public Policy |publisher=Worth Publications |year=2005 |isbn=0-7167-8655-9 |location=New York |pages=2}}</ref> It is the branch of economics that assesses the [[government revenue]] and [[government expenditure]] of the public authorities and the adjustment of one or the other to achieve desirable effects and avoid undesirable ones.<ref name="The Economics of Public Finance">{{cite book |author=Jain, P C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2AhEMv7qeoC&q=Public+finance+definition&pg=PA2 |title=The Economics of Public Finance |year=1974}}</ref>
* [[Human Resource Management in Public Administration|Human resource management]] is an in-house structure that ensures that public service staffing is done in an unbiased, ethical and values-based manner. The basic functions of the HR system are employee benefits, employee health care, compensation, and many more (e.g., human rights, [[Americans with Disabilities Act]]). The executives managing the HR director and other key departmental personnel are also part of the public administration system.

=== Other branches ===
* [[Nonprofit studies|Nonprofit management]] is research into and the practice of operating nonprofit organizations and their effects.
* [[Emergency management]] is the managerial function charged with creating the framework within which communities reduce [[vulnerability]] to hazards and cope with disasters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emergency Management Definition, Vision, Missions, Principles |url=https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/docs/emprinciples/0907_176%20em%20principles12x18v2f%20johnson%20(w-o%20draft).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005115917/http://www.training.fema.gov/hiedu/docs/emprinciples/0907_176%20em%20principles12x18v2f%20johnson%20(w-o%20draft).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 5, 2015 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=training.fema.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref>
* [[ Information Technology in Public Administration]]
Examines the role of IT in enhancing public sector operations, including e-governance and digital service delivery.
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/257008

==Academic field==
{{Further|Public policy school|Public policy degrees|Political science#Education}}

Universities can offer undergraduate and graduate degrees in Public Administration or Government, Political Science, and International Affairs with a concentration or specialization in Public Policy and Administration. Graduate degrees include the [[Master of Public Administration|Master of Public Administration (MPA)]] degree, a [[Master of Arts|Master of Arts (MA)]] or [[Master of Science|Master of Science (MS)]] in Public Administration (for the management tract), and the [[Master of Public Policy|Master of Public Policy (MPP)]], a Master of Arts (MA), or a Master of Science (MS) in Public Policy (for the research tract)

In the United States, the academic field of public administration draws heavily on political science and administrative law. Some MPA programs include economics courses to give students a background in micro-economic issues (markets, rationing mechanisms, etc.) and macroeconomic issues (e.g., national debt). Scholars such as [[John A. Rohr]] write of a long history behind the constitutional legitimacy of government bureaucracy.

One public administration scholar, Donald Kettl, argues that "public administration sits in a disciplinary backwater", because "for the last generation, scholars have sought to save or replace it with fields of study like implementation, public management, and formal bureaucratic theory".<ref name="h-net" /> Kettl states that "public administration, as a subfield within political science ... is struggling to define its role within the discipline".<ref name="h-net" /> He notes two problems with public administration: it "has seemed methodologically to lag behind" and "the field's theoretical work too often seems not to define it"-indeed, "some of the most interesting recent ideas in public administration have come from outside the field".<ref name="h-net" />

===Public administration theory and bureaucracy===
[[Public administration theory]] is the domain in which discussions of the meaning and purpose of government, the role of bureaucracy in supporting democratic governments, budgets, governance, and public affairs take place. In the 1920s the German sociologist [[Max Weber]] expanded the definition of bureaucracy to include any system of administration conducted by trained professionals according to fixed rules.<ref name= "google1">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KtFI15WCr_8C&pg=PA3 |title= Bureaucracy |first= David |last= Beetham |access-date= 26 May 2013 |isbn= 978-0816629398 |year= 1996|publisher= U of Minnesota Press }}</ref> Weber saw bureaucracy as a relatively positive development; however, by 1944 the [[Austria]]n economist [[Ludwig von Mises]] opined in the context of his experience in the [[Nazi]] regime that the term ''bureaucracy'' was "always applied with an opprobrious connotation",<ref name = "Mises">{{cite book|author=Ludwig von Mises|author-link=Ludwig von Mises|url=https://mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy.asp|access-date=12 October 2012|title=Bureaucracy|year=1944}}</ref> and by 1957 the American sociologist [[Robert K. Merton|Robert Merton]] suggested that the term ''[[bureaucrat]]'' had become an "[[epithet]], a {{Lang|de|Schimpfwort}}" in some circumstances.<ref name="Merton">{{cite book|author=Robert K. Merton|author-link=Robert K. Merton|title=Social Theory and Social Structure|url=http://www.sociosite.net/topics/texts/merton_bureaucratic_structure.php|access-date=12 October 2012|year=1957|publisher=Glencoe, IL;Free Press|pages=195–206|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227113532/http://www.sociosite.net/topics/texts/merton_bureaucratic_structure.php|archive-date=27 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The word ''bureaucracy'' is also used in politics and government with a disapproving tone to disparage official rules that appear to make it difficult—by insistence on procedure and compliance to rule, regulation, and law—to get things done. In workplaces, the word is used very often to blame complicated rules, processes, and written work that are interpreted as obstacles rather than safeguards and accountability assurances.<ref name="Cambridge1">{{cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bureaucracy|title=Meaning of bureaucracy in English |publisher=Cambridge.org}}</ref> Socio-bureaucracy would then refer to certain social influences that may affect the function of a society.<ref>{{cite journal |first = Franz |last = Wirl |date = July 1998 |title = Socio-economic typologies of bureaucratic corruption and implications |journal = Journal of Evolutionary Economics |volume = 8 |issue = 2 |pages = 199–220 |publisher = Springer-Verlag |doi = 10.1007/s001910050062 |s2cid = 154833892 }}</ref>

In modern usage, modern bureaucracy has been defined as comprising four features:<ref>
{{Cite book |last1= BARNETT |first1= Michael |title= Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics |last2= FINNEMORE |first2= Marftha |date= 2004 |publisher= Cornell University Press |isbn= 978-0-8014-4090-8 |pages= 17–18 |jstor= 10.7591/j.ctt7z7mx}}
</ref>
# hierarchy (clearly defined spheres of competence and divisions of labor)
# continuity (a structure where administrators have a full-time salary and advance within the structure)
# impersonality (prescribed rules and operating rules rather than arbitrary actions)
# expertise (officials are chosen according to merit, have been trained, and hold access to knowledge)

===Comparative public administration===
Comparative public administration or CPA is defined as the study of administrative systems in a comparative fashion or the study of public administration in other countries. Today, there is a section of the American Society for Public Administration that specializes in comparative administration. It is responsible for the annual Riggs Award for Lifetime Achievement in International and Comparative Public Administration.

There have been several issues that have hampered the development of comparative public administration, including the major differences between Western countries and developing countries; the lack of curriculum on this sub-field in public administration programs; and the lack of success in developing theoretical models that can be scientifically tested. Even though CPA is a weakly formed field as a whole, this sub-field of public administration is an attempt at cross-cultural analysis, a "quest for patterns and regularities of administrative action and behavior."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jreisat|first=Jamil E.|date=2005-03-01|title=Comparative Public Administration Is Back In, Prudently|journal=Public Administration Review|language=en|volume=65|issue=2|pages=231–42|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00447.x|s2cid=154592957 |issn=1540-6210}}</ref> CPA is an integral part to the analysis of public administration techniques. The process of comparison allows for more widely applicable policies to be tested in a variety of situations.

Comparative public administration lacks a curriculum, which has prevented it from becoming a major field of study. This lack of understanding of the basic concepts that build this field's foundation has ultimately led to its lack of use. For example, William Waugh, a professor at Georgia State University has stated "Comparative studies are difficult because of the necessity to provide enough information on the sociopolitical context of national administrative structures and processes for readers to understand why there are differences and similarities."<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Comparative Politics: Review of ''Comparative Bureaucratic Systems,'' Tummala, Krishna K., ed.| last = Waugh Jr.| first=William L. |journal = Perspectives on Political Science|location = Philadelphia|volume= 33|issue= 2|date = Spring 2004|page = 119|doi =10.1080/10457090409600740|s2cid=220344433}}</ref> He also asserts, "Although there is sizable literature on comparative public administration it is scattered and dated."<ref name=":0" />

=== Bachelor's degrees, academic concentrations, and academic minors ===
{{See also|Bachelor's degree|Bachelor of Arts|Bachelor of Science|Academic concentration|Academic minor|Student organization}}
{{Missing information||Bachelor's degrees and undergraduate concentrations, but information on this within the article is missing|date=July 2022}}
Universities offer undergraduate level bachelor's degrees in Public Administration or Government, Political Science, and International Affairs with an academic concentration or specialization in Public Policy and Administration. At several universities undergraduate-level public administration and non-profit management education is packaged together (along with international relations and security studies) in a degree in political science.

===Master's degrees===
{{See also|Master of Public Administration|Master of Public Policy|Master of Public Policy and Administration|Master of Nonprofit Organizations|Master of Arts|Master of Science}}
Some public administration programs have similarities to [[business administration]] programs, in cases where the students from both the Master's in Public Administration (MPA) and Master's in Business Administration (MBA) programs take many of the same courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between public and private administration? |url=https://www.cmich.edu/blog/all-things-higher-ed/difference-between-public-and-private-administration |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.cmich.edu |language=en}}</ref>
[[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) is a postgraduate degree focused on business principles, management, and leadership skills, typically aimed at preparing students for managerial roles in the private sector. Master of Public Administration (MPA) is a postgraduate degree focused on the theory and practice of public administration, management, and policy.

===Doctoral degrees===
{{See also|Doctor of Public Administration|}}

There are two types of doctoral degrees in public administration: the Doctor of Public Administration (DPA) and the [[Ph.D.]] in public administration. The DPA is an applied-research doctoral degree in the field of public administration, focusing on the practice of public administration more than on its theoretical aspects. The Ph.D. is typically sought by individuals aiming to become professors of public administration or researchers. Individuals pursuing a Ph.D. in public administration often pursue more theoretical dissertation topics than their DPA counterparts.

===Notable scholars===
{{main|List of notable public administration scholars}}

Notable scholars of public administration have come from a wide range of fields. In the period before public administration existed as its own independent sub-discipline of political science, scholars contributing to the field came from economics, sociology, management, political science, legal—specifically administrative law—and other related fields. More recently, scholars from public administration and public policy have contributed important studies and theories.

=== Notable Institutions ===
{{Further|Public policy school}}For notable institutions, see the Bharatpedia article on [[public policy school]]s.

==International organizations==
There are a number of international public administration organizations. The Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management (CAPAM) includes the 56 member states of the Commonwealth from India and the UK to Nauru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-15 |title=Commonwealth {{!}} History, Members, Purpose, Countries, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The oldest organization is the [[International Institute of Administrative Sciences]] (IIAS), founded in 1930, in Brussels, Belgium. Another body, the International Committee of the US-based [[Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration]] (NASPAA), has developed several relationships around the world. They include sub regional and National forums like CLAD, INPAE and NISPAcee, APSA, ASPA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.GlobalMPA.net |title=NASPAA International Web Portal |publisher=Globalmpa.net |access-date=2014-08-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517102057/http://globalmpa.net/ |archive-date=2014-05-17 }}</ref>

The Center for Latin American Administration for Development (CLAD), based in Caracas, Venezuela, is a regional network of schools of public administration set up by the governments in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clad.org.ve/ |title=CLAD |publisher=CLAD |date=2007-08-29 |access-date=2017-04-29 |archive-date=2017-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718145315/http://www.clad.org.ve/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

NISPAcee is a network of experts, scholars and practitioners who work in the field of public administration in central Europe and Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation and the Caucasus and Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Floyd |last1=Studio |first2= Ján |last2=Andruch |url=http://www.nispa.sk/_portal/homepage.php|title=Homepage – NISPAcee Information Portal|work=nispa.sk}}</ref>

[[Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration]] (EROPA) is a state-membership based organization, open to other organizations and individuals, headquartered in the Philippines with centers and membership organized around the Asia Pacific region. EROPA organizes annual conferences and publishes a journal ''Asian Review of Public Administration'' (ARPA). It has several centers in the region, and assists in networking experts with its members.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration|url=http://www.eropa.org.ph|website=Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>

==Public management==

"Public management" is an approach to government administration and nonprofit administration that resembles or draws on private-sector management and business techniques and approaches. These business approaches often aim to maximize efficiency and effectiveness and provide improved customer service. A contrast is drawn with the study of public administration, which emphasizes the social and cultural drivers of government that many contend (e.g., [[Graham T. Allison]] and [[Charles Goodsell]]) makes it different from the private sector.<ref name="Raczkowski 2016 15">{{Cite book|last=Raczkowski|first=Konrad|title=Public management : theory and practice|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=978-3-319-20312-6|location=Cham, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London|pages=15|oclc=914254547}}</ref> A positive and negative definition of public management have been proposed. The positive approach as: "praxeological and rightful process of public service for citizens for the sake of their and following generations good through strengthening mutual relationships, competitiveness of national economy and practical increase of social utility through effective allocation of public resources".<ref name="Raczkowski 2016 15"/> Negative approach as: "Fiction, whose aim is the possibility of temporal or permanent appropriation of public goods for the implementation of the particular interests of a narrow social group".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sánchez-Bayón |first=Antonio |url=https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2023-0015 |title=Digital transition and readjustmen on EU tourism industry. Studies in Business and Economics, 18(1): 275-297. |date=14 July 2023 |edition=18º |location=reference global |doi=10.2478/sbe-2023-0015 }}</ref> Studying and teaching about public management are widely practiced in [[developed nation]]s<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sánchez-Bayón |first1=Antonio |last2=Sastre |first2=F. Javier |last3=Sánchez |first3=Luis Isasi |date=2025-07-01 |title=Public management of digitalization into the Spanish tourism services: a heterodox analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00753-1 |journal=Review of Managerial Science |language=en |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=2235–2253 |doi=10.1007/s11846-024-00753-1 |issn=1863-6691|hdl=10115/35130 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Organizations===
Many entities study public management in particular, in various countries, including:
* In the US, the American Society for Public Administration. Indiana University Bloomington
* In Canada, the [http://www.ipac.ca Institute of Public Administration of Canada], the ''[http://www.observatoire.enap.ca Observatoire de l'Administration publique]'', and various projects of the [[Federation of Canadian Municipalities]] and [[Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada]]
* In the UK, [https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/government/departments/local-government-studies/index.aspx Institute of Local Government Studies], INLOGOV, [[Newcastle Business School]], [[Warwick Business School]], the [[London School of Economics]], [[University College London]], the [[UK local democracy project]] and [[Public health observatory|London Health Observatory]].
* In the Netherlands, [[Erasmus University Rotterdam]]
* In Australia, the [http://www.ipaa.org.au Institute of Public Administration Australia].
* In France, the {{lang|fr|[[École nationale d'administration]]|italic=no}}, the [[Sciences Po]] School of Public Affairs, the [[:en:Institut national des études territoriales|INET]], National Institute of Territorial Studies, and the {{ill|IMPGT|fr|Institut de management public et de gouvernance territoriale|vertical-align=sup}}, Institute of Public Management and Territorial Governance in Aix-en-Provence, Aix-Marseille University.
* In Belgium, the [http://soc.kuleuven.be/io/english/ Public Governance Institute], [[KU Leuven]].
* In Germany, the [[German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer]], the [[Hertie School of Governance]], the Bachelor and Master of [https://www.zu.de/pair Politics, Administration & International Relations (PAIR)] at the [[Zeppelin University|Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen]], and the Bachelor and Master of Public Policy & Management and the Executive Public Management Master of [[University of Potsdam]].
* In Switzerland, the [[University of Geneva]] and the [[Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration|Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration (IDHEAP)]].
* In Italy, the [[SDA Bocconi School of Management]], the graduate business school of [[Bocconi University]] in Milan.
* In Cyprus, the [[Cyprus International Institute of Management]].
* In Ireland, the Institute of Public Administration, Dublin.
* In South Africa, [[Regenesys Business School]] through the Regenesys School of Public Management and MANCOSA.

Comparative public management, through [[government performance auditing]], examines the efficiency and effectiveness of two or more governments.

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Administration (government)]]
* [[Administrative discretion]]
* [[Budgeting]]
* [[Bureaucracy]]
* [[Civil society]]
* [[Community services]]
** [[Max Weber]]
* [[Doctor of Public Administration]]
* [[List of Public Administration Journals]]
* [[List of public administration schools]]
* [[Master of Public Administration]]
* [[Municipal government]]
* [[Official]]
* [[Political science]]
* [[Politics]]
* [[Professional administration]]
* Public policy
* [[Policy Studies]]
* [[Public policy schools]]
* [[Social policy]]
* [[Teleadministration]]
* [[Theories of administration]]
* [[The Study of Administration]]
{{div col end}}

===Societies===
{{Div col}}
* International Institute of Administrative Sciences
* American Society for Public Administration
* [[Chinese Public Administration Society]]
* [[Dutch Association for Public Administration]]
* [[Indian Institute of Public Administration]]
* [[Joint University Council of the Applied Social Sciences]]
* [[Korea Institute of Public Administration]]
* [[Royal Institute of Public Administration]]

{{div col end}}

===Public management academic resources===
* [[Public Policy and Administration]], {{ISSN|1749-4192}}, (electronic) {{ISSN|0952-0767}} (print), [[SAGE Publications]] and Joint University Council of the Applied Social Sciences
* International Journal of Public Sector Management, {{ISSN|0951-3558}}, Emerald Group Publishing
* Public Management Review, {{ISSN|1471-9045}} (electronic) {{ISSN|1471-9037}} (paper) [[Routledge]]
* Public Works Management & Policy, {{ISSN|1552-7549}} (electronic) {{ISSN|1087-724X}} (paper), [[SAGE Publications]]
* [[Public Administration and Development]], {{ISSN|1099-162X}}, [[Wiley (publisher)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite NIE |last=Kirchwey |first=George W. |author-link=George W. Kirchwey |wstitle=Civil Administration |year=1905 }}

==Further reading==
* Dubois, H.F.W. & Fattore, G. (2009), 'Definitions and typologies in public administration research: the case of decentralization', International Journal of Public Administration, 32(8): 704–27.
* Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2007). ''Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction.'' Kuala Lumpur: Karisma Publications. {{ISBN|978-983-195-253-5}}
* Smith, Kevin B. and Licari, Michael J. (2006) ''Public Administration – Power and Politics in the Fourth Branch of Government'', LA: Roxbury Pub. Co. {{ISBN|1-933220-04-X}}
* White, Jay D. and Guy B. Adams. ''Research in public administration: reflections on theory and practice''. 1994.
* Donald Menzel and Harvey White (eds) 2011. ''The State of Public Administration: Issues, Challenges and Opportunity''. New York: M. E. Sharpe.

===Public management===
* Janicke, M. (1990). ''State Failure''. Cambridge: Polity Press.
* Kanter, R. M. (1985). ''The Change Masters: Corporate Entrepreneurs at Work''. Hemel Hempstead: Unwin Paperbacks.
* Lane, R. E. (1991). ''The Market Experience''. New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Lynn, L. E. Jr. (1996). "Public Management as Art, Science, and Profession." Chatham House, CQ Press.
* Lynn, L. E. Jr. (2006). "Public Management: Old and New." Routledge.
* Raczkowski, K. (2016). "Public Management: Theory and Practice." Springer

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}

{{Social sciences|state=collapsed}}
{{Public services |state=collapsed}}
{{Civil service |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=November 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Public Administration}}
[[Category:Public administration| ]]
[[Category:Management education]]
[[Category:Public policy]]
[[Category:Subfields of political science]]

List of Kannada-language films

2026-03-21T11:47:47Z

SoniaBlankinship: reworked information further and fixed typos

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is an alphabetical list of the [[Kannada]] feature films released by the [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film Industry]]
{{Sandalwood films}}
{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes}}

==0–9==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[18th Cross]]'' (2012)
* ''[[27 Mavalli Circle]]'' (1986)
* ''[[1st Rank Raju (2015 film)|1st Rank Raju]]'' (2015)
* ''[[No 73, Shanthi Nivasa]]'' (2007)
* ''[[6-5=2]]'' (2013)
* ''[[8MM Bullet]]'' (2018)
* ''[[777 Charlie]]'' (2022)
* ''[[121 (film)|121#]]'' (2018)
{{div col end}}

==A==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
*''[[Addhuri]]'' (2012)
*''[[A (1998 Kannada film)|A]]'' (1998)
*''A to Z'' (1998)
*''[[A. K. 47 (film)|A. K. 47]]'' (1999)
*''[[Aaru Mooru Ombhatthu]]'' (1970)
*''[[Aacya]]''
*''Aadarshasathi'' (1955)
*''[[Aadithya]]'' (1996)
*''[[Aaganthuka]]'' (1987)
*''[[Aaghaatha]]'' (1995)
*''Aaha'' (1999)
*''Aaha Brahmachari'' (1993)
*''Aaha Nanna Maduveyanthe'' (1999)
*''[[Aahuti (1985 film)|Aahuti]]'' (1985)
*''[[Aakasmika]]'' (1993)
*''[[Aakramana]]'' (2014)
*''Aakrosha'' (1983)
*''[[Aalemane]]'' (1981)
*''[[Aanand (1986 film)|Aanand]]'' (1986)
*''[[Ananda Bhairavi (film)|Aananda Bhairavi]]'' (1983)
*''[[Aananda Bhashpa]]''
*''[[Aananda Jyoti]]''
*''[[Aananda Kanda]]''
*''[[Aananda Sagara]]''
*''[[Aapathbandhava]]'' (1987)
*''[[Apthamitra]]'' (2004)
*''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010)
*''[[Aarada Gaaya]]'' (1980)
*''[[Aaradhane]]'' (1984)
*''[[Aarambha (1987 film)|Aarambha]]'' (1987)
*''[[Aarambha]]'' (2015)
*''[[Aase (film)|Aase]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Aase Abhilashe]]''
*''[[Aase Pooraisu]]'' (1997)
*''[[Aasegobba Meesegobba]]'' (1990)
*''[[Aaseya Bale]]'' (1987)
*''[[Aasha (Kannada film)|Aasha]]''
*''[[Aasha Jyothi]]''
*''[[Aasha Kirana]]''
*''[[Aasha Sundari]]'' (1960)
*''[[Aashadaboothi]]'' (1955)
*''[[Aasheervada]]''
*''[[Aasphota]]'' (1988)
*''[[Aata Bombata]]'' (1990)
*''[[Aata Hudugaata]]'' (1995)
*''[[Aathanka]]'' (1993)
*''[[Aathma Bandhana]]'' (1992)
*''[[Aathma Shakthi]]'' (1978)
*''[[Aavesha]]'' (1990)
*''[[Abachurina Post Office]]'' (1973)
*''[[Abale]]'' (1988)
*''[[Abba aa Hudugi]]''
*''[[Abhi (2003 film)|Abhi]]'' (2003)
*''[[Abhijith]]'' (1993)
*''[[Abhimana (1989 film)|Abhimana]]'' (1989)
*''[[Abhimanyu (1990 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1990)
*''[[Abhinethri]]'' (1999)
*''[[Accident (1984 film)|Accident]]'' (1984)
*''[[Accident (2008 film)|Accident]]'' (2008)
*''[[Adalu Badalu]]'' (1979)
*''[[Adda Dari]]'' (1968)
*''[[Ade Hrudaya, Ade Mamathe]]''
*''[[Ade Kannu]]'' (1985)
*''[[Ade Raga Ade Hadu]]'' (1989)
*''[[Adhipati (1994 film)|Adhipati]]'' (1994)
*''[[Adhipatra]]''(2025)
*''[[Adu (film)|Adu]]'' (2003)
*''[[Adjustment (film)|Adjustment]]'' (1992)
*''[[Adrushta Rekhe]]'' (1989)
*''[[Adrushtavantha]]'' (1982)
*''[[Africadalli Sheela]]'' (1986)
*''After Breakup''(2025)
*''[[Aghora (film)|Aghora]]''
*''[[Agni Divya]]'' (1990)
*''[[Agni IPS]]'' (1997)
*''[[Agni Kanye]]''
*''[[Agni Panjara]]'' (1992)
*''[[Agni Pareekshe]]''
*''[[Agni Parva]]''
*''Agni Sakshi''
*''[[Aidu Beralu]]''
*''[[Aishwarya (2006 film)|Aishwarya]]'' (2006)
*''[[Ajagajantara (1991 film)|Ajagajantara]]'' (1991)
*''[[Ajay (2006 film)|Ajay]]''
*''[[Ajay Vijay]]''
*''[[Ajeya]]'' (1985)
*''[[Ajith (film)|Ajith]]'' (2014)
*''[[Ajnathavasa]]'' (1984)
*''[[Aakash (film)|Aakash]]'' (2005)
*''[[Akhanda Bramhacharigalu]]''
*''[[Aleemayya]]''
*''[[Aleaxander (Kannada film)|Alexander]]''
*''[[Aliya Alla Magala Ganda]]''
*''[[Aliya devaru]]''
*''[[Aliya Geleya]]''
*''[[Aliya Mane Tholiya]]''
*''[[Allah Neene Neene Eshwara]]''
*''[[Alle Irodu Nodi]]''
*''[[Alli Ramachari Illi Brahmachari]]''
*''[[Aluku (film)|Aluku]]'' (1978)
*''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (Kannada film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]''
*''[[Amara Bharathi]]''
*''[[Amara Jyothi]]''
*''[[Amara Madhura Prema]]''
*''[[Amara Prema]]''
*''[[Amarajeevi (1965 film)|Amarajeevi]]'' (1965)
*''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (1964 film)|Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'' (1964)
*''[[Amarnath (film)|Amarnath]]'' (1978)
*''[[America America (1995 film)|America America]]'' (1995)
*''[[Amma (1968 film)|Amma]]'' (1968)
*''[[Ammavara Ganda]]''
*''[[Amrutha Bindu]]''
*''[[Amrutha Dhare (2005 film)|Amrutha Dhare]]'' (2005)
*''[[Amrutha Sindhu]]''
*''[[Amrutha Ghalige]]'' (1984)
*''[[Amrutha Varshini]]'' (1997)
*''Anamika'' (1987)
*''[[Anatharu]]'' (2007)
*''[[Anamadheya Ashok Kumar]]''(2025)
*''Anantha Prema'' (1990)
*''[[Anantana Avantara|Ananthana Avanthara]]'' (1989)
*''Ananthara'' (1989)
*''Anatha Rakshaka'' (1991)
*''Andada Aramane'' (1982)
*''[[Andaman (1998 film)|Andaman]]'' (1998)
*''Angaili Apsare'' (1993)
*''[[Ani Ani]]''
*''Anireekshitha'' (1970)
*''[[Anjada Gandu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Anjada Gandu (2014 film)|Anjada Gandu]]'' (2014)
*''[[Anjani Putra]]'' (2017)
*''Anna Andare Nammanna'' (1997)
*''[[Anna Attige]]'' (1974)
*''[[Anna Thamma]]'' (1968)
*''[[Anna Thangi (2005 film)|Anna Thangi]]'' (2005)
*''[[Annayya (1993 film)|Annayya]]'' (1993)
*''[[Annaji]]''
*''[[Annapoorna (film)|Annapoorna]]'' (1964)
*''[[Annavara Makkalu]]''
*''[[Antha (film)|Antha]]'' (1981)
*''[[Antharala]]''
*''[[Amrutha Vani]]''
*''[[Anthargami]]''
*''[[Anthima Ghatta]]''
*''[[Anthima Theerpu (1987 film)|Anthima Theerpu]]''
*''[[Anthintha Gandu Nanalla]]''
*''[[Anubhava (film)|Anubhava]]'' (1984)
*''[[Anugraha (film)|Anugraha]]'' (1971)
*''[[Anukulakkobba Ganda]]''
*''[[Anupama (1981 film)|Anupama]]''
*''[[Anuradha (1960 film)|Anuradha]]''
*''[[Anuraga Aralithu (1986 film)|Anuraga Aralithu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Anuraga Bandhana]]''
*''[[Anuraga Devathe]]''
*''[[Anuraga Sangama]]'' (1995)
*''[[Anuraga Spandana]]'' (not released)
*''[[Anuraga Swaradali Apaswara]]''
*''[[Anuragada Alegalu]]'' (1993)
*''[[Anurakthe]]''
*''[[Anurupa]]''
*''[[Anveshane]]'' (1983)
*''[[Aparadhi (1976 film)|Aparadhi]]'' (1976)
*''[[Aparadhi Nanalla]]''
*''[[Aparajithe]]''
*''[[Aparanji]]''
*''[[Aparichita]]'' (1978)
*''[[Aparupada Kathe]]''
*''[[Aparupada Athithigalu]]''
*''[[Apurva Jodi]]''
*''[[Apoorva Sangama (1984)]]''
*''[[Apurva Samsara]]''
*''[[Appa Nanjappa Maga Gunjapa]]''
*''[[Appaji]]'' (1996)
*''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'' (2002)
*''[[April Fool (1997 film)|April Fool]]'' (1997)
*''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010)
*''[[Apurva Kanasu]]''
*''[[Aragini]]''
*''[[Aralida Hoovugalu]]'' (1991)
*''[[Aranyadalli Abhimanyu]]'' (1991)
*''[[Arishina Kunkuma]]''
*''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]'' (2007)
*''[[Archana (Kannada film)|Archana]]''
*''[[Ardhangini (Kannada film)|Ardhangini]]''
*''Arivu''
*''[[Arjun Abhimanyu]]''
*''[[Arrest Warrant]]''
*''[[Aruna Raaga]]'' (1986)
*''[[Arunodaya (film)|Arunodaya]]'' (1968)
*''[[Aryabhata (1999 film)|Aryabhata]]'' (1999)
*''[[Asadhya Aliya]]'' (1979)
*''[[Asambhava]]'' (1986)
*''[[Ashoka]]''
*''[[Ashoka Chakra]]''
*''[[Ashwamedha (film)|Ashwamedha]]'' (1990)
*''[[Atthege Thakka Sose]]''
*''[[Athi Madhura Anuraaga]]''
*''[[Athiratha Maharatha]]''
*''[[Atthegondu Kala, Sosegondu Kala]]''
*''[[Atthe Magalu]]''
*''[[Atithi (2002 film)|Atithi]]''
*''[[Auto (film)|Auto]]''
*[[Auto Raja (1980 film)|''Auto Raja'' (1980 film)]]
*[[Auto Raja (2013 film)|''Auto Raja'' (2013 film)]]
*''[[Auto Shankar (film)|Auto Shankar]]''
*''[[Autograph Please]]''
*''[[Ava Lucky]]''
*''[[Avala Antaranga]]''
*''[[Avala Charithre]]''
*''[[Avala Hejje]]''
*''[[Avala Neralu]]''
*''[[Avale Nanna Gelathi]]''
*''[[Avale Nanna Hendti]]''
*''[[Avale Nanna Hudugi]]'' (1999)
*''[[Avali Javali]]''
*''[[Avane Nanna Ganda]]''
*''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]2018–19''
*''[[Avasthe]]''
*''[[Avathara Purusha]]''
*''[[Ayogya (2018 film)]]''
*''[[Ayudha (film)|Ayudha]]''
*''[[Ayyappa Sharanu]]''
*''[[Aa Karaala Ratri]]''
*''[[Ammachi Yemba Nenapu]]''
*''[[Ambi Ning Vayassaytho]]''
*''[[Amma I Love You]]''
*''[[Ananthu vs Nusrath]]''

{{div col end}}

==B==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
*''[[Bahaddur]]''
*''[[Bharjari]]''
*''[[Ba nalle Madhuchandrake]]''
*''[[Ba Nanna Preethisu]]''
*''[[Baageerathi]]''
*''[[Babruvaahana (1977)]]''
*''[[Baadada Hoovu]]''
*''[[Badavara Bandhu (1976)]]''
*''[[Baddi Bangaramma]]''
*''[[Baduku Bangaravayithu]]''
*''[[Baduku Jataka bandi]]''
*''[[Badukuva Dari]]''
*''[[Bhagyada Belaku]]''
*''[[Bahaddur Gandu]]''
*''[[Bahaddur Hennu]]''
*''[[Baktha Kanakadasa]]''
*''[[Baala Bandhana]]''
*''[[Baala Nagamma]]''
*''[[Baala Nowke]]''
*''[[Baala Panjara]]''
*''[[Baalarajana Kathe]]''
*''[http://www.moviescopes.com/movies/badmash/ Badmash]''
*''[[Bhale Basava]]''
*''[[Bhale Bhatta]]''
*''[[Baale Bhaskar]]''
*''[[Bhale Hombale]]''
*''[[Bhale Huccha]]''
*''[[Bhale Huduga]]''
*''[[Bhale Jodi (1970 film)]]''
*[[Bhale Keshava]]
*[[Bhale Kiladi]]
*[[Bhale Raja]]
*[[Bhale Rani]]
*[[Baalida Mane]]
*[[Baalina Daari]]
*[[Baalina Guri]]
*[[Baalina Jyothi]]
*[[Bal Nanmaga]]
*[[Baalondu Bhavageete]]
*[[Baalondu Chaduranga]]
*[[Baalondu Uyyale]]
*[[Balu Aparupa Nam Jodi]]
*[[Baalu Bangara]]
*[[Baalu Belagithu]]
*[[Baalu Jenu]]
*[[Baaluve Ninagagi]]
*[[Banashankari (film)|Banashankari]]
*[[Bandha mukta]]
*[[Bhanda Nanna Ganda]]
*[[Bandhana]]
*[[Bandhavya]]
*Bangalore Bandh
*[[Bangalore Bhuta]]
*[[Bangalore Mail]]
*[[Bangalore Rathriyalli]]
*[[Bangarada Baduku]]
*[[Bangarada Gudi]]
*[[Bangarada Hoovu]]
*[[Bangarada Jinke]]
*[[Bangarada Kalasha]]
*[[Bangarada Kalla]]
*[[Bangarada Mane (1981)]]
*[[Bangarada Mane (1996)]]
*[[Bangarada Manushya]]
*[[Bangarada Panjara]]
*[[Bangaradantha Maga]]
*[[Bangari (2013 film)]]
*[[Banker Margayya]]
*[[Bannada Gejje]]
*[[Bannada Hejje]]
*[[Bannada Vesha]]
*[[Banni Ondsala Nodi]]
*[[Bara (1982 film)|Bara]]
*[[Baare Nanna Muddina Rani]]
*[[Baaro Nanna Muddina Krishna]]
*[[Bhavya Bharatha]]
*[[Bayalu Daari]]
*[[Bayalu Deepa]]
*[[Bhayankara Bhasmasura]]
*[[Bayasade Banda Bhagya]]
*[[Bazaar Bheema]]
*[[Bhajarangi]]
*[[Bhajarangi 2]]
*[[Beda Krishna Ranginata]]
*[[Bedara Kannappa]]
*[[Bedaru Bombe]]
*[[Bedi (film)|Bedi]]
*[[Bedi Bandavalu]]
*[[Beedi Basavanna]]
*[[Beegara Pandya]]
*[[Beesida Bale]]
*[[Bekkina Kannu]]
*[[Beladingala Baale]]
*[[Belli Belaku]]
*[[Belli Kalungura]]
*[[Belli Modagalu]]
*[[Belli Naga]]
*[[Belli Moda]]
*[[Belliyappa Bangarappa]]
*[[Beluvalada Madilalli]]
*[[Benki]]
*[[Benki Birugali (2013 film)]]
*[[Benki chendu]]
*[[Benkiya Bale]]
*[[Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu]]
*[[Beralge Koral]]
*[[Beretha Jeeva]]
*[[Beru (film)|Beru]]
*[[Besuge]]
*[[Bethala Gudda]]
*[[Bete (1986 film)|Bete]]
*[[Betegaara]]
*[[Bettada Bhairava]]
*[[Bettada Huli]]
*[[Bettada Hoovu]]
*[[Bettada Kalla]]
*[[Bettada Thayi]]
*[[Bethale Seve]]
*[[Bevu Bella (1963)]]
*[[Bevu Bella (1993)]]
*[[Bhagyavantharu]]
*[[Bhadrakali]]
*[[Bhagvan Shree Saibaba]]
*[[Bhagyachakra]]
*[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]
*[[Bhagyadevathe]]
*[[Bhagyada Baagilu]]
*[[Bhagyajyothi]]
*[[Bhagyavantha]]
*[[Bhairava (film)|Bhairava]]
*[[Bhairavi (1991 film)|Bhairavi]]
*[[Bhakta Prahlada (1958 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]
*[[Bhaktha Dhruva]]
*[[Bhaktha Jnanadeva]]
*[[Bhaktha Kumbara (1949)]]
*[[Bhaktha Kumbara (1974)]]
*[[Bhaktha Mallikarjuna]]
*[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]
*[[Bhaktha Prahlada (Kannada-language film)|Bhaktha Prahlada]]
*[[Bhaktha Ramadas]]
*[[Bhaktha Siriyala]]
*[[Bhaktha Vijaya]]
*[[Bhakta Chetha]]
*[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)|Bhaktha Prahlada]]
*[[Bhale Adrushtavo Adrustha]]
*[[Bhale Chatura]]
*[[Bhama Sathyabhama]]
*[[Bhanda Alla Bhadur]]
*[[Bharatha Rathna]]
*Bharath
*[[Bharatha Nari 2000]]
*[[Bharathi (1948 film)|Bharathi]]
*[[Bharavase]]
*[[Baari Bharjari Bete]]
*[[Bharjari Gandu]]
*[[Bhavaani]]
*[[Bhagyodaya]]
*[[Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu]]
*[[Bhu Thayi Makkalu]]
*[[Bhujangaiana Dashavatara]]
*[[Bhukailasa (1956 film)|Bhukailasa]]
*[[Bhulokadalli Yamaraja]]
*[[Bhudana]]
*[[Bhumi Thayane]]
*[[Bhumi Thayiya Chochila Maga]]
*[[Bhumige Banda Bhagavanta]]
*[[Bhumigeetha]]
*[[Bhoopathi (2007 film)|Bhupathi]]
*[[Bhupathi Ranga]]
*[[Bhuvana Jyothi]]
*[[Bhuvanam Gaganam]]
*[[Bhuvaneshwari]]
*[[Bidisada Banda]]
*[[Bidugade]]
*[[Bidugadeya Bedi]]
*[[Bili Gulabi]]
*[[Bili Hendthi]]
*[[Biligiriya Banadalli]]
*[[Bindaas (2008 film)|Bindaas]]
*Bisi Bisi
*Bisi Raktha
*[[Bisilu Beladingalu]]
*[[Black Market]]
*[[Bombay Halva]]
*[[Bombat Hendthi]]
*[[Bombatt Huduga]]
*[[Bombatt Raja Bandal Rani]]
*[[Bombay Dada]]
*[[Bombaat]]
*[[Bombugalu sar bombugalu]]
*[[Boregowda Bangalorige Banda]]
*[[Boss (2011 film)|Boss]]
*[[Brahmagantu]]
*[[Bell Bottom (2019 film)|Bell Bottom]]
*[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva|Brahmastra]]
*[[Bramha Vishnu Maheshwara]]
*[[Brindavana]]
*[[Broker Bheeshmachari]]
*Bruna
*[[Budi Muchida kenda]]
*[[Buddhivantha]]
*[[Bhairava Geetha]]
{{div col end}}

==C==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
*[[C.B.I. Durga]]
*[[C.B.I. Shankar]]
*[[C.B.I. Shiva]]
*[[C.B.I. Vijay]]
*[[CID 72]]
*[[CID Rajanna]]
*[[Captain (Kannada language film)|Captain]]
*Central Jail
*[[Central Rowdi]]
*[[Chaduranga (1969)]]
*[[Chaduranga (1985)]]
*[[Chadurida Chithragalu]]
*[[Chaithrada Chiguru]]
*[[Chaithrada Premanjali]]
*[[Chakratheertha]]
*[[Chakravarthy (2017 film)|Chakravarthy]]
*[[Chakravyuha (2016 film)|Chakravyuha]]
*[[Chalagara]]
*[[Chalisada Sagara]]
*[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]
*[[Challenge (Kannada film)|Challenge]]
*[[Challenge Gopalakrishna]]
*[[Chamkayisi Chindiudaysi]]
*[[Chamathkara]]
*[[Chamundeshwari Mahime]]
*[[Chanakya]]
*[[Chanchala Kumari]]
*[[Chanchala]]
*[[Chandamarutha]]
*[[Chandanada gombe]]
*[[Chandavalliya Thota]]
*[[Chandi Chamundi]]
*[[Chandrahasa (1947)]]
*[[Chandrahasa (1965)]]
*[[Chandrakumara]]
*[[Chandramuki Pranasakhi]]
*[[Chandrodaya]]
*[[Chanundeshwari Puja Mahime]]
*[[Chapala Chennigaraya]]
*[[Chappale]]
*[[Chowkada Deepa]]
*[[Chaya (film)|Chaya]]
*[[Chellida Rakta]]
*[[Cheluva]]
*[[Cheluvina Chittara]]
*[[Chennappa Channegowda]]
*[[Chikka]]
*[[Chikkamma]]
*[[Chikkejamanru]]
*[[Chinna (1994 film)|Chinna]]
*[[Chinna Nee Nagutiru]]
*[[Chinna Ninna Muddaduve]]
*[[Chinnada Gombe]]
*[[Chinnadanta Maga]]
*[[Chinnari Mutta]]
*[[Chinnari Puttanna]]
*[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]] (2012)
*Chinthamani
*[[Chira Bandavya]]
*[[Chiranjeevi (1936 film)]]
*[[Chiranjeevi (1976 film)]]
*Chiranjeevi Sudhakara (1988)
*[[Chiranjeevi Raje Gowda]]
*[[Chithegu Chinte]]
*[[Chithralekha]]
*[[Chomana Dudi]]
*[[Chora Chita Chora]]
*[[Chora Guru Chandala Sishya]]
*''[[Choo Mantar]]''
*[[Chu Bana]]
*[[Chukki Chandrama]]
*[[Churi Chikkanna]]
*[[Circle Inspector]]
*[[Cowboy Kulla]]
*[[College Hero]]
*[[Crime]]
*Chandana Chiguru
*Chithrakuta-Kalyankumar (not released)
*Chelvi
*Chigurida kanasu
*Chandra Chakori
*Cheluve Ondu Heltheeni
*Cheluvina Chittara
*Chanda
{{div col end}}

==D==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
*[[Darode]]
*[[Dada (Kannada-language film)|Dada]]
*[[Daha (film)|Daha]]
*[[Daiva Leela]]
*[[Daivashakti]]
*[[Dakshayini]]
*[[Dakota Express]]
*[[Dakota picture]]
*[[Dalalli]]
*[[Dalavayi]]
*[[Dampathiyaru]]
*[[Dampatiyaru]]
*[[Dance Raja Dance]]
*[[Dange Edda Makkalu]]
*Dara
*[[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage]]
*[[Dari Tappida Maga]]
*[[Darmapathni]]
*[[Darmayudda]]
*Dasara
*[[Dashavathaara]]
*[[Dava Dava]]
*[[Dayadi]]
*[[Daiva Sankalpa]]
*December 31
*[[Deepa (film)|Deepa]]
*[[Deergha Sumangali]]
*[[Deva (1989 film)|Deva]]
*[[Deva Manava]]
*[[Devadasi]]
*[[Deva kannikaa]]
*[[Devalaya]]
*[[Devara Aata]]
*[[Devara Duddu]]
*[[Devara Gedda Manava]]
*[[Devara Gudi]]
*[[Devara Makkalu]]
*[[Devara Mane]]
*[[Devara Teerpu]]
*[[Devara kannu]]
*[[Devare Dikku]]
*[[Devaru Kotta Tangi]]
*[[Devaru Kotta Vara]]
*[[Deva Sundari]]
*[[Devata Manushya]]
*[[Devate]]
*[[Dhairya]]
*[[Dhairya Lakshmi]]
*[[Dhana Pishachi]]
*[[Dhanalakshmi]]
*[[Dhani (film)|Dhani]]
*Dharma
*[[Dharma Dari Tappitu]]
*[[Dharma Pathni]]
*[[Dharma Peeta]]
*[[Dharma Vijaya]]
*[[Dharmasere]]
*[[Dharmatma]]
*[[Dia (film)|Dia]]
*[[Divangatha Manjunathana Geleyaru (film)|Divangatha Manjunathana Geleyaru ]]
*[[Digvijaya (film)|Digvijaya]]
*[[Doddamane Estate]]
*[[Dombara Krishna]]
*[[Doni Saagali]]
*[[Doomakethu]]
*[[Doorada Betta]]
*[[Dore (film)|Dore]]
*[[Dr. Krishna]]
*[[Driver Hanumantu]]
*Drona
*[[Druvathaare]]
*[[Drushya]]
*[[Dudde Doddappa]]
*[[Durga Puje]]
*[[Durga Shakthi]]
*[[Durgashtami]]
*[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]
*Devara Maga
*Dange (not released)
*Dweepa
*Dada Serada Doni (Shreedhar, Madhuri; not released)
*Dharmasthala Mahathme
*Dasha
{{div col end}}

==E==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
*[[Edakallu Guddada Mele]]
*[[Eddide Gaddala]]
*[[Edeyuru Siddalingeshwara Mahatme]]
*[[Edurumane Meena]]
*[[Ee Bandha Anubandha]]
*[[Ee Hrudhaya Ninagagi]]
*[[Ee Preethi Eke Bhumi Melide]]
*[[Ee Jeeva Ninagagi]]
*[[Ekalavya]]
*[[Ella Hanakkagi]]
*[[Ella Hengasarinda]]
*[[Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda]]
*[[Ellellu Naane]]
*[[Ellindalo Bandavaru]]
*[[Elu Suttina Kote]]
*[[Emergency]]
*[[En Swamy Aliyandire]]
*[[Endu Ninnavane]]
*[[Ene Barali Preeti Irali]]
*[[Entede Banta]]
*[[Enundre]]
*[[Eradu Hrudayagalu]]
*[[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)]]
*[[Eradu Kanasu (2017 film)]]
*[[Eradu Mukha]]
*[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]
*[[Eradu Rekhegalu]]
*[[Eshwar]]
*[[Etu Ediretu]]
*Edurmaneli Ganda Pakkadmaneli Hendthi
*Eno Moha Eko Daha
*Excuse me
*Ee Sambashane
{{div col end}}

==F==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
*''[[Forest (2025 film)|Forest]]''
{{div col end}}

==G==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Galige]]''
* ''[[Gaali Gopura]]''
* ''[[Gaali Maathu]]''
* ''[[Gaalipata]]''
* ''[[Gajarama]]''
* ''[[Gana (film)|Gana]]''
* ''[[Ganda Berunda]]''
* ''[[Ganda Hendathi]]''
* ''[[Ganda Mane Makkalu]]''
* ''[[Gandandre Gandu]] ''
* ''[[Gandanige Thakka Hendathi]]''
* ''[[Gandharva]]''
* ''[[Gandharvagiri]]''
* ''[[Gandharva Kanye]]''
* ''[[Gandede Bhaira]]''
* ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]''
* ''[[Gandhada Gudi Part 2]]''
* ''[[Gandhi Nagara]]''
* ''[[Gandondu Hennaru]]''
* ''[[Gandu Guligalu]]''
* ''[[Gandu Sidigundu]]''
* ''[[Gandugali]]''
* ''[[Gandugali kumararama]]''
* ''[[Ganesha I Love You]]''
* ''[[Ganesha Mahime]]''
* ''[[Ganeshana Galaate]]''
* ''[[Ganeshana Maduve]]''
* ''[[Ganesha Subramanya]]''
* ''Ganga''
* ''[[Ganga Yamuna]]''
* ''[[Gange Bare Tunge Bare]]''
* ''[[Gange Gowri]]''
* ''[[Garuda]]''
* ''[[Garuda Rekhe]]''
* ''[[Garuda Dhwaja]]''
* ''[[Gayatri Maduve]]''
* ''[[Gedda Maga]]''
* ''[[Geddavalu Nane]]''
* ''[[Geejagana Goodu]]''
* ''[[Geetha (1981 film)|Geetha]]''
* ''[[Gejje Nada]]''
* ''[[Gejje Puje]]''
* ''[[Geluvina Saradara]]''
* ''[[Geluvu Nannade]]''
* ''[[Gharjane]]''
* ''[[Gharshane]]''
* ''[[Ghatashradhdha]]''
* ''[[Giddu Dada]]''
* ''[[Gili Bete]]''
* ''[[Giri Bale]]''
* ''[[Giri Kanye]]''
* ''[[Giri Mallige]]''
* ''[[Godfather (2012 film)|God Father]]''
* ''[[Gold Medal]]''
* ''[[Golibar]]''
* ''[[Golmal Part 2]]''
* ''[[Golmal Radhakrishna]]''
* ''[[Gooli]]''
* ''[[Googly]]''
* ''[[Gopi Kalyana]]''
* ''[[Govadalli CID 999]]''
* ''[[Government]]''
* ''[[Gowramma]]''
* ''[[Gowri (1963 film)|Gowri]]''
* ''[[Gowri Ganda]]''
* ''[[Gowri Ganesha]]''
* ''[[Gowri Kalyana]]''
* ''[[Gowri Shankara]]''
* ''[[Grahana (film)|Grahana]]''
* ''[[Grihalakshmi (1969)]]''
* ''[[Grihalakshmi (1992)]]''
* ''[[Grihini]]''
* ''[[Griha Pravesha]]''
* ''[[Gudugu Sidilu]]''
* ''[[Gulabi Talkies]]''
* ''[[Guna Nodi Hennu Kodi]]''
* ''[[Gunasagari]]''
* ''[[Jathaka Rathna Gunda Joisa]]''
* ''[[Goonda Mathu Police]]''
* ''[[Goonda Rajya]]''
* ''[[Goondaguru]]''
* ''[[Gundana Madve]]''
* ''[[Guri (1986 film)|Guri]]''
* ''[[Guru (1989)]]''
* ''[[Guru Jagadguru]]''
* ''[[Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)]]''
* ''[[Guru bhakti]]''
* ''[[Guru-Bramha]]''
*[[Gaja]]
*Ganda Hendathi & Boy Friend
*Gopi
*Gandugali Rama
*Gangavva Ganagmayi-Ananth Nag (not released)
*Gattimela
*Gatti Thali Bitti Mela
*Gajendra
*[[Gajapathi Garvabhanga]]
*Gaajina Mane
*Gaalimathu
*Govinda Gopala
*Gunna
*Guru Sarvabhowma Shree Raghavendra Karune
*''[[Gaaya]]''
*Guns and Roses
{{div col end}}

==H==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Huliraaya]]''
* ''[[Hatavaadi]]''
* ''[[Hubli]]''
* ''[[Hudugata]]''
* ''[[Hagalu Vesha]]''
* ''[[Haalu Jenu]]''
* ''[[Halli Meshtru]]''
* ''[[Hamsageethe]]''
* ''[[Hanthakana Sanchu]]'' (1980)
* ''Haseena''
* ''[[Haavina Hede]]''
* "[[Hebbuli]]"
* ''[[Hello Daddy]]''
* ''[[Hrudaya Hadithu]]''
* ''[[Huliya Haalina Mevu]]''
* ''[[Hucha]]''
* ''[[Huchana Maduveyalli Undavane Janna]]''
* ''[[H2O (2002 film)|H2O]]''
* [[Haalu Sakkare]]
*[[Hudugatada Hudugi]]
*[[Hudugigagi]]
*[[Halli Haida]]
*[[Halliya Surasuraru]]
*[[Halliyadarenu Shiva]]
*[[Hidambi Halli Pravesha]]
*Hanthaka
*Hanthakana Sanchu
*Haavina Hejje
*Haavada Hoovu
*Haavu Eniyata
*Hello Doctor (Sex)
*Hello Narada
*Hello Sister
*[[Hello Yama]]
*Hello
*[[Hrudaya Sangama]]
*Hrudaya Bandhana
*Hrudaya Deepa
*Hrudaya Pallavi
*Hrudaya Raga
*Hrudaya Hrudaya
*Hrudaya Kallaru
*[[Hrudayavantha]]
*Hrudaya Geethe
*Huliya (k.v.raju)
*Huli Banthu Huli
*Huli Hebbuli
*Huliyada Kala
*Hasida Hebbuli
*Hasiru Thorana
*Hasiru Gajina Bale (Sithara; not released)
*Hoysala
*Hathura Odeya
*[[Hombisilu]]
*Honey Moon
*Hunnimeya Rathriyalli
*High Command
*Hongkongnalli Agent Amar (Ambarish, Sumalatha)
*[[Hongirana]]
*Hosavarsha
*Hosa Baduku (Ramakrishna, Ramkumar, Bhavya; not released)
*Hosa Balu
*Hubli
*Hosa Jeevana
*Hosa Love Story
*Hosa Madam
*Hosa Kavya
*Hosa Belaku
*Hosa Raga
*Hosa Kalla Hale Kulla
*Hosa Ithihasa
*Hosa Neeru
*Hosa Mane Aliya
*Haalappa
*Hoovondu Beku Ballige
*Hoovu Mullu
*Hoovu Hannu
*Hoo Bisilu
*Himapatha
*Hubballi
*Harish Jyoti Love Store (2011)
{{div col end}}

==I==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
*Indina Ramayana
*Indrajith
*Inspector Vikram
*Inspector Jayasimha
*Inspector Kranthikumar
*Inspector Jhansy
*Indrana gedda Narendra
*Indra Dhanush
*Indina Bharatha
*Ide Maha Sudina
*Iduve Jeevana
*Idu Sadhya
*Idu Entha Premavayya
*Ivalentha Hendthi
*Indra
{{div col end}}

==J==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* [[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]
* [[Jayasimha (1987 film)|Jayasimha]]
* [[Jaana]]
* [[Jedara Bale]]
* [[Jeeboomba]]
* [[Jeevana Chaitra]]
* [[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]
* [[Jogayya]]
* [[Jootata]]
* [[Jokefalls]]
* [[Jaga Mecchida Maga]]
* [[Janumadha Jodi]]
* [[JodiHakki]]
* Jwalamukhi
* [[Jethendra]]
* [[Jenina Holle]]
* [[Junglee (2009 film)|Junglee]]
* [[Januma Janumada Anubhanda]]
* [[Jaala]]
* Jodi
* [[Jamindaru]] (2002)
* [[Jugari]]
* [[Jeerjimbe]]
* [[Jagath Kiladi]]
{{div col end}}

==K==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
*''[[Kantara (film)]]''
* ''[[Kotigobba 2]]''
* ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''
* ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''
* ''[[Kaaranji]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Kariya (film)|Kariya]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Kariya 2]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]''
* ''[[Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)|Kaadu]]''
* ''[[Kaakana Kote]]''
* ''[[Kaanuru Heggadathi]]''
* ''[[Kadamba (2004 film)|Kadamba]]''
* ''[[Kampana]]''
* ''Kanna Muchhe Kaade Goode''
* ''[[Kanneshwara Rama]]''
* ''[[Kannu Theredu Nodu]]''
* ''[[Kalaasipalya]]''
* ''[[Kalla Kulla]]''
* ''[[Kaaleju Ranga]]''
* ''[[Kasturi Nivasa]]''
* ''[[Katpadi Junction]]''
* ''[[Katera (film)|Katera]]''
* ''[[Kavirathna Kalidasa]]''
* ''[[Kiladi Jodi]]''
* "[[Kirik Party]]"
* ''[[Kittu Puttu]]''
* ''[[Kulla Agent 000]]''
* ''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]''
* ''[[Kulavadhu]]''
* ''[[ku..ku...]]''
* ''[[Kallaraalihuvagi]]''
* ''[[Karulinakare]]''
* ''[[Karulina kugu]]''
* ''[[Kadahana]]''
* ''[[Kavya]]''
* ''[[Kaveri]]''
* ''[[Kudremukha]]''
* ''[[Kotigobba]]''
* ''[[Kotreshi Kanasu]]''
* ''[[Krishna]]''
* ''[[Kankambari]]''
* ''[[Kula Gaurava]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Katheyondu Shuruvagide]]''
* ''[[Kannadakkagi Ondannu Otti]]''
* ''[[Kempegowda]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Kotigobba 3]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]'' (2023)
*''[[KD - The Devil]]'' (2023)
*''[[Kaatera]]'' (2023)
{{div col end}}

==L==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Laali]]''
* ''[[Laali Hadu]]''
* ''[[Lagna Patrike]]''
* ''[[Lankesh Patrike (film)]]''
* ''[[Lifu estene]]''
* ''[[Lion Jagapati Rao]]''
* ''[[Rajendra Singh Babu|LOVE]]''
* ''[[Love Guru (2009 film)|Love Guru]]''
* ''[[Love Madi Nodu]]''
* ''[[Love Training]]''
* ''[[Lankesh]]''
* ''[[Lift Kodla]]''
* ''Law and Order''
* ''[[Lock up Death]]''
* ''[[Love Mocktail]]''
* ''Love you''
*''Love you aliya''
*''lava kusha''
*''Laila majnu''
{{div col end}}

==M==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* [[Mussanje Maathu]]
* [[Manaroopa]]
* [[Mahaa Prachandaru]]
* [[Malaya Marutha]]
* [[Maleyali Jotheyali]]
* [[Mana Mechida Madaadhi]]
* [[Manasa Sarovara]]
* [[Mane Mane Kathe]]
* [[Mangala Muhurtha]]
* [[Mangalya Bhagya]]
* [[Masanada Makkalu (2005)]]
* [[Mareyada Haadu]]
* [[Masti (Kannada)|Masti]]
* [[Mathadana]]
* [[Mata (2006 film)|Mata]]
* [[Mayor Muthanna]]
* [[Miss California (film)|Miss California]]
* [[Mayura (film)|Mayura]]
* [[Milana (film)|Milana]]
* [[Minchina Ota (1980 film)|Minchina Ota]]
* [[Minchina Ota (2008 film)|Minchina Ota]]
* [[Mojina Maduve]]
* [[Mooruvare Vajragalu]]
* [[Muddhina Maava]]
* [[Muthina Haara]]
* [[Muthu Ondhu Muthu]]
* [[My Autograph]]
* [[Mane Mane Ramayana]]
* [[Mungaru Male]]
* [[Mungaru Male 2]]
* [[Muniyana Maadari]]
* [[Munnudi]]
* [[My Dear Tiger]]
* [[Manamechida hudugi]]
* [[maavanige takka aliya]]
* [[Mruthyunjaya]]
* [[modada mareyalli]]
* [[Mayor Muthanna|Muthanna]]
* [[Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige]]
* [[Masth Maja Madi]]
* [[]]
* [[Maaleeyalli Joteyalli]]
{{div col end}}

==N==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Nagamandala (Kannada Film)|Nagamandala]]''
* ''[[Naarada Vijaya]]''
* ''[[Naagarahaavu]]''
* ''[[Nagarahole (film)|Nagarahole]]''
* ''[[Naa Ninna Bidalare]]''
* ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]''
* ''[[Naanu Nanna Hendthi]]''
* ''[[Nanna kanasina hoove]]''
* ''[[Nanna Preethiya Hudugi]]''
* ''[[Nanobba Kalla]]''
* ''[[Narada Vijaya]]''
* ''Nayaka''
* ''[[Ninagaagi Naanu]]''
* ''[[Nagarahavu (Upendra)]]''
* ''[[Naniruvudeninagagi]]''
* ''[[Nannaseya Hoove]]''
* ''[[Namma Samsara]]''
* ''[[Nammoora Huduga]]''
* ''[[Nammoora Mandara Hoove]]''
* ''[[Namma Makkalu]]''
* ''[[Nanna Rosha Nooru Varusha]]''
* ''[[Naobba Kalla]]''
* ''[[Naa Mechchida Huduga]]''
* ''[[Ninagaagi]]''
* ''[[Ninagoskara]]''
* ''[[Nammoora Raja]]''
* ''[[Nanjundi Kalyana]]''
* ''[[Nanjunda Nakkaga]]''
* ''[[Naguva Hoovu]]''
* ''[[Nan Hendthi Maduve]]''
* ''[[Nammoora Devathe]]''
* ''[[Nagakanye]]''
* ''[[Nagapooja]]''
* ''[[Nagadevathe]]''
* ''[[New Delhi (1988 Kannada film)|New Delhi]]''
* ''[[Nimagondu Sihi Suddi]]''
* ''[[Nodi Swamy Navirodu Hige]]''
* ''[[Nodidavaru Enanthare]]''
* ''[[Nyaya Ellide]]''
* ''[[Nyayave Devaru]]''
* ''[[Nage Habba]]''
* ''[[Nenapirali]]''
* ''[[Neelakanta (film)|Neelakantha]]''
* ''[[Neenu Nakkare Haalu Sakkare]]''
* ''[[Neelambari (2001 film)|Neelambari]]''
* ''[[Nathicharami]]''
* ''[[Nilukada Nakshatra]]''
* ''[[Naduve Antaravirali]]''
*''[[Nimma Vasthugalige Neeve Javaabdaararu]]''
{{div col end}}

==O==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Octopus (Kannada)]]''
* ''[[Oda Huttidavaru]]''
* ''[[Oda Huttidavalu]]''
* ''[[Ohileshwara]]''
* ''[[Olavu Mudidaaga]]''
* ''[[Om (1995 film)|Om]]''
* ''[[Ondaanondu Kaaladalli]]''
* ''[[Onde Balliya Hoogalu]]''
* ''[[Ondu Muttina Kathe]]''
* ''[[Operation Diamond Racket]]''
* ''[[Operation Alamellama]]''
* ''[[Operation Antha]]''
* ''[[Ondagona Baa]]''
* ''[[Oda Huttidavaru]]''
* ''[[Onde Ondu Sari]]''
* ''[[Ondu Oorina Kathe]]''
* ''[[Ondu Premada Kathe]]''
* ''[[Ondu Preethiya Kathe]]''
* ''[[Ondu Cinema Kathe]]''
* ''[[Om Namahshivaya]]''
* ''[[Om Ganesh]]''
* ''[[Omkara (2004 film)|Omkara]]''
* ''[[Onde Raktha]]''
* ''[[Onde Guri]]''
* ''[[Onde Rupa Eradu Guna]]''
* ''[[Operation Jackpot CID 999]]''
* ''[[Orata I Love You]]''
* ''[[Obbarigintha Obbaru]]''
* ''[[Ondu SHaleya Kathe]]''{{div col end}}P{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Pogaru]]''
* ''[[Phaniyamma]]''
* ''[[Paramatma]]''
* ''[[Pujaari]]''
* ''[[Puja (film)|Puja]]''
* ''[[Post master]]''
* ''[[Prathidwani]]''
* ''[[Praya Praya Praya]]''
* ''[[PremaGrantha]]''
* ''[[Premada Kanike]]''
* ''[[Preethi Prema Pranaya]]''
* ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (2016 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Premaloka]]''
* ''[[Putani Agent 123]]''
* ''[[prema Tharanga]]''
* ''[[Paropakari]]''
* ''[[Prana]]''
* ''[[Premachari]]''
* ''[[Paduvarahalli Pandavaru]]''
* ''[[Parasangada Gendethimma]]''
* ''[[Pujaphala]]''
* ''[[Praja Prabhuthwa]]''
* ''[[Prajashakthi]]''
* ''[[Palitamsha]]''
{{div col end}}

==R==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Ricky (2016 film)|Ricky]]''
* ''[[Raaj the Showman]]''
* ''[[Raja Nanna Raja]]''
* ''[[Raam (2009 film)|Raam]]''
* ''[[Rahasya Ratri]]''
* ''[[Rahasya]]''
* ''[[Rajaratha |Rajaratha]]''
* ''[[Rakta Kanneeru]]''
* ''[[Rana Ranga]]''
* ''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]''
* ''[[RangiTaranga |RangiTaranga]]''
* ''[[Rashmi (film)|Rashmi]]''
* ''[[Ramachari (film)|Ramachari]]''
* ''[[Rama Lakshmana]]''
* ''[[Rama Shama bhama]]''
* ''[[Ranadheera]]''
* ''[[Ranadheera Kanteerava]]''
* ''[[Ravi Chandra]]''
* ''[[Ravimama]]''
* ''[[Rathnagiri Rahasya]]''
* ''[[Rowdy Ranganna]] ''
* ''[[Rayaru Bandaru Mavana Manege]]''
* ''[[Rishi]]''
* ''[[Road Romeo]]''
* ''[[Romeo (2012 film)|Romeo]]''
*''[[Rama Rama Re...]]''
*''[[Rambo (2012 film)|Rambo]]''
*''[[Rambo2]]''
*''[[Raja Narasimha]]''
*''[[Rustum (2019 film)|Rustum]]''
*''[[Rupayi raja]]''
*''[[Rani Maharani]]''
*''[[Readymade Ganda]]''
*''[[Rajani (film)|Rajani]]''
*''[[Ranganna]]''
*''[[Ramakrishna (2004 Kannada film)|Rama Krishna]]''
*''[[Rasika]]''
*''[[Ravi Shastri]]''
*''[[Rajakumari (2009 film)|Rajakumari]]''
*''[[Ranga (S.S.L.C)]]''
*''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]''
*''[[Rocky]]''
*''[[Rajadhani (2011 film)|Rajadhani]]''
*''[[Ring Road (film)|Ring Road]]''
*''[[Rose (2014 film)|Rose]]''
*''[[Rudra Tandava]]''
*''[[Rocket (film)|Rocket]]''
*''[[Royal (film)|Royal]]''
*''[[Rana Vikrama]]''
*''[[Rudra Garuda Purana]]''
*''[[Run Antony]]''
*''Ravanapura''
{{div col end}}

==S==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Sarkari Hiriya Praathamika Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]''
* ''[[Sakshatkara]]''
* ''[[Samayadha Gombe]]''
* ''[[Sampattige Saval]]''
* ''[[Samskara (film)|Samskara]]''
* ''[[Samyuktha]]''
* ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]''
* ''[[Sandhya Raga]]''
* ''[[Satya Harishchandra (2017 Kannada film)|Satya Harishchandra]] ''
* ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha 2]]''
* ''[[Savari]] ''
* ''[[School Master (1958 film)|School Master]]''
* ''[[Seetharamu]]''
* ''[[Seetha]]''
* ''[[Seizer]]''
* ''[[Server Somanna]]''
* ''[[Shankha nada]]''
* ''[[Sharapanjara]]''
* ''[[Shastri (film)|Shastri]]''
* ''[[Sandeep Malani Sandesha SMS 6260]]''
* ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]''
* ''[[Shubhamangala]]''
* ''[[Sipayi Ramu]]''
* ''[[Snehitara Saval]]''
* ''Sose Thanda Sowbhagya''
* ''[[Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)|Sri Krishnadevaraya]]''
* ''[[Srimantana Magalu]]''
* ''[[Subba Shasthri]]''
* ''[[Sukha Samsarakke Hanneredu Suthragalu]]''
* ''[[Sipaay Raamu]]''
* ''[[Sirivantha]]''
* ''[[Sixer (2007 film)|Sixer]]''
* ''[[Sogasugaara]]''
* ''[[Shisya]]''
* ''[[Simhada Mari Sainya]]''
* ''[[Simhada Mari]]''
* ''[[Simhadriya Simha]]''
* ''[[Salinga kami Darshan]]''
* ''[[Shabari Male Swami Ayappa]]''
* ''[[Shruthi (film)|Shruthi]]''
* ''[[Swamy]]''
* ''[[Suligaali]]''
* ''[[Suryakanthi]]''
* ''[[Singapurinalli Raja Kulla]]''
* ''[[Sipaayi]]''
* ''[[Saarathi]]''
* ''[[Snehitaru]]''
* ''[[School Boy]]''
* ''[[Super (2010 Indian film)|Super]]''
* ''[[Super Ranga]]''
* ''Stabiliti''
* ''[[Sakath]]''
* ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello- Side A]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Shakhahaari]]''
* ''Sweccha''
* ''[[Sidlingu 2]]''
{{div col end}}

==T==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Tagaru]]''
* ''[[Tabarana Kathe]]''
* ''[[Tarka (film)|Tarka]]''
* ''[[Tarle nannamaga]]''
* ''[[Thaayi Saheba]]'' (1997)
* ''Thaakath''
* ''[[Thayige Thakkha Maga]]''
*''[[The Villain (2018 film)]]''
*''[[Tiger padmini]]''
* ''[[Tabbalyu Ninaade Magane]]''
* ''Teddy Bear''
* ''[[Tirupathi (film)|Tirupathi]]''
* ''[[Trimurthi (film)|Trimurthi]]''
* ''[[Tuvvi Tuvvi Tuvvi]]''
* ''[[Tutthuri]]''
* ''[[Tananum Tananum]]''
* ''[[Thavarige Baa Thangi]]''
* ''[[Tootu Madike]]''
*[[Thavarina siri (2006)]]
*[[Thayiya Madilu (2007)]]
*[[Tutta Mutta]]
*[[Tuntata]]
*[[Tunta]]
*[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]
{{div col end}}

==U==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Upaasane]]''
* ''[[Upendra (film)|Upendra]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Udupi Krishna]]''
* ''[[Uyyaale]]''
* ''[[Uppi Dada M.B.B.S.]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Usire (film)|Usire]]'' 2001
* ''[[Ugaadhi]]''
* ''[[Ullasa Utsaha]]'' (2009)
* ''[[ugramm]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Uppi 2]]''
* ''Udumba (2018)''
* ''Ulidavaru Kandante''
* ''Uddishya''
{{div col end}}

==V==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Vajrakaya]]''
* ''[[Vamshavruksha]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Vamshakobba]]''
* ''[[Vasantha geetha]]''
* ''[[Vasantha Lakshmi]]''
* ''[[Vasantha Purnima]]''
* ''[[Vasantha Kavya]]''
* ''[[Vasantha Nilaya]]''
* ''[[Vasantha Kala]]''
* ''[[Varna Chakra]]''
* ''[[Vamshi (film)|Vamshi]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Veera Kannadiga]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Valmiki]]''
* ''[[Veerappa nayaka]]''
* ''[[Veera Parampare]]''
* ''[[Varadhanayaka]]''
* ''[[Veera Madakari]]''
* ''[[Vaalee (2001 film)|Vaalee]]''
* ''[[Victory (2013 film)|Victory]]''
* ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Vishnu Priya]]'' (2025)
{{div col end}}

==Y==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Y2K (2004 film)|Y2K]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Yaaradhu]]''
* ''[[Yaardo Duddu Ellammana Jathre]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Yaare Nee Abhimani]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Yaare Neenu Cheluve]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Yaarige Saluthe Sambala]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Yaarivanu]]''
* ''[[Yaaru (film)|Yaaru]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Yahoo (film)|Yahoo]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Yarivalu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Yamakinkara]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Yamalokadalli Veerappan]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Yaara Sakshi?]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Yaarigu Helbedi]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Yaarivanu?]] '' (1984)
* ''[[Yaaru hithavaru]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Yaava huvu yara mudigo]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Yaava Janmada Maitri]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Yowanada Sulliyalli]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Yowvanada Holeyalli]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Yashwanth]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Yowanada Anubhava]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Youvana]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Yudha Mattu Swatantrya]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Yudhakanda]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Yuddha (1997 film)|Yuddha]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Yudhaparva]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Yuga Purusha]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Yuva Shakthi]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Yuvaraja (film)|Yuvaraja]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Yaksha (film)|Yaksha]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Yodha (2009 film)|Yodha]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Yajamana (2000 film)|Yajamana]]''
* ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]'' (2019)
{{div col end}}

==Z==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* ''[[Z (1999 film)|Z]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Zabardust]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Zamana (2010 film)|Zamana]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Zindabad (1997 Kannada film)|Zindabad]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Zamindara]]'' (2000)
{{div col end}}
Zoom(2016)

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=50em}}
* [[Kannada cinema]]
* [[Media in Karnataka]]
* [[List of Kannada-language children's films]]
* [[List of Kannada-language magazines]]
* [[List of Kannada-language newspapers]]
* [[List of Kannada-language radio stations]]
* [[List of Kannada-language television channels]]
* [[List of Indian films]]

{{div col end}}

{{Cinema of Karnataka}}
{{Lists of films by language}}
{{Film lists by country}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Kannada-language films| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian films|Kannada-Language Films]]
[[Category:Lists of films by language|Kannada-Language Films]]

Baseball United

2026-03-18T18:44:53Z

SoniaBlankinship: Starting A Entry and Citations

{{short description|Emirati baseball organization}}
{{use mdy|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox sports league
| title = Baseball United
| current_season = 2025 Baseball United season
| logo = Baseball United logo.png
| sport = Baseball
| founded = {{start date and age|2022}}
| teams = 4
| owner =
| countries = India (1 team) Pakistan (1 team) UAE (2 teams)
| inaugural = 2025
| champion = [[Mid East Falcons]]
| champ_season = 2025
| most_champs =
| most successful club =
| TV = [[Zee Media Corporation|Zee]] (India)
| streaming = [[ZEE5]] (India)
| website = {{URL|https://www.baseballunited.com/|BaseballUnited.com}}
}}
'''Baseball United''' is a [[professional baseball]] organization in West Asia and South Asia. It began with two showcase games in Dubai in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 All-Star Showcase |url=https://www.baseballunited.com/events/2023/showcase |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Baseball United}}</ref> The [[Winter league baseball|winter league]]'s first season with four teams representing cities in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] completed in 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=Baseball United Announces Dates for First Full Season and Inaugural Baseball United Cup |publisher=Baseball United |url=https://baseballunited.com/news/baseball-united-announces-dates-first-full-season-inaugural-baseball-united-cup |access-date=2024-08-09}}</ref>

== History ==
The United International Baseball League (UIBL) was founded on July 26, 2022, with a mission of bringing professional baseball to India, Pakistan, and the Middle East. [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall-of-Famers]] [[Mariano Rivera]] and [[Barry Larkin]] were announced as founding stakeholders. Rather than build new baseball fields, the league plans to redevelop existing cricket fields into baseball diamonds.<ref name="dubai">{{cite news |date=Aug 18, 2022 |title=New baseball league announces Dubai International Stadium as official venue for inaugural showcase |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2145291/sport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605182419/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2145291/sport |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |agency=Arab News}}</ref>

On August 18, 2022, the UIBL announced that it would play nine of its inaugural games at the [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]].<ref name="dubai" /> In November, the UIBL rebranded as "Baseball United."<ref>{{cite web |date=Nov 5, 2022 |title=Baseball Hall of Famers Barry Larkin, Mariano Rivera take on larger role with "Baseball United" |url=https://calltothepen.com/2022/11/05/barry-larkin-mariano-rivera-baseball-united/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605182429/https://calltothepen.com/2022/11/05/barry-larkin-mariano-rivera-baseball-united/ |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |website=[[FanSided]]}}</ref>

Baseball United partnered with [[Pakistan Federation Baseball]] to organize the West Asia edition of the 2023 [[Asian Baseball Cup]] in [[Islamabad]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Jan 30, 2023 |title=Baseball United grows the game in Pakistan as West Asia Cup takes place |url=https://insidersport.com/2023/01/30/baseball-united-pakistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605182420/https://insidersport.com/2023/01/30/baseball-united-pakistan/ |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |website=Insider Sport}}</ref> In April 2023, active MLB shortstop [[Elvis Andrus]] joined the league's ownership group.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 17, 2023 |title=2-time MLB All-Star Elvis Andrus joins Baseball United ownership group |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2288136/sport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605182423/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2288136/sport |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |agency=[[Arab News]]}}</ref> The league has since announced other current and former MLB players as "co-owners," including [[Ronald Acuña Jr.]], [[Albert Pujols]], [[Félix Hernández]], and [[Ryan Howard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://baseballunited.com/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602063111/https://baseballunited.com/about |archive-date=2 June 2024 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Baseball United}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Baseball's Best Player Ronald Acuña Jr. Joining Baseball United Ownership Group |url=https://baseballunited.com/news/baseballs-best-player-ronald-acuna-jr-joining-baseball-united-ownership-group |access-date=2024-08-09 |publisher=Baseball United }}</ref>

On May 15, 2023, the league announced its first franchise as the [[Mumbai Cobras]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Nick El Hajj |title=Dubai-based professional baseball league announces first franchise, Mumbai Cobras |url=https://apnews.com/article/dubai-baseball-united-middle-east-south-asia-285c1eed0514342fd5852a5d75832c2b |work=[[Associated Press]] News |date=May 15, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605182419/https://apnews.com/article/dubai-baseball-united-middle-east-south-asia-285c1eed0514342fd5852a5d75832c2b |url-status=live }}</ref> Former [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] [[Chris Sabo]] was named the team's first manager.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 24, 2023 |title=Former MLB All-Star Chris Sabo named manager of Baseball United's first franchise |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2309641/sport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604181043/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2309641/sport |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |access-date=June 7, 2023 |agency=Arab News}}</ref>

On May 30, 2023, the [[Karachi Monarchs]] was announced as the second team in the league. The Monarchs name references both the [[Karachi Kings]] cricket team and the [[Kansas City Monarchs]] of the [[Negro league baseball|Negro leagues]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 30, 2023 |title=Baseball United names Karachi Monarchs as its second franchise |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2313091/sport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605182421/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2313091/sport |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |agency=[[Arab News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=May 30, 2023 |title=Dubai-based baseball league announces Karachi Monarchs, Pakistan's first professional team |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-sport/dubai-based-baseball-league-announces-karachi-monarchs-pakistans-first-professional-team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605182419/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-sport/dubai-based-baseball-league-announces-karachi-monarchs-pakistans-first-professional-team |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |agency=Arabian Business}}</ref> On June 5, 2023, Karachi appointed Hall of Famer [[Adrian Beltre]] and former MLB [[Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award|Most Valuable Player]] [[Miguel Tejada]] as its general manager and manager, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Enrique Rojas |date=June 5, 2023 |title=Adrián Beltré nombra a Miguel Tejada mánager en Pakistán |trans-title=Adrián Beltré appoints Miguel Tejada as manager in Pakistan |url=https://espndeportes.espn.com/beisbol/nota/_/id/12154720/adrian-beltre-nombra-a-miguel-tejada-manager-en-pakistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605182420/https://espndeportes.espn.com/beisbol/nota/_/id/12154720/adrian-beltre-nombra-a-miguel-tejada-manager-en-pakistan |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |language=es |agency=[[ESPN Deportes]]}}</ref> On August 4, 2023, Baseball United announced the [[Dubai Wolves]] and Abu Dhabi Falcons as the third and fourth baseball teams.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=Baseball United announces Dubai Wolves and Abu Dhabi Falcons as its latest two franchises |url=https://arab.news/c8bt7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024154819/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2349496/sport |archive-date=2023-10-24 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> The two teams were renamed the Arabia Wolves and the Mid East Falcons, respectively, in 2024.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=March 26, 2024 |title=Baseball United Expands Reach of its Middle East Franchises |url=https://baseballunited.com/news/baseball-united-expands-reach-its-middle-east-franchises |access-date=2024-08-13 |publisher=Baseball United }}</ref>

The league's [[Draft (sports)|draft]] took place on October 23, 2023. Karan Patel, a right-handed [[pitcher]] who reached [[Double-A (baseball)|Double-A]] in the [[Chicago White Sox]] organization,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karan Patel College, Minor & Independent Leagues Statistics |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=patel-000kar |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Baseball Reference}}</ref> was selected first overall by the Mumbai Cobras. Former MLB players drafted included [[Robinson Canó]], [[Bartolo Colon]], [[Pablo Sandoval]], [[Didi Gregorius]], and [[Andrelton Simmons]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Connon |first1=Sam |title=Robinson Canó, Bartolo Colon Among Former MLB Players Drafted to New League in Dubai |url=https://www.si.com/fannation/mlb/fastball/news/robinson-cano-bartolo-colon-pablo-sandoval-among-former-mlb-players-drafted-to-new-baseball-league-in-dubai |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=Fastball |publisher=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023205939/https://www.si.com/fannation/mlb/fastball/news/robinson-cano-bartolo-colon-pablo-sandoval-among-former-mlb-players-drafted-to-new-baseball-league-in-dubai |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 26, 2024, the league announced a fifth franchise based in [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia that did not have a nickname but eventually team was not formed<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Baseball United Signs Historic Partnership to Bring Professional Baseball to Saudi Arabia |url=https://baseballunited.com/news/baseball-united-signs-historic-partnership-bring-professional-baseball-saudi-arabia |access-date=2024-08-09 |publisher=Baseball United}}</ref> On August 1, 2024, the league announced that its first full season is scheduled from October 23, 2025 to November 23, 2025. The four teams would each play 12 games. The timing and length of the season is similar to existing [[winter league baseball]] competitions. Additionally, the league stated that the first four announced teams would compete in the Baseball United Cup from February 22 to March 1, 2025. The cup had a [[Round-robin tournament|round robin]] format, followed by a four-team playoff.<ref name=":0" /> Baseball United also announced it would organize the [[Baseball United Arab Classic]], an international baseball tournament between various West Asian teams, scheduled for November 7 to November 10, 2024 in Dubai.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2024 |title=Schedule of 2024 Baseball United Arab Classic unveiled |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2574705/sport |agency=Arab News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 August 2024 |title=Baseball United charting a course for professionalism in the region, says Kash Shaikh |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2569266/sport |access-date=12 October 2024 |agency=Arab News}}</ref>

The inaugural season of Baseball United involving the four founding franchises was held in November to December 2025, with the Falcons winning the first United Series championship.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2025 |title=Baseball United chief Kash Shaikh 'proud' as standouts join Arabia Wolves roster |url=https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2617260/sport |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=Arab News PK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=December 14, 2025 |title=Season 1 United Series Game 3 Recap {{!}} |url=https://baseballunited.com/schedule/season-one/united-series-game-three |access-date=2025-12-15 |publisher=Baseball United}}</ref>

The league announced on February 18, 2026 that CEO Kash Shaikh would step down at the end of the month.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Honor of a lifetime’: Kash Shaikh to step down as chairman and CEO of Baseball United |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2633538/sport |access-date=18 March 2026 |agency=Arab News |date=18 February 2026}}</ref> It later announced that John Miedreich, co-founder and head of baseball operations, would take his place as CEO, while the board would be restructured to include owners [[Barry Larkin]] as chairman and [[Adrián Beltré]] and [[Robinson Chirinos]] as vice chairs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Baseball United announces new leadership structure |url=https://www.arnnewscentre.ae/news/sports/baseball-united-announces-new-leadership-structure/ |access-date=18 March 2026 |agency=ARN News |date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

== Teams ==
[[File:The 380th AEW Honor Guard presents the colors at a Baseball United game (250214-F-IQ323-1257).jpg|thumb|The [[Mid East Falcons]] and [[Arabia Wolves]] before the 2025 UAE Series]]
There are five teams (representing cities from various Asian countries) affliated with Baseball United.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2023 |title=Baseball United Announces Dubai Wolves And Abu Dhabi Falcons As Its Latest Two Franchises |url=https://menafn.com/1106785135/Baseball-United-Announces-Dubai-Wolves-And-Abu-Dhabi-Falcons-As-Its-Latest-Two-Franchises |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052915/https://menafn.com/1106785135/Baseball-United-Announces-Dubai-Wolves-And-Abu-Dhabi-Falcons-As-Its-Latest-Two-Franchises |archive-date=2023-08-05 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=menafn.com }}</ref> The four founding franchises competed in the inaugural 2025 season.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Team
!City
!Country
!Joined
|-
|'''[[Mumbai Cobras]]'''
|[[Mumbai]]
|{{Flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| rowspan="4" |2023
|-
|'''[[Karachi Monarchs]]'''
|[[Karachi]]
|{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
|-
|'''[[Dubai Wolves|Arabia Wolves]]'''
|[[Dubai]]
|rowspan="2"|{{Flagicon|UAE}} [[United Arab Emirates]]
|-
|'''[[Mid East Falcons]]'''
|[[Abu Dhabi]]

|}

==Venue==
The 6,500 seater [[Baseball United Ballpark]] at [[The Sevens Stadium|The Sevens]] in [[Dubai]] serves as the venue of the league.

== Rule changes ==
{{See also|Baseball rules}}
Baseball United has implemented various rule changes from traditional baseball, most notably the "moneyball", which allows the batting team to score double the amount of runs batted in during a single play, providing that the "moneyball" was used during the at-bat. During the Baseball United All-Star Showcase in November 2023, [[Pablo Sandoval]] hit the first "six-run home run" in baseball history during a "moneyball" at bat, after he hit what would normally be a three-run homer off of Indian pitching prospect Saurabh Gaikwad, scoring [[Dillon Thomas]] and [[Andrelton Simmons]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Connon |first=Sam |date=2023-11-25 |title=Pablo Sandoval's 6-Run Home Run Highlights Wild Action in Dubai's Baseball United |url=https://www.si.com/fannation/mlb/fastball/news/former-mlb-all-star-pablo-sandoval-6-run-home-run-highlights-wild-action-in-dubai-league-baseball-united |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Fastball }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Baseball United All-Stars Put On Historic Show At Dubai International Stadium |url=https://baseballunited.com/news/baseball-united-all-stars-put-historic-show-dubai-international-stadium |publisher=Baseball United |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former SF Giants fan favorite hits world's first six-run home run |url=https://www.si.com/mlb/giants/news/former-sf-giants-star-pablo-sandoval-hits-first-six-run-home-run |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=On SI |date=29 November 2023}}</ref> Some commentators have floated the "moneyball" as a potential rule change for [[Major League Baseball]], while others have criticized it and dismissed it as a "gimmick."<ref>{{cite news |date=11 December 2024 |title=There Will Be No Golden At-Bat, But What Other Rules Could MLB Consider? |url=https://worldbaseball.com/there-will-be-no-golden-at-bat-but-what-other-rules-could-mlb-consider/ |access-date=9 September 2025 |agency=World Baseball Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1728480217251885465 |user=Foolishbb |title=It's weird that Baseball United is calling the run-doubling gimmick "moneyball." A true moneyball at bat would be scoring half the runs for only 20% of the effort. |author=Foolish Baseball |date=25 November 2023 |access-date=9 September 2025 |url=https://x.com/FoolishBB/status/1728480217251885465}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Critics, primarily in the United States, have stated that the formation of Baseball United and its partnerships with prominent MLB players is an example of [[sportswashing]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russ |first=Maxwell |title=Sportswashing and The UAE's Baseball United League |url=https://sports-entertainment.brooklaw.edu/sports/sportswashing-and-the-uaes-baseball-united-league/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Brooklyn Sports & Entertainment Law Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Linbergh |first=Ben |date=November 17, 2023 |title=Effectively Wild Episode 2086: Eyewash, Greenwash, Sportswash, Tell 'im Wash |url=https://blogs.fangraphs.com/effectively-wild-episode-2086-eyewash-greenwash-sportswash-tell-im-wash/ |access-date=August 9, 2024 |website=[[FanGraphs]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Asia Series]]
* [[History of baseball outside the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Baseball United}}
{{Baseball leagues}}
{{Professional Baseball}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}
{{Emirati Sport leagues}}

[[Category:Baseball United| ]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2022]]
[[Category:Baseball in Asia|United]]
[[Category:Baseball in India|United]]
[[Category:Baseball in Pakistan|United]]
[[Category:Professional sports leagues in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Winter baseball leagues]]

Saugata Roy

2026-03-15T05:55:14Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Saugata Roy
| image = Saugata Roy MP.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|8|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Assam]], [[British India ]] (now [[Meghalaya]])
| residence ={india}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office4 = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas| Union Minister of State for Petroleum, Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India]]
| term_start4 = 28 July 1979
| term_end4 = 14 January 1980
| primeminister4 = [[Chaudhary Charan Singh]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Urban Development ( indian)|Union Minister of State for Urban Development, Government of India]]
| term_start3 = 22 May 2009
| term_end3 = 22 September 2012
| primeminister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor3 = [[Ajay Maken]]
| successor3 = [[Deepa Dasmunsi]]
| minister3 = [[Jaipal Reddy]] [[Kamal Nath]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2009
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Amitava Nandy]]
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 23 March 1977
| term_end2 = 14 January 1980
| predecessor2 = Md. Ismail
| successor2 = Md. Ismail
| constituency2 = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| office7 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start7 = 11 May 2006
| term_end7 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor7 = [[Bhupendranath Seth]]
| successor7 = [[Gopal Seth]]
| constituency7 = [[Bangaon Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangaon Dakshin]]
| term_start8 = 1987
| term_end8 = 13 May 2001
| predecessor8 = Anup Kumar Chandra
| successor8 = [[Tapas Paul]]
| constituency8 = [[Alipore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alipore]]
| term_start9 = 13 May 2001
| term_end9 = 11 May 2006
| predecessor9 = [[Kshiti Goswami]]
| successor9 = [[Kshiti Goswami]]
| constituency9 = [[Dhakuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhakuria]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2001–present)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2001)
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = Dolly Roy
| relatives = [[Tathagata Roy]]
(brother)
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[MSc]], [[LLB]])
| profession = [[Academic staff|Academic]]
| website =
| date = 11 September
| year = 2009
| source = <ref name=saugata>{{cite web| url = http://164.100.47.134/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=2554
| title = Roy, Prof Saugata | access-date = 2009-09-11 | work =Lok Sabha Members – 15th Lok Sabha }}</ref>
}}

'''Saugata Roy''' (born 6 August 1946) is an Indian politician of [[Trinamool Congress]] and a Member of the [[Indian Parliament]] representing the [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]] constituency in the [[16th Lok Sabha]]. He has also served as Union Minister of State for Urban Development in the [[Cabinet of India|Manmohan Singh government]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ndtv.com/news/photos/album_details.php?albumPage=50&AlbumType=PHOTO_GALLERY&AlbumTitle=Team%20Manmohan| title = Team Manmohun | access-date = 2009-06-20 | publisher = NDTV }}</ref>

==Political career==
A veteran politician from West Bengal, senior leader of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], he was elected to the [[15th Lok Sabha]] from the [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]] constituency and re-elected to the [[16th Lok Sabha]] from the same constituency. He had earlier been elected from [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in 1977. He was briefly the Union Minister of State for Petroleum in the Charan Singh Ministry and was the Union Minister of State for Urban Development in the UPA II Ministry from 2009 to 2012. He has been elected to the West Bengal State Legislative Assembly five times having been elected from [[Alipore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alipore]] (3 Terms), [[Dhakuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhakuria]] and [[Bangaon Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]] constituencies.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.newkerala.com/nkfullnews-1-46116.html
| title = Thumbnail sketches of ministers of state | access-date = 2009-06-20 | publisher = new Kerala.com }}</ref>

==Controversies==
On 11 January 2017, the then [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] MP [[Babul Supriyo]] filed a complaint against Roy along with TMC MP [[Tapas Paul]] and MLA [[Mahua Moitra]] for falsely accusing him of being involved in the Rose Valley ponzi firm scam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-11 |title=Rose valley chit fund case: Babul Supriyo sends defamation notices to TMC leaders for linking him to scam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rose-valley-chit-fund-case-babul-supriyo-sends-defamation-notices-to-tmc-leaders-for-linking-him-to-scam-4468606/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
A National Science Talent Search Scholar and a former student of [[St. Lawrence High School, Kolkata]], [[Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College]] and [[Presidency College, Kolkata]], he holds a post-graduate degree in [[Physics]]. He also holds a degree in law from [[Calcutta University]]. He is a retired professor of [[Physics]] from [[Asutosh College]]. He is married to Dolly Roy. His brother [[Tathagata Roy|Tathagata]] is a politician from the [[BJP]].

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Period !! Position
|-
| 26-Sep-2024 onwards || Member, Committee on Finance
|-
| 14-Aug-2024 onwards || Member, Committee on Public Accounts
|-
| June 2024 || Elected to 18th Lok Sabha
|-
| || Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Defence
|-
| 13-Sept-2019 onwards || Member, Standing Committee on Finance
|-
| 24-July-2019 onwards || Member, Committee on Public Undertakings
|-
| May 2019 || Re-elected to 17th Lok Sabha (4th term)
|-
| 1-May-2017 to 25-May-2019 || Member, Committee on Public Undertakings
|-
| 29-April-2015 to 25-May-2019 || Member, Joint Committee on Security in Parliament House Complex
|-
| 11-Dec-2014 to 25-May-2019 || Member, Joint Committee on Offices of Profit
|-
| || Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Defence
|-
| || Member, Standing Committee on Finance
|-
| 1-Sep-2014 to 25-May-2019 || Member, Rules Committee
|-
| 14-Aug-2014 to 30-April-2016 || Member, Committee on Public Undertakings
|-
| May 2014 || Re-elected to 16th Lok Sabha (3rd term)
|-
| 2009 to 22-Sept-2012 || Union Minister of State, Urban Development
|-
| 2009 || Re-elected to 15th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
|-
| 1987 to 2009 || Member, West Bengal Legislative Assembly (five terms)
|-
| 1979 || Union Minister of State for Petroleum and Chemicals
|-
| || Member, Committee on Government Assurances
|-
| 1977 || Elected to 6th Lok Sabha
|-
| 1973 to 1977 || General Secretary, West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee
|-
| 1968 to 1970 || General Secretary, West Bengal Chhatra Parishad, Students Wing of the Congress
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Saugata Roy}}

{{17th LS members from West Bengal}}
{{16th LS members from West Bengal}}
{{15th LS members from West Bengal}}
{{First to Tenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Saugata}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Alipore]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Congress (Socialist) politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Gay

2026-03-07T19:57:03Z

SoniaBlankinship: minor edit

{{short description|Term referring to a homosexual person}}
{{About|''gay'' as an English-language term|the sexual orientation|homosexuality|homosexual men|gay men|homosexual women|lesbian|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
[[File:Gay flag.svg|thumb|261x261px|The [[Rainbow flag (LGBTQ)|rainbow flag]], a common symbol representing gay people, or more recently, the overall [[LGBTQ community]].]]
{{LGBTQ sidebar|all}}

'''''Gay''''' is a term that [[Terminology of homosexuality|primarily refers]] to a [[homosexual]] person or the trait of being homosexual. The term originally meant "carefree", "cheerful', or "bright and showy".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hobson|first1=Archie|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Difficult Words|date=2001|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|edition=1st|isbn=978-0195146738|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00arch}}</ref> While scant usage referring to [[Gay men|male homosexuality]] dates to the late 19th century, that meaning became increasingly common by the mid-20th century.<ref name="etymonline">{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas | author-link = Douglas Harper | title = Gay | work = Online Etymology dictionary | date = 2001–2013 | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=gay | access-date = 13 February 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060219193127/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=gay | archive-date = 19 February 2006 | url-status=live }}</ref> In modern [[English language|English]], ''gay'' has come to be used as an [[adjective]], and as a [[#noun|noun]], referring to the [[LGBT community|community]], [[Human sexual activity|practices]] and [[LGBT culture|cultures]] associated with homosexuality. In the 1960s, ''gay'' became the word favored by [[homosexual men]] to describe their [[sexual orientation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gay|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/gay|website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521235009/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/gay|archive-date=21 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century, the word ''gay'' was recommended by major [[LGBTQ]] groups and [[style guide]]s to describe people attracted to members of the same sex,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=GLAAD Media Reference Guide - LGBTQ Terms |url=https://www.glaad.org/reference/terms |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=GLAAD |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423010026/https://www.glaad.org/reference/terms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="APAHeteroBiasLang">{{cite web|title=Avoiding Heterosexual Bias in Language|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/language.aspx|website=[[American Psychological Association]]|access-date=14 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321033057/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/language.aspx|archive-date=21 March 2015|url-status=live}} (Reprinted from [http://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0003-066X.46.9.973 American Psychologist, Vol 46(9), Sep 1991, 973-974] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603155851/http://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0003-066X.46.9.973 |date=3 June 2018 }})</ref> although it is more commonly used to refer specifically to men.<ref name="glaad10" />

Since the 1980s, a new, [[pejorative]] use became prevalent in some parts of the world. Among younger speakers, the word has a meaning ranging from derision (e.g., equivalent to "rubbish" or "stupid") to a light-hearted mockery or ridicule (e.g., equivalent to "weak", "unmanly", or "boring"). The extent to which these usages still retain connotations of homosexuality has been debated and harshly criticized.<ref name="Winterman">{{cite news|first=Denise|last=Winterman|title=How 'gay' became children's insult of choice|work=[[BBC News]]|date=18 March 2008|access-date=29 May 2013|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7289390.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202204245/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7289390.stm|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2006/04/26/1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070301145035/http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2006/04/26/1|archive-date=1 March 2007|title=Anti-gay abuse seen to pervade U.S. schools}}</ref>{{update inline|reason=These are over 10yrs old; language about sexual orientation has changed a lot in this time|date=July 2022}} Because of the strongly offensive and [[Homophobia|homophobic]] insult, the use of ''gay'' as an insult is generally considered socially inappropriate, sometimes even legally restricted, especially in [[Canada]].

== History ==
=== Overview ===
[[File:The Great Social Evil, Punch 1857.jpg|thumb|left|Cartoon from [[Punch magazine|''Punch'' magazine]] in 1857 illustrating the use of "gay" as a [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] [[euphemism]] for being a prostitute;<ref>{{cite web| title = The Great Social Evil| url = https://archive.org/stream/punch32a33lemouoft#page/390/mode/2up| access-date = 5 September 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160402172518/https://archive.org/stream/punch32a33lemouoft#page/390/mode/2up| archive-date = 2 April 2016| url-status=live}} ''Punch'' magazine, Volume 33, 1857, page 390. A stand-alone editorial cartoon, no accompanying article.</ref> one woman says to the other (who looks glum), "How long have you been gay?" The poster on the wall is for ''[[La Traviata]]'', an opera about a [[courtesan]]]]

The word ''gay'' arrived in English during the 12th century from [[Old French]] ''gai'', most likely deriving ultimately from a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] source.<ref name=etymonline/>

In English, the word's primary meaning was "joyful", "carefree", "bright and showy", and the word was very commonly used with this meaning in speech and literature. For example, the [[optimism|optimistic]] 1890s are still often referred to as the ''[[Gay Nineties]]''. The title of the 1938 French [[ballet]] ''[[Gaîté Parisienne]]'' ("Parisian Gaiety"), which became the 1941 [[Warner Brothers]] movie, ''[[The Gay Parisian]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033651/|title=The Gay Parisian (1941)|author=xoregos|date=2 December 1941|work=IMDb|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209154804/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033651/|archive-date=9 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> also illustrates this connotation. It was apparently not until the 20th century that the word began to be used to mean specifically "homosexual", although it had earlier acquired sexual connotations.<ref name="etymonline" />

The derived abstract noun ''[[:wikt:gaiety|gaiety]]'' remains largely free of sexual connotations and has, in the past, been used in the names of places of entertainment, such as the [[Gaiety Theatre, Dublin|Gaiety Theatre]] in Dublin.

=== Sexualization ===
[[File:NGramGay.png|thumb|Usage statistics from English books, according to [[Google Ngram Viewer]]]]

The word may have started to acquire associations of sexual [[immorality]] as early as the 14th century, but had certainly acquired them by the 17th.<ref name=etymonline/> By the late 17th century, it had acquired the specific meaning of "addicted to pleasures and dissipations",<ref name=oed/> an extension of its primary meaning of "carefree" implying "uninhibited by moral constraints". A ''gay woman'' was a [[prostitute]], a ''gay man'' a [[Promiscuity#Male promiscuity|womanizer]], and a ''gay house'' a [[brothel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of gay |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/gayest |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407171818/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/gayest |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=etymonline/> An example is a letter read to a London court in 1885 during the prosecution of brothel madam and procuress [[Mary Frances Jeffries|Mary Jeffries]] that had been written by a girl while enslaved inside of a French brothel:

{{blockquote|I write to tell you it is a gay house ... Some captains came in the other night, and the mistress wanted us to sleep with them.<ref>English Girls Decoyed To France, The Sentinel, Issue 73, May 1885, London, p415</ref>|}}

The use of ''gay'' to mean "homosexual" was often an extension of its application to prostitution: a ''gay boy'' was a young man or boy serving male clients.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gay and Lesbian Washington, D.C.|last=Muzzy|first=Frank|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0738517537|pages=7}}</ref>

Similarly, a ''gay cat'' was a young male apprenticed to an older [[hobo]] and commonly exchanging sex and other services for protection and tutelage.<ref name="etymonline" /> The application to homosexuality was also an extension of the word's sexualized connotation of "carefree and uninhibited", which implied a willingness to disregard conventional or respectable [[sexual mores]]. Such usage, documented as early as the 1920s, was likely present before the 20th century,<ref name=etymonline/> although it was initially more commonly used to imply heterosexually unconstrained lifestyles, as in the once-common phrase "[[lothario|gay Lothario]]",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/81/10549.html |title=Dictionary of Phrase and Fable |last=Brewer |first=E. Cobham |year=1898 |access-date=8 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315232314/http://www.bartleby.com/81/10549.html |archive-date=15 March 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> or in the title of the book and film [[The Falcon (literary character)|''The Gay Falcon'']] (1941), which concerns a womanizing detective whose first name is "Gay". Similarly, [[Fred Gilbert (songwriter)|Fred Gilbert]] and [[G. H. MacDermott]]'s [[music hall]] song of the 1880s, "Charlie Dilke Upset the Milk" – "Master Dilke upset the milk, when taking it home to Chelsea; the papers say that Charlie's gay, rather a wilful wag!" – referred to Sir [[Charles Dilke]]'s alleged heterosexual impropriety.<ref>John Major (2012) ''My Old Man'', page 87 and note</ref> Giving testimony in court in 1889, the prostitute [[John Saul (prostitute)|John Saul]] stated: "I occasionally do odd-jobs for different gay people."<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_lesbian_and_gay_studies/v005/5.3kaplan.html|title = Who's Afraid Of John Saul? Urban Culture and the Politics of Desire in Late Victorian London|last = Kaplan|first = Morris|date = 1999|journal = GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies|volume = 5|issue = 3|pages = 267–314|doi = 10.1215/10642684-5-3-267|s2cid = 140452093|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151112123013/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_lesbian_and_gay_studies/v005/5.3kaplan.html|archive-date = 12 November 2015|url-status=live| issn = 1064-2684|url-access = subscription}}</ref>

Well into the mid-20th century a middle-aged bachelor could be described as "gay", indicating that he was unattached and therefore free, without any implication of homosexuality. This usage could apply to women too. The British comic strip ''[[Jane (comic strip)|Jane]]'', first published in the 1930s, described the adventures of ''Jane Gay''. Far from implying homosexuality, it referred to her free-wheeling lifestyle with plenty of boyfriends (while also punning on [[Lady Jane Grey]]).

A passage from [[Gertrude Stein]]'s ''Miss Furr & Miss Skeene'' (1922) is possibly the first traceable published use of the word to refer to a homosexual relationship. According to Linda Wagner-Martin (''Favored Strangers: Gertrude Stein and her Family'', 1995) the portrait "featured the sly repetition of the word gay, used with sexual intent for one of the first times in linguistic history", and [[Edmund Wilson]] (1951, quoted by [[James R. Mellow|James Mellow]] in ''Charmed Circle'', 1974) agreed.<ref>Martha E. Stone, Sept–Oct 2002. [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Who+were+Miss+Furr+and+Miss+Skeene%3F+(Essay).-a090892988 "Who were Miss Furr and Miss Skeene?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025082122/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Who+were+Miss+Furr+and+Miss+Skeene%3F+(Essay).-a090892988 |date=25 October 2012 }}, ''The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide''.</ref> For example:

{{blockquote|They were ... gay, they learned little things that are things in being gay, ... they were quite regularly gay.|Gertrude Stein|1922}}

The word continued to be used with the dominant meaning of "carefree", as evidenced by the title of ''[[The Gay Divorcee]]'' (1934), a musical film about a heterosexual couple.

''[[Bringing Up Baby]]'' (1938) was the first film to use the word ''gay'' in an apparent reference to homosexuality. In a scene in which [[Cary Grant]]'s character's clothes have been sent to the cleaners, he is forced to wear a woman's feather-trimmed robe. When another character asks about his robe, he responds, "Because I just went ''gay'' all of a sudden!" Since this was a mainstream film, at a time when the use of the word to refer to [[cross-dressing]] (which may imply homosexuality) would still be unfamiliar to most film-goers, the line can also be interpreted to mean, "I just decided to do something odd, frivolous."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG03/comedy/bringingupbaby.html|title=Bringing Up Baby|access-date=24 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630103200/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG03/comedy/bringingupbaby.html|archive-date=30 June 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1950, the earliest reference found to date for the word ''gay'' as a self-described name for homosexuals came from Alfred A. Gross, executive secretary for the George W. Henry Foundation, who said in the June 1950 issue of SIR magazine: "I have yet to meet a happy homosexual. They have a way of describing themselves as gay but the term is a misnomer. Those who are habitues of the bars frequented by others of the kind, are about the saddest people I've ever seen."<ref>"The Truth About Homosexuals", Sir, June 1950, Sara H. Carleton, New York, p. 57.</ref>

=== Shift to specifically ''homosexual'' ===
By the mid-20th century, ''gay'' was well established in reference to hedonistic and uninhibited lifestyles<ref name="oed">{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/77207?|title=gay, adj., adv., and n. (OED Third Edition)|work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|date=June 2008}}</ref> and its antonym ''straight'', which had long had connotations of seriousness, respectability, and conventionality, had now acquired specific connotations of heterosexuality.<ref name=etymonline-straight>{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas | author-link = Douglas Harper | title = Straight | work = Online Etymology dictionary | date = 2001–2013 | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=straight | access-date = 20 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101228062448/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=straight | archive-date = 28 December 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the case of ''gay'', other connotations of showiness and frivolousness in dress ("gay apparel") led to association with [[wikt:sass|sassiness]], [[effeminacy]], and [[camp (style)|camp]]. This association no doubt helped the gradual narrowing in scope of the term towards its current dominant meaning, which was at first confined to subcultures. ''Gay'' was the preferred term since other terms, such as ''[[queer]]'', were felt to be derogatory.<ref>{{cite news |title=A queer use of an inoffensive little word |author=Howard, Philip |date=7 June 1976 |page=12 |newspaper=The Times |url=https://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/keywordsearch.arc?queryKeywords=A+queer+use+of+an+inoffensive+little+word |location=London |ref=CS202211015 |access-date=19 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501085100/http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/keywordsearch.arc?queryKeywords=A+queer+use+of+an+inoffensive+little+word |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> ''[[Homosexual]]'' is perceived as excessively clinical,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/reference/offensive |title=Media Reference Guide - Offensive Terms To Avoid |work=GLAAD |date=9 September 2011 |access-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420141352/http://www.glaad.org/reference/offensive |archive-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="thenewgay.net">{{cite web |url=http://thenewgay.net/2008/09/gay-adjectives-vs-lesbian-nouns.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024134919/http://www.thenewgay.net/2008/09/gay-adjectives-vs-lesbian-nouns.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2008 |title=Gay Adjectives vs. Lesbian Nouns |publisher=The New Gay |date=16 September 2008 |access-date=4 August 2009 }}</ref><ref name="americamagazine.org">{{cite web |author=James Martin |date=4 November 2000 |url=http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=2297 |title=The Church and the Homosexual Priest |publisher=America The National Catholic Weekly Magazine |access-date=4 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111121139/http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=2297 |archive-date=11 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> since the sexual orientation now commonly referred to as "homosexuality" was at that time a [[Mental disorder|mental illness]] [[diagnosis]] in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM).

In mid-20th century Britain, where male homosexuality was illegal until the [[Sexual Offences Act 1967]], to openly identify someone as homosexual was considered very offensive and an accusation of serious criminal activity. Additionally, none of the words describing any aspect of homosexuality were considered suitable for polite society. Consequently, a number of [[euphemism]]s were used to hint at suspected homosexuality. Examples include "sporty" girls and "artistic" boys,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cocks |first1=H. A. |title='Sporty' Girls and 'Artistic' Boys: Friendship, Illicit Sex, and the British 'Companionship' Advertisement, 1913-1928 |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |date=2002 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=457–482 |doi=10.1353/sex.2003.0008|pmid=17396374 |s2cid=7018936 }}</ref> all with the stress deliberately on the otherwise completely innocent adjective.

The 1960s marked the transition in the predominant meaning of the word ''gay'' from that of "carefree" to the current "homosexual". In the British comedy-drama film ''[[Light Up the Sky! (film)|Light Up the Sky!]]'' (1960), directed by [[Lewis Gilbert]], about the antics of a British Army searchlight squad during World War II, there is a scene in the mess hut where the character played by [[Benny Hill]] proposes an after-dinner toast. He begins, "I'd like to propose..." at which point a fellow diner interjects "Who to?", implying a proposal of marriage. The Benny Hill character responds, "Not to you for start, you ain't my type". He then adds in mock doubt, "Oh, I don't know, you're rather gay on the quiet."

By 1963, a new sense of the word ''gay'' was known well enough to be used by [[Albert Ellis (psychologist)|Albert Ellis]] in his book ''The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Man-Hunting''. Similarly, [[Hubert Selby Jr.]] in his 1964 novel ''[[Last Exit to Brooklyn]]'', could write that a character "took pride in being a homosexual by feeling intellectually and esthetically superior to those (especially women) who weren't gay...."<ref>Selby Jr., Hubert "Last Exit To Brooklyn" NY: Grove Press, 1988 p. 23 copyright 1964</ref> Later examples of the original meaning of the word being used in popular culture include the theme song to the 1960–1966 animated TV series ''[[The Flintstones]]'', wherein viewers are assured that they will "have a gay old time." Similarly, the 1966 [[Herman's Hermits]] song "[[No Milk Today]]", which became a Top 10 hit in the UK and a [[Top 40]] hit in the U.S., included the lyric "No milk today, it was not always so; ''The company was gay'', we'd turn night into day."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/paul/lyrics/hermanshermits/nomilk~1.html|title=The Lyrics Library – Herman's Hermits – No Milk Today|access-date=24 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205130619/http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/paul/lyrics/hermanshermits/nomilk~1.html|archive-date=5 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 1967, the headline of the review of the Beatles' ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' album in the British daily newspaper ''[[The Times]]'' stated, "The Beatles revive hopes of progress in pop music with their gay new LP".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article1873296.ece |title=The Beatles revive hopes of progress in pop music with their gay new LP |location=London |work=The Times |date=2 June 2007 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530142425/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article1873296.ece |archive-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The same year, [[the Kinks]] recorded "[[David Watts (song)|David Watts]]", which is about a schoolmate of Ray Davies, but is named after a homosexual concert promoter they knew, with the ambiguous line "he is so gay and fancy-free" attesting to the word's double meaning at that time.<ref>Savage, Jon "The Kinks: The Official Biography" London: Faber and Faber, 1984 pp. 94–96</ref> As late as 1970, the first episode of ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'' has the demonstrably straight [[Mary Richards]]' neighbor Phyllis breezily declaiming that Mary is still "young and gay", but in an episode about two years later, Phyllis is told that her brother is "gay", which is immediately understood to mean that he is homosexual.

== Homosexuality ==
{{Main|Homosexuality}}
{{Sexual orientation}}
[[File:Rainbow flag breeze.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)|rainbow flag]] is a symbol of [[gay pride]]]]

=== Sexual orientation, identity, behavior ===
{{Main|Sexual orientation|Sexual identity|Human sexual behavior}}
{{See also|Situational sexual behavior}}
The [[American Psychological Association]] defines ''[[sexual orientation]]'' as "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes," ranging "along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the other sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex."<ref name=APABrochure>{{cite web |url=http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/orientation.aspx |title=Understanding sexual orientation and homosexuality |date=2008 |publisher=APA |access-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505172624/http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/orientation.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sexual orientation can also be "discussed in terms of three categories: heterosexual (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of the other sex), gay/lesbian (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of one's own sex), and [[Bisexuality|bisexual]] (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to both men and women)."<ref name=APABrochure/>

According to Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, Braun (2006), "the development of a lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) sexual identity is a complex and often difficult process. Unlike members of other [[minority group]]s (e.g., ethnic and racial minorities), most LGB individuals are not raised in a community of similar others from whom they learn about their identity and who reinforce and support that identity. Rather, LGB individuals are often raised in communities that are either ignorant of or openly hostile toward homosexuality."<ref name="Rosario et al.">{{cite journal | last1 = Rosario | first1 = M. | last2 = Schrimshaw | first2 = E. | last3 = Hunter | first3 = J. | last4 = Braun | first4 = L. | year = 2006 | title = Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 46–58 | doi=10.1080/00224490609552298| pmid = 16817067 | pmc = 3215279 }}</ref>

The British [[gay rights]] activist [[Peter Tatchell]] has argued that the term ''gay'' is merely a cultural expression which reflects the current status of homosexuality within a given society, and claiming that "Queer, gay, homosexual ... in the long view, they are all just temporary identities. One day, we will not need them at all."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/nov/27/isgayjustaphase |title=Just a phase |work=The Guardian |location=London |first=Peter |last=Tatchell |date=27 November 2006 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830212725/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/nov/27/isgayjustaphase |archive-date=30 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

If a person engages in sexual activity with a partner of the same sex but does not self-identify as gay, terms such as '[[the closet|closeted']], 'discreet', or '[[bi-curious]]' may apply. Conversely, a person may identify as gay without having had sex with a same-sex partner. Possible choices include identifying as gay socially, while choosing to be [[celibate]], or while anticipating a first homosexual experience. Further, a bisexual person might also identify as "gay" but others may consider ''gay'' and ''bisexual'' to be [[Mutual exclusivity|mutually exclusive]]. There are some who are drawn to the same sex but neither engage in sexual activity nor identify as gay; these could have the term ''[[asexuality|asexual]]'' applied, even though ''asexual'' generally can mean no attraction, or involve heterosexual attraction but no sexual activity.

==== Terminology ====
{{Main|Terminology of homosexuality}}

Some reject the term ''homosexual'' as an identity-label because they find it too clinical-sounding;<ref name=thenewgay.net/><ref name=americamagazine.org/><ref name="usc.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.usc.edu/schools/annenberg/asc/projects/soin/enhancingCurricula/J468%20STDT-%20KC%20STAR.pdf |title=AIDS and Gay Catholic Priests: Implications of the Kansas City Star Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528031311/http://www.usc.edu/schools/annenberg/asc/projects/soin/enhancingCurricula/J468%20STDT-%20KC%20STAR.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2011 |df=dmy |language=en}}</ref> they believe it is too focused on physical acts rather than romance or attraction, or too reminiscent of the era when homosexuality was considered a mental illness. Conversely, some reject the term ''gay'' as an identity-label because they perceive the cultural connotations to be undesirable or because of the negative connotations of the slang usage of the word.

Style guides, like the following from the [[Associated Press]], call for ''gay'' over ''homosexual'':

{{blockquote|''Gay'': Used to describe men and women attracted to the same sex, though ''lesbian'' is the more common term for women. Preferred over ''homosexual'' except in clinical contexts or references to sexual activity.<ref name=glaad10>{{cite web|url=http://www.glaad.org/files/MediaReferenceGuide2010.pdf|title=GLAAD Media Reference Guide|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112111339/http://www.glaad.org/files/MediaReferenceGuide2010.pdf|archive-date=12 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

There are those who reject the gay label for reasons other than shame or negative connotations. Writer [[Alan Bennett]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-27291458|title=Alan Bennett rejected 'gay label'|work=BBC News|date=6 May 2014|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909041103/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-27291458|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and fashion icon [[André Leon Talley]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Cavan|last=Sieczkowski|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/12/andre-leon-talley-gay_n_3743253.html|title=Vogue's André Leon Talley Rejects 'Gay' Label, Admits To 'Very Gay Experiences'|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=12 August 2013|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515234813/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/12/andre-leon-talley-gay_n_3743253.html|archive-date=15 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> are out and open [[queer]] men who reject being labeled gay, believing the gay label confines them.

===Gay community vs. LGBTQ community===
{{Main|LGBTQ community}}

Starting in the mid-1980s in the United States, a conscious effort was underway within what was then commonly called the ''gay community'', to add the term ''lesbian'' to the name of organizations that involved both male and female homosexuals, and to use the terminology of ''gay and lesbian'', ''lesbian/gay'', or a similar phrase when referring to that community. Accordingly, organizations such as the National Gay Task Force became the [[National Gay and Lesbian Task Force]]. For many feminist lesbians, it was also important that ''lesbian'' be named first, to avoid the implication that women were secondary to men, or an afterthought.<ref>''Lesbian Ethics'', pp. 13–21.</ref> In the 1990s, this was followed by a similar effort to include terminology specifically including bisexual, [[transgender]], [[intersex]], and other people, reflecting the intra-community debate about the inclusion of these other sexual minorities as part of the same movement. Consequently, the portmanteau ''les/bi/gay'' has sometimes been used, and [[Acronym|initialisms]] such as ''[[LGBT]]'', ''LGBTQ'', ''LGBTQI'', and others have come into common use by such organizations, and most news organizations have formally adopted some such variation.

=== Descriptor ===
[[File:Bar Revenge and The Albemarle flats, Marine Parade, Brighton (September 2018).JPG|thumb|right|"Bar Revenge", a [[gay bar]] in [[Brighton]], England]]

The term ''gay'' can also be used as an adjective to describe things related to homosexual men, or things which are part of [[Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures|the said culture]]. For example, the term "gay bar" describes the bar which either caters primarily to a homosexual male clientele or is otherwise part of homosexual male culture.

Using it to describe an object, such as an item of clothing, suggests that it is particularly flamboyant, often on the verge of being gaudy and garish. This usage predates the association of the term with homosexuality but has acquired different connotations since the modern usage developed.

{{anchor|noun|Noun}}

=== Use as a noun ===
The label ''gay'' was originally used purely as an [[adjective]] ("he is a gay man" or "he is gay"). The term has also been in use as a [[noun]] with the meaning "homosexual man" since the 1970s, most commonly in the plural for an unspecified group, as in "gays are opposed to that policy." This usage is somewhat common in the names of organizations such as [[Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays]] (PFLAG) and [[Children of lesbians and gays everywhere|Children of Lesbians And Gays Everywhere]] (COLAGE). It is sometimes used to refer to individuals, as in "he is a gay" or "two gays were there too," although this may be perceived as derogatory.<ref>{{cite book|title=The American Heritage Book of English Usage|date=1996|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0547563213|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEHFyMCdwssC&pg=PA197|access-date=30 July 2016|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014626/https://books.google.de/books?id=BEHFyMCdwssC&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197|archive-date=12 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also used for comedic effect by the ''[[Little Britain (sketch show)|Little Britain]]'' character Dafydd Thomas. To avoid pejorative connotations, the adjective form can be used instead, e.g. "gay person" or "gay people".

==Generalized pejorative use==
When used with a derisive attitude (e.g., "that was so gay"), the word ''gay'' is [[pejorative]]. Though retaining other meanings, its use among young people as a term of [[mockery|disparagement]] is common; 97 percent of American LGBTQ middle and high school students reported hearing its negative use as of 2021.<ref name="Winterman"/><ref name=times>{{cite news |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article671972.ece |title=Gay means rubbish, says BBC |work=The Times |location=London |date=6 June 2006 |access-date=3 May 2010 |first=Adam |last=Sherwin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430115347/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article671972.ece |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>Kosciw, J. G., Clark, C. M., & Menard, L. (2022). The 2021 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of LGBTQ+ youth in our nation's schools. New York: GLSEN.</ref>

This pejorative usage has its origins in the late 1970s, with the word gaining a pejorative sense by association with the previous meaning: homosexuality was seen as inferior or undesirable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/21139-many-heterosexual-college-males-say-that-s-so-gay-but-why|title=Many heterosexual college males say 'That's so gay,' but why? {{!}} University of Michigan News|website=ns.umich.edu|date=29 January 2013|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301043936/http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/21139-many-heterosexual-college-males-say-that-s-so-gay-but-why|archive-date=1 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Beginning in the 1980s, and especially in the late 1990s, the usage as a generic insult became common among young people.<ref name="Winterman" /> Use of "gay" in some circumstances continues to be considered a pejorative in present day. As recently as 2023, the American Psychological Association described language like "that's so gay" as [[Heterosexism|heterosexist]] and [[Heteronormativity|heteronormative]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Nadal |first=Kevin Leo Yabut |title=An introduction to microaggressions: Understanding definitions and impact. |date=2023 |url=http://content.apa.org/books/17305-001 |work=Dismantling everyday discrimination: Microaggressions toward LGBTQ people. |pages=3–16 |access-date=2023-05-03 |place=Washington |publisher=American Psychological Association |language=en |doi=10.1037/0000335-001 |isbn=978-1-4338-4015-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The pejorative usage of the word "gay" has been criticized as [[homophobia|homophobic]]. A 2006 [[BBC]] ruling by the [[Board of Governors]] over the negative use of the word by [[Chris Moyles]] advises that "caution on its use"; however, it acknowledges its common use among young people to mean "rubbish" or "lame".<ref name="times"/>

The BBC's ruling was heavily criticized by the Minister for Children, [[Kevin Brennan (politician)|Kevin Brennan]], who stated in response that "the casual use of homophobic language by mainstream radio DJs" is:

{{blockquote|"too often seen as harmless banter instead of the offensive insult that it really represents. ... To ignore this problem is to collude in it. The blind eye to casual name-calling, looking the other way because it is the easy option, is simply intolerable."<ref>{{cite news |first=Tony |last=Grew |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-4862.html |title=BBC's attitude to homophobic language 'damages children' |work=Pink News |location=London |access-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328144625/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-4862.html |archive-date=28 March 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Shortly after the Moyles incident, a campaign against homophobia was launched in Britain under the slogan "homophobia is gay", playing on the double meaning of the word "gay" in youth culture, as well as the popular perception that vocal homophobia is common among closeted homosexuals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-2607.html |title=Young Liberal Democrats launch 'homophobia is gay' campaign |work=Pink News |year=2006 |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012060514/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-2607.html |archive-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

The United States had its own popular campaign against the pejorative use of "gay" called ''Think B4 You Speak.'' It was created in 2008 in partnership with the Advertising Council, GLSEN, and Arnold NYC. This initiative created television, radio, print and web PSAs with goals "to motivate teens to become allies in the efforts to raise awareness, stop using [[Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric|anti-LGBT language]] and safely intervene when they are present and anti-LGBT harassment and behavior occurs."<ref>{{cite web |title=Think B4 You Speak Educator's Guide |url=https://www.glsen.org/blog/glsen-and-ad-council-launch-think-b4-you-speak-campaign |work=GLSEN |date=14 October 2008 |page=5 |language=en}}</ref>

Research has looked into the use and effect of the pejorative. In a 2013 article published in the ''[[Journal of Interpersonal Violence]]'', [[University of Michigan]] researchers Michael Woodford, Alex Kulick and Perry Silverschanz, alongside [[Appalachian State University]] professor Michael L. Howell, argued that the pejorative use of the word "gay" was a [[Microaggression theory|microaggression]].<ref name="thatsogayjournalofinter">{{cite journal |last1=Howell |first1=Michael L. |last2=Kulick |first2=Alex |last3=Silverschanz |first3=Perry |last4=Woodford |first4=Michael R. |title="That's so Gay" Heterosexual Male Undergraduates and the Perpetuation of Sexual Orientation Microagressions on Campus |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |date=January 2013 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=416–435 |doi=10.1177/0886260512454719 |pmid=22929342 |s2cid=206562816 |language=en}}</ref> They found that college-age men were more likely to repeat the word pejoratively if their friends said it, while they were less likely to say it if they had lesbian, gay or bisexual peers.<ref name="thatsogayjournalofinter" /> A 2019 study used data collected in a 2013 survey of cisgender LGBQ+ college students to evaluate the effects of microaggressions like "that's so gay" and "no homo."<ref name=":0" /> It found that increased exposure to the phrase "that's so gay" was significantly associated with greater developmental challenge (a measure of academic stressors).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Mathies |first1=Nicole |last2=Coleman |first2=Todd |last3=McKie |first3=Raymond M. |last4=Woodford |first4=Michael R. |last5=Courtice |first5=Erin Leigh |last6=Travers |first6=Robb |last7=Renn |first7=Kristen A. |date=2019-07-03 |title=Hearing "that's so gay" and "no homo" on academic outcomes for LGBQ + college students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2019.1571981 |journal=Journal of LGBT Youth |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=255–277 |doi=10.1080/19361653.2019.1571981 |s2cid=151176310 |issn=1936-1653|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Research published in the ''[[Journal of Youth and Adolescence]]'' in 2021 finds that use of anti-gay banter among Midwestern middle and high school students such as "that's so gay" is perceived less negatively and more humorously if the person saying it is a friend.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yueyao |last2=Marosi |first2=Christopher |last3=Edgin |first3=Megan |last4=Horn |first4=Stacey S. |date=2021-10-01 |title=Adolescents' Judgment of Homophobic Name-Calling: The Role of Peer/Friend Context and Emotional Response |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01470-8 |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |language=en |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=1939–1951 |doi=10.1007/s10964-021-01470-8 |pmid=34245427 |s2cid=235785836 |issn=1573-6601|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Parallels in other languages and cultures==
* The concept of a "gay identity" and the use of the term ''gay'' may not be used or understood the same way in non-Westernised cultures, since modes of sexuality may differ from those prevalent in the West.<ref name=Bailey16>{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|last2=Vasey|first2=Paul|last3=Diamond|first3=Lisa|author4-link=Marc Breedlove|last4=Breedlove|first4=S. Marc|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Epprecht|first6=Marc|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|date=2016|volume=17|issue=2|pages=45–101|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|pmid=27113562|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075|doi-access=free|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611031054/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075|url-status=live}}</ref>
* For example, [[two-spirit]] is a term used by some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous people in]] [[Native Americans in the United States|the United States]] and [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Canada]] to describe Indigenous people in their communities who do not conform to Western expressions of gender and sexuality. It functions as a modern, [[pan-Indianism|pan-Indian]] umbrella term, much like the use of queer or LGBTQ by non-Natives. Some Indigenous people identify as both two-spirit and gay.<ref name=Estrada>{{cite journal|last1=Estrada|first1=Gabriel|title=''Two Spirits'', ''Nádleeh'', and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze|journal=American Indian Culture and Research Journal|date=2011|volume=35|issue=4|pages=167–190|doi=10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |url=https://doi.org/10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=NCIA>{{cite journal|last1=Pruden|first1=Harlan|last2=Edmo|first2=Se-ah-dom|title=Two-Spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America|journal=National Congress of American Indians Policy Research Center|date=2016|url=http://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/initiatives/Pruden-Edmo_TwoSpiritPeople.pdf|access-date=26 August 2023|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708104610/https://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/initiatives/Pruden-Edmo_TwoSpiritPeople.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> For some [[traditional Native American]]s, who usually use terms in their own languages for these individuals rather than the English [[neologism]], two-spirit is not interchangeable with the "LGBT Native American" or "gay Indian"<ref name=Leland>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/fashion/08SPIRIT.html?_r=0|title=A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out|work=The New York Times|date=8 Oct 2006|access-date=28 July 2016|quote='The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' [Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit.|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409124947/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/fashion/08SPIRIT.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sexual identity|sexual]] and [[gender identity]] labels because it is a sacred, spiritual, and ceremonial role that is recognized and confirmed only by tribal elders of the two-spirit person's ceremonial community.<ref name=Estrada />
* The [[German language|German]] equivalent for "gay", "[[:wikt:schwul|schwul]]", which is [[Etymology|etymologically]] derived from "schwül" (hot, humid), also acquired the pejorative meaning within youth culture.<ref name=sedlaczek>Robert Sedlaczek, Roberta Baron: ''leet & leiwand. Das Lexikon der Jugendsprache'', Echomedia, 2006, {{ISBN|3-901761-49-7}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|LGBTQ}}

{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
* {{anl|[[Deviance (sociology)]]}}
* {{anl|[[Gay bashing]]}}
* [[Gay gene]] ([[Xq28]])
* [[Hate speech]]
* [[Human sexuality]]
** [[Human female sexuality]]
** [[Human male sexuality]]
* {{anl|[[Human Rights Campaign]]}}
* {{anl|[[Labeling theory]]}}
* [[LGBTQ themes in mythology]]
* [[List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people]]
* [[List of LGBTQ events]]
* [[Men who have sex with men]]
* [[Opposition to LGBTQ rights]]
* [[Religion and sexuality]]
* [[Sexual practices between men]]
* [[Sexual practices between women]]
* [[Social stigma]]
* {{anl|[[Tu'er Shen]]}}
{{div col end}}


== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |title=The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach |last=Cory |first=Donald Webster |year=1951 |publisher=Greenberg |page=107. Chapter 9 ("Take My Word For It") includes a valuable discussion of the term "gay."}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loqEKRQQ68UC |title=Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination, and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language |last=Leap |first=William |year=1995 |isbn=978-2-88449-181-5 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=360}}

==External links==
*{{wiktionary-inline|Gay}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Gay}}
*{{wikiquote-inline}}

{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Sexual identities}}
{{LGBTQ|main=expanded}}
{{Sexual slang}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1920s neologisms]]
[[Category:LGBTQ terminology]]
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:English words]]

Dil-E-Nadaan (1953 film)

2026-03-04T04:09:43Z

SoniaBlankinship: quick expand structure for clarity

{{short description|1953 Indian film by Abdur Rashid Kardar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dil-E-Nadaan
| image = Dil-E-Nadaan_1953.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[A. R. Kardar]]
| producer = [[A. R. Kardar]]
| writer = Kardar Productions story department
| narrator =
| starring = [[Talat Mehmood]] [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] [[Peace Kanwal]]
| music = [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]]
| cinematography = [[Dwarka Divecha]]
| editing = M. S. Hajee
| studio = Kardar Productions Ltd.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1953||}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''''Dil-E-Nadaan''''' (Naive Heart) is a 1953 [[Hindi]] romantic drama film produced and directed by [[A. R. Kardar]].<ref name=MySwar>{{cite web|title=Dil-E-Nadaan (1953 film)|url=http://myswar.co/album/dil-e-nadaan-1953|website=MySwar.com website|accessdate=6 February 2022}}</ref>

Produced under the banner of Kardar Productions Ltd., the story and dialogue were handled by the story department of Kardar Production Ltd unit. The cinematography was by Dwarka Divecha. The music director was [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]], with lyrics written by [[Shakeel Badayuni]].<ref name=LyricsBogie>{{cite web|title=Film Review of Dil-E-Nadaan (1953)|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/category/movies/dil-e-nadan-1953|website=lyricsbogie.com|publisher=LyricsBogie|accessdate=1 November 2020}}</ref>

It was Talat Mehmood's debut acting role, and he was introduced as the "Singing Star Talat Mehmood".<ref name="Bharatan2013">{{cite book|author=Raju Bharatan|title=Naushadnama: The Life and Music of Naushad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg09BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|date=1 August 2013|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-63-0|pages=178–}}</ref> He co-starred with the new actress [[Peace Kanwal]], who was introduced in this film and with [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]]. The film failed at the box-office in spite of several popular songs.<ref name="RB">{{cite book|author=Raju Bharatan|title=A Journey Down Melody Lane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnxABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT140|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-05-0|pages=140–}}</ref> The other actors were Diwan Sharar, S. N. Bannerji, Ramesh and Master Romi.<ref name=MySwar/>

The story was a love triangle, with two sisters played by Shyama and Peace Kanwal, in love with the same man ([[Talat Mahmood]]).

==Plot==
Kamini (Peace Kanwal) and Asha ([[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]]) are two sisters living with their wealthy father, Seth Heerachand. Mohan ([[Talat Mahmood]]), is striving to become a musician, but is hindered by his father who is a petition writer. Mohan leaves home and meets up with Kamini and her father. Seth Heerachand helps Mohan to make a name for himself as a music director. Kamini and Mohan fall in love, but Asha lets Kamini know that she loves Mohan. Having spoilt Asha, as an older sister Kamini gets Asha and Mohan married. However things don't work out between the two. Asha is disturbed by Mohan's music and finds it boring. She finds out about Kamini and Mohan's affair and consumed with rage a pregnant Asha runs after Mohan but trips down the stairs. Badly injured, she gives birth and dies handing the baby to Kamini. After a few years, Kamini and Mohan are brought together by Mohan's son, who insists on calling Kamini, mother.

==Cast==
* [[Talat Mahmood]] as Mohan
* [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] as Asha
* [[Peace Kanwal]] as Kamini

==Soundtrack==
[[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]] composed the music for this film and gave a "standout score" for the film. Bharatan states that Dil-E-Nadan marked a downward trend for him as far as the box-office success was concerned.<ref name="Bharatan2013 p. 178">Bharatan2013, p. 178</ref><ref name=LyricsBogie/>

Ghulam Mohammed's compositions were well appreciated by the public. One of the notable songs from the film was Talat Mehmood's expressive "Zindagi Dene Wale Sun", the start of which employs western stringed instruments before the tune blends into [[Raga]] Bhoop.<ref name="Ranade2006">{{cite book|author=Ashok Damodar Ranade|title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&pg=PA224|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-64-4|pages=224–}}</ref> The second song was Talat Mahmood's "Mohabbat Ki Dhun Beqararon Se Poochho" with co-singers [[Sudha Malhotra]], [[Jagjit Kaur]]. The other popular numbers were Jagjit Kaur's "Khamosh Zindagi Ko Ek Afsana Mil Gaya" and Talat's "Jo Khushi Se Chot Khaye".<ref name=LyricsBogie/>

The lyrics were penned by [[Shakeel Badayuni]] and the singers were [[Talat Mahmood]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Sudha Malhotra]].<ref name=MySwar/><ref name=LyricsBogie/>

===Song list===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| ''Zindagi Denewale Sunn, Teri Dunya Se Dil Bhar Gaya''<ref name=IndianScreen/>
| [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| ''Jo Khushi Se Chot Khaye, Woh Dil Kahan Se Laaun''<ref name=IndianScreen>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianscreen.com/ghulam.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=12 February 2025|title=Ghulam Mohammed Film Songs|website=Indian Screen.com website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122538/http://www.indianscreen.com/ghulam.htm}}</ref>
| [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| ''Yeh Raat Suhani Raat Nahin''<ref name=IndianScreen/>
| [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| "Mohabbat Ki Dhun Bekararon Se Poochho, Naghma Hai Kya Chand Taron Se Poochho"
| [[Talat Mahmood]], [[Sudha Malhotra]], [[Jagjit Kaur]]
|-
| "Chanda Gaye Raagini"
| [[Jagjit Kaur]]
|-
| "Khamosh Zindagi Ko"
| [[Jagjit Kaur]]
|-
| ''Na Woh Hamare Na Dil Hamara''<ref name=IndianScreen/>
| [[Sudha Malhotra]]
|-
| "Ae Dil Na Sata Mujhko"
| [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| "Lijo Babul Hamara Salaam Re"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0231460|title=Dil-E-Nadaan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122538/http://www.indianscreen.com/ghulam.htm Ghulam Mohammed] songs

{{A. R. Kardar}}

[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:1953 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. R. Kardar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1953 romantic drama films]]

Sye (2004 film)

2026-03-03T18:14:08Z

SoniaBlankinship: refine details based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sye 2004 poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| writer =
| screenplay = S. S. Rajamouli
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |M. Rathnam}}
}}
| starring = [[Nithiin]] [[Genelia]] [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
| director = [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| story = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
| producer = A. Bharati
| studio = Sri Bharathi Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|2004|09|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 163 minutes<ref name="Movie"/>
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| country = India
| cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| language = Telugu
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| budget = {{INR|102 million|link=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chatrapati - Post mortem - Telugu cinema - SS Rajamouli - Prabhas, Shriya |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/chatrapati.html |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref name="sakshi"/>
| gross = {{INR|110 million|link=yes}} (Distributors' Share) <ref name=":0"/><ref name="sakshi">{{Cite web|date=2017-05-05|title=భళి భళి భళిరా భళి రాజమౌళి|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/special-story-to-ssrajamouli-473713|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Sakshi|language=te|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823002513/http://www.sakshi.com/news/family/special-story-to-ssrajamouli-473713|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Sye''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ}}; {{translation|'Challenge'}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Sports film|sports]] [[Action film|action]] film directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]], who co-wrote the film with [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]. The film is produced by A. Bharati under Sri Bharathi Enterprises. The film features [[Nithiin|Nithin]], [[Genelia]], [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] and [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]. The story is set against the backdrop of [[Rugby union|rugby]] and follows two rival student groups in a college, one representing the [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|Science stream]] and the other the [[Humanities|Arts stream]]. Initially clashing for dominance through the sport, the two factions are ultimately forced to unite when a local gangster takes control of their university.

This was Rajamouli's third film post the successes of ''[[Student No: 1]]'' and ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''. Music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] with cinematography by [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] and editing by [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]. The film earned {{INRConvert|110|m|lk=r|year=2004}} in [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor share’s]] against a production budget of {{INRConvert|102|m|year=2004}} and was commercially successful.{{Efn|The average exchange rate in 2004 was 45.32 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="exchange2005">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=1 USD to INR from 1947 till now, Historical Exchange Rates Explained |url=https://www.bookmyforex.com/blog/1-usd-inr-1947-till-now/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525230309/https://www.bookmyforex.com/blog/1-usd-inr-1947-till-now/ |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date= |website=BookMyForex.com |url-status=live }}</ref>|name=exchange2005}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Postmortem - Chatrapati by SS Rajamouli |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/chatrapati.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513052131/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/chatrapati.html |archive-date=13 May 2015 |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film won four [[Nandi Awards]].

The film gained recognition beyond India when Willie Hateraka, a coach of the [[Indian Army]]'s rugby team and a member of the [[Māori people|Māori]] community in [[New Zealand]], recommended the film to the [[International Rugby Board]]. The Board later shortlisted ''Sye'' as one of only three films globally deemed suitable as promotional material for the sport of rugby.<ref name=":1" />

==Plot==
Prudhvi ([[Nithiin]]) and Shashank ([[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]]) are the leaders of two warring student groups in a Hyderabad college. Their rivalry is intense, marked by constant clashes and a fierce competition for dominance. They are fond of the game of [[rugby union|rugby]], and they sort things out issues between them by playing rugby to prove their superiority. Despite their differences, the groups share a deep love for their college, especially its vast playground, which is a hub of their activities.

However, their lives take a drastic turn when a local mafia leader Bhikshu Yadav ([[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]) gets a court notice that he has purchased the college land from its legal heirs. Prudhvi and Sashank's groups unite and forget their mutual differences to win back the college. The students attack the political career of Bhikshu by posting fake posters of him in the streets. They go to his liquor shops and play dead to make it appear that the shops sold spurious poisonous liquor which killed the students. After getting affected by the student assaults, Bhikshu Yadav throws a challenge to defeat his team in a game of rugby to win back the land for their college. The condition is set: if the students win, Bhikshu will leave the land alone; if they lose, the land is his. The rest of the story is how Prudhvi leads his team to the victory.<ref name="Movie">{{cite web|title=Sye - Telugu Full Movie @ YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]| date=31 July 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_T9JgUmuPc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/1_T9JgUmuPc |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nithiin]] as Prudhvi
* [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] as Shashank
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Rugby coach Rafi, Qader's son
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Bhikshu Yadav
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Qadar, college property owner
* [[Genelia]] as Indu
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Bhikshu Yadav's right hand and an advocate
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Bhikshu Yadav's henchman
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Prudhvi's father and college principal
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Nalla Balu
* [[S. S. Kanchi]] as Indu's father
* [[Preeti Nigam]] as Prudhvi's mother
* Swathi Katrapati as Venni, Indu's friend and Shani's girlfriend
* [[Supreeth]] as Bhikshu Yadav's henchmen
* [[Madhunandan]] as College Student
* [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]] as ACP Aravind
* Surya as Pinganoori Panganamalu "Ping Pong"; Prudhvi's friend and classmate<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-apf.html|title=Ankit, Pallavi & Friends pressmeet - Telugu cinema - Nikhil & Megha Burman|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129042622/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-apf.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Shravan as Chotu, Shashank's friend and classmate
* Natraj Master as Spare; Prudhvi's friend
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as a lecturer
* [[Narsing Yadav]]
* Alapati Lakshmi
;Cameo appearance
* [[S. S. Rajamouli]] as Nalla Balu's henchman
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[Nithiin]] and other actors underwent two months of rugby training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-ssrajamouli.html|title=Chit Chat with SS Rajamouli|date=12 September 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film has six songs composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-sye.html|title=Audio release - Sye|date=25 August 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The audio release function was held at the Taj Banjara hotel in Hyderabad.<ref name="I"/> The song " Chantaina bujjaina " adopted from Hindi song "Duniya mein logon ko" from the film Apna desh.

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:59
| title1 = Appudappudu
| lyrics1 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| extra1 =[[Lucky Ali]], Sumangali
| length1 = 4:06
| title2 = Chantaina Bujjaina
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = [[Kalyani Malik]], [[Smitha]], [[Vasundara Das]]
| length2 = 5:27
| title3 = Ganga A/C
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = Kalyani Malik, Ganga, Vasundara Das
| length3 = 5:21
| title4 = Gutlovundi
| lyrics4 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| length4 =4:31
| title5 = Nalla Nallani Kalla
| lyrics5 = Siva Shakti Datta
| extra5 = M. M. Keeravani, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 = 4:10
| title6 = Pantham Pantham
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose
| extra6 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]], M. M. Keeravani, Tippu, Chandrabose, Kalyani Malik, & Smitha
| length6 = 3:21
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "Go ahead and enjoy and rugby game. ''Sye'' is a roller coaster ride of pure unadulterated masala".<ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2004 |title=Sye |url=http://sify.com/movies/sye-review-telugu-pclv9fcjhdffa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227121739/http://sify.com/movies/sye-review-telugu-pclv9fcjhdffa.html |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]'' wrote, "Plus points of the film are Raja Mouli's stylish taking and MM Keeravani music. The main negative point in the film is failing in getting the emotions right till the climax of the film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sye.html|title=Movie review - Sye|date=23 September 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi|access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film had a successful 365-day run at one centre. It collected {{INRConvert|110|m|year=2004}} share at box office.<ref name="idlebrain1">[http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/chatrapati.html Chatrapati - Post mortem - Telugu cinema - SS Rajamouli - Prabhas, Shriya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513052131/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/chatrapati.html|date=13 May 2015}}. Idlebrain.com. Retrieved on 2020-05-25.</ref> ''Sye'' was the most expensive film in Rajamouli's career till 2004 as it was made with over {{INRConvert|100|m|year=2004}} budget.<ref name="sakshi" /><ref name=":0" />

==Recognition==
In the lead up to the [[2015 Rugby World Cup]], a video of the rugby scenes from ''Sye'' went viral.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sion Morgan |date=2015-08-27 |title=Bollywood rugby blockbuster gives hilariously skewed version of world-famous sport |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/bollywood-rugby-blockbuster-gives-hilariously-6331366 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209003901/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/bollywood-rugby-blockbuster-gives-hilariously-6331366 |archive-date=9 December 2017 |accessdate=2016-03-25 |website=[[The Mirror (UK)|The Mirror]] |publisher=}}</ref>

When Willie Hateraka, belonging to the [[Māori people|Maori]] sect of New Zealand, working as the coach for Indian Army's Rugby team, saw the film ''Sye'', was so impressed with the movie that he recommended Rajamouli's name to the International Rugby Board as the director for their proposed [[feature film]] based on rugby, which never entered production. Hateraka, who couldn't even understand English properly nor the language of the film, connected to the film emotionally. The film went on to be one of the only 3 films that the [[World Rugby|Rugby Board]] found suitable as promotional material for the game of Rugby.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2005 |title=Interview with SS Rajamouli by Jeevi – Chatrapathi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/ssrajamouli.html |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |access-date=15 March 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122112710/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/ssrajamouli.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2004.html|title=Telugu Cinema Etc - Nandi award winners list 2004|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015051905/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2004.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] - [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist|Best Male Dubbing Artist]] - [[P. Ravi Shankar]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] - [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Best Villain Award (Telugu)]] - [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] (2004)

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{S. S. Rajamouli}}

[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 sports films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2004 action films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Rajamouli]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:Rugby union films]]
[[Category:Rugby union in India]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Aadi Lakshmi

2026-03-03T17:59:16Z

SoniaBlankinship: Starting The Pg Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadi Lakshmi
| image = Aadi Lakshmi.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = R. Suresh Varma
| producer = Y. Suresh
| writer = R. Suresh Varma [[Marudhuri Raja]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] [[Vadde Naveen]] [[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Sridevi]]
| music = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| cinematography = Bhoopathy
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = Viswak Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2006|12|08|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Aadi Lakshmi''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Telugu language]] [[romantic thriller]] film directed by R. Suresh Varma. It starred [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Vadde Naveen]] and [[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Sridevi]]. The film is a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Deewangee]]'' (2002).<ref>{{cite web |title=Adi Lakshmi Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/adi-lakshmi/telugu/adi-lakshmi-movie-reviews-1972-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131034215/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/adi-lakshmi/telugu/adi-lakshmi-movie-reviews-1972-2.html |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Full Hyderabad}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as Aadi / Shankar
* [[Vadde Naveen]] as Lakshmi Prasad
* [[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Sridevi]] as Surekha
* [[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]] as Poornima
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]]
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Lakshmi Prasad
* [[Nutan Prasad]] as Judge
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Malli
* [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as police inspector
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Uttej]] as police constable
* [[Abhinayasri]] as police inspector
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as doctor
* Vijaya Ranga Raju as doctor
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]]
* Kadambari Kiran
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Lakshmipati]]
* [[Tirupathi Prakash]]
* [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]] (Cameo appearance)
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The film is directed by R. V. Suresh, who previously directed ''[[Sivayya (1998 film)|Sivayya]]'' and ''[[Manasichi Choodu (film)|Manasichi Choodu]]'' with Vadde Naveen under the name of Suresh Varma.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2006 |title=Muhurat – Adi Lakshmi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-adilakshmi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509093421/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-adilakshmi.html |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2006 |title=Suresh Varma changes his name |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news275.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822125002/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news275.html |archive-date=22 August 2007 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref> The hospital scenes were shot at the Nanakramguda Cine Village, Hyderabad and the climax was shot at the Stock Market in Somajiguda, Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2006 |title=Press Meet – Adi Lakshmi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-adilakshmi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509093414/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-adilakshmi.html |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2005 |title=Audio Launch – Adi Lakshmi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-adilakshmi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509093402/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-adilakshmi.html |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gaana.com/album/adi-lakshmi |title=Adi Lakshmi Songs Download: Adi Lakshmi MP3 Telugu Songs Online Free on |publisher=Gaana.com |accessdate=2022-08-23 |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509095605/http://gaana.com/album/adi-lakshmi |url-status=live }}</ref>
*"Love U Lolly Pop" – Chakri, Kousalya
*"Naa Cell Phone" – Kousalya, Ravi Verma
*"Intakalamu" – Venu, Sudha
*"Dole Dole" – [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Suchitra]]
*"Rojuko Muddu" – [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
*"Jil Jil Prema" – [[Vedala Hemachandra]], Kousalya

== Reception ==
B. Anuradha from ''Webindia123'' opined that "His [R. V. Suresh's] disjointed and repetitive screenplay dilutes the interesting point, over which he perhaps wanted to provoke a discussion" but praised Srikanth's performance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aadhi Lakshmi (2006) |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/dec2006/aadhi/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705051948/http://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/dec2006/aadhi/index.htm |archive-date=5 July 2008 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Webindia123}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Anuradha |first=B. |date=10 December 2006 |title=Adi Lakshmi Telugu Movie |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3428/telugu/adi-lakshmi/974/review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208125228/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3428/telugu/adi-lakshmi/974/review.htm |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Nowrunning}}</ref> Kishore from ''Nowrunning'' opined that "The plot is good. But possessiveness of Srikanth could have been shown more vividly. There are a few loose ends like Vadde Naveen getting away from an accident scratch free. {{sic|He}} climax could have been made more interesting".<ref>{{cite web |last=Kishore |date=9 December 2006 |title=Adi Lakshmi Telugu Movie |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3428/telugu/adi-lakshmi/971/review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511185919/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3428/telugu/adi-lakshmi/971/review.htm |archive-date=11 May 2018 |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Nowrunning}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=1300341|title=Aadi Lakshmi}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia

2026-02-24T02:21:43Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|09|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Serchhip]], [[Mizoram]], India
| height = 1.71 m
| position = [[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]]
| currentclub = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| clubnumber = 21
| youthyears1 = 2017–2019
| youthclubs1 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]
| youthyears2 = 2019–2022
| youthclubs2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala]]
| years1 = 2022–2023
| clubs1 = [[Chhinga Veng FC|Chhinga Veng]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2023
| clubs2 = → [[Delhi FC|Delhi]] (loan)
| caps2 = 2
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2023–2025
| clubs3 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| caps3 = 40
| goals3 = 27
| years4 = 2025–
| clubs4 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| caps4 = 2
| goals4 = 1
| club-update = 18:36, 5 April 2025 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia''' (born 15 September 2000), known as '''Rinzuala''', is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|striker]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].

== Club career ==
=== Youth career ===
Rinzuala played in the Subroto Cup, before being scouted by [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC]], which he represented at the U-16 and U-18 levels. He suffered an [[Anterior cruciate ligament injury|ACL injury]] in 2018, that kept him away of the game for 11 months.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

Subsequently, he played three seasons for [[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala reserves]] before returning home in 2022 to play for [[Chhinga Veng FC|Chhinga Veng]], that competed in the [[Mizoram Premier League]]. He recalled that it "was a decision that I felt I had to take" and that he "needed to come back home and start afresh".<ref>{{cite web|title=Return to the Roots: Rinzuala determined to leave his mark on the I-League top scorers' charts|url=https://i-league.org/return-to-the-roots-rinzuala-determined-to-leave-his-mark-on-the-i-league-top-scorers-charts|publisher=i-league.org|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403125908/https://i-league.org/return-to-the-roots-rinzuala-determined-to-leave-his-mark-on-the-i-league-top-scorers-charts/|archive-date=3 April 2024|date=3 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Aizawl ===
==== 2023–24 season ====
On 13 June 2023, [[I-League]] club [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] secured the services of Rinzuala, on a two-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome Lalrinzuala to The People's Club|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cta7O1-JtGh/|date=13 June 2023|website=@aizawlfc}}</ref> On 29 October, he made his debut for the club in the [[2023–24 I-League]] campaign against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]], in a 2-1 away loss.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohammedan 2-1 Aizawl|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/10/29/india/i-league/mohammedan-sporting-club/aizawl-fc/4258524/|website=soccerway|date=29 October 2023|access-date=31 March 2024|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331133208/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/10/29/india/i-league/mohammedan-sporting-club/aizawl-fc/4258524/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MOHAMMEDAN SPORTING CLUB START THEIR I-LEAGUE CAMPAIGN WITH A 2-1 WIN OVER AIZAWL FC|url=https://www.parallelsports.in/news/mohammedan-sporting-club-start-their-i-league-campaign-with-a-2-1-win-over-aizawl-fc|date=29 October 2023|website=parallelsports.com|access-date=31 March 2024|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331133209/https://www.parallelsports.in/news/mohammedan-sporting-club-start-their-i-league-campaign-with-a-2-1-win-over-aizawl-fc|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 November, Rinzuala scored three goals in a 1–3 win over [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]], which was his first professional hat-trick.<ref>{{cite web|title=NEROCA 1-3 Aizawl|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/14/india/i-league/neroca/aizawl-fc/4258544/|website=soccerway|date=14 November 2023|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117194000/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/14/india/i-league/neroca/aizawl-fc/4258544/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lalrinzuala's second half hat-trick gives Aizawl the win against NEROCA|url=https://i-league.org/lalrinzualas-second-half-hat-trick-gives-aizawl-the-win-against-neroca/|date=14 November 2023|website=i-league.org|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402190255/https://i-league.org/lalrinzualas-second-half-hat-trick-gives-aizawl-the-win-against-neroca/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 March, Rinzuala netted twice in a 4–0 win over [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]. In this process, he broke the record for most goals scored by an Indian footballer in a single season of the I-League, with 14 goals, overtaking [[Sunil Chhetri]] and [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aizawl 4-0 Churchill Brothers|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/03/28/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/churchill-brothers-sc/4258531/|website=soccerway|date=28 March 2024|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=30 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330151803/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/03/28/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/churchill-brothers-sc/4258531/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=I-League: Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia breaks Sunil Chhetri's record; scores most goals in single edition|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-lalrinzuala-most-goals-202403|date=28 March 2024|website=khelnow.com|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329215802/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-lalrinzuala-most-goals-202403|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 April 2025, it was reported that Rinzuala will move to the top-tier [[Indian Super League]] next season, after agreeing terms with [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lalrinzuala set for move to NorthEast United|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/lalrinzuala-set-for-move-to-northeast-united/articleshow/120289363.cms|date=15 April 2025|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref>

=== NorthEast United ===
On 1 June 2025, [[Indian Super League]] club [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] confirmed the signing of Rinzuala.<ref>https://x.com/NEUtdFC/status/1929123440591589882</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rinzuala was born in the streets of [[Serchhip]], a town in his home state of [[Mizoram]]. His father, who was a driver, died in 2016, before his elder brother died in an accident the following year. His mother started a chicken farm after that, which sustained his family since.<ref>{{cite web|title=Return to the Roots: Rinzuala determined to leave his mark on the I-League top scorers' charts|url=https://i-league.org/return-to-the-roots-rinzuala-determined-to-leave-his-mark-on-the-i-league-top-scorers-charts|publisher=i-league.org|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403125908/https://i-league.org/return-to-the-roots-rinzuala-determined-to-leave-his-mark-on-the-i-league-top-scorers-charts/|archive-date=3 April 2024|date=3 April 2024}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|match played 5 April 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|lalrinzuala-lalbiaknia/938492}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Chhinga Veng FC|Chhinga Veng]]
|2022–23
|[[Mizoram Premier League]]
|colspan="2" |– || colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||colspan="2" |–
|-
|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]] (loan)
|[[2022–23 I-League 2nd Division|2022–23]]
|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|2||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||2||0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{nowrap|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]}}
|[[I-League]]
|20||15|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||20||15
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|I-League
|20||12|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||20||12
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!40!!27!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!40!!27
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!42!!27!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!42!!27
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==

'''Delhi FC'''
* [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]: [[2022–23 I-League 2nd Division|2022–23]]

'''NorthEast United'''
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2025 Durand Cup|2025]]

'''Individual'''
* Most goals scored by an Indian in a [[I-League]] season – 15 goals

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Soccerway|lalrinzuala-lalbiaknia/938492}}
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/57916?type=club Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia profile] at AIFF

{{Aizawl F.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalbiaknia, Lalrinzuala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC players]]
[[Category:Chhinga Veng FC players]]
[[Category:Delhi FC players]]
[[Category:Mizoram Premier League players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]

Salbari Higher Secondary School

2026-02-21T09:51:40Z

SoniaBlankinship: Created A Stub W/ Refs

{{Infobox school
| name = Salbari Higher Secondary School सालबारि गोजौसिन फरायसालि
| alt = SHSS
| caption = Salbari HS School
| motto = Unity and spread of education
| location = State Highway 6, [[Salbari]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Assam]], 781318
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.6419288|N|91.0935664|E|display=inline,title}}
| language = [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Salbari H.S. School, Salbari (Baksa)|url=https://www.studyapt.com/school-salbari-h-s-school-baksa|website=studyapt.com|accessdate=19 February 2017|archive-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219170456/https://www.studyapt.com/school-salbari-h-s-school-baksa|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| established = {{Start date|1955|03|20|df=y}}
| authority = [[Government of Assam]]
| opened =
| image = File:SalbariHSSchoolgateuploadbybinodbatosalbari.jpeg
| closed =
| type = Upper primary, secondary and higher secondary, public, co-educational<ref name="iCBSE">{{cite web|title=Salbari H.S. School, Salbari, Baksa - Assam|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/salbari-h-s-school/18240413904|website=iCBSE|accessdate=19 February 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| district = Baksa, Jalah Block
| grades = 6-12<ref name="iCBSE" />
| superintendent =
| principal = Toppeswar Basumatary (2015-present)
| head_label = Vice principal
| head = Kenedi Ramchiary <ref>{{cite web|title=All Bathou Mahasabha conference begins today|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb0614/state07|website=The Assam Tribune Online|accessdate=19 February 2017|date=6 February 2014|archive-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219172752/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb0614/state07|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| enrollment = Approximately 1100<ref name="findthebest">{{cite web|title=Salbari Higher Secondary School in Barpeta, Assam|url=http://schools.findthebest.in/l/100145/Salbari-Higher-Secondary-School-in-Barpeta-Assam|website=schools.findthebest.in|accessdate=19 February 2017|language=en-in}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| faculty = 36<ref name="findthebest" />
| campus_type = government building
| campus_size = 16 class rooms
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| colors =
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = Shss.com
}}
'''Salbari Higher Secondary School''' (commonly called '''Salbari Model H.S. School'''), a school in [[Salbari]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Assam]], [[India]], is situated in between the [[Ulubari]] village and [[Salbari]] bazaar. The school was established in 1955 to impart [[secondary education]] in [[Bodo language|Bodo]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] medium to the children of the rural and economically backward of the Baksa district.<ref name="iCBSE" /> It is one of four schools in the state that are [[education for sustainable development]] model schools.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|title=4 Assam schools show way to protect nature|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/4-Assam-schools-show-way-to-protect-nature/articleshow/24769440.cms|accessdate=26 February 2017|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=27 October 2013|location=Guwahati}}</ref>

==Location==
Salbari is in the Salbari sub-division in the [[Baksa District]] of [[Assam]]. It is situated by [[Manas National Park]] near the [[Bhutan–India relations|Indo-Bhutan border]], and rapidly growing towards becoming a city.<ref name="esd" />

== History ==
The school was established in 1955 as a [[high school]] at the initiative of local social workers and well wishers. The school is now upgraded to a higher secondary school with the introduction of 11th and 12th classes of [[science]] and [[arts]] stream of the Indian [[education system]].{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

In 2013, the nearby Salbari Bazaar was designated a [[Plastic pollution#Non-usage and reduction in usage|Plastic Free Zone]] through the [[Environmentalism|environmental activism]] of Salbari H.S. School students.<ref name="esd" />

== Management ==
The school is managed by the [[Principal (education)|principal]], vice principal and senior teachers. There is a governing council which supervises some administrative affairs and developmental aspects of the school. The working hours of the school are from 9:30 am to 3 pm.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

== Education ==
The school imparts education from 6th standard to 12th standard of the [[Education in India|Indian education system]] (10 + 2) [[arts]] and [[science]], leading to certificates (HSLC, HSSLC).{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

==Model school for education for sustainable development==
In 2013, Salbari Higher Secondary School was chosen as a model school by [[WWF-India]] for their [[Education for sustainable development|Education for Sustainable Development]] project.<ref name="toi" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Banga Chhokar|first1=Kiran|title=Whole School Approach Approach Manual Manual|url=http://awsassets.wwfindia.org/downloads/wsam_english.pdf|website=wwfindia.org|publisher=WWF-India|page=59|accessdate=24 February 2017|date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Goswami|first1=Roopak|title=Conservation lessons for students|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130124/jsp/northeast/story_16479093.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224133138/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130124/jsp/northeast/story_16479093.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 24, 2017|accessdate=24 February 2017|work=The Telegraph|date=24 January 2013|location=Guwahati}}</ref> Mita Nangia Goswami, the director of Environment Education, cited the school as a success story:
<blockquote>When we went to Salbari for the first time, its campus was an eye sore. It was litter-infested. Toilets were dirty and classrooms a complete mess. After a workshop with them, when we visited again in three months, it was a changed site. Students had made a traffic club which would monitor traffic congestion on campus; dustbins lay at all possible places, steel cups replaced plastic cups. They had also set up a nature library full of environment related books from which the students would borrow, read and write back the moral of the story he/she read, to be awarded if chosen best — thus enhancing reading and comprehension.</blockquote>
<blockquote>The students had also transformed the nearby market area into a ‘Plastic Free Zone’. Since the school is close to the Manas National Park, the students also set up a bird watching club and formed fences to protect saplings they had planted in the school. They made a worm-compost pit in the school backyard, created a gardening cum fruits hub and conserved local fish.<ref name="esd">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui Zaman|first1=Rana|title=Lessons painted in green|accessdate=24 February 2017|work=The Hindu|date=12 June 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/lessons-painted-in-green/article4805484.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224211814/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/lessons-painted-in-green/article4805484.ece|via=ENVIS Centre, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India|archivedate=24 February 2017|location=New Delhi}} [http://www.wwfenvis.nic.in/ViewGeneralLatestNews.aspx?format=Print&Id=1706 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204093200/http://www.wwfenvis.nic.in/ViewGeneralLatestNews.aspx?format=Print&Id=1706 |date=2021-12-04 }}</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Assam]]
[[Category:Trilingual schools]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Assam]]

Sonipat district

2026-02-16T17:12:01Z

SoniaBlankinship: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sonipat district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Haryana|District]] of [[Haryana]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management main block.jpg
| image_caption = [[National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management]] in Sonipat
| image_map = Sonipat in Haryana (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Haryana
| coordinates = {{coord|29|77|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Sonipat
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rohtak Division|Rohtak]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sonipat]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1. Sonipat, 2. Kharkhauda, 3. Gohana, 4. Gannaur
| area_total_km2 = 2260
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,450,001
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 321,432
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 73.71
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 937/1000
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH-1 NH-71]] [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]], [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] [[National Highway 334B (India)]] [[National Highway 44 (India)]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Average annual precipitation
| blank1_info_sec1 = 624 mm
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = Ganaur, Rai, Kharkhauda, Sonipat, Gohana, Baroda
| website = {{URL|http://sonipat.nic.in/}}
}}
[[File:Mughal Kos Minar Sonipat Bus Stand 7.jpg|thumb|[[Kos Minar]] at [[Sonepat]] bus stand along [[Grand Trunk Road]] in [[Haryana]]]]
'''Sonipat district''' is one of the 22 [[districts of Haryana]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in [[northern India]]. [[Sonipat]] town is the district headquarters. It is a part of [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]. It is bordered by [[Delhi]], [[Panipat district|Panipat]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Jind district|Jind]], [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]] and [[Baghpat district|Baghpat]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]).

The district borders [[States and territories of India|union territory of Delhi]] in south, [[Panipat District]] in the north, [[Jind District]] in the north-west, [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in the east with the [[Yamuna River]] acting as a border and [[Rohtak District]] in the west.

==Background==

===Etymology===

The district is named after its administrative headquarters, Sonipat. Sonipat was earlier known as ''Sonprastha'', which later became ''[[Swarnprastha]]'' (Golden City), which is derived from two [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] words, ''Svarna'' (Gold) and ''Prastha'' (Place). Over a period of time, the classical name [[Swarnprastha]]'s pronunciation degraded into ''Svarnpat'', and then to its current form, ''Sonipat''. The earliest reference of this city comes in the historical book of [[Mahabharata]], and at that time, it was one of the five villages demanded by the [[Pandavas]] in lieu of the kingdom of [[Hastinapur]].

===History===
{{see also | History of Haryana#Districts | l1= History of districts of Haryana | List of districts of Haryana | Administrative divisions of Haryana }}

====Battle of Sonipat====
The one and only battle fought in Sonipat was [[Battle of Sonipat]]. Dahiya Jats of [[Khanda, Sonipat]] village witnessed the [[Battle of Sonipat]] against [[Mughals]] and won the battle under the leadership of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sagoo |first=Harbans Kaur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIL4xwcCmxkC&q=battle+of+sonipat+khanda+village |title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty |date=2001 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7629-300-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guts and Glory: The Man Who Vowed to Avenge Guru Gobind Singh's Death, Took on Mughals |url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/banda-singh-bahadur-vowed-to-avenge-guru-gobind-singh-death-took-on-mughals-4467413.html |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=News18 |date=21 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

====Formation of district====

This district was carved out of the erstwhile [[Rohtak district]] on 22 December 1972, with Sonipat as its headquarters.

==Geography==
Broadly speaking, the entire district is a part of the Punjab plain, but the area is not level in some parts. Over most of the district, the soil is fine loam of rich colour. However, some areas have sandy soil and others Kallar. The plain has a gradual slope to the south and east. The district may be roughly divided into three regions: The Khadar, the upland plain and the sandy region.

===The Khadar===
Along the River Yamuna which is a narrow flood plain ranging from 2 to 4 miles in width and is formed by the river along its course. The Khader plain is 20 to 30 ft. lower adjoining upland plain. The soil is fine clay loam left by the receding floods of the Yamuna. Farmers in the Khadar area cultivate rice and sugar cane. Recently, the farmers have started planting Banana, Pappaya and other fruits trees in this area.

===The upland plain===
It consists of Sonipat tehsil lying to the west of the Khadar, and is the most extensive of the three regions: The Upland Plain is covered with old alluvium, which if properly irrigated, is highly productive. There is extensive Farming of crops, oil seeds, horticultural plants, vegetables and flowers in this region. The ridges in Gohana tehsil represent the northernmost extension of the Aravallis.

===The sandy region===
A much smaller part of the district is covered with soil consisting of sand or sandy loam. Parts of this region have high PH values leading Kallor land.

==Administration==
The district comprises three sub-divisions: [[Ganaur]], [[Sonipat]], and [[Gohana]].

They are further divided in four tehsils: [[Ganaur]], [[Sonipat]], [[Kharkhoda]] and [[Gohana]]. The tehsils of Kharkhoda and Sonipat fall under jurisdiction of Sonipat sub division, while tehsils of Ganaur and Gohana fall under the jurisdiction of their respective sub divisions. These are further divided into seven blocks: Ganaur, [[Sonipat]], Rai, [[Kharkhoda]], Gohana, [[Kathura]] and Mundlana.

The district comprises 343 villages, out of which 15 are uninhabited.

There are six [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in this district, namely, Ganaur, Rai, Kharkhauda, Sonipat, Gohana and Baroda. All of these are part of [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency]]. The other three Vidhan Sabha constituencies which are part of Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency, namely, Julana, Safidon and Jind are in [[Jind District]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=150, 157}}</ref>

The district comprises a lone [[municipal corporation]], Sonipat, and 3 [[municipal committee]]s: [[Ganaur]], [[Gohana]] and [[Kharkhoda (Haryana)|Kharkhoda]].

=== Villages ===
The following villages are under the Sonipat district.
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* Bidhlan
* Aghwanpur
* Atail
* Bai
* Bajana Kalan
* Bajana Khurd
* Balli Qutabpur
* Baraut
* Bari
* Begah
* Bhagan
* Bhakharpur
* Bhanwar
* Bharet
* Bhogipur
* Bhora Rasulpur
* Bhuri
* Bulandpur
* Chandauli
* Chirsami
* Dabarpur
* Datauli
* Ganaur
* Garhi Kesri
* Ghasoli
* Giaspur
* Gumar
* Jalalabad
* Kailana
* Kherigujar
* Kheritaga
* Khizarpur Ahir
* Khubru
* Lalheri
* Larsoli
* Machhrauli
* Manak Majra
* Miana
* Mohammadpur Majra
* Nayabans
* Pabnera
* Panchi Gujran
* Panchi Jatan
* Patti Barahmnan
* Pipli Khera
* Pogthala
* Purkhas Dhiran
* Purkhas Rathi
* Rajlu
* [[Rajpur, Sonipat|Rajpur]]
* Ramnagar
* Rasulpur
* Sanpera
* Sardhana
* Shahpur Taga
* Shamashpur
* Udesipur
* Umedgarh
* Sheikhupura
* Siha Khera(Ravi bhardwaj's village)
* Teha
* Teori
* Zafarpur
* Ahulana
* Gohana
* Nagar
* Barota
* Garhi Sharai Namdar khan
* Garhi Unale Khan
* Lath
* Jauli
* Bidhal
* Tihar
* Bhainswal Kalan Mithan
* Bhaniswal Kalan Bawala
* Giwana
* Aanwali
* Kheri Damkan
* Rabhra
* Moi Hooda
* Puthi
* Bali Barmanan
* Sikanderpur Majra
* Baroda Thuthan
* Khanpur Khurd
* Thaske
* Kathura
* Kahalpa
* Banwasa
* Bhanderi
* Ahulana
* Dhanana
* Rindhana
* Katwal
* kohla
* Madina
* Rukhi
* Chhichhrana
* Chhapra
* Bilbilan
* Riwara
* Jasrana
* Niat
* Mirzapur Kheri
* Anandpur
* Ashrafpur Matindu
* Barona
* Bidhlan
* Chhanauli
* [[Farmana, Sonipat|Farmana]]
* Ferozepur Bangar
* Garhi Sisana
* Gopalpur
* Gorar
* Jataula
* Jharaut
* Jharauti
* Jhinjauli
* Kanwail
* Karhouli
* Katlupur
* [[Khanda, Sonipat|Khanda]]
* Khanda Almaan
* Chhota Khanda
* Naya Khanda
* Kharkhoda
* Kheri Dahiya
* Kundal
* Mandaura
* Mandauri
* Muzzam Nagar
* Nakloi
* Nasirpur Cholka
* [[Nirthan]]
* Nizampur Khurd
* Nizampur Majra
* Pahladpur
* Pai
* Pipli
* Rampur
* Ridhad
* Rohna
* Sahoti
* Saidpur
* [[Sehri, Haryana|Sehri]]
* Silana
* [[Sisana]]
* Thana Kalan
* Thana Khurd
* Turakpur
* Ziaudinpur
* Pharmana
* Ridhau
* Abbaspur
* Abdulpur
* Ahmadpur
* Asadpur
* Badshahpur Machchhri
* Bagru
* [[:en:Bayanpur|Bainyapur]]
* Bakhtawarpur
* Bandepur
* Barauli
* Barwasni
* Basaudi
* Bhadana
* Bhadi
* Bhatana Jafrabad
* Bhatgaon Dungran
* Bhatgoan Malian
* Bhowapur
* Bindhrauli
* Bohla
* Chatiya Aoliya
* Chatiya Deva
* Chhatehra bahadurpur
* Chitana
* Dewru
* Dhaturi
* Dhikki
* Dipalpur
* Dodwa
* Dubheta
* Fatehpur
* Fazilpur
* Garh shahjanpur
* Garhi Bakhtawarpur
* Garhi bala
* Garhi Brahmnan
* Guhna
* Halalpur
* Harsana Kalan
* Harsana khurd
* Hasamabad
* Hasanpur
* Hullaheri
* Hushanyarpur tiharkalan
* Jagdishpur
* Jainpur
* Jaji
* Jamalpur kalan
* Jamalpur khurd
* Jawahri
* Joshi Chauhan
* Kabirpur
* Juan
* Kakroi
* Kalupur
* Kamaspur
* Kami
* karewri
* Khijarpur Jat Majra
* Kilohard
* Kishora
* Kurar Ibrahimpur
* Ladpur
* Lahrara
* Liwan
* Luhari tibba
* Machchhraula
* Mahipur
* Mahla Majra
* Mehlana
* Mahra
* Majri
* Malikpur
* Mahendipur
* Mimarpur
* Mohamdabad
* Mohana
* Moi
* Mukimpur
* Murshadpur
* [[Murthal]]
* Nahra
* [[Nahri]]
* Naina tatarpur
* [[:hi:नांदनौर|Nandnaur]]
* Nangal Khurd
* Nasirpur Bangar
* Nasirpur Khadar
* Pinana
* Raipur
* Rathdhana
* Rehmana
* Rewli
* Rohat
* Rolad latifpur
* Salarpur Majra
* Salimpur trali
* Salimsar majra
* Sandal Kalan
* Sandal Khurd
* Shadipur
* Shahpur Turk
* Shahzadpur
* Sitawali
* Sonepat Patti Musalman
* Sonepat Patti Jatan
* Sultanpur
* Tajpur
* Tajpur tihar khurd
* Tharu
* Tharya
* Tikaula
* Uldepur
* Bhainswan khurd
* Gudha
* Mahmudpur
* Kailana Talaka Mahudpur
* Siwanka
* Chhatera
* Ahmadpur Majra
* Gangesar
* Matand
* Jagsi
* Gangana
* Rana Kheri
* [[Bichpari]]
* Khandri
* Butana Kundu
* Butana Khetlan
* Issapur Kheri
* Nuran Khera
* Nizampur
* Bhawar
* Gharwal
* Baroda Mor
* Sonipat
* Dahisra
* [[kundli]]
* [[Jakhauli]]
* Sewli
* Khatkar
* Basantpur
* Badmalik
* Nathupur
* Akbarpur Barota
* Jajal
* [[Khewra, Sonipat|Khewra]]
* Palri khurd
* Garh Mirakpur
* Rai
* Jatheri
* Hansapur
* Jat joshi
* Manoli
* Nangal Kalan
* Atena
* Palri Kalan
* Palra
* Bazidpur Saboli
* Safiabad Pana Paposian
* Janti Kalan
* Janti khurd
* Sersa
* Munirpur
* Pabsara
* Jhundpur
* Asawarpur
* Orangabad
* Patla
* Bahalgarh
* Liwaspur
* Firozpur Khadar
* Pritam pura
* Badkhalsa
* Rasoi
* Kheri Manajat
* Khurampur
* Bharia
* Bakipur
* Safiabad Kheri Manajat
* Khanpur Kalan
* Kakana Bhadri
* Mundlana No. 1
* Mundlana No. 2
* Bhadoti Taluka Mudlana
* Sarsadh
* Busana
* Bhadoti khas
* Bhadoti Taluka Busana
* Jawahra
* Dhurana
* Saragtjal
* Kasanda
* Kasandi
* Shamri Sisan
* Shamri Lochab Bairan
* Chirana
* Shamri Buran
* Gamri
* Kailana Khas
* Lehrara
* Garhi Bindhrauli
{{div col end}}

==Education==
The district is one of the major education hubs in India. Apart from a number of schools and colleges, the district is home to many universities. [[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology]] in [[Murthal]] was founded in 1987, [[Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya]] in Sonipat was founded in 2006 and [[O. P. Jindal Global University]] near Rathdhana was founded in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=O.P. Jindal Global University: Ranked No. 1 Private University in India |website=O.P. Jindal Global University |date=30 November 2023 | url=https://jgu.edu.in/ |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref> Recently in 2012, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, NIFTEM, a world class institute was founded in Kundli which falls near Delhi border, [[SRM University, Haryana|SRM University]], Delhi-NCR, Sonepat in [[Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat]] near Delhi was founded in 2013.Haryna sports University is also would be constructed in the district as per the Act of state legislative Assembly also one of the country's premier Union of India sports institute namely SAI center is also located in sonipat.

==Transport==
 [[File:Sonipat rail station.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Sonepat (Sonipat junction) Railway Station platform]]
[[Sonipat Junction]] Railway Station is located on the [[Northern Railway Zone (India)|Northern Railways]]' Ambala-Panipat-Delhi rail route. It lies on one of the most busiest railway line in North India that is Delhi - Chandigarh.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}. A number of passengers and express trains daily passes through it like Shatabadi Express, Shaan-e-Punjab, Malwa Express, Muri Express, Saryu Yamuna Express, Himalayan Queen, Sachkhand Express, Paschim Express, Kalka Mail, Jammu Mail, Unchahar Express, Amritsar Express, Jhelum Express, Tata Jat Express, Jan Shatabi, Shahid Express etc.
In total, 64+ trains available from Sonipat daily. [[National Highway 1 (India)|National Highway 1]] and [[National Highway 71A (India)|National Highway 71A]], NH 334B, [[NH 44]], [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] and [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]] pass through this district. [[Government of India]] plans to make first '''Bus Port''' in the pattern of Airport in Sonipat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/world-class-bus-port-to-come-up-in-sonipat/articleshow/64421523.cms|title=World-class bus port to come up in Sonipat - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 June 2018 |language=en|access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/2019/03/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b6-%e0%a4%95-3/|title=सोनीपत में बनेगा प्रदेश का पहला बस पोर्ट|date=16 March 2019|website=दैनिक ट्रिब्यून|language=hi-IN|access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,30,208|13=1911|14=2,84,856|15=1921|16=3,07,091|17=1931|18=3,20,840|19=1941|20=3,79,798|21=1951|22=4,32,282|23=1961|24=5,46,873|25=1971|26=6,79,834|27=1981|28=8,39,298|29=1991|30=10,45,158|31=2001|32=12,79,175|33=2011|34=14,50,001|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612013417/www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|archive-date=12 June 2014}}</ref>|align=right}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Sonipat district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,450,001,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Gabon]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Gabon 1,576,665
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011| quote =Hawaii 1,360,301
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 338th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/>
The district has a population density of {{convert| 697 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 15.71%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Sonipat has a [[sex ratio]] of 853 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 80.8%. Scheduled Castes make up 18.62% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Sonipat district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11374/download/14487/DDW06C-01%20MDDS.XLSS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|align=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|95.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|3.11}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.02}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in Sonipat District{{efn|1941 figures are for Sonipat Tehsil, which roughly matches present-day district borders. District was incorporated to take into account population increases during the post-independence era, which has resulted in various bifurcations of districts and tehsils across the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] region.}}
|-
! Religion
! Population (1941)<ref name="Sonipat1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB PROVINCE|access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref>{{rp|58}}
! Percentage (1941)
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1941 census: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 176,709
|{{Percentage | 176709 | 216008 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 35,275
|{{Percentage | 35275 | 216008 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 724
|{{Percentage | 724 | 216008 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 613
|{{Percentage | 613 | 216008 | 2 }}
|-
| Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], or not stated}}
| 2,687
|{{Percentage | 2687 | 216008 | 2 }}
|-
| '''Total Population'''
| '''216,008'''
| '''{{Percentage | 216008 | 216008 | 2 }}'''
|}

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Sonipat district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Haryanvi]] |value1 = 66.89 |color1 = indianred
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] |value2 = 30.15 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value3 = 1.24 |color3 = pink
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.72 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 66.89% of the population in the district spoke [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], 30.15% [[Hindi]] and 1.24% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10204/download/13316/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0600.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

==External links==
*[http://sonipat.nic.in/ Sonipat district official website]
*[http://rollpanda.com Rollpanda - Best Website of Sonipat]
*[http://mapsofindia.com/maps/haryana/districts/sonipat.htm Map of Sonipat]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sonipat district
|North = [[Panipat district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Baghpat district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Southeast = [[North West Delhi district]], [[Delhi|NCT]]
|South = [[Jhajjar district]]
|Southwest = [[Rohtak district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Jind district]]
}}

{{Sonipat district topics}}
{{Districts of Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonipat District}}
[[Category:Sonipat district| ]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1972]]
[[Category:Districts of Haryana]]
[[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]

Luis Rebello

2026-02-09T07:12:36Z

SoniaBlankinship: pg...

{{Short description|Indian drummer (1970–2015)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Luis Rebello
| image = Luis Rebello.jpg
| caption = Rebello in an undated photo released by [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] in 2015
| birth_name = Luis Henrique Carmo Rebelo
| birth_place = [[Benaulim]], Goa, India
| death_place = [[Raia, Goa]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date|1970|7|16|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|5|10|1970|7|16|df=y}}
| years_active = {{circa|1984}}–2015
| occupation = Drummer
| father = [[Mastor (musician)|Mastor]]
| relatives = [[Jack Rebello]] (brother)
}}

'''Luis Henrique Carmo Rebello''' ([[né]] '''Rebelo'''; 16 July 1970 – 10 May 2015) was an Indian drummer known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' (theatre) productions. The son of musician and ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'' pioneer [[Mastor (musician)|Mastor]], he got his big break at the age of 14 in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright Menino de Bandar's ''tiatr Succorina'' staged in the 1980s.

==Early life==
Luis Henrique Carmo Rebello ([[né]] Rebelo) was born on 16 July 1970, in the ward of Pequeno, Pulvaddo in [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registration of Birth |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> He comes from a family with a musical background, as his father João Santana Rebelo, also known as [[Mastor (musician)|Mastor]] ({{translation|Master}}), was involved in the ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'' circles as a musician, [[agriculturist]], and farmer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=40}}</ref> Rebello learned drumming at an early age, receiving guidance from his father, who was proficient in [[drums]],<ref name=":0" /> as well as [[double bass]] and [[trumpet]]. He grew up in a large family, having six brothers named Joaquim, Eduardo, Flavino, Antonio, Agnelo, and Pascoal, and a sister named Jesuina.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Vernekar |first=Suraj |date=17 August 2020 |title=In accordance with Section 346(11) of The Goa Succession, Special Notaries and Inventory Proceeding Act, 2012, it is hereby made public that by Deed of Succession dated 10-08-2020 duly recorded under Book No. 1677 at pages 100V to 102 of the office, the following is recorded:- |url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/2021/2021-28-SIII-OG-0.pdf |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=Goa Printing Press |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020202455/https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/2021/2021-28-SIII-OG-0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> His mother, Faustina Florina Rodrigues, was a [[homemaker]] from [[Salcete#Salcete territory|Orlim]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 1966 |title=Registo De Casamento Canónico |url=https://services.goaonline.gov.in/t-bhBeG0CQ4fUsYdqv8IWwf5w3eZzN2KGTpvN2hifLJPLWeFdNsAhiO1IVBeFWJo--sxuDiSkj4cBouH8BYx9uSNz3jbx95PL995kcSxtnrrU1qqZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Career==
Rebello embarked on his professional journey as a [[drummer]], initiating his career through a collaborative effort with his uncle in a [[brass band]]. At a young age of 14, he received his first significant opportunity in the realm of music when he stepped in as a substitute drummer for his brother, [[Jack Rebello|Jack]], who had relocated to [[Delhi]]. This debut occurred in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright Menino de Bandar's theatrical production titled ''Succorina''. Rebello's talent quickly captured the attention of various Konkani directors, including [[Patrick Dourado]], Ben Evangelisto, and [[Prince Jacob]], among others, leading to several collaborations. Seeking new horizons, Rebello later ventured to Delhi, where he embarked on a seven-year tenure<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-05-11 |title=The day the beat stopped for 'Luis drummer' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-day-the-beat-stopped-for-luis-drummer/articleshow/47226195.cms |access-date=2024-04-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2016-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213165009/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Goa/The-day-the-beat-stopped-for-Luis-drummer/articleshow/47226195.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> as a [[percussionist]] for the acclaimed band Seby And The Wings. His drumming skills also found expression in his contributions to Indian bands such as Black Slades and Tantriks. However, his heart eventually led him back to his hometown of [[Goa]] in 2007, where he dedicated himself to the world of ''[[tiatr]]s'', a distinctive form of [[Goan]] [[musical theatre]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=239}}</ref>

Upon returning to Goa, Rebello joined forces with the Konkani actor Prince Jacob's [[theatrical troupe]], making contributions for approximately five years. His drumming prowess resonated not only in live performances but also in the realm of [[audio cassette]] recordings, as well as during solemn occasions such as feasts and funerals throughout Goa. In 2011, Rebello further enriched his artistic journey by becoming a member of Comedian Agostinho's theatrical troupe, where his drumming skills embellished their performances until 2015.<ref name=":1" /> Known for his commitment, Rebello proved himself as an indispensable troupe member, having served for a six-year tenure. The culmination of Rebello's career took place during his final performance in Comedian Agostinho's ''tiatr'' production titled ''Picnic'', held at Bacbhatt, [[Raia, Goa]], on 9 May 2015.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, Rebello made contributions to the theatrical productions by assisting with ticket sales<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-09-04 |title=Musical show in memory of Luis Rebello to commemorate his birthday – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/09/04/magazines/buzz/musical-show-in-memory-of-luis-rebello-to-commemorate-his-birthday/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413172728/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/09/04/magazines/buzz/musical-show-in-memory-of-luis-rebello-to-commemorate-his-birthday/ |url-status=live }}</ref> at the ticket counter in Ravindra Bhavan, [[Margao]], during ''tiatr'' shows.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-16 |title=TAG's Konkani kantaram competition on February 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tags-konkani-kantaram-competition-on-february-1/articleshow/28860314.cms?_gl=1*1szw4j1*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcxMzAwNDk2MC4xNzguMC4xNzEzMDA0OTYwLjYwLjAuMA..#_ga=2.25805883.740187987.1712907193-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-04-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413172757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tags-konkani-kantaram-competition-on-february-1/articleshow/28860314.cms?_gl=1%2A1szw4j1%2A_ga%2AYW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.%2A_ga_FCN624MN68%2AMTcxMzAwNDk2MC4xNzguMC4xNzEzMDA0OTYwLjYwLjAuMA..#_ga=2.25805883.740187987.1712907193-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[Jack Rebello|Jack]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2017-09-10 |title=Know about tiatr and music personality Jack Rebello – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/09/10/magazines/buzz/know-about-tiatr-and-music-personality-jack-rebello/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412183808/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/09/10/magazines/buzz/know-about-tiatr-and-music-personality-jack-rebello/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Agnelo Rebello,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-03-24 |title=In the groove – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/03/24/magazines/buzz/in-the-groove/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412183745/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/03/24/magazines/buzz/in-the-groove/ |url-status=live }}</ref> who are also musicians in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] industry, are siblings of Rebello. On 2 December 2011, their father [[Mastor (musician)|Mastor]] died at his residence in Pulvaddo, [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], at the age of 83.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> Rebello himself lived in Maddar, Benaulim.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-10 |title=45-year old Luis Henrique Rebello, a resident of Maddar, Benaulim, was found dead by the road side at Colleadongor, Raia, Sunday morning. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/45-year-old-luis-henrique-rebello-a-resident-of-maddar-benaulim-was-found-dead-by-the-road-side-at-colleadongor-raia-sunday-morning-/articleshow/47225711.cms |access-date=2024-04-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413173009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/45-year-old-luis-henrique-rebello-a-resident-of-maddar-benaulim-was-found-dead-by-the-road-side-at-colleadongor-raia-sunday-morning-/articleshow/47225711.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He died without having made any formal provisions, such as drafting a will, gifting assets, or expressing any specific last wishes. Subsequently, on 10 August 2020, it was officially recorded that Rebello's mother, Faustina, became the sole beneficiary of his estate, as no other individuals or legal heirs were identified under the prevailing succession laws of the state of Goa.<ref name=":4" />

==Death==
Rebello, during his association with Comedian Agostinho's dramatic troupe, had concluded his performance at Bacbhatt in [[Raia, Goa]]. After the theatrical presentation, he packed his drums and handed them over to the [[stage manager]] before leaving the venue for the drama at around 11:15 pm on 9 May. On the morning of 10 May 2015, at around 7 am, Rebello's lifeless body was found next to the roadside in Colleandongor, Raia. Nearby, his [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]], the mode of transport he used, was located a short distance from where he was found. Upon notification, the Maina, [[Curtorim]] police promptly arrived at the scene and conducted an inquest ''panchanama'' to document witness testimonies.<ref name=":3" /> It was during this procedure that the contents of Rebello's purse were meticulously examined, leading to the subsequent identification.<ref name=":0" />

Rebello had encountered two [[minor stroke]]s earlier, but an extensive examination conducted by law enforcement officials established that his death was primarily due to a significant [[cardiac arrest]] that occurred subsequent to his performance at Bacbhatt, Raia.<ref name=":0" /> However, the conclusive findings of the [[postmortem]] report were still pending at the time of these events. As per official police reports, Rebello's relatives visited the nearby police precinct to provide details about his previous [[heart ailment]]. The police ascertained that Rebello's body lay by the roadside, with his scooter positioned nearby. No indications of foul play were observed, thereby dispelling any initial suspicions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-05-11 |title=45-yr-old musician dies of heart attack – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/05/11/goanews/45-yr-old-musician-dies-of-heart-attack/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413172736/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/05/11/goanews/45-yr-old-musician-dies-of-heart-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Reactions===
[[Prince Jacob]], the then-president of the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]], paid tribute to Rebello, acknowledging his contributions to the ''[[tiatrist]]'' fraternity. In Jacob's view, Rebello's death represented a profound loss, not only as a [[drummer]] but also as a humble and dedicated [[team player]]. Jr. Nelson, in his appraisal of Rebello, highlighted his musical abilities coupled with a grounded and disciplined demeanor. Nelson noted that Rebello was known for his reserved nature, rarely speaking unless necessary. Ivo Furtado, a drummer from [[Raia, Goa]] characterized Rebello as a soft-spoken figure who exuded a brotherly presence. Furtado emphasized Rebello's extensive knowledge and expertise in the field of drumming. Comedian Agostinho fondly remembered Rebello as a man who never voiced complaints or prioritised personal gain. According to Agostinho, Rebello's selflessness was evident in his focus on the collective rather than individual interests.<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
In September 2016, a [[musical show|musical event]] was organized by the family of Rebello in honor of his birthday. Singers and musicians from the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] graced the occasion, captivating a substantial audience. Antonette de Maina and Tony de Ribandar presented a birthday song in honor of Rebello, whereas Osvy Viegas and Jr. Reagan paid homage through a musical [[duet]] performance. The lineup of performers included Rioma Menezes, Rosy Alvares, Alika Cardozo, [[Lawry Travasso]], Seby Fernandes (known for his work in "Mira Mira"), Marcus Vaz, Xavier Gomes, [[Comedian Selvy]], Osvi Viegas, Jr. Reagan, and Peter-Roshan, who delivered musical renditions. The audience was treated to comedic acts by Janet, Agostinho, Selvy, Bryan, Luis Bachchan, and Ambe. The musical arrangements were provided by an ensemble comprising Joaquim D'Souza, Roy Menezes ([[saxophone]]), Theo Alvares, Anthony de Velim ([[trumpet]]), James Vaz, Rohan Denis ([[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]]), Wilbur Rebello (bass), John Fernandes, and [[Jack Rebello|Jack]] ([[drums]]; brother of Rebello). [[Konkani language|Konkani]] director [[Mario Menezes]] fulfilled the role of hosting duties on the program, and figures such as Damu Naik (Chairperson of Ravindra Bhavan), Maria Rebello ([[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]] member), and Fr. Benjamin ([[vicar]] of Seraulim Church) were among the notable attendees.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rebello, Luis}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]

Politics of Bihar

2026-02-05T11:37:23Z

SoniaBlankinship: typo fix

{{Short description|Overview of politics in the Indian state of Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

The political landscape of '''Bihar''', a state in eastern [[India]], is dominated by [[regional political parties]]. {{As of|2025}}, the main political groups are the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD), [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JD(U)), [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] (HAM), and the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM). Additionally, there are smaller regional parties that include [[Samata Party]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=SAMATA PARTY – Official Website|url=https://samataparty.org/|access-date=2022-02-08|language=en-US|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215101928/https://samataparty.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rashtriya Jan Jan Party]], [[Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal]], [[Jan Adhikar Party]], [[Vikassheel Insaan Party]], [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]], and [[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party]]. As of 2025, Bihar is currently governed by the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]], after the alliance's victory in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025 election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=2024-01-28 |title=Bihar political crisis {{!}} After submitting resignation, Nitish Kumar says relations with RJD has not been good |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar-political-crisis-nitish-kumar-submits-resignation-from-mahagathbandhan-and-to-join-nda-again/article67785588.ece |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Administration and governments ==
{{Main|Government of Bihar|Administration in Bihar}}
{{See also|Divisions of Bihar|Districts of Bihar}}
[[File:Secretariat Building patna.JPG|thumb|Vidhansabha Building, [[Patna]]]]

The constitutional head of the [[Government of Bihar]] is the [[List of governors of Bihar|Governor]], appointed by the [[President of India]]. The [[Chief Minister]] and the cabinet hold executive power. The political party or the [[coalition]] of parties with a majority in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] forms the government. The first Chief Minister of Bihar was [[Krishna Sinha]], and the first Deputy Chief Minister was [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]].<ref name="bihar document"/>

In 2014, the incumbent Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] succeeded [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]], who was removed from office.<ref
name=Stamp>{{cite web| url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/i-m-no-rubber-stamp-says-nitish-kumar-s-successor-jitan-ram-manjhi-527345| title=I'm No Rubber Stamp,' Says Nitish Kumar's Successor Jitan Ram Manjhi| publisher=[[NDTV]]| date=20 May 2014| access-date=20 May 2014| author=Ghosh, Deepshikha| place=Patna| archive-date=20 May 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520214806/http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/i-m-no-rubber-stamp-says-nitish-kumar-s-successor-jitan-ram-manjhi-527345| url-status=live}}</ref> In his previous term, Kumar resigned after the [[2014 Indian general election]], after which Manjhi took over.

The head of the state [[bureaucracy]] is the Chief Secretary. Under him is a [[hierarchy]] of officials drawn from the [[Indian Administrative Service]], [[Indian Police Service]], and other wings of the state civil services. The Chief Justice heads the judiciary. Bihar has a [[Patna High Court|High Court]] that has been functioning since 1916. All of the government headquarters are situated in the state capital of [[Patna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The High Court of Judicature at Patna {{!}} Official Website of e-Committee, Supreme Court of India {{!}} India |url=https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/division/phc/ |access-date=2025-02-07 |language=en}}</ref>

For administrative purposes, the state of Bihar is divided into nine divisions—[[Patna Division|Patna]], [[Tirhut Division|Tirhut]], [[Saran Division|Saran]], [[Darbhanga Division|Darbhanga]], [[Kosi Division|Kosi]], [[Purnia Division|Purnia]], [[Bhagalpur Division|Bhagalpur]], [[Munger Division|Munger]], and [[Magadh Division]]—which, between them, are subdivided into thirty-eight districts.<ref name="bihar document "/>

== History ==
===From 1937 to 1977 ===
Since the pre-independence period, when the first [[Indian National Congress]] government was formed in the state in 1937, the politics of Bihar have largely been driven by caste consciousness. At the time of its formation, the [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee|Bihar Provincial Congress Party]] had two caste factions, led respectively by the Bhumihar [[Sri Krishna Sinha]] and the Rajput [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]]. These two factions were contesting for power within Congress in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]]. Anugrah Narayan Sinha's refusal to contest the election smoothed the way for the rise of Sri Krishna Sinha to the post of the state's premier.

Consequently, [[Shri Krishna Sinha|Sri Krishna Sinha]] became the first head of state, serving as the [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]], until he died in 1961. [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] died in 1957.<ref name="Srivastava">{{cite journal|last=Srivastava|first=Sumit Saurabh|title=EMERGENCE OF BACKWARD CASTE POLITICS IN BIHAR: COALITION, ALIGNMENT AND DOMINANCE.|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|date=30 October 2023 | volume=75|issue=4|pages= 675–86|jstor=26575546}}</ref> After the death of both these leaders, new caste factions were formed in Congress. While one of these factions was led by [[Binodanand Jha]] and Mahesh Prasad Sinha, another faction was led by [[Krishna Ballabh Sahay]]. There was a tussle between Binodanand Jha and Mahesh Prasad Sinha now for power; Jha represented Brahmins, and Sinha represented Bhumihars.

However, Binodanand Jha defeated Mahesh Prasad Sinha in the premiership race by forming a coalition of Rajput's, Brahmins, and Kayasthas, supported by [[Scheduled Castes]] and [[Muslims]]. Consequently, Jha was appointed as the new Chief Minister. However, after becoming Chief Minister, during one cabinet rearrangement, he didn't include [[Krishna Ballabh Sahay]], who had supported him earlier. Rather, Jha gave primacy to [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]], son of [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]]. This event led to the defection of Sahay towards the faction led by Mahesh Prasad Sinha.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roy |first=Ramashray |title="Intra-Party Conflict in the Bihar Congress." |journal=Asian Survey |volume=6 |issue=12 |year=1966 |pages=706–15 |doi=10.2307/2642196 |jstor=2642196}}</ref>

As per one opinion, Sahay locked horns with [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]] over his plan to give more representation to numerically preponderant Backward Castes like [[Ahir]], [[Kurmi]], and [[Koeri]] in government and administration. Binodanand Jha had restored the Zamindari Rights of [[Tata Group|Tatas]] in Jamshedpur in his tenure and when Jha resigned following the Kamraj Plan ({{small|It was a scheme formulated by Congress leader K. Kamraj that old leadership should leave their position and give way to young leaders in Congress' organisational structure}}). To consolidate his power, Sahay after taking over the leadership of [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee|Bihar Congress]] in 1963, wanted to create a coalition of the numerically strong backward castes.

He frequently argued that members of the backward castes were underrepresented in politics and advocated for greater positions and representation for them. However, Satyendra Narayan Sinha viewed this stance as a challenge to the privileges held by the Upper caste groups. Sahay had the support of [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]], an Upper Backward Caste leader in his bid. Consequently, S.N Sinha and Sahay were divided into rival political camps.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitra|first=S K|year=2007|title=The Puzzle of India's Governance Culture, Context and Comparative Theory|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|pages=109–110|isbn=978-1-134-27493-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GuILNHwcT4AC&pg=PA110}}</ref>

=== Post Independence: From 1950 to 1975 ===
[[File:Shri Krishna Singh 2016 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|First [[Chief Minister]] of Bihar, Dr. Sri Krishna Singh]]

The first Bihar governments in 1946 were led by [[Shri Krishna Sinha]] and [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]].<ref name="bihar document">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNuAAAAMAAJ&q=history+of+bihar+politics|title=Land and Caste Politics in Bihar|author=Radhakanta Barik|publisher=Shipra Publications|year=2006|isbn=81-7541-305-0|access-date=13 February 2021|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225237/https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNuAAAAMAAJ&q=history+of+bihar+politics|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Partition of India|independence of India]], power was shared by these [[Gandhian]] nationalists: Krishna Sinha became the first [[Chief Minister]] and Anugrah Narayan Sinha served as the first [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]] cum Finance Minister. The death of the central railway minister [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]] in a hand grenade attack in late 1960s brought an end to indigenous, work-oriented mass leaders. The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) controlled the state for next two decades; at this time, prominent leader [[Satyendra Narayan Singh]] left the INC following ideological differences and joined the [[Janata Party]].<ref name="bihar document "/>

=== Bihar movement and aftermath: 1975–1990 ===
{{See also|Jayaprakash Narayan|Bihar movement|Indian Emergency}}

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with Jayaprakash Narayan.jpg|thumb|The architect of "Total Revolution" Jayprakash Narayan with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]]]
After independence, when India was falling into an autocratic rule during the [[Indira Gandhi]] regime, the main thrust to the movement to hold elections came from [[Bihar]] under the leadership of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]].

In 1974, Narayan led the student's movement in Bihar, which gradually developed into the popular [[Bihar Movement]], during which [[Jayaprakash Narayan|JP]] called for a peaceful "Total Revolution". He and [[V. M. Tarkunde]] founded the ''Citizens for Democracy'' in 1974 and the [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] in 1976 to uphold and defend civil liberties. On 23 January 1977, [[Indira Gandhi]] called fresh elections for the following March and released all political prisoners. The [[Indian Emergency]] imposed by [[Indira Gandhi]] officially ended on 23 March 1977.

In the election, the INC was defeated by the [[Janata Party]], a coalition of several small parties created in 1977. The alliance was headed by [[Morarji Desai]], who became the first non-INC [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gort|first1=Jerald D.|last2=Jansen|first2=Henry|last3=Vroom|first3=H. M.|title=Religion, conflict and reconciliation: multifaith ideals and realities|isbn=978-90-420-1460-2|year=2002|publisher=Rodopi|page=246}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kesselman|first1=Mark|last2=Krieger|first2=Joel|last3= William A.|first3=Joseph|title=Introduction to Comparative Politics: Political Challenges and Changing Agendas|isbn=978-0-547-21629-4|year=2009|edition=5|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=298}}</ref> The [[Janata Party]] won all the fifty-four [[Lok Sabha]] seats in Bihar, taking power in the state assembly. [[Karpoori Thakur]] became the Chief Minister after winning a contest from the then-Janata Party President [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]].

The [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party]] in Bihar was founded in 1939. From the 1960s to the 1980s, the Communist movement in the state was led by veteran communist leaders [[Jagannath Sarkar (CPI politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]], [[Sunil Mukherjee]], [[Rahul Sankrityayan]], [[Pandit Karyanand Sharma]], [[Indradeep Sinha]], and [[Chandrashekhar Singh]]. Under the leadership of Sarkar, the Communist party fought the "total revolution" led by Jayprakash Narayan as the movement was anti-democratic and challenged the fabric of Indian democracy.<ref>Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore.</ref>

The Bihar Movement campaign warned Indians that the elections might be their last chance to choose between "democracy and dictatorship". As a consequence of the movement, the identity of Bihar (from the word ''Vihar'', meaning monasteries), representing a glorious past, was lost. Its voice often used to get lost in the din of regional clamor of other states, specially the linguistic states like [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Bihar also gained an anti-establishment image. The pro-establishment press often projected the state as undisciplined and anarchic.<ref name="Thakur">{{cite book|title=City, Society, and Planning: Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&pg=PA397|first=Baleshwar|last=Thakur|location=University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|pages=397–404|isbn=978-81-8069-460-8|access-date=2020-06-16|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728162036/https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&pg=PA397|url-status=live}}</ref>

Because the regional identity was slowly being sidelined, it was replaced by [[caste]]-based politics; power was initially in the hands of the [[Brahmin]]s, [[Bhumihar]]s and [[Bihari Rajput|Rajput]]s. In the 1980s there was a change in the political scenario of Bihar: riding upon a popular movement of "social justice" and no vote without representation, the Upper [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] [[Caste|castes]] like [[Yadav]], [[Kurmi]], and [[Koeri]] replaced upper castes in politics.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite book|author=Arnold P. Kaminsky |author2=Roger D. Long |title=इंडिया टुडे: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA95|access-date=4 March 2012|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37462-3|pages=95–96|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225237/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA95|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Jagdev Prasad Statue.jpg|thumb|Statute of [[Jagdeo Prasad]] at the Bir Chand Patel Path, Patna. Prasad was the progenitor of Backward caste politics in 1970s.]]

S. N. Sinha's regime was known for deteriorating law and order, which included the [[1989 Bhagalpur violence]], one of the biggest riots in the state's history. A report tabled in the Bihar Legislative Assembly under the chairmanship of N. N. Singh blamed the Sinha-led INC government for the riots. The 1,000-page report outlined his and his administration's inactivity for almost two months, during which over 1,000 people—mostly poor Muslim weavers—were killed and 50,000 more were displaced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/1989-bhagalpur-riots-inquiry-report-blames-congress-police-287082-2015-08-07|title=bhagalpur-riots-inquiry-report-blames-congress-police|website=[[India Today]]|date=7 August 2015 |access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225239/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/1989-bhagalpur-riots-inquiry-report-blames-congress-police-287082-2015-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1989, an anti-Congress wave defeated the entrenched INC, and [[Janata Dal]] came to power on an anti-corruption wave. In between, the [[socialist movement]] led by [[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]] and [[Karpoori Thakur]] tried to break the status quo. The movement failed, due to the impractical idealism of its leaders and to the machinations of the INC's central leaders, who felt threatened by the large, politically aware state.<ref name="Thakur"/>

====Law and order in Bihar: 1947-1990====
Records of the time indicate that in the feudal society of Bihar, the Dalit and landless agricultural labourers suffered not only from the economic hardships but also the undignified practices like ''Dola Pratha'' practiced by the upper-caste groups notably, the Rajputs. Under this social practice, the newly wed bride of a [[Dalit]] ''Kamia'' (labourer) was forced to spend her night before the marriage with the [[feudal lord]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNCGAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA46|title=State of Justice In India Issues of Social Justice|author=Ranabir Samaddar|publisher=SAGE Publications India|year=2009|pages=46, 65|isbn=978-81-321-0419-3|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214137/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNCGAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA46|url-status=live}}</ref> Other sources also indicate that the Dalit women were also sexually available to the [[upper-caste]] landlords, as they worked in their fields for low wages.<ref name="58-59, Gail">{{cite book|title=Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India|first=Gail|last=Omvedt|publisher=M.E.Sharpe|pages=58–59|year=1993|isbn=0-7656-3176-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC&q=Reinventing+Revolution%3A+New+So%2Fjagdish+mahto&pg=PA59|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603002528/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC&q=Reinventing+Revolution%3A+New+So%2Fjagdish+mahto&pg=PA59|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also believed that the frequent rapes of these women from the families of agricultural labourers were the cause behind the rise of [[Naxalism]] in the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] region of Bihar, an area known for the prevalence of worst form of [[feudalism]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ|title=Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh|editor=Fernando Franco|publisher=Indian Social Institute|year=2002|isbn=81-87218-46-0|quote=Even as late as the 1970s, the rape of lower-caste women by Rajputs and Bhumihars had almost become a tradition, " an accepted social evil, a fate which many bore unquestioningly ", in parts of central Bihar like in Bhojpur|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=24 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424083853/https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3JuAAAAMAAJ&q=rapes+of+lower+caste+women+naxalism+in+Bhojpur|title=Poverty, Land, and Violence: An Analytical Study of Naxalism in Bihar|author=Amrik Singh Nimbran|publisher=Layman's Publications|access-date=11 February 2021|quote=For instance, even till this day, low-caste labourers are not permitted to sit on charpoys outside their houses in the presence of Rajput or Bhumihar landlords.|year=1992|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225239/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3JuAAAAMAAJ&q=rapes+of+lower+caste+women+naxalism+in+Bhojpur|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="58-59, Gail"/>

The passage of Bihar's land reform legislation, which primarily benefited a few upper-backward caste groups, was followed by efforts by upper-caste landlords to retain substantial portions of their land by exploiting loopholes in the law. These developments contributed to the rise of [[Naxalite movement|Naxalite movements]] in the state. However, the class struggle in Bihar was complex, as some members of the upper-backward castes were also landlords. The involvement of the middle peasantry, particularly the upper-backward castes, in the conflict resulted in a two-front confrontation—against Dalits, who supported the Naxalite movement, and against the upper-castes, who were determined to preserve the existing social and economic order.<ref>{{cite book|title=Beyond Ambedkar: Essays on Dalits in India|first=Nandu|last=Ram|publisher=Har Anand Publications|year=2009|isbn=978-81-241-1419-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BV0FuSXACbUC&q=koeri+caste+improved+economic+status&pg=PA32|access-date=16 June 2020|page=32|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225239/https://books.google.com/books?id=BV0FuSXACbUC&q=koeri+caste+improved+economic+status&pg=PA32|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ranabir Samaddar 2016 182–185">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace|author=Ranabir Samaddar|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1-317-12538-9|pages=182–185|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629102812/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDftAAAAMAAJ|title=Indian Agriculture Since Independence|author=G. S. Bhalla|publisher=National Book Trust|year=2007|isbn=978-81-237-4944-0|access-date=11 February 2021|quote=In States like Bihar, Orissa, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal, landlords managed to keep very large holdings because of their power and influence. In general, the level of success of Zamindari abolition depended on the strength of the peasant movement [...] Some ' authors argue that many of the beneficiaries of the abolition of intermediaries (former upper and middle caste tenants) are now among those politically visible..|page=27|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225239/https://books.google.com/books?id=oDftAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ...|page=38|first=George|last=Kunnath|publisher=Taylor and Francis group|location=New york|year=2018|isbn=978-1-138-09955-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|access-date=29 May 2020|quote=However, the greatest beneficiaries of the abolition of the zamindars and the introduction of the various land-reform legislation in the 1950s were members of a substantial class of medium sized owner cultivators, many of whom belonged to the upper layers of backward castes, mostly the yadav, kurmi, koeri. They gained additional land as a result of partitions, transfers and sales of surplus land by zamindars. It is estimated that during this period, 'control over at least 10 percent of land passed into the hands of the middle peasantry' from the landlords. (prasad1979:483).|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225239/https://books.google.com/books?id=IkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|url-status=live}}</ref>

Besides the ongoing class struggle which became a caste war, the police excesses were also rampant in this period and atrocities by the police force on civilians were recorded. There are incidents of the police force abusing civilians, primarily from the lower castes. There are also instances in which, due to caste affiliation and similar factors, police personnel attacked villages inhabited by lower-caste communities after the private armies of upper-caste landlords perpetrated massacres during the 1970s<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-06.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127142823/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-06.htm |title=THE PATTERN OF ABUSE: RURAL VIOLENCE IN BIHAR AND THE STATE'S RESPONSE|website=Human Rights Watch|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|quote=Rather than addressing the security needs of landless laborers most affected by the violence or provide protection to villagers at risk, a series of inefficient and corrupt state governments since the early 1970s has only exacerbated the problem. In many instances, government officials—many of whom are alleged to have caste ties or other affiliations with the senas—have acted as agents of the private armies and have turned a blind eye to the killings. State security forces have helped train the senas, and in some cases, police have accompanied the militias during their attacks on Dalit villages. Police have also conducted their own raids on Dalit villages in the aftermath of massacres carried out by upper-caste militias. The ostensible reason for police raids has been to capture suspected Naxalites, but the raids are frequently used to punish villagers suspected of sympathizing with the militant groups. Like the attacks by private militias, police raids have been characterized by violence, looting, and assaults on women. The state's response to militant activity by Naxalite groups and by the senas is conspicuously uneven. Sena members have rarely been prosecuted for acts of violence. Police routinely detain and charge suspected Naxalite militants, however, and many are killed in so-called encounters with the police.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Caste-based violence and police excesses in Bihar: 1947-1990
|-
!Incidents
!Description
!Trial
|-
|[[Pararia mass rape (1988)|Pararia mass rape]] (1988)
|
* In 1988, the police personnel landed upon a village inhabited by Yadav caste and raped women belonging to twenty families, they also abused an old man who resisted the rape of his daughter-in-law.
|
|-
|[[Belchhi massacre]] (1977)
|
* The [[Kurmi]]s in the [[Belchhi]] village slaughtered approximately thirty Dalits. The causes of the conflict were the issues of wage and rebellion of a Dalit leader Singhwa.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A. | title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar | pages=82–83 | publisher=Viking | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA83 | access-date=7 April 2015 | archive-date=15 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715072344/https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA83 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|-
|Munger, Chhotki Chhechani and Darmian incidents (1985–86)
|
* On the question of land, the Rajputs and Yadavs were pitted against each other which led to attack and retaliation in separate events.<ref name="Bonner">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxJlAgRemHgC&pg=PA201|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|author=Arthur Bonner|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1990|page=201|isbn=0-8223-1048-1|access-date=29 March 2021|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225239/https://books.google.com/books?id=uxJlAgRemHgC&pg=PA201|url-status=live}}</ref>

|
|-
|Parasbigha and Dohia incidents (1979–80)
|
* In the retaliation of attack by the Bhumihars on their village, Yadavs descended upon the village of Bhumihar caste and due to their inability to find the perpetrators raped the young girls.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&pg=PA34|title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory|editor1=Peter Berger|editor2=Frank Heidemann|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-134-06111-2|access-date=27 January 2021|page=34|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518083459/https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&pg=PA34|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Dalelchak-Bhagaura Massacre 1987|Dalelchak-bhagora massacre]] (1987)
|
* In the tenure of [[Bindeshwari Dubey]], the MCC unit dominated by [[Yadav]]s massacred up to fifty Rajputs in the twin village of Dalelchak-bhagora.<ref name="today">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19870630-massacre-of-42-rajputs-in-bihar-villages-marks-a-new-level-of-brutality-799026-1987-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106085035/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19870630-massacre-of-42-rajputs-in-bihar-villages-marks-a-new-level-of-brutality-799026-1987-06-30 |title= Massacre of 42 Rajputs in Bihar villages marks a new level of brutality |first= T.N Ninan|last=Farzand Ahmed|website=[[India Today]]|date=30 June 1987 |access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=6 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=times>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/29-years-on-here-people-still-fear-to-tread/articleshow/52391218.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106084527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/29-years-on-here-people-still-fear-to-tread/articleshow/52391218.cms|title=29-years-on-here-people-still-fear-to-tread|first=Nikhil|last=Kumar|website=[[The Times of India]]| date=22 May 2016 |access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{See also|List of massacres in Bihar}}
|
|}

==Under Lalu Yadav: 1990–2004==

[[Janata Dal]] came to power in Bihar in 1990 after its 1989 national victory. [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] became Chief Minister after narrowly winning the leadership contest of the legislative party against [[Ram Sundar Das]], who was a former chief minister from the [[Janata Party]] and close to eminent Janata Party leaders [[Chandrashekhar]] and S.N. Sinha. Later, Yadav gained mass popularity with a series of populist measures. Other socialist leaning leaders, including [[Nitish Kumar]], gradually left him and by 1995, Yadav was both chief minister of the state and president of his party, the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzdgxgEACAAJ&q=gopalganj+to+raisina+road|title=Gopalganj to Raisina: My Political Journey|first=Laloo Prasad Yadav|last=Nalin Verma|publisher=Rupa|year=2019|isbn=978-93-5333-313-3|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225240/https://books.google.com/books?id=JzdgxgEACAAJ&q=gopalganj+to+raisina+road|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Caste politics of Yadav===
[[File:Lalu and subhash.jpg|thumb|Lalu Yadav in a rally with [[Rabri Devi]] and [[Subhash Prasad Yadav]]]]

According to Seyed Hossein Zarhani, though [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu Yadav]] became a figure of hatred among [[Forward Caste]]s, he had much support from backward castes and [[Dalit]]s. He was criticised for neglecting development but a study conducted during his premiership among [[Musahar]]s revealed though the construction of houses for them was not concluded at the required pace, they chose Prasad because he returned them their ''ijjat'' (honour) and allowed them to vote for the first time.<ref name="Zarhani"/>

During Yadav's tenure, a number of populist policies that directly impacted his backward-caste supporters, including the establishment of "Charvaha schools" for poor children; abolition of [[cess]] on [[Palm wine|toddy]], and the rules protecting backward castes were enforced. Yadav mobilised backward castes through his identity politics. He viewed Forward Castes as elite in outlook and portrayed himself as the "Messiah of backwards" by living the same way as his mostly poor supporters. He continued to live in his single-room dwelling after being elected as Chief Minister, though he later moved to the official residence for administrative convenience.<ref name="Zarhani">{{cite book|chapter=Elite agency and development in Bihar: confrontation and populism in era of Garibon Ka Masiha|title=Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after Liberalization|publisher=Routledge|first=Seyed Hossein|last=Zarhani|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-25518-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3tqDwAAQBAJ&q=laloo+yadav+identity+politics&pg=PT200|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225241/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3tqDwAAQBAJ&q=laloo+yadav+identity+politics&pg=PT200|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another significant development during Yadav's premiership was the recruitment of large numbers backward castes and communities to government services. The government's white paper claimed to have a large number of vacancies in health and other sectors. The rules of recruitment were changed to benefit backward castes who supported [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu]]. The frequent transfer of existing officers, who were at the higher echelon of bureaucracy, was an important feature of Yadav's and [[Rabri Devi]]'s administration, which led to the collapse of entire system. Yadav, however, continued to lead Bihar due to massive support from backward castes, to whom he projected "honour" to be more important than development. According to Zarhani, for the lower castes he was a charismatic leader who succeeded in becoming their voice.<ref name="Zarhani"/>

Yadav mobilised his Dalit supporters by popularising the lower-caste folk heroes, who were famed for vanquishing the upper caste adversaries, for example, a popular Dalit saint who ran away with an upper caste girl and suppressed all her kin. Praising him could enrage Bhumihar caste in some parts of Bihar but Yadav participated in a grand celebration every year near Patna. His energetic participation in this show made it a rallying point for Dalits, who saw it as their victory and the harassment of upper castes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYNICgAAQBAJ&q=dalit+love+laloo&pg=PT23|title=Bihar: is in the Eye of the Beholder|first=Vijay|last=Nambisan|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2001|isbn=93-5214-133-4|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225240/https://books.google.com/books?id=NYNICgAAQBAJ&q=dalit+love+laloo&pg=PT23|url-status=live}}</ref>

Yadav could not restart development of the state. When corruption charges were laid against him, he resigned as chief minister and appointed his wife [[Rabri Devi]], in his place, allowing himself to rule by proxy, and the administration quickly deteriorated.<ref name=low>{{cite news|last=Phadnis|first=Aditi|title=Lalu Prasad Yadav: From symbol of hope to ridicule|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/lalu-prasad-yadav-from-symbol-of-hope-to-ridicule-113093000895_1.html|access-date=1 October 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=30 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173442/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/lalu-prasad-yadav-from-symbol-of-hope-to-ridicule-113093000895_1.html|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

According to Kalyani Shankar, Yadav created a feeling among the oppressed castes that they are the real rulers of state under him. The upper caste, 13.2% of the population, controlled most of the land while the backwards castes, 51% of the population, own very little land. With the advent of Yadav, the economic profile of the state changed as the backward castes diversified their occupations and also controlled more land. By stopping [[Lal Krishna Advani]]'s controversial "[[Ram Rath Yatra]]", Yadav also installed a sense of confidence among Muslims, who developed a sense of insecurity after the 1989 Bhagalpur Riots. According to Shankar, during this period, upper castes were marginalised and backwards castes came to control the power firmly.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rY8COowubxYC&pg=PA216|title=Gods of Power: Personality Cult & Indian Democracy|first=Kalyani|last=Shankar|publisher=Macmillan|year=2005|pages=216–220|isbn=1-4039-2510-0|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225240/https://books.google.com/books?id=rY8COowubxYC&pg=PA216|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Rabri Devi's administration===

When [[Rabri Devi]] succeeded Lalu Yadav as Chief Minister, Yadav, who was jailed, was still able to influence the government. This period saw the rise of strongmen from both upper and backward castes. The Yadav-Rabri administration was not supported by Forward Castes due to their political and socio-economic marginalisation under Yadav's rule. A number of influential criminals, who were portrayed as leaders of their castes, entered politics as a reaction against Yadav's "backward caste politics".<ref>{{cite news|work=The Bihar Times|title=Upper caste politics at crucial juncture in Bihar|first=Soroor|last=Ahmed|url=http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2010/Jan/Newsbihar18Jan2.html|date=18 January 2010|access-date=2015-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906032723/http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2010/Jan/Newsbihar18Jan2.html|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> People like [[Vijay Kumar Shukla]] (Munna Shukla), [[Anand Mohan Singh]], Rama Singh and [[Prabhunath Singh]] supported the upper castes by launching retribution against lower and middle castes.

In Vaishali district, for example, Munna Shukla and his associates consistently clashed with Yadav's minister [[Brij Bihari Prasad]], a [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], resulting in assassination of Chhotan Shukla, Munna's brother and associate, in the retribution of which Prasad was also killed. Anand Mohan also brought havoc to the supporters of a Reservation and Mandal Commission report by forming his "[[Samajwadi Krantikari Sena]]", which was a lynching party of upper castes until it was taken over by Yadav's close confidante [[Pappu Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920131-ganglords-turned-politicians-form-syndicate-carve-out-bihar-into-their-personal-fiefdoms-765750-2013-06-29|title=G anglords-turned-politicians form syndicate and carve out Bihar into their personal fiefdoms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110114317/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920131-ganglords-turned-politicians-form-syndicate-carve-out-bihar-into-their-personal-fiefdoms-765750-2013-06-29|first=Farzand|last=Ahmed|website=[[India Today]]|date=29 June 2013 |access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> Munna Shukla and Anand Mohan were convicted of the murder of Gopalganj [[District Magistrate]], [[G. Krishnaiah]], a Dalit.<ref name="outlook 2007">{{cite web|last=Gupta |first=Smita |date=15 October 2007 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/pinned-lynch/235751 |title=Pinned Lynch |magazine=Outlook |agency=PTI |access-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132556/https://www.outlookindia.com/article/pinned-lynch/235751 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

Lalu Yadav's brothers-in-law [[Sadhu Yadav]] and Subhash Prasad Yadav, were also running parallel governments in their own areas of influence.<ref>{{cite book| last=Sinha| first=A.| title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar| publisher=Viking| year=2011| isbn=978-0-670-08459-3| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sh5gpivjgjMC&q=sadhu+and+Subhash+yadav&pg=PT289| access-date=7 April 2015| archive-date=4 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225313/https://books.google.com/books?id=sh5gpivjgjMC&q=sadhu+and+Subhash+yadav&pg=PT289| url-status=live}}</ref> Devi was not able to cope with the situation, nor with the flourishing private armies of the landlords, which had existed since the 1960s. In retaliation, the landless labourers and the poor middle-caste peasantry began their own organizations, such as [[Lal Sena]] and the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation.

A number of big massacres had also taken place in the decades before Yadav's and Rabri's administrations. In the [[Dalelchak-Bhagaura Massacre 1987|Dalelchak-bhagora massacre]], during [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]'s government, 42 Rajputs were killed by the [[Maoist Communist Centre]] (MCC), one of Yadav caste's lynching parties.<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19870630-massacre-of-42-rajputs-in-bihar-villages-marks-a-new-level-of-brutality-799026-1987-06-30|title=Massacre-of-42-rajputs-in-bihar-villages-marks-a-new-level-of-brutality|first=Farzand|last=Ahmed|website=[[India Today]]|date=30 June 1987 |access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=6 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106085035/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19870630-massacre-of-42-rajputs-in-bihar-villages-marks-a-new-level-of-brutality-799026-1987-06-30|url-status=live}}</ref> The MCC also committed the [[List of massacres in Bihar#Senari massacre 1999|Senari carnage]], in which [[Bhumihar]]s were victimised. Large numbers of Dalits were also killed by the upper castes, in the [[Laxmanpur Bathe massacre]]. In the Nawada region, the [[Ashok Mahto gang]] formed by [[Koeri]] and [[Kurmi]]s, was in a drawn-out battle with the "Akhilesh Singh gang" of Bhumihars. The Mahto gang killed Akhilesh Singh's father-in-law and a number of his family members, causing a severe blow to the ambitions of the Akhilesh Singh gang that was poised to take control of the rural area.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/03spec.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219224459/https://m.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/03spec.htm |title=Laloo, Aaloo and Baloo|website=reddif.com|first=Salil|last=Kumar|access-date=2020-07-25|archive-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>

The root cause of these skirmishes was attempts to grab land in the wake of the deteriorating economy and administration: the [[Dalelchak-Bhagaura Massacre 1987|Dalelchak-Bhagora massacre]] was precipitated by a conflict over hundreds of acres of disputed land between Yadavs and Rajputs; in the case of Nawada, the claimants were Koeri-Kurmi and Bhumihars.<ref name="Ahmed"/><ref name="rediff"/> The Naxalite cadres, who were mobilising people from lower castes, were active since 1960s, when the first mass murders of upper caste landlords occurred under the leadership of [[Jagdish Mahto]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHttCwAAQBAJ&q=jagdish+mahto+master+saheb&pg=PA181|title=Maoism in India|first=Arun|last=Srivastava|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5186-513-1|page=181|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225314/https://books.google.com/books?id=OHttCwAAQBAJ&q=jagdish+mahto+master+saheb&pg=PA181|url-status=live}}</ref> The upper castes countered these forces with their private armies like [[Kuer Sena]] and [[Ranvir Sena]], while landlords from backward castes did the same through [[Bhumi Sena]] and the [[Lorik Sena]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-lasting-signature-on-bihar-s-most-violent-years/957421/2|title=A lasting signature on Bihar's most violent years - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2018-12-18|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602172108/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-lasting-signature-on-bihar-s-most-violent-years/957421/2|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Economic decline===
The increasing crime rate during this period created an unfriendly climate for business which led to economic collapse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl225/stories/20051216008601400.htm |title=Navigation News - Frontline |publisher=flonnet.com |access-date=2025-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220161918/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2225/stories/20051216008601400.htm |archive-date=20 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-20911800_ITM |work= Asia Africa Intelligence Wire |title=Why businessmen are leaving Bihar |access-date=28 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114084019/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-20911800_ITM |archive-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> The biggest crisis businesses faced was with organised kidnapping, which was linked to the ruling RJD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Tradersabductio-police-grope-in-dark/articleshow/526541.cms |title=Trader's abduction police grope in dark |date=2004-02-29 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref> This economic decline led to flight of capital, unemployed youth, farmers and business leaders to other parts of India.

During the 1990s, the growth rate of Bihar was 3.19%, while for India's it was 7.25%. This difference was also observed in per capita income, as the per capita income grew by 0.12% for Bihar, as against 4.08% in India. According to a [[World Bank]] estimate, the per capita income fell from {{INR}}1,373 to {{INR}}1,289 between 1990 and 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20000313/nitish-kumar-gets-first-shy-at-govt-formation-in-bihar-laloo-yadav-set-to-fight-back-777198-2000-03-12 |title=Nitish Kumar gets first shy at govt formation laloo yadav set to fight back |work=India Today}}</ref>

====Rape as a tool to establish caste supremacy====
The premiership of Rabri Devi reportedly saw rise in the incidents of rape, which in most of the cases was seen as the tool to establish caste supremacy upon the lower castes by the dominant caste groups, prevalent since post colonial period. Among those caste groups who were perpetrating such incidents were the [[Bihari Rajput|Rajput]]s, [[Bhumihar]]s<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ|title=Pain and Awakening, The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh|year=2002|editor=Fernando Franco|publisher=Indian Social Institute, 2002|isbn=81-87218-46-0|quote=Even as late as the 1970s, the rape of lower caste women by Rajputs and Bhumihars had almost become a tradition, " an accepted social evil, a fate which many bore unquestioningly ", in parts of central Bihar like in Bhojpur...|access-date=8 January 2021|archive-date=24 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424083853/https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Yadav]]s. In one of such incidents a girl was abducted and raped by a Rajput landlord who deserted her after repeatedly raping her for a month.

When the victim tried to file a police report, she was subjected to [[custodial rape]] for two successive nights by the station in charge, Badri Singh and Deputy Superintendent of Police, Arvind Thakur. In another incident, a group of armed Yadav men fell upon a village, exploding crude bombs and burning the huts of the Dalits. The anguished villagers fled to save their lives while a woman was dragged out, beaten and consequently raped by the perpetrators. It was believed that political connection of the criminals was the reason behind inactivity of police in many of such cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19981102-dominant-castes-in-bihar-use-rape-as-a-tool-to-establish-supremacy-827311-1998-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207212145/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19981102-dominant-castes-in-bihar-use-rape-as-a-tool-to-establish-supremacy-827311-1998-11-02 |title=Dominant castes in Bihar use rape as a tool to establish supremacy|website=India Today|date=2 November 1998 |access-date=7 January 2021|archive-date=7 February 2021}}</ref>

=== 2004: Kumar's administration ===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi visiting the Bihar Museum, in Patna on October 14, 2017. The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar is also seen.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar with [[Narendra Modi]] in 2017]]

By 2004, ''[[The Economist]]'' magazine said "Bihar had become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/bihar-a-byword-for-the-worst-of-india-the-economist/203767|title=bihar-a-byword-for-the-worst-of-india-the-economist|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-07-31|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225315/https://www.outlookindia.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> As public disaffection intensified, the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] was voted out of power and Yadav lost an election to a coalition headed by his former ally [[Nitish Kumar]].

==Politics of development under Kumar==
[[Nitish Kumar]], a once-close aide of Lalu Yadav, split with his party after the "Yadavisation" of politics and the administration. According to Arun Sinha, Yadav initially wanted to project Kumar as the leader of the [[Kurmi]] community, but Kumar had much bigger ambitions. On many occasions, Kumar refrained from associating himself with a particular community, even his own caste. During Yadav's tenure, a ''Kurmi chetna rally'' was organised in Patna. Kumar initially decided not to attend the rally but he and George Fernández eventually attended. At the rally, Kumar attacked Yadav's rule and the alleged marginalisation of other castes, who were equally ambitious as the [[Yadav]]s.<ref>{{cite book| last=Sinha| first=A.| title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar| pages=163–165| publisher=Viking| year=2011| isbn=978-0-670-08459-3| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sh5gpivjgjMC&q=kurmi+chetana+Nitish+Kumar+and+the+Rise+of+Bihar&pg=PT230| access-date=7 April 2015| archive-date=4 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225314/https://books.google.com/books?id=sh5gpivjgjMC&q=kurmi+chetana+Nitish+Kumar+and+the+Rise+of+Bihar&pg=PT230| url-status=live}}</ref>

Initially, Kumar suffered defeats to Yadav and his party but was eventually able to form a social axis of "forward castes" with Koeri and Kurmi caste, who were Kumar's core supporters.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns|publisher=SAGE publication|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|pages=79–83|date=2018-06-05|access-date=16 September 2020|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225339/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Post_Mandal_Politics_in_Bihar/2zhODwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA80&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref> After assuming power, Kumar launched a series of strikes against criminal politicians. All of the former "bahubalis" (''strongman'') politicians were jailed, as were the politicians-turned-criminals [[Prabhunath Singh]], [[Mohammad Shahabuddin]] and [[Anand Mohan Singh]]. In his bid to make Bihar crime-free, many politicians from Kumar's own party were arrested.<ref name="Upadhyaya">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/nitish-kumar-bihar-assembly-polls-2015-anant-singh-sunil-pandey-jdu-caste-bhumihar-yadav/story/1/5010.html|title=How Nitish Kumar plays the caste card when it suits him|website=Dailyo.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612201646/https://www.dailyo.in/politics/nitish-kumar-bihar-assembly-polls-2015-anant-singh-sunil-pandey-jdu-caste-bhumihar-yadav/story/1/5010.html|archive-date=12 June 2022 |first=Ashok|last=Upadhyay|access-date=2020-07-21}}</ref> The era of "identity politics" unleashed by Yadav was replaced by "politics of development". Though caste-based rallies were still organised to mobilise voters during elections, Kumar's detachment from such rallies became a point of discussion. A rally of Kurmis in [[Gandhi Maidan]] drew statewide attention when media reported that while the crowd was enthused by the presence of Chief Minister and slogans like ''Garv se kaho ham Kurmi hai'' (''say it with pride, I am a Kurmi'') were chanted, he did not utter a word on caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/how-vikas-purush-nitish-kumar-favoured-fellow-kurmis-in-bihar-administration-and-politics/457174/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101165705/https://theprint.in/politics/how-vikas-purush-nitish-kumar-favoured-fellow-kurmis-in-bihar-administration-and-politics/457174/|title=How 'Vikas Purush' Nitish Kumar favoured fellow Kurmis in Bihar administration and politics|first=Dipak|last=Mishra|website=[[ThePrint]]|date=9 July 2020 |access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>

Nitish Kumar had displaced Yadav's [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] from power in 2005 by forging alliance with the right-wing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], with massive support base among the privileged upper-caste and urban population, specially the trader class. Later, he consolidated his vote base by including many other deprived communities in the fold of this newly formed alliance, which included some of the caste groups placed at the lowest level in the caste hierarchy like [[Domba|Dom]]s and [[Musahar]]s. The support among them was sought by placing them into the category of ''Mahadalit'' which entailed separate affirmative actions for their socio-economic advancement. The distribution of bicycles for school girls from poor families were other steps taken by him. Kumar sought the transfer of a portion of backward caste votes which was to be merged with BJP's vote base in order to make the alliance formidable one.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DA9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|title=The Politics of the Poor in Contemporary India|author=Indrajit Roy|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2018|isbn=978-1-107-11718-1|page=101|access-date=7 January 2021|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225314/https://books.google.com/books?id=9DA9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the subsequent years, Kumar remained critical to the Yadav's politics and even accused his rule as ''Jungleraj'' (the era of misgovernance) while reminding his electorate of the same. It was reported that after assuming power in 2005, he let the law enforcement authorities loose on the petty criminals and also on those who were patronised during his predecessor's regime.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-rise-and-fall-of-nitish-kumar/article6155878.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207191202/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-rise-and-fall-of-nitish-kumar/article6155878.ece |title=The rise and fall of Nitish Kumar|website=The Hindu|date=27 June 2014 |access-date=8 January 2021|archive-date=7 February 2021|last1=Chaturvedy |first1=Rajeev Ranjan |last2=Thakur |first2=Atul K. }}</ref>

There have been instances when Kumar engaged in the battle of words against Yadav family. In 2010, [[Rabri Devi]] reportedly called Kumar a "thief" and "dishonest" to which Kumar also responded by calling Yadav family, recalcitrants who have decided never to reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/bihar-elections-2010/war-of-words/story/lalu-rabri-will-never-reform-nitish-84802-2010-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207201011/https://www.indiatoday.in/bihar-elections-2010/war-of-words/story/lalu-rabri-will-never-reform-nitish-84802-2010-10-30 |title=Lalu, Rabri will never reform: Nitish|website=India Today|date=30 October 2010 |access-date=8 January 2021|archive-date=7 February 2021}}</ref>

[[File:The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar discussing with the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh about the relief operations on flood-affected areas, in Bihar, August 28, 2008.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar and Lalu Prasad Yadav discussing with the Prime Minister, Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] about the relief operations on flood-affected areas, in Bihar, 28 August 2008.]]

In 2015, following his ideological differences with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]], Nitish Kumar switched the grand old alliance becoming the member of Mahagathbandhan or the grand alliance along with his chief political rival [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] of Yadav.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/973640/uneasy-alliance-how-nitish-and-lalu-were-forced-to-fight-the-bihar-elections-together-in-2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209104055/https://scroll.in/article/973640/uneasy-alliance-how-nitish-and-lalu-were-forced-to-fight-the-bihar-elections-together-in-2015 |title=Uneasy alliance: How Nitish and Lalu were forced to fight the Bihar elections together in 2015|website=Scroll.in|date=22 September 2020 |access-date=9 February 2021|archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Earlier, Kumar had been contesting the elections upon the promises of development which was evident from the manifesto of his party but the new alliance brought the conundrum of confronting BJP's [[Hindutva]] politics. The Bharatiya Janata Party had been securing the victories on the basis of its [[majoritarian]] ideology as well as "[[Narendra Modi|Modi factor]]" amidst communally charged political atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/lok-sabha-election-2014/news/bihar-why-lalu-nitish-need-each-other-deperately-1541317.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209103710/https://www.firstpost.com/lok-sabha-election-2014/news/bihar-why-lalu-nitish-need-each-other-deperately-1541317.html |title= Bihar: Why Lalu, Nitish need each other {{sic|de|perately|hide=y}}|website=firstpost|date=25 May 2014 |access-date=9 February 2021|archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>

The BJP also secured the support of two of the influential caste groups, earlier believed to be the supporters of Yadav and Kumar by managing to win [[Upendra Kushwaha]] and [[Lok Janshakti Party]] to its side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nda-seat-sharing-for-bihar-elections-finalised-bjp-to-fight-on-160-seats-ljp-40-rlsp-23-and-ham-20-1096460.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209102156/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nda-seat-sharing-for-bihar-elections-finalised-bjp-to-fight-on-160-seats-ljp-40-rlsp-23-and-ham-20-1096460.html |title=NDA seat sharing for Bihar elections finalised, BJP to fight on 160 seats, LJP 40, RLSP 23 and HAM 20|website=News18|date=14 September 2015 |access-date=9 February 2021|archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India's 2014 Elections: A Modi-led BJP Sweep|first=Paul|last=Wallace|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=India|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5150-517-4|page=127,129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFslDAAAQBAJ&q=upendra+kushwaha&pg=PT129|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225315/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFslDAAAQBAJ&q=upendra+kushwaha&pg=PT129|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Hindutva]] politics was to confront the caste politics as put by social historian Badri Narayan, who identified the political turmoil of 2015 as a part of the challenge faced by many regional political parties and the leaders all of which enjoyed the support of specific caste groups within their states. Yadav was the key factor in this election who raised the popular slogan of "Mandal versus Kamandal", a slogan popular in 1990 when BJP responded to the politics of [[Mandal Commission|quota]] for the backward castes with its communal politics in order to subdue caste-based identity under the unique Hindu identity. Going a step further, Yadav demanded 60% reservation for the lower castes employed in the private sector and the contract jobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/Dyl6lvzieUijk9wfRKbyJJ/In-UP-and-Bihar-Mandal-vs-Kamandal-yet-again.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209101125/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/Dyl6lvzieUijk9wfRKbyJJ/In-UP-and-Bihar-Mandal-vs-Kamandal-yet-again.html |title= In UP and Bihar, Mandal vs Kamandal yet again |website=livemint|date=23 July 2014 |access-date=9 February 2021|archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uZtAAAAMAAJ|title= Religious Politics and Communal Violence Critical issues in Indian politics|author=Steven Wilkinson|publisher= Oxford University Press|year= 2005|isbn=0-19-567237-2|page=343|access-date=9 February 2021|quote=Mandal Commission recommendations which reserved seats in public education and employment for the other backward classes [...] The BJP responded by launching a rath yatra to Ayodhya in October 1990 to supplant identities based on caste with Hindu identifications [..] a conflict over a plot of land in town on 25 August 1990, the banning of the so-called Ram jyotis (devotees of Ram)..}}</ref>
[[File:Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi performing Bhoomi Pujan at ‘Shree Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir’, in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on August 05, 2020.jpg|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] performing Bhoomi Pujan at 'Shree Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir', in Ayodhya, [[Uttar Pradesh]].]]

During the election campaigning set in the charged political atmosphere of 2015, the caste and religion-based mobilisation of the voters began. Yadav's remarks in which he argued that some Hindus eat beef provided an opportunity to the BJP which instigated the Hindus, including the Yadavs to vote the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|grand alliance]] out of power. Narendra Modi himself made this remark a campaign issue and attacked Yadav in his rallies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-wades-into-beef-controversy-with-attack-on-lalu-prasad/articleshow/49269981.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209111330/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-wades-into-beef-controversy-with-attack-on-lalu-prasad/articleshow/49269981.cms |title=PM Modi wades into beef controversy with attack on Lalu|website=Economic Times|access-date=9 February 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>

In due course, the BJP arranged its leaders and Bollywood superstars for its election campaigning, all of them remaining critical to Kumar's rule and the criticism of the grand alliance was made in every rally by the BJP leaders and their star campaigners to which Kumar left Yadav to defend himself. The narrative of "Bade Bhai" (big brother), the word used by Kumar for Yadav was also popularised.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/man-of-the-moment-nitish-kumar-master-tactician-tough-opponent/story-00PNbqb0fqPQ3blv0I3tWO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210034602/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/man-of-the-moment-nitish-kumar-master-tactician-tough-opponent/story-00PNbqb0fqPQ3blv0I3tWO.html |title=Man of the moment Nitish Kumar: Master tactician, tough opponent|website=Hindustan Times|date=20 November 2015 |access-date=9 February 2021|archive-date=10 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bade-bhai-but-not-cm-why-lalu-wont-risk-jeopardising-his-current-role-in-bihar-politics-2500476.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210034957/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/bade-bhai-but-not-cm-why-lalu-wont-risk-jeopardising-his-current-role-in-bihar-politics-2500476.html |title=Bade bhai, but not CM: Lalu Prasad won't risk jeopardising his current role in Bihar|website=firstpost|date=9 November 2015 |access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> It is believed that the BJP's rise under Modi in 2014 [[Lok Sabha|General Elections]] was a counterrevolution against the [[Mandal Commission|Mandal]] gains.

According to [[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot]], the rising to power of BJP led to the return of upper castes in urban politics with nearly 45% of the BJP [[Member of Parliament]] belonging to the upper-caste, a consequence of this over-representation was the disproportionate ticket distribution plan of the BJP. The return of the upper castes to politics also revived some of their orthodoxy and ethos via state vigilantism. One of the evident strategies of BJP to counter Mandal gains was the restructuring of quota rules to the benefit of upper castes which includes the lateral entry and privatisation as Jaffrelot sums up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/hindu-nationalism-mandal-commission-upper-caste-politics-modi-govt-7181746/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210050201/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/hindu-nationalism-mandal-commission-upper-caste-politics-modi-govt-7181746/ |title=Rise of Hindutva has enabled a counter-revolution against Mandal's gains|website=Indian Express|date=10 February 2021 |editor=[[Christophe Jaffrelot]] |access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>

A [[Times of India]] report called this alliance as the attempt to revive [[Triveni Sangh]], a [[Independence Day (India)|pre-independence]] alliance of three middle peasant castes, which was called as the first attempt of the backward communities to unite under an organisational structure, in order to seek political representation. Based on the input of the political thinkers from Bihar, the report called the Yadav-Kumar alliance, the coalition of middle castes who were traditionally involved in agricultural and allied activities in pre-independence period.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/bihar-elections-2015/news/bihar-eection-triveni-sangh-on-revival-path/articleshow/49640108.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210154824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/bihar-elections-2015/news/bihar-eection-triveni-sangh-on-revival-path/articleshow/49640108.cms |title=Bihar election: Triveni Sangh on revival path|website=[[Times of India]]| date=3 November 2015 |access-date=10 February 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=10 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/24/caste-anti-congressism-and-quotas-a-history-of-the-plotting-of-social-coalitions-in-bihar-till-2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210155908/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/24/caste-anti-congressism-and-quotas-a-history-of-the-plotting-of-social-coalitions-in-bihar-till-2005 |title=Caste, land and quotas: A history of the plotting of social coalitions in Bihar till 2005|website=newslaundry|date=24 October 2020 |access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>

Despite speculation by the media, the Lalu-Nitish alliance trumped the BJP and its coalition partners, securing a majority of seats in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. The victory came with the largest ever increase in the number of the OBC candidates primarily from the Yadav, Kurmi and the Koeri caste; who were the core voters of the alliance. It was also reported that due to these three castes voting together after a long time since Kumar defected from Yadav's Janata Dal in the 1990s, the upper-caste representation reached its lowest at 23.9% in the Bihar assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/what-does-caste-profile-of-mlas-in-bihar-tell-us-about-politics/story-OgMg2zkzFAWwdP9qQs2klK.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210173230/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/what-does-caste-profile-of-mlas-in-bihar-tell-us-about-politics/story-OgMg2zkzFAWwdP9qQs2klK.html |title=What does caste profile of MLAs in Bihar tell us about politics?|website=Hindustan Times|date=13 November 2020 |access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=10 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/the-paswan-factor/article32881910.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210170417/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/the-paswan-factor/article32881910.ece |title=Bihar Assembly elections and the Paswan factor|website=Frontline|date=24 October 2020 |access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>

In [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], NDA stormed back to power with BJP winning 75 seats. [[Nitish Kumar]] remained the CM.

In [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], NDA was re-elected to power with BJP emerging as the single largest party winning 89 seats. JD(U) winning 85 seats. [[Nitish Kumar]] remained the CM.

==Splits and mergers in the JD(U) and emergence of new coalitions==
[[File:The Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Shri Upendra Kushwaha addressing at the launch of KV SHAALA DARPAN for Kendriya Vidyalaya, in New Delhi on June 05, 2015.jpg|thumb|Upendra Kushwaha addressing at the launch of KV SHAALA DARPAN for Kendriya Vidyalaya, in New Delhi.]]
The [[Janata Dal (United)]], a successor of [[Samata Party]], replaced the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in the period after misgovernance of [[Rabri Devi]] regime. The JD(U) however failed to remain intact amidst splits and defection created in it by some of the old leaders of party who defected from it on the ground of ideological conflicts. [[Upendra Kushwaha]], who claimed to be the tallest leader of the [[Kushwaha]] [[caste]], thus defected to found his own political party in 2013. Kushwaha had defected from JD(U) earlier too, but had returned to its fold due to poor performance of his party and conciliatory measures taken by JD(U) leadership to bring him again into the party.

However, the defection of 2013 led to foundation of [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]] which gave impressive performance in 2014 elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] by winning three seats in alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. The performance of [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]] hadn't remained impressive afterwards, specially after Kushwaha brought it out of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] over the question of less seats allotted to it in 2019 [[Lok Sabha]] polls. The party then contested the 2019 election as a member of ''[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]''.<ref name="ThePrint" />

The party performed badly again and the new alliance was sought with minor players like [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[AIMIM]] in 2020 [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] elections. The new coalition which was called as [[Grand Democratic Secular Front]] was successful in winning 6 seats in the elections but RLSP failed to win any seats despite having largest share of votes among its coalition partners. The RLSP however successfully deteriorated the caste equation of JD(U) in a dozen constituencies, which resulted in reduction of the number of seats of JD (U) to 43 in 2020 Bihar Assembly. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] now emerged as significant player in the house with 75 seats.

The conflict between the officeholders of the JD(U) and BJP also surfaced over the choice of [[Chief Minister]], as many of the BJP leaders and workers wanted the Chief Ministerial candidate from the BJP, which was second largest party in the house and a bigger partner in the alliance in comparison to the JD(U). The top leaders of BJP however proposed [[Nitish Kumar]] as the leader of coalition and the next [[chief minister]] once again. The government formation in 2020 witnessed dominance of BJP, which got more ministerial births and appointed two Deputy Chief Ministers, both belonging to [[Other Backward Class|Extremely Backward Castes]] in order to create a new caste coalition for itself.

In the aftermath of government formation, the JD (U) took energetic steps to recover its lost vote base by engulfing the leaders from smaller parties like [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and the organisational changes were also made by appointing [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]] and [[Umesh Kushwaha]] as its National and state president, in a bid to strengthen the ''Luv-Kush alliance'' (defined as the coalition of [[Kurmi]] and [[Kushwaha]] caste). The most awaited step to strengthen this alliance was the merger of [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]] into JD(U) in 2021, after which its leader [[Upendra Kushwaha]] was appointed as the president of parliamentary board of the JD(U).<ref name="Express">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rlsp-merges-with-jdu-kushwaha-made-chairman-of-partys-parliamentary-board-7228475/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316174731/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rlsp-merges-with-jdu-kushwaha-made-chairman-of-partys-parliamentary-board-7228475/ |title=RLSP merges with JD(U), Kushwaha made chairman of party's parliamentary board|website=Indian Express|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=16 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-elections-2020-six-party-front-likely-to-hurt-nda-and-grand-alliance/articleshow/78599834.cms | title=Bihar elections 2020: Six-party front likely to hurt NDA and Grand Alliance | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=11 October 2020 | access-date=21 October 2020 | archive-date=11 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211173447/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-elections-2020-six-party-front-likely-to-hurt-nda-and-grand-alliance/articleshow/78599834.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ThePrint">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/in-rlsp-merger-a-nitish-message-to-bjp-as-he-rebuilds-luv-kush-alliance-with-kushwaha/621761/?amp|title=In RLSP merger, a Nitish message to BJP as he rebuilds 'Luv-Kush' alliance with Kushwaha|website=ThePrint|date=14 March 2021 |access-date=15 March 2021|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429233148/https://theprint.in/politics/in-rlsp-merger-a-nitish-message-to-bjp-as-he-rebuilds-luv-kush-alliance-with-kushwaha/621761/?amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/former-mla-umesh-kushwaha-appointed-bihar-jdu-president-7141332/|title=Former MLA Umesh Kushwaha appointed Bihar JD(U) president|website=Indian Express|date=11 January 2021 |access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429231749/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/former-mla-umesh-kushwaha-appointed-bihar-jdu-president-7141332/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rud7G">{{Cite magazine|author=Prabhash K. Dutta|date=November 16, 2020|title=Nitish Kumar oath taking: Who are Tarkishore Prasad and Renu Devi, two deputy CM probables?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/nitish-kumar-oath-taking-who-are-tarkishore-prasad-and-renu-devi-two-deputy-cm-probables-1741259-2020-11-16|access-date=2020-11-18|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804225317/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/nitish-kumar-oath-taking-who-are-tarkishore-prasad-and-renu-devi-two-deputy-cm-probables-1741259-2020-11-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], the NDA won a landslide victory securing 202 seats with BJP emerging as the single largest party in the state winning 89 seats. JDU won 85 seats. [[Nitish Kumar]] was sworn in as the chief minister.

==Present condition==
Despite the separation from Bihar of financially richer [[Jharkhand]], Bihar has seen more growth in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar fastest growing state, Maharashtra tops in economic size: Report|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-bihar-fastest-growing-state-maharashtra-tops-in-economic-size-report-2151335|newspaper=dna|date=2 December 2015|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715131816/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-bihar-fastest-growing-state-maharashtra-tops-in-economic-size-report-2151335|archive-date=15 July 2016|url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, Nitish Kumar, Chief Minister of Bihar, has once again switched allegiances, a [[2024 Bihar political crisis|5th U-turn]], leaving the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] opposition alliance to rejoin the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] coalition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=Nitish Kumar's U-turn — he craves for crown and not coalition |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/nitish-kumars-u-turn-joining-nda-leaving-opposition-coalition-craving-for-crown-18901171.htm |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> There are many other political groupings : [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]] led [[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party]] which does not agree with Yadav's RJD; the weakened [[Communist Party of India]]; CPM and Forward Bloc have minor presences; ultra left parties like CPML and Party Unity have significant following in some parts of Bihar.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="170" class="center" caption="Notable politicians of Bihar">
File:Nitish Kumar meeting the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia for finalizing plan size for 2013-14 for the State, in New Delhi. The Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs & Planning.jpg|[[Nitish Kumar]] meeting the Deputy Chairman, [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], Shri [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]], for finalizing plan size for 2013–14 for the State, in New Delhi. The Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs & Planning.
File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar conducting an aerial survey of flood affected areas, in Bihar on August 26, 2017 (1).jpg|The Prime Minister, Shri [[Narendra Modi]], and the Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar, conducting an aerial survey of flood affected areas, in Bihar on August 26, 2017.
File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil, the Union Minister for Railways, Shri Lalu Prasad, the Defence Minister, Shri A. K. Antony, the Minister of State for Railways, Shri R. Velu and the Minister of State for Environment and Forests.jpg|[[Pratibha Devisingh Patil]], the Union Minister for Railways, Shri Lalu Prasad, the Defence Minister, Shri [[A. K. Antony]], the Minister of State for Railways, Shri R. Velu, and the Minister of State for Environment and Forests.
File:The Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Shri Upendra Kushwaha inaugurating the KVS Rashtriya Ekta Shivir-2017, Ek Bharat-Shreshth Bharat, in New Delhi on October 31, 2017.jpg|The Minister of State for Human Resource Development Shri [[Upendra Kushwaha]] inaugurating the KVS Rashtriya Ekta Shivir-2017, Ek Bharat-Shreshth Bharat, in New Delhi on October 31, 2017.
</gallery>

==Elections==
{{main|Elections in Bihar}}
[[File:The voters displaying their identity card at Samudayak Bhawan, Nathpur, Bhagalpur, Bihar, during the third phase of General Election-2009 on April, 30, 2009.jpg|thumb|Voters display their identity cards at Samudayak Bhawan, Nathpur, Bhagalpur, Bihar, during the third phase of General Election-2009]]

=== General elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Lok Sabha Election
! Total Seats
! colspan=2| Winning Party/Coalition
! Winner's seat
|-
|1951
|[[First Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|1957
|[[Second Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|1962
|[[Third Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|1967
|[[Fourth Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|1971
|[[Fifth Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|1977
|[[Sixth Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|1980
|[[Seventh Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]] (Indira)
|
|-
|1984
|[[Eighth Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]] (Indira)
|
|-
|1989
|[[Ninth Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]] (Indira)
|
|-
|1991
|[[Tenth Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|1996
|[[Eleventh Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background:white;"|
|
|
|-
|1998
|[[Twelfth Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}"|
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|
|-
|1999
|[[Thirteenth Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}"|
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|
|-
|2004
|[[Indian general election in Bihar, 2004|Fourteenth Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}"|
| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|
|-
|2009
|[[Indian general election in Bihar, 2009|Fifteenth Lok Sabha]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}"|
| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|
|-
|2014
|[[2014 Indian general election in Bihar|Sixteenth Lok Sabha]]
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}"|
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|
|-
|2019
|[[2019 Indian general election in Bihar|Seventeenth Lok Sabha]]
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}"|
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|
|-
|2024
|[[2024 Indian general election in Bihar|Eighteenth Lok Sabha]]
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}"|
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|
|}

== Political parties in Bihar ==

=== National parties ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]
{{Div col end}}

=== Regional Parties in Bihar ===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
* [[Janata Dal (United)]]
* [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
* [[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party]]
* [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
* [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]]
* [[Vikassheel Insaan Party]]
* [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
** [[Communist Party of India]]
** [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
** [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
* [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]].
* [[Jan Suraaj Party]]
* [[Janshakti Janata Dal]]

{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[History of Patna]]
* [[:Category:Political parties in Bihar|Political parties in Bihar]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Bihar]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar]]
* [[List of finance ministers of Bihar]]
* [[:Category:Politicians from Bihar|Politicians from Bihar]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== General bibliography ===
* Radhakanta Barik, ''Land & Caste Politics in Bihar'' (Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2006)
* Jagannath Sarkar, ''Many Streams: Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches''. Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, first published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore.
*Srivastava, Sumit Saurabh. "EMERGENCE OF BACKWARD CASTE POLITICS IN BIHAR: COALITION, ALIGNMENT AND DOMINANCE." The Indian Journal of Political Science, vol. 75, no. 4, 2014, pp. 675–86. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26575546. Accessed 26 Aug. 2023.
*Rajkishor. "UNDERSTANDING THE POLITICS OF BIHAR: THROUGH THE PRISM OF CASTE, CLASS AND COMMUNITY; FROM COLONIALISM TO POSTCOLONIALISM." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 77, 2016, pp. 539–45. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552681. Accessed 8 Sept. 2023.

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://state.bihar.gov.in/main/CitizenHome.html Official website]
* [https://igod.gov.in/ Profile at the Government of India website]
* [http://cm.bih.nic.in/default.htm Bihar CM official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226130047/http://cm.bih.nic.in/default.htm |date=26 February 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124202848/https://www.thequint.com/videos/news-videos/bihar-caste-politics-data-analysis-nitish-kumar-advantage-nda-bjp-jdu-mahagathbandhan-rjd-return-as-cm caste statics and voting behavior in Bihar]
* [https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/news/bihar-ias-officers-protest-arrest-of-senior-colleague-politics-inter-services-rivalry-caste-vendetta-misgovernance A former IAS officer reflects on the mess in Bihar]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Politics of India by state or territory}}

[[Category:Politics of Bihar| ]]

Goa State Election Commission

2026-01-25T14:00:56Z

SoniaBlankinship: Stub.

{{Infobox government agency
| nativename_a =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| formed = 1994<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web | url=https://sec.goa.gov.in/history-of-sec/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801213306/https://sec.goa.gov.in/history-of-sec/ | archive-date=2022-08-01 | title=History of SEC – Goa State Election Commission }}</ref>
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Goa]]
| headquarters = Opposite Joggers' Park, Altinho, [[Panaji]], [[Goa]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sec.goa.gov.in/contact-us/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801213728/https://sec.goa.gov.in/contact-us/ | archive-date=2022-08-01 | title=Contact Us – Goa State Election Commission }}</ref>
| coordinates =
| chief1_position = State Election Commissioner
| chief1_name = W. V. Ramanamurthy, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], ([[Retired|Retd.]])
| chief2_name = Brijesh Manerkar
| chief2_position = Secretary, State Election Commissioner
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| website = {{URL|sec.goa.gov.in/|Official Website}}
| name = Goa State Election Commission
| seal =
| employees =
| budget =
| parent_department =
| type = [[Constitution of India|Constitutional Body]]
}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Elections}}

'''Goa State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[statutory]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Goa]] for ensuring that elections are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 243K and 243 ZA and Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of State Election Commissions. Goa State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Goa State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Goa.

== History ==
The State Election Commission of Goa was constituted pursuant to the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the [[Constitution of India]], by amending the Goa Municipalities Act, 1969 and the Goa Panchayat Raj Act, 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/9495/9495-1-SI-OG.pdf |title=Official Gazette - Government of Goa |website=goaprintingpress.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801213030/https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/9495/9495-1-SI-OG.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the Goa state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]]. Geeta Sagar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] served as the first State Election Commissioner.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web | url=https://sec.goa.gov.in/history-of-sec/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801213306/https://sec.goa.gov.in/history-of-sec/ | archive-date=2022-08-01 | title=History of SEC – Goa State Election Commission }}</ref>

==List of State Election Commissioners==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 100%"
! scope="col" |S.No.
! scope="col" |Name
! scope="col" |From
! scope="col" |To
|-
| 1||Geeta Sagar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]||April 1, 1995||August 18, 1995
|-
| 2||B.S. Subanna||October 26, 1995||August 14, 1997
|-
| 3||S. D. Sadhale||September 11, 1997||April 28, 2004
|-
| 4||P. M. Borkar||July 1, 2004|| June 30, 2006
|-
|5||Dr. M. Modassir, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], ([[Retired|Retd.]])||August 1, 2010 || January 13, 2017
|-
|6||R. K. Srivastava, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], ([[Retired|Retd.]])||January 14, 2017||October 30, 2020
|-
|7||Chokha Ram Garg, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]||November 3, 2020 ||March 12, 2021||
|-
|8|| W. V. Ramanamurthy, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], ([[Retired|Retd.]])||March 18, 2021 || till date
|-
|}

== Powers and Responsibilities ==

Goa States Election Commissioner is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.<ref name="gsec ref3">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: October 18 polls to 11 Goa municipal bodies postponed |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/coronavirus-october-18-polls-to-11-goa-municipal-bodies-postponed-640043 |access-date=9 December 2021 |publisher=www.thehansindia.com |date=17 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gsec ref6">{{cite news |title=Garg appointed as commissioner of Goa State election commission |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BFgarg-appointed-as-commissioner-of-goa-state-election-commission/61313.html |access-date=9 December 2021 |publisher=The Goan EveryDay |date=7 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.
* Updating Electoral rolls with new additions.<ref name="gsec ref7">{{cite news |title=Drive to enroll new, left out voters today {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/drive-to-enroll-new-left-out-voters-today/articleshow/87939223.cms |access-date=9 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Ordering repoll if needed.

== Composition ==

Goa State Election Commission is a one-man commission consisting of Chief Election Commissioner.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organisations.<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=13 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="gsec ref5">{{cite news |title=Pulling up Goa govt, Supreme Court says govt officials can't be appointed SECs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-slams-goa-govt-independence-of-election-commission-cant-be-compromised-in-a-democracy-7224992/ |access-date=9 December 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Shree W V Ramanamurthy, Retd I.A.S., is the Chief Election Commissioner of Goa.<ref name="gse ref4">{{cite web |title=Goa State Election Commission |url=https://sec.goa.gov.in/ |website=goa.gov.in |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209065234/https://sec.goa.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> His period of service will be 5 years or attaining an age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

== Constitutional Requirements ==

Goa State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of Election commission of India as per Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== See also ==

[[Election Commission of India]].

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sec.goa.gov.in/ Official Website]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Government of Goa]]
[[Category:Elections in Goa]]
[[Category:State agencies of Goa]]
[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]

S. B. Jain Institute of Technology, Management and Research

2026-01-22T17:45:19Z

SoniaBlankinship: created a entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}{{Infobox university
| name = S. B. Jain Institute of Technology, Management & Research
| established = 2008{{cn|date=September 2021}}
| type = Private co-educational{{cn|date=September 2021}}
| affiliation = Autonomous College Affiliated to [[RTMNU]]{{cn|date=September 2021}}
| principal = Dr. Sanjay L.Badjate
| students = 1967
| campus = [[Rural area|Rural]], {{cvt|14|acre}}
| former_names = S B Jain College of Engineering
| website = {{url|www.sbjit.edu.in}}
| other_name = SBJITMR
| image = S. B. JAIN.jpg
| faculty = 110
| location = [[Nagpur, Maharashtra]], India{{cn|date=September 2021}}
}}
''' S. B. Jain Institute of Technology, Management and Research (SBJITMR)''' an autonomous institute, formerly known as ''S B Jain College of Engineering'', is a college in [[Nagpur, India]]. It was established in 2008 by the Shantilal Badjate Charitable Trust. The institute is sanctioned by [[AICTE]] in New Delhi, [[Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra|DTE]] in [[Mumbai]], and is partnered to Nagpur University.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==History==
The institution was established {{Citation needed span|text=in 2008|date=September 2021|reason=No indication of *when* the Institute was founded.}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=..:: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai::..|url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=4137|access-date=2021-09-10|website=www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in}}</ref> by the Shantilal Badjate Charitable Trust, an initiative of Shri Shantilalji Badjate, who devoted his life to education.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About Us – S. B. Jain Institute of Technology, Management and Research|url=https://new.sbjit.edu.in/about-us/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901210703/http://new.sbjit.edu.in/about-us/|archive-date=1 September 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|website=new.sbjit.edu.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2018, the Institute held the annual event "Technostav", which ran for three days and which was organized by the "Student Representative Council".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Kazi|first=Farhan|date=6 February 2018|title=Technotsav 2K18 turns out to be an electrifying affair!|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/technotsav-2k18-turns-out-to-be-an-electrifying-affair/02061834|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190343/https://www.nagpurtoday.in/technotsav-2k18-turns-out-to-be-an-electrifying-affair/02061834|archive-date=6 February 2018|access-date=1 September 2021|website=Nagpur Today : Nagpur News|language=en-US}}</ref> The 2019 edition of the event was also held and ran from 23 to 25 January 2019, and this was also supported by the "Central {{Sic|Decipline}} Team".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Tapadia|first=Radhika|date=29 January 2019|title=S.B Jain Technotsav 2k19 flies high with colors of fun & frolic!|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/s-b-jain-technotsav-2k19-turns-out-to-be-prodigious-affair/01291255|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129150115/https://www.nagpurtoday.in/s-b-jain-technotsav-2k19-turns-out-to-be-prodigious-affair/01291255|archive-date=29 January 2019|access-date=1 September 2021|website=Nagpur Today : Nagpur News|language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2021, the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] and [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]] granted autonomous status to the Institute for 10 years from the 2020-2021 academic session.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 March 2021|title=S B Jain Institute of Technology, Mgmt & Research receives autonomous status|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/3/15/S-B-Jain-Institute-of-Technology-Mgmt-Research-receives-autonomous-status.html|access-date=1 September 2021|website=www.thehitavada.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Campus==
The institute is situated on a {{convert|14|acre|adj=on}} campus that was designed with a British architectural pattern.

==Departments==
* Electrical Engineering
* Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
* Artificial Intelligence & Data Science
* Electronics Engineering
* Computer Science and Engineering
* Emerging Technologies [AI&DS]
* Mechanical Engineering
* Business Administration (MBA)
* Electronics Engineering (M.Tech)
* Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning (Extinct)

==Admission==
* Passing the HSSC or its equivalent exam with Physics, Chemistry/Biotechnology/Biology/Technical Vocational subject & Mathematics as subjects is a prerequisite.
* Candidates shall also have appeared in JEE (Mains) in that particular academic year.

==Student life==
===Scholarships===
SB Jain Institute offers merit-based scholarships a needs-based scholarship named the "late Mrs. Jaswantiben Anantrai Parekh need-based scholarship", under the aegis of the Sir Shantilal Badjate Charitable Trust Nagpur, for students belonging to economically weaker families.

===College fest===
Technotsav is a national-level technical event with participation from many reputed engineering colleges in India. It has various events including technical paper presentations, line tracer robots, RoboWars, LAN gaming, and sports activities.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Atulkar|first=Preeti|date=17 February 2014|title=Thrills and chills galore at SB Jain College's fashion Show in Nagpur - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/nagpur/thrills-and-chills-galore-at-sb-jain-colleges-fashion-show-in-nagpur/articleshow/30456272.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109125649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/nagpur/thrills-and-chills-galore-at-sb-jain-colleges-fashion-show-in-nagpur/articleshow/30456272.cms|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=1 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=September 2021}} Eminent speakers like Shri. Nitinji Gadkari, Transport minister under the BJP central cabinet, and Shri Devendra Fadnavis, Chief Minister of Maharashtra have spoken at this event. {{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Student associations===
* Students Representative Council (SRC)
* IEEE Student Branch
* Emergicon (Departmental Forum of Emerging Technologies Department)
* Department of Training & Placement
* SuiGeneris (Departmental Forum of CSE Department)
* ELAN (Departmental Forum of Electrical Department)
* FEETA (Departmental Forum of ETC-ETRX Department)
* AIMES (Departmental Forum of Mechanical Department)

Training & Placement Department is the most crucial part which plays an important role in providing opportunities to the student by arranging Campus Interviews. In SBJITMR, the Training & Placement is highly supported by its teaching faculty of various departments.

The placement policies and other related activities are handled by T & P Officer in consultation with the Principal and the college management.

== Recognition ==
In June 2021, Zee Digital recognized the Institute in the Edufuture Excellence Awards as an "Outstanding Business School (West)".<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2021|title=Zee Digital Concludes The Edufuture Excellence Awards With A Successful Virtual Event|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/zee-digital-concludes-the-edufuture-excellence-awards-with-a-successful-virtual-event/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629110525/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/zee-digital-concludes-the-edufuture-excellence-awards-with-a-successful-virtual-event/|archive-date=29 June 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=30 June 2021|title=Zee Digital announces winners of The Edufuture Excellence Awards|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/06/zee-digital-announces-winners-of-the-edufuture-excellence-awards/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901210322/https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/06/zee-digital-announces-winners-of-the-edufuture-excellence-awards/|archive-date=1 September 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref>{{Importance inline|date=September 2021|reason=Are the "Edufuture Excellence Awards" a well-known set of awards?}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://sbjit.edu.in/index.php}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S B Jain Institute of Technology, Management and Research}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]

University of Farmington

2026-01-21T15:41:56Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Short description|Fake university in Michigan, US set up by ICE}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Farmington
| image = University of Farmington logo.png
| image_upright = 0.8
| motto = {{langx|la|Scientia et labor}}
| established = 2015
| closed = 2019
| type = Fake university
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| city = [[Farmington Hills, Michigan|Farmington Hills]]
| state = [[Michigan]]
| country = U.S.
| website = {{url|https://web.archive.org/web/20180414235355/https://universityoffarmington.edu/|https://universityoffarmington.edu/}}
}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[University of Maine at Farmington]], a legitimate university in the state of Maine}}
The '''University of Farmington''' was a fake university set up in 2015 in [[Michigan]] by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. <ref name="Antonia">{{Cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/01/31/ice-set-up-fake-university-hundreds-enrolled-not-realizing-it-was-sting-operation/ |title = ICE set up a fake university. Hundreds enrolled, not realizing it was a sting operation. |first=Antonia Noori|last=Farzan|authorlink=Antonia Noori Farzan|date = January 31, 2019 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = January 31, 2019 }}</ref> The [[sting operation]],<ref name="NYT_31Jan" /><ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.freep.com/story/news/2019/01/30/farmington-university-immigrant-arrests/2724992002/ |title = Farmington Hills fake university set up by ICE to nab foreign students |last = Warikoo |first = Niraj |date = January 30, 2019 |work = Detroit Free Press |access-date = January 31, 2019 |language = en }}</ref> code-named "Paper Chase", was overseen by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS). Over 600 individuals were identified in the operation, many of whom face deportation from the United States for visa violations, just for enrolling in the fake school.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/8-indians-arrested-in-us-visa-scam-hundreds-may-face-deportation-1986059 |title = 8 Indians Caught In Visa Scam In US Undercover Op, Many Face Deportation |last = Sudhir |first = Uma |date = January 31, 2019 |website = NDTV.com |access-date = January 31, 2019 }}</ref>

The sting was disclosed to the public on January 30, 2019, with ''[[The Detroit News]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/oakland-county/2019/01/30/federal-agents-used-fake-michigan-university-to-find-undocumented-immigrants/2722791002/ |title = Feds used fake Michigan university in immigration sting |website = [[The Detroit News]] |access-date = January 31, 2019 }}</ref> reporting that the DHS and ICE HSI had arrested eight "recruiters" of Indian nationality and charged them on grounds of visa fraud and harboring aliens for profit. In total, the recruiters allegedly made more than $250,000 from the university in compensation.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hundreds-of-indian-students-face-jail-deportation-in-us-college-scam/story-NelUt7N8HnUZf6KM1Z6xgJ.html |title = Hundreds of Indian students face jail, deportation in US college scam |last = Raj |first = Yashwant |date = January 31, 2019 |website = [[Hindustan Times]] |language = en |access-date = January 31, 2019 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |url = https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/oakland-county/2019/01/30/federal-agents-used-fake-michigan-university-to-find-undocumented-immigrants/2722791002/ |title = Feds used fake Michigan university in immigration sting |last = Snell |first = Robert |date = January 30, 2019 |website = [[The Detroit News]] |language = en |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190131014820/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/oakland-county/2019/01/30/federal-agents-used-fake-michigan-university-to-find-undocumented-immigrants/2722791002/ |archive-date = January 31, 2019 |access-date = January 31, 2019 }}</ref> By early February 2019, 130 students (129 of whom were from India, and 127 of them specifically being from Andhra/Telangana states of India)<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/feb/03/fear-anxiety-grip-parents-of-students-1933626.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231039/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/feb/03/fear-anxiety-grip-parents-of-students-1933626.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = February 4, 2019 |title = US visa fraud case: Fear, anxiety grip parents back in Andhra |website = [[The New Indian Express]] |access-date = February 4, 2019 }}</ref> from multiple cities had been arrested for violation of immigration laws, and were subject to deportation if convicted.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47106199 |title = US fake university sting angers India |date = February 3, 2019 |publisher = [[BBC News]] |access-date = February 4, 2019 |language = en-GB }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url = https://www.firstpost.com/world/ice-fake-university-its-entrapment-say-indians-reacting-to-news-of-114-students-arrested-across-20-us-cities-6010911.html |title = ICE fake university: 'It's entrapment', say Indians reacting to news of 130 students arrested across 20 US cities |website = [[Firstpost]] |date = February 2019 |access-date = February 4, 2019 }}</ref> In March 2019, ICE announced that 161 students had been arrested in total.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/03/08/ice-fake-university-farmington/3026214002/ |title=ICE arrests more students at fake university, others being removed from US |last=Warikoo |first=Niraj |date=8 March 2019 |website=Detroit Free Press |access-date=5 June 2019 }}</ref>

According to prosecutors, the students enrolled in the university solely to maintain their student-visa status and lengthen their stay in the US,<ref name=":2" /> despite being aware "that they would not attend any actual classes, earn credits or make academic progress towards an actual degree."<ref name="NYT_31Jan" /> However, the students' attorneys noted that the university had been listed as a legitimate school on the Department of Homeland Security website. The University of Farmington was also accredited by two school accreditation boards. The University of Farmington website made it impossible for students to know that it was fake. It offered instruction, classes, and degrees. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/11/27/university-farmington-ice-arrests-more-fake-michigan-college/4317788002/|title=ICE arrests 90 more foreign students at fake university created by DHS in Michigan|date=27 November 2019|website=USA Today|access-date=27 November 2019 }}</ref>

== University ==
[[File:University of Farmington logo2.png|thumb|right|150px|Secondary logo used by the "university"]]
The University of Farmington's headquarters was in the basement of the North Valley office complex located at 30500 Northwestern Highway in Farmington Hills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://universityoffarmington.edu/ |title=The University of Farmington |publisher=[[Internet Archive]] |work=web page |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829185758/https://universityoffarmington.edu/ |archive-date=August 29, 2018 }}</ref> Its website claimed to "provide students from throughout the world a unique educational experience" and contained academic program details. It also claimed to be accredited by the [[Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs]] and the [[Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges]] and was also apparently authorized by the [[Student and Exchange Visitor Program]] to admit foreign students.<ref name="Antonia" /><ref>{{cite web |url = https://universityoffarmington.edu/factoids |title = Factoids |date = January 31, 2019 |website = The University of Farmington |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190131064227/https://universityoffarmington.edu/factoids |archive-date = January 31, 2019 |access-date = January 31, 2019 }}</ref> According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', there was hardly any way for prospective students to distinguish the institution from a real university, at least from its web presence.<ref name=":3" /> The university had a Twitter presence and the university's website featured program details, tuition pricing, and updates such as bad weather alerts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/02/02/690916805/the-university-of-farmington-isnt-real-it-s-a-complex-federal-sting-operation|title=The University Of Farmington Isn't Real. It's A Complex Federal Sting Operation|website=NPR.org|publisher=NPR|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref name="NYT_31Jan" /> The yearly fee for undergraduates was $8,500, significantly lower than many other US institutions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/eight-indians-arrested-on-charges-of-facilitating-foreigners-illegally-stay-in-us-as-students/article26135515.ece |title = Indians arrested, students detained in U.S. on visa fraud charges |last = Lakshman |first = Sriram |date = January 31, 2019 |work = [[The Hindu]] |access-date = January 31, 2019 |language = en-IN |issn = 0971-751X }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indians-studying-in-a-fraudulent-university-arrested-119013100096_1.html |title = Indians studying in a fraudulent university arrested |agency = Press Trust of India |date = January 31, 2019 |work = [[Business Standard India]] |access-date = January 31, 2019 }}</ref> The university did not have any instructors or actual classes.<ref name="NYT_31Jan" />

According to Matt Friedman, who worked in the same complex, the university had no classrooms and he never saw anyone there.<ref name=":1" /> Other people who worked in the same building doubted the prosecutors' contention that everyone was willfully involved, claiming to have seen students arriving with backpacks and attempting to inquire about the university.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/hyderabad/students-had-no-way-to-check-university-of-farmingtons-authenticity/articleshow/67823186.cms? |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190204213952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/hyderabad/students-had-no-way-to-check-university-of-farmingtons-authenticity/articleshow/67823186.cms |url-status = dead |archive-date = February 4, 2019 |title = US fake university racket: Students had no way to check Farmington's authenticity |website = [[The Times of India]] |access-date = February 4, 2019 }} [copy on [[archive.org]] of an article originally hosted at ''https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/students-had-no-way-to-check-university-of-farmingtons-authenticity/articleshow/67823186.cms'']</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Immediately following the disclosure of the sting, Ravi Mannam, an immigration lawyer based in Atlanta, criticized the operation as "misleading" and accused the government of utilizing "very questionable and troubling methods to get these foreign students to join the institution", since students were under the impression that their enrollment was being made in a legitimate program.<ref name="NYT_31Jan">{{cite news |last1 = Mervosh |first1 = Sarah |title = ICE Ran a Fake University in Michigan to Catch Immigration Fraud |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/us/farmington-university-arrests-ice.html |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = January 31, 2019 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Similar concerns have been echoed by various Indian news publications.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/feb/02/students-were-handcuffed-like-criminals--taken-away-1933116.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190204125124/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/feb/02/students-were-handcuffed-like-criminals--taken-away-1933116.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = February 4, 2019 |title = Students were handcuffed like criminals & taken away |website = [[The New Indian Express]] |access-date = February 4, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/us-homeland-dept-under-scrutiny-for-its-unethical-immigrant-trap/articleshow/67812346.cms |title = Indian body fumes at DHS 'bait & catch' move against students |website = [[The Times of India]] |date = February 3, 2019 |access-date = February 4, 2019 }}</ref>

The same week, India issued a [[démarche]] asking for the immediate release of the students and requesting against any non-voluntary deportation.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-issues-demarche-to-us-on-detention-of-students/story-1ql6ruNRSJpV9BhZYPxnFM.html |title = India issues demarche to US on detention of students: Officials from the Indian embassy and consulates in the US visited several detention centres and about 30 students have so far been contacted by consular officers |date = February 3, 2019 |work = [[Hindustan Times]] |location = New Delhi }}</ref> Some of the students were apparently released after an intervention by the Indian Consulate, which has also opened a hotline.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/indian-embassy-opens-hotline-for-129-students-detained-in-us-visa-scam-1987146 |title = Indian Embassy Opens Hotline For 129 Students Detained In US Visa Scam |website = [[NDTV.com]] |access-date = February 4, 2019 }}</ref>

All of the Farmington recruiters, hired by the University of Farmington, were criminally charged and pleaded guilty.<ref name="Redden">{{cite news |first=Elizabeth |last=Redden |title=A Fake University |work=Inside Higher Ed |date=9 December 2019 |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/12/10/who-went-fake-university-farmington-and-why |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> They faced jail time followed by deportation with a bar on re-entering the U.S. in the future.<ref name="Redden" /> Of the student enrollees, immigration authorities by the end of 2019 had arrested around 250 people, followed in some cases by deportation, though others contested.<ref name="Redden"/>

In 2020, lawyers for the University of Farmington students [[class action|as a class]] filed suit against the U.S. government in the [[U.S. Court of Federal Claims]] for breach of their contract, seeking tuition fees of around $11,000 a year that were essentially stolen.<ref name="Warikoo2024">{{cite news|first=Niraj |last=Warikoo |title=Students at fake university in Michigan created by ICE can sue US, court rules |work=Detroit Free Press |date=3 July 2024 |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/oakland/2024/07/03/court-students-at-fake-michigan-university-set-up-by-ice-can-sue/74228675007/ |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> The suit asked for the money back and punitive damages.<ref name="Warikoo2024"/> The claims court dismissed the suit in 2022, claiming lack of jurisdiction,<ref name="Warikoo2024"/> but in June 2024, a three-judge panel of the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit]] reinstated it.<ref name="Warikoo2024"/> The panel ruled that the government "engaged in the sale of services",<ref>{{cite news|first=Praveena |last=Somasundaram |title=Students who enrolled in fake school ICE used in sting can sue, judges rule |work=Washington Post |date=4 July 2024 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/07/04/ice-dhs-immigration-fake-university/ |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> and that the students were "unaware that the University was not a university at all" and "the government did not provide the paid-for education" nor give the students their money back.<ref name="Warikoo2024"/>

==See also==
* [[Bishop Sycamore High School]]
* [[University of Northern New Jersey]] – another fake university by Homeland Security (2013–2016)
* [[Reagan National University]]
* [[Entrapment]]
* [[Diploma mills in the United States]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://universityoffarmington.edu/ University of Farmington] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829185758/https://universityoffarmington.edu/ |date=August 29, 2018 }} website announcing that it has been closed
*{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/*/https://universityoffarmington.edu/|title=University of Farmington}} - Wayback machine archive of the university website when it was active

[[Category:Fictional American universities and colleges]]
[[Category:United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement]]
[[Category:Confidence tricks]]
[[Category:Law enforcement operations in the United States]]
[[Category:2015 in the United States]]
[[Category:Education fraud in the United States]]
[[Category:Farmington Hills, Michigan]]

Suralu Mud Palace

2026-01-08T14:54:28Z

SoniaBlankinship: Created Basic Post V1...

{{Short description|Palace in Karnataka}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Suralu Mud Palace
| image = File:Sural palace5.jpg
| caption = The [[Façade]] of the palace
| completion_date = 1511
| owner = Sudarshan Shetty
|location = Sural village, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| material = [[Clay]]
}}

'''Suralu Mud Palace''', also known as just Sural Palace, is located in Sural village near [[Udupi]]. The palace was built in 1511 by the Tolahara dynasty who ruled parts of [[Udupi district|Udupi]] at the time.<ref name="The Hindu 2016">{{Cite news |date=2016-05-19 |title=Udupi's 500-year-old mud palace gleams anew |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/udupis-500yearold-mud-palace-gleams-anew/article8622961.ece |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The palace had housed 8-9 families of the dynasty. It currently belongs to Sudarshan Shetty who is a descendant of the dynasty.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-05-21 |title=600-year-old Suralu mud palace undergoes partial restoration in Kokkarne |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/600-year-old-suralu-mud-2066293 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
The palace was made using mud and timber. [[Clay]] was used to build the walls and rooftops were made using [[roof tiles|country tiles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udupi: Centuries Old Suralu Palace Awaits Restoration to Former Glory |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=108424 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
The palace consists of seven "angalas" ([[courtyards]]) and a Shrine for the Goddess [[Padmavati (Hinduism)|Padmavathi]]. The palace also consists of bathrooms, a shed, kitchens and a storehouse of agricultural crops.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udupi: 600-year-old Suralu mud palace partially restored at Kokkarne |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Udupi-600-year-old-Suralu-mud-palace-partially-restored-at-Kokkarne.html |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref> The upper rooms were home to the women of the palace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಪೆರ್ಡೂರು ಮಾಗಣೆ ಚಾವಡಿ ಪುನಶ್ಚೇತನ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/udupi/-/articleshow/52400011.cms |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> The layout of the palace is designed in such a way as to prevent women from accessing the ground floor.<ref name="auto"/> The roof is supported by wooden pillars through the use of the [[Interlock (engineering)|inter-lock]] method, no nails used in the process.<ref name="The Hindu 2016"/> The palace corridor’s [[lintel]] carries an inscription dated 1828, which states that it was renovated that year. The palace also contains a collection of ornate sculptures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=K. Abhishankar |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3277 |title=Karnataka state Gazetteer: South Kanara District |date=1973 |publisher=Bangalore, Director of Printing Stationery and Publications |pages=761}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="left">
File:Sural palace6.jpg|Gate
File:ಸೂರಾಲು ಅರಮನೆ3.jpg|Palna
File:Sural palace3.jpg|Internal courtyard of the palace
File:ಸೂರಾಲು ಅರಮನೆ2.jpg|Suralu Mahalingeshwara Temple
File:Sural palace2.jpg|Staircase
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|13.4471|74.8550|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Palaces in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1511]]

Malladi Satyalingam Naicker

2026-01-03T11:03:08Z

SoniaBlankinship: stub...

{{Short description|Indian philanthropist and educationalist (1840–1915)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malladi Satyalingam Naicker
| image = Sri Malladi Satyalingam Naicker.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bronze statue of Malladi Satyalingam Naicker
| native_name = మల్లాడి సత్యలింగం నాయకర్
| birth_date = 1840
| birth_place = Korangi, East Godavari, [[Madras Presidency]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]])
| death_date = 1915 (aged {{c.|lk=no|75}})
| death_place = Rangoon, [[British Burma]] (now [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]])
| occupation = Philanthropist, educationalist
| known_for = Founder of [[M.S.N. Charities]]
}}

'''Malladi Satyalingam Naicker''' (1840–1915) was an Indian philanthropist and educationalist from [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Satyanarayana |first=Adapa |date=2008 |title=Telugu Diaspora in South East/West Asia, 1871-1990 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147252 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=69 |pages=910 |jstor=44147252 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> He is known for founding the [[M. S. N. Charities]] and his contributions to education, public welfare, and religious causes. His charitable efforts significantly benefited underprivileged students and the local community.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Thrimurthulu |first=S. |date=11 July 2021 |title=MSN Trust committed to cause of education |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/Jul/11/msn-trust-committed-tocause-of-education-2328508.html |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2c3-AhUQ24C&q=Malladi+Satyalingam+Naicker |title=The Legislative Assembly Debates. Official Report |date=1938 |page=1635 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Malladi Satyalingam Naicker was born in 1840 in Korangi, East Godavari.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=6 November 2021 |title=High-level panel to probe 'irregularities' in MSN Charities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/high-level-panel-to-probe-irregularities-in-msn-charities/article37363168.ece |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1868, he moved to [[Rangoon]] (modern-day Yangon), where he began as a labourer before establishing himself as a businessman in shipping and trade.<ref name=":0" />

Naicker battled poverty and faced the challenges in his early life. His independent and progressive views often clashed with the authoritarian practices of the wealthy kalasis aboard the boats. Seeking a better livelihood, he left his uncle's cargo boat for Rangoon, where he changed jobs several times, eventually becoming a contractor for the supply of workers to British rice mills and naval yards. Naicker amassed considerable wealth, which he later dedicated to charitable causes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/andhra-sarvaswamu-1943-12-06-2017/page/86/|title=ఆంధ్ర సర్వస్వము|last=మాగంటి|first=బాపినీడు|publisher=విశాలాంధ్ర పబ్లిషర్సు|year=1943|location=మద్రాసు|pages=86,87}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sri Malladi Satyalinga Naicker |url=https://eg.ap.gov.in/MSN.ASPX |website=East Godavari District Web Portal}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==

=== Establishment of M. S. N. Charities ===
In 1912, Naicker registered a will in the district court of Rangoon, setting aside ₹8 lakh from his wealth for various philanthropic activities.<ref name=":2" /> His will stipulated that the funds be used for the establishment and maintenance of educational institutions, temples, and welfare initiatives, including providing scholarships for poor students and feeding the needy.<ref name=":3" />

Following his will, prominent figures such as Diwan Bahadur D. Seshagiri Rao Pantulu and Naicker's adopted son Subrahmanyam Naicker formed [[M. S. N. Charities]] in 1915.<ref name=":4" /> The organization was entrusted with managing these funds and implementing the charitable activities specified in the will.<ref name=":3" />

=== Contributions to education ===
A school focused on technical subjects and vocational training was established in 1927. The trust also donated land for the establishment of an industrial school (polytechnic) in 1945 and supported the creation of a junior college and degree colleges in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

One of the significant contributions of M.S.N. Charities was the establishment of educational institutions in [[Kakinada]]. In 1915, ₹5 lakh was allocated for the purchase of agricultural lands, ₹2 lakh was deposited in banks, and ₹1 lakh was used for constructing schools, temples, and a guest house. These institutions provided free education and meals to underprivileged students.<ref name=":4" />

By 1946, the charity had established an upper secondary school, and by 1954, it had opened a Vedic school. The organization also helped establish the Andhra Polytechnic in 1946 and later a junior college and a degree college in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<ref name=":1" />

=== Religious contributions ===
Naicker's will also supported the construction of religious institutions. Several temples were built in [[Chollangi]], including a [[Shiva temple]], a [[Rama]] and [[Hanuman]] temple, and resting places for pilgrims.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Notable beneficiaries ===
Over the years, M. S. N. Charities has assisted many students in pursuing higher education, both in India and abroad. Among the notable beneficiaries was [[Yellapragada Subbarow]], the renowned scientist who received financial support to study abroad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bharti |first1=Ankit H. |last2=Marfatia |first2=Yogesh S. |date=2017-11-01 |title=Yellapragada SubbaRow – The unsung Indian biochemist behind methotrexate and other drugs |url=https://ijdvl.com/yellapragada-subbarow-the-unsung-indian-biochemist-behind-methotrexate-and-other-drugs/ |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology |language=en |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=733–735 |doi=10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_1018_16 |doi-access=free |issn=0378-6323 |pmid=28948942}}</ref> Other prominent personalities who received support include Maganti Bapineedu and Dr. [[Lanka Sundaram]].<ref name=":3" />
== Legacy ==
Malladi Satyalingam Naicker's charitable legacy continues through the operations of [[M. S. N. Charities]], which remains active in providing education and welfare services.<ref name=":1" /> His contributions have had a lasting impact on the social and educational landscape of Kakinada and its surrounding regions. A lesson highlighting the nobility of character and generosity of Satyalingam has been prescribed for ninth class pupils by the Education Department of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]

Othiyathur

2025-12-31T22:49:25Z

SoniaBlankinship: created stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Othiyathur
| native_name =Othiyathur
| native_name_lang =ஓதியத்தூர்
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.599341|N|78.597752|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 212
| population_total =3,465
| population_as_of =2010
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 636 105
| area_code = 04282
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''Othiyathur''' is a large village located in [[Gangavalli]] of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] district, [[Tamil Nadu]] with total 933 families. The Othiyathur village has population of 3465 of which 1771 are males while 1694 are females as per Population 2011.

In Othiyathur village population of children with age 0-6 is 330 which makes up 9.52 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Othiyathur village is 957 which is lower than Tamil Nadu state average of 996. Child Sex Ratio for the Othiyathur as per is 897, lower than Tamil Nadu average of 943.

Othiyathur village has lower rate compared to Tamil Nadu. In 2011, rate of Othiyathur village was 71.77 % compared to 80.09 % of Tamil Nadu. In Othiyathur Male stands at 78.90 % while female rate was 64.37 %.

As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Othiyathur village is by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.

==Economy==
In Othiyathur village out of total population, 2187 were engaged in work activities. 99.82 % of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 0.18 % were involved in Marginal activity providing for less than 6 months. Of 2187 workers engaged in Main Work, 700 were (owner or co-owner) while 1296 were labourer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/634327-othiyathur-tamil-nadu.html|title=Othiyathur Village Population - Gangavalli - Salem, Tamil Nadu|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2017-09-01}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Nearest airport is [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem Airport]] which is 65 km away from Othiyathur.

Nearest railway station is Attur (ATU) which is 10 km away from Othiyathur.

==Places of worship==
# Saint Maria magdalene catholic church
# Goddess Mariammal
# Goddess Selliamman

==Educational Institutions==
# Government Panchayat Union Middle School, Othiyathur
# Golden Polytechnic College, Gangavalli, Salem

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://attur.in/ http://attur.in/]

==See also==

{{Salem District}}

[[Category:Villages in Salem district]]

Mohammad Shamshad Ali

2025-11-02T04:20:16Z

SoniaBlankinship: correct page based on references and added references

{{Short description|Pakistani physician and martyr}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohammad Shamshad Ali
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|03|09}}
| birth_place = Alahabad, Mihar
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1971|04|08|1934|03|09}}
| known_for = Martyr during the Bangladesh Liberation War
}}
'''Mohammad Shamshad Ali''' was a Bangladeshi physician who was killed in the [[Bangladesh Liberation war|Bangladesh Liberation War]], and is considered a martyr in Bangladesh.

==Early life==
Ali was born in his maternal home in Allahabad, [[Bihar]] on 9 March 1934.<ref name="sdc"/> His father, Abul Hossain, was a doctor and a captain in the [[British Indian Army]]. His ancestral paternal home was in [[Sonatala Upazila|Sonatala]], [[Bogra District]]. Ali studied in [[Rajshahi Medical College]] and then at [[Sir Salimullah Medical College]], finishing his MBBS in 1963.<ref name="sdc">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Muazzam Hussain|title=Ali, Mohammad Shamshad|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ali,_Mohammad_Shamshad|website=Banglapedia|access-date=15 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1963, Ali joined the Pakistani government's medical service. He was posted in Thana Health Complex in [[Comilla]], where he worked for two years. After that, he resigned and opened a private practice in [[Parbatipur Upazila|Parbatipur]] with his own pharmacy. The area was majority [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Bihari]] and was the site of frequent conflict between them and Bengalis. He supported the [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan]].<ref name="sdc" />

==Death==
On 8 April 1971, Pakistan Army accompanied by Biharis raided his house and abducted him. He was taken to the suburbs of the town and shot dead. His body was chopped up and burnt in a rail engine at the local rail station. A road in Parbatipur has been renamed as Shaheed Dr Shamshad Ali Road. On 14 December 2000, [[Bangladesh Post Office]] issued commemorative posts in his name on the occasion of [[Martyred Intellectuals Day]].<ref name="sdc" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/sub-editorial/2015/12/14/301572 |script-title=bn:ইতিহাসের বিচার মাটি ফুঁড়ে বেরোয় |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mohammad Shamshad}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi general practitioners]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Parbatipur Upazila]]
[[Category:People from Bogra District]]
[[Category:Health professionals killed in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Rajshahi Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:Sir Salimullah Medical College alumni]]

Maa Sharda Mandir, Maihar

2025-10-31T15:38:23Z

SoniaBlankinship: stub...

{{short description|Hindu temple in Maihar, Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Maa Sharda Temple
|native_name =
|image = Sharada Temple Maihar.JPG
|image_caption =
|map_type =
|map_caption =
|deity = [[Saraswati|Sharda]]
|location = [[Maihar]]
|district = [[Maihar district]]
|state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|country = [[India]]
| festivals =
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| website = {{url|https://www.maihartemple.com}}
}}

'''Maa Sharda Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] of Goddess [[Saraswati|Sharda]] in [[Maihar]] district of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It is believed that Goddess Sharda is the incarnation of Goddess [[Saraswati]]. This temple is also ventured as a [[Shakti Peethas]] in the [[Shaktism|Shakt]] tradition. It is believed that even today, [[Alha]] visits the temple to worship Goddess Sharda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=शक्तिपीठ मैहर : आल्हा ऊदल ने खोजा था मां का मंदिर, आदि शंकराचार्य ने शुरू की थी पूजा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/satna-navratri-2022-shaktipeeth-maihar-alha-udal-discovered-temple-of-sharda-maa-adi-shankaracharya-first-worshiped-mpsg-4655861.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Maihar Temple: मैहर मंदिर में गिरा था मां सती का हार! आल्हा, उदल से जुड़ी है कहानी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/mp/maihar-mata-temple-mp-satna-alha-udal-had-discovered-temple-maa-sharda-mandir-history-stmp/1368171 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=आज का रहस्य: काफी रहस्यमयी है मैहर माता का मंदिर, जहां सैकड़ों सालों से आल्हा ऊदल कर रहे हैं मां शारदा की आरती |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/bizarre-news/mysterious-story-of-maihar-devi-temple-where-alha-udal-is-still-coming-for-aarti |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=इस डर से रात में नहीं ठहरते यहां मंदिर में पुजारी, दिव्यआत्मा आती है करने पूजा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/spirituality/motivational-stories/know-the-unique-history-of-ma-maihar-devi-temple/articleshow/91221868.cms |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

'''Alha and Udal''' are believed to be the inaugural visitors to the goddess in this remote forest. Alha, in his reverence, affectionately referred to the mother goddess as 'Sharda Mai,' a name that subsequently evolved into the popular title of '''<nowiki/>'Mata Sharda Mai.'''' This association underscores the deep spiritual connection between the legendary warriors and the divine presence of [https://www.bundelkhand24x7.com/2023/11/maihar-temple-a-sacred-haven-amidst-the-vindhta-mountains.html Sharda Devi] in this sacred enclave.

==History==
In religious texts, it is mentioned that Sati, the daughter of Daksha Prajapati, wished to marry [[Lord Shiva]]. But, her wish was not approved by Daksha Prajapati. However, Sati married Lord Shiva. Once, [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Indra]], and other deities were invited in a [[yagya]] performed by Daksh Prajapati. Lord Shiva was not invited in the yagya. So, Sati asked her father the reason for not inviting Lord Shiva, due to which, Daksh Prajapati abused Lord Shiva. As a result of the incidence, Sati sacrificed her life by jumping into the yagya fire pit. When Lord Shiva realised the incident, he opened his third eye in anger. For saving the universe, [[Lord Vishnu]] split Sati's body into 51 parts. Wherever Sati's body parts fell, Shakti Peethas were established there. It is also believed that Sati's necklace fell in Maihar. It is believed that the temple was discovered by two brothers, Alha and Udal. They were devotees of Goddess Sharda. They discovered the temple on the top of Trikut mountains in the middle of the forests. After this incidence, Alha performed penance for 12 years to please the Goddess. The Goddess blessed him with immortality. It is believed that even today, Alha visits the temple every day during [[Brahma Muhurta]] and worships the Goddess.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{url|https://www.maihartemple.com|Official site}}

{{coord|24.26120|80.72316|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]

Raghavendra Patil

2025-10-29T23:34:08Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Raghavendra Manohar Patil''' (born 1993)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raghavendra (Ramdada) Manohar Patil(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DHULE RURAL(DHULE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=2488 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dhule Rural Assembly constituency]] in [[Dhule district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Dhule Rural (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/dhule-rural-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684487/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhule Rural Assembly Election Results 2024: Dhule Rural Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/maharashtra/dhule-rural-constituency-result-13006 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patil is from [[Dhule]], Maharashtra. He is the son of Manohar Dattatray Patil. He completed his B.E. in 2015 at [[Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patil won from Dhule Rural Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 170,398 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[Kunal Rohidas Patil]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 66,320 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhule Rural Election Result 2024 LIVE: Raghavendra (Ramdada) Manohar Patil of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dhule-rural-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9129950.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhule Rural Constituency Election Results 2024: Dhule Rural Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/dhule-rural |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-22 |title=Dhule-rural Election Results 2024: Winner, Runner-up, Past Polls Decision, Candidates List & More |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dhule-rural-election-result-2024-maharashtra-dhule-rural-assembly-election-2024-winner-runner-up-party-wise-candidate-list/3671829/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Raghavendra}}

[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Dhule district]]

National Highway 5 (India)

2025-10-14T06:10:34Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{short description|National highway in North India}}
{{For | the old National Highway 5|National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 18 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 5
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|zoom=6|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q25203045|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 5}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
| image = Himalayan Expressway, Village Tipra, Panchkula, Haryana.jpeg
| image_notes = [[Himalayan Expressway]], part of NH-5 approaching [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik hills]] on the way to Shimla
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of =
| ahn = 
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| length_km = 660.2
| length_notes = 
| established =
| allocation =
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Firozpur]] 
| junction = {{plainlist| 
*
}}
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[Shipki La]], Sino-Indian border 
| states = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| destinations = Moga, Jagraon, Ludhiana, Mohali, Chandigarh, Panchkula, Kalka, Solan, Shimla, Theog, Narkanda, Kumarsain, Rampur, Chini
| previous_type = NH
| previous_route = 4 
| next_type = NH
| next_route = 105 
}}
'''National Highway 5''' ('''NH5''') is a primary [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in India, running from West to East, connecting [[Firozpur]] in Punjab to the [[China|Sino]]-[[India]]n border at [[Shipki La]]. The highway passes through [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]], [[Jagraon]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Mohali]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Panchkula]], [[Kalka]], [[Solan]], [[Shimla]], [[Theog]], [[Narkanda]], [[Kumarsain]], [[Rampur Bushahr]] and continues along the [[Sutlej River]] till its terminus near the [[Tibet]] border.<ref name="New Numbers">{{cite web |title=Rationalization of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=Govt of India |url=http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=21 Aug 2011}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]
NH5 traverses the states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and union territory of [[Chandigarh]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date= 2 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03.pdf|title=The List of National Highways in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>

=== Punjab ===
[[Firozpur]], [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]], Jagraon, [[Ludhiana]], Kharar, Morinda,
[[Mohali]] - Chandigarh border

=== Chandigarh ===
[[Punjab]] border at Mohali, exits at [[Zirakpur]] in Punjab

=== Punjab ===
Zirakpur - Haryana border

=== Haryana ===
Punjab border - [[Panchkula]], Surajpur, [[Pinjore]], Kalka bypass - H.P. border

=== Himachal Pradesh ===
Haryana border - [[Parwanoo]], [[Solan]], [[Shimla]], [[Theog]], [[Narkanda]], [[Kumarsain]], [[Rampur, Himachal Pradesh|Rampur Bushahr]], Chini, [[Shipki La]] at Sino-Indian border

This section contains the [[Himalayan Expressway]], which was damaged by [[2023 North India floods|floods and landslides in 2023]]. Geologists argue that highway construction had destabilized the slopes and left the area vulnerable to landslides.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=Kalka-Shimla road: many questions on highway construction |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/kalka-shimla-road-highway-construction-nhai-premium-8896056/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|354|country=IND}} near Firozpur.
: {{jct|NH|354B|country=IND}} near Firozpur
: {{jct|NH|54|country=IND}} near [[Talwandi Bhai]]
: {{jct|NH|105B|country=IND}} near Moga
: {{jct|NH|703|country=IND}} near Moga
: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} near Doraha
: {{jct|NH|205|country=IND}} near Kharar
: {{jct|NH|205A|country=IND}} near Kharar
: {{jct|NH|152|country=IND}} near Zirakpur
: {{jct|NH|7|country=IND}} near Zirakpur
: {{jct|NH|105|country=IND}} near Pinjore
: {{jct|NH|907A|country=IND}} near Kumarhatti
: {{jct|NH|205|country=IND}} near Shimla
: {{jct|NH|705|country=IND}} near Theog
: {{jct|NH|305|country=IND}} near Sainj
: {{jct|NH|505A|country=IND}} near Powari
: {{jct|NH|505|country=IND}} near Khab.

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11638060 NH 5 on OpenStreetMap]
{{maplink|text=Route map|type=line|display=title}}

{{commons category}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH5 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:National highways in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:National highways in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:National highways in Haryana]]
[[Category:Transport in Firozpur]]

Bangana nukta

2025-10-01T15:51:27Z

SoniaBlankinship: Starting The Pg W/ Refs

{{short description|Species of cyprinid}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
| status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Dahanukar, N. |date=2011 |title=''Schismatorhynchos nukta'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T165548A6062907 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T165548A6062907.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
|taxon = Bangana nukta
|authority = ([[William Henry Sykes|Sykes]], 1839)
| synonyms = {{Species list
| Cyprinus nukta | Sykes, 1839
| Labeo nukta | (Sykes, 1839)
| Schismatorhynchos nukta | (Sykes, 1839)
}}
}}

'''''Bangana nukta''''' is a species of [[cyprinid]] fish, also known as '''nukta'''.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=FishBase/> It inhabits [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Kaveri]] river systems in the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> It is found in large streams and rivers with sand and boulder bed. It grows to {{convert|30|cm|abbr=on}} [[Fish measurement|total length]].<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=FishBase/>

''Bangana nukta'' is threatened by heavy fishing pressure and ecosystem degradation. It is becoming a rare species and has already disappeared from parts of its range.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase |genus=Schismatorhynchos |species=nukta |month=December |year=2019}}</ref>
}}

{{taxonbar|from=Q5854015}}

[[Category:Bangana|nukta]]
[[Category:Cyprinid fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Henry Sykes]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1839]]

{{Cyprinidae-stub}}

Central Delhi district

2025-09-24T13:08:43Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Central Delhi district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Delhi|District of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption = A busy section in [[Chandni Chowk]], a major shopping hub
| image_map = Delhi districts.png
| mapsize = 300px
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|38|42|N|77|14|42|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Delhi division]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Daryaganj]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 582,320
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], English, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 1100xx<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/Central/ Central Delhi]</ref>
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] MP
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Praveen Khandelwal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Deputy Commissioner
| blank2_info_sec1 = Arun Kumar Mishra
| website = {{URL|https://dccentral.delhi.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = G Sudhakar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} District Magistrate (Central) |url=https://dccentral.delhi.gov.in/en/dccentral/about-us |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=dccentral.delhi.gov.in}}</ref>
}}
'''Central Delhi district''' is an administrative district of the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] in India. It is bounded by the [[Yamuna River]] on the east and by the districts of [[North Delhi]] to the north, [[West Delhi]] and [[North West Delhi]] to the west, [[New Delhi]] and [[South East Delhi]] to the south, and [[East Delhi]], [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]], and [[North East Delhi]] to the east across the Yamuna.

Central Delhi has a population of 582,320 (2011 census), and an area of {{convert|25|km2}}, with a [[population density]] of {{cvt|25,759|pd/sqkm}}, making it the most densely populated district of India. Central Delhi business district and high rises. It includes [[Old Delhi]].

==Administrative Setup==

The Central District is headed by a District Magistrate under whom there is an Additional District Magistrate, three Sub-Divisional Magistrates, three Tehsildars and two Sub-Registrar Officers. The District Magistrate reports to Divisional Commissioner. DM is the monitoring/control officer who supervises and directs the work.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=General Information {{!}} District Magistrate (Central) |url=https://dccentral.delhi.gov.in/en/dccentral/general-information |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=dccentral.delhi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Powers and Functions {{!}} District Magistrate (Central) |url=https://dccentral.delhi.gov.in/en/dccentral/powers-and-functions |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=dccentral.delhi.gov.in}}</ref>

The district is divided into three subdivisions, [[Civil Lines, Delhi|Civil Lines]], [[Karol Bagh]], and Kotwali, Delhi.
Each Subdivision is headed by a SDM and has police stations under it.<ref name=":0" />

'''SDM Kotwali'''
1) Darya Ganj
2) Jama Masjid
3) Chandni Mahal
4) I P Estate
5) Sarai Rohilla
6) Gulabi Bagh
7) Sadar Bazar
8) Bada Hindu Rao
9) Sabzi Mandi
10) Kotwali
11) Lahori Gate
12) Kashmiri Gate
13) Old Delhi Railway Station
14) Kashmiri Gate Metro Station
15) Sarai Rohilla Railway Station

'''SDM Karol Bagh'''
1) Karol Bagh
2) Rajinder Nagar
3) Prasad Nagar
4) Deshbandhu Gupta Road
5) Pahar Ganj
6) Nabi Karim
7) Kamla Market
8) Hauz Qazi

'''SDM Civil Lines'''
1) Civil Lines
2) Roop Nagar
3) Burari
4) Timar Pur
5) Maurice Nagar

==Demographics==
{{historical populations
|23=1961|24=6,72,063
|25=1971|26=6,91,738
|27=1981|28=6,91,223
|29=1991|30=6,56,533
|31=2001|32=6,46,385
|33=2011|34=5,82,320
|percentages=pagr
|footnote=Source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>
|align=middle
}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Central Delhi has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 582,320,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: NCT Delhi |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/912/download/36516/DH_2011_0700_PART_A_DCHB_NCT_OF_DELHI.pdf |access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Solomon Islands]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web |work=[[World Fact Book]] | publisher = US Central Intelligence Agency | title = Country Comparison: Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Solomon Islands 571,890 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Wyoming]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011
|quote=Wyoming 563,626
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
|df=dmy
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 531st in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|23149|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was −10.48%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Central Delhi has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 892 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 85.25%.<ref name=districtcensus/>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Central Delhi district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: NCT Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11371/download/14484/DDW07C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Delhi|Hinduism]]|darkorange|62.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|33.36}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|2.24}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Delhi|Jainism]]|pink|1.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Delhi|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.61}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.25}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

The readjusted Central Delhi district has a population of 894,389, of which 876,643 (98.02%) live in urban areas. The readjusted district has a sex ratio of 876 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes make up 197,123 (22.04%) of the population.<ref name="districtcensus" />

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Central Delhi district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 85.05 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value2 = 4.27 |color2 = pink
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 3.59 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value4 = 1.16 |color4 = gold
|label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value5 = 1.05 |color5 = orchid
|label6 = Others |value6 = 4.88 |color6 = grey
|thumb = right
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 85.05% of the population spoke [[Hindi]], 4.27% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 3.59% [[Urdu]], 1.16% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and 1.05% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: NCT Delhi |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10201/download/13313/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0700.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Districts of Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi/Central Delhi}}
* [http://dccentral.delhigovt.nic.in/ Central Delhi District official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120127154209/http://www.indiamapia.com/Central_Delhi.html Central Delhi District Census 2011 Data]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Central Delhi district
|North = [[North Delhi district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[East Delhi district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[New Delhi district]]
|Southwest = [[South West Delhi district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[West Delhi district]]
}}
{{Delhi}}
[[Category:Central Delhi district]]
[[Category:Districts of Delhi]]

Khaleel Ahmed

2025-09-15T15:55:06Z

SoniaBlankinship: enhance page per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Other people||Khalil Ahmed (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Khaled Ahmed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Khaleel Ahmed
| image = 2 29 Khaleel mugshot.jpg
| caption = Ahmed in 2025, playing for Essex
| country = India
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2018–present
| fullname = Khaleel Khursheed Ahmed
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|12|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tonk, India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| heightm = 1.86
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast medium]]
| role = Bowler

| odidebutdate = 18 September
| odidebutyear = 2018
| odidebutagainst = Hong Kong
| odicap = 222
| lastodidate = 14 August
| lastodiyear = 2019
| lastodiagainst = West Indies

| T20Idebutdate = 4 November
| T20Idebutyear = 2018
| T20Idebutagainst = West Indies
| T20Icap = 77
| lastT20Idate = 30 July
| lastT20Iyear = 2024
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka

| club1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| year1 = 2016–present
| club2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year2 = 2018–2021
| club3 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| year3 = 2022-2024
| club4 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| year4 = 2025–present
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 11
| matches2 = 18
| matches3 = 22
| matches4 = 63
| runs1 = 9
| runs2 = 1
| runs3 = 111
| runs4 = 44
| bat avg1 = 4.50
| bat avg2 = –
| bat avg3 = 7.40
| bat avg4 = 3.66
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score1 = 5
| top score2 = 1[[not out|*]]
| top score3 = 18[[not out|*]]
| top score4 = 15
| deliveries1 = 480
| deliveries2 = 396
| deliveries3 = 3,264
| deliveries4 = 3,014
| wickets1 = 15
| wickets2 = 16
| wickets3 = 60
| wickets4 = 92
| bowl avg1 = 31.00
| bowl avg2 = 35.12
| bowl avg3 = 30.13
| bowl avg4 = 27.92
| fivefor1 = 0
| fivefor2 = 0
| fivefor3 = 1
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/13
| best bowling2 = 2/27
| best bowling3 = 5/37
| best bowling4 = 4/35
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 4/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 4/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 10/–
| date = 26 July 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/942645.html ESPNcricinfo
|medaltemplates={{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asia Cup|ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2018 Asia Cup|2018 United Arab Emirates]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Cricket World Cup|ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2016 Bangladesh]]|}}
|club5=[[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]|year5=2025}}

'''Khaleel Khursheed Ahmed''' ({{IPA|hi|xʌˈliːl xuːɾˈʃiːd̪ ˈɛɦmʌd̪|lang}}; born 5 December 1997) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er. He made his debut for [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] in September 2018.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/942645.html |title=Khaleel Ahmed |access-date=5 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He plays for [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] in domestic cricket and currently for [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He was a part of the Indian squad which won the [[2018 Asia Cup]].<ref>https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/asia-cup-2018-khaleel-ahmed-becomes-222nd-odi-player-to-play-for-india-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-left-arm-pacer-5095121.html</ref>

==Early life and background==
Khaleel's father was Khursheed Ahmed, a [[Nursing|nurse]] in a village near the small town of [[Tonk, India|Tonk]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/i-tried-to-tell-him-to-give-up-cricket-but-his-passion-for-the-game-grew-every-passing-day/|title=I tried to tell him to give up cricket… but his passion for the game grew every passing day: India U-19 seamer Khaleel Ahmed's father|date=24 January 2016|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> His parents wanted him to become a doctor and were reluctant to let him join a cricket academy.<ref name=":0" />

==Domestic career==
He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] in the [[2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament]] on 5 February 2017.<ref name="T20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079337.html |title=Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament, Central Zone: Railways v Rajasthan at Jaipur, Feb 5, 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Prior to his Twenty20 debut, he was part of India's squad for the [[2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="India">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-under-19-world-cup-2016/content/story/954021.html |title=Ishan Kishan to lead India at U19 World Cup |access-date=22 December 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Rajasthan in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]] on 6 October 2017.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118616.html |title=Group B, Ranji Trophy at Jaipur, Oct 6-9 2017 |access-date=6 October 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In January 2018, he was bought by the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 IPL auction]] for Rs. 3 crores.<ref name="IPL2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players |title=List of sold and unsold players |access-date=27 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for Rajasthan in the [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 5 February 2018.<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118713.html |title=Group C, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Chennai, Feb 5 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Delhi Capitals]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> In November 2024, he was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the auction for the 2025 Indian Premier League.

==English County Cricket==
In June 2025, Ahmed joined [[Essex County Cricket Club]] as an overseas player for the final three months of that year's English season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/articles/ce37v1xyw6qo|title=Essex bolster seam attack by signing Khaleel Ahmed|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://essexcricket.org.uk/2025/06/28/khaleel-ahmed-signs-for-essex/|title=Khaleel Ahmed signs for Essex|publisher=Essex County Cricket Club|accessdate=28 June 2025}}</ref>

==International career==
In September 2018, he was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) squad for the [[2018 Asia Cup]].<ref name="IndSquad">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24541558/india-rest-virat-kohli-asia-cup-rohit-sharma-lead-uncapped-khaleel-ahmed-called-up |title=India rest Virat Kohli for Asia Cup, Rohit Sharma to lead; uncapped Khaleel Ahmed called up |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=September 2018 |access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> He made his ODI debut for India against [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]] on 18 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153246.html |title=4th Match, Group A, Asia Cup at Dubai, Sep 18 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2018/sep/23/asia-cup-2018-inclusion-of-left-arm-pacer-khaleel-ahmed-makes-right-impression-for-india-1875873.html|title=Asia Cup 2018: Inclusion of Left-arm pacer Khaleel Ahmed makes right impression for India|date=23 September 2018 |access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/asia-cup-2018-india-vs-pakistan-khaleel-ahmed-emulates-idol-zaheer-khan-on-debut-pakistan-next-on-radar/story-r7RZ11I5vnEeH77h3WnWCN.html|title=Asia Cup 2018 - India vs Pakistan: Khaleel Ahmed emulates idol Zaheer Khan on debut, Pakistan next on radar|date=19 September 2018|access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/20742/india-vs-hong-kong-4th-match-group-a-asia-cup-2018|title=Cricket scorecard - India vs Hong Kong, 4th Match, Group A, Asia Cup 2018|website=Cricbuzz|access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref>

In October 2018, he was named in India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their series [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2018–19|against the West Indies]].<ref name="IndT20I">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1163297.html |title=Dhoni not part of T20I squad to face West Indies and Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=26 October 2018 |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> He made his (T20I) debut for India against the [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]] on 4 November 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157759.html |title=1st T20I (N), West Indies tour of India at Kolkata, Nov 4 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>

In May 2024, he was named as a reserve player in India’s squad for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Squad for the ICC Men's T20I World Cup 2024 |url=https://www.scorewaves.com/news-details/cricket-team-world-cup-squad-icc-mens-t20i-world-cup-2024 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=ScoreWaves |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=942645}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
|bg=mediumblue
|fg=orange
|bordercolor=orange
|list1=
{{India Squad 2018 Asia Cup}}
{{India Squad 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}
}}
{{Chennai Super Kings squad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Khaleel}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Rajasthan cricketers]]
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian A cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Essex cricketers]]

Saravali, Bhiwandi

2025-09-14T02:22:26Z

SoniaBlankinship: Created New Bio W/ Sources...

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saravali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.2723888|N|73.0936509|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3532
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552653
| footnotes =
}}
'''Saravali''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Saravali has 978 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 81.48%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 3532 || 2352 || 1180
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 363 || 185 || 178
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 43 || 20 || 23
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 50 || 35 || 15
|-
| Literates || 2582 || 1836 || 746
|-
| Workers (all) || 1683 || 1564 || 119
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1376 || 1265 || 111
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 52 || 39 || 13
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 7 || 3 || 4
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 31 || 25 || 6
|-
| Main workers: Other || 1286 || 1198 || 88
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 307 || 299 || 8
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 35 || 34 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 271 || 264 || 7
|-
| Non-workers || 1849 || 788 || 1061
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Himansu Kumar Bose

2025-08-14T20:22:50Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{Short description|Indian Judge}}
[[File:Himansu Kumar Bose.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Himansu Kumar Bose]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
'''Himansu Kumar Bose''' (1904–1971) was an Indian judge and a former Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=Jatin Chakravorty vs Mr. Justice Himansu Kumar Bose And |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/856263/ |url-status= |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Labour|first=West Bengal (India) Dept of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNdZAAAAYAAJ&q=Himansu+Kumar+Bose+justice|title=Awards Made by the Tribunals|date=1962|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, West Bengal Government Press|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Bose passed M.A., B.L. from the [[University of Calcutta]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RodAQAAMAAJ&q=Himansu+Kumar+Bose+justice+death|title=The Indian and Pakistan Year Book|date=1951|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|language=en}}</ref> and became a [[barrister]] from [[London]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qf0TAAAAIAAJ&q=Himansu+Kumar+Bose+justice+death|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book, Including Who's who|date=1952|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|language=en}}</ref> He joined as a practitioner of the [[Calcutta High Court]]. He was appointed the Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court in 1961,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bengal (India)|first=West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDfGvM3TS34C&q=Himansu+Kumar+Bose+justice|title=The West Bengal Civil List|date=1965|publisher=Superintendent, Government Print., West Bengal Government Press|language=en}}</ref> succeeding Justice [[Surajit Chandra Lahiri]]. Justice Bose retired in 1966.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Himansu Kumar}}
[[Category:Lawyers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

M. Kandaswamy

2025-08-02T20:36:27Z

SoniaBlankinship: added info

'''M. Kandaswamy''' may refer to:

* [[M. Kandaswamy (Tamil Nadu politician)]]
* [[M. Kandaswamy (Puducherry politician)]]

{{hndis|Kandaswamy, M.}}

Sahu Ramesh Chandra Jain

2025-07-25T11:24:19Z

SoniaBlankinship: refined layout for consistency

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{unreferenced|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sahu Ramesh Chandra Jain
| image = Sahu_Ramesh_Chandra_Jain.jpg|
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|8|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Najibabad]]
| death_date ={{Death date and age|2004|9|22|1925|8|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = New Delhi
| education =
| occupation = Mediaperson, Philanthropist
| years_active = 1951–2004
| alias =
| status =
| title =
| family =
| spouse =
| children = Akhilesh Jain, Shailesh Jain
| relatives =
| networth =
| credits =
| agent =
| alma mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]]
}}

'''Sahu Ramesh Chandra Jain''' (15 August 1925 – 22 September 2004) was a leading mediaperson, philanthropist, promoter of Indian literature, and a prominent member of the [[Jain]] religion. He was a descendant of the well-known [[Sahu Jain]] family of [[Najibabad]] ([[Bijnor District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Sahu Ramesh Chandra}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]
[[Category:The Times Group people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]

2002 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election

2025-06-08T13:25:32Z

SoniaBlankinship:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2002 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1986 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election
| previous_year = 1986
| next_election = 2009 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election
| next_year = 2009
| outgoing_members =
| seats_for_election = All 99 elected seats in the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad
| opinion_polls =
| registered =
| majority_seats = 50
| turnout = 53%<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-01-23 |title=Low turnout in city polls |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/low-turnout-in-city-polls/articleshow/1176062825.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| image1 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''AIMIM'''</div>
| leader1 = Mir Zulfiqar Ali
| party1 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| alliance1 = ''None''
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 =
| seats1 = 34
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 4
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Teegala Krishna Reddy.jpg |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=0 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| leader2 = [[Teegala Krishna Reddy]]
| party2 = Telugu Desam Party
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 =
| seats2 = 22
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 2
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=170|cWidth=110|cHeight=150|oLeft=23|oTop=0}}
| leader4 = [[Danam Nagender]]
| party4 = Indian National Congress
| alliance4 = ''None''
| leader_since4 =
| leaders_seat4 =
| seats4 = 19
| popular_vote4 =
| percentage4 =
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 5
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The ILO Deputy Director General (Policy) International Labour Organization, Ms. Deborah Greenfield meeting the Minister of State for Labour and Employment (Independent Charge), Shri Bandaru Dattatreya, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg |bSize=125|cWidth=110|cHeight=150|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader5 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| party5 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance5 = National Democratic Alliance
| leader_since5 =
| leaders_seat5 =
| last_election5 =
| seats5 = 18
| seat_change5 =
| popular_vote5 =
| percentage5 =
| swing5 = {{increase}} 6
| election_date = 22 January 2002
| title = [[Mayor of Hyderabad, India|Mayor]]
| before_election = Mir Zulfiqar Ali
| before_party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| after_election = [[Teegala Krishna Reddy]]
| after_party = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
}}

The '''2002 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election''' was conducted on 22 January 2002 to elect members to all 99 wards of the [[municipal corporation]]. These were the first elections to the corporation in 16 years. Direct elections were held for mayor along with wards. The [[Telugu Desam Party]] emerged as victor in the mayoral election with its candidate [[Teegala Krishna Reddy|T. Krishna Reddy]] defeating runner-up Mir Zulfiqar Ali of [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] by 16,000 votes, whereas AIMIM became the single largest party in the corporation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2002-01-25 |title=TDP occupies Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tdp-occupies-hyderabad-municipal-corporation/articleshow/1139384294.cms |access-date=2023-07-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Results ==
A total of 1,158,913 votes were polled out of which 1,104,076 were valid and 54,837 were invalid. There were 57 candidates competing for mayor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-02-27 |title=MCH gets its numbers wrong |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mch-gets-its-numbers-wrong/articleshow/2209768.cms |access-date=2023-07-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="150" |Parties and Coalitions
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Won
!+/-
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| align="left" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
|34
|{{Decrease}} 4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP)
|22
|{{Decrease}} 2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" width="2" |
| align="left" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|19
|{{Decrease}} 5
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|18
|{{Increase}} 6
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| align="left" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS)
|2
|{{Increase}} 2
|-
| bgcolor="24D330" |
| align="left" |[[Majlis Bachao Tehreek]] (MBT)
|2
|{{increase}} 2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Praja Samithi}}" |
| align="left" |[[Telangana Sadhana Samithi]] (TSS)
|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}" |
| align="left" |Others
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" align="left" |Total
| colspan="2" |99
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |Valid votes
| colspan="2" |1,104,076
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |Invalid votes
| colspan="2" |54,837
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''Votes cast'''
| colspan="2" |1,158,913
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''Turnout'''
| colspan="2" |53%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://tsec.gov.in/AbstractResultReportGhmc.se TSEC elections results]

{{Telangana elections}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:Local elections in Telangana]]
[[Category:2002 elections in India]]

Akash Malhotra

2025-06-06T19:04:04Z

SoniaBlankinship: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[List of Delhi cricketers#M]]

{{r to list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Akash}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Delhi]]

Jhalod Taluka

2025-05-04T11:24:45Z

SoniaBlankinship: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Jhalod]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kannur Sreelatha

2025-04-25T19:32:36Z

SoniaBlankinship: adding a details

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kannur Sreelatha
| image =
| caption =
|
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
|
| yearsactive = 1983–present
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = Late Mr. Vinod
| children=
| website =
}}

'''Kannur Sreelatha''' is an Indian actress from [[Kannur]] who is best known for her work in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalamcinema.com/star-details.php?member_id=139|title=Malayalam movie photos, Malayalam cinema gallery, Malayalam cinema actress, Malayalam cinema photos, New Malayalam cinema|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Kannur-Sreelatha/celebrities/4564102619 |title=Kannur Sreelatha's Movies, Latest News, Video Songs, wallpapers, New Images, Photos, Biography, Upcoming Movies.- NTH Wall |accessdate=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722014428/http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Kannur-Sreelatha/celebrities/4564102619 |archivedate=22 July 2014 }}</ref> Making her debut with the movie ''Prashnam Gurutharam'', directed by [[Balachandra Menon]], she has acted in many stage plays before entering into the film field.<ref>{{cite web|title=Innalathe Tharam-Amritatv|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yvkuHKwz2Q|publisher=youtube.com|accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sreelatha is the eldest of four children born to theater artists Rajan, and Vasanthy, at Muzhappilangattu, [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]]. She has two brothers and a sister. Her father owned a drama troupe, ''Raja Theaters'', in which she and her mother used to act, before she later went on to act in other drama troupes like ''Alavil Deshiya Kalasamithi'' at the age of 13. Her education came from Kannur Girls High School.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Kannur Sreelatha|url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/300558?page=0,0|publisher=mangalam.com|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref>

Sreelatha is married to Vinod; they have no children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Innalathe Tharam|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DqAzkz4704|publisher=amritatv.com|accessdate=20 March 2014}}</ref> As well as appearing in many films over the course of thirty years, she is also acting in [[TV drama|Tele films]] and [[Indian soap opera|soap operas]]. Currently Sreelatha resides at Pallikkunnu, Kannur with family.

==Awards==
* 1981–1982 Kerala State Theater Artist Award for the drama ''Nandi Veendum Varika''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdhcSts0bmU|title=''Kannur Sreelatha (01) Innalathethaaram''|website=[[YouTube]] |date=2 July 2010|publisher=}} youtube.com Retrieved 27 April 2016</ref>
* Nana Television Best Actress Award

==Filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Snehasammanam (1982)
* Naseema (1983)
* Prasnam Gurutharam (1983) as Balu's Murapennu
* Kanamarayathu (1984) as Sreedevi
* Ente Upasana (1984) as Sreekumar's wife
* April 18 (1984) as Elsy
* Enganeyundashane (1984) as Alice
* Sandarbham (1984) as Dr. Rachel
* Appunni (1984)
* Veendum Chalikkunna Chakram (1984) as Joseph's sister
* Aarorumariyaathe (1984)
* Manyamahajanangale (1985)
* Thammil Thammil (1985) as Sunitha
* Muhoortham 11:30 (1985) as Reetha
* Punnaaram Chollicholli (1985)
* Oru Nokku Kanan (1985) as Rajani
* Onathumbikkoroonjal (1985)
* Katha Ithuvare (1985) as Sheela
* Chekkeranoru Chilla (1986) as Sujatha
* Irakal (1986) as Roslin
* Ee Shabdham Ennathe Shabdham (1986)
* Meenamaasathile Sooryan (1986) as Kalyani
* Neram Pularumbol (1987)
* Ithrayum Kaalam (1987) as Sreedevi
* Rajakeeyam (1995)
* Hitler Brothers (1996)
* Mr.Clean (1996) as Nurse
* Kilikurissiyile Kudumbamela (1997) as Alice
* Snehadoothu (1997)
* The Good Boys (1997)
* Snehasindooram (1997)
* Sammaanam (1997) as Aminamma
* Panchaloham (1998)
* Ilamura Thamburan (1998) as Vilasini
* Kottaram Veettile Apputtan(1998) as Sarojini
* Kalaapam (1998)
* British Market (1998)
* Harthal (1998)
* Malabaril Ninnoru Manimaaran (1998) as Damayanthi
* [[Njangal Santhushtaranu]](1999)
* Ayal Kathayezhuthukayannu (1999) as Priya's valiyamma
* [[Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu]](1999) as Rosakutty
* Garshom (1999)
* Mimics Ghost (1999)
* Ustaad (1999)
* [[Pattabhishekam (1999 film)|Pattaabhishekam]] (1999) as Bhanu
* Deepasthambham Mahascharyam (2000)
* Swayamvarappanthal (2000) as Malathy
* Nalacharitham Naalam Divasam (2001) as Pushpan's wife
* Uthaman (2001)
* Naranathu Thampuran (2001)
* Chandanamarangal (2001) as Shesha Iyer's wife
* Chithrathoonukal (2001) as Ranjith's mother
* Pakalppooram (2002)
* Grand Mother (2002)
* Neelakasham Niraye (2002) as Sainabha
* Ente Ammakku (2003)
* Malsaram (2003)
* Thaamara (2003) as Thaamara's mother
* War & Love (2003) as Omana
* Shinkari Bolona (2003)
* Melvilaasam Shariyaanu (2003) as Nandakumar's mother
* Gaurisankaram (2003)
* [[Ee Snehatheerathu]](2004) as Gayathri's mother
* Masangudi Mannadiyar Speaking (2004)
* Kusruthy (2004) as Pearly
* Agninakshathram (2004) as Village lady
* Ullam (2005)
* Swapnangalil Haisel Mary (2008)
* Meghatheertham (2009)
* Bhoomi Malayalam (2009)
* Njaan Sanchaari (2010)
* Mukham Moodikal (2012) as Devakiyamma
* [[Ivan Megharoopan]] (2012) as Padmavthi
* Swaha (2014) as Sreedevi's mother
* Pedithondan (2014)
* [[To Noora with Love]] (2014) as Nun
* [[The Reporter (film)|The Reporter]] (2015) as Mother Superior
* Love Land (2015) as Raman's wife
* Nikhah (2015) as Khadeeja
* Pravasalokam (2016) as Subaidha's mother
* Ende Vellithooval (2016)
* Peythozhinju
* Muttayi Kallanum Mammaliyum (2019)
* Vellam (2021)
* Neela Chela as Myili
* Chatmates as Amina
* Thaniyye
* Parppidam
* Ka
* Mathilakam
* Urava
* Sukheshettanu Pennu Kittunnilla

{{div col end}}

==Television career==
* Karthika ([[Doordarshan]])
* Alakal ([[Doordarshan]])
* Sreeraman Sreedevi ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Snehanjali ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Amma Manassu ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Thanichu ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* [[Minnukettu]] ([[Surya TV]])
* Aalippazham ([[Surya TV]])
* Melottu Pozhiyunna Ilakal
* Uthareeyam (Telefilm)
* Amrithavarshini (Telefilm)
* Sr.Maria Celine The Servant of God (Telefilm)
* Thacholi Kathayile Chappan
* Pakida Pakida Pambaram
* Kadavu
* Kalpitham
* Mayamadhavam ([[Surya TV]])
* Mohakkadal ([[Surya TV]])
* Rudraveena ([[Surya TV]])
* Manthrakodi ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Chodyam Utharam
* Nonachi Paru ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Amma Maanasam ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Ival Yamuna ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* Daya ([[Kairali TV]])
* Nirapara (Advertisement)

==Dramas==
*Iniyum Unarathavar
*Nandi Veendum Varika

==Radio==
* Ezhuthupetty

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4050656}}
*{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Kannur%20Sreelatha&limit=22|title=''Kannur Sreelatha at Msidb.org''}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreelatha, Kannur}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kannur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]

Mahwal railway station

2025-04-08T10:47:30Z

SoniaBlankinship: starting...

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mahwal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px]] [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = Bakhari, [[Mehsi]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.301858|N|85.126314|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|65|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Central Railway
| line = [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MHL
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former =
| opened = 1930s
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Mehsi|right=Motipur|type=[[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]}}
| route_map =
| mapframe = yes
| map_locator =
}}
'''Mahwal railway station''' is a railway station on [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]] under the [[Samastipur railway division]] of [[East Central Railway zone]]. This is situated at Mahwal Bakhari in [[Mehsi]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahwal Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/mahwal-mhl/5067|access-date=2021-09-17|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahwal Railway Station (MHL) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/mahwal-mhl-station|access-date=2021-09-17|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TTI|title=MHL / Mahwal Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Mahwal|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/mhl/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=www.totaltraininfo.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Kakroli Hatti

2025-02-28T02:57:30Z

SoniaBlankinship: expanded section also and improved wording

{{One source|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kakroli Hatti
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| other_name =
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5754|N|75.9797|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Badhra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =1
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,400
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kakroli Hatti''' is a village in the [[Badhra]] tehsil of the [[Bhiwani district]] in the Indian state of Haryana. Located approximately {{convert|29|km}} south west of the district headquarters town of [[Bhiwani]], {{As of|2011|alt=as of the [[2011 Census of India]]}}, the village had 445 households with a total population of 2,400 of which 1,280 were male and 1,120 female.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kakroli Hatti village|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=62475|publisher=[[Census of India]]|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwani district]]

{{Bhiwani-geo-stub}}