Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Pink Line (Pune Metro)

2026-05-07T18:20:41Z

SondraCleland5:

{{Short description|Metro line in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Pune Metro (Line 3)
| color = E7449A
| image = Puneri Metro Logo.png
| image_width = 150px
| type = [[Rapid Transit]]
| system = [[Pune Metro]]
| status = Under Construction
| locale = [[Pune Metropolitan Region]]
| start = [[Shivajinagar, Pune|District Court, Pune]]
| end = [[Megapolis Pune]] ([[Hinjawadi]])
| stations = 23
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| planopen = Megapolis Circle–Balewadi Stadium: {{start date and age|2026|May|df=y}} Balewadi Stadium–District Court Pune: {{start date and age|2026|July|df=y}}<ref name="HT26">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/hinjewadishivajinagar-metro-phase-1-services-to-begin-in-may-101773602169748.html|title=Hinjewadi-Shivajinagar metro phase 1 services to begin in May|date=2026-03-16|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2026-03-17|language=en-IN}}</ref>
| open = 
| yearcommenced = 
| yearcompleted = 
| close = 
| owner = [[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (PMRDA)
| operator = Pune IT City Metro Rail Limited
| character = [[Grade separated]], [[Elevated]]
| depot = Maan, Hinjawadi
| stock = [[Alstom Metropolis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2024/6/alstom-successfully-delivers-first-train-pune-metro-line-3|title=Alstom successfully delivers the first train for Pune Metro Line 3|date=2024-06-03|access-date=2024-09-19|website=[[Alstom]]|quote=As a part of this contract, Alstom is manufacturing 22 Metropolis trainsets of three cars each that can carry 1,000 passengers per train.|language=en-IN}}</ref>
| linelength_km = 23.3
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength_mi =
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| routenumber =
| linenumber = 3
| electrification = [[750V DC]] [[Third rail]]
| speed_km/h = 80
| speed_mph =
| speed = Top Speed: 80 kmph; Average Speed: 34 kmph
| signalling = [[Communications-based train control|Communications-based train control (CBTC)]]
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website = {{ubl
| {{url|punerimetro.in}}
| {{url|https://www.pmrda.gov.in/en/pune-metro-line-3/}}
}}
| map = {{Pune Metro Line 3 Route}}
| map_name =
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Pune Metro Line 3''' of the [[Pune Metro]] is the third line of the city of [[Pune]]'s under-construction mass transit network. It will run from [[Shivajinagar, Pune|District Court, Pune]] to [[Megapolis Pune]] in [[Hinjawadi]]. The {{Cvt|23.3|km}} line will be completely elevated and will have 23 stations and will align with the [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited|MahaMetro]] lines at the [[Civil Court metro station|District Court]] [[interchange station]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/central-government-approves-shivajinagar-hinjawadi-metro-corridor-on-ppp-basis/story-RzmLop1HzoMMXGgy64l0mO.html|title=Central government approves Shivajinagar-Hinjawadi Metro corridor on PPP basis|date=2018-03-07|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/tech-companies-keen-to-stamp-their-names-on-metro-stations/articleshow/60519665.cms|title=Tech companies keen to stamp their names on Metro stations - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref> The construction will be taken up in two phases, the section between [[Hinjawadi]] and [[Balewadi]] is expected to be taken up first, followed by the section between Balewadi and District Court, [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivaji Nagar]]. A metro car shed will be built in Hinjawadi. The [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] will provide 55 acres of land in Hinjawadi for setting up a Metro rail depot.<ref name="slideshare1">[http://www.slideshare.net/harshadoak/pune-metro-full-presentation pune-metro-full-presentation]. Slideshare.net (29 April 2010).</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-metro-route-iii-from-hinjawadi-to-shivajinagar-on-fast-track-4554827/|title=Pune: Metro route III, from Hinjawadi to Shivajinagar, on fast track|date=2017-03-05|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-04|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/hinjewadi-to-shivajinagar-metro-line-gets-state-nod/articleshow/62350814.cms|title=Hinjawadi to Shivajinagar Metro line gets state nod - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref> On 3 August 2018, [[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (PMRDA) announced the final bidder for the project — the joint venture Tata Realty-Siemens.<ref name="tril1">{{Cite web |url=http://tril.co.in/urban_transport |title=Tata Realty |access-date=2018-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820050958/http://tril.co.in/urban_transport |archive-date=2019-08-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pune IT City Metro Rail Limited On 3 October 2018, Tata Realty-Siemens were awarded the contract to execute the project on a design, build, finance, operate and transfer model.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tata-siemens-to-develop-pune-metro-line-3-construction-to-start-in-june-118100301311_1.html|title=Tata-Siemens to develop Pune Metro Line-3, construction to start in June|last=Pillay|first=Amritha|date=2018-10-04|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-10-05}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/shivajinagar-hinjewadi-metro-project-in-pune-on-fast-track-as-tata-siemens-consortium-bags-contract/story-yboMXuGAzS648rmDmycGXL.html|title=Shivajinagar-Hinjewadi Metro project in Pune on fast track as Tata-Siemens consortium bags contract|date=2018-10-04|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-10-05|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/tata-siemens-consortium-wins-bid-for-rs-8k-cr-pune-metro-line/1336324/|title=Tata-Siemens consortium wins bid for Rs 8k-cr Pune Metro line|date=2018-10-04|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-10-05|language=en-US}}</ref> The formal concession agreement was signed in September 2019 <ref name=":22">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pmrda-inks-agreement-for-third-metro-corridor/articleshow/71239064.cms|title=PMRDA inks agreement for third Pune Metro corridor|date=2019-09-21|work=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-23|language=en-IN}}</ref> with the construction expected to begin in March 2020.<ref name=":23">{{cite web|url=https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/financing/siemens-financial-insight-center/shaping-transportation-in-india.html|title=Shaping transportation in India|website=Official website of Siemens Financial Services GmbH|access-date=2020-01-23|language=en-US}}</ref> The project is set to be completed in July 2026 with a first strech to be open in May 2026.<ref name="HT26"/> Future updates show 15 June 2026 as the opening date of the Pink Line.

== Route ==
'''Metropolitan Line''' will run from [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Civil Court, Pune]] to [[Megapolis Pune]] in [[Hinjawadi]]. The {{Cvt|23.3|km}} line will be completely elevated and will have 23 stations and will align with the [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited|MahaMetro]] lines at the Civil Court [[interchange station]].
Depot will be located at Maan village. It will be spread across {{Convert|20|ha}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/pune-metro-line-3-project-information-route-map-fares-tenders-updates/|title=Pune Metro Line-3 – Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates}}</ref>

==List of stations==
Following is a list of stations on this route:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#E7449A;" | Pink Line
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Expected Opening <ref name="HT26" />
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Station Layout
! rowspan="2" |Platform Level Type
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|1
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Megapolis Circle}}
|मेगापोलिस सर्कल
|rowspan="23"|15 June 2026
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|2
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Quadron}}
|क्वाड्रोन
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|3
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Dohler}}
||डोहलर
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|4
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Infosys Phase II}}
|इन्फोसिस फेस २
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|5
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Wipro Technologies}}
|विप्रो तंत्रज्ञान
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|6
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Pall India}}
|पॉल इंडिया
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|7
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Shivaji Chowk}}
|शिवाजी चौक
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|8
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Hinjawadi}}
|हिंजवडी
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|9
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Wakad Chowk}}
|वाकड चौक
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|10
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Balewadi Stadium}}
|बालेवाडी स्टेडियम
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|11
|{{stl|Pune Metro|NICMAR}}
|एन.आय.सी.एम.ए.आर.
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|12
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Ramnagar (Pune)}}
|रामनगर (पुणे)
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|13
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Laxmi Nagar (Pune)}}
|लक्ष्मी नगर (पुणे)
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|14
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Balewadi Phata}}
|बालेवाडी फाटा
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|15
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Baner Gaon}}
|बाणेर गाव
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|16
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Baner}}
|बाणेर
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|17
|{{stl|Pune Metro|IISER}}
|भारतीय विज्ञान शिक्षण आणि संशोधन संस्था
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|18
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Sakal Nagar}}
|सकाळ नगर
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|19
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Savitribai Phule Pune University}}
|सावित्रीबाई फुले पुणे विद्यापीठ
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|20
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Reserve Bank of India}}
|रिझर्व्ह बँक ऑफ इंडिया
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|21
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Agriculture College}}
|कृषी महाविद्यालय
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|22
|{{stl|Pune Metro|Shivaji Nagar}}
|शिवाजीनगर
|{{rcb|Pune Metro|purple|croute}}
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|23
|{{stl|Pune Metro|District Court Pune}}
|जिल्हा न्यायालय पुणे
|{{rcb|Pune Metro|purple|croute}} {{rcb|Pune Metro|aqua|croute}}
|Elevated
|Side
|}

==Construction==
Contract for conducting geotechnical investigation was awarded to Soiltech India Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/05/20/geotechnical-work-resumes-on-pune-metros-line-3-at-hinjawadi/|title=Geotechnical Work Resumes for Pune Metro's Line-3 at Hinjawadi|date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Geotechnical investigation commenced on 19 June 2019.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/11/19/tata-siemens-begins-piling-for-pune-metros-line-3/|title=Tata-Siemens Begins Piling for Pune Metro's Line-3|date=19 November 2020}}</ref> However, due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and subsequent [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|nationwide lockdown]], work on several projects had been delayed, including Line 3. Following a gap of nearly 11 months, piling works resumed at multiple locations near Hinjawadi in May 2020.<ref name="auto"/>

==Extension==
PMRDA proposed an extension of Line 3 from Civil Court station towards Hadapsar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/pune-metro-extensions-approves-on-all-route-under-ppp-model/|title=Pune Metro Extensions approves on all route under PPP model|first=Narendra|last=Shah|date=20 January 2020}}</ref> In-principle approval for DPR was given by the then CM and PMRDA head [[Devendra Fadnavis]] in December 2018. DPR for extension is being prepared by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] under supervision of PMRDA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pmrda-proposes-to-extend-metro-line-till-hadapsar/articleshow/66482122.cms|title=PMRDA proposes to extend Metro line till Hadapsar | Pune News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
As per draft DPR submitted by PMRDA, proposed stations for extension will be Railway Colony, Collector's Office, MG Road, Fashion Street, Mhammadevi Chowk, Race Course, Kaluba Chowk, Vaiduwadi, Hadapsar Phata, Hadapsar Gadital bus stand, Civil Aviation Ground, Phursungi IT Park and Sulabh Garden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/state-approval-for-civil-court-hadapsar-corridor-expected-by-jan-2018/story-WtlcpJTiYMKfjc6pOylI8H.html|title=State approval for Pune metro civil court-Hadapsar corridor expected by Jan 2018|date=3 November 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In December 2020, DMRC announced bid to conduct geotechnical investigation works for DPR preparation for Hadapsar-Loni Kalbhor extension.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.railanalysis.com/pune-metro-update-bids-invited-for-geo-technical-investigation-work-for-two-new-metro-corridors/|title=Pune Metro update: Bids invited for Geo-Technical Investigation work for two new Metro corridors|date=3 December 2020}}</ref> The second extension is expected to increase line 3's length by {{Cvt|8.5|km}} with 4-5 new stations at various locations.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Pune Metro}}

[[Category:Pune Metro lines]]
[[Category:750 V DC railway electrification]]
[[Category:2026 in rail transport]]

Ayaan Ali Bangash

2026-04-30T17:45:11Z

SondraCleland5: made bio

{{short description|Indian classical musician (born 1979)}}
{{redirect|Ayaan - Amaan|text=See also: [[Amaan Ali Bangash]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{infobox musical artist
| image = Ayaan Ali Khan - Pune 2007 - 2 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = 2016
| birth_name =
| alias = Ayaan Ali Khan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|09|05|df=yes}}
| origin = [[Gwalior Gharana]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[world fusion music]]
| occupation =
| instrument = ''[[sarod]]''
| years_active =
| label =
| website = [https://www.ayaanalibangash.com// www.ayaanalibangash.com]
}}
'''Ayaan Ali Bangash''' (born 5 September 1979) is an Indian classical musician who plays the ''[[sarod]]''. He is the son of [[Amjad Ali Khan]] and often performs with his older brother [[Amaan Ali Bangash]], with whom he hosted the music talent show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma]]''. He has also released solo albums and collaborations with brother and father.

==Early life and career==
Ayaan Ali Bangash was born 5 September 1979 as the son of ''sarod'' player [[Amjad Ali Khan]] and Subhalakshmi Barua Khan, a classical dancer.<ref name="IANS090905">{{cite news|last=Kher |first=Ruchika |title=I've become less restless after marriage: Ayaan Ali Khan |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 September 2009 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-ve-become-less-restless-after-marriage-Ayaan-Ali-Khan/H1-Article1-450636.aspx |access-date=22 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001030920/http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-ve-become-less-restless-after-marriage-Ayaan-Ali-Khan/H1-Article1-450636.aspx |archive-date=1 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Zakir Hussain and Bangash brothers' ode to heritage|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=13 December 2003|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031214/ncr1.htm#3|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> His birth name was [[Bangash]] and he is the seventh generation of musicians of the Gwalior musical lineage; the Bangash claim to have invented the ''sarod''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ziya Us Salam|title=Precious Abba... priceless as ever|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 November 2002|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/14/stories/2002111400200100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021227041933/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/14/stories/2002111400200100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 December 2002|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Griffiths|first=Paul|title=In the Art of the Sarod, Echoes of the Human Voice|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 May 2000|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/25/arts/world-music-review-in-the-art-of-the-sarod-echoes-of-the-human-voice.html|access-date=22 November 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091112041726/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/25/arts/world-music-review-in-the-art-of-the-sarod-echoes-of-the-human-voice.html| archive-date= 12 November 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Weisman|first=Steven R.|title=Traditionalist Reshapes India's Ancient Sarod|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 June 1988|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/07/arts/traditionalist-reshapes-india-s-ancient-sarod.html|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> He has an older brother, [[Amaan Ali Bangash|Amaan]], and they were taught music by their father from a young age and later began to perform with their father on concert tours.<ref>{{cite news|last=King Murdoch|first=Anna|title=Sarod star with a talent for dignity|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=7 March 2003|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/03/06/1046826479361.html|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref>

Ayaan Ali Bangash has performed with his father and brother since the late 1980s and performed at [[Carnegie Hall]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|last=Daniel|first=Nicola F.|title=Melodic tapestries|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=4 September 1988|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1277079.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102144413/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1277079.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2012|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pareles|first=Jon|title=At Carnegie Hall, an All-Star Cast From India|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 September 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/15/arts/music-review-at-carnegie-hall-an-all-star-cast-from-india.html|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> He released his solo debut album of classical music in 1999.<ref name="PTI990416">{{cite news |date=17 April 1999 |title=Ayaan Ali Bangash launches debut album |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/ayaan-ali-bangash-launches-debut-album/  |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> He hosted the music talent show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]'' on [[Zee TV]] with his brother for three years in the early 2000s.<ref name="TH030922">{{cite news|last=Umachandran|first=Shalini|title=The sons also shine|date=22 September 2003|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/22/stories/2003092200230100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011130554/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/22/stories/2003092200230100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 January 2001 |title=Dusty affair |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/dusty-affair/  |access-date=26 February 2025 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> In 2002, he and his brother wrote a book about their father, ''Abba: God's Greatest Gift To Us''.<ref name="TH030922" /> Moksha, a 2005 album made in with Amaan and Amjad Ali Khan and released by [[Real World Records]], was nominated for [[Grammy Award for Best Traditional World Music Album]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amjad Ali nominated for Grammy|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 October 2005|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1260416,flstry-1.cms|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> The brothers released ''Reincarnation'', an album of [[world fusion music]], in 2006, and a thematic album, ''Mystic Dunes'', in 2007, and toured internationally.<ref name="TT070126">{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Reshmi|title=Raga of a role model|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|date=26 January 2007|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070126/asp/calcutta/story_7310029.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203134216/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070126/asp/calcutta/story_7310029.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> They were awarded a Lycra Style Award from [[MTV India]] in 2006.<ref name="TT070126" /> He and his brother also sing, including on the 2007 tribute album ''Remembering Mahatma Gandhi''.<ref>{{cite news|title=A musical tribute to the Father of the Nation|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|website=[[Sify]]|date=28 September 2007|url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14534544|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717145117/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14534544|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> Bangash joined his family to perform for the [[Parliament of India]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amjad Ali Khan, Jasraj to perform in Parliament|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 August 2007|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/08/08/stories/2007080855721500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612085010/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/08/08/stories/2007080855721500.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 June 2008|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> In 2009, after working under a movie contract that forbade public appearances for a year, the brothers returned to making music when the production by [[Bollywood]] director [[J. P. Dutta]] was cancelled.<ref name="IANS090819">{{cite news|title=Acting on hold, Amaan, Ayaan return to sarod|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|work=The Times of India|date=19 August 2009|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/Acting-on-hold-Amaan-Ayaan-return-to-sarod/articleshow/4909419.cms|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> They released a [[Sufi music]] album called Rang in 2012.<ref name="IANS090819" />
They also released a new album called Headwaters in October 2013.

==Personal life==
In 2008, Ayaan Ali Bangash married Neema Sharma, daughter of Indian film producer, actor, and director [[Romesh Sharma]]. On 1 August 2012, Neema Ali Bangash gave birth to twin boys, Zohaan Ali Bangash and Abeer Ali Bangash.<ref name="IANS090905" /><ref name="TH030922"/>

==Discography==
[[File:Ayaan Ali Khan - Pune 2007 - 2.jpg|thumb|Khan playing the sarod]]

===Solo===
*''Raga Bageshwari'' (1999)
*''Footsteps'' (2000)
*''Raga Shree'' (2002)
*''Sonata'' (2005)
*''Chords of Devotion'' (2005)

===Ayaan and Amaan Ali Bangash===
*''Raga Puriya Kalyan, Rageshwari'' (2002)
*''Strings Attached'' (2006) - with Matthew Barley ([[cello]])
*''Reincarnation'' (2006)
*''Mystic Dunes'' (2006)
*''Truth'' (2007)
*''Passion'' (2007)
*''Dreamz''' (2007)

===Amjad, Ayaan, and Amaan Ali Bangash===
*''Sarod Ghar'' (2000)
*''The Legendary Lineage''
*''Sarod Maestro Amjad Ali Khan - With Sons'' (2001)
*''Sarod for Harmony - Live at Carnegie Hall'' (2002)
*''Moksha'' (2004)
*''Sarod Trilogy'' (2006)
*''Remembering Mahatma Gandhi'' (2007)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|https://www.amaanalibangash.com/|Ayaan Ali Bangash}}
*{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p372447|label=Ayaan Ali Bangash}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangash, Ayaan Ali}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Norman Macleod (minister, born 1812)

2026-04-25T21:20:22Z

SondraCleland5: Added basic entry initial version

{{Short description|Scottish clergyman and author (1812–1872)}}
{{other people||Norman Macleod (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Very Reverend]]
| name = Norman Macleod
| image = Norman MacLeod01.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1812|06|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Campbeltown]], Scotland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1872|06|16|1812|06|03|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist | Clergyman | author}}
| known_for =
}}
'''Norman Macleod''' (3 June 1812 – 16 June 1872) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] clergyman and author who served as [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]] in 1869/70.{{sfn|Hamilton|1893}}

==Early life==
Norman Macleod was born in Kirk Street, [[Campbeltown]], to [[Norman Macleod (Caraid nan Gaidheal)|Norman Macleod]] and [[Agnes Maxwell MacLeod|Agnes Maxwell]]; his paternal grandfather, a minister of the parish of [[Morvern]] in [[Argyll]]shire, bore the same name.

His father, at that time minister of Campbeltown, was closely bound to the [[Gàidhealtachd|Highlanders]] of Scotland, catering to their spiritual and intellectual needs. He was the author of literature described by Professor Blackie as the "great work of classical Gaelic prose....written in a dialogue form, enriched by the dramatic grace of [[Plato]] and the shrewd humour of [[Lucian]]",{{cn|date=September 2021}} and played a major role in the creation of an educational infrastructure for the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] and Islands. He was a supporter of the interests of the Highlanders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/mlemen/mlemen061.htm|title=Memoirs and portraits of one hundred Glasgow men: 61. Norman Macleod|website=gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk}}</ref>

In 1827, Macleod became a student at the [[University of Glasgow]]; in 1831, he went to Edinburgh to study [[divinity]] under [[Thomas Chalmers]]. On 18 March 1838, he became parish minister at [[Loudoun]], [[Ayrshire]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Career==
At this time the troubles in the [[Church of Scotland|Scottish Church]] were already gathering to a head. Macleod wished the Church to be free to do its proper work, and clung firmly to the idea of a national [[Established Church]], and therefore remained in the Establishment when the [[Disruption of 1843]] took place. He was one of those who took a middle course in the non-intrusion controversy, holding that the fitness of those who were presented to parishes should be judged by the [[Presbytery (church polity)|presbyteries]], the principle of Lord Aberdeens Bill. On the secession of 1843 he was offered many different parishes, and settled at [[Dalkeith]]. He was largely instrumental in the work of strengthening the Church. In 1847 he became one of the founders of the [[Evangelical Alliance]], and from 1849 edited the ''[[Christian Instructor]]''. In 1851 he was called to the [[Barony Hall|Barony church]], [[Glasgow]], in which city the rest of his days were passed. There the more liberal theology rapidly made way among a people who judged it more by its fruits than its arguments, and MacLeod won many adherents by his practical schemes for the [[social reform]] of the people. He instituted [[Temperance movement|temperance]] refreshment rooms, a Congregational [[penny savings bank]], and held services specially for the poor.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Despite his relatively liberal stance on some issues, he was one of many clergy who preached against Verdi's ''[[La Traviata]]''. In a sermon just after its 1857 Scottish premiere, Macleod argued that 'no woman could hear it without a blush'<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirk reaction to La traviata|url=http://www.operascotland.org/news/227/Kirk+reaction+to+La+traviata+|publisher=Opera Scotland|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref>

In 1860 Macleod was appointed editor of the new monthly magazine ''[[Good Words]]'', illustrated by [[Arthur Hughes (artist)|Arthur Hughes]], [[Francis Arthur Fraser]] (1846–1924), [[John Leighton (artist)|John Leighton]], James Mahoney (1810–1879), [[Francis S. Walker]], [[Henry Townley Green|Townley Green]] and others. Under his control the magazine, which was mainly of a religious character, became widely popular.{{cn|date=September 2021}} Most of his own literary work originally appeared in its pages — sermons, stories, travels, poems. His best work was the spontaneous ''Reminiscences of a Highland Parish'' (1867). While ''Good Words'' made his name known, his relations with [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|the queen]] and the royal family strengthened yet further his position in the country.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

He authored "Eastward, Travels in Egypt, Palestine, and Syria", a record of a journey made in 1864, published in 1866, with photographs by [[James Graham (photographer)|James Graham]]. An abbreviated reprint by his daughter Ann Campbell Macleod was published in 1887 under the title "Half Hours in the Holy Land, Travels in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, With Numerous Illustrations".

In 1865, Macleod risked an encounter with Scottish Sabbatarian ideas. The presbytery of Glasgow issued a pastoral letter on the subject of Sunday trains and other infringements of the [[Christian Sabbath]]. Macleod protested against the grounds on which its strictures were based. For a time, owing partly to a misleading report of his statement, he became the man in all Scotland most profoundly distrusted. But four years later the Church chose him as [[Moderator of the General Assembly|moderator]] of her [[General Assembly of the Church of Scotland|general assembly]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Late life==
[[File:Cathedral Square, Glasgow, Statue To Reverend Dr Norman Macleod.jpg|thumb|Statue To Reverend Dr Norman Macleod, Cathedral Square, Glasgow]]
In 1867, along with [[Archibald Watson (moderator)|Archibald Watson]], Macleod was sent to [[India]], to inquire into the state of the missions. He undertook the journey in spite of failing health, and seems never to have recovered from its effects. He returned resolved to devote the rest of his days to rousing the Church to her duty in the sphere of foreign missions. He is buried at [[Milton of Campsie|Campsie]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The grave was designed by Glasgow architect [[William Leiper]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glasgowsculpture.com/pg_biography.php?sub=leiper_w|title = William Leiper (1839-1916), architect, a biography}}</ref> The funeral was attended by 3000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst1815.html|title=Rev. Norman MacLeod from the Gazetteer for Scotland}}</ref>

His Glasgow church was named after him, the [[Macleod Parish Church]]; and the [[Macleod Missionary Institute]] was erected by the [[Barony Hall|Barony church]] in Glasgow. [[Queen Victoria]] gave two memorial windows to Crathie church as a testimony of her admiration for his work.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Artistic recognition==
Macleod was painted by [[Tavernor Knott]] around 1850. The portrait is held by the [[National Portrait Gallery of Scotland]] but is rarely displayed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artists/knott-tavernor-18161890|title=Knott, Tavernor, 1816–1890 | Art UK|website=artuk.org}}</ref>

==Family==
In August 1851, he married Catherine Ann, daughter of William Mackintosh of [[Geddes, Highland|Geddes]], and sister of [https://grangeassociation.org/cemetery/α-john-mackintosh-1822-1851/ John Mackintosh].{{sfn|Hamilton|1893}} sister-in-law of [[Sir William Gordon-Cumming, 2nd Baronet]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNsNAAAAQAAJ&dq=Sir+William+Gordon-Cumming%2C+2nd+Baronet+william+mackintosh&pg=RA1-PA112 |title=Debrett's illustrated baronetage and knightage (and companionage) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1880 |language=en}}</ref>

・Anne Campbell Macleod (d.1921), married in 1888 [[James Wilson (civil servant)|Sir James Wilson]], and published two books based on her letters to friends and family while they lived in India.

・Katherine Anne (1858-1880) married [[Hardinge Hay Cameron]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InoHD0N_Jp0C&dq=Hardinge+Hay+Cameron+macleod&pg=PA1583 |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council, Knightage, and Companionage |date=1934 |language=en}}</ref>

・[[Sir John MacLeod, 1st Baronet|Sir John MacLeod, 1st Bt]] (1857–1934) married Edith Fielden, daughter of [[Joshua Fielden (politician)|Joshua Fielden]]. Their son [[George MacLeod]] was to also become Moderator of the Church of Scotland, having founded the [[Iona Community]].{{cn|date=September 2021}}

・[[William MacKintosh MacLeod]] (1861-1931), married Constance Helen Sellar, daughter of [[William Young Sellar]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [[John Wellwood]] (1897), ''Norman Macleod,'' Edinburgh: [[Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier]], ([[List of books for the "Famous Scots Series"|"Famous Scots Series"]]).
*{{EB1911 |wstitle=Macleod, Norman |volume=17 |page=262}}
* {{cite DNB|wstitle=Macleod, Norman (1812-1872) |first=Thomas |last=Hamilton|volume=35}}
* {{cite book|last=Anonymous|others=Illustrated by [[s:Author:Frederick Waddy|Frederick Waddy]]|title=Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day
|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/Norman_Macleod
|access-date=2011-01-06|year=1873|publisher=Tinsley Brothers|location=London|pages=86–87}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Macleod,+Norman | name=Norman Macleod}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Norman Macleod |birth=1812 |death=1872 |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author|id=18443}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macleod, Norman}}
[[Category:1812 births]]
[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century ministers of the Church of Scotland]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish Presbyterian ministers]]
[[Category:People from Campbeltown]]
[[Category:Scottish magazine editors]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century British male journalists]]
[[Category:Scottish male journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish male writers]]

Moti Kripalani

2026-04-23T18:03:04Z

SondraCleland5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
'''Moti K. Kripalani''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Motī K Kripalāni}}), [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]], was an Sindhi Indian civil servant who went to serve as ''Chief Commissioner'' of [[Ajmer State|Ajmer]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]].<ref name="ref2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature|work= G. C. Malhotra|page=977|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=2004|isbn=9788120004009}}</ref><ref name="CivicAffairs1956">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfwmAQAAIAAJ|title=Civic Affairs, Volume 4, Issues 1-6|work= S.P. Mehra|publisher=Citizen Press at Kanpur|year=1956|pages=95}}</ref>

==Chief Commissioner of Pondicherry==
The state of Pondicherry comprised ex-French settlements in India after their de facto transfer in October 1954. Kripalani succeeded [[Kewal Singh]] as the chief commissioner of Pondicherry on 16 November 1956.<ref name="CivicAffairs1956"/> The political musings of [[1st Pondicherry Representative Assembly]] during its tenure became quite a sensation, and they caught the attention of then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and others. Some of his decisions were criticized by political leaders of Pondicherry, who rued that delay in ''de jure transfer''{{refn|group=note|The de facto transfer of French settlements in India occurred in November 1954. In January 1955, The Indian union government by an order renamed the four French settlements in India as '''State of Pondicherry'''.<ref name="IAR1955">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ|title=Indian Affairs Record (Vol. I and II)|publisher=Diwan Chand Indian Information Center|year=1955}}</ref>{{rp|20}} A treaty of cession was signed between India and France in 1956.<ref name="Traité de Cession, 1956">{{cite web|url=https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/asie/Inde-traite-cession-pondichery1956.htm|title=Traité de cession des Établissements français de Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé et Yanaon|language=French|year=1956|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref> However, the [[Algerian war]] delayed the ratification of 1956 treaty by French parliament which finally happened during August 1962. This had some implications on the political and administrative aspects of the State of Pondicherry. }} is one of the main reasons as the [[Pondicherry Representative Assembly|Pondicherry assembly]] had only an advisory role and the Chief Commissioner could take decisions overriding the assembly.<ref name="ref1957">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0mAQAAIAAJ|title=Civil Affairs|volume=5|publisher=Monthly Journal of Local Govt. and Public Administration in India|year=1957}}</ref>{{rp|103}}

== Joint Secretary of the Commerce and Labor Department ==
He also served as Joint Secretary of the Commerce and Labour Department. During this period, only he was appointed by Bengal Governor Herbert to assist L.G. Pinnell to pursue the policy of denial in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Janam |title=Hungry Bengal: war, famine and the end of empire |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-020988-9 |location=New York, NY}}</ref>

==Autobiography==
He has recounted some important events in his life and civil service in his book ''Some Memories of Old Bengal''.<ref>Moti K. Kriplani, Some Memories of Old Bengal, in Punjabi (ed.), p. 130.</ref> In that book, he mentions that as a higher civil servant in those days, he pursued particular hobbies and other recreational activities during his posting in [[Rajshahi]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name="Bureaucracy1974">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqP2199s6TIC|title=Bureaucracy: Positions and Persons|work= Narendra K. Singhi|publisher=Abhinay Publications, New Delhi|year=1974|isbn=9780883862940 }}</ref>{{rp|262}}

==Offices held==
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box | before= Chandrakant Balwantrao Nagarkar | title=''Chief commissioner'' of [[Ajmer State|Ajmer]] | after=Gurumukh Nihal Singh {{small|([[List of governors of Rajasthan|Governor of Rajasthan]])}}|years=March 1946 – 31 October 1956}}
{{Succession box | before= [[Kewal Singh]] | title=''Chief commissioner'' of State of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]] | after=[[Lal Ram Saran Singh]]|years=16 November 1956 – 27 August 1958}}
{{S-end}}

== See also ==
* [[Ajmer State]]
* [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kripalani, Moti}}
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:State political office-holders in India]]
[[Category:Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]

Pandariya Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:37Z

SondraCleland5: Added the article basic info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pandariya
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Mamta Chandrakar
| constituency_no = 71
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Bhawna Bohra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:316340}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image = Pandariya Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Pandariya''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprises Pandariya tehsil, and parts of Kawardha tehsil, both in [[Kabirdham district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> As of 2023, it is represented by Bhawna Bohra of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Mohammad Akbar (politician)|Mohammad Akbar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Moti Ram Chandravanshi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| Mamta Chandrakar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Bhawna Bohra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pandariya<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhawna Bohra]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 120,847
|percentage = 50.66
|change = +21.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Neelu Chandravanshi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 94,449
|percentage = 39.59
|change = -6.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chait Ram Raj
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 6,214
|percentage = 2.60
|change = -12.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhai Ravi Chandravanshi
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 4,783
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sachchidanand Kaushik
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,414
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,167
|percentage = 0.91
|change = -1.50
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,398
|percentage = 11.07
|change = -5.70
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 238,545
|percentage = 75.41
|change = -2.43
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pandariya<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mamta Chandrakar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 100907
|percentage = 46.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Motiram Chandravanshi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 64420
|percentage = 29.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chaitram Raj
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 33547
|percentage = 15.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Harendra Kumar Dahire
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2511
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramkumar Sinha
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2450
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Reshamlal Patre
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2266
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 5234
|percentage = 2.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 36,487
|percentage = 16.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 217548
|percentage = 77.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kabirdham district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|22.22|81.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Kabirdham district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Bagbassa Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:35Z

SondraCleland5: made new data.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bagbassa
| mla = [[Jadab Lal Debnath]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| constituency_no = 55
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:47295}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Bagbassa Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Bagbassa Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It comprises Kameshwar tehsil, Sanichhara tehsil and Hurua tehsil, along with parts of Ichailalchhara tehsil in [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]] district.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3313-tripura-2013/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2013 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 19 January 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| Bijita Nath
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="results2018"/>
|-
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="results2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/|title=Tripura Legislative Election 2023 - Election Commission of India |work=Election Commission of India|accessdate=1 January 2024}}</ref>
|[[Jadab Lal Debnath]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagbassa<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jadab Lal Debnath]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,905 |percentage=47.41% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bijita Nath|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=17,444|percentage=43.74%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kalpana Sinha|party=Tipra Motha Party|votes=2,281|percentage=5.72%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bimal Nath|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=731|percentage=1.83%|change={{increase}}1.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=517|percentage=1.30%|change={{increase}}0.61}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,461 |percentage=3.66% |change= {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=39,878|percentage=84.41%|change={{decrease}}2.95}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,295 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagbassa<ref name="results2018">{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijita Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,001 |percentage=48.09% |change={{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradip Kumar Nath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,731 |percentage=47.37% |change={{increase}}43.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotirmoy Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=552 |percentage=1.47% |change={{decrease}}41.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arabinda Teli |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=277 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarjit Singha |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=274 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=257 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=270 |percentage=0.72% |change= {{decrease}}7.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,430 |percentage=86.74% |change= {{decrease}}3.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,889 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagbassa<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijita Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,991 |percentage=51.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotirmoy Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,059 |percentage=42.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ronajoy Kumar Deb |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,479 |percentage=4.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subirjit Sinha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=566 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,932 |percentage=8.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,095 |percentage=90.53% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,790 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Tripura district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|24.35|92.24|display=title}}

[[Category:North Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Bilsi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:09Z

SondraCleland5: creating initial article w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bilsi
| constituency_no = 114
| map_image = 114-Bilsi.svg
| mla = [[Harish Shakya|Harish Chandra Shakya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| established = 1967
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Badaun district|Badaun]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 293,359 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Bilsi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Badaun district|Badaun]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1974 after the delimitation order was passed in 1967.<ref name="Delimitation Orders (1967)">{{cite news|title=Delimitation Orders (1967)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 114.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 12 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bilsi.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Bilsi Assembly constituency is KC Kaulhai of Sahaswan Tehsil; KC Ujhani, Ujhani MB & Kachhla NP of Budaun Tehsil; KC Bilsi & Bilsi MB of Bilsi Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 1 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|6th Vidhan Sabha]] || Sohan Lal || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar 1974 || Apr 1977 || 1,153 || – || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|7th Vidhan Sabha]] || Son Pal || [[Janata Party]] || Jun 1977 || Feb 1980 || 969 || – || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|8th Vidhan Sabha]] || Kesho Ram || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun 1980 || Mar 1985 || 1,735 || – || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|9th Vidhan Sabha]] || Bhola Shanker Maurya || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar 1985 || Nov 1989 || 1,725 || – || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Daulat Ram || [[Janata Dal]] || Dec 1989 || Apr 1991 || 488 || – || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 6 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Bhola Shanker Maurya || [[Indian National Congress]] || Jun 1991|| Dec 1992 || 533 || – || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 7 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Yogender Kumar Sagar || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Dec 1993|| Oct 1995 || 693 || – || <ref name="1993 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 8 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Mayawati]] (1996–1997) Bhola Shanker Morya (1997–2002) || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Oct 1996 || May 2002 || 1,967 || – || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 9 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ashutosh Maurya || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Feb 2002 || May 2007 || 1,902 || – || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || Yogendra Sagar || rowspan="2" | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || May 2007 || Mar 2012 || 1,762 || – || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Musarrat Ali Bittan]] || Mar 2012 || Mar 2017 || 1,803 || – || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || Radha Krishan Sharma || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar 2017 || Mar 2022 || – || – ||
|-
| 18 || [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Harish Chandra Shakya]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar 2022 || Incumbent || – || – ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===

Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh

{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilsi<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Harish Chandra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:93500}}
|percentage = 45.54
|change = +3.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:68385}}
|percentage = 33.31
|change = +7.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mamta Shakya
|votes = {{formatnum:31694}}
|percentage = 15.44
|change = -12.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Mir Hadi Ali Urf Babar Miyan
|votes = {{formatnum:2790}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Parivartan Dal
|candidate = Veer Pal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2033}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ankit Chauhan
|votes = {{formatnum:1890}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1173}}
|percentage = 0.57
|change = -0.42
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25115}}
|percentage = 12.23
|change = -1.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:205319}}
|percentage = 57.8
|change = -0.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Bilsi<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pt. Radha Krishan Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:82070}}
|percentage = 41.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Musarrat Ali Bittan
|votes = {{formatnum:55091}}
|percentage = 28.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vimal Krishan Agarwal Alias Pappi
|votes = {{formatnum:50848}}
|percentage = 25.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Manch
|candidate = Rizwan Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:1846}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1930}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26979}}
|percentage = 13.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196030}}
|percentage = 58.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Bilsi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Musarrat Ali Bittan]]
|votes = 57,600
|percentage = 32.43
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vimal Krishan Aggrawal
|votes = 49,272
|percentage = 27.74
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Suresh Pal Singh Tomar
|votes = 23,360
|percentage = 13.15
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 47,390
|percentage = 26.69
|change = –
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,328
|percentage = 4.69
|change = –
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 177,622
|percentage = 60.55
|change = –
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Budaun district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Budaun district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

South Dravidian languages

2026-04-02T20:23:15Z

SondraCleland5: Done...

{{Short description|Southern Dravidian language branch}}
{{Infobox language family
|name = South Dravidian
|altname = South Dravidian I
|region = [[South India]], [[Sri Lanka]], diaspora
|familycolor = Dravidian
| protoname = [[Proto-South Dravidian language|Proto-South Dravidian]]
|child1 = Tamil–Kannada
|child2 = Tuluic
|glotto = sout3138
|glottorefname= South Dravidian I
}}

[[File:Dravidian_subgroups.png|thumb]]
'''South Dravidian''' (also called "South Dravidian I") is one of the four major branches of the [[Dravidian languages]] family. It includes the literary languages [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Tulu language|Tulu]], as well as several non-literary languages such as [[Badaga language|Badaga]], [[Irula language|Irula]], [[Kota language (India)|Kota]], [[Kurumba language|Kurumba]], [[Toda language|Toda]] and [[Kodava language|Kodava]].{{sfnp|Steever|2019|pp=5–7}}

Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (South Dravidian II or South-Central Dravidian) are recognized among the [[official languages of India]] and are spoken mainly in [[South India]]. All four are officially recognized as [[classical languages]] by the Government of India, along with [[Sanskrit]] and [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5709028.ece| title = Odia gets classical language status – The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 20 February 2014}}</ref>

==Phonological features==
Standard [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] have both [[retroflex lateral approximant|retroflex lateral]] {{IPA|/ɭ/}} and [[retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|/ɻ/}} sounds, whereas most of the remaining like [[Kannada]] have merged the central approximant with the lateral. Evidence shows that both retroflex approximant and the retroflex laterals were once (before the 10th century) also present in Kannada. However, all the retroflex [[approximant]]s changed into retroflex laterals in Kannada later. In Kannada, the [[bilabial]] voiceless plosive ({{IPA|/p/}}) at the beginning of many words has disappeared to produce a glottal fricative ({{IPA|/h/}}) or has disappeared completely. This change was later taken to other [[Kannadoid languages]] and Tuluoid languages like Bellari and Koraga, e.g. Tamil ''peyar'', Kannada ''hesaru'', Bellari/Koraga ''hudari''; Tamil ''puṟṟu'', Jenu Kuruba ''uṯṯu'', Ka. ''puttu, huttu, uttu.''{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=puṟṟu,%20puṟṟam&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact | title=A Dravidian etymological dictionary | date=1984 }}</ref>

Tamil-Malayalam and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] show the conversion of [[Voiceless velar plosive]] ({{IPA|/k/}}) into [[Voiceless palatal plosive]] ({{IPA|/c/}}) at the beginning of the words (refer to [[comparative method]] for details). Kannada and other languages, however, are totally inert to this change and hence the velar plosives are retained as such or with minimum changes in the corresponding words, e.g. Tamil/Malayalam ''cey'', Irula ''cē(y)-'', Toda ''kïy-'', Kannada ''key/gey'', Badaga ''gī-'', Telugu ''cēyu '', Gondi ''kīānā ''.

Tulu is characterized by its r/l and s/c/t alternation, for e.g. ''sarɛ, tarɛ'' across Tulu dialects compare with Kannada ''tale''. The alveolar ṯ, ṯṯ, nṯ became post alveolar or dental, the singular ones usually becomes a trill in other Dravidian languages, e.g. Tamil ''oṉṟu, āṟu, nāṟu, nāṟṟam, muṟi, kīṟu;'' Tulu ''oñji, āji, nāduni, nāta, {mudipuni, muyipuni}, {kīruni, gīcuni}.'' The retroflex approximant mostly became a {{IPA|/ɾ/}} and also {{IPA|/ɭ, ɖ/}}, e.g. Tamil ''ēẓu, puẓu,'' Tulu ''{ēḷŭ, ēlŭ, ēḍŭ}, puru.''{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=127, 146}}

The vowels have mostly remained the same with the 5 /a, e, i, o, u/ + length; Malayalam and Tulu have an extra /ə̆/ and /ɯ/ respectively. The Nilagiri languages developed a set of centralized vowel around retroflexes and alveolars with Irula having /ɨ, ʉ, ə, ɵ/ + length.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003}} Kurumba languages have nasalized vowels, e.g. Jenu Kuruba ''ã·we'', Kannada ''āme, āve, ēve, ēme,'' Tamil ''yāmai, āmai.''<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603656 | jstor=603656 | last1=Zvelebil | first1=Kamil V. | title=Jēnu Kuṟumba: Brief Report on a "Tribal" Language of the Nilgiri Area | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | date=1988 | volume=108 | issue=2 | pages=297–301 | doi=10.2307/603656 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Grammar==
Most Malayalamoid languages including Malayalam lost the pronounial endings of verbs. Kannada lost clusivity. Old Tamil retained the PD like tense system of past vs non past but most don't currently, most have past, present, future. Sholaga has a PD like tense system of a verb being finished vs unfinished.{{sfnp|Zvelebil2|1990|p=157}} Common plural marker is -kaḷ(u) in Tamil-Kannada while Tulu uses -ḷŭ, -kuḷŭ, certain Malayalamoid languages use other methods like -ya in Ravula and having kuṟe before the word in Eranadan. Most languages outside Kannadoid have plural pronouns as singular form suffixed with the plural marker, e.g., Kannada ''nīvu'' (PD *''nīm''), Malayalam ''niṅṅaḷ'' (''nīn-kaḷ''), Tulu ''nikuḷu''.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003}}<ref>{{Cite web| title=Tribal Languages of Kerala | url=http://www.languageinindia.com/july2013/ravisankarkeralatriballanguages.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721004115/http://www.languageinindia.com:80/july2013/ravisankarkeralatriballanguages.pdf | archive-date=2013-07-21}}</ref>

==Classification and terminology==
The Dravidian languages form a close-knit family. Four subgroups are generally accepted: South Dravidian, South-Central Dravidian, Central Dravidian and North Dravidian.{{sfnp|Steever|2019|pp=5–9; 12}}{{sfnp|Kolichala|2016|p=76}}{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|pp=19–20}} Most scholars agree that the South Dravidian and South-Central Dravidian branches (called "Tamil-Tulu" and "Telugu-Kui" in {{harvcolnb|Zvelebil|1990|p=56}}) are more closely related to each other than to the other branches of the Dravidian languages.{{sfnp|Kolichala|2016|p=76}} For this reason, [[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|Krishnamurti]] suggested the alternative terms ''South Dravidian I'' for the former branch and ''South Dravidian II'' for the latter.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=58}}

South Dravidian is classified internally into two subbranches: Tamil–Kannada and Tulu.{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1990|p=56}} The languages that constitute the Tamil–Kannada branch are [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Irula language|Irula]], [[Toda language|Toda]], [[Kota language (India)|Kota]], [[Kodava language|Kodava]], and [[Badaga language|Badaga]] and the languages that constitute the Tulu branch are [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Koraga language|Koraga]], [[Kudiya language|Kudiya]], [[Bellari language|Bellari]].

According to [[R. C. Hiremath]], Director of International School of Dravidian Linguistics in Trivandrum, the separation of Tamil and Kannada into independent languages from the Tamil–Kannada inner branch started with the separation of [[Tulu language|Tulu]] in about 1500 BCE and completed in about 300 BCE.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

{{tree list}}
* '''[[South Dravidian]]''' (= "South Dravidian{{nbsp}}I"){{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=21}}{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1990|p=56}}
** [[Tamil-Kannada]]
*** {{tree list/branching}}
**** {{tree list/branching}}
***** {{tree list/branching}}
****** {{tree list/branching}}
******* {{tree list/branching}}
******** [[Tamil languages]], including [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
******** [[Malayalam languages]], including [[Malayalam]]
******* [[Irula language|Irula]] 11,870 (2011 census)
****** [[Kodava language|Kodava]] 113,857 (2011 census)
***** [[Toda language|Toda]] 1,600 (2001 census)
**** [[Kota language (India)|Kota]] 930 (2001 census)
*** [[Kannada languages]], including [[Kannada]] and [[Badaga language|Badaga]]
** {{tree list/branching}}
*** [[Koraga language|Koraga]] 45-50 (2018)
*** [[Tulu language|Tulu]] 1,850,000 (2011 census)
*** [[Kudiya language|Kudiya]] 2,800 (2007)
{{tree end}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Kolichala |first=Suresh |year=2016 |chapter=Dravidian Languages |editor1=Hans Henrich Hock |editor2=Elena Bashir |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide |location=Berlin/Boston |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=73–107 |isbn=978-3-11-042715-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=B. |title=The Dravidian Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003 |isbn=0-521-77111-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Steever |first=Sanford |year=2019 |chapter=Introduction to the Dravidian languages |editor-last=Steever |editor-first=Sanford |title=The Dravidian Languages |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |pages=1–44 |isbn=978-1-138-85376-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=P.S. |year=1983 |title=Dravidian Comparative Phonology |publisher=Annamalai University}}
* {{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |year=1990 |title=Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction |publisher=PILC (Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture)}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Zvelebil2 |first=Kamil V. |year=1990 |title=The Language of the Shōlegas, Nilgiri Area, South India |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=417–433 |doi=10.2307/603185 |jstor=603185 |authorlink=Kamil Zvelebil}}
{{refend}}

{{Clear}}
{{Dravidian languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil-Kannada Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

List of Odia films of 2009

2026-04-02T07:18:42Z

SondraCleland5:

{{Short description|None}}
{{morefootnotes|date=September 2022}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 2009:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[2009 in film|2009]]'''
|-
|''[[Aaa Re Saathi Aa]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Aaa Re Saathi Aa|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1459820/|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>||[[N. Padhi]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Dushmant]], [[Sonali Mahapatra]], [[Payal (actress)|Payal]] || ||
|-
|''[[Aakashe Ki Ranga Lagila]]'' ||Muralidharan ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Rali Nanda]], [[Anita Das]], [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Abhimanyu (Oriya film)|Abhimanyu]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Abhimanyu|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1526929/|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> ||[[Sushant Mani]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Aparajita]]|| ||
|-
|''Aila Re Odia Pua''<ref>{{Citation|title=Aila Re Oriya Pua|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431204/|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>||[[Ranjan Mishra]], [[Biswajit Mohanty]] ||[[Tanmay Mishra]], Sunil Kumar, [[Rali Nanda]], [[Kajal Misra]], [[Uttam Mohanty]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Akashe Ki Ranga Lagila]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Akashe Ki Ranga Lagila|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1468288/|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> ||Muralidharan ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Rali Nanda]], [[Anita Das]], [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||Producer Sarthak Music
|-
| ''[[Chup Kie Asuchi...]]''||[[Biswa Bhusan Mohapatra]] || [[Jaya Biswas]], [[Shakti Misra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Dhire Dhire Prema Hela]]''||[[Dilipa Panda]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], Barsa Priyadarshini || ||
|-
|''[[Dream Girl (2009 film)|Dream Girl]]'' ||[[Ashok Pati]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Priya Choudhary]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Eithhi Swarga Eithhi Narka]]''|| ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jyoti Misra]], [[Jairam Samal]] || ||
|-
|''[[Kurukshetra (2009 film)|Kurukshetra]]''||[[Haranath Chakraborty]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|''[[Love Dot Com]]'' ||[[Raqhat Quddusi]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Pupinder]], [[Megha Ghosh]], [[Bijay Mohanty]]|| ||
|-
|''Mukhyamantri'' ||[[Chita Ranjan Tripathy]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Samaresh Routray|Samaresh]], [[Sonali Mahapatra]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Ajit Das]], [[Sabrina (Ollywood actress)|Sabrina]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Pagala Karichi Paunji Tora]]'' ||[[Sanjay Nayak]]||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Budhaditya]] || ||
|-
|''[[Prem Rogi]]'' ||[[Ashok Pati]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Budhaditya]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]], Arpita Mukherjee|| ||
|-
|''[[Premi No.1]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Premi No. 1|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1399074/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Debu Patnaik]] || [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Chandini]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Bijay Mohanty]]||Drama||
|-
|[[Romeo - The Lover Boy]]
|[[Hara Patnaik]]
|[[Babushaan Mohanty]], Lovely, [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]], [[Bijay Mohanty]]
|
|
|- |''[[Romeo The Lover Boy]]''||[[Hara Pattnaik]] ||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], Lovely, [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]]||Drama|| || || |-
|''[[Shatru Sanghar]]''||[[Sudhansu Sekhar Sahu]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Akash (actor)|Akash]], [[Rahul Dev]]|| || Asst. Director : Tripati Sahu
|-
|''[[Suna Chadhei Mo Rupa Chadhei]]'' ||[[Chandi Parija]]||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Tu mori paeen-The Last Love Story]]'' ||[[Jay Prakash Mohanty]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Lipi Parida|Lipi]] || ||
|-
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2009 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|2009]]
[[Category:Lists of 2009 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:2000s in Orissa]]
[[Category:2009 in Indian cinema]]

Palliyara Sreedharan

2026-03-25T11:25:49Z

SondraCleland5: Added first post first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Palliyara Sreedharan
| image = Palliyarasreedharanatksicl.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1950|1|17}}
| birth_place = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = Director, State Institute of Children's Literature, Kerala
| nationality = Indian
| genre =
| subject = Mathematician
| movement =
| spouse =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|https://ksicl.org/palliyarasreedharan/}}
}}

'''Palliyara Sreedharan''' is a writer in India on Mathematics. With the volume and popularity of his books written in Malayalam, the regional language of Kerala, he has earned the name 'Mathematician of Kerala'.<ref name=dcbooks>{{cite web|title=dcbooks|url=http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/author/palliyara-sreedharan|publisher=dcbooks|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032052/http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/author/palliyara-sreedharan|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has written and published more than 150 books. This is a record in mathematics in Indian languages. He has co-authored books for the State Council for Educational Research and Training - SCERT, including textbooks, and for the National Council for Educational Research and Training - NCERT. He was the director of the Science Park, headed by the Kannur District Panchayat. He has been the Director of the Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature since 22 August 2016. He has received numerous awards, including the Government of Kerala Award for Outstanding Contribution to Children's Literature.<ref name=writers>{{cite web|url=http://www.writers.net/writers/53506 |title=PALLIYARA SREEDHARAN |work=writers.net |publisher=www.writers.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520164350/http://www.writers.net/writers/53506 |archive-date=20 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=book>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqgPDgZMvsAC|access-date=20 May 2014|title=Ganithasaasthrathinte Vichithralokam|isbn=9788124018293|last1=Sreedharan|first1=Palliyara|year=2008|publisher=DC Books }}</ref>

He was born on 17 January 1950 in [[Kannur district|the Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]] state. He completed his school education from Muttannoor L.P., School, Edayannur Govt. U.S. P. Mattannur Pazhassi Raja N. in School and Koodali High School. After graduating in mathematics from Pazhazhi Raja N.S.S. College, Mattannoor, he secured a B.Ed. Degree from also Government Teachers Training College, Calicut. He has been a teacher in mathematics at Government High School, Koodali, since 1972. Though his writing career started in 1999, his first book in Mathematics was published in 1978.<ref name=writers/>

==Writing career==
Palliyara Sreedhran has authored mathematical literature in Malayalam. He's known for writing books on mathematics. He has also authored books in various literary genres such as Short Story, Poetry, Drama, Biography and Technology. He is primarily an author of mathematics based out of Kerala.

He is a columnist in mathematics in the children's and students' pull-out of many newspapers in Malayalam, such as Malayalamanorama (Padipura, Thozhilveedhi, Kaithiri, Vanitha), [[Mathrubhumi]] (Vijnanarangam, Thozhivartha, Balabhoomi), [[Deshabhimani]] (Weekly, Kilivathil. He is a regular contributor of articles in periodicals like Vidyarangam, Eureka, Sastrakeralam, Sahityaposhini, Balakathukam, Balachandika, Prathichaya, Mayilpeeli, etc.

==Books in English==
*Some Great Mathematicians of the World
*Amazing Mathematics
*The story of Time
*Wonderland of Mathematics
*Funny Mathematics
*Play with Maths
*Magic of Numbers
*Puzzles in Maths
*Mathsmagic
*Magic Squares
*Superquiz in Maths
*Maths is a great wonder
*Enjoy Maths
*Maths is a magic pot
*Easy ways in Maths

==Books in Malayalam==
Encyclopedia of Mathematicians (Ganitha Vinjanakkosam)
Great Mathematicians of the World (Ganithasasthra Prathibhakal)
Vedic Mathematics (Veda Ganitham)
Mathemagics (Mathematics + Magic)
Sreenivasa Ramanujan: A Biography
Magic Numbers in Mathematics (Athbhutha Sankhyakal)
You can Play with Mathematics (Kanakku Kalichu Rasikkan)
Mathematics: A Magic Pot (Kanakku Oru Manthrika [[Cheppu]])
Mathematics: A Sweet Candy (Ganitham [[Madhuram]])
Playing with Mathematics (Kanakkukondu Kalikkam)
Magic with Numbers (Sanhyakalude Jaalavidhyakal)
Pythagorus: A Biography
Stories in Mathematics (Ganitha Kadhakal)
Wonders in Mathematics (Kanakkile Vismayangal)
Learning Mathematics is a Pleasure (Ganitham Ethra Rasakaram)
Kadathanattu Thamburan: A Biography
Wonderful Puzzles in Mathematics (Kusruthikkkanakkukal)
Learning Mathematics through Songs (Paattupaadi Kanakku Padikkaam)
Story of Time (Samayathinte Kadha)
The Wonderful World of Mathematics (Enthathbhutham, Ethra Rasakaram)
Arya Bandhu (Samayathinte Kadha)
Mathematics in the Nature (Prakruthiyile Ganitham)
Grow with Mathematics (Namukku Valaraam)
Simple Machines (Lakhu Yanthrangal)
The World of Machines (Yanthrangalude Lokam)
Back to School ([[Veendum]] Schoolil)
Shortcuts in Mathematics (Kanakkile Yeluppavahikal)
The Wonderful World of Numbers (Sankhyakalude Athbhutha Prapancham)
Some Magic with Mathematics (Kanakkile Jalavidyakal)
Crosswords in Mathematics (Kanakkile Padhaprasnangal)
You can Score High Marks Mathematics (Varoo.. Kanakkil Midukaraavaam)
The Magic That is Mathematics (Kanakkinte Indrajaalam)
The Mathematics of Beauty (Soundaryathinte Ganithasasthram)
Galileo: A Biography
The Story of Numbers (Sankhyakalude Kadha)
The Great Wonder Called Mathematics (Ganitham Mahathbhutham)
The Festival of Mathematics (Ganithasasthramela)
Mathematics Quiz (Ganithasasthra Quiz)
Mathematics Super Quiz (Ganithasasthra Super Quiz)
Vedic Mathematics Can Make You Excel in Maths (Veda Ganitham)
Some Wonderful Tricks in Mathematics (Ambarappikkunna Ganithasasthram)
Science Quiz (Sasthra Quiz)
Brain Boosting Through Mathematics (Budhivikasathinu Ganithaprasnangal)
Mathematics to Play and Win (Kanakk: Kaliyum Karyavum)
The Gems in Mathematics (Kanakkile Kanakam)
The Enigmatic World of Mathematics (Kanakkinte Vichithralokam)
Tangram Puzzle: King of All Plays (Tangram Kali: Kalikalude Rajaav)
Make Numbers Your Playmates (Sankhyakal Kalikkoottukar)
Multiplication A Pleasure (Gunanam Rasakaramaakkam)
Five Mathematics-based Dramas (Anchu Ganitha Nadakangal)
The World of Wonders (Athbhuthangalude Lokam)
A Pleasure Trip to Mathematics (Kanakilekkoru [[Vinodayathra]])
A Voyage to the Centre of the Earth (Bhoomiyude Kendrathilekk Oru Yathra)
The Magic Square (Manthrika Chathuram)
Robots (Robottukal)
Funny Mathematics (Chirippikkunna Ganithasasthram)
Computer (Computer)
Aryabhatan: A Biography
The Story of Zero (Poojyathinte Kadha)
The Wonderful World of Mathematics (Kanakkinte Mayalokam)
The History and Science of Mathematics (Ganitham: Charithraum Sasthravum)
Enjoying Mathematics (Ganithasallapam)
Some Pictorial Quiz in Mathematics (Ganitha Quiz Chithrangaliloode)
Mathematics as a Sweet Candy (Ganitha Midayi)
Mathematics and Computer (Ganithavum Computerum)
Let's Play and Learn Mathematics (Kanakk Kalich Padikkam)
Mathematics is So Simple (Ganitham Lalitham)
The Easy Door to Mathematics (Kanakkinte Kilivathil)
The Fun that is Mathematics (Ganitham Phalitham)
Wonderful Puzzles in Mathematics (Rasakaramaya Ganithaprasnangal)
Branches of Mathematics (Ganithasasthra Sakhakal)
Two Plus Two is Equal to Five (Randum Randum Anju)
Some Funny Puzzles in Mathematics (Ganithaprasnangal Vinodathinu)
The Knowledge Box of Mathematics (Ganithainjanachepp)
Mathematics for School (Kanakkanmarkkum Kanakkikalkkum)
Some Famous Books in Mathematics (Thiranjedutha Ganithakruthikal)
The Ocean of Mathematics (Ganithavinjana Sagaram)
The Puzzle of One Rupee (Oru Roopa Yevide Poyi?)
Mathematics: A Funny Game (Kanakku Oru Kalithamasa)
Some Biggest Numbers in Mathematics (Ambo! Yenthoru Sankhya!)
A Pictorial Dictionary of Mathematics (Sachithra Ganithasasthra Nikhandu), One Thousand Puzzles in Mathematics (Aayiram Ganithaprasnangal), Pythagorus and American President (Amerikkan Presidentum Pythagorasum)
One Plus One is Equal to .... (Onnum Onnum Chernnaal)
Dictionary of Lost Words in Malayalam (Pazhama Malayalam)

==Awards and Recognitions==
* 1982: Award for Best Instructional Aid Making Contest by State Council for Educational Research and Training
* 1992: State Award for Best Teacher
* 1992: Award by Adhyapaka Kala Sahithya Samithi for the book ‘Sankhyakalude Jalavidyakal’ (The Magic of Numbers)
* 1993: Best Book on Children's Literature, Award by State Institute for Children's Literature (for the book Sankhyakalude Kadha)
* 1993: Samanwaya Sahithya Lifetime Achievement Award
* 1995: Asraya Blasahthya Award for Best Book in Children's Literature (for the book Athbhutha Sankhyakal)
* 1998: Endowment Award by Kerala Sahithya Academy for the book ‘Poojyathinte Kadha’ (Story of the Number Zero)
* 2004: Lifetime Achievement Award for Children's Literature
* 2004: Subhadrakumari Chouhan Centenary Award (Haryana)
* 2005: Bharat Excellence Award for Children's Literature
* 2006: Best Book on Science Literature, Award by State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (for the book Ganithasasthraprathibhakal)
* 2007: Bheema Award for authoring more than 80 books in Mathematics
* 2010: Lifetime Achievement Award by Adhyapaka Kala Sahithya Samithi
* 2018: [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] (Children's literature) - ''Kathayalla Jeevitham Thanne''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dcbooks.com/abu-dhabi-sakthi-awards-announced.html |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |publisher=[[DC Books]] |date=18 July 2019 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>
* 2021: Lifetime Achievement Award by Bala Sahithya Academy

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Palliyara Sreedharan}}
* [https://ksicl.org/palliyarasreedharan/Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature Page on Palliyara Sreedharan]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreedharan, Palliyara}}
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian popular science writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

Devprayag

2026-03-25T07:52:26Z

SondraCleland5: refined section to improve readability and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Devprayag
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
|other_name = Devprayag
|image_skyline = AjitHota BirthPlaceOfGanges.jpg
|image_caption = Confluence of [[Alaknanda|Alaknanda River]] and the [[Bhagirathi]] and the beginning of the [[main stem]] of the [[Ganges]] river, or Ganga
|pushpin_label = Devprayag
|pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
|coordinates = {{coord|30.146|78.598|display=inline, title}}
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| population_total = 2144
}}

'''Devprayag''' (Deva prayāga) is a town and a [[nagar palika]], near [[New Tehri|New Tehri city]] in [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal District]]<ref>[https://dmmc.uk.gov.in/files/RoadMaps/Rpauri_print_distf.pdf Map of Pauri Garhwal district] [[Pauri Garhwal|Pauri Garhwal District]] Official website.</ref> in the state of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]], and is the final one of the [[Panch Prayag]] (five confluences) of [[Alaknanda River]] where Alaknanda meets the [[Bhagirathi]] river and both rivers thereafter flow on as the [[Ganges]] river or Ganga.

==Overview==
"'''Devprayag'''" means "'''Godly Confluence'''" in Sanskrit. According to Hindu scriptures, Devprayag is the sacred place of merging of two visible heavenly rivers, [[Alaknanda]] and [[Bhagirathi]], to form the holy [[Ganges]].

On a terrace in the upper part of the village is the temple of [[Raghunathji Temple, Devprayag|Raghunathji]], built of huge stones, pyramidal in form, and capped by a white cupola.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Devaprayag |volume=8 |page=120}}</ref> There are major four temples located on this Godly Confluence. These temples increase the spiritual importance of Devprayag.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Snehil |date=10 May 2020 |title=What is so special about "Devprayag Sangam"? |pages=2-3-4-5 |work=Humari Baat |url=https://humaribaat.in/news/city/four-temples-along-with-sangam-makes-devprayag-as-godly-confluence/ |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

==Geography==
The Alaknanda rises at the confluence and feet of the [[Satopanth Glacier|Satopanth]] and Bhagirath Kharak glacier in Uttarakhand near the border with [[Tibet]]. The [[headwaters]] of the Bhagirathi are formed at [[Gaumukh]], at the foot of the [[Gangotri glacier]] and Khatling glaciers in the [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] Himalaya. These two sacred rivers join to form the [[Ganges]] (Ganga) in Devprayag.

Devprayag is 70 km from [[Rishikesh]]. Devprayag has an average elevation of 830 metres (2,723 feet).

==Demographics==
[[File:Confluence.JPG|240px|thumb|Confluence of the [[Alaknanda]] (left) and [[Bhagirathi]] (right) Rivers to form the [[Ganga]] at Devprayag]]

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=2004-06-16 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=2008-11-01 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref> Devprayag had a population of 2144. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Devprayag has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 74.5%; male literacy is 82% and, female literacy is 72%. In Devprayag, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. The town is the seat of the pandas of the Badrinath Dham.

==In popular culture==

Devprayag has been featured prominently in the films ''[[Kisna: The Warrior Poet]]'' and ''[[Ponga Pandit]]''.

==Transport==

===Air===
The nearest airport is the [[Jolly Grant Airport]] near [[Dehradun]] {{convert|116|km|abbr=on}} away.

===Railway===
The nearest railway stations is at [[Rishikesh]]. However, Rishikesh is a small railway station not connected by fast trains. [[Haridwar]] railway junction, 24 km farther from Rishikesh, has train connections to most of the major cities in India and is, therefore, the railhead for Devprayag.

===Road===
Devprayag lies on national highway [[National Highway 58 (India)|NH58]] that connects Delhi with [[Badrinath]] and [[Mana Pass]] in Uttarakhand near Indo-Tibet border. Therefore, all the buses and vehicles that carry pilgrims from New Delhi to Badrinath via Haridwar and Rishikesh in pilgrim season of summer months pass through Devprayag on the way to [[Joshimath]] and further north. Rishikesh is the major starting point for road journey to Devprayag and regular buses operate from Rishikesh bus station to Devprayag. The road distance from Rishikesh to Devprayag is {{convert|74|km|abbr=on}}.

* Haridwar to Rishikesh 24 km
* Rishikesh to Devprayag 74 km
* Devprayag to Srinagar 34 km
* Srinagar to Rudraprayag 33 km

==Gallery==
{{Wide image| Devprayag India.jpg |600px| A Panoramic View of Devprayag }}
<gallery>
Devprayag Confluence Oct 2019.jpg|Devprayag after the monsoons in October 2019
Devprayag Bhagirathi Alaknanda.jpg|The [[Bhagirathi]] ''(left)'' joins the Alaknanda ''(right)'' at Devprayag
Alaknanda devprayag.jpg|The sediment-laden '''Alaknanda''' river flowing into Devprayag.
Formation of Ganga River.jpg|Devprayag - where Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers meet and take the name Ganga or Ganges River.
Devprayag - Confluence of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda.JPG|Devprayag the confluence of [[Bhagirathi]] and [[Alaknanda]] rivers. The river gets the name "Ganges" (or Ganga) beyond Devprayag
VKdevpryag2.jpg|Alaknanda and Bhagirathi sangam at Devprayag. Now the river is known as Ganga
Devprayag sangam.jpg|Devprayag sangam
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Rudraprayag]]
*[[Ganges River]] (Also known as Ganga in India)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190817133949/https://tehri.gov.in/tourist-place/devprayag/ Regional Govt Official website]
* [http://sss.vn.ua/india/uttarakhand/devprayag/indexen.htm Devprayag photo gallery]
* [http://wikimapia.org/country/India/Uttaranchal/Devaprayag/ Devprayag] on ''[[wikimapia]]''

{{Pauri Garhwal}}
{{Panch Prayag}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tehri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Panch Prayag]]

Vijaya Raje Scindia

2026-03-24T14:51:08Z

SondraCleland5: reworked references per sources

{{short description|Rajmata of Gwalior (1919–2001)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Vijaya Raje Scindia
| succession = [[Gwalior State|Maharani of Gwalior]]
| image = Vijaya Raje Scindia 2001 cover of India crop.png
| caption = Scindia on 2001 postage [[Cover (philately)|cover]] of India
| reign = 21 February 1941 – 16 July 1961
| coronation =
| predecessor =
| successor = Madhavi Raje Scindia
| succession1 = [[Gwalior State|Rajmata of Gwalior]]
| reign1 = 16 July 1961 – 25 January 2001
| successor1 = Madhavi Raje Scindia
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency= [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna, Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start = 5 April 1957
| term_end = 2 April 1962
| predecessor = [[V. G. Deshpande]]
| successor = Ramsahai Pande
| constituency2= [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 2 April 1962
| term_end2 = 4 March 1967
| predecessor2= [[Suraj Prasad]]
| successor2 = [[Ram Awtar Sharma]]
| constituency3= [[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind, Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 15 March 1971
| term_end3 = 18 January 1977
| predecessor3= Yashwant Singh Kushwah
| successor3 = Raghubir Singh Machhand
| constituency4= [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna, Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start4 = 2 December 1989
| term_end4 = 10 October 1999
| predecessor4= Mahendra Singh
| successor4 = [[Madhavrao Scindia]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency5= [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start5 = 10 April 1978
| term_end5 = 2 December 1989
| office6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Vice President of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start6 = 1980
| term_end6 = 1998
| president6 = {{ubl|[[L. K. Advani]] (1993–1998; 1986–1991)|[[Murli Manohar Joshi]] (1991–1993)|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (1980–1986)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Maharaja]] [[George Jivajirao Scindia|Jiwajirao Scindia]]|1941|1961|end=died}}
| children = Padma Raje Usha Raje [[Madhavrao Scindia]] [[Vasundhara Raje]] [[Yashodhara Raje]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1980–2001)
| otherparty = {{ubl|[[Indian National Congress]] (1957-1967)<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/politics/why-did-congress-accept-his-father-him-in-party-fold-scindia-on-jibes-123072200656_1.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Vijaya Raje Scindia- the 'Rajmata' of politics | date=13 October 2020 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/bharat-news/vijayaraje-scindia-the-rajmata-of-politics/na20201013064937136 }}</ref> | [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1967–1977)<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/politics/why-did-congress-accept-his-father-him-in-party-fold-scindia-on-jibes-123072200656_1.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Vijaya Raje Scindia- the 'Rajmata' of politics | date=13 October 2020 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/bharat-news/vijayaraje-scindia-the-rajmata-of-politics/na20201013064937136 }}</ref>|[[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)}}
| residence = {{ubl|[[Jai Vilas Palace|Jeeja Asheesh Mahal, Gwalior Jai Vilas Palace, Gwalior, Samudra Mahal, Mumbai]]|[[New Delhi|Lekha Vihar, Sarojini Nagar, New Delhi]]}}
| father = ''Thakur'' Mahendra Singh
| mother = Chuda Devashwari Devi
| birth_name = Lekha Divyeshwari Devi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1919|10|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sagar District|Sagar]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British India]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.streeshakti.com/bookV.aspx?author=7 | title=StreeShakti - the Parallel Force }}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2001|01|25|1919|10|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Vijaya Raje Scindia''' (born '''Lekha Divyeshwari Devi'''; 12 October 1919 – 25 January 2001), known popularly as the [[Rajmata]] [[Scindia]], was an [[India]]n politician and consort of the last ruling [[Maharaja]] of [[Gwalior]], [[Jiwajirao Scindia]], in [[British Raj]]. In later life, she was elected repeatedly to both houses of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]]. She was one of the founding members of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref> [[William Dalrymple]] wrote in his 1998 book ''[[The Age of Kali]]'' that she had been called "a madwoman and a saint; a dangerous reactionary and a national saviour; a stubborn and self-righteous old lunatic and a brave and resilient visionary."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalrymple |first1=William |author1-link=William Dalrymple |title=The Age of Kali: Indian Travels & Encounters |date=1998 |page=175 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |isbn=978-0-307-94893-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7W9b9FNAhQIC&pg=PT75 |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710204530/https://books.google.com/books?id=7W9b9FNAhQIC&pg=PT75 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early years==
Vijaya Raje Scindia was born in 1919 at [[Sagar District|Sagar]] in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], the eldest child of ''[[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]'' Mahendra Singh of Kotla State ([[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]]), a government officer, by his second wife, Chuda Devashwari Devi.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} She was named Lekha Divyeshwari Devi at birth. Her father was a deputy collector in the provincial administration. Her mother was the daughter of former [[Commander-in-chief of the Nepalese Army]] [[Khadga Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]], the nephew of founder of [[Rana dynasty]] of Nepal, [[Jang Bahadur Kunwar Rana]]. She died at Vijaya Raje's birth. Her brother is Dhyanendra Singh, husband of [[Maya Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Theory Of Relativity |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?206615 |publisher=Outlook India |date=30 November 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209042826/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?206615 |archive-date=9 February 2011 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
In February 1941,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reed|first1=Stanley|author-link1=Stanley Reed (British politician)|title=The Indian And Pakistan Year Book And Who's Who 1950|date=1950|publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman and Co. Ltd.]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15206/page/n718 684]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15206|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> at the age of 22, Lekha was married to [[George Jivajirao Scindia|Jiwajirao Scindia]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Gwalior]].

===Children===
Vijaya Raje and Jiwajirao had four daughters and a son:
#Padmavati Raje 'Akkasaheb' Deb Barman (1942–64), who wed [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]], the 185th ruling [[Tripura Kingdom| Maharaja of Tripura]].
#Usha Raje Rana (born 1943), who wed [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] of the [[Rana dynasty]], [[Nepal|Nepalese]] politician and grandson of the last [[Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Maharajah of Nepal]]. They are the parents of [[Devyani Rana]] and Urvashi Rana.
#[[Madhavrao Scindia]] (1945–2001), Indian politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]] and former Union Minister of [[Railways]], [[Aviation]] and [[Human resources development]], and the titular [[Maharaja of Gwalior]]. He is the father of [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]].
#[[Vasundhara Raje]] (born 1953) [[BJP]] politician and a two-term [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]. She was formerly married to the titular Maharaja of [[Dholpur (princely state)|Dholpur]].
#[[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]], formerly Sports Minister of [[Madhya Pradesh]]

==Politics==
[[File:Vijaya Raje Scindia 2001 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Scindia on a 2001 stamp of India]]
Scindia was initiated into electoral politics in 1957 when she contested and won the [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]] [[Lok Sabha]] seat in Madhya Pradesh on a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ticket. Five years later, she won on a Congress ticket from Gwalior. Later, she quit the Congress and won the Guna seat in 1967 on [[Swatantra Party]]'s ticket. She soon joined [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]] and resigned from Lok Sabha to take part in state politics. She won the [[Karera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karera]] assembly seat in Madhya Pradesh as the Jan Sangh candidate in 1967 and actively engaged in state politics. Jan Sangh defied the Indira-wave in the 1971 Lok Sabha polls to win 3 seats in Gwalior region – Scindia from [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind]], Vajpayee from [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]] and Madhavrao Scindia from [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]], though he later left the party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Shyamlal |date=2020-03-13 |title=The Gwalior dynasty: A short history of the Scindias in Indian politics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-gwalior-dynasty-a-short-history-of-the-scindias-in-indian-politics-6311574/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403052524/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-gwalior-dynasty-a-short-history-of-the-scindias-in-indian-politics-6311574/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Scindia did not contest Lok Sabha elections in 1977 and 1984 and lost to Indira Gandhi in Rae Bareli in 1980. In 1989, she won from Guna as member of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and retained the seat in 1991, 1996 and 1998. She did not contest the elections in 1999 due to old age. She was jailed by [[Indira Gandhi]] during the [[Indian Emergency|Emergency]], ultimately sharing a cell with fellow [[Rajmata]] and [[Member of Parliament|MP]], [[Gayatri Devi]], in [[Tihar Jail]]. In the 1970s, Scindia and her son Madhavrao were involved in a public dispute over property. Animosities heightened due to their differing political ideologies.

She supported the practice of ''[[Sati (practice)|Sati]]'', stating, "self-immolation by a widow in dedication of her husband does not constitute an offence."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narasimhan |first=Sakuntala |title=Sati: Widow burning in India |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=1992 |isbn=9780385423175 |pages=79–81}}</ref>

Scindia came to the forefront of the BJP leadership in 1980 when she was made one of its vice-presidents. She played a key role in popularising the party's ''[[Ram Rath Yatra]]'' and was considered a hardliner. Following the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in December 1992, she had declared that "she could now die without any regret, for she had seen her dream come true."<ref>{{cite web |title=December 6, 1992, a memoir |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/dec/05ram3.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=2 November 2018 |date=5 December 1997}}</ref> She remained a BJP vice-president until 1998 when she stepped down on health grounds and quit electoral politics. She died in January 2001.

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed = no |align = center
|boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
|1 = 1. '''Vijaya Raje Scindia'''
|2 = 2. Thakur Mahendra Singh of Sagar
|3 = 3. Chuda Divyeshwari Devi
|4 = 4. Thakur Sobaran Singh
|5 =
|6 = 6. General ''Raja'' [[Khadga Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]
|7 = 7. ''Rani'' Dhan Kumari Rajya Lakshmi Devi
|8 =
|9 =
|10 =
|11 =
|12 = 12. General H.E. [[Dhir Shamsher Rana]]
|13 = 13. Nanda Kumari [[Thapa dynasty|Thapa]]
|14 =
|15 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Vijaya Raje Scindia}}
*Scindia, Vijayaraje, with Malgonkar, Manohar. ''The Last Maharani of Gwalior: An Autobiography'', State University of New York Press, Albany (1987).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070211050038/http://www.sawnet.org/whoswho/?Scindia+Vijaya+Raje Brief biography]
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jun13/edit.htm#1 From the Tribune newspaper]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scindia, Vijayraje}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scindia dynasty|Vijayraje]]
[[Category:Women in Madhya Pradesh politics]]
[[Category:Queen mothers]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:People from Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Swatantra Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:People from Guna district]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bhind district]]
[[Category:Indian people of Nepalese descent]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]

T. Velmurugan

2026-03-16T22:09:59Z

SondraCleland5: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{BLP sources|date=February 2020}}

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T.Velmurugan
| native_name = தி.வேல்முருகன்
| honorific-suffix =
| office = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| nationality = Indian
| website = https://tvkparty.in/
| state_assembly = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| party = [[Image:Tvk_flag_wikipedia.png|24px]] [[Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi]] (2012 - Present)
| termstart = 2 May 2021
| termend =
| constituency = [[Panruti (state assembly constituency)|Panruti]]
| predecessor = [[Sathya Panneerselvam]]
| termstart1 = 13 May 2001
| termend1 = 13 May 2011
| constituency1 = [[Panruti (state assembly constituency)|Panruti]]
| predecessor1 = [[V. Ramaswamy]]
| successor1 = [[P. Sivakozhundu]]
| image = Velmurugan T.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|04|11}}
| birth_place = [[Cuddalore district|Puliyur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| otherparty = [[File:Pmk flag.jpg|24px]] [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (till 2012)
}}

'''T. Velmurugan''' is an Indian politician and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] as a [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] candidate from [[Panruti (State Assembly Constituency)|Panruti constituency]] in the [[Tamil Nadu state assembly election, 2021|2021]] elections. . He is the founder of [[Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi]] (TVMK) party.<ref name="news18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/former-mla-velmurugan-floats-party-437982.html|title=Former MLA Velmurugan floats party|website=News18|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Velmurugan was born in 1970 in Puliyur Kattusagai village, Kurinchipadi circle, [[Cuddalore district]] as the fifth child of Thirunavukkarasu, Tanakkodi, in a farming family.

At age 15, he was inspired by the Tamil Nadu Liberation Force and attended their meetings and events. In 1987, the government attacked the Tamil Nadu Liberation Force, and Velmurugan and his family fled to [[Chennai]].

== Politics ==
He entered politics as the Tiruvottiyur city secretary of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]].

He was fielded as the candidate of [[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvettiyur]] in the assembly elections held on 24 June 1996 and became the State Youth Secretary.

After [[Panruti S. Ramachandran|Panruti Ramachandran]] left the party, Velmurugan won the post of Unified [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore District]] Secretary. He then became the candidate in [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Panruti Assembly elections]] in 2001, which he won, and was re-elected in 2006.

Velmurugan founded Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi, a Tamil Nadu political party.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-01-17 |title=Former MLA Velmurugan floats party - - Tamil Nadu - ibnlive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/former-mla-velmurugan-floats-party/221577-60-118.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209062627/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/former-mla-velmurugan-floats-party/221577-60-118.html |archive-date=2012-12-09 |accessdate=2012-10-27 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref> The Gangaikondan police registered a case against Velmurugan and 32 other TVK cadres after agitation organized by them against the upcoming unit of [[Pepsi]] at the [[SIPCOT]] Industrial Growth Centre in [[Gangaikondan]] on 27 October 2015.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |title=Case against Velmurugan, 32 others |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/case-filed-against-velmurugan-32-others/article7816346.ece |accessdate=2020-12-23 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
[[File:Velmurgan mla.png|thumb|257x257px]]
== Elections ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Party
!Constituency
!Result
!Votes gained
!%
|-
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Election]]
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|{{Lost}}
|4,559
|2.52%
|-
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001 Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Election]]
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|{{Won}}
|45,963
|37.67%
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Election]]
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|{{Won}}
|54,653
|38.18
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Election]]
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|[[Neyveli Assembly constituency|Neyveli]]
|{{Lost}}
|61,431
|44.72%
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Election]]
|[[TVMK]]
|[[Neyveli Assembly constituency|Neyveli]]
|{{Lost}}
|30,523
|19.17%
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Election]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|{{Won}}
|93,801
|47.6%
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Velmurugan, T.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

Adaalat (TV series)

2026-03-12T19:32:45Z

SondraCleland5: made a info

{{short description|Indian television courtroom drama}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Adaalat.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Courtroom drama]]
| creator = [[Abhimanyu Singh (producer)|Abhimanyu Singh]]
| director = {{Unbulleted_list|Udayan Pradeep Shukla|Suleman Quadri|Rajesh Ranshing|Pratyush Athavale|Amitabh Raina|Pawan Kaul|Rajan Waghdhare}}
| creative_director = {{Unbulleted_list|Chirag Shah|Niraj Kumar Mishra|Amitabh Raina|Sancheeta Bose}}
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Ronit Roy]]|[[Anand Goradia]]|[[Romit Raj]]|[[Shraman Jain]]|[[Sunayana Fozdar]]}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 457
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{Unbulleted_list|Abhimanyuh Singh|Rupali Singh}}
| runtime = 45 minutes
| company = [[Contiloe Entertainment]]
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2010|11|20}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|09|04|df=y}}
}}

'''''Adaalat''''' ({{Translation|''The Court''}}) is an Indian [[television]] [[courtroom drama]] [[anthology series]] about a defence attorney, K. D. Pathak (Karanveer Damyanti Pathak), portrayed by [[Ronit Roy]]. The first season of the show premiered on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] on 20 November 2010 and ran for five years, ending on 11 July 2015. The show aired 431 episodes in its first season. ''Adaalat'' returned for its second season on Sony Entertainment Television on 4 June 2016 and ended on 4 September 2016. The show aired 26 episodes in its second season.
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ronit-Roy-to-be-back-with-Adaalat-season-2/articleshow/52023930.cms|title=Ronit Roy to be back with 'Adaalat' season 2|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 May 2016|archive-date=9 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609200118/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ronit-roy-to-be-back-with-adaalat-season-2/articleshow/52023930.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Adaalat follows K.D. Pathak, a defense lawyer known for his sharp intellect and unconventional methods in the courtroom. The series centers on his efforts to defend clients accused of serious crimes, often taking on cases that appear to be hopeless.

K.D. is characterized by his analytical thinking, attention to detail, and commitment to uncovering the truth. Each episode typically presents a self-contained case in which he exposes flaws in the prosecution's arguments and identifies the real culprit. While he uses creative strategies and at times employs theatrical courtroom demonstrations, his ultimate goal is to ensure that justice prevails rather than simply securing acquittals.

== Cast ==
[[File:Ronit Roy at Sony TV serial Adaalat’s 400 episodes celebration.jpg|thumb|220px|Ronit Roy who played the role of K.D. Pathak]]

=== Main ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ronit Roy]] as Advocate K.D. Pathak/Karan Divakar Pathak
* [[Romit Raj]] as Varun Zaveri, K.D.'s Assistant <ref>{{cite web|title=Adalat actor Romit Raj is inspired by Aamir Khan|date=18 October 2013|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-adalat-actor-romit-raj-is-inspired-by-aamir-khan-1905104|publisher=Dna India|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=24 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024073752/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-adalat-actor-romit-raj-is-inspired-by-aamir-khan-1905104|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shraman Jain]] as Shraman, K.D.'s Assistant<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/adaalat-ropes-in-assistants-for-kd-pathak/story-wNKjobMtkMUmF7Q1Lps7zL.html
|title=Adaalat ropes in assistants for KD Pathak
|access-date=13 February 2020
|website=Hindustan Times
|archive-date=22 October 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022123107/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/adaalat-ropes-in-assistants-for-kd-pathak/story-wNKjobMtkMUmF7Q1Lps7zL.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
* [[Prerna Wanvari]] as Sunaina, K.D.'s Assistant<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Srman-Jain-Prerna-Wanvari-join-KD-on-Adaalat/articleshow/20667673.cms|title=Srman Jain & Prerna Wanvari join KD on Adaalat|last=Tiwari|first=Vijaya|date=19 June 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807093453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Srman-Jain-Prerna-Wanvari-join-KD-on-Adaalat/articleshow/20667673.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sunayana Fozdar]] as Niyati Sharma, K.D.'s Assistant
* Tithi Raaj as Adhira, K.D.'s Assistant
* Niloufer as Mrs. Billimoria, K.D.'s Secretary
* Ajay Kumar Nain as Inspector Shrikant Dave
{{div col end}}

=== Recurring ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Anand Goradia]] in a double role as
** Public Prosecutor Advocate Inder Mohan Jaiswal
** Expert Company Scuba Diving Head Trainer Yash Mohan Jaiswal
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Jhilmil Zaveri
* [[Raja Chaudhary]] as Inspector Suraj Rathore
* Tina Choudhary as Advocate Maya Phadnis
* [[Ami Trivedi]] as Advocate Urmi Dixit
* [[Shikha Singh]] as Advocate Anjali Puri<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shikha-Singh-is-all-set-to-don-the-garb-of-a-black-gown-and-coat-for-the-role-as-a-lawyer-in-Sony-Entertainment-Televisions-Adaalat/articleshow/22160368.cms|title=Shikha Singh to play a lawyer in Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 August 2013|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shikha-Singh-is-all-set-to-don-the-garb-of-a-black-gown-and-coat-for-the-role-as-a-lawyer-in-Sony-Entertainment-Televisions-Adaalat/articleshow/22160368.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Advocate Pranali Gujral
* [[Tarun Khanna (TV actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as Advocate Sudhanshu Jog/ Boxers Tejas Yadav /Arjun Yadav{{efn|Tarun Khanna appeared in two episodics; first as twin brother boxers and second as the Public Prosecutor in a later episodes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tarun-Khanna-in-Adaalat-Devon-Ke-Dev-Mahadev-Rangrasiya/articleshow/35028215.cms|title=Tarun Khanna in Adaalat, Devon Ka Dev mahadev and Rangrasiya|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 May 2014|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tarun-Khanna-in-Adaalat-Devon-Ke-Dev-Mahadev-Rangrasiya/articleshow/35028215.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>|name=|group=}}
* Vaibhavi Upadhyay as Advocate Rubina Khan
* Sheetal Maulik as Advocate Disha
* Aman Mittal as the Judge
* [[Iqbal Azad]] as Advocate Manoj Kumar
* Pratik Dixit as Justice Vishwas
* [[Kushal Punjabi]] as Rehan Khan/Advocate Tarun Bakshi/Prosecutor Atul Paranjpe, a psychopathic [[cannibalistic]] lawyer who wanted to take revenge from KD for his father's death sentence and got jailed.
* [[Gaurav Chopra]] as Advocate /Prosecutor Vishwajeet Ranawat, Kd's law college rival who is ready to throw down KD to become the best lawyer.
* [[Shweta Kawatra]] as Advocate Surveen Khurana
* [[Aashka Goradia]] as Advocate Meera Thakur <ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/aashka-goradia-to-enter-adaalat/|title=Aashka Goradia to enter Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=5 March 2014|archive-date=7 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307123430/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/aashka-goradia-to-enter-adaalat/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Vinay Apte]] as Advocate Meghraj Rane
* [[Sweta Keswani]] as Advocate Aarti Keswani
* [[Karishma Tanna]] as Advocate Anushka Jaffery
* [[Rakshanda Khan]] as Prosuctor/Advocate Pratigya Verma
* [[Ali Merchant]] as Advocate Akram Khan
* [[Manini Mishra]] as Public Prosecutor/Advocate Devyani Bose
* [[Pramod Moutho]] as Advocate Tukaram Avatramani
* [[Suchitra Pillai]] as Public Prosecutor Maya Srivastav<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/suchitra-pillai-lands-cameo-in-adaalat/|title=Suchitra Pillai lands cameo in Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214091454/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/suchitra-pillai-lands-cameo-in-adaalat/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Aashish Kaul]] as Advocate Rajveer Rathore
* [[Tushar Dalvi]] as Advocate Rajnath Salgaonkar
* Rajesh Puri as Public Prosecutor Pramod Jha
* Vishnu Sharma as Public Prosecutor Jaydeep Thakral
*[[Nagesh Bhonsle]] as Ex Public Prosecutor Sharad Bhonsle who was found guilty and was in custody.
* [[Rajesh Puri]] as Public Prosecutor Viren Prajapati
* [[Geetanjali Tikekar]] as Public Prosecutor Suchitra Silwadker
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Public Prosecutor Indrani Singh
* [[Karishma Modi]] as Advocate Anita D' Souza
*[[Rukhsar Rehman]] as Advocate Rukhsar Rehman
* Ravee Gupta as Public Prosecutor Mitali Basu
* Raj Singh as Public Prosecutor Tarun Mehta
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Judge Ashutosh Manchandani
* Chand Dhar as Judge Chand Kumar Hingorani
* Pradeep Shukla as Judge Rishabh Dhingra
* Ajit Mehra as Judge Naresh Chaudhary
* [[Rakesh Kukreti]] as Dhiren Shah
* [[Navina Bole]] as Mrs. Dhiren Shah
* Surabhi Prabhu as Maya
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]] as Sarpanch
* Sukesh Anand as Mr. Majumdar
* Naresh Suri as Judge Manitosh Vohra
* Azaan Rustam Shah as Bunty
* [[Kishwer Merchant]] as Devika, News Presenter (Season 02)
{{div col end}}

=== Guest ===

* [[Shivaji Satam]] as ACP Pradyuman from [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]] (2010–2014)
*[[Aditya Srivastava]] as Senior Inspector Abhijeet from [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]
*[[Dayanand Shetty]] as Senior Inspector Daya from [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]
*[[Dinesh Phadnis]] as Inspector Fredricks from [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]
*[[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]] as Dr. Salunkhe from [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]
*[[Shraddha Musale]] as Dr. Tarika from [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]
*[[Janvi Chheda]] as Sub-Inspector Shreya from [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]
*[[Ansha Sayed]] as Sub-Inspector Purvi from [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]
*Vikas Salgotra as Sub-Inspector Mayur from [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]
* Shahab Khan as Shyamchand Shrivastava
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Karanveer Shekhawat<ref>{{cite news|title=Manav Gohil, Darshan Jariwala & Deepali Pansare in Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Manav-Gohil-Darshan-Jariwala-Deepali-Pansare-in-Adaalat/articleshow/18443472.cms|access-date=11 February 2013|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107005215/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Manav-Gohil-Darshan-Jariwala-Deepali-Pansare-in-Adaalat/articleshow/18443472.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>/Mr. Karnal
* [[Manav Gohil]] as Abhinav Shekhawat
* [[Maya Alagh]] as Damayanti Shekhawat
* [[Nandini Singh]] as Meghla Gupta/Kavya/Sukanya Amrish Goel/ Madhura Shroff<ref>{{cite news|title=Nandini Singh and Sunila Karambelkar in Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nandini-Singh-and-Sunila-Karambelkar-in-Adaalat/articleshow/18852576.cms|access-date=7 March 2013|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nandini-Singh-and-Sunila-Karambelkar-in-Adaalat/articleshow/18852576.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Shahab Khan as Shyamchand Shrivastava
* [[Manish Goel]] as Brijesh Rana
* [[Abir Goswami]] as Amrit Nagpal
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as Anurag Sirohi/Virat
* [[Rucha Gujarathi]] as Kajal Bhandari
* [[Sai Deodhar]] as Advocate Soundarya Sharma<ref>{{cite news|title=Sai Deodhar returns to TV with Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sai-Deodhar-is-all-set-to-return-to-TV-with-Contiloe-Telefilms-Adaalat-/articleshow/34829454.cms|access-date=8 May 2014|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sai-Deodhar-is-all-set-to-return-to-TV-with-Contiloe-Telefilms-Adaalat-/articleshow/34829454.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Rohit Purohit]] as Marco D'Souza
* [[Arun Bakshi]] as Judge Chandrakant Sareen
* [[Vindu Dara Singh]] as Sanjay Bhagat
* [[Shweta Tiwari]] as Revati Amrit Nagpal
* [[Ulka Gupta]] as Naina Dixit
*Chandan Madan as Anand Mishra (Episode-45)/Toofan (Episode-216 and 217)/Zavisco (Episode-152 and 153) and Divyakant Chatrumukhi (Episode-371)
* Govind Agarwal as Ranjit Das
* Zara Barring as Sheena Chauhan
* [[Gavie Chahal]] as Sunil Kamat
* [[Kushal Punjabi]] as Rehan Khan/Atul Paranjpe <ref>{{cite news|title=Kushal Punjabi roped in for Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Adaalat-Kushal-Punjabi-Adaalat/articleshow/23897471.cms|access-date=10 October 2013|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Adaalat-Kushal-Punjabi-Adaalat/articleshow/23897471.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Urja Seth
* [[Divyanka Tripathi|Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya]] as Kumud Sharma/Flavia Gomes
* [[Gufi Paintal]] as Rattan Lal
* [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Saudamini Patel
* Puneet Vashisht as Goga/Nachiket
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Judge Brijnath Goyal
* Rahul Verma Rajput as Abhishek Singh Chaudhary
* Deepali Pansare as Mubina Khatun
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] as Public Prosecutor Rohini Mallik
* [[Vikas Kumar]] as Senior Inspector Damodar Deshmukh
* [[Lilliput (actor)|Lilliput]] as Brijesh Kumar (Babloo Joker)/Peter Fernandes
* [[Hunar Hali]] as Varsha Rai
* [[Aditya Kapadia]] as Mukul Srivastav
* [[Kajal Pisal]] as Anjali
* [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as Boxer Tejas Yadav
* Bhavna Roy as Emillie Gomes
*Nirmal Soni as Prince Roody
* [[Sanjeev Tyagi]] as Dr. Subhankar Ghosh/Dr. Manish Jhanjhani
* [[Usha Poudel]] as Pooja Bhasin
* [[Navina Bole]] as Reena Singh
* [[Neha Janpandit]] as Varsha Mandge
* [[Aastha Chaudhary]] as Riya Malhotra/Nalini Rathore
* Suresh Chatwal as Kishan Chawla
* [[Bharti Singh]] as Aarti Sinha
* [[Vikas Anand]] as Chief Minister Arvind Rao/Jailor/Swami Durvansh/Judge Munsef Khan
* [[Raju Shrestha]] as Abhigyan Rohra/Jaggi Malhotra
* [[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Public Prosecutor Mrs. Thakkar
* Sharad Vyas as Judge Prasad Patil
* [[Chhavi Mittal]] as Dr. Amrita Bakshi
* Dr. Ved Thappar as Public Prosecutor Vikas Pattanayak
* [[Mohit Malik]] as Ankur Lutra
* [[Manish Naggdev]] as Rahul Wadhwa
* [[Vaquar Shaikh]] as Chandrakant Kohli
* Anupam Bhattacharya as Habibul Mirza
* [[Neha Saxena (TV actress)|Neha Saxena]] as Dr. Shyamali Wadhera
* Salim Shah as Mr. Sodhi/Suhail Rizvi/Prof. Kailash Brahmabhatt
* [[Dolly Bindra]] as Sonali (Sweety) Manchanda
* [[Ashita Dhawan]] as Advocate Manjula Tripathi
* [[Raju Srivastav]] as Raju Chaurasia
* [[Yash Dasgupta]] as Sikander Khan/Viraj Anand
* [[Mihir Mishra]] as Bob Smith<ref>{{cite news|title=Mihir Mishra in Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mihir-Mishra-in-Adaalat/articleshow/17463982.cms|access-date=3 December 2012|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mihir-Mishra-in-Adaalat/articleshow/17463982.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Mohan Kapoor]] as Dr. Prashant Suryavanshi<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohan Kapoor & Raja Chaudhary in Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mohan-Kapoor-Raja-Chaudhary-in-Adaalat/articleshow/17677242.cms|access-date=19 December 2012|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mohan-Kapoor-Raja-Chaudhary-in-Adaalat/articleshow/17677242.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]] as Abhay Damle<ref>{{cite news|title=Anuraj Sharma in Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anurag-Sharma-in-Adaalat/articleshow/19457554.cms|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anurag-Sharma-in-Adaalat/articleshow/19457554.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Vineet Raina]] as Debojit Sarkar
* [[Pankaj Dheer]] as Dr. Bhaskaran Reddy<ref>{{cite news|title=Pankaj Dheer in an episode of Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Popular-actor-Pankaj-Dheer-best-known-as-Karna-in-epic-TV-series-Mahabharat-will-soon-be-seen-in-an-episode-of-Contiloe-Telefilms-Adaalat-aired-on-Sony-Entertainment-Television-/articleshow/22329470.cms|access-date=5 September 2013|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Popular-actor-Pankaj-Dheer-best-known-as-Karna-in-epic-TV-series-Mahabharat-will-soon-be-seen-in-an-episode-of-Contiloe-Telefilms-Adaalat-aired-on-Sony-Entertainment-Television-/articleshow/22329470.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Jamshed Jijibhoy
* [[Vishal Malhotra]] as DJ Swaroop<ref>{{cite news|title=Vishal Malhotra, Amit Pachori & Priya Shinde in Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vishal-Malhotra-Amit-Pachori-Priya-Shinde-in-Adaalat/articleshow/18167164.cms|access-date=24 June 2013|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vishal-Malhotra-Amit-Pachori-Priya-Shinde-in-Adaalat/articleshow/18167164.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Manit Joura]] as Sujit Gurumurthy
* [[Falaq Naaz]] as Aarya/Maya/Rubiya Hassan<ref>{{cite news|title=Falaq Naaz in Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Falaq-Naaz-in-Adaalat/articleshow/20085496.cms|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Falaq-Naaz-in-Adaalat/articleshow/20085496.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Leena Jumani]] as Mihika Gada
* [[Amit Tandon]] as Public Prosecutor Rajiv Jain
* [[Arif Zakaria]] as Dr. Ashok Paranjpe
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as Colonel Vikram Desai
* [[Gulki Joshi]] as Advocate Swarna Sabnis
* [[Kurush Deboo]] as Marz Furniturewala
* [[Sachal Tyagi]] as Advocate Bharat Singh Bhardwaj
* [[Sarwar Ahuja]] as Santosh Pillai
* [[Ravi Jhankal]] as Jardan Singh Solanki/Nawal Kishore Shekhawat
* [[Amit Pachori]] as Bhaskar Chaubey
* Raj Premi as Dinkar Bhau
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as Public Prosecutor Vidyut Ranawat
* [[Jayshree Soni]] as Sanjana Acharya
* Santosh Shukla as Krishna
* [[Nidhi Jha]] as Anuradha Sinha
* Bhaskar Pandey as Monty
* Sanjay Swaraj as Dibakar Banerjee
* [[Ankit Arora]] as Bipin Khatri
* [[Amit Dolawat]] as Chandan Singh/Ranveer Ranjha (RR)
* [[Sonal Parihar]] as Anjali Rajput
* [[Charu Asopa]] as Anjali Ranjha
* [[Pooran Kiri]] as Tiwari Seth
* [[Manish Khanna]] as Professor Pranay Dasgupta
* Mandar Jadhav as Abhijeet Malhotra
* Prakash Ramchandani as Kailash Awasthi/Sunil Khanna
* Anoop Gautam as Jatin Sardesai
* [[Shresth Kumar]] as Rajat Malhotra/Akshay Talwar
* [[Akshay Sethi]] as Joydeep/Gajendra<ref>{{cite news|title=Akshay Sethi to do an episodic in Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Akshay-Sethi-to-do-an-episodic-in-Adaalat/articleshow/14430996.cms|access-date=27 June 2012|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Akshay-Sethi-to-do-an-episodic-in-Adaalat/articleshow/14430996.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Akshay also appeared in two distinct roles}}
* Rishi Khurana as Bheema Sapru
* [[Shaleen Malhotra]] as Jamaal Ahmed
* [[Amit Behl]] as Professor Gajendra Mishra<ref>{{cite news|title=Amit Behl returns to Adaalat, Sonia Rakkar to be the new prosecutor|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Amit-Behl-returns-to-Adaalat-Sonia-Rakkar-to-be-the-new-prosecutor/articleshow/16819936.cms|access-date=15 October 2012|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Amit-Behl-returns-to-Adaalat-Sonia-Rakkar-to-be-the-new-prosecutor/articleshow/16819936.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Simple Kaul]] as Renuka Niranjan Sahay/Sunaina Amber Agnihotri
* [[Rishika Mihani]] as Raashi Chopra
* Chestha Bhagat as Kirti Shah
* [[Shiva Rindani]] as Jayant Rao (Dinkar's Henchman)
* [[Saanand Verma]] as Chandu Deshmukh
* [[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Niranjan Sahay
* [[Sheetal Thakkar]] as Pooja Talwar
* Tiya Gandwani as Namita
* [[Parull Chaudhry|Parul Chaudhary]] as Isabelle Fernandes<ref>{{cite news|title=Parul Chaudhary bags a role in Adaalat|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Parul-Chaudhary-bags-a-role-in-Adaalat/articleshow/29016393.cms|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322141222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Parul-Chaudhary-bags-a-role-in-Adaalat/articleshow/29016393.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Monica Khanna]] as Riya Singh
* [[Rishina Kandhari]] as Shikha Singh ([[Anti-Terrorism Squad (India)|ATS]] Head)
* Alok Narula as Ankush Mehra
* [[Meghan Jadhav]] as Vicky Mehra
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Inspector Arvind Singh
* Shahrukh Sadri as Professor Kishore Dixit
* Kishore Pradhan as Yashwant Lohar
* [[Rishabh Shukla]] as Siddhant Gurjar
* Jatin Shah as Kunal Srivastava
* Manoj Verma as Sushant Malhotra
* Mayank Gandhi as Ranjeev Menon
* [[Bhanujeet Sudan]] as Sanjay Rathore
* Alex Gabriel as Kirk Tyler
* [[Kunal Bakshi]] as Jamshed Irani/Satish Tyagi
* Amreen Chakkiwala as Anju Thapar
* Chirag Desai as Vikram/Sathish Khemka
* Bakul Thakkar as Advocate Ashish Lahiri
* [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]] as Trikon
* [[Puru Chibber]] as Tara Singh
* Amit Dhawan as Vipul Sethi
* Malini Kapoor as Aditi Sethi
* Khushboo Tawde as Bindiya Mhatre
* Kishore Pradhan as Yashwant Lohar
* Sharhaan Singh as Aslam Khan
* [[Ishita Vyas]] as Rukmani/Meera Bhagat
* Rudra Kaushish as Nilesh Solanki
* Vishal Puri as Shadab Khan
* Abhinav Kapoor as Joy Sen
* Gopal Sin as Zorawar Ansari
* Vimarsh Roshan as Flight lieutenant Tarun Garg
* [[Sheetal Singh]] as Priya Bansal
* Aarti Rana as Manda Gada/Pavitra Mehta
* Vineet Kumar as Flight Lieutenant Ajeet Rana/Kishore Verma
* Priya Shinde as Meera
* [[Sarita Joshi]] as Kavita Joshi
* [[Shagufta Ali]] as Menka Sharma
* Kannan Arunachalam as Advocate Pachauri/Advocate Rao
* [[Sikandar Kharbanda]] as Public Prosecutor
* Pallavi Dutt in Episode 358
* Himanshu Soni as Aatish Patil in Episode 218 and 219
*Rishabh Jain as Mr. Zubin
*[[Jackky Bhagnani]]
*[[Jimmy Shergill]]
*Ravi kumar bs
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
* [[Mirchi Shiva|Shiva]]
* [[Y. G. Mahendra]]

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | No. of episodes
! colspan="3" | Originally broadcast ([[India]])
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:red"|
|align="center"| [[#Season 1|1]]
|align="center"| 431
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2010|11|20}}
|align="center"|11 July 2015
|-
|style="background:green"|
|align="center"| [[#Season 2|2]]
|align="center"| 26
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2016|06|04}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2016|09|04}}
|-
|}

=== Season 1 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Episode no. !! Name !! Date of Telecast
|-
| 1 || ''Super Star Rehan Khan Is Shot Dead'' || 20 November 2010
|-
| 2 || ''Namdev Bank Robbery Case'' || 27 November 2010
|-
| 3 || ''CID Officer Abhijeet Adaalat Mein'' (CID Officer Abhijeet in Court) (Crossover episode with ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' episode 677 – ''Abhijeet in Jail'') || 4 December 2010
|-
| 4 || ''Neend Ki Bimari Ya Qatl Ka Bahana'' (Sleeping Disease or a Killing Act) || 11 December 2010
|-
| 5 || ''Jaadugar Ki Khooni Talwaar'' (The Killer Sword of a Magician) || 18 December 2010
|-
| 6 || ''KD Ki Jung Supreme Court Mein'' (KD's Fight in Supreme Court) || 25 December 2010
|-
| 7 || ''Qatl Ka Khel'' (Game of Murder) || 1 January 2011
|-
| 8 || ''Mukhyamantri Ka Qatil Kaun?'' (Who is the Chief Minister's Killer?) || 8 January 2011
|-
| 9 || ''Jhooth Ka Sach'' (A Lie's Truth) || 15 January 2011
|-
| 10 || ''Wafadaar Kutte Tintin Ka Bayaan'' (A Loyal Dog Tintin's Statement) || 22 January 2011
|-
| 11 || ''Circus Mein Qatil Kaun?'' (Who is the Killer in the circus?) || 29 January 2011
|-
| 12 || ''Qatil Aatma Adaalat Mein'' (A Deadly Spirit in the Court) || 5 February 2011
|-
| 13 || ''Qatil Pyaar'' (Killer Love) || 12 February 2011
|-
| 14 || ''Qatil Boxer'' (Killer Boxer) || 19 February 2011
|-
| 15 || ''Theatre Mein Qatl'' (Murder in a Theater) || 26 February 2011
|-
| 16 || ''Giant Wheel Par Qatl'' (Murder on a Giant Wheel) || 6 March 2011
|-
| 17 || ''KD Pathak Zinda Daffan'' (KD Pathak Buried Alive) || 12 March 2011
|-
| 18 || ''345 Kilo Ka Qatil'' (Killer weighing 345 kg) || 19 March 2011
|-
| 19 || ''Gumnaam Qatil'' (Unknown Killer) || 26 March 2011
|-
| 20 || ''KD Pathak Jail Mein'' (KD Pathak in Jail) || 2 April 2011
|-
| 21 || ''Lift Mein Qatl'' (Murder in Lift) || 9 April 2011
|-
| 22 || ''Qatil Murti'' (Killer Statue) || 16 April 2011
|-
| 23 || ''Iqbal-E-Jurm'' (Confession) || 23 April 2011
|-
| 24 || ''Begunaah Ghode Ka Kissa'' (An Innocent Horse's Story) || 30 April 2011
|-
| 25 || ''Jalpari'' (Mermaid) || 7 May 2011
|-
| 26 || ''Raaton Ka Raja Saamri'' (Saamri – The King of Night) || 14 May 2011
|-
| 27 || ''Kissa Don Ke Khoon Ka'' (The Case of a Don's Murder) || 21 May 2011
|-
| 28 || ''Flat Mein Qatl'' (Murder in a Flat) || 28 May 2011
|-
| 29 || ''Killed During Marathon '' || 4 June 2011
|-
| 30 || ''Kissa Builder Ke Qatl Ka'' (The Case of a Builder's Murder) || 11 June 2011
|-
| 31 || rowspan=2| ''KD V/s KD'' || 18 June 2011
|-
| 32 || 19 June 2011
|-
| 33 || ''Maut Ka Pyaala'' (Bowl of Death) || 25 June 2011
|-
| 34 || ''Samundar Mein Khoon'' (Murder in the Sea) || 26 June 2011
|-
| 35 || ''Raaz Angry Colonel Ke Khoon Ka'' (The Secret of an Angry Colonel's Murder) || 2 July 2011
|-
| 36 || ''Super Model Ki Hatya Ka Kissa'' (The Case of a Super Model's Murder) || 3 July 2011
|-
| 37 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Kaun'' (Who is the Killer) || 9 July 2011
|-
| 38 || 10 July 2011
|-
| 39 || ''Khoon Ki Dastak'' (Murder's Knock) || 16 July 2011
|-
| 40 || ''Khoon Ka Rishta'' (Bond of Blood) || 17 July 2011
|-
| 41 || ''KD Pathak Ko Chunauti'' (Challenge to KD Pathak) || 23 July 2011
|-
| 42 || ''Kissa Hostel Suicide Ka'' (The Case of the Hostel Suicide) || 24 July 2011
|-
| 43 || ''Pyaar Ke Naam Qatl-E-Aam'' (Murder in the Name of Love) || 30 July 2011
|-
| 44 || ''Murdaghar Khoon Ka Raaz'' (The Secret of the Mortuary Murder) || 31 July 2011
|-
| 45 || ''Kissa Qatil Shekhar Ka'' (The Case of Killer Shekhar) || 6 August 2011
|-
| 46 || ''Comedian Ya Qatil?'' (Comedian or Killer?) || 7 August 2011
|-
| 47 || rowspan=2| ''Kissa CM Ki Secret List Ka'' (The Case of the CM's Secret List) || 13 August 2011
|-
| 48 || 14 August 2011
|-
| 49 || rowspan=2| ''Masoom Gavah'' (Innocent Witness) || 20 August 2011
|-
| 50 || 21 August 2011
|-
| 51 || ''Letter Bomb Murder'' || 27 August 2011
|-
| 52 || ''Chashmadeed Gavah Tota'' (Parrot Eyewitness) || 28 August 2011
|-
| 53 || ''Kissa Taxi Murder Ka'' (The Case of the Taxi Murder) || 3 September 2011
|-
| 54 || ''Shradha 50'' || 4 September 2011
|-
| 55 || ''Mystery of the Alarm Clock'' || 10 September 2011
|-
| 56 || ''KD in Ahmedabad'' || 11 September 2011
|-
| 57 || rowspan=2| ''Pyaar Ya Insaaf'' (Love or Justice) || 17 September 2011
|-
| 58 || 18 September 2011
|-
| 59 || rowspan=2| ''Black Magic Murder'' || 24 September 2011
|-
| 60 || 25 September 2011
|-
| 61 || ''Double Death'' || 1 October 2011
|-
| 62 || ''Jhoota Qatil'' (False Killer) || 2 October 2011
|-
| 63 || ''Ramleela Mein Qatl'' (Murder in Ramayan Play) || 8 October 2011
|-
| 64 || ''Qatil Dandiya Night'' (Killer Dandiya Night) || 9 October 2011
|-
| 65 || ''Raaz Chauthe Chor Ka'' (The Secret of the Fourth Robber) || 15 October 2011
|-
| 66 || ''Faraar'' (Absconding) || 16 October 2011
|-
| 67 || rowspan=2| ''Dave Hiraasat Mein'' (Dave in Custody) || 22 October 2011
|-
| 68 || 23 October 2011
|-
| 69 || rowspan=2| ''Zindagi Milegi Dobara'' (I Will Get Life Again) || 29 October 2011
|-
| 70 || 30 October 2011
|-
| 71 || ''Khoon Ka Jaal'' (Web of Death) || 5 November 2011
|-
| 72 || ''Tunnel Mein Khoon'' (Murder in a Tunnel) || 6 November 2011
|-
| 73 || rowspan=2| ''Dohri Uljhan'' (Double Trouble) || 12 November 2011
|-
| 74 || 13 November 2011
|-
| 75 || ''Waaris'' (Heir) || 19 November 2011
|-
| 76 || rowspan=2| ''Kathputli Ka Khel'' (Game of Puppets) || 26 November 2011
|-
| 77 || 27 November 2011
|-
| 78 || ''Qatil Bawarchi'' (Killer Chef) || 3 December 2011
|-
| 79 || ''Khel Khel Mein'' (In Fun) || 4 December 2011
|-
| 80 || rowspan=2| ''Naagin'' (Serpent) || 10 December 2011
|-
| 81 || 11 December 2011
|-
| 82 || ''Blackmail'' || 17 December 2011
|-
| 83 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Biker'' (Killer Biker) || 24 December 2011
|-
| 84 || 25 December 2011
|-
| 85 || ''Qatil Billi'' (Killer Cat) || 31 December 2011
|-
| 86 || ''Maut Ka Kuvaa'' (Well of Death) || 7 January 2012
|-
| 87 || ''Qatil Dhrishti'' (Killer Sight) || 8 January 2012
|-
| 88 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Judi Hui Judwaa'' (Killer Conjoined Twins) || 14 January 2012
|-
| 89 || 15 January 2012
|-
| 90 || rowspan=2| ''Kissa Honour Killing Ka'' (The Case of Honour Killing) || 21 January 2012
|-
| 91 || 22 January 2012
|-
| 92 || rowspan=2| ''Kissa Masoom Mujrim Ka'' (The Case of an Innocent Criminal) || 28 January 2012
|-
| 93 || 29 January 2012
|-
| 94 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Aghori'' (Killer Aghori) || 4 February 2012
|-
| 95 || 5 February 2012
|-
| 96 || ''Substitute Face'' || 11 February 2012
|-
| 97 || ''Qatil Chor'' (Killer Thief) || 12 February 2012
|-
| 98 || ''Ouija Board Ka Khooni Raaz'' (The Killer Secret of the Ouija Board) || 18 February 2012
|-
| 99 || rowspan=2| ''Sky Diver Ke Qatl Ka Rahasya'' (The Mystery of a Sky Diver's Murder) || 25 February 2012
|-
| 100 || 26 February 2012
|-
| 101 || rowspan=2| ''Haadsa Ya Hatya?'' (Accident or Murder?) || 3 March 2012
|-
| 102 || 4 March 2012
|-
| 103 || rowspan=2| ''Khoon Ki Holi'' (Holi of Murder) || 10 March 2012
|-
| 104 || 11 March 2012
|-
| 105 || rowspan=2| ''Woh Kaun Thi'' (Who Was She) || 17 March 2012
|-
| 106 || 18 March 2012
|-
| 107 || ''KD Ka Saamna Aadamkhor Se'' (KD's Face to Face with a Cannibal) || 24 March 2012
|-
| 108 || ''Humshakal'' (Dopplegänger) || 31 March 2012
|-
| 109 || ''Raajneeti'' (Politics) || 1 April 2012
|-
| 110 || rowspan=2| ''Adrishya Qatil'' (Invisible Killer) || 7 April 2012
|-
| 111 || 8 April 2012
|-
| 112 || rowspan=2| ''Andesha Anhoni Ka'' (Suspicion of Untoward Incident) || 14 April 2012
|-
| 113 || 15 April 2012
|-
| 114 || ''Akhri Fariyadi'' (The Last Complaint) || 21 April 2012
|-
| 115 || rowspan=2| ''KD in Daman'' || 28 April 2012
|-
| 116 || 29 April 2012
|-
| 117 || rowspan=2| ''Waaris Ka Shraap'' (Heir's Curse) || 5 May 2012
|-
| 118 || 6 May 2012
|-
| 119 || ''Iccha Mrityu'' (Death Wish) || 12 May 2012
|-
| 120 || rowspan=2| ''Delhi Mein KD Giraftaar'' (KD Arrested in Delhi) || 19 May 2012
|-
| 121 || 20 May 2012
|-
| 122 || rowspan=2| ''Target: Varun Zaveri'' || 26 May 2012
|-
| 123 || 27 May 2012
|-
| 124 || rowspan=2| ''Inteqaam Suryakiran Ka'' (Suryakiran's Revenge) || 2 June 2012
|-
| 125 || 3 June 2012
|-
| 126 || ''Death Prediction'' || 9 June 2012
|-
| 127 || ''Asli Naqli'' (Real Fake) || 10 June 2012
|-
| 128 || rowspan=2| ''Qatl Ka Akhri Adhyay'' (The Final Chapter of the Murder) || 16 June 2012
|-
| 129 || 17 June 2012
|-
| 130 || rowspan=2| ''Qatal Mankahoor Mummy'' (Murder Mankahoor Mummy) || 23 June 2012
|-
| 131 || 24 June 2012
|-
| 132 || rowspan=2| ''Wafadar Bana Qatil'' (Loyal Turned Killer) || 30 June 2012
|-
| 133 || 1 July 2012
|-
| 134 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Chehra'' (Killer Face) || 7 July 2012
|-
| 135 || 8 July 2012
|-
| 136 || ''Khoon Ki Kushti'' (Wrestling of Murder) || 14 July 2012
|-
| 137 || ''CID Virrudh'' (Against CID) (Crossover episode with ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' between episodes 848 & 849) || 15 July 2012
|-
| 138 || rowspan=2| ''Public Prosecutor KD Pathak'' || 21 July 2012
|-
| 139 || 22 July 2012
|-
| 140 || ''Murder in Theater'' || 28 July 2012
|-
| 141 || ''Hatya Ya Hadsa'' (Murder or Accident) || 29 July 2012
|-
| 142 || rowspan=2| ''Maut Ka Saaya'' (Shadow of Death) || 4 August 2012
|-
| 143 || 5 August 2012
|-
| 144 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Saas'' (Killer Mother-in-law) || 11 August 2012
|-
| 145 || 12 August 2012
|-
| 146 || rowspan=2| ''Indradhanush Qatil'' (Rainbow Killer) || 18 August 2012
|-
| 147 || 19 August 2012
|-
| 148 || rowspan=2| ''Aakhri Race'' (Last Race) || 25 August 2012
|-
| 149 || 26 August 2012
|-
| 150 || rowspan=2| ''Chand Par Hatya'' (Murder on the Moon) || 1 September 2012
|-
| 151 || 2 September 2012
|-
| 152 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Jaadugar'' (Killer Magician) || 8 September 2012
|-
| 153 || 9 September 2012
|-
| 154 || rowspan=2| ''Dacait Ka Insaaf'' (A Dacoit's Justice) || 15 September 2012
|-
| 155 || 16 September 2012
|-
| 156 || rowspan=2| ''Oh My God'' || 22 September 2012
|-
| 157 || 23 September 2012
|-
| 158 || rowspan=2| ''Mental Asylum Mein KD'' (KD in a Mental Asylum) || 29 September 2012
|-
| 159 || 30 September 2012
|-
| 160 || rowspan=2| ''Maa Mayanti Ka Khooni Khulasa'' (Mayanti's Killer Revelation) || 6 October 2012
|-
| 161 || 7 October 2012
|-
| 162 || rowspan=2| ''Rajnaitik Hatyare'' (Political Killer) || 13 August 2012
|-
| 163 || 14 August 2012
|-
| 164 || ''Navratri Mein Hatya Kand'' (Murder in Navratri) || 20 October 2012
|-
| 165 || ''Nakaab Posh Qatil'' (Masked Killer) || 21 October 2012
|-
| 166 || rowspan=2| ''Unjha Ka Shraap'' (Unjha's Curse) || 27 October 2012
|-
| 167 || 28 October 2012
|-
| 168 || rowspan=2| ''Hatyara Robot'' (Murderer Robot) || 3 November 2012
|-
| 169 || 4 November 2012
|-
| 170 || rowspan=2| ''Jaiswal V/s Jaiswal'' || 10 November 2012
|-
| 171 || 11 November 2012
|-
| 172 || rowspan=2| ''KD in Jaipur'' || 17 November 2012
|-
| 173 || 18 November 2012
|-
| 174 || rowspan=2| ''Ragging Hatyakand'' (Ragging Murder) || 24 November 2012
|-
| 175 || 25 November 2012
|-
| 176 || rowspan=2| ''Vishkanya'' (Poison Woman) || 1 December 2012
|-
| 177 || 2 December 2012
|-
| 178 || rowspan=2| ''Hospital Mein Hatya'' (Murder in Hospital) || 8 December 2012
|-
| 179 || 9 December 2012
|-
| 180 || rowspan=2| ''Voodoo Dolls Ka Mayajaal'' (Illusion of Voodoo Dolls) || 15 December 2012
|-
| 181 || 16 December 2012
|-
| 182 || rowspan=2| ''X Mas Murder Mystery'' || 22 December 2012
|-
| 183 || 23 December 2012
|-
| 184 || rowspan=2| ''Target 1 January 2013'' || 29 December 2012
|-
| 185 || 30 December 2012
|-
| 186 || rowspan=2| ''Sting Operation'' || 5 January 2013
|-
| 187 || 6 January 2013
|-
| 188 || rowspan=2| ''Raazdaar Aankhen'' (Secret Eyes) || 12 January 2013
|-
| 189 || 13 January 2013
|-
| 190 || rowspan=2| ''Bhagwaan Ram Hazir Ho'' (Lord Ram Be Present) || 19 January 2013
|-
| 191 || 20 January 2013
|-
| 192 || rowspan=2| ''Dost Ka Badla'' (Friend's Revenge) || 26 January 2013
|-
| 193 || 27 January 2013
|-
| 194 || ''Dengue Se Rahasyamayi Maut'' (Mysterious Death by Dengue) || 2 February 2013
|-
| 195 || ''Chalti Gaadi Mein Khoon'' (Murder in a Moving Car) || 3 February 2013
|-
| 196 || rowspan=2| ''Radio Par Live Murder'' (Murder on Live Radio) || 9 February 2013
|-
| 197 || 10 February 2013
|-
| 198 || ''Judge on Dock'' || 16 February 2013
|-
| 199 || rowspan=2| ''KD Ka Mahayudh'' (KD's Great War) || 23 February 2013
|-
| 200 || 24 February 2013
|-
| 201 || ''Adaalat Mein Bhoot'' (Ghost in Court) || 2 March 2013
|-
| 202 || ''Gawaha Jasoos'' (Spy Witness) || 3 March 2013
|-
| 203 || rowspan=2| ''Hathyari Daayan'' (Murderer Witch) || 9 March 2013
|-
| 204 || 10 March 2013
|-
| 205 || rowspan=2| ''Roller Coaster Par Murder'' (Murder on a Roller Coaster) || 16 March 2013
|-
| 206 || 17 March 2013
|-
| 207 || rowspan=2| ''Khwab Mein Hatya'' (Murder in a Dream) || 23 March 2013
|-
| 208 || 24 March 2013
|-
| 209 || rowspan=2| ''Samundar Mein Hatya'' (Murder in the Ocean) || 30 March 2013
|-
| 210 || 31 March 2013
|-
| 211 || rowspan=2| ''Dehshat Ki Zameen Par KD'' (KD on the Land of Fear) || 6 April 2013
|-
| 212 || 7 April 2013
|-
| 213 || rowspan=2| ''Maut Ki Guhaar'' (Plea of Death) || 13 April 2013
|-
| 214 || 14 April 2013
|-
| 215 || ''The Dwarf Burglar'' || 20 April 2013
|-
| 216 || rowspan=2| ''Jadugar Qatil'' (Magician Killer) || 27 April 2013
|-
| 217 || 28 April 2013
|-
| 218 || rowspan=2| ''Khatre Mein KD'' (KD in Danger) || 4 May 2013
|-
| 219 || 5 May 2013
|-
| 220 || rowspan=2| ''Junjura Ka Junglee Jungle'' (Junjura's Wild Jungle) || 11 May 2013
|-
| 221 || 12 May 2013
|-
| 222 || ''Atankiyon Ki Saazish'' (Conspiracy of Terrorists) || 18 May 2013
|-
| 223 || ''Neta Ki Hatya'' (A Leader's Murder) || 19 May 2013
|-
| 224 || ''Maut Ka Khel'' (Game of Death) || 25 May 2013
|-
| 225 || ''Patni Ka Badla'' (Wife's Revenge) || 26 May 2013
|-
| 226 || ''Maut Ki Awaaz'' (Sound of Death) || 1 June 2013
|-
| 227 || ''KD in Dock'' || 2 June 2013
|-
| 228 || rowspan=2| ''Khamosh Andha Qatil'' (A Silent and Blind Killer) || 8 June 2013
|-
| 229 || 9 June 2013
|-
| 230 || ''Barfili Laash'' (Icy Corpse) || 15 June 2013
|-
| 231 || rowspan=2| ''Shrapit Tapoo'' (Cursed Island) || 22 June 2013
|-
| 232 || 23 June 2013
|-
| 233 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Jinn'' (Killer Djinn) || 29 June 2013
|-
| 234 || 30 June 2013
|-
| 235 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Dayan'' (Killer Witch) || 6 July 2013
|-
| 236 || 7 July 2013
|-
| 237 || rowspan=2| ''Manav Bhedia'' (Werewolf) || 13 July 2013
|-
| 238 || 14 July 2013
|-
| 239 || rowspan=2| ''Anjaan KD'' (Stranger KD) || 20 July 2013
|-
| 240 || 21 July 2013
|-
| 241 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Patrakaar'' (Killer Journalist) || 27 July 2013
|-
| 242 || 28 July 2013
|-
| 243 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil KD'' (Killer KD) || 3 August 2013
|-
| 244 || 4 August 2013
|-
| 245 || rowspan=2| ''Murder on 15 August'' || 10 August 2013
|-
| 246 || 11 August 2013
|-
| 247 || rowspan=2| ''Adrushya Qatil'' (Invisible Killer) || 17 August 2013
|-
| 248 || 18 August 2013
|-
| 249 || rowspan=2| ''Bandh Kamre Ka Raaz'' (The Secret of the Closed Room) || 24 August 2013
|-
| 250 || 25 August 2013
|-
| 251 || rowspan=2| ''Zehreela Shadyantra'' (Poisonous Conspiracy) || 31 August 2013
|-
| 252 || 1 September 2013
|-
| 253 || rowspan=2| ''Alien Attack'' || 7 September 2013
|-
| 254 || 8 September 2013
|-
| 255 || rowspan=2| ''Khoonkhar Parindey'' (Dreaded Birds) || 14 September 2013
|-
| 256 || 15 September 2013
|-
| 257 || rowspan=2| ''Yeti Ka Hamla'' (Yeti's Attack) || 21 September 2013
|-
| 258 || 22 September 2013
|-
| 259 || rowspan=2| ''Adrishya Maa'' (Invisible Mother) || 28 September 2013
|-
| 260 || 29 September 2013
|-
| 261 || rowspan=2| ''Qaatil Makkhi'' (Killer Fly) || 5 October 2013
|-
| 262 || 6 October 2013
|-
| 263 || rowspan=2| ''Electric Man'' || 12 October 2013
|-
| 264 || 13 October 2013
|-
| 265 || rowspan=2| ''Kissa Khoi Yaddasht Ka'' (The Case of Memory Loss) || 19 October 2013
|-
| 266 || 20 October 2013
|-
| 267 || ''Aadamkhor Ped'' (Cannibal Tree) || 26 October 2013
|-
| 268 || rowspan=2| ''Kaal Ka Haiwan'' (Demon of the Dark) || 2 November 2013
|-
| 269 || 3 November 2013
|-
| 270 || rowspan=2| ''Horror Hospital'' || 9 November 2013
|-
| 271 || 10 November 2013
|-
| 272 || rowspan=2| ''Bhootiya Hostel'' (Haunted Hostel) || 16 November 2013
|-
| 273 || 17 November 2013
|-
| 274 || ''Bhootiya Bungalow'' (Haunted Bungalow) || 23 November 2013
|-
| 275 || rowspan=2| ''Rakh Ka Aadimanav'' (Primitive Man of Ash) || 30 November 2013
|-
| 276 || 1 December 2013
|-
| 277 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Pilot'' (Killer Pilot) || 7 December 2013
|-
| 278 || 8 December 2013
|-
| 279 || rowspan=2| ''Rakht Pishaach'' (Blood Vampire) || 14 December 2013
|-
| 280 || 15 December 2013
|-
| 281 || rowspan=2| ''Case Kate Hue Sar Ka'' (The Case of the Severed Head) || 21 December 2013
|-
| 282 || 22 December 2013
|-
| 283 || rowspan=2| ''Jadui Shakti Ka Rahasya'' (The Mystery of the Magical Power) || 28 December 2013
|-
| 284 || 29 December 2013
|-
| 285 || rowspan=2| ''Ichhadhari Naagin'' (Shape-shifting Serpent) || 4 January 2014
|-
| 286 || 5 January 2014
|-
| 287 || rowspan=2| ''Khooni Patang'' (Killer Kite) || 11 January 2014
|-
| 288 || 12 January 2014
|-
| 289 || rowspan=2| ''Qatil Qaidi'' (Killer Prisoner) || 18 January 2014
|-
| 290 || 19 January 2014
|-
| 291 || ''Maayus Joker'' (Sad Clown) || 25 January 2014
|-
| 292 || rowspan=2| ''Humshakal Qaatil'' (Dopplegänger Killer) || 1 February 2014
|-
| 293 || 2 February 2014
|-
| 294 || rowspan=2| ''Zinda Laash'' (Living Corpse) || 8 February 2014
|-
| 295 || 9 February 2014
|-
| 296 || rowspan=2| ''Darr @ The Mall'' (Fear @ the Mall) (Promotional episode for movie ''[[Darr @ the Mall]]'') || 15 February 2014
|-
| 297 || 16 February 2014
|-
| 298 || rowspan=2| ''Anaconda Ka Aatank'' (An Anaconda's Terror) || 22 February 2014
|-
| 299 || 23 February 2014
|-
| 300 || rowspan=2| ''Khooni Professor'' (Killer Professor) || 1 March 2014
|-
| 301 || 2 March 2014
|-
| 302 || rowspan=2| ''Mumbai Ki Rangeen Duniya'' (The Colourful World of Mumbai) || 8 March 2014
|-
| 303 || 9 March 2014
|-
| 304 || rowspan=2| ''High Court Bomber'' || 15 March 2014
|-
| 305 || 16 March 2014
|-
| 306 || rowspan=2| ''Ghoori Dyan'' || 22 March 2014
|-
| 307 || 23 March 2014
|-
| 308 || ''Rahasya Kale Jaadu Ka'' (The Mystery of Black Magic) || 30 March 2014
|-
| 309 || ''Masoom Gawah'' (Innocent Witness) || 6 April 2014
|-
| 310 || ''Antriksh Mein Hatya'' (Murder in Space) || 11 April 2014
|-
| 311 || rowspan=2| ''Rahasyamay Natak'' (Mysterious Play) || 12 April 2014
|-
| 312 || 13 April 2014
|-
| 313 || ''Gumnaam Jahaz Ka Rahasya'' (Mystery of Anonymous Ghost Ship) || 18 April 2014
|-
| 314 || rowspan=2| ''Khooni CD'' (Killer CD) || 19 April 2014
|-
| 315 || 20 April 2014
|-
| 316 || ''Junglee Manav'' (Wild Man) || 25 April 2014
|-
| 317 || rowspan=2| ''Jaadui Maut'' (Magical Death) || 26 April 2014
|-
| 318 || 27 April 2014
|-
| 319 || ''Asambhav Qatl'' (Impossible Murder) || 2 May 2014
|-
| 320 || rowspan=2| ''Victoria'' || 3 May 2014
|-
| 321 || 4 May 2014
|-
| 322 || rowspan=2| ''Shrapit Khanzar'' (Cursed Dagger) || 9 May 2014
|-
| 323 || 10 May 2014
|-
| 324 || ''Murder at Cricket Pitch'' || 11 May 2014
|-
| 325 || rowspan=2| ''Dhundh ka Rahasya'' (Mystery of the fog) || 16 May 2014
|-
| 326 || 17 May 2014
|-
| 327 || ''Khatarnak Fashion'' (Dangerous Fashion) || 18 May 2014
|-
| 328 || rowspan=2| ''Khooni Putla'' (Killer Mannequin) || 23 May 2014
|-
| 329 || 24 May 2014
|-
| 330 || ''Khooni Car Ka Rahasya'' (The Mystery of the Killer Car) || 25 May 2014
|-
| 331 || rowspan=2| ''Khooni Panchhi'' (Killer Bird) || 30 May 2014
|-
| 332 || 1 June 2014
|-
| 333 || ''Murda Qatil'' (Dead Killer) || 6 June 2014
|-
| 334 || rowspan=2| ''Yamraaj'' ([[Yamaraja]]) || 13 June 2014
|-
| 335 || 14 June 2014
|-
| 336 || ''Khooni Khwab'' (Killer Dream) || 15 June 2014
|-
| 337 || rowspan=2| ''Doodh Ka Karz'' (Cost of Milk) || 21 June 2014
|-
| 338 || 22 June 2014
|-
| 339 || ''Rahasya 120 Saal Ka'' (The Mystery of 120 Years) || 6 July 2014
|-
| 340 || rowspan=2| ''Client in Coma'' || 12 July 2014
|-
| 341 || 13 July 2014
|-
| 342 || ''Hit By Train'' || 20 July 2014
|-
| 343 || ''Qatil Billi'' (Killer Cat) || 26 July 2014
|-
| 344 || ''Jaal Tantra Mantra Ka'' (Trap of Black Magic) || 3 August 2014
|-
| 345 || rowspan=2| ''Royal Murder'' || 9 August 2014
|-
| 346 || 10 August 2014
|-
| 347 || ''Deshbhakt Ya Deshdrohi'' (Patriot or Traitor) || 16 August 2014
|-
| 348 || rowspan=2| ''Room No. 666 Ka Rahasya'' (Mystery of Room No. 666) || 22 August 2014
|-
| 349 || 23 August 2014
|-
| 350 || ''Murde Ki Hatya Ka Rahasya'' (The Mystery of a Corpse's Murder) || 29 August 2014
|-
| 351 || ''Badla Pichhle Janam Ka'' (Revenge of the Previous Birth) || 31 August 2014
|-
| 352 || rowspan=2| ''Killer Guitar'' || 5 September 2014
|-
| 353 || 6 September 2014
|-
| 354 || ''Gawah Ya Khooni'' (Witness or Killer) || 7 September 2014
|-
| 355 || rowspan=2| ''Deewana Qatil'' (Killer Fan) || 12 September 2014
|-
| 356 || 13 September 2014
|-
| 357 || ''Ek Khoon Char Aaropi'' (One Murder Four Accused) || 14 September 2014
|-
| 358 || rowspan=2| ''Amnesiac Husband'' || 19 September 2014
|-
| 359 || 20 September 2014
|-
| 360 || ''The Challenger'' || 21 September 2014
|-
| 361 || ''Nausikhiya Chor Ya Beraham Qatil'' (Unskilled Robber or Ruthless Killer) || 26 September 2014
|-
| 362 || ''Murder in Lift'' || 28 September 2014
|-
| 363 || ''Pran Jaaye Par Vachan Na Jaaye'' (Life May Be Lost But Not The Promise) || 5 October 2014
|-
| 364 || rowspan=2| ''Death of a Super Hero'' || 10 October 2014
|-
| 365 || 11 October 2014
|-
| 366 || rowspan=2| ''Shakhchunni'' || 18 October 2014
|-
| 367 || 19 October 2014
|-
| 368 || ''Kadghare Mein Judge'' (Judge on the Box) || 24 October 2014
|-
| 369 || ''Diwali Special'' || 25 October 2014
|-
| 370 || ''KD Ka Vaada'' (KD's Promise) || 31 October 2014
|-
| 371 || ''Bolta Puppet'' (Talking Puppet) || 2 November 2014
|-
| 372 || ''Murder At Play'' || 7 November 2014
|-
| 373 || ''KD Aur Aatma Ka Rahasya'' (The Mystery of KD and the Spirit) || 8 November 2014
|-
| 374 || ''Swami Ji Ka Qatil'' (A Saint's Killer) || 15 November 2014
|-
| 375 || ''Mrs. Billimoria Ka Case'' (Mrs. Billimoria's Case) || 22 November 2014
|-
| 376 || ''Anokhi Chunauti'' (Strange Challenge) || 23 November 2014
|-
| 377 || ''KD and the Crazies'' || 30 November 2014
|-
| 378 || ''Dayan'' (Witch) || 6 December 2014
|-
| 379 || ''Murder by Latter'' || 7 December 2014
|-
| 380 || rowspan=2| ''Shiv Ka Shraap'' (Lord Shiva's Curse) || 13 December 2014
|-
| 381 || 14 December 2014
|-
| 382 || ''CID VS Adaalat – Karmyudh'' (CID VS Court – War of Duty) (Crossover episode with ''CID'') || 20 December 2014
|-
| 383 || ''Resin Attack'' || 21 December 2014
|-
| 384 || ''Scarecrow'' || 27 December 2014
|-
| 385 || ''[[Yaksha]]'' || 28 December 2014
|-
| 386 || ''Outhouse Skeleton'' || 4 January 2015
|-
| 387 || rowspan=2| ''Goa Mein Bhootiya Car'' (The Haunted Car in Goa) || 10 January 2015
|-
| 388 || 11 January 2015
|-
| 389 || ''Lohri Special'' || 17 January 2015
|-
| 390 || ''Murder Sankranti'' || 18 January 2015
|-
| 391 || rowspan=2| ''The Terrorist'' || 24 January 2015
|-
| 392 || 25 January 2015
|-
| 393 || ''Spirit of Border'' || 31 January 2015
|-
| 394 || ''Hunchback'' || 1 February 2015
|-
| 395 || ''The Evil Twin'' || 7 February 2015
|-
| 396 || rowspan=2| ''Haunted House'' || 14 February 2015
|-
| 397 || 15 February 2015
|-
| 398 || rowspan=2| ''The Apartment'' || 21 February 2015
|-
| 399 || 22 February 2015
|-
| 400 || rowspan=2| ''The Chatroom'' || 28 February 2015
|-
| 401 || 1 March 2015
|-
| 402 || rowspan=2| ''Bairagadh Ka Pisaach'' (Pisacha of Bairagadh) || 7 March 2015
|-
| 403 || 8 March 2015
|-
| 404 || rowspan=2| ''The Auto Writer'' || 14 March 2015
|-
| 405 || 15 March 2015
|-
| 406 || rowspan=2| ''Jurassic Jazeera – Dinosaur Special'' || 21 March 2015
|-
| 407 || 22 March 2015
|-
| 408 || rowspan=2| ''Trikon The Magician'' || 28 March 2015
|-
| 409 || 29 March 2015
|-
| 410 || ''Yamraaj Qatil'' (Yama is the Killer) || 5 April 2015
|-
| 411 || rowspan=4| ''KD in Trouble'' || 11 April 2015
|-
| 412 || 12 April 2015
|-
| 413 || 18 April 2015
|-
| 414 || 19 April 2015
|-
| 415 || ''Karate'' || 25 April 2015
|-
| 416 || ''Samay Kaal Ki Dhaal'' (Time Gradient) || 26 April 2015
|-
| 417 || ''The Toon Killer'' || 2 May 2015
|-
| 418 || ''The Hanuman'' || 3 May 2015
|-
| 419 || rowspan=2| ''Manglik'' || 9 May 2015
|-
| 420 || 10 May 2015
|-
| 421 || rowspan=2| ''Zanolox'' || 16 May 2015
|-
| 422 || 17 May 2015
|-
| 423 || ''Zombie Hospital'' || 24 May 2015
|-
| 424 || ''Indian Idol'' || 25 May 2015
|-
| 425 || ''Sleepwalking'' || 31 May 2015
|-
| 426 || ''Mannequine'' || 6 June 2015
|-
| 427 || rowspan=2| ''Dead Again'' || 13 June 2015
|-
| 428 || 14 June 2015
|-
| 429 || rowspan=2| ''Bagh Bahadur'' (Brave Tiger) || 4 July 2015
|-
| 430 || 5 July 2015
|-
| 431 || ''Bhay'' (Fear) || 11 July 2015
|-
|}

=== Season 2 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Episode no. !! Name !! Date of Telecast
|-
| 1 || ''Suicide Ya Murder?''|| 4 June 2016
|-
| 2 || ''Supermodel or Killer''|| 5 June 2016
|-
| 3 || ''Tantric Trisunis Trap''|| 11 June 2016
|-
| 4 || ''Builder Murder Case''|| 12 June 2016
|-
| 5 || ''Hit and Run Case''|| 18 June 2016
|-
| 6 || ''The Jockey''|| 19 June 2016
|-
| 7 || rowspan=2| ''God Man Satyanand''|| 25 June 2016
|-
| 8 || 26 June 2016
|-
| 9 || ''Kalpana's Ailment''|| 2 July 2016
|-
| 10 || ''Sixth Marriage''|| 3 July 2016
|-
| 11 || rowspan=2| ''Ashwatthama's Sword''|| 9 July 2016
|-
| 12 || 10 July 2016
|-
| 13 || ''Rahasyamayi Maut''|| 16 July 2016
|-
| 14 || ''Black Magic''|| 17 July 2016
|-
| 15 || rowspan=2| ''Operation Vijaypath''|| 23 July 2016
|-
| 16 || 24 July 2016
|-
| 17 || ''Will K.D. Lose?''|| 30 July 2016
|-
| 18 || ''Janga Devi''|| 31 July 2016
|-
| 19 || ''Vikrant Is Dead''|| 13 August 2016
|-
| 20 || ''Pandit Is Dead''|| 14 August 2016
|-
| 21 || ''Magical Parrot''|| 20 August 2016
|-
| 22 || ''The Parrot's Revenge''|| 21 August 2016
|-
| 23 || rowspan=2| ''Rose Villa''|| 27 August 2016
|-
| 24 || 28 August 2016
|-
| 25 || rowspan=2| ''Egyptian Mummy''|| 3 September 2016
|-
| 26 || 4 September 2016
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/adaalat-1700000091/season-2 |title=Watch Adaalat All Full Episodes Online |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205125/https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/adaalat-1700000091/season-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Crossover ==
''Adaalat'' had three crossovers with ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''. The first crossover episode aired on both CID & Adaalat on 3 & 4 December 2010. The second crossover titled ''CID Viruddh Adaalat'' aired on 14 & 15 July 2012.<ref name="KD Pathak defends DCP Samsher Singh Chitrole">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/KD-Pathak-defends-DCP-Samsher-Singh-Chitrole/articleshow/14863438.cms|title=KD Pathak defends DCP Samsher Singh Chitrole|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 July 2012|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103200342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/KD-Pathak-defends-DCP-Samsher-Singh-Chitrole/articleshow/14863438.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The third crossover titled as ''CID Vs Adaalat – Karmyudh'' aired on 20 December 2014.<ref name="Sony to screen a telefilm with CID and Adaalat's cast">{{cite news|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42807_Sony-to-screen-a-telefilm-with-CID-and-Adaalats-cast|title=Sony to screen a telefilm with CID and Adaalat's cast|newspaper=afaqs!|date=19 December 2014|access-date=14 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820034826/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42807_Sony-to-screen-a-telefilm-with-CID-and-Adaalats-cast|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.setindia.com/shows/adaalat}}
* {{IMDb title|tt1943898}}

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Courtroom drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian legal television series]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]

Manasa

2026-03-11T20:33:30Z

SondraCleland5: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Hindu folk goddess of snakes}}
{{for|the town in Neemuch district, India|Manasa, Madhya Pradesh}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Manasa Devi.jpg
| caption = A 20th century print of Manasa
| name = Manasa
| affiliation = [[Shaivism]], [[Devi]], [[Nāga]]
| other_names = maroi / mare / monoxa ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]), monośa / ceṅmuṛi kani ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]), mwrwi / kani deu / monosa ([[Hajong language|Hajong]])
| god_of = Goddess of Serpents
| siblings = [[Vasuki]]
| children = [[Astika (Hinduism)|Astika]]
| spouse = [[Jaratkaru]]
| mount = [[Swan]]
| mantra = Ōṁ hrīṁ śrīṁ klīṁ aiṁ manasādēvyai svāhā
| Assamese =
| gender = [[Female]]
| texts = [[Manasamangal Kāvya]]
| festivals = [[Naga Panchami]]
| tree = [[Cactus]]
| parents =
* [[Kashyapa]] and [[Kadru]] (according to scriptures)
* [[Shiva]] (according to ''Mangalakavyas'')
}}

'''Manasa''' ({{Langx|sa|मनसा|translit=Manasā}}) is a [[devi|Hindu goddess]] of snakes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Manasa Devi, Manasā Devī: 1 definition |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/manasa-devi |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061636/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/manasa-devi |url-status=live }}</ref> She is worshipped mainly in [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], [[Bengal]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Assam]] and other parts of [[Northeast India|northeastern India]], chiefly for the prevention and cure of snakebite, and also for fertility and prosperity. In [[Hindu texts]], Manasa is the daughter of sage [[Kashyapa]], sister of [[Vasuki]]—king of Nāgas (serpents)—and wife of sage [[Jaratkaru]]. She is the mother of the sage [[Astika (Hinduism)|Astika]].{{Sfn|Wilkins|2004|p=395}}

In regional tradition, her stories emphasise her bad temper and unhappiness, due to rejection by her father, [[Shiva]], and her husband (Jaratkaru), and the hate of her stepmother [[Chandi]] (Shiva's wife, identified with [[Parvati]] in this context). Manasa is depicted as kind to her devotees, but harsh toward people who refuse to worship her.{{Sfn|McDaniel|2004|p=148}} Denied full godhood due to her mixed parentage, Manasa's aim was to fully establish her authority as a goddess, and to acquire steadfast human devotees.<ref>{{cite book |title= Myths and Legends of India|author = Radice, William|author-link = William Radice|year= 2001|publisher= Viking Penguin Books Ltd.|isbn= 9780670049370|pages= 130–8}}</ref>

== Names ==
In the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' where Manasa is referred in passing mention, she is known as Jaratkaru.{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2022|p=56}} Her most popular name Manasa (lit. "mind-borne") originates from the ''[[Puranas]]'', where she is the mind-borne daughter of the sage Kashyapa.{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2022|p=56}} She is also known as Padmavati in the ''Mangalkavyas'' of Bengal and ''Padmapurana'' of Assam, where the seed of Shiva from the earth reaches the subterranean land of the serpents via the stalk of a lotus (''padma'').{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2022|p=57}} Her epithets also include ''Vishahari'' (''Bishohori'', the destroyer of poison), ''[[Ayoni#Mythology|Ayonisambhava]] (''one not born of a woman) and ''Nityā'' (eternal).{{Sfn|Dowson|2003|p=196}}{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2022|p=57}} Manasa is known by various regional names - Nagmati (Goddess of snakes) in Bihar, Mare (the goddess of disease) and Barmati in Assam.{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2022|p=57}}

==Origin==

Bhattacharya and Sen suggest that Manasa originated in South India as a non-Vedic and non-Aryan goddess and is related to the [[Kannada]] folk snake-goddess Manchamma.{{sfn|Dimock|1962|pp=315-6}} Manasa was originally an [[Adivasi]] (tribal) goddess. She was accepted in the pantheon worshipped by Hindu groups. Later, Dimock suggests that although snake worship is found in the [[Vedas]] (the earliest Hindu scriptures), Manasa - a human goddess of snakes - has "little basis" in early Hinduism.{{sfn|Dimock|1962|pp=312-3}} Bhattacharya suggests another influence on Manasa being the poison-curing [[Mahayana Buddhist]] goddess, Janguli. Janguli shares her swan vehicle and her "poison-destroyer" epithet with Manasa. A theory suggests that Janguli may have been influenced by the Kirata-giri ("the conqueror of all poisons") of the ''[[Atharvaveda]]''.{{sfn|Dimock|1962|p=316-7}} According to McDaniel, she was included in the higher-caste Hindu pantheon, where she is now regarded as a Hindu goddess rather than a tribal one.<ref name="McDaniel p.148">McDaniel p.148</ref>

According to Tate, Manasa as Jaratkaru was initially recognized as a daughter of the sage [[Kashyapa]] and [[Kadru]], the mother of all [[Nāga|naga]]s in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{sfn|Dimock|1962|pp=313-4}}<ref name="tate"/> According to Bhattacharya, the Jaratkaru of the Mahabharata is not the Manasa popular in Bengal.{{sfn|Dimock|1962|p=315}}

By the 14th century, Manasa was identified as the goddess of fertility and marriage rites and was assimilated into the [[Shaiva]] pantheon, related to the god Shiva. Myths glorified her by describing that she saved Shiva after he drank the poison, and venerated her as the "remover of poison". Her popularity grew and spread to southern India, and the cult of her followers began to rival the earliest Shaivism (the cult of Shiva). As a consequence, stories attributing Manasa's birth to Shiva emerged and ultimately Shaivism adopted this indigenous goddess into the Brahmanical tradition of mainstream Hinduism.<ref name="tate">{{cite book |title= Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations|author = Tate, Karen|year= 2005|publisher= CCC Publishing|isbn= 1888729112|page=194}}</ref> Alternatively, Vasudev suggests that the Bengali tale of Manasa reflects rivalry between Shaivism and the goddess-centric [[Shaktism]].{{sfn|Dimock|1962|p=311}}

==Iconography==
[[File:Bangladesh o india orientale, la dea serpente manasa, XI secolo.jpg|thumb| Manasa with her husband [[Jaratkaru]] and son Astika flanked by [[Nāga|Nagas]], 11th century [[Pala Empire|Pala period]] statue from [[Bengal]]]]

Manasa is depicted as a beautiful woman with a golden complexion (hence the nickname Gauri, Golden) and smiling face. She wears red garments and gold jewellery. She has four arms, with her upper right hand holding a [[Shankha|shankh]] (conch) and her left hand holding her favorite flower - a lotus. Her lower left hand holds a snake and the right lower right hand displays ''[[Abhayamudra]]'' (gesture of fearlessness). She is covered with snakes, sitting on a [[lotus platform]] (thus known by her epithet ''Padmalaya'') or standing upon a snake. She is sheltered by the canopy of the hoods of seven [[cobra]]s. Sometimes, she is depicted with a child (assumed to be her son, [[Astika (mythology)|Astika]]) on her lap. Her ''[[vahana]]'' (mount) is a swan. She is also accompanied by Neta (Neto), her female companion.{{Sfn|Wilkins|2004|p=395}}<ref>{{cite book |title= Mythlogical Bonds Between East and West|author = Chaplin, Dorothea |year= 2007|publisher= READ BOOKS|isbn= 9781406739862|pages= 28}}</ref>{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2022|p=58}}

In [[Bengal]], she is rarely seen with her husband, Jaratkaru. In some of her idols she is shown with [[Behula]] and Lakshminder.

==Legend==

===Mahabharata===
The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions Manasa (known here as Jaratkaru) in passing reference in the tale of Jaratkaru and Astika.{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2022|p=56}} Sage [[Jaratkaru]] practised severe austerities and had decided to abstain from marriage. Once, he came across a group of men hanging from a tree upside down. These men were his [[Pitrs|ancestors]], who were doomed to misery as their children had not performed their last rites. So, they advised Jaratkaru to marry and have a son who could free them of those miseries by performing the ceremonies. [[Vasuki]] offered his sister Manasa's hand to Jaratkaru. Manasa gave birth to a son, [[Astika (mythology)|Astika]], who freed his ancestors. Astika also helped in saving the naga race from destruction when King [[Janamejaya]] decided to exterminate them by sacrificing them in his [[yajna]], called the [[Sarpa Satra|sarpa satra]].<ref>Wilkins p.396</ref>

===Puranas===
[[File:India, Calcutta, Kalighat painting, 19th century - Manasa, The Snake Goddess - 2003.106 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumb|[[Kalighat painting]] of goddess Manasā standing on a snake with a few wrapped in her hand, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]]]
The ''[[Purana]]''s are the first scriptures to speak about her birth. They declare that sage Kashyapa is her father, not Shiva as described in the later ''[[Mangalkavya]]''s. Once, when serpents and reptiles had created chaos on the Earth, Kashyapa created the goddess Manasa from his mind (''mana''). The creator god [[Brahma]] made her the presiding deity of snakes and reptiles. Manasa gained control over the earth, by the power of [[mantra]]s she chanted. Manasa then propitiated the god Shiva, who told her to please the god [[Krishna]]. Upon being pleased, Krishna granted her divine [[Siddhi]] powers and ritually worshipped her, making her an established goddess.<ref name = "purana"/>

Kashyapa married Manasa to sage [[Jaratkaru]], who agreed to marry her on the condition that he would leave her if she disobeyed him. Once, when Jaratkaru was awakened by Manasa, he became upset with her because she awakened him too late for worship, and so he left her temporarily.<ref name = "purana">{{cite book |title= Tales from the Puranas|author = Sharma, Mahesh|year= 2005|publisher= Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn= 81-288-1040-5|pages= 38–40}}</ref>

===Mangalkavyas===
The ''[[Mangalkavya]]''s were devotional paeans to local deities such as Manasa, composed in Bengal between the 13th and the 18th centuries. The ''[[Manasamangal Kāvya|Manasa Mangalkavya]]'' by [[Vijay Gupta (poet)|Vijay Gupta]] (Bijoy Gupta, late 15th century){{Sfn|Chakravarty|2022|p=56}} and ''Manasa Vijaya'' (1495) by [[Bipradas Pipilai]] trace the origin and myths of the goddess. However these stray further from Puranaic references probably due to creative licenses exercised. At least fifteen Mangalkavyas dedicated to Manasa are known. Scholar D. C. Sen traced fifty-one versions of her tale.{{sfn|Dimock|1962|p=309}} The ''Padmapurana'' by [[Kamrupi literature#Legends|Sukavi Narayandev]] (17th century) is well-known in Assam, especially performed in [[Ojapali]] dance.{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2022|p=56}}

According to ''Manasa Vijaya'', Manasa was born when a statue of a girl that had been sculpted by Vasuki's mother which was touched by [[Shiva]]'s seed. Vasuki accepted Manasa as his sister, and granted her the charge of poison that was produced when King [[Prithu]] milked the Earth as a cow. When Shiva saw Manasa, he was attracted to her, but she proved to him that he was her father. Shiva took Manasa to his home where his wife, [[Parvati|Chandi]], suspected Manasa of being Shiva's [[concubine]] or co-wife, and insulted Manasa and burnt her left eye, leaving Manasa half-blind.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-04-15 |title=Manasa: the Hindu Snake Goddess {{!}} Mahavidya |url=http://mahavidya.ca/2008/04/15/manasa-the-hindu-snake-goddess/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, when Shiva was dying of poison, Manasa cured him. On one occasion, when Chandi kicked her, Manasa rendered her senseless with a glance of her poison eye. Finally, tired of quarrels between Manasa and Chandi, Shiva deserted Manasa under a tree, but created a companion for her from his tears of remorse, called Neto or Netā.<ref>McDaniel (2004) pp. 149-50</ref>

Later, the sage Jaratkaru married Manasa, but Chandi ruined Manasa's wedding night. Chandi advised Manasa to wear snake ornaments and then threw a frog in the bridal chamber which caused the snakes to run around the chamber. As a consequence, the terrified Jaratkaru ran away from the house. After few days, he returned and Astika, their son, was born.<ref>McDaniel (2004) p. 150</ref>

[[File:Manasa Mangal.jpg|thumb|A scene from Manasa Mangal.]]
Accompanied by her adviser, Neto, Manasa descended to earth to see human devotees. She was initially mocked by the people but then Manasa forced them to worship her by raining calamity on those who denied her power. She managed to convert people from different walks of life, including the [[Muslim]] ruler Hasan, but failed to convert [[Chand Sadagar]]. Manasa wanted to become a mainstream goddess like [[Lakshmi]] or [[Saraswati]]. To get there, she had to achieve the worship of Chand Sadagar who was extremely adamant and took oath not to worship Manasa. Thus to gain his fear and insecurity, Manasa one by one killed his six sons. At last Manasa conspired against two dancers of Indras Court who loved each other, [[Aniruddha|Anirudha]] and [[Uṣā|Usha]]. Anirudh had to take birth as Lakhinder, Chand and Sanaka's seventh son. Usha took birth as Behula and married him. Manasa killed him but Behula floated on water for nine months with the dead body of her husband and finally brought back the lives of the seven sons and the lost prosperity of Chand. At last, he yielded by offering a flower to the goddess with his left hand without even looking at her. This gesture made Manasa so happy that she resurrected all of Chand's sons and restored his fame and fortunes. The ''Mangal kavyas'' say that after this, the worship of Manasa was popular forever.<ref>{{cite book |title= Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists|author = Coomaraswamy, Ananda K.|author2=Sister Nivedita |year= 2003|publisher= Kessinger Publishing|isbn= 0-7661-4515-8|pages= 324–30|author2-link = Sister Nivedita|author-link = Ananda Coomaraswamy}}</ref>

The ''Manasa Mangalkavya'' attributes Manasa's difficulty in attracting devotees to an unjust curse she gave to Chand in his previous life. Chand then retaliated with a counter-curse that worshipping her would not be popular on earth unless he worshipped her also.<ref>McDaniel p.152</ref>

[[Ananda K. Coomaraswamy]] and [[Sister Nivedita]] say, "[The] legend of [Chand Sadagar and] Manasā Devī, [...] who must be as old as the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mykenean]] stratum in Asiatic society, reflects the conflict between the religion of Shiva and that of female local deities in Bengal. Afterwards Manasā or Padmā was recognized as a form of ''[[Shakti]]'', [...] and her worship accepted by [[Shaiva]]s. She is a phase of the mother-divinity who for so many worshippers is nearer and dearer than the far-off and impersonal Shiva...".<ref>
{{cite book |title= Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists|author = Coomaraswamy, Ananda K.|author2=Sister Nivedita |year= 2003|publisher= Kessinger Publishing|isbn= 0-7661-4515-8|pages= 330|author2-link = Sister Nivedita|author-link = Ananda Coomaraswamy}}</ref>

==Worship==
[[File:Manasa puja on the day of Dashahara at a bedi of Euphorbia Neriifolia.jpg|thumb|Manasa puja on the day of Dashahara at a bedi of [[Euphorbia neriifolia]], in [[West Bengal]].]]
[[File:Women with the Manasa Silamurti at Birbhum in 2021.jpg|thumb|Women with the Manasa [[Shaligram|Sila (murti)]] during puja at [[Birbhum]] in 2021]]

Generally, Manasa is worshipped without an image.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Asutosh |date=1965 |title=The Serpent as a Folk-Deity in Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177595 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.2307/1177595 |issn=0385-2342|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A branch of a cactus tree, an earthen pot or an earthen snake image is worshipped as the goddess,{{Sfn|Wilkins|2004|p=395}} though images of Manasa are worshipped too. She is worshipped for protection from and cure of snake bites.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Illustrated_Encyclopedia_of_Hinduism/AbWazgEACAAJ?hl=en |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=415 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roshen |first=Dalal |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hinduism/QcLdoAEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books India PVT, Limited |isbn=978-0-14-342317-1 |pages=547 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Manasa debi Manasa ghot.jpg|thumb|Snake Idol of Goddess Manasa]]
In South Bengal, she is ritually worshipped in the local temples as well as in the houses. Almost every Hindu household has a dedicated shrine for goddess Manasa along with Lord Vishnu (Hari), the duo represented by the branch of cactus tree and tulsi tree respectively.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

The goddess is widely worshipped in the rainy season (especially months of Shravan and Bhadra), when the snakes are most active. Manasa is also a very important fertility deity, and her blessings are invoked for child bearing. She is commonly worshipped alongside her female companion Neta, who is considered a manifestation of her destructive power.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jash |first=Pranabananda |date=1986 |title=The Cult of Manasa in Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141538 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=47 |pages=170 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>{{sfn|Dimock|1962}}{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2022|p=55}} Described as a vindicative goddess in Bengal's Mangalkavyas, Manasa is required to be pleased to avoid her wrath, manifested as snake bite, disease, childlessness or starvation.{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2022|p=55}}

In North Bengal, among the Rajbanshis, Manasa (called Bishohora, Bishohori or Padmavati) is one of the most important goddesses, and her ''thaan'' (shrine) may be found in the courtyard of almost every agrarian household. Among the lower-caste Hindus of East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) too, she is worshipped with great pomp.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Manasa is an especially important deity in Bengal for the mercantile castes. This is because Chando of the ''Manasamangal'' was the first to initiate her worship, and Behula, the heroine of the ''Manasamangal'' was a daughter of the Saha clan (a powerful trading community).{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Manasa is the prime deity of Anga Region, specially in Anga's capital, Champa (now Bhagalpur). It is believed that the story of Chand Saudagar and Behula started from this very place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lrc.bih.nic.in/Gazetteer/Bhagalpur/chapter-II.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwj04d6WzNzyAhUObn0KHaFJCMcQFnoECCQQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3aRw7DUSAkS6nf8jgETuZ7|title=Government of Bihar|website=Lrc.bih.nic.in|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906144420/http://lrc.bih.nic.in/Gazetteer/Bhagalpur/chapter-II.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwj04d6WzNzyAhUObn0KHaFJCMcQFnoECCQQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3aRw7DUSAkS6nf8jgETuZ7|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the old quarters of Champanagar in the city, stands an enormous temple of Manasa. Several artefacts and sculptures found in and around the place made locals believed that it was where Chand Saudagar had his Rajbari. A recent excavation has also found "Loha- Bashor ghor" or "Bashor ghor", the building made specifically for the wedding night of [[Lakhendar]] and [[Behula]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-history-of-angh-mother-vishahari-worship-and-bihula-is-a-witness-of-vishahari-worship-2693163.html|title=मां विषहरी पूजा: बिहुला विषहरी की गाथा का साक्षी है अंग का इतिहास|website=Livehindustan.com|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906144420/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-history-of-angh-mother-vishahari-worship-and-bihula-is-a-witness-of-vishahari-worship-2693163.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Angika]] lokgatha, "Behula Bishari Lokgatha" and the regional art, [[Manjusha Art|Manjusha]] Chitrakatha is full flegedly based on the chronicles of Manasa and the hardships of [[Behula]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://manjushaart.in/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwirgrKMzdzyAhVVaCsKHR8wCSYQFnoECDwQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw278WRp-OHCAh9DHKZqvizg%26cshid%3D1630459028878 |access-date=13 July 2022 |title=Archived copy |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906144422/http://manjushaart.in/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwirgrKMzdzyAhVVaCsKHR8wCSYQFnoECDwQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw278WRp-OHCAh9DHKZqvizg%26cshid%3D1630459028878 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Every year, from 16 to 19 August, [[Bhagalpur division|Bhagalpur]] springs up like a scented flower to worship the local guardian Manasa and commemorate the wedding of [[Behula]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihula-wishhari-worship-will-start-in-bhagalpur-from-16-july-read-full-story-of-bihula-wishhari-21824099.html|title=Bihula Wishhari worship: अंग प्रदेश के खास लोकपर्व का 16 जुलाई से आगाज, पढ़ें- बिहुला विषहरी की कहानी|website=Jagran.com|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906144419/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihula-wishhari-worship-will-start-in-bhagalpur-from-16-july-read-full-story-of-bihula-wishhari-21824099.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Mansa Puja in Bhagalpur.jpg|thumb|Mansa Puja at Deepnagar chowk in Bhagalpur]]

Manasa is also worshipped extensively in Assam, and a form of Oja-Pali (musical folk theatre) is dedicated entirely to her myth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-03-10 |title=Folk Theatre (b): Ojapali |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/puppetry-in-assam/d/doc1085347.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

Manasa is ceremonially worshipped on [[Nag Panchami]] - a festival of snake worship in the Hindu month of [[Shraavana|Shravan]] (July–August). Hindu women observe a fast ([[vrata]]) on this day and offer milk at snake holes.<ref>McDaniel (2002) p.55-57</ref> Manasa devi is worshipped between November and February each year since 120 years at the Manasa Devi mandir at Lala bagan, Kolkata.

==Notable temples==
<gallery>
File:Mansa Devi Temple, Haridwar.JPG|[[Mansa Devi Temple, Haridwar]]
File:A temple in Mansa Devi temple complex, Panchkula near Chandigarh.jpg|[[Mata Mansa Devi Mandir]], [[Panchkula]], near [[Chandigarh]].
File:Manasa mandir.jpg|Mansa Devi Temple, [[Kandra]], Jharkhand
File:Manasha Mandir, (Lala Bagan) Simla Street, Kolkata.jpg|Manasha Puja at Lala Bagan, Simla Street, Kolkata.
</gallery>

* Shri Manasa Devi Temple (Swayambu), Kasimpet(Manasavaram), Karimnagar, Telangana
*Ma Manasha Mandir, Fulidanga, Tarapith - West Bengal
* Mansa Bishari Temple, [[Bhagalpur, Bihar]]
* Mansa Devi Temple, [[Mukkamala, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh]]
* Mansa Devi Temple, [[Naidupeta, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh]]
* Mansa Devi Temple, [[Tilaru, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh]]
* Mansa Devi Temple, [[Dornipadu, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh]]
* Mansa Devi Temple, Kanumalapalle, [[Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh]]
* Mansa Devi Temple, Chinadugam, [[Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh]]
* Mansa Devi Temple, [[Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh]]
* Mansa Devi Temple, [[Nellore, Andhra Pradesh]]
* Mansa Devi Temple, Thurpu Rompidodla, [[Nellore, Andhra Pradesh]]
* Mansa Devi Temple, Vadluru, [[West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh]]
* Ma Manasha Mandir, [[Lake Town, Kolkata, West Bengal]]
* Ma Manasha Mandir, Halshi Bagan, (Lala Bagan) Simla Street, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
* Ma Manasa Mandir, Gopinagar, Khamarchandi, Haripal, Hooghly, West Bengal
* Ma Manasa Mandir, Jakpur, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal

==See also==
* [[Shesha]]
* [[Vasuki]]
* [[Kadru]]
* [[Takshaka]]
* [[Karkotaka]]

==Notes==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Benegal|first= June|last= McDaniel|year= 2004|publisher= Oxford University Press, US|pages= 368 |isbn= 0-19-516790-2 }}
* {{cite book|title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic |first=W. J.|last= Wilkins|year=2004|publisher= Kessinger Publishing|pages=428|isbn= 0-7661-8881-7 |edition=First published: 1882}}
* {{cite book|title=Making Virtuous Daughters and Wives: An Introduction to Women's Brata Rituals in Bengali Folk Religion|first= June|last= McDaniel|year= 2002|publisher= SUNY Press|pages= 144|isbn=0-7914-5565-3}}
* {{Cite journal |jstor = 1062059|title = The Goddess of Snakes in Medieval Bengali Literature|journal = History of Religions|volume = 1|issue = 2|pages = 307–321|last1 = Dimock|first1 = Edward C.|year = 1962|doi = 10.1086/462451|s2cid = 162313578}}
* {{cite book|title=Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History|first=John|last=Dowson|year=2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|pages=|isbn=0-7661-7589-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chakravarty |first=Saumitra |title=The Goddess Re-discovered: Gender and Sexuality in Religious Texts of Medieval Bengal |year=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-63287-3 |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Manasā}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fertility goddesses]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Nāgas]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Snake goddesses]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:Children of Shiva]]
[[Category:Health goddesses]]
[[Category:Childhood goddesses]]
[[Category:Children of Kashyapa]]

Battle of Chinhat

2026-03-06T18:32:41Z

SondraCleland5: updated details

{{Short description|Part of the Indian Rebellion of 1857}}
{{more footnotes|date=May 2011}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Chinhat
|image=
|caption=
|partof=[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
|date=30 June 1857
|place=Ismailganj, near [[Lucknow]], [[Company rule in India|India]]
|result=Rebel victory
|combatant1=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[East India Company]]
|combatant2=Rebels
|commander1=[[Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)|Henry Lawrence]] Col. John Inglis (32nd)
|commander2=[[Barkat Ahmad]] Khan Ali Khan
|strength1=Approx. 700<ref name="Polehampton1858">{{cite book|author=Henry Stedman Poleahampton|title=A Memoir, Letters, and Diary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hltHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA319|year=1858|publisher=R. Bentley|pages=319–}}</ref> '''Infantry''':
* [[32nd Regiment of Foot]] - 300
* 13th, 48th, 71st [[Bengal Native Infantry]] - 230
'''Cavalry'''
* Volunteer cavalry - 40
* Detachments of 1st, 2nd, 3rd Oude Irregular Cavalry - 120
'''Artillery'''
* Horse Light Field Battery - 4 guns
* No 2 Oude Field Battery - 4 guns
* One 8 inch howitzer
|strength2=Approx. 7,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Battle of Chinhat 30 June 1857 |url=https://www.irondukeminiatures.co.uk/p-1-lucknow-front |website=Iron Duke Miniatures |accessdate=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730050639/https://www.irondukeminiatures.co.uk/p-1-lucknow-front |archive-date=30 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Infantry''': approx. 6,000
* 22nd [[Bengal Native Infantry]].
* 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th Oude Irregular Infantry.
* 1st, 2nd Regiments Military Police.
* Local Police Detachment - 300
* Oude talookdars from Ramnugger Dhumeyree and Mahonah
* Levied Infantry
'''Cavalry''' approx. 800
* 15th Bengal Irregular Cavalry
* 1st, 2nd & 3rd Oude Irregular Cavalry
'''Artillery''': 16 guns
* 5th, 7th, 13th Bty. Bengal Artillery
* 1st Bty. Light Field, Oude Irregular Artillery
|casualties1='''Dead''': Col. William Case, CPT. Stephens, Lt. Brackenbury, Thomson (32nd), 112 NCOs and Men. '''Wounded''': Campbell (71st), James (Commissariat) '''Losses''':
* 2 Howitzer,
* 1 9-Pounder<ref name="Polehampton1858" />
|casualties2=589
|}}
{{Campaign box India 1857}}

The '''Battle of Chinhat''' was fought on the morning of 30 June 1857, between British forces and Indian rebels, at Ismailganj, near Chinhat (or Chinhut), Oude (Awad/[[Oudh]]). The British were led by The Chief Commissioner of Oude, Sir [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]]. The insurgent force, which consisted of mutineers from the East India Company's army and retainers of local landowners, was led by [[Barkat Ahmad]], a mutineer officer of the Company's army.

==Opening moves==
Conflicting intelligence reports had indicated the approach of a small insurgent force towards Lucknow. Sir Henry, who was in bad health, under pressure from subordinates and whose fighting days were well behind him, ordered a force consisting of three companies of the [[32nd Regiment of Foot]] (later the [[Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry]]), several companies of the 13th Native Infantry and detachments of other regiments, a small force of [[Sikhs|Sikh]] cavalry and European volunteer cavalry as well as Bengal Artillery (Europeans) and Native Artillery, to proceed up the Faizabad road with the intention of intercepting what he believed to be an opponent several hundred strong.

==The battle==
On approaching Ismailganj, Lawrences's force was suddenly fired on by the insurgents, who greatly outnumbered the British, by about 600 to 6,000. The rebels were in well prepared positions, behind stone walls and in the village, and soon inflicted heavy casualties on Lawrence's force, especially the 32nd Foot. The regiment's acting commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel William Case, was killed, as were several officers. The 13th Native Infantry were slightly more successful in attacking to the right of the village, but the rebels were well entrenched and well led. To the latter fact may be attributed one of the few major victories which rebel forces obtained in open combat with the British, during the whole of the 'Mutiny'.

At a crucial moment, many of Lawrence's soldiers, especially Indian artillerymen, betrayed him by going over to the other side, overturning their guns and cutting the traces on the horses<ref name="HCRE">{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I |year=1889|publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham}}</ref>{{rp|484}} and the Sikh cavalrymen fled. As the British retreated towards the bridge over the Kukrail stream, the only access they had to [[Lucknow]], an outflanking movement by the rebel cavalry threatened to cut them off. A charge by the 36 volunteer cavalrymen, consisting partly of civilians, threw the rebel cavalry into confusion and a significant part of the force was able to cross the bridge and retreat towards [[Lucknow]]. Lawrence ordered a battery of European artillery to occupy the bridgehead, with the intention of dissuading his enemy from following him. The artillery had no ammunition left, but achieved their aim of giving the retreating force a breathing space.

==The retreat==
On the retreat, feats of great courage were performed by those who helped wounded and exhausted men to escape. Prominent among the rescuers were the native troops of the 13th NI, who often abandoned their own wounded in order to help British soldiers. An officer of the 13th NI, then Lieut. [[William George Cubitt]], would be awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for helping save three men of the 32nd Foot.

Seeing that the retreat would be generally successful, Lawrence left the force in order to organize the defence of the Lucknow residency. Brigadier [[John E. W. Inglis|John Inglis]], commanding officer of the 32nd, who had opposed the 'adventure', was left to bring the survivors in. As a last attempt to break the momentum of the rebel pursuit, Lawrence ordered one company of the 32nd, which had not been at Chinhat, to hold the final bridge before Lucknow, over the Gumti river. The success of this company, under Lieut. John Edmondstone, and its orderly retreat under enemy pressure, probably helped save many lives.

By about 11:30 a.m, the retreat had been successfully completed. The British Residency at Lucknow, to which Lawrence withdrew, was then the scene of the [[Siege of Lucknow]] until November 1857.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*[[Martin Richard Gubbins|Gubbins, Martin Richard]], ''Besieged in Lucknow'' (Leonaur Ltd 2006), Reprint of the original edition by Gubbins, ''An Account of the Mutinies in Oudh and of the Siege of the Lucknow Residency'' (Richard Bentley, London 1858).
*Malleson, Col. G.B., ''The Indian Mutiny of 1857'' (Leach & Co 1993). Reprint of original work of the same title, 4th edn. (Seeley and Co., London 1892)
*White, Hugo, ''One And All. A History of the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry''(Tabb House Padstow. 2006)

{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Chinhat}}
[[Category:Battles of the Indian Rebellion of 1857|Chinhat]]
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1857 in India]]
[[Category:June 1857]]

Lambodara (film)

2026-03-04T04:42:09Z

SondraCleland5: started details

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2019 Indian Kannada language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lambodara
| image = Lambodara (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = K. Krishnaraj
| writer = Sailesh
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Visheshwar P. Raghavendra Bhat
| starring = [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] Akanksha
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Arvind S Kashyap|Arvind S. Kashyap]]
| editing =
| music = [[Midhun Mukundan]]
| studio = Vrishank Movie Maker's
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|1|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lambodara''''' is a 2019 Indian Kannada-language romantic comedy directed by K Krishnaraj and starring [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] and Akanksha.

== Cast ==
*[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Lambodara
*Akanksha Gandhi as Nithya
*Dharmanna as Kedarnath
*[[Siddu Moolimani]] as Dubsmash Danny
*[[Achyuth Kumar]] as Lambodara's father
*[[Aruna Balraj]] as Lambodara's mother

==Production ==
K Krishnaraj worked as an assistant director for ''[[Kalaya Tasmai Namaha]]'' (2012). He worked on this film for two to three years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/k-krishnarajs-dream-project-comes-to-life-with-lambodara/articleshow/67437834.cms|title=K Krishnaraj's dream project comes to life with Lambodara|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Dhwani|last=Desai|date=9 January 2019 | accessdate=10 February 2024}}</ref> Yogesh worked on the film for one-and-a-half years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/everyone-can-relate-to-lambodara-yogi/articleshow/67469485.cms|title=Everyone can relate to Lambodara: Yogi |website=The Times of India|date=11 January 2019 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Karthik Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/a-fun-peppy-number-from-lambodara/articleshow/66919880.cms|title=A fun, peppy number from Lambodara |website=The Times of India|date=3 December 2018 }}</ref>
*"Kedi Ivanu" - [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/yogi-shows-off-his-dancing-moves-in-kedi-ivanu/articleshow/67600449.cms|title=Yogi shows off his dancing moves in Kedi Ivanu |website=The Times of India|date=19 January 2019 }}</ref>
*"Geleya" (lyrics by [[Jayanth Kaikini]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/a-new-number-from-lambodara/articleshow/67555564.cms|title=A new number from Lambodara|website=The Times of India|date=16 January 2019 }}</ref>
*"Oh Manase Manase"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/lambodara-to-hit-screens-on-january-11/articleshow/67351040.cms|title=Lambodara to hit screens on January 11 |website=The Times of India|date=2 January 2019 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "''Lambodara'' will just be added to the long list of films where he [Yogesh] fails to impress the audience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/jan/12/lambodara--is-boring-repetitive-1923882.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203112113/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/jan/12/lambodara--is-boring-repetitive-1923882.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2019|title=Lambodara review: The movie is boring, repetitive|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The News Minute]]'' opined that "Watch it if you can enjoy clichéd, lengthy films with a joke here and there".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lambodara-review-yogis-romantic-drama-predictable-few-jokes-94873|title='Lambodara' review: Yogi's romantic drama is predictable with a few jokes|date=11 January 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "''Lambodara'' offers nothing much to keep you interested".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/lambodara/movie-review/67485260.cms|title=Lambodara Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Lambodara by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Nagina (1951 film)

2026-03-04T04:10:53Z

SondraCleland5: started info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nagina
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Ravindra Dave]]
| producer = [[Dalsukh M. Pancholi]]
| writer = K. S. Chaudhry
| narrator =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nutan]]
* [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]]
}}
| music = [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
| cinematography = M. N. Malhotra
| editing = Dharamvir
| distributor =
| production_companies = Pancholi Productions
| released = {{Film date|1951}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nagina''''' is an Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]] suspense thriller film directed by [[Ravindra Dave]], released in 1951 under Pancholi Productions.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p=622}}{{sfn|Booth|2008|p=302}} The film stars [[Nutan]] and [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]] in lead roles. Nutan's performance in it gained her greater recognition.{{sfn|Booch|Doyle|1962|p=122}} The film became a commercial success.{{sfn|Dawar|2006|p=87}}{{sfn|Raheja|Kothari|1996|p=57}} Nutan was aged 15 at the time of its release, and was thus not allowed to attend its premiere as it was certified "[[Motion picture content rating system#India|A]]": (restricted for adults) and she was underage.{{sfn|Booch|Doyle|1962|p=123}}<ref name="Dave19">{{cite news |last1=Dave |first1=Hiren B. |title=Tribute: Director Ravindra Dave, who was 'Ravinbhai' in Hindi films and 'Bapa' for Gujarati cinema |url=https://scroll.in/reel/920201/tribute-director-ravindra-dave-who-was-ravinbhai-in-hindi-films-and-bapa-for-gujarati-cinema |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=16 April 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==

When Shreenath's father is accused of murder, he disappears. Twenty years later, he is believed to be dead, and Shreenath attends the crime scene to find out what happened and possibly clear his father's name. There he meets Mukta, a young and beautiful woman, at a mysterious ancient mansion.

==Cast==

*[[Nutan]] ... Mukta
*[[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]] ... Shreenath (as Nasir)
*[[Bipin Gupta]] ... Raiji
*Hiralalb... Nihal
*Mohana ... Lily
*Goldstein ... Goonga
*Gope ... Dixit
*Shyamlal ... Shreenath's father (as Shamlal)
*Michael ... Lilly's Father

==Music==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Jaikishan]].{{sfn|Booth|2008|p=302}} The film introduced singer [[C. H. Atma]].<ref name="Dave19"/> Author Bradley Shope noted the soundtrack for its jazzy style.{{sfn|Shope|2016|p=161}} The soundtrack marked the first job by Goan music arranger [[Sebastian D'Souza]], who replaced Sunny Castelino halfway through production.{{sfn|Slobin|2008|p=93}} He was noted for his "dance-band arranging skills".{{sfn|Booth|2008|p=241}}

==Release and reception==

The film did well at the box office and, according to ''[[Box Office India]]'', was among the ten highest-grossing Indian films of the year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Box Office 1952 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=158&catName=MTk1Mg== |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208040917/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=158&catName=MTk1Mg== |archive-date=8 December 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Raheja|Kothari|1996|p=57}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nivas |first1=Namita |title=63 years of change |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/63-years-of-change/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 October 2014 |language=en}}</ref> Its success consolidated Nutan's position as a rising star.{{sfn|Booch|Doyle|1962|p=122}} Nutan, accompanied by [[Shammi Kapoor]], went to attend the premiere but could not enter the theatre to watch the film as she was underage.{{sfn|Gahlot|2011|p=18}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vijayakar |first1=Rajiv |title=Shammi Kapoor: The man who lived life King-Size! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shammi-kapoor-man-lived-life-king-size/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> According to Amjad Parvez, the film is memorable for Nasir Khan's appearance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parvez |first1=Amjad |title=Nasir Khan was one of Pakistan's first filmy hero |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/610965/nasir-khan-was-one-of-pakistans-first-filmy-hero/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=Daily Times |date=12 May 2020}}</ref> Author Ashok Raj noted Khan's work in this film alongside a popular actress as a highlight in his career.{{sfn|Raj|2009}} A 1964 issue of ''Film World'' magazine considered the film one of Nutan's most notable films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nutan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3VTAAAAYAAJ |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=Film World |publisher=T.M. Ramachandran |date=1964 |page=93 |language=en |quote=Her notable vehicles are ' Nagina '}}</ref> Author and film critic [[Dinesh Raheja]] considered the film an adults-only film and included it in his list of Nutan's "landmark films".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |author1-link=Dinesh Raheja |title=Forever Nutan |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/05din.htm |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=5 February 2002}}</ref> According to ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', Nutan was written off for her frail looks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhawan |first1=M. L. |title=To the manner born |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060226/spectrum/main8.htm |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=26 February 2006}}</ref> According to author Jagdish Bhatia, in his book ''Celebrities: A Comprehensive Biographical Thesaurus of Important Men and Women in India'', director Dave "took the cine world with storm" with this film, which, "under his supervision, very suspense subject treated so slickly well photographed".{{sfn|Bhatia|1952|p=136}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Jagdish |title=Celebrities: A Comprehensive Biographical Thesaurus of Important Men and Women in India |date=1952 |publisher=Aeon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VqY5AQAAIAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Booth |first1=Gregory D. |title=Behind the Curtain: Making Music in Mumbai's Film Studios |date=13 October 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-029624-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjbiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA302 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gahlot |first1=Deepa |author1-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=Shammi Kapoor: Legends of Indian Cinema |date=4 February 2011 |publisher=SCB Distributors |isbn=978-81-8328-228-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EFXKA2PIOwC&pg=PT58 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Booch |first1=Harish S. |last2=Doyle |first2=Karing |title=Star-portrait: Intimate Life Stories of Famous Film Stars |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhani Book Depot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PEpAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dawar |first1=Ramesh |title=Bollywood: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow |date=2006 |publisher=Star Publications |isbn=978-1-905863-01-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC&pg=PA87 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |last2=Kothari |first2=Jitendra |author1-link=Dinesh Raheja |title=The Hundred Luminaries of Hindi Cinema |date=1996 |publisher=India Book House Publishers |isbn=978-81-7508-007-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HixlAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Ashok |title=Hero Vol.1 |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-02-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT161 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author2-link=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT283 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shope |first1=Bradley |title=American Popular Music in Britain's Raj |date=2016 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-58046-548-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk9-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Slobin |first1=Mark |author1-link=Mark Slobin |title=Global Soundtracks: Worlds of Film Music |date=29 September 2008 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6882-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQw5Ci7sbasC&pg=PA113 |language=en}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0213105}}

[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:1951 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1951 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]

Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain

2026-03-03T23:34:02Z

SondraCleland5: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain
| image = Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain.jpg
| director = Nabh Kumar 'Raju'
| writer = Nabh Kumar 'Raju'
| released = {{Film date|1999|09|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Urmila Matondkar]]
| music = [[Uttam Singh]]
}}

'''''Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedy film]] directed by Nabh Kumar 'Raju'. The music for the movie was composed by [[Uttam Singh]], with lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lehren.com/retro/making/behind-the-scenes/making-hum-tum-pe-marte-hain-govinda-urmila-matondkar/9280/|title=Making Of "Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain" Ft. Govinda And Urmila Matondkar|date=30 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lehren.com/retro/making/song-recordings/lata-mangeshkar-uttam-singh-song-recording-hum-tum-pe-marte-hain/9149/|title=Lata Mangeshkar & Uttam Singh At Song Recording Of "Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain"|date=18 January 2023 }}</ref> The movie was shot in Manipal and Udupi, Karnataka. The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTQrDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Hum+Tum+Pe+Marte+Hain%22&pg=PA201|title=Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|date=5 July 2017|last=Morcom|first=Anna|isbn=978-1-351-56374-1 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story of the film revolves around two neighboring families. One family is headed by Sethji and the other by Devyani. Rahul is Sethji's son. He has just returned to his native town after completing his studies. Radhika, is Devyani's sister-in-law, recently arrived from the village. Sethji considers Radhika his lucky charm, as whenever he sees her, he either wins the chess game with his brother or something auspicious takes place. Radhika and Rahul, predictably, fall in love. Devyani is impressed with her business associate, Dhananjay, who makes iconic entry from helicopter with background music "down down diki diki down". She is also aware of Rahul and Radhika's clandestine meetings, so she offers Radhika's hand in marriage to Dhananjay, who delightedly accepts. Rahul has to prove his love to Devyani.

== Cast ==
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Rahul Kumar
*[[Urmila Matondkar]] as Radhika
*[[Dimple Kapadia]] as Devyani
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Shiv Kumar
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Sattu
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Udhed Singh
*[[Nirmal Pandey]] as Dhananjay
*[[Himani Shivpuri]] as Uma
*[[Sheetal Bedi]] as an [[item number]] "Hum banjaare"

==Soundtrack==

The music for the movie was composed by Uttam Singh, and lyrics were written by Anand Bakshi.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)

|-
| 1
| "Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| 2
| "Jaa Rahe Ho Tum"
| Udit Narayan
|-
| 3
| "O Mere Daddy"
|Udit Narayan, [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| 4
| "Duniya Se Kuchh Lo"
|Udit Narayan, [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
| 5
| "Hum Banjaare Ho"
| Udit Narayan, Shobha Joshi
|-
| 6
| "Ladki Ko Ladka Pasand Nahin"
| Udit Narayan
|-
| 7
| "O Mere Bitwa"
| Hariharan & Udit Narayan
|-
| 8
| "Pyar Mein Door Kya"
| Lata Mangeshkar and Udit Narayan
|-
| 9
| "Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain"
| Instrumental
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0226786}}

[[Category:1999 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Uttam Singh]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Premante Inthe

2026-03-03T18:11:09Z

SondraCleland5: Added the article more to come - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Premante Inthe
| image =
| caption =
| director = Ramana BV
| producer = [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]]
| starring = [[Navdeep]] [[Poonam Bajwa]]
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = [[Hari Anumolu]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2006|04|14|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Premante Inthe''''' ({{translation|''This is How Love is''}}) is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic drama]] movie starring [[Navdeep]] and [[Poonam Bajwa]], directed by Ramana BV. It is a remake of the Hindi movie ''[[Socha Na Tha]]'' (2005).

==Plot==
Veeru ([[Navdeep]]) has a crush on Lizi (Rupali). But he isn't bold enough to get across his emotions to her. His rich family meanwhile wants him to marry another rich girl Pavani ([[Poonam Bajwa]]). But she is also not positively inclined towards marriage. So Veeru and Pavani hatch a plan and scupper the match. Therefore, there is some friction between the families. Meanwhile, Veeru and Pavani strike a good friendship. And he also opens his heart to Lizi. Initially his family opposes the arrangement as she is a Christian. Eventually they agree to the marriage. But on the day of the marriage, Veeru realizes that he is actually in love with Pavani.

== Cast ==
*[[Navdeep]] as Veeru
*[[Poonam Bajwa]] as Pavani
*Jackie
* [[Rupali Ganguly|Rupali]] as Lizi
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
*[[Sarath Babu]]
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
*[[Satya Krishnan]]

== Production ==
Production for the film started in October 2005. A song was shot at the Japanese Garden in [[Ramoji Film City]] in February 2006, which was also the same time that the titled was revealed by the production house.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/title-premanteinthe.html|title=Title Announcement: Premante Inthe|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=11 February 2006|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by Koti. Venkatesh, Tarun, Sumanth, Ram Pothineni, K Vijaya Bhaskar and Trivikram Srinivas attended the audio launch as guests.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-premanteinthe.html | title=Premante Inthe - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Navadeep & Poonam Bajwa |work=Idlebrain.com|date=22 March 2006|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Premante Inte
| extra1 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]], [[Chaitra Ambadipudi]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Manasuni Koncham
| extra2 = [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], [[Anupama Deshpande]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Nee Mounam
| extra3 = Sandeep, [[Chaitra Ambadipudi]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Nidhuralo Neevente
| extra4 = Sandeep
| length4 =
| title5 = Mundey Munipadi
| extra5 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]], [[Chaitra Ambadipudi]]
| length5 =
}}

==Reception==
Navya Vaitla of ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote that "Bad screenplay, poor characterization and lack of freshness are the major flaw. Despite some good moments, you end up feeling it is not that good film in the end. Very very average film".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/premanteinte_review.php |title=Reviews : Movie Reviews |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119124822/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/premanteinte_review.php |archive-date=19 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb title|1248236|Premante Inthe}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Not Out (film)

2026-03-03T12:12:24Z

SondraCleland5: Added the post nd citations - done

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2024 Indian dark comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Not Out
| image = Not Out (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ambarisha M
| producer = {{Ubl| V. Ravi Kumar
| Shamshuddin A}}
| writer = Ambarisha M
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]]
* Ajaya Prithvi
* [[Rachana Inder]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| cinematography = Halesh S
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Rashtrakuta Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|7|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 132 minutes<ref name=":BM1" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =}}
'''''Not Out''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[dark comedy]] film written and directed by Ambarisha M. The film was produced by V. Ravi Kumar and Shamshuddin A under the banner of Rashtrakuta Pictures.<ref name=":TN1" /> The film stars [[P. Ravi Shankar]], Ajaya Prithvi, and [[Rachana Inder]].<ref name=":NIE1" /><ref>{{cite news |date=20 July 2024 |title=Not Out movie review; ಮಧ್ಯಮ ಹುಡುಗನ ಕಾಸು-ಕನಸು |url=https://m.udayavani.com/article/not-out-movie-review/1673828 |work=[[Udayavani]] |language=Kn |access-date=28 August 2024 |archive-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727082846/https://m.udayavani.com/article/not-out-movie-review/1673828 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Ontikoppal Devaraj
* Ajaya Prithvi as Ajay
* [[Rachana Inder]] as Sridevi
* Cockroach Sudhi as Snake Seena
* Salman
* [[Prashanth Siddi]]
* Gopal Krishna Deshpande as Sridhar
* Govinde Gowda as Waiter Michael
* Ashwin Hasan
* Niroop
}}

== Production ==
The film's narrative is inspired by the traditional Indian game of [[Lambs and tigers]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Not Out screenplay is based on the tiger-sheep game: Director Ambarisha |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2022/Nov/29/not-out-screenplay-is-based-on-the-tiger-sheep-game-director-ambarisha-37143.html |work=Cinema Express |date=9 November 2022 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827201847/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/kannada/interviews/2022/Nov/29/not-out-screenplay-is-based-on-the-tiger-sheep-game-director-ambarisha-37143.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":TN1">{{cite news |title=Kannada Film 'Not Out' To Hit Screens On July 19 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kannada-film-not-out-to-hit-screens-on-july-19-article-111290176/amp |work=Times Now |date=26 June 2024 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703212056/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kannada-film-not-out-to-hit-screens-on-july-19-article-111290176/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> The script was written by Ambarisha M during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]].<ref>{{cite news |title='ನಾಟ್‌ ಔಟ್' ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ನರ್ಸ್ ಪಾತ್ರ ಮಾಡಿದ 'ಲವ್ ಮಾಕ್ಟೇಲ್' ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ರಚನಾ ಇಂದರ್‌ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/love-mocktail-fame-rachana-inder-plays-nurse-role-in-not-out-kannada-movie/articleshow/111537127.cms |work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |date=6 July 2024 |language=kn |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827202013/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/love-mocktail-fame-rachana-inder-plays-nurse-role-in-not-out-kannada-movie/amp_articleshow/111537127.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was produced by Rashtrakuta Pictures, with V. Ravi Kumar and Shamshuddin A as producers.<ref>{{cite news |title=An ancient game - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/an-ancient-game/articleshow/95811101.cms |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827201848/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/an-ancient-game/amp_articleshow/95811101.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Ajaya Prithvi, son of V. Ravi Kumar, was cast in the lead role. The principal photography of the film took place in [[Bangalore]] and [[Mysore]].<ref>{{cite news |title='ಕಿಸ್' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕರಿಂದ 'ನಾಟ್ ಔಟ್' ಚಿತ್ರ ಘೋಷಣೆ; ರಚನಾ ಇಂದರ್ ನಾಯಕಿ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kiss-movie-production-second-movie-is-not-out-kannada-movie/articleshow/95742082.cms |work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |date=24 November 2022 |language=kn |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827201847/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kiss-movie-production-second-movie-is-not-out-kannada-movie/amp_articleshow/95742082.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Vinay Lokesh of [[The Times of India]] said that “Director Ambarisha has chosen an edge-of-the-seat subject, nicely intertwined with subplots that include thriller and love elements, almost falling perfectly into place.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Out Movie Review: Not Out Movie Review: A Compelling Story with the Right Twist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/not-out/movie-review/111863097.cms |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Jagadish Angadi of [[Deccan Herald]] said that “The story is presented as a flashback. In a way, the narrative itself is the protagonist.”<ref>{{Cite web |title='Not Out' movie review: A perfect weekend family entertainer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/not-out-movie-review-a-perfect-weekend-family-entertainer-3113420 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Not Out
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 6:40
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| prev_title = [[Ramana Avatara]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title = [[Hiranya (film)|Hiranya]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc =
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Judah Sandhy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Not Out (Title Track) MP3 Song Download {{!}} Not Out (Title Track) @ WynkMusic |url=https://wynk.in/music/song/not-out-title-track/bl_3617389606203_DGA052487073 |website=[[Wynk Music]] |access-date=27 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827201848/https://wynk.in/music/song/not-out-title-track/bl_3617389606203_DGA052487073 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dukha Dugudagala (From "Not Out") (Full Song) - Ambarisha M, Adithi Sagar, Judah Sandhy - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/dukha-dugudagala-from-not-out/J1hcCStqdmk |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=27 August 2024 |date=26 June 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827201850/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/dukha-dugudagala-from-not-out/J1hcCStqdmk |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Not Out Title Track
| length1 = 3:00
| lyrics1 = Pramod Maravanthe
| extra1 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| title2 = Dukha Dugudagala
| length2 = 3:40
| lyrics2 = Ambarisha M
| extra2 = [[Aditi Sagar]]
| total_length = 6:40
}}

== Release ==
=== Marketing ===
The producers used a strategy to promote the film. The first half of the film was made available to the audience at no cost, while a ticket purchase was required to view the second half.<ref>{{cite news |title=First Half Of Kannada Film 'Not Out' Will Be Free To Watch In Theatres; Conditions Apply! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/first-half-of-kannada-film-not-out-will-be-free-to-watch-in-theatres-conditions-apply-article-111551938/amp |work=Times Now |date=7 July 2024 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708230744/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/first-half-of-kannada-film-not-out-will-be-free-to-watch-in-theatres-conditions-apply-article-111551938/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> This approach was announced during the trailer launch event and implemented prior to the film's release.<ref>{{cite news |title='Not Out' makers introduce interesting promotional strategy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jul/08/not-out-makers-introduce-interesting-promotional-strategy |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 July 2024 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827201913/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2024/Aug/27/uttarakhand-maulvi-arrested-for-showing-porn-videos-raping-minor-girls-in-madrasa |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಆಗುತ್ತಿದೆ 'ನಾಟ್ ಔಟ್': ಅರ್ಧ ಸಿನಿಮಾಕ್ಕೆ ಟಿಕೆಟ್ ಇಲ್ಲ! |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/not-out-kannada-movie-to-be-released-on-july-19-mcr-862122.html/amp |work=TV9 Kannada |date=7 July 2024 |language=kn |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708010055/https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/not-out-kannada-movie-to-be-released-on-july-19-mcr-862122.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 2024 |title=ನವತಂಡದ Not Out: ಥ್ರಿಲ್ಲರ್‌ ಹಾದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಜಯ್‌ ಹೆಜ್ಜೆ |url=https://m.udayavani.com/article/not-out-kannada-movie/1673328 |work=[[Udayavani]] |language=Kn |access-date=28 August 2024 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828014120/https://m.udayavani.com/article/not-out-kannada-movie/1673328 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Theatrical release ===
The film was released theatrically on 19 July 2024.<ref name=":TN1" /><ref name=":NIE1">{{cite news |title='Not Out' locks release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jun/26/not-out-locks-release-date |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 June 2024 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827203044/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2024/Aug/27/uttarakhand-maulvi-arrested-for-showing-porn-videos-raping-minor-girls-in-madrasa |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Not Out'' is another film that tries to rekindle the harsh realities of life in the background of the pandemic. That apart, it hardly offers anything even in terms of entertainment."<ref>{{cite news |title=Not Out Movie Review: One More Attempt To Score From The Pandemic Scenario |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/not-out-movie-review-one-more-attempt-to-score-from-the-pandemic-scenario-review-111830150/amp |work=Times Now |date=18 July 2024 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827202904/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/not-out-movie-review-one-more-attempt-to-score-from-the-pandemic-scenario-review-111830150/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "The story is presented as a flashback. In a way, the narrative itself is the protagonist."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angadi |first1=Jagadish |title='Not Out' movie review: A perfect weekend family entertainer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/not-out-movie-review-a-perfect-weekend-family-entertainer-3113420 |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 July 2024 |language=en |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828022610/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/not-out-movie-review-a-perfect-weekend-family-entertainer-3113420 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Vinay Lokesh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote, "A Compelling Story with the Right Twist".<ref>{{cite news |title=Not Out Movie Review: Not Out Movie Review: A Compelling Story with the Right Twist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/not-out/amp_movie_review/111863097.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 July 2024 |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827202906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/not-out/amp_movie_review/111863097.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "It is worth a watch for family audiences."<ref name=":BM1">{{cite news |title=Kannada Movie Review-Not Out : Movie with a message - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-not-out-movie-with-a-message/articleshow/111890243.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 July 2024 |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827203037/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-not-out-movie-with-a-message/amp_articleshow/111890243.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt31734707}}

[[Category:2024 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films about the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]

Arshi Khan

2026-03-02T22:35:32Z

SondraCleland5: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian model and actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arshi Khan
| image = Arshi Khan graces Alt Balaji’s Digital Awards 2018 (17) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Khan in 2018
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active = 2014–present
| known_for = ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]''
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2019)
|}}

'''Arshi Khan''', is an Indian model, actress, [[internet celebrity]], [[reality television]] personality and former politician. She is known for participating in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]''. She joined the [[Indian National Congress]] party to contest the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 elections]] for Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2019 |title=Arshi Khan joins politics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/arshi-khan-follows-in-shilpa-shinde-s-footsteps-joins-politics-1466668-2019-02-27 |access-date=18 May 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Khan was reportedly born in Afghanistan and belonged to a [[Pathans in India|Pathan]] family of [[Bhopal]] although she has also clarified with another statement where it was her grandfather that was from Afghanistan and migrated to Bhopal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arshi opens up on being trolled over her citizenship: 'I am an Indian citizen' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/arshi-khan-opens-up-on-being-trolled-over-her-citizenship-my-roots-are-in-afghanistan-but-i-am-an-indian-citizen-101629349545563.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>Siasat Daily ''[https://archive.siasat.com/news/not-pakistani-im-afghani-pathan-arshi-khan-reveals-her-nationality-2179924/ Not Pakistani, I’m Afghani Pathan: Arshi Khan reveals her nationality]'' 19 August 2021 ''Speaking to SpotBoye, Arshi Khan said that she is Afghani Pathan and her family belongs to the Yusuf Zaheer Pathan ethnic group. She also added that '''her grandfather had migrated from Afghanistan and was a jailer in Bhopal'''. “'''My roots are in Afghanistan even though I was born in India.''' Many people are under the impression that I am from Pakistan, but I am an Indian citizen with Afghan roots,”''</ref> She and her family are possible said to have moved to India when Khan was four years old. Khan did her schooling and graduation at [[Bhopal]]. Later, Khan went to [[Mumbai]] to try her luck in acting and modelling.<ref name="whois">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-who-is-arshi-khan-profile-biography-photos-and-video-4873871/ |title=Bigg Boss 11: Who is Arshi Khan? Profile, Biography, Photos and Video |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 October 2017 |access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref> Khan was a qualified [[physiotherapist]] before she started pursuing a career in acting and modelling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2021 |title=Bigg Boss 14: Is Arshi Khan a professional physiotherapist? Here is what we all know {{!}} Bollywood Life |url=https://today-india.in/entertainment/bigg-boss-14-is-arshi-khan-a-professional-physiotherapist-here-is-what-we-all-know-bollywood-life/ |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=Today India |language=en-US}}</ref>

Recently, Khan opened up about her hardships moving to [[Mumbai]] after eviction from ''[[Bigg Boss 14]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! Arshi Khan: I'm hoping to get married after two years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-arshi-khan-im-hoping-to-get-married-after-two-years/articleshow/80908071.cms |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=14 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
She was chosen to portray a lead role in India's first mainline Bollywood [[4D film|4D]] historical action film titled ''"The Last Emperor".''<ref name=emperor>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Indias-first-Bollywood-4D-film-is-low-budget/articleshow/29905841.cms |title=India's first Bollywood 4D film is low budget? |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> She has also appeared in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''Malli Mishtu.''<ref name="whois"/> In 2017, she was one of the participants in the reality television show ''Bigg Boss 11''. She was earlier considered to participate in the last two seasons of the show.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/arshi-khan-to-take-part-in-bigg-boss-10/22137/ |title=Arshi Khan to take part in 'Bigg Boss 10' |work=BollywoodMantra |access-date=29 December 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172134/https://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/arshi-khan-to-take-part-in-bigg-boss-10/22137/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> During her appearances on the show, she was [[Google]] India's second-most searched entertainer of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2017 |title=Bigg Boss 11's Arshi Khan second most searched entertainer; Sunny Leone tops the list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/bigg-boss-11-arshi-khan-second-most-searched-entertainer-sunny-leone-lifetv-1107267-2017-12-14 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

In 2018, Arshi featured in a Punjabi Music video- Nakhre.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/face-off-arshi-khans-nakhre-vs-hina-khans-bhasoodi/videoshow/64980268.cms |title=Face off! Arshi Khan's 'Nakhre' vs Hina Khan's 'Bhasoodi' |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Khan has been featured in 5 music videos that include "Bandi", which has already gained 4.2 million on YouTube and Nain Nasheele which already has started to hit 2 million worldwide.

She was a participant in [[Bigg Boss 14]], where she joined in as one of the four challenger participants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arshi Khan Bigg Boss 14 Has Bought New Hope to My Life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/arshi-khan-bigg-boss-14-has-brought-new-hope-to-my-life/articleshow/79548939.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 December 2020}}</ref>

Arshi joined The Great Khali's wrestling school CWE in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nandan |title=Viral Video: एक्टिंग छोड़ रेसलर बन गईं अर्शी खान! रिंग में पुरुष पहलवान को मिनटों में किया चित- देखें वीडियो |url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/viral/viral-video-of-arshi-khan-who-beat-wrestler-in-a-minute-in-ring-watch-this-trending-video-5182045/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=india.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Khali's CWE Signs Actress Arshi Khan As A Wrestler |url=https://sportzwiki.com/wwe/actress-arshi-khan-joins-wwes-the-great-khali |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=Sportzwiki |date=13 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In February 2019, Arshi joined [[Indian National Congress]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-shilpa-shinde-bigg-boss-11-fame-arshi-khan-joins-congress/articleshow/68203929.cms |title=After Shilpa Shinde, Bigg Boss 11 fame Arshi Khan joins Congress |newspaper=The Time of India |date=1 March 2019 }}</ref> but later resigned in August due to professional commitments.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/former-bigg-boss-contestant-arshi-khan-quits-politics-here-s-why-1591343-2019-08-25 |title=Former Bigg Boss contestant Arshi Khan quits politics. Here's why |newspaper=India Today |language=en |access-date=31 August 2019 |agency=Ist}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In September 2015, Khan claimed to be in a relationship with Pakistani [[cricket]]er [[Shahid Afridi]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} In the same year she said that self-proclaimed spiritual leader [[Radhe Maa]] ran a [[prostitution ring]], and that she had been approached to join it.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.india.com/news/india/model-arshi-khan-accusses-radhe-maa-of-running-a-sex-racket-539843/ |title=Model Arshi Khan accuses Radhe Maa of running a sex racket |last=Nair |first=Nithya |date=8 September 2015 |work=India.com |access-date=29 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, the [[mufti]] of a [[madrassa]] in Pakistan issued a [[fatwa]] against Khan after she posted pictures of herself to [[Facebook]] wearing a [[bikini]] with a [[hijab]], with another photo of herself in a [[burkha]], after which her Facebook account was blocked.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-11-did-you-know-contestant-arshi-khan-has-done-nude-photoshoots/story-1XWaDODIUjaBzGIKaqUXfP.html |title=Bigg Boss 11: A timeline of contestant Arshi Khan's scandalous past |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 October 2017}}</ref>

During her stay in ''Bigg Boss'' house, an [[arrest warrant]] was issued against her by a court in [[Jalandhar]], which according to the sources was due to allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1586258/4-arrest-warrant-issued-big-boss-contestant-arshi-khan/ |title=Arrest warrant issued against Big Boss contestant Arshi Khan |date=17 December 2017 |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=29 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> Also, during Khan stay actress-model [[Gehana Vasisth]] claimed that Khan has been faking everything about her age, qualifications, and relationship with [[Shahid Afridi]] and is married to a 50-year-old man.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-11-arshi-khan-nudity-sex-controversies-married-ten-cases-gehana-vasisth-lifetv-1070344-2017-10-24 |title=Bigg Boss 11: Queen of controversies Arshi Khan is married, has ten cases against her |date=17 December 2017 |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=29 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2018, Khan claimed that she was boosted out of [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]] on [[Vikas Gupta]] behest and fan made theories comparing the situation Khan was in with [[Shilpa Shinde]] previous controversy with the referenced producer.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss 11's Vikas Gupta ousted Arshi Khan from Khatron Ke Khiladi? The mastermind reacts |language=en-US |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/bigg-boss-11-s-vikas-gupta-ousted-arshi-khan-from-khatron-ke-khiladi-the-mastermind-reacts-1412927-2018-12-19 |access-date=29 December 2017}}</ref>

In 2021, Khan was criticised and trolled for copying [[Lady Gaga]] and wearing a rip-off of her 2020 [[MTV Video Music Awards]] dress at [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]] afterparty.

In March 2021, Khan was being criticised badly after posting a post about Mufti Menk and said that he's an Islamic salesman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2021 |first=Krishna Priya |last=Pallavi |title=Arshi Khan copies Lady Gaga's 2020 VMAs dress for Bigg Boss 14 finale, gets trolled |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/arshi-khan-copies-lady-gaga-s-2020-vmas-dress-for-bigg-boss-14-finale-gets-trolled-1772486-2021-02-24 |access-date=28 February 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arshi Khan gets trolled after her golden outfit turns out to be a rip-off of Lady Gaga's dress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/arshi-khan-gets-trolled-after-her-golden-outfit-turns-out-to-be-a-rip-off-of-lady-gagas-dress/videoshow/81208410.cms |access-date=28 February 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2017
|''Malli Mishtu''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Tamil film debut<ref name="whois"/>
|-
|2014
|''The Last Emperor''
|[[Hindi]]
|Hindi film debut<ref name=emperor/>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]''
|Contestant
|8th place
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 || ''Box Cricket League – Season 3'' || Contestant || Participant in Kolkata's Team<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/whoa-bigg-boss-11-s-arshi-khan-and-hiten-tejwani-to-star-in-this-tv-show-together-1159258-2018-02-01 |title=Whoa! Bigg Boss 11's Arshi Khan and Hiten Tejwani to star in this TV show together |date=1 February 2018 |website=India Today |access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]]''|| Nayantara ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 || ''Box Cricket League – Season 4''|| Contestant || Player for Ajmergarh Royals
|-
|| ''[[Vish (TV series)|Vish]]''|| Kalankini||
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
|Challenger
|8th place
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Shravani (TV series)|Shravani]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-11-fame-arshi-khan-to-enter-shravani-says-ive-always-portrayed-strong-characters-and-julie-is-no-exception/articleshow/104195544.cms |title=Arshi Khan to enter 'Ummeed Ki Roshni Shravani'; says 'I've always portrayed strong characters, and Julie is no exception' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref>
| Julie
|
|-
|}

=== Special appearances ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
|Herself
|-
| ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''|| Herself
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2020
|''Mary Aur Marlow''
|Mary
|
|{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|-
|2020
|''The Evil Desires''
|Kamini
|
|{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|-
|2021
|''Raat Ki Rani Begum Jaan''
|Begum Jaan
|2021
Mail trial
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2021 |title=[Big Movie Zoo] Raat Ki Rani Begum Jaan Web Series Cast, All Episode, Trailer |url=https://www.news23.in/big-movie-zoo-raat-ki-rani-begum-jaan-web-series-cast-all-episode-trailer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215024310/https://www.news23.in/big-movie-zoo-raat-ki-rani-begum-jaan-web-series-cast-all-episode-trailer/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=Bollywood News 23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Artist
! Role
|-
|2017
|''Garamm Chulha Me Hat N Lagava''
|Priya, Rajesh Jha
| rowspan="9" |Herself<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/hina-khan-to-priyank-sharma-five-bigg-boss-11-contestants-who-ve-sizzled-in-music-videos-1288811-2018-07-18 |title=Hina Khan to Priyank Sharma: Five Bigg Boss 11 contestants who've sizzled in music videos |date=18 July 2018 |website=India Today |access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
|''Gaddi Hai Meri Ferrari''
|Vicky Thakur
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2019
|''Bandi''
|Vijay Varma
|-
|''Valentine Rose''
|Vicky Kajla
|-
|''Nain Nasheele''
|SB The Haryanvi
|-
|''Suit Patiyala''
|Akki Aryan
|-
|''Pyar Di ABC''
|Jaidev
|-
|2020
|''Chameli''
|Vijay Varma
|-
|2021
|''Krupa Rahu De''
|Rushikesh Shelar
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Role
! Result
|-
|-
| 2018
| [[India Leadership Conclave]]
| Indian Affairs Entertainer of the Year 2018
| Herself
| {{Won}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
| 2019
| Kalakar Awards
| Popular Internet Celebrity & Entertainer Of The Year 2019
| Herself
| {{Won}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Arshi Khan will participate for the first time in the "[https://fantaserye.su/ullu-web-series-name-list/ Ullu Web Series]". Hotspot Mail Trail 2022.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|9837128}}
*{{Facebook|officialarshik}}
{{Bigg Boss 11}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Arshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bhopal]]
[[Category:Female models from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women in Maharashtra politics]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Maratha–Mysore wars

2026-03-01T01:18:07Z

SondraCleland5: Added Initial Details W/ Infobox - done

{{short description|18th century conflict between the Maratha Empire and the Kingdom of Mysore}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=August 2021}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2025}}
{{Lead too short|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{infobox military conflict
| date = 22 August 1768–April 1787
| place = [[Deccan]]
| result = See [[#Outcome and aftermath|Aftermath]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Maratha Empire]]
*[[Peshwa]]s
'''Supported by: '''
[[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|25px]] [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Madhavrao I]] {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Raghunath Rao]] {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Hari Pant]] {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Murari Rao]] {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Vyankatrao Bhave]] {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Padurang Rao]]{{POW}} {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Konher Rao]]{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Asaf Jah II]] [[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Arastu Jah]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|25px]] [[Hyder Ali]] [[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|25px]] [[Tipu Sultan]] [[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|25px]] Muhammad Ali [[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|25px]] [[Burhanudhin]]
| strength1 = {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} 60,000<ref name="a">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&dq=Tipu+Savanur&pg=PA56 |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96 |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-789-0 |edition=Reprint |location=Bombay |pages=55–57 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] 25,000<ref name="b">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC&q=Tipu+Adoni |title=History of Tipu Sultan |date=2005 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-57-2 |edition=Reprint |location=Delhi |pages=99–100 |language=en}}</ref>
| strength2 = [[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|25px]] 35,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palsokar |first=R. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifE9AAAAMAAJ&q=Tipu+Savanur |title=Tipu Sultan |date=1969 |publisher=Poona |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref>
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| conflict = Maratha-Mysore War
| image = Battle of Adoni, Tuzuk-i-Asafia.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption = [[Siege of Adoni]] (1786)
| territory = Mysore returns all captured territory to the Peshwa
}}

The '''Maratha–Mysore War''' was an 18th-century conflict in [[India]] fought between the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. Though initial hostilities between the sides started in the [[1760s]], the last battle began in February 1785 and ended in 1787.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgnWCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore+War%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA37|isbn=9781400874866|title=South Asian History, 1750-1950: A Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations and Newspapers|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>

== Situation in the 18th century ==

The 18th century saw a steady decline of the once-dominant power on the whole subcontinent – the [[Mughal Empire]]. Apart from the [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|disastrous invasion]] by the [[Afsharid Iran|Afsharid]] ruler of Iran, [[Nader Shah]] in 1739, the Mughals were successfully contested by the Marathas. Meanwhile, the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] was asserting its influence in India and was engaged in a [[Anglo-Mysore wars|series of wars with Mysore]] which eventually resulted in the region falling under [[Company rule in India|Company rule]] near the end of the 18th century.<ref>Chopra et al. (2003), pp. 79–80; Kamath (2001), pp. 233–234</ref>

== Mysore wars with the British ==
[[File:Tippu's cannon.jpg|left|thumb|A cannon used by [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] under [[Tipu Sultan]]]]
Mysore was initially a small kingdom at the beginning of the 1700s. However, able rulers such as [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] transformed the kingdom and [[Westernization|westernized]] the army and it soon turned into a military threat both to the British and the Marathas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA37 |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849 |date=2011-03-30 |publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis) |isbn=978-1-136-79087-4 |location=London |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> Upon Hyder Ali's death in 1782, Mysore covered 80,000 sq. miles and had a population of approximately 6 million people.<ref>Roy Kaushik, "War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849"; 2011; Routledge; p. 74</ref>

Starting from 1767, the Kingdom of Mysore overall had four major military confrontations with the British ([[First Anglo-Mysore War|1767–69]]; [[Second Anglo-Mysore War|1780–84]]; [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|1790–92]]; and [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|1799]]).<ref name=EB1>Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Mysore-Wars</ref>

Around 1761, the commander-in-chief of the state of Mysore, Hyder Ali proclaimed himself absolute ruler of the kingdom and started military campaigns to expand the territory of the state. In 1766, the British East India Company joined forces with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|local ruler]] of [[Hyderabad]] against Hyder Ali, but by 1769, the British were left alone in a war with the Mysore Kingdom. In 1769 Hyder Ali made his way to [[Madras]] (the location of the Company's government) and demanded a [[peace treaty]].<ref name=EB1 />

== Maratha–Mysore wars ==
[[File:The Head of the advanced guard of the Mahratta Army coming to join Earl Cornwallis, near Seringapatam, May 28th 1791.jpg|thumb|The [[Maratha Army]] in 1791]]
After the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]], the son and successor of Hyder Ali the new ruler of Mysore [[Tipu Sultan]], sought to keep offensive moves by the Marathas at bay. The Maratha had established a military alliance with the ruler of Hyderabad with a common purpose of recovering territories both sides had lost to Mysore during previous conflicts. Much of the desired territory was subject to marches, counter-marches, and sieges of fortified points. The Marathas also attempted to draw the British East India Company into the pending conflict, but a neutrality policy implemented by the new [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]], [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Charles Cornwallis]] made its participation difficult. While the Maratha would later aid the British in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]], the final conflict between Mysore and the Maratha by themselves happened in January 1787 in the Siege of Bahadur Benda, where Mysore successfully captured [[Bahadur Fort]] from the Marathas.

===Major conflicts===
*[[Battle of Ooscota]] (1768)
*[[Battle of Saunshi]] (1777)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jaques |first1=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&q=mughal-maratha+wars+battle+of+saunshi&pg=PA1294 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780313335396 |location=Westport, Connecticut}}</ref>
*[[Siege of Nargund (1778)|Siege of Nargund]] (1778)
*[[Second siege of Nargund|Siege of Nargund]] (1785)
*[[Siege of Adoni]] (1786)
*[[Battle of Savanur]] (1786)
*[[Siege of Bahadur Benda]] (1787)

== Outcome and aftermath==
[[File:Anglo-Mysore War 1 and 2.png|thumb|Map of Southern India in 1784|left]]
The Maratha-Mysore War ended after the final conflict during Mysore's successful siege of Bahadur Benda in January 1787, and the Marathas settled for peace with the kingdom of Mysore, to which Tipu Sultan obliged with the signing of the treaty of Gajendragad in April 1787. Tipu who was desperate to focus on defending Mysore from the British agreed to pay an annual tribute of 12 lakhs per year to the Marathas, to end hostilities with them, which would allow him to focus on his rivalry with the British.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hasan |first1=Mohibbul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC&pg=PA105 |title=History of Tipu Sultan |publisher=Aakar Books |year=2005 |isbn=9788187879572 |edition=Reprint |location=Delhi}}</ref><ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=175}}</ref> In addition to this Tipu agreed to return all territories captured by Hyder Ali from the Marathas.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Naravane |first1=Wing Commander (Retired) M. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&q=tipu+48+lacs+maratha&pg=PA175 |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&dq=gajendragad+1787&pg=PA54 ''Anglo-Maratha relations, 1785-96'']</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author1=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=battle+of+gajendragad+mysore+marathas&pg=PA58 |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96, Volume 2 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1994 |isbn=9788171547890 |edition=Reprint |location=Bombay}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan would release Kalopant and return [[Adoni]], [[Kittur]], and [[Nargund]] to their previous rulers. Badami would be ceded to the Marathas. In return, Tipu would get all the places he had captured in the war, including Gajendragarh and [[Dharwad|Dharwar]]. Tipu would also be addressed by the Marathas by an honorary title of "Nabob Tipu Sultan, Fateh Ali Khan".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC&pg=PA105|title=History of Tipu Sultan|date=2005|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-57-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&pg=PA59|title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96|date=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-789-0|language=en}}</ref>

The Marathas however ultimately betrayed Tipu, during the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] the Marathas presented their support to the British East India Company and the British went on to take over Mysore in 1799.<ref name="Moienuddin2000">{{cite book |author=Mohammad Moienuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBFWAAAAYAAJ&q=exclaim |title=Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the Death of Tipu Sultan |publisher=Sangam Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-86311-850-0 |location=London |oclc=48995204}}</ref> However, sometimes after Tipu's death the Marathas themselves would get involved in conflicts with the British who defeated the Marathas by 1819 in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Anglo-Maratha War]] leading to the annexation of their territories by the British and end of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] in India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=Richard |title=Historical Record of the 67th Foot |date=1849 |publisher=Parker, Furnivall & Parker |location=London |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57663/57663-h/57663-h.htm#Page_14}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* Duff, James Grant. [https://books.google.com/books?id=e_Pc4ZQMoy0C&dq=duff%20mahratta%20nargund%201785&pg=PA166 ''A history of the Mahrattas'', Volume 2]
* Kumar, Raj. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5L_2-w13fMMC&dq=nargund+1785&pg=PA71 ''Essays on modern India'']
* Sen, Sailendra Nath. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&dq=gajendragad+1787&pg=PA54 ''Anglo-Maratha relations, 1785-96'']

==References==
{{reflist}}{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maratha-Mysore War}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1786]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1787]]
[[Category:1786 in India]]
[[Category:1787 in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Maratha Empire|*]]

Robi Hansda

2026-02-27T12:40:26Z

SondraCleland5: Added initial post initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian football player}}
{{Notability|1=Sports|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Robi Hansda
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Robi Hansda
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|06|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mongalkote]], [[India]]
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[JHR Royal City FC|JHR Royal City]]
| clubnumber = 9
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Mohan Bagan Academy Fortapur
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = Nongthymmai Sport & Cultural Club
| youthyears3 =
| youthclubs3 = Cossipore Saraswati Club
| years1 = 2021–
| caps1 = 47
| goals1 = 19
| clubs1 = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal State Team]]
| years2 = –2022
| caps2 = 20
| goals2 = 7
| clubs2 = [[Rainbow AC|ASOS]]
| years3 = 2022–2025
| caps3 = 17
| goals3 = 4
| clubs3 = [[Calcutta Customs Club]]
| years4 = 2025
| caps4 = 14
| goals4 = 2
| clubs4 = → [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
| years5 = 2025–
| caps5 = 7
| goals5 = 1
| clubs5 = [[JHR Royal City FC|JHR Royal City]]
| club-update = 21:53, 8 January 2025 (IST)
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Robi Hansda''' ({{langx|bn|রবি হাঁসদা}}; born 9 June 1999) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[forward (association football)|forward]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2024-25-transfer-news-mohammed-sporting-signs-robi-hansda-santosh-trophy-bengal-captain/article69071629.ece|title=ISL 2024-25: Mohammedan Sporting signs Santosh Trophy star Robi Hansda on loan|first=Neeladri|last=Bhattacharjee|date=January 7, 2025|website=Sportstar}}</ref> He currently plays for [[JHR Royal City FC|JHR Royal City]]. He gained national prominence during the [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy]], where he emerged as the tournament's top scorer, leading [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] to victory.<ref>{{cite news
| date = 1 January 2025
| title = Robi Hansda’s late goal secures 33rd Santosh Trophy for Bengal against Kerala
| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/robi-hansdas-late-goal-secures-33rd-santosh-trophy-for-bengal-against-kerala/cid/2074656
| work = [[Telegraph India]]
| location =
| access-date = 3 January 2025
| archive-date = 11 January 2025
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250111004828/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/robi-hansdas-late-goal-secures-33rd-santosh-trophy-for-bengal-against-kerala/cid/2074656
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

== Club career ==
Hansda began his career with Cossipore Saraswati Club before moving to [[Rainbow AC|Rainbow Athletic Club]]. He later joined [[Calcutta Customs Club]], signing a two-year contract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Robi Handsa - AIFF |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/66114?type=club |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

In the [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy]], Hansda became a key player for the [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal team]], scoring a record-breaking 12 goals in the tournament, breaking a longstanding record and earning the Player of the Championship award.<ref>{{cite news
|last =
|first =
|date = 31 December 2024
|title = Santosh Trophy Final: Hansda stuns Kerala with late winner, Bengal clinch 33rd title
|url = https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/12/31/santosh-trophy-final-kerala-west-bengal.html
|publisher = [[Onmanorama]]
|location =
|access-date = 3 January 2025
|archive-date = 3 January 2025
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250103151056/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/12/31/santosh-trophy-final-kerala-west-bengal.html
|url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Subrahmanyam
| first = V. V.
| date = 31 December 2024
| title = Santosh Trophy 2024-25: West Bengal beats Kerala 1-0 to clinch record-extending 33rd title
| url = https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/santosh-trophy-final-west-bengal-beats-kerala-match-report-robi-hansda-news/article69047870.ece
| work =
| location =
| access-date =
| archive-date = 3 January 2025
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250103142838/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/santosh-trophy-final-west-bengal-beats-kerala-match-report-robi-hansda-news/article69047870.ece
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In the winter transfer session of the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]], Hansda was picked by [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://technosports.co.in/robi-hansda-robi-hansda-joins-mohammedan-sc-a/#faq-question-1736188037035|title=ISL: Robi Hansda Joins Mohammedan SC After Santosh Trophy Glory|date=January 7, 2025}}</ref> on loan, while other teams like [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] also were on the lookout for him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISL: Mohammedan SC Secures Robi Hansda After Santosh Trophy Triumph |url=https://www.footboom1.com/en/news/football/2268217-isl-mohammedan-sc-secures-robi-hansda-after-santosh-trophy-triumph |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.footboom1.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111004828/https://www.footboom1.com/en/news/football/2268217-isl-mohammedan-sc-secures-robi-hansda-after-santosh-trophy-triumph |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Robi Hansda was born on 9 June 1999 in Mosharu, a village in Mongalkote, [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. He grew up in a [[Santal people|Santal]] family that faced significant financial challenges. His father, Sultan Hansda, was a daily [[Wage labour|wage laborer]] who later drove a Toto ([[Electric rickshaw]]) to support the family, while his mother, Tulsi Hansda, worked as a laborer.<ref>{{cite news
|last =
|first =
|date =
|title = বাবা-মা হতদরিদ্র জনমজুর, তাঁদের ঘাম-রক্তেই পুষ্ট রবি বাংলাকে করলেন ভারতসেরা...
|url = https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/footballer-robi-hansda-goal-secures-west-bengal-victory-over-kerala-in-santosh-trophy-final_558737.html
|publisher = [[Zee News]]
|location =
|access-date = 3 January 2025
|lang = bn
|archive-date = 3 January 2025
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250103142839/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/footballer-robi-hansda-goal-secures-west-bengal-victory-over-kerala-in-santosh-trophy-final_558737.html
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

From a young age, Hansda displayed a passion for football, with his parents encouraging him despite their modest circumstances. In 2024 his father died unexpectedly, creating a major personal and emotional setback.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Chattopadhyay
|first = Pradip Kumar
|date = 3 January 2025
|title = 'ছেলের সাফল্য দেখে যেতে পারল না বাবা', আক্ষেপ সন্তোষ জয়ী রবির মায়ের
|url = https://bengali.indianexpress.com/west-bengal/reaction-of-rabi-hansdas-mother-who-won-santosh-trophy-8587188
|publisher = [[The Indian Express]]
|location =
|access-date = 3 January 2025
|archive-date = 3 January 2025
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250103142838/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/west-bengal/reaction-of-rabi-hansdas-mother-who-won-santosh-trophy-8587188
|url-status = live
}}</ref> This loss left Hansda contemplating quitting football to focus on supporting his family. He dedicated his success to his father.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.the-aiff.com/article/robi-hansda-brings-smiles-back-for-bengal-in-santosh-trophy-after-seven-years
| title = Robi Hansda brings smiles back for Bengal in Santosh Trophy after seven years
| last =
| first =
| date = 31 December 2024
| website =
| publisher = [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]
| access-date = 3 January 2025
| quote =
| archive-date = 3 January 2025
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250103142840/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/robi-hansda-brings-smiles-back-for-bengal-in-santosh-trophy-after-seven-years
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Dey
| first = Abhishek
| date = 1 January 2025
| title = Bengal wins Santosh Trophy after seven years
| url = https://tripurachronicle.in/sports-news/bengal-wins-santosh-trophy-after-seven-years/
| website = tripurachronicle.in
| location =
| access-date = 3 January 2025
| quote = “That I could score the match-winner is a huge bonus for me. I dedicate this victory to my father,” he added.
}}</ref>
==Honours==
===State===
'''West Bengal'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]
* [[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]] Gold medal: [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/sports/national-games-w-bengal-hammer-kerala-5-0-to-clinch-gold-in-men-s-football-122101101341_1.html|title=National Games: W Bengal hammer Kerala 5–0 to clinch gold in men's football|location=Ahmedabad|agency=IANS|website=wap.business-standard.com|publisher=Business Standard India|date=12 October 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012050045/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/national-games-w-bengal-hammer-kerala-5-0-to-clinch-gold-in-men-s-football-122101101341_1.html|archive-date=12 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/national-games-narohari-shrestha-hat-trick-west-bengal-beats-kerala-5-0-wins-men-football-gold-medal/article65998238.ece|title=National Games: West Bengal routs Kerala 5–0, wins men's football gold medal after 11 years|first=Y. B.|last=Sarangi|location=Ahmedabad|agency=[[The Hindu]]|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=11 October 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012050037/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/national-games-narohari-shrestha-hat-trick-west-bengal-beats-kerala-5-0-wins-men-football-gold-medal/article65998238.ece|archive-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/66114?type=club Robi Hansda at AIFF]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansda, Robi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bengal Super League players]]

Maukharis of Kannauj

2026-02-23T21:48:24Z

SondraCleland5: started new post.

{{Short description|Early medieval dynasty in the Gangetic plains}}
{{About||the branch of the Maukharis that ruled from Gaya|Maukharis of Gaya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Maukhari dynasty
| common_name =
| era = [[Medieval India]]
| status =
| event_start =
| year_start = {{circa|510 CE}}
| date_start =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event_end =
| year_end = {{circa|606 CE}}
| date_end =
| p1 = Later Guptas
| p2 = Alchon Huns
| p3 = Maukharis of Gaya
| s1 = Later Guptas
| s2 = Pushyabhuti dynasty
| s3 = Gauda Kingdom
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| image_map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image = Map of the Maukharis.png
|float = center
|width = 290 
|border = none
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief = yes
|places =
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|106|[[Mori Rajputs|MORIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|[[550 CE|South-Asia 550-600 CE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|80|90|[[Pratiharas of Mandavyapura|PRATIHARAS]] |font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|215|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|190|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|200|[[Chera dynasty|CHERAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|220|125|[[Samatata|SAMATATAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|220|110|[[Gauda Kingdom|GAUDAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|98|[[Varman dynasty|VARMANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|175|[[Pallava dynasty|PALLAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|34|[[Nezak Huns|NEZAKS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|75|48|[[Alchon Huns|ALCHONS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|102|40|[[Gonanda dynasty (II)|GONANDAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|110|140|[[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|KALACHURIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|155|130|[[Nala dynasty|NALAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|150|155|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|KALINGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|15|14|[[Hephthalites|HEPHTHALITES]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}{{Annotation|text-align=center|160|2|[[Tocharians|TOCHARIANS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|75|130|[[Maitrakas|MAITRAKAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|80|115|[[Second Aulikara dynasty|AULIKARAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|55|100|[[Rai dynasty|RAIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|185|120|[[Later Gupta dynasty|LATER GUPTAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|95|70|[[Pushyabhuti dynasty|PUSHYA- BHUTIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|95|160|[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|55|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}

{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 500 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 800 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}

|caption={{center|Map of the dominions of Maukharis, with neighbouring polities, circa 550-600 CE, after the retreat of the [[Alchon Huns]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=182&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0 145, map XIV.1 (i)], [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=063&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0 26]|isbn=0-226-74221-0 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/bootstrap_index.html#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>}}
}}
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| map_width = 290
| capital = [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]]
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]] [[Buddhism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = Yagna Varman
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 = Isana Varman
| year_leader2 =
| leader3 =
| year_leader3 =
| title_leader = [[King of Kings|Maharajadhiraja]]
| legislature =
| image_coat = Maukharis of Kanauj. Isanavarman. Circa AD 535-553.jpg
| coa_size = 250px
| symbol_type = {{center|Coin of King [[Ishanavarman|Iśanavarman]] of the Maukhari of [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]], c. 535-553 CE. The ruler faces to the left, whereas in Gupta coinage the ruler faces to the right. This is possibly a symbol of antagonism and rivalry, as also seen on [[:File:Toramana_coin_in_Western_Gupta_style.jpg|some similar coins]] of [[Toramana]].<ref name="RST">{{cite book |last1=Tripathi |first1=Rama S. |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |page=45 Note 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA45 |language=en}}</ref>}}
}}
The '''Maukhari dynasty''' ([[Gupta script]]: [[File:Maukhari (dynastic name) in the Asirgarh seal.jpg|40px]], ''Mau-kha-ri'') was a post-[[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] dynasty who controlled the vast plains of [[Ganges|Ganga]]-[[Yamuna]] for almost a century from [[Kannauj]]. They earlier served as vassals of the Guptas and later of [[Harsha|Harsha's]] [[Vardhana dynasty]]. The Maukharis established their independence during the mid-6th century. The dynasty ruled over much of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Magadha]]. Around 606 CE, a large area of their empire was reconquered by the [[Later Guptas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/659350/Maukhari-dynasty |title=Maukhari dynasty (Indian dynasty) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> According to [[Xuanzang]], the territory may have been lost to King [[Shashanka]] of the [[Gauda Kingdom]], who declared independence circa 600CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reza |first1=Mohammad Habib |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=S. |last3=Mowla |first3=Azizul |title=Traces of Buddhist architecture in Gupta and post-Gupta Bengal: evidence from inscriptions and literature |date=July–September 2015 |journal=[[Journal of Eurasian Studies]] |volume=VII |issue=3 |pages=8–19 |s2cid=163998400 }}{{unreliable source?|reason=is this the real 'Journal of Eurasian Studies'? Sage and ScienceDirect don't have issue 3 for volume VII; |date=July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Biplab |title=European Trade and Colonial Conquest, Volume 1 |year=2005 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-028-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ou82_lNAJsMC&pg=PA15 |access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>

==Origin==
{{Main|Maukharis of Gaya}}
There is a difference of opinion on the origins of the Maukharis. The initial branch of the Maukharis ruled from [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] in modern-day [[Bihar]] where they were probably subordinates of the [[Gupta Empire]] and after that the [[Later Gupta dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Suchandra |chapter=Maukharīs |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History: Asia and Africa |date=2023 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00569 |isbn=978-1-119-39991-9 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00569|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abhishek |first1=Amar |title=Buddhist Responses to Brāhmaṇa Challenges in Medieval India: Bodhgayā and Gayā |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=2012 |volume=22 |pages=155–185 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/buddhist-responses-to-brhmaa-challenges-in-medieval-india-bodhgay-and-gay/45445258A3DD61E1E9D6C248F75B520E}}</ref> The Maukharis have been associated with the [[Magadha]] region since the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan period]]. The earliest inscription of the Maukhari dynasty has been found in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] dating back to the third-century BCE on a clay seal and the Maukharis continued to have a recorded presence in Gaya until the 6th century CE.<ref name=Ghosh2016>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Suchandra |chapter=Maukhari Empire |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe271 |isbn=978-1-118-44064-3 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe271|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Due to the events leading to the collapse of the Gupta Empire, Harivarman, the first Maukhari of Kannauj, likely migrated westwards to carve out his own kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tripathi |first1=Rama Shankar |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804043 |pages=28–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&dq=maukharis+of+gaya&pg=PA32}}</ref>

==History==
The main sources of history regarding the Maukharis of Kannauj include references in texts like the [[Harshacharita]] and [[Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa]], the travelogues of foreign visitors particularly from [[China]] and the inscriptions left both by themselves and by their rivals including the [[Later Gupta dynasty]].<ref name= Ghosh2016 />

After travelling from [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] in [[Bihar]], [[Harivarman]], the first Maukhari ruler of this branch left an inscription dated to 487 CE in [[Sidhi district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and this indicates that he was originally a chief under [[Buddhagupta]] of the [[Gupta Empire|Imperial Guptas]]. His son, Adityavarman, married the sister of Harshagupta of the Later Gupta dynasty. However the first ruler of this line to use the title of ''maharajadhiraja'' was his son, Ishanavarman. The [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]] of the Later Guptas gives information that Ishanavarman defeated the [[Alchon Huns]] in battle while the Haraha inscription gives information on further military victories against the [[Kingdom of Gauda|Gaudas]], [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Andhras]] and the Sulikas (theorised by some scholars to be the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas]]).<ref name= Ghosh2016 /> Despite marital alliances between them, the Maukharis had a rivalry with the Later Guptas of Magadha. Ishanavarman was succeeded by one of his sons, Sarvavarman in approximately 560 CE who in turn was succeeded by Avantivarman in the 580s. Avantivarman was known by various titles including ''[[Parameshvara (epithet)|Paramesvara]]'' and "''pride of the race''". Under his rule, the Maukhari kingdom spread from [[Thaneshwar]] in the West to [[Nalanda district]] in the east.<ref name= Ghosh2016 />

The last Maukhari ruler was Grahavarman who reigned from c. 600 to 605 CE. He was married to a princess of the [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]] leading to an alliance between the two kingdoms however he was killed in battle by [[Devagupta]] of [[Malwa]] and the Maukhari territories where eventually absorbed into the territory of [[Harsha]].<ref name= Ghosh2016 />

===Succession===
The [[Vardhana dynasty]] (also called "Pushyabhuti dynasty") ultimately succeeded the Maukhari dynasty, but it had originally only been a small polity around their capital Sthaneshvara ([[Thanesar]]). According to [[Hans T. Bakker]], their ruler Aditya-Vardhana (or Aditya-Sena) was probably a feudatory to the Maukhari ruler [[Sharvavarman]]. His successor [[Prabhakaravardhana]] may have also been a feudatory to the Maukhari king Avantivarman in his early days. Prabhakara's daughter Rajyashri married Avantivarman's son Grahavarman. As a result of this marriage, Prabhakara's political status increased significantly, and he assumed the imperial title ''Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja'' ("the one to whom the other kings bow because of his valour and affection").{{sfn|Hans Bakker|2014|p=79}}

==Army==
The Maukhari army consisted of elephants, cavalry and infantry. Ishanavarman in all probability would have taken much pains to reorganise the army and make it strong and worthy. The Maukhari strategy mainly focused on deploying elephant corps to crush the enemy armies. They were used against the [[Alchon Huns]] and the [[Later Gupta dynasty|Later Gupta]] armies.<ref name="Lal">{{cite web |last1=Lal |first1=Avantika |title=World History Encyclopedia: Maukhari Dynasty |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Maukhari_Dynasty/ |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |date=9 May 2019 }}</ref> The Maukharis fought against the remnants of the Alchon Huns in the areas of the [[Gangetic Doab]] and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], as documented in the Aphsad inscription, while the [[Aulikaras]] repelled them in the [[Malwa]] region.<ref name="MG145">{{cite journal |last1=GHOSE |first1=MADHUVANTI |title=The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |pages=145–146 |jstor=24049312 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref> The Aphsad inscription of [[Aditya-sena|Ādityasena]] mentions the military successes of kings of the [[Later Gupta dynasty]] against the Maukharis, themselves past victors of the Alchon Huns:<ref name="MG145"/>

{{blockquote|[[File:Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena.jpg|thumb|150px|left|The [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]]]]"The son of that king ([[Kumara-gupta|Kumaragupta]]) was the illustrious [[Damodara-gupta|Dâmôdaragupta]], by whom (his) enemies were slain, just like the demons by (the god) [[Damodar (name of Krishna)|Dâmôdara]]. Breaking up the proudly stepping array of mighty elephants, belonging to the Maukhari, which had thrown aloft in battle the troops of the [[Alchon Huns|Hûnas]] (in order to trample them to death), he became unconscious (and expired in the fight)."|Line 8 of the [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madan |first1=A. P. |title=The History of the Rāṣṭrakūṭas |date=1990 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-38-0 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr1AAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>}}

The Maukharis, rather than the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], were therefore the key actors in repelling the Hunas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Willis |first1=Michael |title=Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=2005 |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=140 |jstor=25188529 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]], the Maukhari capital, grew in prosperity and importance as a great cosmopolitan city. After the demise of the Maukharis, it even became the capital of Emperor [[Harsha]]. Hence, Kanyakubja was largely contested by imperial powers.<ref name=Sen>Sen, S.N., 2013, A Textbook of Medieval Indian History, Delhi: Primus Books, {{ISBN|978-93-80607-34-4}}</ref>{{rp|20}}<ref name="Lal"/><ref name="RST 215">{{cite book |last1=Tripathi |first1=Rama S. |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |page=215|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA45 |language=en}}</ref>

The first three Maukhari kings are mentioned in the inscriptions as [[Maharaja]], but their successors assumed grander titles showing an increase in power and prestige. Ishanavarman was the first Maukhari ruler to adopt the title Maharajadhiraja (lit., King of Great Kings).<ref name="Lal"/>

==Cultural and international exchanges==
[[File:6th century Asirgarh seal inscription, Sarvavarman, Hindu Maukhari dynasty, Sanskrit.jpg|thumb|Asirgarh seal inscription of [[Sharvavarman]], Maukhari dynasty, 6th century .<ref>{{cite web |title=Siddham. The Asian Inscription Database IN00144 Asirgadh Seal Inscription of Sarvavarman |url=https://siddham.network/inscription/in00144/?section=translation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Siddham. The Asian Inscription Database Śarvavarman |url=https://siddham.network/tag/sarvavarman/ |language=en}}</ref>]]
The Maukhari kings were patrons of poets and writers and many literary works were composed during their reign.<ref name="Lal"/> Various seals and inscriptions are known, such as the Asirgarh seal inscription of [[Sharvavarman]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vats |first1=Madho Sarup |title=Sohnag Terracotta Seal of Avantivarman |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1946 |volume=9 |pages=74–77 |jstor=44137039 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> or the [[:File:Haraha inscription of Isanavarman.jpg|Haraha inscription]] of [[Ishanavarman|Isanavarman]], discovered near the village of Harara in the [[Barabanki district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and dated to [[Vikrama Samvat]] 610 (ie 554 CE), which record the genealogy of the Maukharis.<ref name="Epigraphia Indica Vol.14">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=F. w |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.14 |date=1918 |pages=110–116 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108415/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref>

===Contacts with the Sasanian Empire===
[[File:King Khosrow sits before the chessboard, while his vizir and the envoy of Qannuj are playing chess. Shahnameh, 10th century CE.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sasanian Empire]] King [[Khosrow I]] sits before the chessboard, while his vizir and the Indian envoy of [[Kannauj]] are playing chess. ''[[Shahnama]]'', 10th century CE.<ref name="ME"/>]]
[[File:Haraha inscription of Isanavarman.jpg|thumb|The Harahara inscription of [[Ishanavarman]]. The inscription, dated to [[Vikrama Samvat]] 610 (ie 554 CE), records the genealogy of the Maukharis.<ref name="Epigraphia Indica Vol.14"/>]]
With the end of Hunnic power, new contacts were established between India and the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian Persia]]. Intellectual games such as [[chess]] and [[backgammon]] demonstrated and celebrated the diplomatic relationship between [[Khosrow I]] and a "great king of India." The [[vizier]] of the Indian king invented chess as a cheerful, playful challenge to Emperor Khosrow. It seems that the Indian ruler who sent the game of chess to Khosrow was the Maukhari monarch [[Śarvavarman]] of [[Kannauj]], between the beginning of Śarvavarman's reign in 560/565 and the end of Khosrow's reign in 579.<ref name="ME">{{cite book |last1=Eder |first1=Manfred A. J. |title=South Asian Archaeology 2007 Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology in Ravenna, Italy, July 2007, Volume II |date=2010 |publisher=Archaeopress Archaeology |isbn=978-1-4073-0674-2 |page=69 |url=http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Eder%202007-2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans T. |author-link=Hans T. Bakker|title=The Huns in Central and South Asia. How Two Centuries of War against Nomadic Invaders from the Steps are Concluded by a Game of Chess between the Kings of India and Iran |date=2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34156496}}</ref> When the game was sent to Iran it came with a letter which read: "As your name is the King of Kings, all your emperorship over us connotes that your wise men should be wiser than ours. Either you send us an explanation of this game of chess or send revenue and tribute us."<ref name="canepa">Canepa 2009, p. 181</ref> Khosrow's grand vizier successfully solved the riddle and figured out how to play chess. In response the wise vizier created the game backgammon and sent it to the Indian court with the same message. The Indian king was not able to solve the riddle and was forced to pay tribute.<ref name="canepa" />

== Rulers ==
The known Maukhari rulers of ''madhya-desha'' include:{{sfn|Ronald M. Davidson|2012|p=34-35}}<ref>However, the dates below are not Davidson's, which are completely different.</ref>
[[File:Nalanda Clay Seals of Sharvavarman (detail).jpg|thumb|Maukhari design on a Nalanda Clay Seal of [[Sharva-varman|Sharvavarman]].]]
* [[Harivarman]]<ref>Documented by the Shankarpur copper-plate inscription: see SIDDHAM: the asia inscriptions database: https://siddham.network/inscription/in00067/</ref>
* Adityavarman
* Ishvaravarman (Iśvaravarman)
* [[Ishanavarman]] (Iśanavarman), r.c. 550–574 CE
* [[Sharva-varman|Sharvavarman]] (Śarvavarman), r. c. 574–586 CE
* Avantivarman
* [[Grahavarman]], r. c. 600–605 CE

==Barabar branch of Maukhari rulers ==
[[File:Barabar Caves Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman 5th- or 6th-century CE Sanskrit in Gupta script.jpg|thumb|The [[Gopika Cave Inscription]] of Anantavarman (left half).]]
The [[Barabar Caves|Barabar Cave]] inscriptions attest the existence of another Maukhari branch. This branch ruled as feudatories, probably that of the [[Later Guptas]]. The known rulers of this branch include:<ref>{{cite book |author=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha |author-link=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha |title=Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&pg=PA109 |year=1977 |publisher=Abhinav |pages=109–110 |oclc=464639312}}</ref>

* ''Nrpa Shri'' Yajnavarman
* ''Nrpa Samantachudamani Shri'' Shardulavarman
* Anantavarman

<gallery>
File:Lomas_Rishi_entrance_inscription.jpg|[[Lomas Rishi]] cave inscription of Anantavarman
File:Barabar_Nagarjuni_Caves,_Anantavarman_Inscription_Sanskrit.jpg|[[Gopika Cave Inscription]] of Anantavarman
File:5th_or_6th_century_Vadathika_Cave_Inscription,_Sanskrit,_Shaivism,_Anantavarman,_Gupta_script,_Ancient_Om_symbol_2.jpg|[[Vadathika Cave Inscription]] of Anantavarman
</gallery>

In some of the Barabar Caves inscriptions, the words referring to the Ajivikas appear to have been defaced, although the rest of the text appears intact. [[E. Hultzsch]] theorised that the defacement took place when the Maukhari ruler Ananta-varman installed Hindu images at the Caves. However, Basham dismisses this theory, noting that there is little evidence to support this view and the only cave in which the word ''Ajivikehi'' remains intact is among the three caves where Ananta-varman installed a Hindu image. According to Basham, since the defacement is selective, it must have taken place when the Brahmi script had still not been forgotten, likely some time before the 5th century CE.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=157–159}}

== See also ==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
* [[Megasthenes]]
* [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Thaplyal |first1=Kiran Kumar |title=Inscriptions of the Maukharīs, Later Guptas, Puṣpabhūtis, and Yaśovarman of Kanauj |date=1985 |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5svAAAAMAAJ&q=maukharis+and+later+guptas}}
* {{cite book |author=Hans Bakker |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27714-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ronald M. Davidson |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC |isbn=978-0-231-50102-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Basham |first=A.L. |title=History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas |year=1951 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2179 |publisher=Luzac |location=London}} Reprinted by Moltilal Banarsidass in 1981
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* Joseph Schwartzberg. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/ The Historical Atlas of South Asia]. Map of the "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 Age of Pusyabhutis & Calukyans, c. A.D. 550-700] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112181611/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |date=12 January 2024 }}". (Pg 26).

[[Category:Maukhari dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Hindu states]]
[[Category:History of Kannauj]]
[[Category:6th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:7th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]

Tyndale Biscoe School

2026-02-22T12:01:28Z

SondraCleland5: cleanup layout per standard format

{{Short description|Missionary school in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Tyndale Biscoe School (TBS)
| image = Biscoe.jpeg
| image_size = 200
| caption = Tyndale Biscoe School Motto
| motto = In All Things Be Men
| established = {{start date and age|1880}}
| type = Private School
| affiliation = [[Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education]]
| founder = Rev. [[James Hinton Knowles]]
| principal = Mabel Youzon
| head_of_school =
| dean =
| faculty =
| staff =
| athletics =
| campus = Urban
| nickname = Biscoits, Biscoe Boys
| location = Sheikh Bagh, [[Lal Chowk]], [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|34.071402|74.812234|display=inline,title}}
| information =
| website = {{URL|https://tbmes.org/TBS/home.aspx}}
| gender = Boys
| houses = {{Unbulleted list|{{Color box|Red}} Kolahoi|{{Color box|Yellow}} Harmukh|{{Color box|Blue}} Tatikuta|{{Color box|Green}} Mahadev}}
| area = 84 kanals (including the [[Mallinson Girls School]])
| director =
| sister_school = {{ubl|1. [[Mallinson Girls School]]|2. The Kashmir Valley School|3. Tyndale Biscoe & Mallinson School, Tangmarg}}
| city = Srinagar
| former_name = Hadow Public School
| sports = Football, basketball, cricket, hockey, water polo, swimming, volleyball, badminton, etc.
| educational_authority = Tyndale Biscoe and Mallinson Society, Srinagar, [[Diocese of Amritsar]], [[Church of North India|Church of North India (CNI)]]
| language = English
}}
[[File:Tyndale Biscoe School.jpg|thumb|Tyndale Biscoe School]]
'''Tyndale Biscoe School''' is a school in the Sheikh Bagh neighbourhood, in the [[Lal Chowk]] area of [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ekikrat.in/Schools-Srinagar|title=Schools in Srinagar | Ekikrat.in|website=ekikrat.in}}</ref> The school was founded in 1880 CE and is one of the oldest schools in Jammu and Kashmir, the oldest being [[Sri Pratap Higher Secondary School|S.P school]] which was founded in 1874 CE.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naqash|first=Rayan|title='Don't even think about it': Alumni of one of Kashmir's oldest schools criticise call for relocation|url=https://scroll.in/article/843037/dont-even-think-about-it-alumni-of-one-of-kashmirs-oldest-schools-criticise-call-for-relocation|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Scroll.in|date=9 July 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> The school was started by Christian missionaries and was named after Canon [[Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe]] (1863–1949).<ref>{{acad|id=BSCW882CE|name=Biscoe <nowiki>[post Tyndale-Biscoe]</nowiki>, Cecil Earle}}</ref> It still has affiliations with the [[Church Mission Society]]. The first principal was Reverend [[James Hinton Knowles|J. H. Knowles]].

==Departments==
The school has five departments.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Department
! Classes
|-
| Lower Primary Department
| Nursery to II
|-
| Junior Department
| III to V
|-
| Middle Department
| VI to VIII
|-
| Senior Department
| IX and X
|-
| Higher Secondary (Science Stream only)
| XI and XII
|}

==Activities==
Tyndale Biscoe School is known for its extra-curricular activities, especially swimming, skiing, mountain climbing, camping and regatta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/tyndale-biscoe-school-holds-annual-dal-cross-455510|title=Tyndale Biscoe School holds annual 'Dal cross'|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> School placed emphasis on physical activities including mountaineering, trekking, boating, football, cricket, and swimming stimulating sense of courage, masculinity and physical fitness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kashmir-issue.com/biscoe.html|title=Kashmir|website=www.kashmir-issue.com}}</ref>

When football was introduced in the Valley by Missionary School, there was resistance initially. Students felt the cow leather was holy and touching the ball, made out of it, was blasphemous. Instead they played football with a wooden clog (known as Khraav in Kashmiri) in their feet. Similarly, when boating was introduced in Mission School students did not like boating because, in Kashmiri society, boatmen weren't consider respectable members of the society. But later it was adopted and the Mission School boys became efficient paddlers and rowers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://autarmota.blogspot.com/2016/05/an-old-photograph-of-mission-school.html|title=AN OLD PHOTOGRAPH OF MISSION SCHOOL FATEH KADAL, SRINAGAR KASHMIR|date=8 May 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:Regatta in May 1948.jpg|thumb|Regatta organised by Tyndale Biscoe School in May 1948]]
[[File:Nehru at Regatta in May 1948.jpg|thumb|India's first Prime Minister visited Regatta held by Tyndale Biscoe School in May 1948 during his Kashmir Visit]]

==History==
[[James Hinton Knowles|Rev. J.H. Knowles]], in 1880, laid the foundation of the C.M.S. (Church Mission Society) School on the hospital premises (Modern Chest Disease Hospital, Drugjan) in Srinagar. The school was started with 5 pupils. In 1883, the number of boys in the school increased to 30.<ref name="tbmes.org">{{Cite web|url=https://tbmes.org/|title=Tyndale-Biscoe and Mallinson Schools Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir|website=tbmes.org}}</ref>

In 1890, the Government permitted the C.M.S. to shift the school to downtown, and it was moved from the hospital premises (Drugjan) to a large house and compound on the river bank in the middle of the city at [[Fateh Kadal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Historic schools of Kashmir |url=https://www.risingkashmir.com/Historic-schools-of-Kashmir--108892 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref> As a result of this, the number of students increased to about 200 in 1890.
[[Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe|Canon C.E. Tyndale-Biscoe]] joined the school in 1891, there were 250 pupils on the school roll. The primary school grew into a middle school and eventually into a high school. The high school was designated the Hadow Memorial School after the name of its honorary treasurer for 40 years. Eventually, five other mission schools were set up, one each in different parts of the capital city and one in Anantnag.<ref name="tbmes.org"/>

==Notable alumni==


* [[Farooq Abdullah]] – (born 1937) politician and former [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi]] - (born 1976) politician and [[Member of parliament]]
* [[Ishfaq Ahmed]] – (born 1983), a professional footballer and the head coach of [[I-League]] club [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
* [[Agha Shaukat Ali]] – (1920–2013) Kashmiri civil servant turned Pakistani politician after partition
* [[Imran Raza Ansari]] – (born 1972) politician and religious scholar{{Citation needed|reason= school is not sourced in his article|date=May 2019}}
* [[Anil Bhan|Dr. Anil Bhan]] – a cardiologist at [[Medanta]] who performed the first successful heart transplant in India. He was awarded the certificate of Honor as "Best All Round Boy" in school
* [[Masarat Alam Bhat]] – (born 1971), Kashmiri separatist leader, chairman of the Jammu Kashmir Muslim League and also serving as chairman of [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|the Hurriyat Conference]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/being-masarat-alam/lite/|title=Being Masrat Alam – includes Nazir Leharwal's Famous Quote 'Are you Ishfaq ?'}}</ref>
* [[Thupstan Chhewang]] (born 1947), Indian politician
* [[Durga Prasad Dhar]] – (1918–1975), [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] politician and an Indian diplomat
* [[P. N. Dhar]] (1919–2012), [[economist]] and the head of [[Indira Gandhi]]'s secretariat
* [[Khurshid Drabu]] [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (1946–2018), English judge, law lecturer and Muslim community leader; first Muslim to be a judge in Britain
* [[Shah Faesal]] – (born 1983), [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] civil servant, social activist, politician<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fazili |first1=Ehsan |title=The Doctor and a Civil Servant |url=http://wwwtribuneindia.com/2010/20100509/main7.htm |work=The Tribune |accessdate=2 June 2018 |date=9 May 2010}}</ref>
* [[Bhagwan Gopinath]] – (1898 – 1968), born Gopinath Bhan, was a mystic saint of early 20th century [[Kashmir]]
* [[Eliezer Joldan]] – (1916-2001), an educationist who was the first trained graduate to profess teaching as a profession in [[Ladakh]]
* [[Iqbal Khan (actor)|Iqbal Khan]] – (born 1981) is a Bollywood actor
* [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] – (1907–1972), politician and former [[Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]] (1929–2016), advocate, Indian politician and statesman from [[Kashmir]], founder of the Congress Party in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[S. L. Sadhu]] – (1917-2012), a UNESCO award winning Kashmiri writer
* [[Tanvir Sadiq]], Chief Spokesperson of [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
* [[Ashfaq Majeed Wani]] – (1966–1990), first commander-in-chief of [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]]<ref name="Khateeb">{{cite web |title=Yasin Malik remembers Nadeem Khateeb on his anniversary |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/yasin-malik-remembers-nadeem-khateeb-on-his-anniversary/276560.html |publisher=GreaterKashmir |accessdate=2 June 2018 |date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1880]]
[[Category:1880 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Schools founded by missionaries]]

Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)

2026-02-13T17:37:38Z

SondraCleland5: refined article further

{{Short description|Mughal prince and Subahdar of Bengal (1616–1661)}}
{{Other uses|Shuja{{!}}Shuja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mirza Shah Shuja {{no bold|মির্জা শাহ সুজা}} مرزا شاه شجاع
| image = Shah_Shuja_Bahadur.jpg
| caption = Shah Shuja by Lalchand {{circa|1652}}
| title = [[Shahzada (title)|Shahzada]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] [[Mirza (name)|Mirza]]<ref>[http://dawn.com/2011/01/02/past-present-emperors-new-names/ Mughal title ''Mirza''], the title of Mirza and not Khan or Padshah, which were the titles of the Mongol rulers.</ref>
| succession = 22nd [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| reign = 1 January 1641 – 12 April 1660
| reg-type = [[Mughal emperors|Badshah]]
| regent = [[Shah Jahan]] [[Aurangazeb]]
| predecessor = [[Islam Khan II]]
| successor = [[Mir Jumla II]]
| spouse = {{unbulletedlist|
{{marriage|Bilqis Banu Begum|1633|1634|end=died}}
|Piari Banu Begum
|Daughter of Raja Tamsen of Kishtwar}}
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
| father = [[Shah Jahan]]
| mother = [[Mumtaz Mahal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1616|06|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Ajmer Subah|Ajmer]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1661|2|7|1616|06|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mrauk U]], [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Hanafi]])
| issue = {{unbulletedlist|Dilpazir Banu Begum|Zain-ud-Din Mirza|Zain-ul-Abidin Mirza|[[Buland Akhtar Mirza]]|Gulrukh Banu Begum|Roshan Ara Begum|Amina Banu Begum|Mah Khanum|}}|
}}
'''Mirza Shah Shuja''' ({{langx|bn|মির্জা শাহ সুজা}}, {{langx|fa|{{nq|مرزا شاه شجاع}}}}; 23 June 1616 – 7 February 1661)<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Shah Shuja|author=Abdul Karim}}</ref> was the second son of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] and Empress [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. He was the governor of Bengal and Odisha and had his capital at [[Dhaka]], in present day [[Bangladesh]].

==Early life and family==
[[File:Prince Shah Shuja from the Late Shah Jahan Album, India, Mughal Dynasty, 1650. Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Shah Shuja in his childhood, 1620]]
Shah Shuja was born on 23 June 1616, in Ajmer. He was the second son and fourth child of the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] and his queen [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. Shah Jahan's step-mother and Mumtaz Mahal's aunt, empress [[Nur Jahan]] adopted Prince Shah Shuja upon his birth. This new responsibility was given to her due to her high rank, political clout and Jahangir's affection for her. It was also an honour for the empress as Shuja was a special favourite of his grandfather, emperor [[Jahangir]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Findly |first1=Ellison Banks |title=Nur Jahan, empress of Mughal India |url=https://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressm00find |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |page=98}}</ref>

Shuja's siblings included his eldest sister [[Jahanara Begum]], [[Dara Shikoh]], [[Roshanara Begum]], [[Aurangzeb]], [[Murad Baksh]], and [[Gauhara Begum]].<ref>Stanley Lane-Pool, 1971, Aurangzeb, vol.1.</ref>{{check source|reason=only three are listed here|date=August 2013}}

==Personal life==
Shah Shuja first married Bilqis Banu Begum, the daughter of [[Rustam Mirza Safavi]] (a descendant of Shah [[Ismail I]] of [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]]), on the night of Saturday, 5 March 1633. The marriage was arranged by Princess [[Jahanara Begum]]. Rupees 1,60,000 in cash and goods worth one lakh were sent as sachak to the mansion of Rustam Mirza. On 23 February 1633, the wedding presents worth Rupees one million were displayed by Jahanara Begum and Sati-un-nissa Khanum.<ref>{{cite book|first=Soma|last=Mukherjee|title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions|publisher=Gyan Books|year=2001|pages=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&pg=PA106|isbn=978-8-121-20760-7}}</ref> The following year, she gave birth to a daughter and died in childbirth. She was buried in a separate mausoleum named Kharbuza Mahal, at Burhanpur.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Navina Najat|last1=Haidar|first2=Marika|last2=Sardar|title=Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy|url=https://archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid|url-access=registration|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=April 13, 2015|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid/page/285 285]|isbn=978-0-300-21110-8}}</ref> Her daughter was named Dilpazir Banu Begum by Shah Jahan,<ref>{{cite book|first=Simi|last=Jain|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Women Through the Ages: The middle ages|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=2003|pages=73|isbn=978-8-178-35173-5}}</ref>  who died as an infant.
[[File:Shuja, Mughal Prince.jpg|thumb|left|170px|
Shuja, Mughal prince]]
On the death of his first wife, he married Piari Banu Begum,<ref>{{cite book|first=Nagendra|last=Kr Singh|title=Encyclopaedia of women biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Volume 3|publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp.|year=2001|pages=51|isbn=978-8-176-48264-6}}</ref> daughter of [[Azam Khan (Subahdar)|Azam Khan]], the second governor of [[Bengal]] during Shah Jahan's reign.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society - Volumes 1-2|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|year=1953|pages=338}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Abdul Karim|title=History of Bengal: The Reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib|publisher=Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi, 1995 - Bengal (India)|year=1993|pages=363}}</ref> She was the mother of two sons and three daughters,<ref>{{cite book|first=Nagendra Kr|last=Singh|title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: Muh-R|publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp.|year=2001|pages=402|isbn=978-8-176-48234-9}}</ref> namely, Prince Zain-ud-din Mirza, born on 28 October 1639; Prince Zain-ul-Abidin Mirza, born on 20 December 1645; Gulrukh Banu Begum (wife of Prince [[Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Sultan]]), Roshan Ara Begum and Amina Banu Begum.<ref>{{cite book|first=Sunīti Bhūshaṇa|last=Kānunago|title=A History of Chittagong: From ancient times down to 1761|publisher=Dipankar Qanungo|year=1988|pages=304}}</ref> In 1660, she fled to Arakan with her husband, sons and daughters. Shuja was murdered in 1661. His sons were put to death. Piari Banu Begum and two of her daughters committed suicide. The remaining daughter, Amina Banu Begum, was brought to the palace, where, from grief, she died an early death.<ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur P.|last=Phayre|title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Time to the End of the First War with British India|publisher=Routledge|date=June 17, 2013|pages=178–9|isbn=978-1-136-39841-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan|publisher=Asiatic Society of Pakistan|year=1967|pages=251}}</ref> Another daughter, Mah Khanum, married King [[Sanda Thudhamma]]. A year later, he scented a plot and starved all of them to death, while his wife was in an advanced stage of pregnancy with his child.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Edward James|last1=Rap|first2=Sir Wolseley|last2=Heg|first3=Sir Richard|last3=Burn|title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3|publisher=CUP Archive|year=1928|pages=481}}</ref>
[[File:The Wedding procession of Prince Shah-Shuja (4 March 1633).jpg|thumb|Prince Shah-Shuja’s ''barat'' wedding procession arriving at the Agra Fort on 4 March 1633. He is accompanied by his brothers princes Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh.]]
His third wife was the daughter of Raja Tamsen of Kishtwar.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rattan Lal|last=Hangloo|title=The State in Medieval Kashmir|publisher=Manohar|date=January 1, 2000|pages=130}}</ref> She was the mother of Shahzada Buland Akhtar, who was born in August 1645.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Inayat|last1=Khan|first2=Wayne Edison|last2=Begley|title=The Shah Jahan name of 'Inayat Khan: an abridged history of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, compiled by his royal librarian: the nineteenth-century manuscript translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, add. 30,777)
|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|pages=327}}</ref>

==Governor of Bengal==
Shazada Muhammad Shah Shuja was appointed by Shah Jahan as the [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] from 1641 and of Orissa from 25 July 1648 until 1661. His father, Shah Jahan, appointed as his deputy, the Rajput prince of Nagpur, Kunwar Raghav Singh (1616-1671).<ref name=bpedia/> During his governorship, he built the official residence, [[Bara Katra]], in the capital [[Dhaka]].<ref name=barakatra>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bara_Katra|title=Bara Katra|author=Ayesha Begum|access-date=2013-01-24|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]}}</ref>

After the illness of Shah Jahan in September 1657, a power crisis occurred among the brothers. Shah Shuja proclaimed himself as Emperor, but [[Aurangzeb]] ascended the throne of Dehli and sent [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]] to subjugate Shuja.<ref name=mirjumla>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mir_Jumla|title=Mir Jumla|author=Abdul Karim|access-date=2013-01-30|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]}}</ref> Shuja was defeated in the [[Battle of Khajwa]] on 5 January 1659.<ref name=bpedia/> He retreated, first to [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]] and then to Dhaka, on 12 April 1660.<ref name=bpedia/> He left Dhaka on 6 May and boarded ships near present-day [[Bhulua]] on 12 May heading to [[Rakhine State|Arakan]].<ref name=bpedia/> Mir Jumla reached Dhaka on 9 May 1660 and was then appointed by Aurangzeb as the next Subahdar of Bengal.<ref name=mirjumla/>

===Construction projects in Dhaka===
<gallery mode="packed">
1870 Photograph of Bara Katra.jpg|Bara Katra
Mughol Eidgah.jpg|[[Dhanmondi]] [[Eidgah]]
Old hussaini dalan.jpg|[[Hussaini Dalan]]
The Great Kuttra, Dhaka (1823).jpg|An etching of Bara Katra by [[Sir Charles D'Oyly, 7th Baronet|Sir Charles D'Oyly]] in 1823
</gallery>
{{Clear}}

==Mughal war of succession==
{{See also|Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)}}
[[File:The princes of the Mogul Emperor against their father and Combat.jpg|thumb|The Mughal armies of [[Aurangzeb]] and Shah Shuja confront each other.]]

When Shah Jahan fell ill, a struggle for the throne started among his four sons - [[Dara Shikoh]], Shah Shuja, [[Aurangzeb]] and [[Murad Baksh]]. Shuja immediately crowned himself the emperor and took the imperial titles in November 1657. Out of the 22 nobles in the service of the prince Shah Shuja, 10 were [[Sadaat-e-Bara|Barha Sayyids]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUoOAAAAQAAJ&dq=barha+bijnor&pg=PA395 |title=Ain-i Akbari |author= Henry Blochmann |year=1873 |page=395 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal }}</ref> Indian Shi'as were his staunchest adherents.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_YJAAAAMAAJ&q=know+were+Indian+Shi%27as+.+In+addition+to+leading+a+life+of+luxury+and+idleness+,+Shuja+%27+when+in+Bengal+set+himself+to+accumulating+treasure+in+order+to+be+the+better |title= The History of Bengal |page=335 |date=1943 |publisher=University of Dacca |author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar }}</ref>

He marched with a large army, backed by a good number of war-boats in the river [[Ganges]]. However, he was beaten by Dara's army in the hotly contested [[Battle of Bahadurpur]], near [[Varanasi|Banares]] (in modern [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]). Shuja turned back to [[Rajmahal]] to make further preparations. He signed a treaty with his elder brother, Dara, which left him in control of Bengal, Orissa and a large part of Bihar, on 17 May 1658.

In the meantime, [[Aurangzeb]] defeated Dara twice (at Dharmat and Samugarh), caught him, executed him on a charge of heresy and ascended the throne. Shuja marched to the capital again, this time against Aurangzeb. A battle took place on 5 January 1659 at the [[Battle of Khajwa]] (Fatehpur district, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]), where Shuja was defeated.<ref>[https://horsesandswords.blogspot.com/2006/05/battle-of-khajwa.html Battle of Khajwa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229185222/http://horsesandswords.blogspot.com/2006/05/battle-of-khajwa.html |date=29 December 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Sayyid from Saadat-e Barah.jpg|thumb|Sayyid from Saadat-e Barah]]
After his defeat, Shuja retreated towards [[Bengal]]. He was pursued by the imperial army under [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]]. Shuja put up a good fight against them. However, he was finally defeated in the last battle in April 1660. After each defeat, he had to face desertions in his own army, but he did not lose heart. Rather, he reorganised the army with renewed vigor. But when he was surrounded at [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]] and found that reorganisation of the army was no longer possible, he decided to leave Bengal for good and take shelter in [[Rakhine State|Arakan]].

==Military promotions==
* 1636 - 5000(20)
* 1641 - 30,000(25)
* 1646 - 36,000(30)
* 1653 - 40,000(37)
* 1655 - 43,000(39)

==Asylum in Arakan==

===En route to Arakan===
[[File:ShujaAurganzebMurad.jpg|thumb|A painting from circa 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years]]
Shuja left [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]] with his family and retinue in the afternoon of 6 April 1660 and reached [[Dhaka]] on 12 April. After staying for a month, they departed from the city and boarded Arakanese ships on 12 May at Bhulua (near present-day [[Noakhali]], [[Bangladesh]]). The party first arrived at [[Chittagong]] and remained for some time. From here, they took the land route to [[Kingdom of Mrauk U|Arakan]], which is still called Shuja Road. Thousands of [[palanquins]] were used to carry Shuja's harem and he performed [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] prayers at an [[Eidgah]] in Dulahzara.<ref>Sunīti Bhūshaṇa Kānunago, ''A History of Chittagong: From ancient times down to 1761'' (1988), p. 305</ref>

===Death and aftermath===
Shuja and his entourage arrived in Arakan on 26 August 1660,<ref name=m1>[[Niccolao Manucci]], ''Storia do Mogor or History of Mughal India'', translator [[William Irvine (historian)|William Irvine]]</ref> and were greeted at the capital, [[Mrauk U]], with courtesy. The Arakanese king, the powerful [[Sanda Thudhamma]], had previously agreed to provide ships for Shuja and his family to travel to [[Mecca]], where the prince had planned to spend the remainder of his life. The half dozen camel-loads of gold and jewels that the Mughal royals had brought with them was beyond anything that had previously been seen in Arakan.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Edward James |last1=Rapson |first2= Wolseley |last2=Haig |first3=Richard |last3=Burn |title=The Cambridge History of India Vol. IV: The Mughal Period |year=1937 | page=480}}</ref>

After eight months and numerous excuses, Sanda Thudhamma's promise of ships did not materialise. Finally, the latter demanded the hand of Shuja's daughter in marriage, which the prince refused. Sanda Thudhamma responded by ordering the Mughals to leave within three days. Unable to move and being refused provisions at the bazaars, Shuja resolved to attempt to overthrow the king.
The prince had two hundred soldiers with him, as well as the support of the local Muslims, giving him a good chance at success. However, Sanda Thudhamma was forewarned of the coup attempt. Shuja was, therefore, forced to set fire to the city, hoping to cut his way out in the confusion. Much of his entourage was captured and though he himself initially escaped into the jungle, he was later captured and executed.<ref>{{harvnb|Rapson|Haig|Burn|1937|p=481}}</ref>

Shuja's wealth was taken and melted down by Sanda Thudhamma, who took the Mughal princesses into his harem. He married the eldest, an event that was subsequently celebrated in song and poetry. The following year however, suspicious of another coup, Sanda Thudhamma had Shuja's sons decapitated and his daughters (including the pregnant eldest) starved to death. Aurangzeb, angered by the deaths, ordered a campaign against the kingdom. After an intensive siege, the Mughals captured Chittagong and thousands of Arakanese were taken into slavery. Arakan was unable to return to its previous dominance and Sanda Thudhamma's eventual death was followed by a century of chaos.<ref>{{harvnb|Rapson|Haig|Burn|1937|pp=481–2}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Shah Shuja'''
|2= 2. [[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Mughal Emperor]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Kobita |last=Sarker |title=Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth: the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals |year=2007 | page= 187}}</ref>
|3= 3. [[Mumtaz Mahal]]{{sfn|Sarker|2007|p=187}}
|4= 4. [[Jahangir|Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor]]<ref name=mehta418>{{cite book |first=Jl |last=Mehta |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |year=1986 | page=418}}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Jagat Gosain]]<ref name=mehta418/>
|6= 6. [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]<ref name=Thackeray>Frank W. Thackeray, John E. Findling, ''Events That Formed the Modern World'' (2012), p. 254</ref>
|7= 7. Diwanji Begum<ref name=Thackeray/>
|8= 8. [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor]]{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=374}}
|9= 9. [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]{{sfn|Mehta|1986|p=374}}
|10= 10. [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]], Raja of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]<ref>Soma Mukherjee, ''Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions'' (2001), p. 128</ref>
|11=11. Manrang Devi of [[Gwalior]]<ref>{{harvnb|Mukherjee|2001|p=128}}</ref>
|12= 12. [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|I'timad-ud-Daulah]]<ref>Subhash Parihar, ''Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture'' (1999), p. 149</ref>
|13= 13. [[Asmat Begam]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shujauddin|first1=Mohammad|last2=Shujauddin|first2=Razia|title=The Life and Times of Noor Jahan|date=1967|publisher=Caravan Book House|page=1|language=en}}</ref>
|14=14. Ghias ud-din ‘Ali Asaf Khan<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Moin-ud-din|title=The Taj and Its Environments: With 8 Illus. from Photos., 1 Map, and 4 Plans|date=1924|publisher=R. G. Bansal|page=101|language=en}}</ref>
|15= }}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Shah Shuja}}
*[[Battle of Khajwa]]
*[[History of Bengal]]
*[[Mughal Empire]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Clear}}

==Further reading==
*JN Sarkar (ed), ''History of Bengal'', vol II, Dhaka, 1948
*JN Sarkar, ''History of Aurangzib'', vol II, New Delhi, 1972–74
*A Karim, ''History of Bengal, Mughal Period'', vol II, Rajshahi, 1995

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shuja, Shah}}
[[Category:1616 births]]
[[Category:1661 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal princes]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian Muslims]]

Shah Mohammad

2026-02-11T18:29:25Z

SondraCleland5:

{{Short description|Punjabi poet (1780–1862)}}
{{other uses|Shah Muhammad (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Shah Mohammad
| image = ShahMuhammad.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1780}}
| birth_place = Wadala Viram, [[Amritsar]], [[Bhangi Misl]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death year and age|1862|1780}}
| death_place = [[Amritsar]], [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day Punjab, India)}}
| occupation = [[Poet]]
| movement = [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]
| genre =
| notableworks = [[Jangnama]] (Book of War) about the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]
}}
'''Shah Mohammad''' ({{langx|pa|{{nq|شاہ محمّد}}}} {{small| ([[Shahmukhi]])}}; {{lang|pa|ਸ਼ਾਹ ਮੁਹੰਮਦ}} {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}; 1780–1862), was a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] poet who lived during the reign of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (1801 &ndash; 1839) and is best known for his book ''[[Jangnama]]'' (Book of War) written around 1846, which depicts the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845 &ndash; 1846) that took place after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839.<ref name=APNA>{{cite web|url=http://apnaorg.com/prose-content/english-articles/page-21/article-1/index.html |author=Varinder Walia|website=Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) website|date=8 December 2005|title=Retracing the glory of Shah Mohammad|access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=goodreads>[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17260697-jangnama-singhan-te-firangian Jangnama Singhan Te Firangian (book by Shah Mohammad) on goodreads.com website] Retrieved 23 October 2020</ref>

It is widely believed by historians that Shah Mohammad had gathered his book material from many eye-witness accounts of his relatives employed in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army which is how he could piece together a complete picture of the battle between the Punjabis and the British. Therefore, Shah Mohammad's book explains reasons for the fall of Sikh rule in the Punjab.<ref name=goodreads/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Singh, Khushwant, "A history of the Sikhs Volume II"
{{Sikh Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah Mohammad}}
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:1780 births]]
[[Category:1862 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]

{{india-history-stub}}

Bijaipur Nagla Bhaosingh

2026-02-07T05:54:10Z

SondraCleland5: creating first bio initial version

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bijaipur Nagla Bhaosingh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Vijaypur, Nagla Bhavesingh
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Bijaipur Nagla Bhaosingh.png
| map_caption = Map showing Bijaipur Nagla Bhaosingh in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1220|N|78.4600|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.514
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5074
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bijaipur Nagla Bhaosingh''' ({{IAST|Bijaypur Naglā Bhāvsiṅgh}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It technically consists of two separate settlements, '''Bijaipur''' (also spelled ''Vijaypur'') and '''Nagla Bhaosingh''' (also spelled ''Nagla Bhavesingh''), which are administered together as a single [[gram panchayat]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 5,074, in 840 households.

== Geography ==
Bijaipur and Nagla Bhaosingh are the names of two separate settlements, located within a kilometre of each other. Bijaipur is located to the northwest, directly on the north side of the [[Northern Railway Zone|Northern Railway]]'s main line. Nagla Bhaosingh is located to the southeast, directly adjoining the settlement of Nagla Kharagjit to the east. The village of [[Sargawan]] is actually somewhat closer to Nagla Bhaosingh than Bijaipur is; Sargawan is west of Nagla Bhaosingh and south-southwest of Bijaipur. [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|The old NH 2]] passes by Bijaipur on the north, connecting Firozabad to the northwest with the town of [[Makkhanpur]] to the east. Makkhanpur is closer to Bijaipur and Nagla Bhaosingh than Firozabad is; it is actually the closest settlement (whether urban or rural) to both sites. It is east of Bijaipur and northeast of Nagla Bhaosingh. The [[tehsil]] boundary is just east of Bijaipur and Nagla Bhaosingh..<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Bijaipur Nagla Bhaosingh had a population of 5,074, in 840 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 53.9% male (2,736) and 46.1% female (2,338). The 0–6 age group numbered 717 (404 male and 313 female), making up 14.1% of the total population. 1,298 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 25.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Bijaipur Nagla Bhaosingh (as "Bijaypur Nagla Bhausingh") as having a population of 2,265 people (1,231 male and 1,034 female), in 276 households and 275 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|194-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Bijaipur Nagla Bhaosingh as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 1,345 people (720 male and 625 female), in 170 households and 110 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 625 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Bijaipur Nagla Bhaosingh had 3 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Doddaballapura City Municipal Council

2026-01-27T20:16:57Z

SondraCleland5: creating the place from scratch - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Doddaballapura City Municipal Council
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City Council
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_shield = Karnataka emblem.svg
| nickname = DB Pur
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.292|N|77.543|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = City Council
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body = Doddaballapura City Municipal Council
| leader_title = Municipal
Commissioner
| leader_name = [[Sri.K.Narasimhamurthy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Doddaballapura City Municipal Council President|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Shamshunnissa (politician)|Shamshunnissa]] ([[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]])
| leader_title2 = [[City Municipal Council|Councillor]]
| leader_name2 = [[City council]] (31+1 seats)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 880
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 93105
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 561 203
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08119
| registration_plate = KA-43
| website = {{URL|http://doddaballapurcity.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Doddaballapur City Municipal Council (DCMC)''' is the administrative body responsible for the civic and infrastructural assets of the [[Doddaballapura]] City area of India.<ref>[http://doddaballapurcity.gov.in/ Doddaballapur City Municipal Council] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109161019/http://doddaballapurcity.gov.in/ |date=9 January 2016 }}. Official website. Retrieved 8 July 2015.</ref>

Doddaballapur City Municipal Council is run by a city council. The city council is composed of elected [[Legislator|representatives]], called "Councillors", including one from each of the wards (localities) of the city. Elections are held once every five years. First elections to the newly created body were held in 2013.

== History ==
The town of Doddaballapura had been in existence prior to the 12th century and was named on behalf of a messenger traveling during the 10th century called "Dodda-Balla." It is older than the Bengaluru (Bangalore) city which has now overgrown engulfing many of its neighboring villages and towns. The history of municipal governance of Doddaballapura dates back to July 30, 1917, when nine leading citizens of the city formed a Municipal Board under the Improvement of Towns Act. The following year, the concept of elected representatives came into being and also saw the introduction of [[property tax]].

Fresh elections were held in June 2013.

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators (2016)
!Number of Corporators (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Karnataka, BJP Sweeps Polls In Two Municipal Corporations|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/civic-polls-month-old-bommai-govt-gets-majority-in-2-municipal-corporations-comes-2nd-in-third-2531798|access-date=2021-10-20|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| 01 || [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] JDS(s) || || 14
|7
|-
| 02 || [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || || 06
|12
|-
| 03 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || || 04
|9
|-
| 04 || [[Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha]] || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 02
|
|-
| 06 || Others || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 05
|3
|-
|}

== Wards ==
DCMC is divided into eight City municipal ward, for the ease of administration:

# Someshwara Badavane
# Gangadharapura
# Muttasandra
# Vinayaka Nagara
# Sidhenayakana Halli
# Muttur
# Dargapura
# Venkataramana Swamy devalaya
# Sanjay Nagara
# Veerabhadrana Palya
# Karenahalli
# Kanakadasa Road
# Nekara Kaloni
# Tubagare Pete
# Chawdeshwari Gudi Beedi
# Kalasi Palya
# Kote Road
# Kuchappana Pete
# Maruti Vyayama Shale
# Pinjaru Bidu
# Hemavati Pete
# Nagartara Pete
# Chikka Pete
# Vaishara Beedi
# Yele Pete
# Kumbara Pete
# Maruti Nagara
# Ganigara Pete
# Vaddara Pete
# Mutyalamma Devastana Road
# Shanthi Nagara

== See also ==
* [[Doddaballapura]]
* [[Karnataka]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
Doddaballapura Charitrika Adhyayana, by Dr. S. Venkatesh, 2016. 98450 18122, 9845307342.

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160109161019/http://doddaballapurcity.gov.in/ Doddaballapur City Municipal Council]

[[Category:Doddaballapura Taluk]]
[[Category:Municipal councils in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Rural district]]

Annaatthe (soundtrack)

2026-01-21T22:16:00Z

SondraCleland5: made new entry.

{{short description|2021 film soundtrack by D. Imman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Annaatthe
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover = Annaatthe album cover.jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 25 October 2021
| recorded = 2019–2021
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 37:27
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sun Pictures]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Udanpirappe]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Pon Manickavel (film)|Pon Manickavel]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Annaatthe
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Annaatthe Annaatthe
| single1date = 2 October 2021
| single2 = Saara Kaatrae
| single2date = 6 October 2021
| single3 = Marudhaani
| single3date = 11 October 2021
| single4 = Vaa Saamy
| single4date = 25 October 2021
}}
}}

'''''Annaatthe''''' ({{Translation|Big Brother}}) is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[D. Imman]] from the 2021 Tamil film [[Annaatthe|of the same name]], starring [[Rajinikanth]] and the film was directed by [[Siva (director)|Siva]]. The film marked Imman's first collaboration with Rajinikanth and second collaboration with Siva after ''[[Viswasam]]'' (2019). The album featured six songs consisting of varied genres and sung by different singers; lyrics written by [[Thamarai]], [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]], [[Yugabharathi]], Arun Bharathi, Mani Amuthavan and [[Arivu]]. On 2 October 2021, the track "Annaatthe Annaatthe" was released as the first single from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajinikanth's "Annaatthe" first single releases |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/oct/04/rajinikanths-annaatthe-first-single-releases-2367590.html |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=The New Indian Express|date=4 October 2021 }}</ref> This track was sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], who had sung most of the introductory songs of films featuring Rajinikanth;<ref>{{Cite news |title='Annaatthe' first single out; Rajinikanth pays tribute to SP Balasubrahmanyam |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/annaatthe-first-single-out-rajinikanth-pays-tribute-to-sp-balasubrahmanyam/articleshow/86773258.cms |access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref> it marked his last film song before his death in September 2020.<ref name=":1" /> The track was released posthumously as an heartfelt tribute to the late singer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen: The SP Balasubrahmanyam song released posthumously for the Rajinikanth-starrer 'Annaatthe' |url=https://scroll.in/video/1006961/listen-the-sp-balasubrahmanyam-song-released-posthumously-for-the-rajinikanth-starrer-annaatthe |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Scroll.in |date=5 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> The singles – "Saara Kaatrae" and "Marudhaani" were released on 6 and 11 October respectively.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The audio album released in jukebox format on [[YouTube]] on 25 October,<ref name=":8">{{Citation|title=Annaatthe - Official Audio Songs Jukebox {{!}} Rajinikanth {{!}} Sun Pictures {{!}} D.Imman {{!}} Siva| date=November 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkJtsa1rjKA|language=en|access-date=2021-11-03}}</ref> and a week later (1 November), the songs were released through streaming platforms.<ref name=":9">{{Citation|title=Annaatthe (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2021-11-01|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2E3gGgI2ai0bdeHsMNHCN7|language=en|access-date=2021-11-03}}</ref> It was launched without a promotional event due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annaatthe Jukebox: All songs from the Rajinikanth starrer out!|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29435/rajinikanth-annaatthe-full-album-imman|access-date=2021-11-03|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>

== Development ==
The film marked D. Imman's first collaboration with [[Rajinikanth]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalaivar 168: Music composer D Imman roped in for Rajinikanth-Siva's film? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/oct/13/thalaivar-168-music-composer-d-imman-roped-in-for-rajinikanth-siruthai-sivas-film-14859.html |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-14 |title=D Imman to compose music for Rajinikanth's Thalaivar 168? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/d-imman-to-compose-music-for-rajinikanth-thalaivar-168-6068458/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> second collaboration with Siva and the production house after ''[[Viswasam]]'' and ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019);<ref name="Thalaivar168MusicDirector2">{{Cite news |date=13 November 2019 |title=D Imman roped in for Rajinikanth's 'Thalaivar 168' with director Siva |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/d-imman-roped-rajinikanths-thalaivar-168-director-siva-112286 |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225190502/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/d-imman-roped-rajinikanths-thalaivar-168-director-siva-112286 |archive-date=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Thalaivar168NewTitle2">{{Cite web |date=24 February 2020 |title=Annaatthe: Rajinikanth 168 gets new title |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/annaatthe-rajinikanth-168-gets-new-title-1649582-2020-02-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224144040/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/annaatthe-rajinikanth-168-gets-new-title-1649582-2020-02-24 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> his work in the former fetched him [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=67th National Film Awards: Imman wins his first National Award for Viswasam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/22/67th-national-film-awards-imman-wins-his-first-national-award-for-viswasam-23517.html |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=2021-03-25 |title=What makes Imman's music click |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/what-makes-immans-music-click/article34161747.ece |access-date=2021-10-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In an interview with Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Imman said that "Fans expect certain factors from Rajinikanth's songs. On the other hand, I want the album to carry my identity as well. I have to cater to both. In addition to that, Rajini sir is acting in a full-fledged rural entertainer after a while. So, the album should justify all these aspects."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=D Imman: I want to deliver Rajini sir's best opening song for Annaatthe |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/30/d-imman-i-want-to-deliver-rajini-sirs-best-opening-song-for-annaatthe-23680.html |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=30 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Composition of the songs held during January–March 2020, and after being interrupted due to [[COVID-19 lockdowns]] in that month; was later resumed on November.<ref name=":0" /> The music works of the film were completed within February 2021.<ref name=":0" />

The album will reportedly have six tunes; five songs and a theme track, and feature lyrics written by [[Thamarai]], [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]], [[Yugabharathi]], Arun Bharathi, Mani Amuthavan and [[Arivu]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=2021-10-26|title=How Imman cracked the Rajinikanth intro song for 'Annaatthe'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/annaatthee-will-bring-back-the-rajinikanth-of-the-90s-says-imman/article37172809.ece|access-date=2021-11-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Imman said that the album will consist songs of varied genres: a mass track (which is the opening song of the film), melody, dance and festive numbers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest on Rajinikanth's Annaatthe Music Album! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28055/annaatthe-album-6-songs-singers-imman-update |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=moviecrow.com}}</ref> Sun Pictures had planned to withhold the audio rights, along with the satellite and digital rights of the film and had planned to release the entire soundtrack the company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Update on Rajinikanth's Annaatthe Album Rights |url=https://ww.moviecrow.com/News/28466/update-on-rajinikanths-annaatthe-album-rights |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=ww.moviecrow.com |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101064811/https://ww.moviecrow.com/News/28466/update-on-rajinikanths-annaatthe-album-rights |url-status=dead }}</ref>

One of the songs is an introductory number sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], who had crooned for most of the actor's introductory songs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=SPB's mass opening song for Rajinikanth in Annaatthe will be 'vera level' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/spbs-mass-opening-song-for-rajinikanth-in-annaatthe-will-be-vera-level/articleshow/77657629.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104100313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/spbs-mass-opening-song-for-rajinikanth-in-annaatthe-will-be-vera-level/articleshow/77657629.cms |archive-date=4 January 2021 |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The track was written by Viveka, and was reportedly considered to be a "highly-energetic number",<ref>{{Cite news |title=This was SP Balasubrahmanyam's reaction before recording 'Annaatthe' opening song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/this-was-sp-balasubrahmanyams-reaction-before-recording-annaatthe-opening-song/articleshow/78404071.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029203428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/this-was-sp-balasubrahmanyams-reaction-before-recording-annaatthe-opening-song/articleshow/78404071.cms |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and also the "best-ever opening song" for Rajinikanth, according to Imman.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-15 |title="SPB and who all have song? How many songs? and, much more..." Super update on Annaatthe music album |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sp-balasubrahmanyam-sid-sriram-d-imman-sung-in-annaatthe.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=Behindwoods|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909170428/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sp-balasubrahmanyam-sid-sriram-d-imman-sung-in-annaatthe.html |archive-date=9 September 2021 }}</ref> It was the last song he recorded before his death on 25 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=26 September 2020 |title=Composer D Imman recalls recording SP Balasubrahmanyam's last song for Rajinikanth's Annaatthe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/composer-d-imman-recalls-recording-sp-balasubrahmanyam-s-last-song-for-rajinikanth-s-annaatthe-1725615-2020-09-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104171725/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/composer-d-imman-recalls-recording-sp-balasubrahmanyam-s-last-song-for-rajinikanth-s-annaatthe-1725615-2020-09-26 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam's last song is Rajinikanth's opening song in 'Annaatthe' reveals D Imman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/sp-balasubrahmanyams-last-song-is-rajinikanths-opening-song-in-annaatthe-reveals-d-imman/articleshow/78318198.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029203435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/sp-balasubrahmanyams-last-song-is-rajinikanths-opening-song-in-annaatthe-reveals-d-imman/articleshow/78318198.cms |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The album will feature songs sung by [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sid Sriram]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Arivu]], Mukesh Mohammed, Nochipatti Thirumoorthy, Keezhakkarai Samsudheen, [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Diwakar]] and D. Imman himself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stellar lineup of singers for Rajinikanth's Annaatthe Music album |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/25923/stellar-lineup-of-singers-for-rajinikanths-annaatthe-music-album-by-imman |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=moviecrow.com}}</ref> However, the songs by Anirudh and Diwakar, were not included in the final tracklist. In October 2021, he brought in [[Nadaswaram]] exponent, Dr. K. P. Kumaran from [[Jaffna]], to record an [[instrumental]] track for one of the songs in the album.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Imman introduces a nadaswaram player from Jaffna in Annaatthe music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/imman-introduces-a-nadaswaram-player-from-jaffna-in-annaatthe-music/articleshow/87020607.cms |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| title1 = Annaatthe Annaatthe
| length1 = 4:31
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| total_length = 37:27
| title2 = Saara Kaatrae
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length2 = 4:06
| title3 = Marudhaani
| length3 = 5:01
| extra3 = [[D. Imman]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Anthony Daasan]]
| lyrics3 = Mani Amuthavan
| extra4 = Sid Sriram
| length4 = 4:23
| title4 = Yennuyire
| lyrics4 = [[Thamarai]]
| title5 = Vaa Saamy
| lyrics5 = Arun Bharathi
| extra5 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]], Nochipatti Thirumoorthy, Keezhakkarai Samsudheen
| length5 = 4:13
| title6 = A For Annaatthe
| lyrics6 = [[Arivu]]
| extra6 = Arivu, [[Rajinikanth]] (Voice Over)
| length6 = 3:41
| title7 = Yennuyire
| lyrics7 = Thamarai
| extra7 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length7 = 4:09
| title8 = Thalaivar Rampage
| lyrics8 = —
| extra8 = —
| length8 = 1:57
| title9 = Village Kuthu
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = —
| length9 = 1:55
| title10 = Yennuyire
| lyrics10 = —
| extra10 = K. P. Kumaran
| length10 = 4:12
| note10 = [[Instrumental]]
| note4 = Male Version
| note7 = Female Version
| note8 = Theme Music
| note9 = Theme Music
| headline =
}}

{{Track listing
| title1 = Annayyaa Annayyaa
| length1 = 4:19
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[S. P. Charan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| total_length = 33:31
| title2 = Raa Saamy
| extra2 = Mukesh Mohammad
| lyrics2 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| length2 = 4:13
| title3 = Hali Hali
| length3 = 4:06
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra4 = [[D. Imman]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Anthony Daasan]], Vandana Srinivasan
| length4 = 4:17
| title4 = Aha Kalyanam
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| title5 = Thellaaradhe
| lyrics5 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra5 = Haricharan
| length5 = 4:23
| title6 = Ye Jenmalo
| lyrics6 = Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar
| extra6 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length6 = 4:09
| title7 = Peddanna Rampage
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = —
| length7 = 1:57
| title8 = Thalaivar Rampage
| lyrics8 = —
| extra8 = —
| length8 = 1:55
| title9 = Thellaaradhe
| lyrics9 = —
| extra9 = K. P. Kumaran
| length9 = 4:12
| note7 = Theme Music
| note8 = Theme Music
| note9 = Instrumental
| headline = Telugu
}}

== Background score ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Annaatthe (Original Soundtrack Jukebox)
| type = [[Film score]]
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 December 2021
| recorded = 2021
| genre = [[Film score]]
| length = 44:20
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sun Pictures]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1= {{YouTube|8mbGgDbL7Yo&t|Film Score}}
}}
}}
The original soundtrack was released by [[Sun Pictures]] on 12 December 2021, which coincides [[Rajinikanth]]'s Birthday.
{{Track listing
| title1 = Annaatthe's Rampage
| length1 = 0:54
| title2 = Shadow of Hope
| length2 = 0:41
| title3 = Underworld
| length3 = 0:54
| title4 = Madrasi's Anger
| length4 = 3:35
| title5 = God's Power
| length5 = 2:08
| title6 = The Evil
| length6 = 1:24
| title7 = Kaalaiyan's Action
| length7 = 3:39
| title8 = The Wall Fight
| length8 = 3:20
| title9 = Thanga Meenatchi's Entry
| length9 = 1:29
| title10 = Sister's Birth
| length10 = 2:07
| title11 = Sister Love
| length11 = 1:12
| title12 = Marriage Proposal
| length12 = 3:12
| title13 = Happy Tears
| length13 = 1:53
| title14 = Bride Goes Missing
| length14 = 7:59
| title15 = Kaalaiyan's Naughtiness
| length15 = 0:30
| title16 = Laughter
| length16 = 0:59
| title17 = Festival
| length17 = 2:08
| title18 = Winning The Court Case
| length18 = 1:52
| title19 = Meenatchi Meets Pattammal
| length19 = 2:26
| title20 = Meenatchi's Husband Anger
| length20 = 2:09
| total_length = 44:20
}}

== Release ==
{{Quote box
| quote="During the filming of the song that SPB, the man who lived as my voice for 45 years, sung in ''Annaatthe'', I never imagined that it would be the last song he would sing for me. My dear SPB will live on forever through his sweet voice"
| source = — [[Rajinikanth]] on [[Twitter]], about expressing his emotions on [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], singing his last song for the film ''Annaatthe''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-02 |title='Never thought Annaatthe song would be SPB's last for me': Rajinikanth gets emotional |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/never-thought-annaatthe-song-would-be-spbs-last-me-rajinikanth-gets-emotional-156081 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
It has been falsely reported that the first single (later deciphered as the title track "Annaatthe Annaatthe") will be released on 25 September 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=Superstar Rajinikanth's Annaatthe First Single to be out on this important date ft SPB death anniversary |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/superstar-rajinikanths-annaatthe-first-single-to-be-out-on-this-important-date.html |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=Superstar Rajinikanth's 'Annaatthe' first single to be launched on this day? - Exclusive – Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/superstar-rajinikanth-annaatthe-movie-latest-update-first-single-release-date-late-spb-d-imman-tamil-news-294952 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> coinciding Balasubrahmanyam's death anniversary, in order to pay a heartfelt tribute to the singer.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Annaatthe' first single to be released on SP Balasubrahmanyam's death Anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/annaatthe-first-single-to-be-released-on-sp-balasubrahmanyams-death-anniversary/articleshow/86225838.cms |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> However, Imman decided against doing so, as the song release will become a celebration among the fans and the track being unveiled on a mourning day will not be considered as a right tribute, which as a result the song release was postponed to a later date.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title='Annaatthe' first single not releasing on SP Balasubramanyam's death anniversary, deets inside – Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/annaatthe-first-single-not-releasing-on-sp-balasubramanyams-death-anniversary-deets-inside-exclusive/articleshow/86474376.cms |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=Praveenkumar |first1=K. }}</ref> While asking about the song, Imman said that the song will be "an energetic song from the voice of S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, and also an emotional one due to the singer's untimely death".<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-24 |title=D Imman responds to the speculations on the first single release of Superstar Rajinikanth's 'Annaatthe'! - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/d-imman-interview-answers-about-annaatthe-first-single-release-date-speculations-superstar-rajinikanth-tamil-news-295542 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

On 2 October,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annaatthe first single sung by SPB to be out on October 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/sep/30/annaatthe-first-single-sung-by-spb-to-be-out-on-october-2-27025.html |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> coinciding the occasion of [[Gandhi Jayanti]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2021 |first=Janani |last=K. |title=Rajinikanth's Annaatthe first single, sung by SPB, to release on Oct 2. New poster out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-s-annaatthe-first-single-sung-by-spb-to-release-on-oct-2-new-poster-out-1859878-2021-10-01 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> the makers unveiled the introductory title track from the album.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2021-10-02 |title='Annaatthe Annaatthe' song released: SP Balasubrahmanyam's swansong for Rajinikanth |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/annaatthe-first-song-released/article36825262.ece |access-date=2021-10-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Annaatthe Annaatthe -Official Lyrical Video {{!}} ANNAATTHE {{!}} Rajinikanth{{!}} Sun Pictures{{!}}SPB{{!}}Siva{{!}}D Imman | date=4 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FK6dUrfYx84 |language=en |access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref> It received positive response from fans while also became emotional as it was considered as the last song that Balasubrahmanyam had sung for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-02 |title=S.P. Balasubramanyam's final film song from Annaatthe released |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sp-balasubramanyams-final-film-song-from-annaatthe-released/article36832414.ece |access-date=2021-10-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A review from ''[[The Hindu]]'' concluded that "SPB's swansong makes fans in a state of joy and sadness, for it which marks his final song in films".<ref name=":3" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' further wrote "With his trademark gusto, SPB has crooned the Annaatthe Annaatthe song, which would set the tone and energy for the rest of the movie in theatres. The number ticks all the boxes that are required to qualify as a Rajinikanth introduction song. It is heavy on beats and is loaded with messages and wisdom to live a fruitful and fulfilling life."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-02 |title=Annaatthe Annaatthe song: Rajinikanth gets emotional remembering SP Balasubrahmanyam's last song for him |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/annaatthe-annaatthe-song-rajinikanth-sp-balasubrahmanyam-last-song-7551857/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004133733/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/annaatthe-annaatthe-song-rajinikanth-sp-balasubrahmanyam-last-song-7551857/ |archive-date=4 October 2021 }}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' further stated that "the song is electrifying and the colourful visuals of the song perfectly go with its peppy mood".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2021 |title=Rajinikanth's Annaatthe introduction song sung by SPB is electrifying |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-s-annaatthe-introduction-song-sung-by-spb-is-electrifying-1860638-2021-10-02 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Before the song release, [[Rajinikanth]] took to [[Twitter]] expressing his emotions about the song and Balasubrahmanyam and further said that his love for the late singer will live on through his sweet voice forever.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajinikanth on SP Balasubrahmanyam's song in 'Annaatthe': My love SPB will live on through his sweet voice forever |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-on-sp-balasubrahmanyams-song-in-annaatthe-my-love-spb-will-live-on-through-his-sweet-voice-forever/articleshow/86773914.cms |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-02 |title=Superstar's 'Annaatthe' first single with late singer SPB's voice! - Rajinikanth pens an emotional note – Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/superstar-rajinikanth-annaatthe-first-single-late-singer-spb-voice-rajini-emotional-post-twitter-latest-update-tamil-news-296113 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Within 48 hours, the track crossed 4.8 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deevika |title=In just 48 hours, Rajinikanth's Annaatthe's first lyrical video hits 4.8 million, sets YouTube on fire |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/in-just-48-hours-rajinikanth-s-annaatthe-s-first-lyrical-video-hits-4-8-million-sets-youtube-on-fire-ycb-r0k9of |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref>

The second single track "Saara Kaatrae" released on 6 October 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2021 |first=Janani |last=K. |title=Rajinikanth, Nayanthara's Annaatthe second single Saara Kaattrae to release on October 6 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-nayanthara-s-annaatthe-second-single-saara-kaattrae-to-release-on-october-9-1862347-2021-10-05 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saara Kaattrae: Second single from Annaatthe to be out tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/08/saara-kaattrae-second-single-from-annaatthe-to-be-out-tomorrow-27150.html |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> it is a romantic number sung by [[Sid Sriram]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]], being picturised on Rajinikanth and [[Nayanthara]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Dinamalar |date=2021-10-05 |title=அண்ணாத்த-வின் அடுத்த பாடல் ரெடி |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/99926/cinema/Kollywood/Annaatthe-Second-Single-releasing-tomorrow.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008141729/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/99926/cinema/Kollywood/Annaatthe-Second-Single-releasing-tomorrow.htm |archive-date=8 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2021 |title=Rajinikanth, Nayanthara's Annaatthe second single Saara Kaattrae out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-nayanthara-s-annaatthe-second-single-saara-kaattrae-out-1862964-2021-10-06 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Saara Kaatrae -Lyric Video {{!}}Annaatthe {{!}}Rajinikanth {{!}}Sun Pictures {{!}} Imman{{!}} Sid Sriram{{!}} Shreya Ghoshal | date=9 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0LM8sDR-Ng |language=en |access-date=2021-10-09}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' stated that the song is a "soothing melody with a scenic beauty" while further saying that "The song is just as breezy as the lyrics and is definitely a visual treat for Superstar and Lady superstar fans".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-06 |title=Annaatthe first single proves to a soothing melody with scenic beauty – Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/annaatthe-first-single-release-annaatthe-theatrical-release-date-superstar-rajinikanth-lady-superstar-nayanthara-tamil-news-297300 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009153207/https://www.indiaglitz.com/annaatthe-first-single-release-annaatthe-theatrical-release-date-superstar-rajinikanth-lady-superstar-nayanthara-tamil-news-297300 |archive-date=9 October 2021 }}</ref> On 11 October 2021, the third single track "Marudhaani" sung by [[Vandana Srinivasan]], [[Nakash Aziz]] and [[Anthony Daasan]], was released.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=Marudhaani, third single from Rajinikanth's Annaatthe is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/marudhaani-third-single-from-rajinikanths-annaatthe-is-out/articleshow/87110278.cms |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It is a pre-wedding celebration pictured on Rajinikanth, [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and [[Keerthy Suresh]], which was regarded as an "upbeat festive track" by ''The Indian Express'' and [[Puthiya Thalaimurai|''The Federal'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-12 |title=Annaatthe song Marudhaani: Rajinikanth has a blast with Keerthy Suresh, Khushbu and Meena in this upbeat number |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/annaatthe-song-marudhaani-rajinikanth-keerthi-suresh-khushbu-meena-7578594/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018173852/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/annaatthe-song-marudhaani-rajinikanth-keerthi-suresh-khushbu-meena-7578594/ |archive-date=18 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavitha |date=2021-10-11 |title=Rajini, Khushboo & Meena shine in upbeat track 'Marudhaani' from 'Annaatthe' |url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/rajini-khushboo-meena-shine-in-upbeat-track-marudhaani-from-annaatthe/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=The Federal |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018153533/https://thefederal.com/entertainment/rajini-khushboo-meena-shine-in-upbeat-track-marudhaani-from-annaatthe/ |archive-date=18 October 2021 }}</ref> Pranita Chaubey of [[NDTV]] praised Rajinikanth's dance moves in the number, while writing for the song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annaatthe Song Marudhaani : Rajinikanth Dances Like No One's Watching |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/annaatthe-song-marudhaani-rajinikanth-dances-like-no-ones-watching-2581685 |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Later, the fourth track "Vaa Saamy" was released along with the soundtrack on 25 October.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=Imman introduces new singer in Vaa Saamy song from Annaatthe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/imman-introduces-new-singer-in-vaa-saamy-song-from-annaatthe/articleshow/87219914.cms |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Vaa Saamy' from 'Annaatthe' tops the album |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/vaa-saamy-from-annaatthe-tops-the-album/articleshow/87250357.cms |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It was recorded by Mukesh Mohammad, along with physically challenged singers, Nochipatti Thirumoorthy and Keezhakkarai Samsudheen.<ref name=":7" /> With the jukebox format being initially released, the songs were released through the music streaming platforms on 1 November 2021.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Annaatthe - S. P. Balasubrahmanyam - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=2021-11-01|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/annaatthe/Ix3PuTgJvhI_|language=en-US|access-date=2021-11-03}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Behindwoods'' gave the album a rating of 3 out of 5 stars saying it as "Imman's solid debut with the Superstar" and "a mass commercial album".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-02|title=Annaatthe (aka) Thalaivar 168 songs review|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/annaatthe/annaatthe-songs-review.html|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Meera Chithirappavai, in her music review for ''Moviecrow'', rated three-and-a-half out of five stars and said "The album is a well-balanced, planned and executed from Imman, one that offers a bit of everything we expect to see in a rural drama and set the mood". She further wrote: "the album doesn't disappoint any strata or category of audience, but unapologetically conforms to playing to the gallery but the intelligence with which it has been packaged makes every song worth your while".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annaatthe Songs - Music Review|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29440/annaatthe-songs---music-review|access-date=2021-11-03|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' too gave 3.5 stars and said "Imman strikes a fine balance between his musical sensibilities and the grandeur expected of a Rajni movie to produce an entertaining soundtrack."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-03|title=Annaatthe – Music Review|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2021/11/03/annaatthe-music-review/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Music Aloud}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from the official [[YouTube]] channel of [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<ref name=":8" />

{{div col}}
* [[Music Composer|Composition]], [[Music Production|production]], [[musical arrangements]], [[Sound recording and reproduction|recording]], [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]], [[Mastering (audio)|mastering]] – [[D. Imman]]
* [[Lyrics]] – [[Thamarai]], [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]], [[Yugabharathi]], Arun Bharathi, Mani Amuthavan, [[Arivu]]
* [[Singers]] – [[D. Imman]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sid Sriram]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Diwakar]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Anthony Daasan]], Mukesh Mohammad, Nochipatti Thirumoorthy, Keezhakkarai Samsudheen,
* Additional music production – Ranjan
* [[Acoustic guitar|Acoustic]], [[electric guitar|electric]] and [[bass guitar]] – [[Keba Jeremiah]]
* [[Slide guitar|Electric slide guitar]] – [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
* [[Woodwinds]], [[Clarinet]], [[Saxophone]] – Nathan
* [[Shehnai]] – Balesh
* [[Sitar]] – Kishore
* [[Nadaswaram]] – D. Balasubramani, K. P. Kumaran
* Stringed instruments ([[mandolin]], [[oud]], [[bouzuki]], [[pipa]], [[Saz (musical instrument)|saz]], banjonin) – S. M. Subhani
* Indian [[percussions]] – Babu, Pradeep, Raja, Balu, Manoj, Saravanan, David, Chiranjeevi, Azhagiri (conducted by Kaviraj)
* Chennai Strings Orchestra conducted by – Yensone Bagyanathan
* [[Violin]] – Rex Isaac, Ramachandran, Sasi, Murali, B. G. Venkatesh, George, Mohan, Dhayalan, David Ling, Samson, Prabhu, Ruben, Baskar, Vijayabaskar, Jayakumar, Selva, Shiva, Sekar, Seenu, Narayana Rao, Manoj
* [[Viola]] – Sebastian, Balu, Hemanth, Girijan, Selva, Gopi, Chandran, Anita, Joseph, Cyril, Dinakar, Vinaykumar
* [[Cello]] – Sekar, Somnath, Francis, Seenu
* [[Bassoon|Bass]] – Bidhyut, Suresh
* [[Trumpet]] – Maxwell
* [[Harmony]] – [[Santhosh Hariharan|Santosh Hariharan]], [[Deepak]], Shenbagaraj, Aravind Srinivas, Narayanan, Vignesh Narayanan, [[Veenaa-Murali|Veena Murali]], Sowmya Mahadevan, Deepthi Suresh, Abinaya Shenbagaraj, Ala B Bala, Soundarya, Nandakumar
* Kids vocals – Sahana, Aditya Suresh
* [[Maria Roe Vincent|Elfe Choir]] – [[Maria Roe Vincent]], Angelin Nisha, Sheryl Suraj, Deepa Shankar, Nisha Sharon, Krithika Konda, Sneha Sathya, [[Super Singer 10|Padmaja Sreenivasan]], Snigdha Chandra, Anuj Mathew, Rohit Sridhar, Reshwin Nishith, Aneesh Solomon (conducted by Maria Roe Vincent)
* [[Whistle]] – Swetha Suresh
* [[Studio]] – D. Imman's Sound Factory
* [[String (music)|Strings]] recording – Lijesh Kumar (Voice and Vision Studios)
* [[Mastered for iTunes|iTunes Digital Mastering]] – [[Shadab Rayeen]] (New Edge Studios, Mumbai) [Assisted by Pukhraj, Milan]
* [[Studio manager|Managers]] – Peter (D. Imman's Sound Factory), Ashok Kumar (Voice and Vision Studios)
* System Consultant – Tamilselvan (Audio Visuals Inc.)
* Project Co-ordinator – David
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{D. Imman}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:D. Imman soundtracks]]

Ashok Vajpeyi

2026-01-05T09:54:08Z

SondraCleland5: Article updated with latest changes

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language poet, essayist and literary-cultural critic}}
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with [[Ashok Bajpai]].}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Ashok Vajpeyi
| image = Ashok Vajpeyi.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = With his books at a seminar in IGNOU| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1941}}
| birth_place = [[Durg]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = | resting_place = | occupation =Chairman, [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] India's National Academy of Arts (2008–2011), poet, essayist, literary-cultural critic | language = Hindi| nationality = | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | spouse = | partner = | children = | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | portaldisp = }}
[[File:The Chairman, Lalit Kala Akademi, Shri Ashok Vajpeyi interacting with the media, in New Delhi on December 15, 2011.jpg|thumb|The Chairman, Lalit Kala Akademi, Shri Ashok Vajpeyi interacting with the media, in New Delhi on 15 December 2011]]
'''Ashok Vajpeyi''' (born 1941) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[poet]], essayist, literary-cultural critic, apart from being a noted cultural and [[arts administrator]], and a former civil servant. He was chairman, [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] India's National Academy of Arts, [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Govt of India, 2008–2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=General Council Members |url=http://www.lalitkala.gov.in/history/up-coming-events/gc-members.html |publisher=[[Lalit Kala Akademi]] website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715182953/http://lalitkala.gov.in/history/up-coming-events/gc-members.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Word: Ashok Vajpeyi , Poet and former chairman of Lalit Kala Akademi |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main51.asp?filename=hu030312The_word.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203173943/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main51.asp?filename=hu030312The_word.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |date=3 March 2012 |publisher=Tehelka Magazine, Vol 9, Issue 09, Dated }}</ref> He has published over 23 books of poetry, criticism and art, and was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] given by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, in 1994 for his poetry collection, ''Kahin Nahin Wahin''.<ref name=jailit>{{cite web |title=Ashok Vajpeyi |url=http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/ashok-vajpeyi/ |publisher=[[Jaipur Literature Festival]] |access-date=27 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117134613/http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/ashok-vajpeyi/ |archive-date=17 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=hindu/> His notable poetry collections include, ''Shaher Ab Bhi Sambhavana Hai'' (1966), ''Tatpurush'' (1986), ''Bahuri Akela'' (1992), ''Ibarat Se Giri Matrayen'', ''Ummeed ka Doosra Naam'' (2004) and ''Vivaksha'' (2006), besides this he has also published works on literary and art criticism: ''Filhal'', ''Kuchh Poorvagrah'', ''Samay se Bahar'', ''Kavita ka Galp'' and ''Sidhiyan Shuru ho Gayi Hain''. He is generally seen as part of the old Delhi-centric literary-cultural establishment consisting of bureaucrat-poets and academicians like [[Sitakanta Mahapatra]], [[Keki Daruwalla]], [[Jagannath Prasad Das|J.P.Das]], [[Gopi Chand Narang]], Indra Nath Choudhari and [[K.Satchidanandan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Amit Prakash|first1=Y.P. Rajesh|title=The Literary Mafia|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/The-Literary-Mafia/200102|work=Outlook Magazine|date=1 Nov 1995}}</ref>

==Career==

Vajpeyi received his master's degree (MA English) from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web |url= https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-cultural-impact/article4860402 |title=A Cultural Impact|website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> and joined the [[Indian Administrative Services]] (IAS) in [[Madhya Pradesh]] (MP), in 1965. He was patronized by [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]], and became the state's culture secretary when Singh became the Chief Minister of [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]]. As the culture secretary, he set up 11 cultural institutions, and made decisions regarding appointment of trustees and office-bearers of these institutions. This made him an influential figure within MP. In 1980s, he gained national recognition, starting with the establishment of [[Bharat Bhavan]], which was inaugurated by prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. Vajpeyi lost his powerful position in MP, when Congress' rival [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] came to power in the state. In 1990, the [[Sunder Lal Patwa ministry (1990–92)|Sunder Lal Patwa government]] transferred him to the state Revenue Board.<ref name="Outlook_1995">{{cite journal |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-literary-mafia/200102 |title=The Literary Mafia |author=Amit Prakash and Y. P. Rajesh |journal=Outlook |date=1 November 1995 }}</ref>

Over the years he served Secretary of Culture, Union [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], and as Vice-Chancellor, [[Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya]]; trustee, [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] ([[IGNCA]]); member, [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] ([[ICCR]]), and executive board member of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |title=Ashok Vajpeyi Lalit Kala Akademi pro-tem chief |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/23/stories/2008022357390100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227222401/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/23/stories/2008022357390100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 February 2008 }}</ref> He has won the Dayavati Modi Kavi Shekhar Samman, 1994, and the Kabir Samman (2006).<ref name=hindu/> His work has been translated into many Indian languages, besides in English, French, and Polish.<ref name=wlt>{{cite web |title=Play: Ashok Vajpeyi|url=http://www.ou.edu/worldlit/11_2010/vajpeyi.html |publisher=[[World Literature Today]], [[University of Oklahoma]] }}</ref> After being appointed a pro-tem Chairman of Lalit Kala Akademi India's National Academy of Arts, he was subsequently appointed as its regular chairman, in April 2008, till December 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashok Vajpeyi becomes chairman of the Lalit Kala Akademi|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=37735 |date=22 April 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Culture}}</ref>

After his retirement from IAS, he has lived in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arty soul: Lalit Kala Akademi Chairman Ashok Vajpeyi..|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/12/24/stories/2010122450810500.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125121959/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/12/24/stories/2010122450810500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 December 2010 }}</ref>

==Protest and return of awards==

On 7 October 2015 it was reported that Vajpeyi returned his [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] supporting "the right to dissent" and protesting recent murders of writers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/after-nayantara-sahgal-ashok-vajpeyi-returns-sahitya-akademi-award/story-pn50XQ2QGW5kU3mnH30GPO.html|title=Now, Ashok Vajpeyi returns Sahitya Akademi award, slams PM Modi|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]| date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-awardee-ashok-vajpeyi-on-why-they-returned/article7743868.ece?ref=relatedNews|title=Why we returned Sahitya Akademi awards|work=[[The Hindu]]| date=10 October 2015}}</ref> On 20 January 2016, Ashok decided to return [[D.Litt]]. given to him by [[University of Hyderabad]] in protest against the "[[Anti-Dalit]]" attitude of authorities which has allegedly driven a Dalit student [[Rohith Vemula]] to commit suicide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Writer Ashok Vajpeyi returns D Litt degree in protest against Rohith Vemula's suicide|date=19 January 2016 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/awardwapsi-returns-writer-ashok-vajpeyi-returns-d-litt-degree-in-protest-against-rohith-vemulas-suicide_1846897.html|publisher=[[Zeenews.com]]|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Kahin Nahin Vahin'' (Hindi). [[Rajkamal Prakashan]]. {{ISBN|81-267-0547-7}}.
* ''Jo Nahin Hai'' (Hindi). Kitabghar Prakashan, 1996. {{ISBN|81-7016-349-8}}.
* ''Seediyan Suroo Ho Gayee Hain'' (Hindi). Vani Prakashan, 1996. {{ISBN|81-7055-498-5}}.
* ''Ek Patang Anant Mein'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-267-1047-0}}.
* ''Samay Ke Pass Samay'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-7178-972-2}}.
* ''Kavita Ka Galpa'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-7119-272-6}}.
* ''Dukh Chitthirasa Hai'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|978-81-267-1506-0}}.
* ''Umang'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-267-0979-0}}.
* ''Pao Bhar Jeera Mein Brahambhoj'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-267-0533-7}}.
* ''Kuch Purvgrah'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-267-0546-9}}.
* ''Sanshaya Ke Saaye'' (Hindi). Bhartiya Jnanpith. {{ISBN|81-263-1417-6}}.
* ''Kavita Ka Janpad'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-7119-116-9}}.
* ''Ujala Ek Mandir Banati Hai'' (Hindi). Rajpal And Sons, {{ISBN|81-7028-631-X}}.
* ''Avignon''. Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-7178-431-3}}.
* ''Punarwasu (S.)'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|978-81-267-1454-4}}.
* ''Kuchh Rafoo Kuchh Thigare'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-267-0846-8}}.
* ''Vivaksha'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-267-1199-X}}.
* ''Anyatra'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|978-81-267-2029-3}}
* ''Kabhi Kabhar'' (Hindi). Vani, 2000. {{ISBN|81-7055-716-X}}.
* ''Bahuri Akela'' (Hindi). Vani, 2005.
* ''Ab Yahan Nahin'' (Hindi). Penguin, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-14-310160-4}}.
;Anthology
* ''Pratinidhi Kavitayen : Ashok Vajpeyi'' (Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. {{ISBN|978-81-7178-704-3}}.
* "Din firne wale hai" : Ashok Vajpeyi

As a translator, he collaborated with {{ill|Renata Czekalska|pl|Renata Czekalska}} to translate from Polish into Hindi the works of four major Polish poets: [[Czesław Miłosz]], [[Wisława Szymborska|W. Szymborska]], Z. Herbert and T. Rozewicz.<ref name=jailit/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Czekalska|first=Renata|title=Lista publikacji|url=https://orient.uj.edu.pl/documents/20745011/0/Czekalska_Lista%20publikacji.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114211751/https://orient.uj.edu.pl/documents/20745011/0/Czekalska_Lista%20publikacji.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-14|access-date=2021-11-14|website=orient.uj.edu.pl|language=pl}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.littlemag.com/bloodsport/ashokvajpeyi.html They were here] The Little Magazine

==External links==
* [http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80 Ashok Vajpeyi, poetry (Hindi)] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130415074640/http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80 |date=15 April 2013 }} at Kavita Kosh
* {{cite news |title=Cultural crusader |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120429/spectrum/book8.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=29 April 2012}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120210132643/http://outlookindia.com/peoplehome3.aspx?pid=5409&author=Ashok+Vajpeyi Columns by Ashok Vajpeyi] at [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vajpeyi, Ashok}}
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian art critics]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Translators to Hindi]]
[[Category:Translators from Polish]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Indian arts administrators]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Sholinganallur metro station

2026-01-04T09:58:44Z

SondraCleland5:

{{short description|Upcoming Chennai Metro's elevated interchange metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Sholinganallur
| style = Chennai Metro
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = 3|line2 = 5}}
| image =
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.90120|80.22794|display=inline,title}}
| owned = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| operator = [[Chennai Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|purple|croute}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|red|croute}}
| platforms = {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|purple}}}} [[Side Platform]] Platform-1 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|SIPCOT Siruseri}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|red}}}} [[Island platform]] Platform-1 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}} / {{stl|Chennai Metro|Pattabiram}} Platform-2 → ''Line terminates here''
| tracks = 4
| structure = Elevated, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Under Construction
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|March 2027}}
| electrified = Single phase 25 kV, 35 Hz AC through [[overhead catenary]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=purple|left1=Okkiyam Thoraipakkam|to-left1=Madhavaram Milk Colony|right1=Sholinganallur Lake I|to-right1=SIPCOT Siruseri|line2=red|left2=|right2=ELCOT|to-right2=Madhavaram Milk Colony|note-mid3=''(Future Service)''|left3=|right3=ELCOT|to-right3=Pattabiram}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Purple Line Route}} {{Chennai Metro Red Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Sholinganallur metro station''' is an upcoming elevated-interchange metro station on the [[Red Line (Chennai Metro)|Red Line]] and [[Purple Line (Chennai Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This metro station will be among the 19 elevated stations of Corridor III and 39 elevated stations of Corridor V of the Chennai Metro. This station is slated to be operational by 2026, making it a key metro rail hub of [[South Chennai]].<ref name="hub">{{Cite news|date=2024-08-01 |title=Sholinganallur To Become Metrorail Hub On OMR In 2 Years|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/chennai-sholinganallur-to-become-metrorail-hub-on-omr-in-2-years-details-article-112187675 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Times Now|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Metro Phase 2 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/chennai-metro-phase-2-information-map/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
In 2022, '''[[Rail Vikas Nigam Limited]] (RVNL)''', was awarded the contract for construction of stations from Sholinganallur to SIPCOT II with Sholinganallur being key interchange station.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=RVNL wins bid for Sholinganallur-SIPCOT line construction of Chennai Metro|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rvnl-wins-bid-for-sholinganallur-sipcot-line-construction-of-chennai-metro/article66077695.ece |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Hindu|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="hub"/> The construction of this stretch faced delays and was finally started in mid of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=Sholinganallur-Siruseri metro construction work begins|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sholinganallur-siruseri-metro-construction-work-begins-in-chennai/articleshow/111545525.cms |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Sholinganallur track layout ''(TBC)''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|purple}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Okkiyam Thoraipakkam metro station|Okkiyam Thoraipakkam]]
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Sholinganallur Lake I metro station|Sholinganallur Lake I]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station 1st floor with two tracks and two side platforms ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}|{{Routemap
| title = Sholinganallur track layout ''(TBC)''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|red}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = CONTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}}/{{stl|Chennai Metro|Pattabiram}} **
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ Train terminates here **
ENDEe\ENDEe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station 2nd floor with two tracks and one Island platform ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="30" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="85" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, Public plaza
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |[[Grade separator]]
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Sholinganallur junction flyover
|-
| rowspan="3" width="30" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L3'''
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Okkiyam Thoraipakkam}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards ← {{stl|Chennai Metro|SIPCOT Siruseri}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Sholinganallur Lake I}}
|-
| rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L4'''
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}}/ {{stl|Chennai Metro|Pattabiram}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|ELCOT}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | ''Train terminates here''
|-
|}

== Design and Supportive Infrastructure==
Sholinganallur metro station will be an elevated interchange station integrated with an eight-storey, 35-metre-tall building. The complex will include a plaza, parking and concourse facilities within the lower floors. Metro trains of [[Purple Line (Chennai Metro)|Line 3]] and [[Red Line (Chennai Metro)|Line 5]] will operate on third and fourth levels. [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited|CMRL]] also plans to utilise sixth to eighth floor for office space or for retail outlets.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=2025-09-29|title=Elevated interchange Metro station to come up in Sholinganallur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/elevated-interchange-metro-station-to-come-up-in-sholinganallur/article70104988.ece/amp/|access-date=2025-09-29 |website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-13 |title=Soon, you can switch between Chennai Metro Rail stations|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/soon-you-can-switch-between-chennai-metro-rail-stations-799289 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=DT Next|language=en}}</ref>

==Entry/Exit==
The station will have 4 Entry/Exit points: On Perumbakkam Main Road, in the direction of Elcot Park and other on Kalaignar Karunanithi Salai, in the direction towards ECR.<ref>{{cite news|date=2025-06-04|title=Metro on 6th floor at Sholinganallur|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/metro-on-6th-floor-at-sholinganallur/articleshow/121605032.cms|access-date=2025-06-21 |website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|line 3=yes|line 5=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

National Securities Depository Limited

2025-11-21T04:38:40Z

SondraCleland5: improved article

{{Short description|Central securities depository in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

{{Infobox company
| name = National Securities Depository Limited
| logo = Logo of National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) of India 2024-01-18.jpg
| logo_size = 170px
| logo_alt =
| traded_as = {{BSE|544467}}
| ISIN = INE301O01023
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| industry = [[Central securities depository]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1996}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| key_people = Vijay Chandok {{small|([[CEO|MD & CEO]])}}
| services = Depository services
| products = Demat account, Transfer and Settlement of Securities
| owners = {{ubl|[[IDBI Bank]] (26.1%)|[[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] (24%)|[[HDFC Bank]] (8.9%)|[[UTI Asset Management|SUUTI]] (6.83%)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gohel |first1=Ankit |title=NSDL IPO: Who are the major shareholders in NSDL? Check the list here |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/ipo/nsdl-ipo-idbi-bank-nse-hdfc-bank-sbi-among-major-shareholders-in-the-depository-take-a-look-11689060845156.html |access-date=24 July 2025 |work=Mint |date=11 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://nsdl.co.in/}}
}}
'''National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL)''' is an Indian [[central securities depository]], based in [[Mumbai]]. It was established in August 1996 as the first electronic securities depository in India with national coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us - NSDL |url=https://nsdl.co.in/about/index.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213221806/http://www.nsdl.co.in/about/index.php |archive-date=2006-02-13 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=NSDL}}</ref> At the end of 2023, its [[demat account]]s held assets worth ₹398 lakh crore ($4.7 trillion).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=Statistics - NSDL |url=https://nsdl.co.in/about/statistics.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118182648/https://nsdl.co.in/about/statistics.php |archive-date=2024-01-18 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=NSDL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=B. Q.|title=Assets In NSDL Demat Accounts Now Worth $4 Trillion|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/assets-in-nsdl-demat-accounts-now-worth-4-trillion|access-date=2022-01-17|website=BloombergQuint|date=23 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=What is NSDL service?|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/what-is-nsdl-service/articleshow/70669034.cms|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Business Insider|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117155509/https://www.businessinsider.in/what-is-nsdl-service/articleshow/70669034.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

NSDL provides services to investors, stock brokers, custodians and issuer companies through a network of [[Depository participant|Depository Participants]] and digital platforms. Its services are related to [[Dematerialization (securities)|dematerialization]], [[Stock transfer agent|transfer]] and [[Settlement (finance)|settlement]] of securities in the Indian securities market.

==History==
National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) is an Indian central securities depository under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Finance, Government of India based in Mumbai. The enactment of [[Depositories Act|Depositories Act, December 1995]] paved the way for establishment of NSDL. It was established in 1996 as the first electronic securities depository in India with national coverage.

NSDL has more than 2.80 crore demat accounts as of 30 June 2022. It contributes to majority of the settlement in the Indian securities markets and has more than 89% share in the total value of assets held in demat form in India.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The [[initial public offering]] (IPO) of NSDL was launched in July 2025 as an offer for sale (OFS) of shares worth ₹4,012 crore (US$458 million) by its existing shareholders, including [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]], [[IDBI Bank]], [[State Bank of India]], [[HDFC Bank]], and SUUTI. The shares listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] on 6 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web | last1=M | first1=Vivek Kumar | last2=Monnappa | first2=Chandini | last3=Mukherjee | first3=Hritam | last4=Monnappa | first4=Chandini | last5=Mukherjee | first5=Hritam | title=NSDL's $458 million India IPO fully sold within hours of launch | work=Reuters | date=30 July 2025 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/nsdls-458-million-india-ipo-fully-sold-within-hours-of-launch-2025-07-30/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=NSE, banks to offload 5 cr NSDL shares in IPO | work=The Times of India | date=24 July 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nse-banks-to-offload-5-cr-nsdl-shares-in-ipo/articleshow/122878661.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=NSDL IPO: Issue opens on July 30, here's what you need to know about GMP, issue details - NSDL's Upcoming IPO | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/nsdl-ipo-issue-opens-july-30-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-gmp-issue-details/nsdls-upcoming-ipo/slideshow/122931933.cms }}</ref>

==Company structure==
NSDL Group comprises National Securities Depository Limited (abbreviated as NSDL), NSDL Database Management Limited (NDML) and NSDL Payments Bank Limited. NDML and NSDL Payments Bank are two subsidiary companies of NSDL.

{{Infobox company
| name = NSDL Payments Bank Limited
| logo =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as =
| foundation =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| area_served = India
| products = {{Unbulleted list|[[Banking]]|[[Retail Banking]]}}
| revenue =
| net_income =
| key_people = Abhijit Kamalapurkar {{small|([[Managing director|MD]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| num_employees =
| parent = National Securities Depository Limited
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL |https://nsdlpayments.bank.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

[[Protean eGov Technologies|Protean eGovernance Technologies]] (earlier known as NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited) was a former subsidiary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited|url=https://www.egov-nsdl.co.in/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.egov-nsdl.co.in|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206073252/https://www.egov-nsdl.co.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It works on [[Digital public infrastructure|Digital Public Infrastructure]] and Open Source software as well as offers services related to issuance of PAN cards and also acts as central record-keeping agency for National Pension System (NPS).

== See also ==
* [[Demat account]]
* [[Depository participant]]
* [[Central Depository Services|Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL)]]
* [[Asia-Pacific Central Securities Depository Group]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Financial services in India}}
{{Insurance in India}}
{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Central securities depositories of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2025 initial public offerings]]

11th Manipur Assembly

2025-11-10T17:24:12Z

SondraCleland5: made a post.

{{Short description|Unicameral state legislature of Manipur in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Manipur Legislative Assembly
| legislature = 11th Legislative Assembly of Manipur
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| foundation = 
| disbanded = 
| preceded_by = [[10th Manipur Assembly|10th Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[12th Manipur Assembly|12th Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]]
| leader1 = Y. Khemchand Singh
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|20 March 2017]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Speaker]]
| leader2 = Kongkham Robindro
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|8 February 2018]]
| leader3_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Manipur|Chief Minister]]
| leader3 = [[N. Biren Singh|N Biren Singh]]
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|15 March 2017]]
| leader4_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Manipur|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| leader4 = [[Yumnam Joykumar Singh|Y Joykumar Singh]]
| party4 = [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| election4 = [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|5 July 2020]]
| leader5_type = [[Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader5 = [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| party5 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election5 = [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|15 March 2017]]
| structure1=File:Manipur Legislative Assembly 2022.svg
| structure1_res=300px
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Manipur|Government]] (37) '''
* {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (28)
* {{Color box|#990066}} [[Naga People's Front|NPF]] (4)
* {{Color box|#DB7093}} [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] (5)
'''Opposition (13)'''
* {{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (13)
'''Others (1)'''
* {{Color box|#003366}} [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (1)
'''Vacant (9)'''
*{{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Vacant (9)

| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|4 - 8 March 2017]]
| next_election1 = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|27 February - 3 March 2022]]
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Manipur Legislative Assembly, Capital Complex, Thangmeiband, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]-795001
| website = https://manipur.neva.gov.in/
}}

The '''Manipur Legislative Assembly''' is the [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[legislature]] of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! Remarks
|-
| 1
| [[Khundrakpam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khundrakpam]]
| Thokchom Lokeshwar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 2
| [[Heingang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Heingang]]
| [[N. Biren Singh|Nongthombam Biren Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 3
| [[Khurai (Manipur Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khurai]]
| Leishangthem Susindro Meitei
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 4
| [[Kshetrigao (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kshetrigao]]
| Nahakpam Indrajit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 5
| [[Thongju (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thongju]]
| [[Thongam Biswajit Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 6
| [[Keirao (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keirao]]
| Lourembam Rameshwor Meetei
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 7
| [[Andro (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Andro]]
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''Vacant'''
|Disqualification of [[Thounaojam Shyamkumar Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Manipur Assembly Speaker disqualifies MLA Thounaojam Shyamkumar for defecting to BJP in 2017|url=https://scroll.in/latest/957531/manipur-assembly-speaker-disqualifies-mla-thounaojam-shyamkumar-for-defecting-to-bjp|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| [[Lamlai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lamlai]]
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''Vacant'''
|
|-
| 9
| [[Thangmeiband (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thangmeiband]]
| [[Khumukcham Joykishan|Khumukcham Joykisan Singh]]
|Bgcolor={{Party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
|Switched from INC to JD(U)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-27|title=Manipur Congress MLA joins JD(U) ahead of assembly polls|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-congress-mla-joins-jd-u-ahead-of-assembly-polls-101643228088486.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| [[Uripok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uripok]]
| Yumnam Joykumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 11
| [[Sagolband (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sagolband]]
| Rajkumar Imo Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Switched from Independent to BJP<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=2 Manipur MLAs Join BJP In Presence Of Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/two-manipur-mlas-rajkumar-imo-singh-yamthong-haokip-join-bjp-in-presence-of-union-minister-sarbananda-sonowal-2602813|access-date=2021-11-09|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| 12
| [[Keishamthong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keishamthong]]
| Langpoklakpam Jayantakumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 13
| [[Singjamei (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singjamei]]
| Yumnam Khemchand Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 14
| [[Yaiskul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yaiskul]]
| Thokchom Satyabrata Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 15
| [[Wangkhei (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wangkhei]]
| [[Yumkham Erabot Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|{{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Switched from BJP to NPP<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-03|title=Two Manipur BJP MLAs join NPP after losing tickets to Congress turncoats|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/manipur-assembly-elections-congress-bjp-npp-turncoats-7755607/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 16
| [[Sekmai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sekmai]] (SC)
| Heikham Dingo Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 17
| [[Lamsang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lamsang]]
| [[Sorokhaibam Rajen]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 18
| [[Konthoujam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Konthoujam]]
| Dr. Sapam Ranjan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 19
| [[Patsoi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patsoi]]
| Akoijam Mirabai Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 20
| [[Langthabal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Langthabal]]
| [[Karam Shyam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Switched from [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] to BJP<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/nov/09/gains-for-bjp-in-poll-bound-manipur-as-lone-ljp-member-set-to-join-party-2381458.html |title=Gains for BJP in poll-bound Manipur as lone LJP member set to join party |date=10 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |work=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/after-2-legislators-another-manipur-mla-announces-joining-bjp-101636471087619.html |title=After 2 legislators, another Manipur MLA announces joining BJP |date=10 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| 21
| [[Naoriya Pakhanglakpa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naoriya Pakhanglakpa]]
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''Vacant'''
|Resignation by [[Soibam Subhaschandra Singh]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-18|title=Manipur govt on edge as 3 MLAs resign, ally walks off|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-govt-on-edge-as-3-mlas-resign-ally-walks-off/story-p2TRIAIIg7ZQFMJAc1Wq5L.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 22
| [[Wangoi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wangoi]]
| Oinam Lukhoi Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won in 2020 by-poll
|-
| 23
| [[Mayang Imphal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mayang Imphal]]
| Kongkham Robindro Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 24
| [[Nambol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nambol]]
| Nameirakpam Loken Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 25
| [[Oinam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Oinam]]
| Laishram Radhakishore Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 26
| [[Bishnupur (Manipur Legislative Assembly constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''Vacant'''
|
|-
| 27
| [[Moirang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Moirang]]
| Pukhrem Sharatchandra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|Switched from BJP to INC<ref>{{Cite news|title=Manipur: BJP MLA, 2 others join Congress|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/manipur/manipur-bjp-mla-2-others-join-congress/articleshow/89256873.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref>
|-
| 28
| [[Thanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thanga]]
| [[Tongbram Robindro Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Switched from AITC to BJP<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2022-01-21|title=Lone TMC MLA Tongbram Robindro Singh in poll-bound Manipur joins BJP|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/lone-trinamool-congress-mla-tongbram-robindro-singh-in-poll-bound-manipur-joins-bharatiya-janata-party-latest-manipur-election-2022-news-updates-2022-01-21-755532|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 29
| [[Kumbi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kumbi]]
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''Vacant'''
|
|-
| 30
| [[Lilong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lilong]]
| Y. Antas Khan
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won in 2020 by-poll. Switched from Independent to BJP<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|title=Independent MLA joins BJP ahead of Manipur elections {{!}} Imphal News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/independent-mla-joins-bjp-ahead-of-manipur-elections/articleshow/87887475.cms|access-date=2021-11-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 31
| [[Thoubal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thoubal]]
| [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 32
| [[Wangkhem (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wangkhem]]
| Keisham Meghachandra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 33
| [[Heirok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Heirok]]
| Thokchom Radheshyam Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 34
| [[Wangjing Tentha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wangjing Tentha]]
| Paonam Brojen Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won in 2020 by-poll
|-
| 35
| [[Khangabok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khangabok]]
| Surjakumar Okram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 36
| [[Wabgai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wabgai]]
| Muhammad Fajur Rahim
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 37
| [[Kakching (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kakching]]
| Mayanglambam Rameswhar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Switched from BJP to NPP<ref name=":2" />
|-
| 38
| [[Hiyanglam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hiyanglam]]
| Dr. Radheshyam Yumnam
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 39
| [[Sugnu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sugnu]]
| Kangujam Ranjit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 40
| [[Jiribam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jiribam]]
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''Vacant'''
| Resignation by [[Ashab Uddin (politician)|Ashab Uddin]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-29|title=Manipur MLA Md Ashab Uddin resigns from assembly ahead of polls|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election/manipur-mla-md-ashab-uddin-resigns-from-assembly-ahead-of-polls-101643408165170.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 41
| [[Chandel (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandel]] (ST)
| [[Letpao Haokip]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Switched from NPP to BJP<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-29|title=Ahead of 2022 Assembly elections, Manipur Minister Letpao Haokip joins BJP in Delhi|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ahead-of-2022-assembly-elections-manipur-minister-letpao-haokip-joins-bjp-in-delhi-10244731.html|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 42
| [[Tengnoupal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tengnoupal]] (ST)
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''Vacant'''
|Resignation by D. Korungthang<ref>{{Cite web|title=Setback for Congress in Manipur, Tengnoupal MLA Korungthang resigns; likely to join NPF|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/setback-for-congress-in-manipur-tengnoupal-mla-korungthang-resigns-likely-to-join-npf/2398312/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 43
| [[Phungyar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Phungyar]] (ST)
| K. Leishiyo
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 44
| [[Ukhrul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ukhrul]] (ST)
| [[Alfred Kan-Ngam Arthur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 45
| [[Chingai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chingai]] (ST)
| Khashim Vashum
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 46
| [[Saikul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saikul]] (ST)
| [[Yamthong Haokip]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Switched from INC to BJP<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 47
| [[Karong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karong]] (ST)
| D. D. Thaisii
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 48
| [[Mao (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mao]] (ST)
| Losii Dikho
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 49
| [[Tadubi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tadubi]] (ST)
| N. Kayisii
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 50
| [[Kangpokpi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kangpokpi]]
| [[Nemcha Kipgen]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 51
| [[Saitu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saitu]] (ST)
| Ngamthang Haokip
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won in 2020 by-poll
|-
| 52
| [[Tamei (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamei]] (ST)
| Awangbow Newmai
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 53
| [[Tamenglong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamenglong]] (ST)
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''Vacant'''
|Resignation by [[Samuel Jendai]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 54
| [[Nungba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nungba]] (ST)
| [[Gaikhangam Gangmei]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 55
| [[Tipaimukh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tipaimukh]] (ST)
| Dr. Chaltonlien Amo
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Switched from INC to BJP<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur Congress Vice President Chaltonlien Amo switches to BJP|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jan/10/manipur-congress-vice-president-chaltonlien-amo-switches-to-bjp-2404934.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 56
| [[Thanlon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thanlon]] (ST)
| Vungzagin Valte
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 57
| [[Henglep (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Henglep]] (ST)
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''Vacant'''
|
|-
| 58
| [[Churachandpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churachandpur]] (ST)
| V. Hangkhanlian
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 59
| [[Saikot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saikot]] (ST)
| [[T N Haokip]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with colour|United Progressive Alliance}}
|
|-
| 60
| [[Singhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singhat]] (ST)
|[[Ginsuanhau Zou]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won in 2020 by-poll
|}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of districts of Manipur]]
*[[State governments of India]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[https://www.loksabhaelections.in/manipur Manipur Lok Sabha Election 2019 Results Website]

{{Manipur elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022| ]]

K. V. Varadaraj

2025-08-22T14:59:27Z

SondraCleland5:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Kenchappa Varadaraj
| image = Kenchappavaradaraj.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Kenchappa Varadaraj in the India National Football Team at 1948 London Olympics
| fullname = Kenchappa Varadaiah Varadaraj
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|5|7|df=yes}}<ref name="TimesofIndia">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Legendary-Six-footer-Olympian-Varadaraj-no-more/articleshow/11186434.cms |title=Legendary 'Six-footer' Olympian Varadaraj no more |accessdate=21 December 2011 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108204325/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Legendary-Six-footer-Olympian-Varadaraj-no-more/articleshow/11186434.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mysore]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|12|20|1924|5|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Basaveshwaranagar]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| height =
| position = [[Goalkeeper (football)|Goalkeeper]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| collegeyears1 =
| college1 =
| collegecaps1 =
| collegegoals1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| totalcaps =
| totalgoals =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|1951 New Delhi]]|[[Football at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's team squads|Team]]}}
}}
'''Kenchappa Varadaiah Varadaraj''' (7 May 1924 – 20 December 2011)<ref name="death">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/213211/olympian-footballer-varadaraj-passes-away.html |title=Olympian footballer Varadaraj passes away |accessdate=21 December 2011 |work=allafrica.com |archive-date=5 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205033147/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/213211/olympian-footballer-varadaraj-passes-away.html |url-status=live }}</ref> was an Indian footballer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25836 |title=Kenchappa Varadaraj |work=Olympedia |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017193802/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25836 |url-status=live }}</ref> He competed for India at the [[1948 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/kv-varadaraj-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418112615/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/kv-varadaraj-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=KV Varadaraj Olympic Results |access-date=8 March 2016 |work=sports-reference.com}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''India'''
*[[Football at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|1951]]
*[[Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament]]: [[1953 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament |1953]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Soccer Team To Rangoon |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4476%2C1496116 |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=21 October 1953 |page=6 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513065005/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4476,1496116 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{India men's football squad 1948 Summer Olympics}}
{{India men's football squad 1952 Summer Olympics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varadaraj, K. V.}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers for India]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1948 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mysore]]
[[Category:Footballers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1951 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1951 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in football]]

{{India-footy-goalkeeper-stub}}

V. Srinivas Goud

2025-07-22T11:12:30Z

SondraCleland5: clean up

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Srinivas Goud
| image = Vi Srinivas goud.jpg
| alt = Goud smiling at the camera
| caption = Goud in 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|3|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| office = [[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Minister of Prohibition & Excise, Sports & Youth services, Tourism & Culture and Archaeology]] [[Government of Telangana]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]
| term_start = 19 Feb 2019
| term_end = 03 December 2023
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Mahbubnagar (Assembly constituency)|Mahbubnagar]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2023
| succeeding =
| education = B.Sc, PGDCJ, PGDWMM
| spouse = Sharada
| children = Srihitha, Sriharshita
| parents = Narayana Goud, Shanthamma
| nationality = {{IND}}
| occupation = Politician and activist
| party = [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Yennam Srinivas Reddy]]
| successor2 = Yennam Srinivas Reddy
}}
'''Virusanolla Srinivas Goud'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srinivas Goud Virusanolla(BRS):Constituency- MAHBUBNAGAR(MAHBUBNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5699 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> (born 16 March 1969) is an Indian politician served as the Minister of Prohibition & Excise, Sports & Youth services, Tourism & Culture and Archaeology of [[Telangana]] state. He represented [[Mahbubnagar (Assembly constituency)|Mahbubnagar constituency]] as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]].

Goud started his career as a political activist. He is a former state government official who served as the Telangana Gazetted Officers’ (TGO) president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/telangana-gazetted-officers-warn-of-indefinite-strike/article5633476.ece |title=Telangana gazetted officers warn of indefinite strike |work=The Hindu |date=2014-01-30 |access-date=2014-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2013-11-29|title=Panchayats oppose Bhadrachalam merger|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/panchayats-oppose-bhadrachalam-merger/article5403989.ece|access-date=2014-03-05|work=The Hindu}}</ref> He also acted as the co-chairman of [[Telangana]] Political Joint Action Committee ([[TJAC]]) during the [[Telangana movement]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-01-20|title=TJAC intensifies activities|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/tjac-intensifies-activities/article4325337.ece|access-date=2014-03-05|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Early life==
V. Srinivas Goud was born on 16 March 1969 in [[Hyderabad]] of present-day [[Telangana]] to V. Narayan Goud and Shanthamma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Member's Profile - Telangana-Legislature: SRI V. SRINIVAS GOUD|url=https://www.telanganalegislature.org.in/web/legislative-assembly/members-information?p_auth=qXpv7iq6&p_p_id=AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_const_id=74&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_javax.portlet.action=getMemberDetails&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_mem_id=3192&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_term_id=15|website=[[Telangana Legislature]]}}</ref> He studied B.Sc., PGDCJ, PGDWMM and holds a post-graduate degree in journalism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Maddela|first=Jagruthi|date=2019-02-19|title=Work Profiles of new Ministers in the TS Government (V Srinivas Goud, Ch Malla Reddy, Koppula Eshwar)|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Latest-News/2019-02-19/Work-Profiles-of-new-Ministers-in-the-TS-Government-V-Srinivas-GoudCh-Malla-ReddyKoppula-Eshwar/498034|website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> After clearing the state civil services, Goud joined the [[Andhra Pradesh Government]]. He worked as a zonal commissioner in [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] before starting a career in politics.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Srinivas Goud With Ex CM KCR on his Birthday 16 March 2025.jpg|thumb|V.Srinivas Goud met Ex CM [[K. Chandrashekar Rao|KCR]] on his Birthday 16 March 2025]]
==Career==
Goud joined the government of Andhra Pradesh in 1998.
he is very good in development of his mbnr town
===Political career===
Goud resigned from his government job and joined the political party [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] on 13 March 2014. He had contested [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014]] from [[Mahbubnagar (Assembly constituency)|Mahbubnagar constituency]] and won the seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS0174.htm?ac=74 |title=ts Legislative Assembly Election 2014 Result |publisher=eciresults.ap.nic.in |access-date=2014-05-16}}</ref> Srinivas Goud has been elected as Member of Legislative Assembly for the 2nd time with 57,775 majority. This being the highest majority win in combined Mahabubnagar district in 2019 elections. He is very close confidant of Chief Minister K ChandraShekar Rao and KTR. Goud has been inducted into the Telangana Cabinet on 19 February 2019,<ref name=":1" /> and has been allocated Prohibition & Excise, Youth Services, Sports, Tourism, Culture & Archeology Portfolios.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana State Portal Council of Ministers (Present)|url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/government/Council-of-Ministers|access-date=2021-08-28|website=www.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Goud is married to Sharada and has two daughters.<ref name=":0" />

==Doctorates==
V Srinivas Goud received Doctorates from American University of Global Peace and Dayspring Christian University.

==References==
{{commons category|V. Srinivas Goud}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|VSrinivasGoud}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goud, V. Srinivas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Telangana]]

VOC Park, Erode

2025-07-17T21:04:01Z

SondraCleland5: New...

{{short description|Park in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Redirect|VOC Park|Coimbatore|VOC park and zoo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox park
| name = V.O.Chidambaranar Park
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map = 
| map_width =
| type = Recreational park
| location = [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.352|77.719|type:landmark_region:IN-TN|display=title,inline}}
| area =
| opened = 1912
| owner = [[Erode Municipal Corporation]]
| visitation_num =
| status =
| designation =
| open =
}}
'''V.O.Chidambaranar Park''' or '''VOC Park''' is a recreational park located in the South Indian city of [[Erode]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The park is owned and maintained by [[Erode Municipal Corporation]]. This park was built during the British India period by chairman [[Erode City Municipal Corporation#Srinivasa Mudaliyar|Srinivasa Mudaliar]]. This park was previously known as ''Srinivasaa Park.''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seAlAAAAMAAJ&q=+Mudaliar|title = Leadership in South Asia|year = 1977| publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn = 9780706905403}}</ref>

==History==
The park was constructed in 1912 with a land spread of {{convert|25|acres}}, when [[Periyar|Thanthai Periyar]] was the Chairman of Erode Municipal Council. The original idea of the park was developed as a part of the drinking water project for the town.<ref>{{cite news |title=A darga in the dark for 3 years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/dec/19/a-darga-in-the-dark-for-3-years-212333.html |access-date=25 December 2016 |newspaper=New Indian Express}}</ref> Erode Municipality built a small reservoir named ''Pechiparai'' to store water from the river [[Kaveri]] and four tanks in the form of towers joined with a wall.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3309_PART_B_DCHB_ERODE.pdf |title=3309 Part-B DCHB Erode (District Census Handbook-Erode) |publisher=Census of India-2011 |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> A garden was established in its vicinity, named after the then Municipal Chairman Srinivasa Mudaliar. With the succession of Sheikh Dawood as the next Municipal Chairman, he renamed the place to Peoples' Park and added a Mini-Zoo to it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter-2:Memories of Erode |url=http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/life-back-then/463-chapter-2-memories-of-erode |accessdate=25 December 2016 |publisher=India of the Past}}</ref> Erode Municipal Corporation plans to spend ₹15 crores to add additional amenities, according to an announcement in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau|date=2024-06-15 |title=Erode corporation to develop V.O.C. Park at ₹15 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/erode-corporation-to-develop-voc-park-at-15-crore/article68292839.ece |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The park has gardens, two lakes, fountains, and walkways. A mini-zoo recognized by the [[Central Zoo Authority]] was established in the park in 1992.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.zoosprint.org/zooprintmagazine/2004/august/1-6.pdf |title=Central Zoo Authority and Indian Zoos: A Current Overview |publisher=Zoosprint |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321092152/http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintMagazine/2004/August/1-6.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Zoos in India, from 100 until now |date=23 September 2008 |url=http://www.kuchbhi.com/about/item/420-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html |accessdate=25 December 2016 |publisher=Kuchbhi}}</ref> However, due to improper maintenance, it was closed in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Corporation begins works to improve VOC Park |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Corporation-begins-works-to-improve-VOC-Park/article15986971.ece |accessdate=25 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2007, the Erode Municipal Corporation developed a Science Park at a cost of ₹13 lakh, opposite the main park. The Science Park, also known as Children's Park, was developed with the aim of improving play-oriented knowledge for kids.<ref>{{cite news |title=Children find no science in this park |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/children-find-no-science-in-this-park/article3517827.ece |accessdate=25 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A toy train ride was available until 2007 but is not operational now.<ref>{{cite news |date=2005-12-22 |title=Municipality to privatise maintenance of VOC park |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122200980300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225220240/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122200980300.htm |archive-date=25 December 2016 |accessdate=25 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Erode Municipal Corporation has opened an [[Amma Unavagam]] at the second gate of VOC Park.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amma Unavagam awaits inauguration |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/amma-unavagam-awaits-inauguration/article7097051.ece |accessdate=25 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Sports Arenas==
The Park premises houses two major [[arena]]s for hosting sports, fairs and other cultural events.

===District Sports Complex===
The District Sports unit is functioning in this Sports Complex. It is commonly called as [[VOC Park Stadium|VOC Park SDAT Stadium]]. This Stadium is owned and maintained by the ''Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu''. The district level [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] and [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations will happen here, in the presence of the District Collector.

===Municipal Grounds===
There is a ''[[wikt:maidan|maidan]]'' owned and maintained by [[Erode Municipal Corporation]] named as '''VOC Park Municipal Grounds''', which is primarily used as a ''Cricket Ground''.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-erode/-------/386556
|title=வ.உ.சி., பூங்கா விளையாட்டு மைதானம் மார்க்கெட்டிங் வியாபார தளமாக மாற்றமா?|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref> It also hoists various programs like exhibitions, trade fairs, annual events like [[Erode Book Festival]] and other cultural events.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/foreigners-celebrate-kanum-pongal-at-voc-park/article4314898.ece
|title=Foreigners celebrate Kanum Pongal at VOC Park|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Good-response-to-book-festival/article14556762.ece
|title=Good response to book festival|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> A dedicated track has been established for the walkers inside the premises.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Erode-synthetic-walking-track-indoor-stadium-proposed/article13993930.ece
|title=Erode synthetic walking track indoor stadium proposed|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref>

==Places of Worship==
There are two devotional places located inside the premises of the park:
* Mahaveera Anjaneyar Temple<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-04 |title=Religious fervour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Religious-fervour/article15506515.ece |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.erodeveeraanjaneyartemple.tnhrce.in/
|title=Arulmigu Mahaveera Anjaneyar|publisher=TNHRCE|accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref>
* Darga of 400 years old<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/dec/19/a-darga-in-the-dark-for-3-years-212333.html
|title=A darga in the dark for 3 years|newspaper=New Indian Express|access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==


==See also==
*[[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]]

[[Category:Erode]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions around Erode]]
[[Category:Botanical gardens in Tamil Nadu]]

Simrithi Bathija

2025-06-18T17:03:07Z

SondraCleland5: Stub

{{unreliable sources|date=December 2019}}

{{short description|Indian model and beauty pageant titleholder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Simrithi Bathija
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|4|9|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Model|beauty pageant titleholder}}
| education = [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[Mass media]]
| alma_mater = [[Jai Hind College]], Mumbai
| title = [[Glamanand Supermodel India|Glamanand Supermodel India 2019]]
| competitions = Miss Mumbai 2017 ''(Runners-up)'' [[Glamanand Supermodel India|Miss India International 2019]] ''(Winner)'' [[Miss International 2019]] ''(Unplaced)''
| height = {{height|m=1.70|precision=0}}
| eye_color = [[Eye color#Brown|Light brown]]
| hair_color = [[Black hair|Black]]
}}

'''Simrithi Haresh Bathija''' (born 9 April 1999) is an Indian model and beauty pageant titleholder. As [[Miss India International|Miss India International 2019]], she represented India at the [[Miss International 2019|59th edition]] of the [[Miss International]] pageant in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].

==Education and career==
Simrithi was born on 9 April 1999 in a [[Sindhi Hindu]] family and was educated at [[List of Schools of the Sacred Heart|Sacred Heart School]] in [[Thane]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B3b9yMDA2Ms/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B3b9yMDA2Ms |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title=Miss India Simrithi Bathija felicitated by her school.|date=10 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
She has a graduation degree in [[mass media]] from the [[Jai Hind College]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name="TGPC_Simrithi-Bathija">{{cite web|url=https://thegreatpageantcommunity.com/2019/10/13/simrithi-bathija-is-miss-india-international-2019/|title=Simrithi Bathija is Miss India International 2019.|date=13 October 2019}}</ref> She is a national level [[fencing]] athlete and has played [[roll ball]] in state level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B3oDAPMFZ6o/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B3oDAPMFZ6o |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title=Simrithi Bathija - Miss International 2019 contestant profile.|work=Miss International|date=26 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She is also a trained dancer, and has worked as a [[Radio personality|radio jockey]] for 4 years.<ref name="Simrithi-Beauty_High">{{cite news| url=http://www.beautyhigh.in/glamanand-supermodel-india-2019-simrithi-bathija-and-tanvi-malhara-take-the-crown-home/| title=Glamanand Supermodel India 2019: Simrithi Bathija and Tanvi Malhara take the crown home.|date =7 October 2019|work =Beauty High|access-date =20 October 2019}}</ref>

Simrithi was featured in an episode of [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]] channel's reality show 'Elevator Pitch'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/elovator-pitch/1/642213/friend-zone-no-more/710123|title=MTV Elevator Pitch - Season 01, Episode 11 (Friend Zone No More).|work=Voot|date=22 December 2018|access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> She appeared in a [[television commercial]] for [[Cinépolis]] (India).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BxosKknB4ck/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BxosKknB4ck |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title=The Cinépolites are here!|work=Cinépolis India|date=19 May 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She has worked as a fashion model for various clothing brands.<ref name="Simrithi-Beauty_High"/><ref name="FI_Simrithi-Bathija"/>

==Pageantry==
In 2017, Simrithi was selected as a finalist in the [[Elite Model Look India|Indian Model Look]] contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Indianmodellook/status/926094052646322177|title=Introducing Indian Model Look finalist Simrithi Bathija from Mumbai, Maharashtra.|date=2 November 2017}}</ref>
At the age of 19, she won a regional pageant 'Miss Mumbai 2018'. The following year, she auditioned for the [[Glamanand Supermodel India]] contest and was shortlisted as a finalist. 19 finalists from across India competed in the contest. On 29 September 2019, the grand finale of the contest was held in [[List of palaces in Rajasthan|Jai Bagh Palace]], [[Jaipur]] and Simrithi Bathija was crowned as [[Glamanand Supermodel India|Miss India International 2019]] by the outgoing titleholder [[Tanishqa Bhosale]],<ref name="Simrithi-Beauty_High"/> earning the right to represent India at the [[Miss International 2019]] pageant which was held in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].<ref name="FI_Simrithi-Bathija">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstindia.co.in/tag/simrithi-bathija/|title=Glamanand Supermodel India 2019 contest winners.|work=First India|date=1 October 2019}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Notes
|-
| 2018 || [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|''Elevator Pitch'']] || Herself || [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV (India)]] || Episode 11 - Friend Zone No More
|-
|}

==Film==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Note
!Ref
|-
|2022
|''Dhoop Chhaon''
|Simran
|[[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhoop Chhaon Movie Review : An over-the-top hodgepodge of subplots |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dhoop-chhaon/movie-review/95305903.cms |access-date=2023-07-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Dirty Fellow]]''
|Chitra
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Awards and achievements ==

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Tanishqa Bhosale]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Glamanand Supermodel India|Glamanand Miss India International]]
|years = [[Glamanand Supermodel India|2019]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Zoya Afroz]]}}
{{S-end}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=12078583}}

{{Indian Beauty Pageant Representatives}}
{{Miss International 2019 delegates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bathija, Simrithi}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Sindhi actresses]]
[[Category:Miss International 2019 delegates]]
[[Category:Indian female fencers]]
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]

Delhi–Jaipur Expressway

2025-05-09T02:50:58Z

SondraCleland5: creating first details added tags

{{short description|National Highways in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Delhi-Jaipur Highway
| length_km = 242
| terminus_a = [[Gurugram]]
| terminus_b = [[Jaipur]]
| states = [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]]
|lang=hi
}}

'''Delhi–Jaipur Highway''' or [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]]<ref name=exist1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/page1/delhi-jaipur-highway-a-model-of-excellence.html Delhi Jaipur Express is a model of excellence], Daily Pioneer, Nov 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-alignment-yet-but-land-prices-spurt-40-on-delhi-jaipur-expressway-118030500270_1.html|title = No alignment yet, but land prices spurt 40% on Delhi-Jaipur expressway|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 5 March 2018|last1 = Manchanda|first1 = Megha}}</ref> is a {{convert|242|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}}, eight-lane, [[National highway (India)|Highway]], connecting [[Delhi]] with [[Jaipur]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url = http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZPOgY5dEEmzULqMp54cXWO/Environment-ministry-panel-clears-ToR-for-DelhiJaipur-Expre.html |title = Delhi-Jaipur Expressway gets environment ministry nod |last = Aggarwal |first = Mayank |date = 27 December 2016 |work = Mint |access-date = 4 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170101193149/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZPOgY5dEEmzULqMp54cXWO/Environment-ministry-panel-clears-ToR-for-DelhiJaipur-Expre.html |archive-date = 1 January 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> It starts from [[Kherki Daula|Kherki Toll Plaza]] in [[Gurugram]] and terminate near Daulatpura Toll Plaza at [[Jaipur]].<ref name=exist2>{{Cite report|url=http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2017/oct/p2017102505.pdf|title=Bharatmala List of Projects|access-date=2017-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030094208/http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2017/oct/p2017102505.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

Several Industrial Model Township(IMT) were developed along the highway in 1990's, four in [[Haryana]] at [[Manesar#Industrial Model Township, Manesar|Manesar]], [[Pataudi]], [[Bawal#Industrial Model Township Bawal|Bawal]] and [[Dharuhera|Dharuhera Industrial estate]], and five in [[Rajasthan]] at [[Bhiwadi]], [[Behror]], [[Kotputli]], [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahapura]] and [[Chomu]].<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Seven-townships-planned-along-Delhi-Jaipur-expressway/articleshow/17484522.cms |title = Seven townships planned along Delhi-Jaipur expressway |last = Dash |first = Deepak Kumar |date = 5 December 2012 |work = Times of India |access-date = 5 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161101030546/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Seven-townships-planned-along-Delhi-Jaipur-expressway/articleshow/17484522.cms |archive-date = 1 November 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VH1LDxjgHjueJ316qTzggJ/Road-ministry-looking-to-make-projects-attractive-to-bidders.html |title = Road ministry looking to make projects attractive to bidders |last = Verma |first = Ragini |date = 14 November 2013 |work = Mint |access-date = 5 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131117193002/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VH1LDxjgHjueJ316qTzggJ/Road-ministry-looking-to-make-projects-attractive-to-bidders.html |archive-date = 17 November 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref>

== History ==

The Delhi-Jaipur Highway was widened in 2007 as a [[National highways of India|National Highway]] passing through 423 villages of 11 [[Tehsils of India|tehsils]] in 7 districts of [[Haryana]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com:80/city/gurgaon/super-e-way-to-jaipur-will-be-195-km-long-have-6-lanes/articleshow/57741963.cms |title = 195 km super e-way to link Delhi, Jaipur |last = Jha |first = Bagish |date = 21 March 2017 |work = Times of India |access-date = 4 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170325051218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/super-e-way-to-jaipur-will-be-195-km-long-have-6-lanes/articleshow/57741963.cms |archive-date = 25 March 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> The total land required for the project was {{convert|1,755.9|ha|acre}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url = http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/13_Aug_2016_1324101036IE6U8ZAAnnexure-Pre-feasibilityReport(PFR)File.pdf |title = Delhi-Jaipur Expressway (Greenfield) Project: Pre-feasibility Report |access-date = 5 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005062018/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/13_Aug_2016_1324101036IE6U8ZAAnnexure-Pre-feasibilityReport(PFR)File.pdf |archive-date = 5 October 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> The cost includes [[Indian rupee|₹]]6,350 [[crore]]s for civil works, ₹5,000 crores for resettlement and rehabilitation of affected individuals,<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.thestatesman.com/business/delhi-jaipur-expressway-to-cut-drive-time-from-4-5-hrs-to-120-mins-1490173807.html |title = Delhi-Jaipur Expressway to cut drive time from 4-5 hrs to 120 mins |date = 22 March 2017 |work = The Statesman |access-date = 5 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170322125633/http://www.thestatesman.com/business/delhi-jaipur-expressway-to-cut-drive-time-from-4-5-hrs-to-120-mins-1490173807.html |archive-date = 22 March 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> and ₹50.60 crores for environment budget.

== Alignment ==
* In [[Haryana]]
** [[Kherki Daula|Kherki Toll Plaza]] in [[Gurugram]], serves [[Manesar#Industrial Model Township, Manesar|IMT Manesar]]
** [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] [[cloverleaf interchange]] at [[Pachgaon (Manesar)|Pachgaon]], serves Industrial Township at [[Pataudi]]
** [[Dharuhera]] intersection with [[National Highway 919 (India)|NH919]] [[Rewari]]-[[Sohna]], serves Dharuhera Industrial Township and [[Bhiwadi]] Industrial complex
** [[Bawal]], serves [[Bawal#Industrial Model Township Bawal|IMT Bawal]]
* In [[Rajasthan]]
** [[National Highway 15 (India)|NH15]] T-intersection at Bawad
** [[Behror]] interchange with [[State Highway 14 (Rajasthan)|RJ SH 14]] [[Narnaul]]-[[Alwar]], serves [[Nangal Choudhary#Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hub (IMLH)|Nangal Choudhary Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hub]]
** [[Kotputli]] interchange at [[National Highway 37B (India)|NH37B]] to [[Neem-Ka-Thana]]
** [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura]] industrial township
** [[Chomu]] industrial township
** [[Jaipur]] interchanges at [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH52]], [[National Highway 2C (India)|NH2C]] and [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]]

== Future: Delhi–Jaipur New Expressway (Delhi-Jaipur Super Expressway)==
{{anchor | Super | New }}

'''NH-352B''' '''Delhi-Jaipur Super Expressway''' will be a 195kms long greenfield expressway as an alternative to the existing "NH48 Delhi-Jaipur Expressway". This new 8 lane on each carriageway (expandable to 16 lanes) super expressway will start from the [[Kherki Daula|Kherki Dhaula]] Toll Plaza on [[Dwarka Expressway]] in [[New Gurgaon]], go via [[Bawal|IMT Bawal]] and end at [[Chandwaji]] on NH48 in Rajasthan. It will reduce the distance between the two cities by around 40 km.

In 2006–07, the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] of the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA government]] conceive this project.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cos-may-shy-away-from-delhi-jaipur-eway-if-land-not-acquired-113071200453_1.html |title = Cos may shy away from Delhi-Jaipur Eway if land not acquired |date = 12 July 2013 |work = Business Standard |access-date = 5 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130914165014/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cos-may-shy-away-from-delhi-jaipur-eway-if-land-not-acquired-113071200453_1.html |archive-date = 14 September 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2011, detailed project planning commenced.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JPR-new-expressway-on-delhi-jaipur-route-2557742.html |title = New expressway on Delhi-Jaipur route |date = 12 November 2011 |work = Daily Bhaskar |access-date = 5 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005134610/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JPR-new-expressway-on-delhi-jaipur-route-2557742.html |archive-date = 5 October 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2012, [[Government of Haryana|Haryana]] and [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] Governments approved the proposed alignment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com:80/city/delhi/Haryana-Rajasthan-clear-alignment-of-Delhi-Jaipur-expressway/articleshow/14813783.cms |title = Haryana, Rajasthan clear alignment of Delhi-Jaipur expressway |last = Dash |first = Deepak Kumar |date = 11 July 2012 |work = Times of India |access-date = 5 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161029201312/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Haryana-Rajasthan-clear-alignment-of-Delhi-Jaipur-expressway/articleshow/14813783.cms |archive-date = 29 October 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Highway Minister]] [[Nitin Gadkari]] expedited ₹32,800 crores stalled project,<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/government-considering-proposal-to-build-a-new-greenfield-expressway-115101500848_1.html |title = Government considering proposal to build a new Greenfield expressway |date = 15 August 2015 |work = Business Standard |access-date = 5 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030524/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/government-considering-proposal-to-build-a-new-greenfield-expressway-115101500848_1.html |archive-date = 5 March 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> by revising the alignment so that the expressway starts from Kherki Dhaula Toll Plaza instead of originally planned point of origin at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]].<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[National highways of India]]
* [[Expressways in India]]
* [[List of state highways in Haryana|Expressways & highways in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Attached KML|display=title,inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi - Jaipur Expressway}}
[[Category:Transport in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Expressways in Delhi]]
[[Category:Expressways in Haryana]]
[[Category:Expressways in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Transport in Gurgaon]]

Prithivivallabh (novel)

2025-04-04T14:41:15Z

SondraCleland5: Added basic data more to come - done

{{about|1921 Gujarati novel|other uses|Prithvi Vallabh (disambiguation)}}
{{short description|1921 Gujarati novel by Kanaiyalal Munshi}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Prithivivallabh
| image = Prithivivallabh by K M Munshi.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Cover (1966 Edition)
| author = [[Kanaiyalal Munshi]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig = પૃથિવીવલ્લભ
| orig_lang_code = gu
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Historical fiction]]
| set_in = [[Medieval India]]
| publisher = The Sahityaprakashak Co. Ltd. (1921)
| publisher2 = [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] (1966)
| pub_date = 1921
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type =
| pages = 161 (1966)
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 11179581
| dewey = 891.473
| congress = MLCSA 90/03341
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''Prithivivallabh''''' ({{IPA|gu|pru.tʰi.vi.vəl.ləbʰ|pron|}}) is a 1921 [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] [[Historical fiction|historical novel]] by [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|Kanaiyalal Munshi]]. The novel depicts the rivalry between [[Vakpati Munja|Munj]], the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] monarch of [[Dharanagar]]i and [[Tailapa II|Tailap]] as well as the romance between Munj and Mrinal. The novel draws historical information from various medieval works. It was well received by readers and critics. It was adapted into films and a television series.

== Plot ==
Prithivivallabh is based on the history of [[Malwa]] region of India. The novel depicts the rivalry between [[Vakpati Munja|Munj]], the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] monarch of [[Dharanagar]]i and [[Tailapa II|Tailap]] as well as the romance between Munj and Mrinal. Munj had defeated [[Tailapa II|Tailap]] several times but Tailap captures Munj with help of his feudatory [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] king [[Bhillama II|Bhillamraj]]. In captivity, Munj falls in love with Mrinal, Tailap's widowed sister. Celibate Mrinal too falls in his love but in the end, Tailap gets Munj killed under the feet of an elephant. The love story of Bhoj, a poet; and Vilas, daughter of Bhillamraj engaged with [[Satyashraya]], son of Tailap; runs in parallel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-KM-Munshi.html|title=સવિશેષ પરિચય: કનૈયાલાલ મુનશી, ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય પરિષદ|website=Gujarati sahitya parishad|language=gu|trans-title=K M Munshi - Gujarati Sahitya Parishad|access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref>

== Origin ==
Munshi was interested in the medieval history of India and was attracted to Munj's depiction in works of that era. Munshi has mentioned the works of several poets of that time who have praised Munj in their works such as Dhanajaya's ''Dasarupaka'', Dhanika's ''Avaloka'' based on ''Dasarupaka'', Dhanpala's son Sarvadeva's ''Paiya Lachchhi'' and ''Rishabhapanchashika'' in the preface of the book. He has also mentioned ''[[Nava-sahasanka-charita]]'' by Padmagupta written during the reign of [[Sindhuraja]], the successor of Munja. Munshi was interested in his love of poetry and his military endeavors. He also studied Tailapa's history. Munshi mentioned that all characters he used in the novel are historical like Tailapa's son Akalakacharita or [[Satyashraya]]; Bhillam [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava of Seunadesha]], his wife Lakshmi who was the daughter of the [[Rashtrakuta]] king Jhanjha of [[Latur district|Latur]] as well as Mrinalvati. Munshi confesses in the preface that he was attracted to Munja as other novelists. He had the idea to write a novella on him for years and finally started its writing when his friend and publisher [[Haji Mohammed Allarakha Shivji|Haji Mohammed Allarakha]] insisted. Haji had died before Munshi completed the novella.<ref name="IA">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.517457|title=Prithivi Vallabh.|last=Munshi|first=Kanaiyalal Maneklal|publisher=The Sahitya Prakashak Company Limited|year=1920|location=Mumbai|pages=2–5|via=Gujarat Vidyapith Library|language=gu}}</ref> It was serialised in the journal ''Vismi Sadi'' and alluded to contemporary events.<ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==
''Prithivivallabh'' was well received by the readers as well as critics. The book had its second edition in 1924.<ref name="IA"/> The book has several editions and has been translated in Hindi. [[Chandrakant Topiwala]] lauds depiction of the period, speedy episodes, dramatic presentation, characterization and language. He also lauds lack of complexity in the novel. He adds that even though novel is less historical and more fiction it juxtaposes celibate Mrinal and romantic Munj very well. Prashad Brahmbhatt equates Munj with [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]'s ''[[Übermensch]]'' (Superman).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="AGSI2">{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ (ગાંધીયુગ અને અનુગાંધી યુગ)|script-title=gu:Arvachin Gujarati Sahityano Itihas (Gandhiyug Ane Anugandhi Yug)|last=Brahmabhatt|first=Prasad|publisher=Parshwa Publication|year=2007|isbn=|location=Ahmedabad|pages=70|language=gu|trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature (Gandhi Era & Post-Gandhi Era)}}</ref> The lack of [[moral values]] in the novel raised controversy.<ref name="George1992">{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Deepak B.|editor-last=George|editor-first=K. M.|editor-link=K. M. George (writer)|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and Poems|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=130|chapter=Modern Gujarati Literature|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA130}}</ref> It was criticised for its "uninhibited presentation of sensuous life bordering to [[hedonism]] and irreverent attitude to the then in vogue [[Tapas (Indian religions)|Hindu ideals of austerity]] and abstinence".<ref name="Das2005">{{cite book|last=Das|first=Sisir Kumar|author-link=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA105|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|page=105}}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi|MK Gandhi]] had criticised it for not conforming to the principles of ''[[ahimsa]]'' and ''[[brahmacharya]]''.<ref name=":1" />

==Adaptations==
The novel was adapted into a silent film ''[[Prithvi Vallabh (1924 film)|Prithvi Vallabh]]'' in 1924 by Manilal Joshi. ''[[Prithvi Vallabh (1943 film)|Prithvi Vallabh]]'' is 1943 Hindi film directed by [[Sohrab Modi]] based on the script written by Munshi which was adapted from the book. In 1976, a Gujarati film, ''[[Malavpati Munj]]'', was released to critical acclaim, staying true to the book, and with an all-star cast including [[Upendra Trivedi]] as Munj. ''[[Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi, Rahasya Bhi]]'' is 2018 Indian historical drama broadcast by [[Sony Entertainment Television]], also took inspiration from the book.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jan/28/10604/75-years-of-prithvi-vallabh-in-love-and-war-with-sohrab-modi-durga-khote|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214020103/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jan/28/10604/75-years-of-prithvi-vallabh-in-love-and-war-with-sohrab-modi-durga-khote|url-status=live|archive-date=February 14, 2018|title=75 years of Prithvi Vallabh: In love and war with Sohrab Modi, Durga Khote|last=Pandya|first=Sonal|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/peep-into-jahanara-kajjan-a-forgotten-actor-and-a-singing-star-of-the-1930s/article8025934.ece|title=A gem called Jahanara Kajjan|last=Neville|first=Pran|date=2015-12-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/prithvi-vallabh-is-20-history-80-mystery-anirudh-pathak-180111|title='Prithvi Vallabh' is 20% history, 80% mystery: Anirudh Pathak|date=2018-01-11|work=Indian Television|access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOZkAAAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=1994 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-0-85170-455-5 |pages=245 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive|in.ernet.dli.2015.517457}} (Gujarati)
* {{Internet Archive|id=in.ernet.dli.2015.201603}} (English translation)
* {{Internet Archive|id=in.ernet.dli.2015.539189}} (Hindi translation)
* {{Google books|id=yYO6s6P5ICkC}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian historical novels]]
[[Category:1921 novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language novels]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Third-person narrative novels]]

Dhupguri (community development block)

2025-02-06T14:31:12Z

SondraCleland5: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhupguri
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Dhupguri in Jalpaiguri (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.59|N|89.01|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 565.10
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 414854
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dhupguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhupguri]], [[Nagrakata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagrakata]], [[Madarihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madarihat]]
| website = {{URL|jalpaiguri.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dhupguri''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Dhupguri subdivision]] of the [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==

The Dhupguri CD block lies in the eastern part of the district. The [[Jaldhaka River]] flows along a portion of its western boundary and the Dadua River flows along its eastern boundary. The northern portion has hilly terrain which is part of the sub-Himalayan ranges, the central tract is locally called ''Bhaber''. The southern portion is gently sloping [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plain locally called ''Terai''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, page 13 Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=map>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Jalpaiguri district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref>

The Dhupguri CD block is bounded by the [[Banarhat (community development block)|Banarhat]] CD block on the north, [[Madarihat-Birpara (community development block)|Madarihat-Birpara]] and [[Falakata (community development block)|Falakata]] CD blocks in Alipurduar district on the east, [[Mekhliganj (community development block)|Mekhliganj]] and [[Mathabhanga II]] CD blocks in Cooch Behar district on the south, and [[Maynaguri (community development block)|Maynaguri]] CD block on the west.<ref name=map/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/koch-bihar.html| title =Koochbihar CD blocks/ tehsils | publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref>

The Dhupguri CD block has an area of 565.10 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 296 gram sansads (village councils), 103 [[mouza]]s, 98 inhabited villages and 2 [[census town]]s. [[Dhupguri#Police station|Dhupguri]] and [[Banarhat#police station|Banarhat]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Dhupguri]].<ref name=map/>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Dhupguri block/ panchayat samiti are: Barogharia, Gadhearkuthi, Godong I, Godong II, Jharaltagram I, Magurmari I, Magurmari II, Sakoajhora II, and Salbari II.
<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://haamarkhabar.com/bengali/2020/12/30/%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9f-%e0%a6%8f-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%95-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a5%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0/ | title=বানারহাট এ ব্লক স্থাপনের নোটিফিকেশন যারি হলো আজ | date=18 August 2021 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | url= https://www.unfoldbangla.com/two-new-blocks-in-jalpaiguri-banarhat-and-kranti-sanctioned-by-the-state/article/ | title=জলপাইগুড়িতে দু’টি নতুন ব্লক- বানারহাট ও ক্রান্তি, অনুমোদন রাজ্যের | date=18 August 2021 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 June 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Dhupguri CD block had a total population of 414,854, of which 380,090 were rural, and 34,764 were urban. There were 210,571 (51%) males and 204,283 (49%) females. There were 38,992 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 190,816 (46.00%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 87,273 (21.04%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 19 June 2020}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Dhupguri block had a total population of 417,519, out of which 217,015 were males and 200,504 were females. Dhupguri block registered a population growth of 20.89 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_2.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4 |publisher=Census Commissioner of India |work=Census of India 2001, Jalpaiguri district (02) |access-date=2011-03-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040713/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_2.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>

[[Census town]]s in the Dhupguri CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Banarhat]] (15,652), [[Telipara Tea Garden]] (11,535) and [[Gairkata]] (7,577).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Dhupguri CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Red Bank Tea Garden (4,114), Ambari Tea Garden (4,800), Chaumurchi Tea Garden (11,663), Chuna Bhati Tea Garden (5,252), Kathalguri Tea Garden (6,090), Riabari Tea Garden (4,448), Haritalguri Tea Garden (6,778), Diana Tea Garden (4,097), Debpara Tea Garden (5,276), Lakshmipara Tea Garden (5,963), Gendrapara Tea Garden (9,358), Maraghat Tea Garden (5,011), Karabala Tea Garden (7,958), Binaguri Tea Garden (6,612), Sakojhora (5,586), Gayerkata Tea Garden (9,085), Haldibari Tea Garden (9,103), Mogalkata Tea Garden (5,770), Pradhanpara (5,822), Uttar Khuttimari (4,004), Madhya Khuttimari (5,276), Purbba Daukimari (6,723), Mallik Sobha (5,318), Kalirhat (4,280), Mainatali (5,620), Dakshin Kharibari (5,531), Kahalaigram (6,209), Madhya Boragari (7,987), Bara Gharia (7,090), Paschim Magurmari (5,431), Purba Magurmari (7,361), Purba Mallikpara (5,487), Dakshin Gosairhat (4,394), Kazipara (4,442), Paschim Salbari (4,824), Purba Salbari (4,886), Jhar Salbari (5,899) and Jurapani (4,522).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Dhupguri CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Gadang Pratham Khanda (1,454), Gadang Dwitiya Khanda (1,762).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Dhupguri CD block was 251,875 (69.57% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 142,427 (77.56% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 109,448 (61.36% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 16.20%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Jalpaiguri district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Dhupguri CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|79.24}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|15.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|4.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|0.81}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.12}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 328,717 and formed 79.24% of the population of Dhupguri CD block. Muslims numbered 64,234 and formed 15.48% of the population. Christians numbered 18,049 and formed 4.35% of the population. Others numbered 3,854 and formed 0.93% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 June 2020}}</ref> and other religious communities.<ref name="religion"/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Dhupguri CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 53.63 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] |value2 = 21.16 |color2 = burlywood
|label3 = 'Other' Bengali |value3 = 7.76 |color3 = mediumpurple
|label4 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value4 = 6.26 |color4 = lightcoral
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 2.95 |color5 = orange
|label6 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value6 = 2.14 |color6 = plum
|label7 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value7 = 1.47 |color7 = mediumseagreen
|label8 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value8 = 0.96 |color8 = gold
|label9 = Others |value9 = 3.67 |color9 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 53.63% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 21.16% [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]], 6.26% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 2.95% [[Hindi]], 2.14% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]], 1.47% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] and 0.96% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language. 7.76% were recorded as speaking 'Other' under Bengali.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Poverty level==
Based on a study of the per capita consumption in rural and urban areas, using central sample data of NSS 55th Round 1999-2000, Jalpaiguri district was found to have relatively high rates of poverty of 35.73% in rural areas and 61.53% in the urban areas. It was one of the few districts where urban poverty rate was higher than the rural poverty rate.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 26-31% of the population of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur districts were below poverty line, a relatively high level of poverty in West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Dhupguri CD block'''
|value1 = 16.90
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 33.18
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 1.41
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 48.51
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Dhupguri CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 28,443 and formed 16.90%, agricultural labourers numbered 55,850 and formed 33.18%, household industry workers numbered 2,370 and formed 1.41% and other workers numbered 81,639 and formed 48.51%.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 168,302 and formed 40.57% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 246,552 and formed 59.43% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 23 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 98 inhabited villages in the Dhupguri CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Jalpaiguri, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 96 (97.96) villages have drinking water supply. 23 villages (23.47%) have post offices. 75 villages (76.53%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 32 villages (32.65%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 35 villages (35.71%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 8 villages (8.16%) have agricultural credit societies and 9 villages (9.18%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 81, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The economy of the Jalpaiguri district is mainly dependent on agriculture and plantations, and majority of the people are engaged in agriculture. Jalpaiguri is well-known for tea and timber. Other important crops are paddy, jute, tobacco, mustard seeds, sugarcane and wheat. The annual average rainfall is 3,440 mm, around double of that of Kolkata and the surrounding areas. The area is flood prone and the rivers often change course causing immense damage to crops and cultivated lands.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 15, 18, 19 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 199 fertiliser depots, 84 seed stores and 78 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Dhupguri CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 June 2020 }}</ref>

In 2013–14, the Dhupguri CD block produced 48,311 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 21,721 hectares, 790 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 261 hectares, 8,891 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 3,246 hectares, 8,935 tonnes of wheat from 3,210 hectares, 626 tonnesof maize from 294 hectares, 63,155 tonnes of jute from 5,958 hectares, 183,546 tonnes of potatoes from 7,691 hectares and 2,969 tonnes of sugarcane from 29 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in the Dhupguri CD block was 13,721 hectares, out of which 4,036 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 320 hectares by tank water, 2,010 hectares by river lift irrigation, 430 hectares by deep tube wells and 6,925 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Dooars-Terai tea gardens===
{{main|Dooars-Terai tea gardens}}
Tea gardens in the [[Dooars]] and [[Terai]] regions produce 226 million kg or over a quarter of India's total tea crop.. The Dooars-Terai tea is characterized by a bright, smooth and full-bodied liquor that's a wee bit lighter than [[Assam tea]]. Cultivation of tea in the Dooars was primarily pioneered and promoted by the British but there was significant contribution of Indian entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | access-date = 19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | access-date = 19 July 2020}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Dhupguri CD block had offices of 10 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Jalpaiguri district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 23 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
Dhupguri CD block has 7 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[National Highway 17 (India)|NH 17]] passes through the block.

==Education==
In 2013-14, Dhupguri CD block had 191 primary schools with 28,238 students, 8 middle schools with 2,091 students, 10 high schools with 10,991 students and 25 higher secondary schools with 34,413 students. Dhupguri CD block had 1 technical/ professional institutions with 130 students and 912 institutions for special and non-formal education with 55,960 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Dhupguri CD block, among the 98 inhabited villages, 4 villages did not have schools, 63 villages had two or more primary schools, 36 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 16 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 412, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

[[Sukanta Mahavidyalaya|Kabi Sukanta Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 1981.Affiliated with the [[University of North Bengal]], it offers courses in arts and commerce.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.ksmv.info/ |title = Kabi Sukanta Mahavidyalaya |publisher= KSMV | access-date = 29 June 2020 }}</ref>

[[Dhupguri Girl's College|Dhupguri Girls’ College]] was established at in 2013. Affiliated with the [[University of North Bengal]], it offers courses in arts.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://dhupgurigirlscollege.ac.in/ |title = Dhupguri Girls’ College |publisher= DGC | access-date = 29 June 2020 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Dhupguri CD block had 4 primary health centres, 1 central government medical institution and 9 NGO/ private nursing home with total 421 beds and 25 doctors (excluding private bodies). Dhupguri municipal area (located outside the block) had 1 rural hospital with 70 beds and 6 doctors. It had 46 family welfare subcentres. 11,901 patients were treated indoor and 148,141 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Dhupguri Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Dhupguri]], is the major government medical facility in the Dhupguri CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Jhar Altargram (PO Dankanmari) (with 4 beds), Sakarjhora (PO Sajnapara) (with 4 beds), Duramari (Salbari) (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 July 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 July 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Jalpaiguri topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Jalpaiguri district]]

Sholayar Gram Panchayat

2024-12-18T15:30:55Z

SondraCleland5: Creating...

{{Other uses|Sholayur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Sholayar''' is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a local government organisation that serves the villages of [[Sholayur]] and [[Kottathara]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224687&rlbtype=V |access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Swedish Defence Research Agency

2024-10-29T18:55:38Z

SondraCleland5: formatting fix

{{Short description|Swedish agency for total defence research}}
[[Image:Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut vapen.svg|100px|thumb|Coat of arms]]

The '''Swedish Defence Research Agency''' ({{langx|sv|Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut}}, '''FOI'''; literal translation: ''Total Defence Research Institute'') is a [[Government agencies in Sweden|government agency in Sweden]] for total defence [[research and development]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bertilsson|first=Fredrik|date=2021|title=The Swedish Defence Research Establishment (FOA) and the influence of historical knowledge on Swedish civil resistance policy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2021.1880474|journal=Scandinavian Journal of History|doi=10.1080/03468755.2021.1880474|issn=0346-8755|via=|doi-access=free}}</ref>

FOI has its headquarters in [[Kista]] ([[Stockholm]]). Other FOI offices or research centres are located in [[Grindsjön]], [[Linköping]], and [[Umeå]].

==History==
FOI was created in 2001 by combining the [[Swedish National Defence Research Institute]] (FOA) with the [[National Aeronautical Research Institute]] (FFA). The first of these agencies, FFA, had been created in 1940 in [[Bromma]], Stockholm as a governmental research institute for the Swedish aviation industry, large parts of which were devoted to military [[aircraft]]. The second, FOA, had been created in 1945 from three existing organisations:
* The Swedish Armed Forces Chemical Institute (''Försvarsväsendets kemiska anstalt'', FKA), a government agency created in 1937 and located in [[Ursvik]], [[Sundbyberg Municipality]]. FKA had predecessors in [[chemical warfare]] and chemical warfare protection activities conducted at [[Lund university]] from 1926 and [[Uppsala university]] from 1928.
* The [[Military Physics Institute]] (''Militärfysiska institutet'', MFI), a collaboration organisation between the Swedish universities' physics departments started in 1941 as an initiative to put modern physical knowledge at the disposal of Sweden's defence during [[World War II]].
* A section of the Swedish Board of Inventions (''Statens uppfinnarnämnd'', SUN) concerned with [[radar]] experiments, created in 1942.

Soon after FOA's creation in 1945, the organisation was tasked with investigating the novel invention of [[nuclear weapons]]. This included protection activities and investigations, but also preparations for a possible [[Swedish nuclear weapon program]]. In the 1950s and 1960s, nuclear research constituted a considerable part of FOA's activities. After Sweden signed the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] in 1968, the remaining nuclear development activities were dismantled, and only protection research remained in the nuclear area.

Initially, all FOA activities were located in the Stockholm region, but in the 1970s some parts were relocated to [[Karlstad]], Linköping, and Umeå. In 2005, several of FOI's activities in the Stockholm region were consolidated at a common location in Kista.

When FOI was created in 2001 from FOA and FFA, the number of employees stood at around 1,300. In the early 2000s, activities at FOI were scaled back as a cost-saving measure. In 2007, the number of employees had been reduced to around 1,000, where it has remained.

==FOI funding and staff==

The institute is organised under the Swedish [[Ministry of Defence (Sweden)|Ministry of Defence]], which provides a large part of its budget. FOI also receives funding from other Swedish government institutions and, to a lesser extent, from the EU. FOI also conducts research commissioned by private customers on commercial terms, including outside Sweden. In 2019, FOI had a budget of approximately 1.25 billion SEK.<ref>{{cite web |title=Årsredovisning 2019 |url=https://www.foi.se/download/18.46c3b221170ccb3336f122/1584974839280/FOI-Arsredovisning-2019-med-bilagor.pdf |website=Swedish Defence Research Agency}}</ref>

In 2019, FOI employed 983 people, including "scientists, social scientists, economists, legal practitioners, and philosophers". One third of employees were women. 39 percent of employees, excluding supporting staff, held doctoral degrees. The average age was 46 years old for both sexes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Årsredovisning 2019 |url=https://www.foi.se/download/18.46c3b221170ccb3336f122/1584974839280/FOI-Arsredovisning-2019-med-bilagor.pdf |website=Swedish Defence Research Agency}}</ref>

==FOI research areas==

The activities of FOI include [[research]], development of [[technology]], and [[analysis]], primarily for military defence, but also for [[Emergency management|civil emergencies]], [[natural disasters]], security, and other civilian applications. FOI also studies [[security policy]], [[Armed conflict|conflicts]], and [[international affairs]]. According to its website, FOI is organised into five sections, four of which engage in research and one that provides administrative support:<ref>{{cite web |title="About FOI" |url=https://www.foi.se/en/foi/about-foi/organization.html |website=FOI |accessdate=12 May 2020}}</ref>
* C4ISR: This section researches technologies and systems of [[command, control, communications]], [[computers]], [[Intelligence analysis|intelligence]], [[surveillance]] and [[reconnaissance]]. This includes [[radar]] and [[Optronics|optronic sensors]] as well as [[communication networks]], [[artificial intelligence]], [[information security]], etc.
* CBRN Defence and Security: This section studies the properties of [[chemical weapons|chemical]], [[biological weapons|biological]], [[Radiation weapon|radioactive]], and [[nuclear weapon|nuclear]] materials, as well as incidents and warfare involving such materials and how to protect against them.
* Defence and Security, Systems and Technology: This section researches issues related to technology and weaponry, including [[aeronautics]], [[Sonar|underwater sonars]], [[jet propulsion]], [[Missile|missile technology]], [[nuclear weapons]] and [[arms control]], [[ballistics|ballistic]] protection, etc.
* Defence Analysis: This section studies [[crisis management]], [[War|conflicts]], [[international security]], and [[strategy]], with research projects devoted to topics of a geographic ([[Russia]], [[Arctic]], [[Africa]], etc.) or thematic ([[UN peacekeeping missions|international missions]], defence economy, etc.) nature.
* Research Support and Administration: This section offers administration, leadership, and support for FOI's research divisions.

FOI reports are published online or in print, in Swedish and/or in English.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports |url=https://www.foi.se/en/foi/reports.html |website=Swedish Defence Research Agency |accessdate=26 March 2020}}</ref>

==Directors-General==
[[File:FOI skylt 2014.jpg|thumb|Road sign near Grindsjön]]
*1 January 2001 – 30 August 2003: {{Ill|Bengt Anderberg (Swedish Army officer)|lt=Bengt Anderberg|sv|Bengt Anderberg (officer)}} (FOA director-general since 1994)
*1 September 2003 – 30 March 2009: {{Ill|Madelene Sandström|sv}}
*1 April 2009 – 24 January 2019: {{Ill|Jan-Olof Lind|sv}}
*25 January 2019 – 11 August 2019: Anna-Lena Österborg (temporary)
*12 August 2019–: {{Ill|Jens Mattsson|sv}}

==See also==
*[[Defence Materiel Administration|Defence Materiel Administration (FMV)]]
*[[M90 (camouflage)|FOA camouflage]]
*[[Government agencies in Sweden]]
*[[Project Simoom]]
*[[Swedish Defence University]]

===Similar organizations===
*[[Agency for Defense Development]] - South Korea
*[[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] - United States
*[[Defence Industry Agency]] - Turkey
*[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] - India
*[[Defence Technology Institute]] - Thailand
*[[Military Institute of Armament Technology]] - Poland
*[[National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology]] - Taiwan

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscatinline}}
*{{Official|http://www.foi.se/ }}

{{Ministry of Defence (Sweden)}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government agencies of Sweden|Defence Research Agency]]
[[Category:Military research of Sweden]]
[[Category:Military research institutes]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Sweden]]
[[Category:Aviation research institutes]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2001]]

Punkunnam railway station

2024-07-30T06:32:09Z

SondraCleland5: quick fixed content also and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Railway station in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Punkunnam
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Punkunnam Railway Station.JPG
| image_caption =
| address = [[Punkunnam]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.534|76.209|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Kerala
| line = [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section]]
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Not available
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code =
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway Zone (India)]]
| former = [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = Waiting room and refreshment
| map_locator =
| route_map = {{Guruvayur–Thrissur spur line}}
| map_state = show
}}

'''Punkunnam railway station''' (station code: PNQ) is an NSG–6 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=16 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It falls between [[Thrissur railway station]] and [[Mulankunnathukavu railway station]] in the busy [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section]]. The station is used as suburb station of [[Thrissur railway station]]. The station act as a junction where a spur line goes to [[Guruvayur railway station]] which is near to the famous [[Guruvayur Temple]]. All passenger trains and a few long-distance express trains stop at Punkunnam railway station.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/24/stories/2010042452160500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108043527/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/24/stories/2010042452160500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-08|title=Temporary stoppage for trains at Punkunnam station
|access-date=2010-09-02
|location=Chennai
|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2010-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/10/stories/2003111000790100.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040501081150/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/10/stories/2003111000790100.htm
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=1 May 2004
|title=On a Push-Pull to Kochi
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=2010-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article443869.ece?service=mobile
|title=Permanent helipad in Guruvayur
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=2010-05-06
|location=Chennai}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ollur railway station]]
*[[Chalakudi railway station]]
*[[Guruvayur railway station]]
*[[Wadakkanchery railway station]]
*[[Mulankunnathukavu railway station]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Poonkunnam Railway Station}}
{{reflist}}

{{Thrissur topics}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram railway division}}

{{Transport in India|state=Kerala}}

[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kerala]]

{{Kerala-railstation-stub}}

Madhavaraya Temple, Gandikota

2024-06-06T09:35:15Z

SondraCleland5: started a place.

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Madhavaraya Temple
| image = Madhavraya temple, Gandikota, India.jpg
| caption = Madhavaraya Temple courtyard
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| deity = Madhavaraya ([[Krishna]])
| tradition = [[Vaishnavism]]
| governing_body =
| location = [[Gandikota Fort]]
| locale = [[Gandikota]]
| district = [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.81327|78.283837}}
| architecture_type =
| architecture_style = [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara]]
| established = First quarter of the 16th century
}}
'''Madhavaraya Temple''' is a 16th century [[Hindu temple]] located in the [[Gandikota|Gandikota Fort]], in the [[Kadapa district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=85}} Dedicated to [[Krishna]] ("Madhava"), it is also known as Madhava Perumal Temple or Madhavaraya Swamy Temple. The [[Government of India]] has designated it as a [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Andhra Pradesh|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-12/usq%202232%20for%2016122021.pdf |title=Revenue from monuments in Andhra Pradedsh |date=2021-12-16 |access-date=2022-08-19 |publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India }}</ref>

== History ==

An analysis of the art and architectural features of the temple suggests that it was built in the first quarter of the 16th century. Epigraphic evidence also confirms this: the earliest reference to the temple is found in 16th century inscriptions.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=85}} Several 16th century inscriptions from the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara period]] have been discovered at Gandikota. One of these states that several individuals, including a man named Papa Timmaraju, paid obeisance to the god Madhava-raya ("Lord [[Krishna]]") and offered a garland (''tomala'') to the god.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=82}}

== Art and architecture ==

The temple is located within the [[Gandikota|Gandikota Fort]], to the south of the local [[Juma Masjid|Jumma Masjid]]. It is surrounded by a [[prakara]] in a rectangular courtyard.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=87}} The east side has the entrance, and a pillared [[cloister]] runs along the other sides.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=87}} The pillars feature [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara]]-style [[corbel]]s.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=88}}

{{wide image|MadhavarayaSwamyTemple-GandikotaFort-AndraPradesh-GOPR0095.jpg|1000px|Courtyard with pillared [[cloister]] and ''[[mandapa]]'' at the centre}}

The main ''[[gopura]]'' (tower) gateway is located in the east, with narrower entrances in the other three directions. Its ornate platform (''[[jagati (temple)|adhishthana]]'') has carvings of creepers, flowers, lotus petals, elephants, warriors, [[vyala]]s, and other figures. The projections of the lower portions of the ''adhishthana'' contain figures of various deities, including [[Venugopala]], [[Surya]], [[Vishnu]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Ganapati]], and [[Narasimha|Yoga Narasimha]]. The two vertical projections at the entrance feature a row of figures of deities and two identical sculptures of Vishnu. The ''gopura'' has four levels (''talas''), and its ''[[shikhara]]'' (top) has fallen. The central passage of the gateway features carvings of ''dvara-palaka''s (male door-keepers) and female figures standing under creepers. The central pillars on the sides of the passage have [[bracket (architecture)|brackets]] with vyala figures. The ceiling has lotus medallion at the centre, and other decorative motifs including tortoise, fish, and lizards.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=87}}

A kitchen hall is located in the south-east corner of the courtyard. Its pillars have roll and leaf corbels, and the ceiling has gaps to provide ventilation. The doorway has decorative figures of creepers, flowers, lotus petals, and ''dvara-palika''s (female door-keepers) carrying lotuses. A [[mandapa]] with six pillars is located in front of the kitchen hall.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=87}}

A wedding hall (''kalyana-mandapa'') with 16 pillars is located in the south-west corner of the courtyard. Another ''mandapa'' is located in the north-east corner of the courtyard: it was probably used as a shrine dedicated to the [[navagraha|nine planets]] (''navagraha-mandapa'') or a site to celebrate a festival of the main deity. Its doorways feature carvings of creepers, flowers, lotus petals, and ''[[Gajalakshmi|Gaja-Lakshmi]]'' motifs. A shrine with an oblong ''[[garbhagriha|garbha-griha]]'' is also located in the north-east portion, to the east of the ''navagraha-mandapa''. It has no images now, but was probably dedicated to [[Alvars]] or [[Saptarishi]]s.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=88}}

<gallery mode="packed">
Madhavaraya Swamy Temple Gandikota Kadapa Andhra Pradesh PIC 0095.jpg | The ''[[gopura]]'' gateway
Madhavaraya Swamy Temple Gandikota Kadapa Andhra Pradesh PIC 0079.jpg | Ceiling of the ''gopura'' gateway
MadhavarayaSwamyTemple-GandikotaFort-AndraPradesh-DSC 0409.jpg | ''mandapa'' pillars with ''gopura'' in background
Madhavaraya Swamy Temple Gandikota Kadapa Andhra Pradesh PIC 0080.jpg | A sculpture
Madhavaraya Swamy Temple Gandikota Kadapa Andhra Pradesh PIC 0088.jpg | ''[[Vyala]]'' rider
Madhavaraya Swamy Temple Gandikota Kadapa Andhra Pradesh PIC 0089.jpg | ''[[Surasundari]]''
Madhavaraya Swamy Temple Gandikota Kadapa Andhra Pradesh PIC 0097.jpg | Elephant line drawing
</gallery>

The main temple at the centre comprises the following parts from east to west: a ''maha-mandapa'' (large pavilion), a ''mukha-mandapa'' (small pavilion), an ''[[antarala]]'' (antechamber), and a ''garbha-griha'' (the location of the main deity).{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=88}}

The pillared ''maha-mandapa'' is a rectangular hall measuring 18.29 m x 13.72 m. It has several decorative motifs and vyala brackets with riders.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=88}} It has figures of deities (including Vishnu and Surya), [[rishis]] (sages), a woman, animals, and dwarfs playing musical instruments (such as drums, cymbals and flute).{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|pp=88-89}} The upper portion of the beams has figures of male and female dancers, which suggests that the ''maha-mandapa'' may have been used as a stage for dance and music performances in honour of the deity.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=89}}

The ''mukha-mandapa'' is a slightly rectangular hall measuring 11.18 m X 9.14 m. It has finely carved pillars with lotus corbels at the centre; a stone slab with female figures dancing as a group; brackets with vyala figures; and line drawings (including those of lion, lotus flowers, and monkeys). Its doorways feature ''dvara-palakas'' and ''Gaja-Lakshmi'', and the ceiling has a lotus medallion.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=89}}

The ''antarala'' has a doorway with carvings of creepers, flowers, lotus petals, ''dvara-palakas'', and ''Gaja-Lakshmi''. The ''garbha-griha'' is square-shaped, with each side measuring 4.12 m. It has a [[pranala]] set in the north wall. The [[vimana (architectural feature)|superstructure]] above the ''garbha-griha'' no longer survives, and the image of the main deity is missing.{{sfn|A. Gurumurthi|1990|p=89}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Aenuganti Gurumurthi |chapter=The Mādhavarāya Temple |title=Temples of Cuddapah District |year=1990 |isbn=9789991648798 |publisher=New Era |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1drVAAAAMAAJ |pages=85–89 |ref={{harvid|A. Gurumurthi|1990}} }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category inline|Madhavaperumal Temple, Gandikota}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kadapa district]]

Monghyr

2024-04-04T13:34:15Z

SondraCleland5: redirect

#Redirect [[Munger]]

Centre Square Kochi

2024-03-14T07:58:19Z

SondraCleland5: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of shopping malls in India#Kerala]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Vajasaneyi Madhyandiniya

2009-06-03T20:01:51Z

SondraCleland5: Added New Data More To Come - done

#REDIRECT [[Yajurveda]]