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Nongmaiching Reserved Forest

2024-02-11T17:15:13Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|A reserved forest in Imphal East}} {{About|a reserved forest in Imphal East district|the associated mountain|Nongmaiching Ching}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox forest | name = Nongmaiching Reserved Forest {{small|(Nongmaiching Forest Reserve)}} | native_name = Nongmaiching Umang | native_lang = mni | native_name2 = | native_lang2 = | photo = Kanglasa.svg | photo_capti..."

{{Short description|A reserved forest in Imphal East}}
{{About|a reserved forest in [[Imphal East district]]|the associated mountain|Nongmaiching Ching}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox forest
| name = Nongmaiching Reserved Forest {{small|(Nongmaiching Forest Reserve)}}
| native_name = Nongmaiching Umang
| native_lang = mni
| native_name2 =
| native_lang2 =
| photo = Kanglasa.svg
| photo_caption = The [[Government of Manipur]] is the sole owner of the Nongmaiching Reserved Forest{{efn|The fact that the [[Manipur Government]] is the owner of the Nongmaiching Reserved Forest is popularly discussed as the villagers settling encroaching inside the reserved forest areas tried to oppose the fact violently in recent years.}}
| photo_width =
| map =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| coordinates =
| county = [[Imphal East]]
| region = [[Manipur]]
| country = {{IND}}
| elevation =
| area = 67 sq km (previously 74.7 sq km)<ref name=":ifp">{{Cite web |title=Forest Facts: Why villagers stopped tree plantation in Nongmaiching Hill? |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/forest-facts-why-villagers-stopped-tree-plantation-in-nongmaiching-hill |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Pothashang">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Forest department clarifies on Reserved Forests and Protected Forests in Manipur {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2022/06/08/forest-department-clarifies-on-reserved-forests-and-protected-forests-in-manipur/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":Signpost">{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=Signpost |date=2022-06-08 |title=Nongmaipal village shifted two times encroaching the reserve forest area - PCCF |url=https://signpostnews.com/nongmaipal-village-shifted-two-times-encroaching-the-reserve-forest-area-pccf/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Signpost News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":e-pao">{{Cite web |title=PCCF sets record straight on Nongmaiching Reserved Forest : 08th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..080622.jun22 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
| max_area =
| date_max_area =
| status = reserved (under the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927]])
| established =
| visitation =
| visitation_year =
| events =
* [[Earth Day]]
* [[International Day of Forests]] ([[World Forestry Day]])
* [[Van Mahotsav]]
* [[World Environment Day]]
| authority = [[Government of Manipur]]
| website =
| ecosystem = [[Nongmaiching Ching]]
| classification_WWF =
| classification_EPA =
| classification_CEC =
| disturbance =
| forest_cover =
| species =
| indicator_plants =
| lesser_flora =
| fauna =
}}
The '''Nongmaiching Reserved Forest''' ({{lang-mni|Nongmaiching Umang}}), also unofficially spelled as the '''Nongmaijing Reserved Forest''' ({{lang-mni|Nongmaijing Umang}}),{{efn|The terms "Nongmaiching" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯆꯤꯡ}}}}) and "Nongmaijing" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯖꯤꯡ}}}}) are interchangeably used.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&dq=Nongmaiching+%2F+Nongmaijing&pg=PA6 |title=The Lois of Manipur Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai |year=2002 |isbn=9788170998495 |pages=6 |language=en|last1=Devi |first1=Lairenlakpam Bino |publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref> But "Nongmaiching" is the one mentioned officially in the "Manipur Gazette".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iai4CiJApZAC&q=nongmaiching+ching |title=Manipur Gazette |publisher=[[Government of Manipur]] |year=1959 |location=India |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref>}} is one of the eight reserved forests of [[Imphal East district]] of [[Manipur]]. Covering an area of 67 square kilometers, it protects the forests of the [[Nongmaiching Ching]] mountains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District wise reserve forest of Manipur |url=http://manenvis.nic.in/Database/AreaunderForest_2895.aspx?format=Print |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=manenvis.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nediljka |first=Gaurina-Medjimurec |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qOXBgAAQBAJ&dq=nongmaiching+reserved+forest&pg=PA45 |title=Handbook of Research on Advancements in Environmental Engineering |date=2014-11-30 |publisher= IGI Global|isbn=978-1-4666-7337-3 |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Nongmaiching Ching#History}}
On February 16, 1966, it was notified for the first time, under the section 4 of the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927]], that the Nongmaiching Reserve Forest, covered an area of 74.7 square km.<ref name=":ifp">{{Cite web |title=Forest Facts: Why villagers stopped tree plantation in Nongmaiching Hill? |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/forest-facts-why-villagers-stopped-tree-plantation-in-nongmaiching-hill |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Pothashang">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Forest department clarifies on Reserved Forests and Protected Forests in Manipur {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2022/06/08/forest-department-clarifies-on-reserved-forests-and-protected-forests-in-manipur/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":Signpost">{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=Signpost |date=2022-06-08 |title=Nongmaipal village shifted two times encroaching the reserve forest area - PCCF |url=https://signpostnews.com/nongmaipal-village-shifted-two-times-encroaching-the-reserve-forest-area-pccf/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Signpost News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":e-pao">{{Cite web |title=PCCF sets record straight on Nongmaiching Reserved Forest : 08th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..080622.jun22 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

On July 7, 1966, under the section 6 of the Act, the officer of the forest settlement proclaimed an invitation to claims and objections. It was responded by 20 claims. Among them, one is from Yamkhokhai, chief of Nongmaipal village.
The forest survey officer settled the received claims and objections.<ref name=":ifp" /><ref name=":Pothashang" /><ref name=":Signpost" /><ref name=":e-pao" />

And finally, on January 4, 1990, under section 20 of the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927]], it was notified that the area of the Nongmaiching Reserve Forest was 67 square km. It was because an area covering 7.07 square km was spared from the Nongmaiching Reserved Forest areas, for settlement of the villagers. On 17 January 1990, the Manipur Gazette number 41 also published the notification informing about it.<ref name=":ifp" /><ref name=":Pothashang" /><ref name=":Signpost" /><ref name=":e-pao" />

The Nongmaipal village shifted its settlement area twice, from its former place in the years, 1985 and 1995. The villagers had their final settlement at the present site in the Nongmaiching Reserve Forest, violating the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927]].<ref name=":ifp" /><ref name=":Pothashang" /><ref name=":Signpost" /><ref name=":e-pao" />

Later on, the village chief as well as other accomplices, encroaching the reserved forest areas, started stone mining activities as well as human settlements. Under the Indian Forest Act, they were arrested and fined.<ref name=":ifp" /><ref name=":Pothashang" /><ref name=":Signpost" /><ref name=":e-pao" />

On the [[World Environment Day]] 2022, the villagers violently attempted to stop the forest department officials and environment lovers from planting trees in the Nongmaiching Reserved Forest areas, claiming themselves as the authority over the reserved forest areas. Among the violent activities, they even tored the backdrop set up for the [[tree plantation]] drive.<ref name=":ifp" /><ref name=":Pothashang" /><ref name=":Signpost" /><ref name=":e-pao" />
Later, the tribal criminals, including the village chief, were arrested.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven held as plantation drive ends in chaos : 06th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..060622.jun22 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tree plantation turns ugly, 8 detained : 06th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..060622.jun22 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

In response to the unfortunate incident happened on the [[World Environment Day]] in the Nongmaiching reserved forest area, a joint meet of Coordinating Body Khurai, Joint Forest Management Committee and Laining Ejaat Kanba formed a committee named the ''"Nongmaiching Laiphamlen And Its Environment Preservation Committee"'' to safeguard the [[Nongmaiching Ching]] due to the fact that the mountain is a sacred place to the [[Meitei people]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee formed to save Nongmaiching : 07th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=44..070622.jun22 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{See|Nongmaiching Ching#Geography}}

== Eviction ==
{{See|Eviction}}
On 3 July 2018, the Forest Department of the [[Government of Manipur]] conducted an eviction drive at the illegally encroached areas in the areas of the Awaching (Kobithabi) in Nongmaiching Reserve Forest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-03 |title=MANIPUR: EVICTION DRIVE AT RESERVE FOREST |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-eviction-drive-reserve-forest-395373-2018-07-03 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Biren Singh on issues in Manipur |url=https://morungexpress.com/cm-biren-singh-issues-manipur |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

== Deforestation ==
Hueiyen Lanpao, a newspaper service, inspected the areas affected by 2012 thunderstorm in the villages of Angourok, Sagolock, Awangching and Kangamthabi in [[Imphal East district]]. Many trees were missing, much more than those affected by the thunderstorm. Upon investigation, it was found out that most trees (which were around 20 years old) were cut down inside the Nongmaiching Reserved Forest area.
It was also found out that the villagers living in Keirao, Langdum, Uran Chiru and Yaipharok Maring Khul, cut down the trees during night time and they transported the woods using the trucks during the day time.
They also found out that the officials working in the Irilbung Forest Beat remain silent seeing all the illegal activities of deforestation happening under their nose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No authority to protect Reserve Forest in state : 26th apr12 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=21..260412.apr12 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Forestation ==
{{See|Forestation|Afforestation|Proforestation|Reforestation}}
On the [[International Day of Forests]] 2013, the Forest Department of the [[Government of Manipur]] announced about a program for the replenishment of the green covers of the Nongmaiching.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest day : 22nd mar13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=31..220313.mar13 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

On the 73rd [[Van Mahotsav]] ({{translation|Forest Festival}}) in the year 2022, [[Nongthombam Biren]], the then [[Manipur Chief Minister]], led a [[plantation]] drive of plant saplings at the Eshing Chaibi area of the Nongmaiching Reserved Forest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-07-08 |title=Manipur: CM leads plantation drive at Nongmaiching reserved forest |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/07/08/manipur-cm-leads-plantation-drive-at-nongmaiching-reserved-forest/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Manipur CM assures change in state landscape in 5 years - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipur-cm-assures-change-in-state-landscape-in-5-years/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Challenges in tree plantation programs ==
Claiming authority or ownership of the reserved forest areas, several tribals opposed the [[tree plantation]] programs organised by the Forest Department officials, resulting in violent conflicts many times.

In the year 2017, as a part of the [[Van Mahotsav]] ({{translation|Forest Festival}}) celebration, the forest department officials, along with workers, dug holes for the [[tree planting|plantation]] of tree saplings inside the Nongmaiching reserved forest area. Unfortunately, the [[Maring people|Maring tribals]] living in the Sandang Senba Maring village opposed the [[forestation]] program, by filling up the dug holes and sowing bean seeds, claiming their authority over the reserved forest areas. As a result, there was a strong conflict between the two parties. Later on, upon notifying the provisions of the law, the villagers stopped their actions.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Disputed areas belong to reserved forest' : 03rd aug17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..030817.aug17 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=e-pao.net |quote=As a part of Van Mahotsav celebration, Forest Department hired workers and dug holes for planting saplings on June 15 but villagers of Sandang Senba Maring village filled up the holes and sowed bean seeds. This resulted in a confrontation between the two neighbouring villages .}}</ref>

As a part of the celebration of the [[World Environment Day]] 2022, many environment lovers including the forest department officials of the Central Forest Division tried to plant trees in the Nongmaiching Reserve Forest. However, unfortunately, they were stopped violently by the [[Kuki people|Kuki tribal]] villagers of Nongmaipal village, attempting not to allow the planters the tree plantation activity. Upon investigation, the tribal villagers were found out to be illegally setting inside the reserved forest areas, violating the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927]]. Later, the tribal rebels were arrested under the law concerned.<ref name=":ifp">{{Cite web |title=Forest Facts: Why villagers stopped tree plantation in Nongmaiching Hill? |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/forest-facts-why-villagers-stopped-tree-plantation-in-nongmaiching-hill |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Pothashang">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Forest department clarifies on Reserved Forests and Protected Forests in Manipur {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2022/06/08/forest-department-clarifies-on-reserved-forests-and-protected-forests-in-manipur/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":Signpost">{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=Signpost |date=2022-06-08 |title=Nongmaipal village shifted two times encroaching the reserve forest area - PCCF |url=https://signpostnews.com/nongmaipal-village-shifted-two-times-encroaching-the-reserve-forest-area-pccf/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Signpost News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":e-pao">{{Cite web |title=PCCF sets record straight on Nongmaiching Reserved Forest : 08th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..080622.jun22 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India]]
* [[Heingang Ching]]
** [[Marjing Polo Complex]]
** [[Marjing Polo Statue]]
* [[Kangla]]
** [[Kangla Nongpok Thong]]
** [[Kangla Nongpok Torban]]
* [[Mount Manipur]]
** [[Mount Manipur Memorial]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nongmaiching Ching}}
{{Wikivoyage|Nongmaiching Ching}}
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Nongmaiching+Reserved+Forest&sa.x=16&sa.y=7 Nongmaiching Reserved Forest] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
* [https://g.co/kgs/9Ro3XY Nongmaiching Reserved Forest] at [[Google Maps]]
{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Manipur}}

[[Category:Reserved forests of India]]
[[Category:Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Manipur]]

Naoriya Phulo script

2024-02-11T17:05:05Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|A constructed script to write Meitei language}} {{About|a constructed script for Meitei language|the ancient original script associated with the language|Meitei script}} {{Redirect|Invented Meitei Yelhou Mayek script|for other uses|Meitei Yelhou Mayek (disambiguation){{!}}Meitei Yelhou Mayek}} {{Distinguish|text=the Oriya script}} {{Contains special characters|Indic}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December..."

{{Short description|A constructed script to write Meitei language}}
{{About|a [[constructed script]] for [[Meitei language]]|the ancient original script associated with the language|Meitei script}}
{{Redirect|Invented Meitei Yelhou Mayek script|for other uses|Meitei Yelhou Mayek (disambiguation){{!}}Meitei Yelhou Mayek}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Oriya script]]}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Naoriya Phulo script ({{lang-mni|Naoriya Phulo Mayek}}){{efn|The term "Phulo" is also spelled as "Phullo" with an additional letter "L". But "Phulo" is the correct spelling as it means "flower", derived from the Indo Aryan term "Phul", which has single "L".}}
| altname =
| type = abugida
| qid =

| SHline = 
| SHtype = 
| SHform = 

| typedesc = 
| typedesc-prefix = 
| creator = 
| date = 
| published = 
| time = 20th century AD – present 
| official script = no
| languages = [[Meitei language]] (officially termed as [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])

| fam1 = 

| fam2 = 
| fam15 =
| print = 
| sisters = [[Meitei Mayek]] ([[traditional Meitei script]]), [[Devanagari script]] and the [[Eastern Nagari script]] ([[Bengali-Assamese script]])
| children = 
| sample = The vowel and consonant letters of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), a constructed script developed by Naoriya Phulo for writing Meitei language.jpg 
| imagesize = 250px 
| caption = The vowel and consonant letters of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek) 
| direction = 
| direction comment =
| unicode = 
| iso15924 = 
| iso15924 note = 
| footnotes = It is a [[constructed script]] developed by [[:simple:Laininghan Naoriya Phulo|Laininghan Naoriya Phulo]] (1888-1941). 
| ipa-note = 
}}

The '''Naoriya Phulo script''' ({{lang-mni|Naoriya Phulo Mayek}}), also known as the '''Naoria script''' ({{lang-mni|Naoria Mayek}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIMMAQAAMAAJ&q=Kanglei+Mayek |title=Borderlines |date=2004 |publisher=Binalakshmi Nepram |others=[[University of Michigan]] |pages=23 |language=en |quote=Naoria started its movement to revive Kanglei or Meetei tradition in 1930 from a village cailed Jaribon, Laishramkhul in Cachar in Assam. He developed a script and named it after him. The Naoria Mayek challenged the script imposed and propagated by the Konung in Kangieipak, ...}}</ref>){{efn|The term "Naoriya" is also spelled as "Naoria" removing the letter "y".}}, the '''Invented Meitei Yelhou Mayek script''', or the '''Invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek script'''{{efn|The terms "Meitei Yelhou Mayek script" or "Meetei Yelhou Mayek script" are sometimes also used to refer to the general [[Meitei Mayek script]]. So, the term "Invented" is prefixed to refer to the Naoriya Phulo script.}}, is a [[constructed script]], invented by [[:simple:Laininghan Naoriya Phulo|Laininghan Naoriya Phulo]] (1888-1941), to write [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]). It is different from the [[Meitei Mayek]], the [[official script]] for Meitei language. It shares many similarities with the [[Devanagari script]] and the [[Eastern Nagari script]] ([[Bengali-Assamese script]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=নাওরিয়া ফুলো : ঋষি অমা - এলাংম দীনমনী |script-title= |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/12.11.2019-B7.pdf |work=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni |publication-place=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=লাইনীংহন নাওরিয়া ফুলো অমসুং মহাক্কী থবকশিং - ইঙো লোইতোংবা মোহেন |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/23.08.2019-B7.pdf |work=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni |publication-place=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=নাওরিয়া ফুলোখী মপোক কুমওনগা মরী লৈননা শৈরেং শৈদান্নবগী থৌরম পাঙথোকখ্রে |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/12.08.2017-B4.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}}</ref>

== History ==
The invented script of Naoriya Phulo of [[Cachar]] was sometimes interpreted as a divine gift. According to a legend, it was presented to him in his [[trance]] along with a text named the "Shakok Salai Thiren" (written in this script). During the 1930s, using his own invented script, Naoriya Phulo challenged the then [[official script]] for Meitei language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpuAAAAMAAJ&q=naoriya+phulo+script |title=Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy |date=1998 |publisher=Parimal Publications |pages=101 |language=en |quote=The challenge to official script came in the thirties of this century in the person of Naoriya Phulo of Cachar who was not only a gifted founder of Apokpa Marup (Meetei Revivalist school) but also a far sighted originator of Meitei script and desanskritised words. He invented a script and numerals as a divine gift in his trance and got a Purana called Shakok Salai Thiren said to be written in this script. |author-link=Moirangthem Kirti Singh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What's in name? |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/editorial/whats-in-name |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |quote=For the record, controversy with regard to the script is not a new thing. It had been raging since the first half of 20th century with the coming of a revivalist movement led by Naoriya Phulo. He had then challenged the script officially recognised by the Royal Palace with his own set of alphabets.}}</ref>
Naoriya Phulo and his organization named "Apokpa Marup" used to claim the newly invented script as the original old script for Meitei language. However, the claim was later discarded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ningthoukhongjam |first=Urmila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aF4OAQAAMAAJ&q=naoriya+phulo+script |title=The Student Movement in Manipur |date=2007 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8370-141-9 |location=India |pages=142 |language=en |quote=The political motive of the Meetei Marup founded by Naoriya Phulo of Cachar District of Assam is also obvious when it invented certain new characters and claimed to be the original old script . Later , the character were discarded ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ&q=naoriya+phullo+script |title=The History of Manipur: An early period |date=1986 |publisher=Manipur Commercial Company |location=India |pages=500 |language=en |quote=It may be mentiond here that some of the revivalist groups specially the followers of Naoriya Phullo claimed a script to have been used by the Meiteis in early days.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463276/page/n501/mode/2up?q=Naoriya+phullo |title=The History Of Manipur |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |others=[[Internet Archive]] |location=India |pages=500 |language=en |quote=It may be mentiond here that some of the revivalist groups specially the followers of Naoriya Phullo claimed a script to have been used by the Meiteis in early days. They circulated leaflets to the general public and the Meitei Mayek...}}</ref>
In the year 1973, they demanded their invented script to be adopted as the "Meitei script".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463276/page/n501/mode/2up?q=Naoriya+phullo |title=The History Of Manipur |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |others=[[Internet Archive]] |location=India |pages=501 |language=en }}</ref>

== Comparison to other scripts ==
<gallery>
File:Transliterations of "Meetei Yelhou Mayek" in Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), traditional Meitei Mayek script, Bengali script (Eastern Nagari script) and Devanagari script.jpg|[[Transliteration]]s of the term "Meetei Yelhou Mayek" in Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), [[traditional Meitei Mayek script]], [[Bengali script]] ([[Eastern Nagari script]]) and [[Devanagari]].

File:Transliterations of "Phudoktaba Mayek" in Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), traditional Meitei Mayek script, Bengali script (Eastern Nagari script) and Devanagari script.jpg|Transliterations of "Phudoktaba Mayek" in Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), traditional Meitei Mayek script, Bengali script and Devanagari

File:Transliterations of "Thingdaba Mayek" in Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), traditional Meitei Mayek script, Bengali script (Eastern Nagari script) and Devanagari script.jpg|Transliterations of the term "Thingdaba Mayek" in Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), traditional Meitei Mayek script, Bengali script and Devanagari

File:Transliterations of "Cheitap Taakpa" in Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), traditional Meitei Mayek script, Bengali script (Eastern Nagari script) and Devanagari script.jpg|Transliterations of "Cheitap Taakpa" in Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), traditional Meitei Mayek script, Bengali script and Devanagari
</gallery>
According to some scholars like Wahengbam Ibohal, the invented script of Naoriya Phulo seems to be a modified version of [[Devanagari script]], using some letters of the generally approved [[Meitei script]] and [[Bengali script]]. There was no proper evidence of that script being used in any certain periods of history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463276/page/n501/mode/2up?q=Naoriya+phullo |title=The History Of Manipur |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |others=[[Internet Archive]] |location=India |pages=501 |language=en }}</ref>
== Vowels ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Naoriya Phulo Letters {{small|(along with Bengali equivalents)}}
! Name(s) of the letter(s)
! [[Meitei Mayek]] equivalents
! [[Eastern Nagari]] equivalents
! [[Devanagari]] equivalents
! Latin equivalents
|-
| [[File:The letter "OM" (O) of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek script) with its Bengali equivalent letter.jpg|thumb|150px]]
| OM
| {{script|mtei|ꯑꯣ}}
| {{script|beng|ও}}
| {{script|deva|ओ}}
| {{script|latn|O}}
|-
| [[File:The letter "ARA" (A) of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek script) with its Bengali equivalent letter.jpg|thumb|150px]]
| ARA
| {{script|mtei|ꯑ}}
| {{script|beng|অ}}
| {{script|deva|अ}}
| {{script|latn|A}}
|-
| [[File:The letter "IRA" (I) of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek script) with its Bengali equivalent letter.jpg|thumb|150px]]
| IRA
| {{script|mtei|ꯏ}}
| {{script|beng|ই}}
| {{script|deva|इ}}
| {{script|latn|I}}
|-
| [[File:The letter "RIK" (R̥) of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek script) with its Bengali equivalent letter.jpg|thumb|150px]]
| RIK
| not available
| {{script|beng|ঋ}}
| ?
| {{script|latn|R̥}}
|-
| [[File:The letter "UN" (U) of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek script) with its Bengali equivalent letter.jpg|thumb|150px]]
| UN
| {{script|mtei|ꯎ}}
| {{script|beng|উ}}
| {{script|deva|उ}}
| {{script|latn|U}}
|-
| [[File:The letter "AANG" (A) of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek script) with its Bengali equivalent letter.jpg|thumb|150px]]
| AANG
| {{script|mtei|ꯑꯥ}}
| {{script|beng|আ}}
| {{script|deva|आ}}
| {{script|latn|A}}
|-
| [[File:The letter "EENG" (Ī) of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek script) with its Bengali equivalent letter.jpg|thumb|150px]]
| EENG
| {{script|mtei|ꯏ}}
| {{script|beng|ঈ}}
| {{script|deva|ई}}
| {{script|latn|Ī}}
|-
| [[File:The letter "YEM" (Ē) of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek script) with its Bengali equivalent letter.jpg|thumb|150px]]
| YEM
| {{script|mtei|ꯑꯦ}}
| {{script|beng|এ}}
| {{script|deva|ए}}
| {{script|latn|Ē}}
|-
| [[File:The letter "YEI" (EI) of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek script) with its Bengali equivalent letter.jpg|thumb|150px]]
| YEI
| {{script|mtei|ꯑꯩ}}
| {{script|beng|ঐ}}
| {{script|deva|ऐ}}
| {{script|latn|EI}}
|-
| [[File:The letter "OUM" (OU) of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek script) with its Bengali equivalent letter.jpg|thumb|150px]]
| OUM
| {{script|mtei|ꯑꯧ}}
| {{script|beng|ঔ}}
| {{script|deva|औ}}
| {{script|latn|OU}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of constructed scripts]]
* [[Naoriya Pakhanglakpa Assembly constituency]]
* [[Naoriya Pakhanglakpa]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Naoriya Phulo script}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Abugida writing systems]]
[[Category:Constructed scripts]]
[[Category:Meitei language]]

Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board

2024-02-11T17:04:00Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Meitei temple administrative board in Imphal}} {{Distinguish|Lainingthou Sanamahi Sana Pung}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox organization | name = Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board (LSTB) | full_name = | native_name = Lainingthou Sanamahi Laishang Lup | native_name_lang = mni | logo = Logo of the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board, Imphal.jpeg | logo_size..."

{{Short description|Meitei temple administrative board in Imphal}}
{{Distinguish|Lainingthou Sanamahi Sana Pung}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board (LSTB)
| full_name =
| native_name = Lainingthou Sanamahi Laishang Lup
| native_name_lang = mni
| logo = Logo of the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board, Imphal.jpeg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Logo of the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board, Imphal
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = 
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation = LSTB
| nickname = Sanamahi Temple Board
| pronounce =
| pronounce ref =
| pronounce comment =
| pronounce 2 =
| named_after = [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]]
| predecessor =
| merged = 
| successor =
| formation = 
| founder = 
| founding_location = Haying Khongban Uphong Yumpham, [[Imphal East district]]
| dissolved = 
| merger = 
| type = [[Temple Development Board]], [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status = active
| purpose = 
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Imphal]]
| location_city = [[Imphal]]
| location_country = {{IND}}
| location_city2 =
| location_country2 =
| addnl_location_city =
| addnl_location_country =
| addnl_location_city2 =
| addnl_location_country2 =
| coordinates = 
| origins = [[Sanamahi religion]]
| region_served = [[Manipur]] and [[Tripura]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board team sets off for Tripura: 24th may22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=14..240522.may22 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> 
| products = 
| services =
| methods = 
| fields = 
| membership = 
| membership_year = 
| language = [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]])
| owner = 
| sec_gen = 
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]] (6 March 2021 – till present<ref name=":president">{{Cite web |title=CM takes over as Sanamahi Temple president |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/3/6/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Mar-6-For-the-first-time-in-the-history-of-Manipur-the-incumbent-Chief-Minister-was-sworn-in-as-the-president-of-Laining-thou-Sanamahi-Temple-Board-LSTB-on-Friday-.amp.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en |quote=For the first time in the history of Manipur, the incumbent Chief Minister was sworn in as the president of Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board (LSTB) on Friday and the Chief Minister attended its first board meeting at Haying Khongban Uphong Makhong. ... It is reported that Keirao AC MLA L Rameshwor Meetei was also sworn in as the vice president of LSTB.}}</ref>){{efn|The ruling [[Chief Minister of Manipur]] is accustomed to serve as the "president" of the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board.}}<ref name=":William">{{Cite web |last=Gurumayum |first=William |title=Chief Minister N. Biren Singh takes oath as President of the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/19932-chief-minister-n-biren-singh-takes-oath-as-president-of-the-lainingthou-sanamahi-temple-board |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |date=6 March 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = Lourembam Rameshwor<ref name=":earmark">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-11 |title=Manipur government will try to earmark separate grant for Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2022/11/11/manipur-government-will-try-to-earmark-seperate-grant-for-lainingthou-sanamahi-temple-board/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":William">{{Cite web |last=Gurumayum |first=William |title=Chief Minister N. Biren Singh takes oath as President of the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/19932-chief-minister-n-biren-singh-takes-oath-as-president-of-the-lainingthou-sanamahi-temple-board |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |date=6 March 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref> (6 March 2021 – till present)<ref name=":president" />
| leader_title3 = Executive Officer
| leader_name3 = Khaidem Hitler Singh (since 19th March 2013)<ref>{{Cite periodical |periodical=Manipur Gazette
|title=ORDERS BY THE GOVERNOR: MANIPUR Imphal, the 19th March, 2013
|url=http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/media/gazzete/EOG_386_22-03-2013.pdf
|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]
|quote=In supersession of all this Government orders in this regard, the Governor of Manipur, in exercise of the power conferred under section 21(1) of Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board Act, 1976 as amended from time to time, is pleased to appoint Khaidem Hitler Singh, Assistant Director, Economics & Statistics Department, Lamphel, Manipur, a resident of Singjamei Chingamathak, Imphal West as Executive Officer of Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board, Imphal without extra-remuneration with immediate effect and until further orders.}}</ref>
| leader_title4 = Chairman
| leader_name4 = [[Langpoklakpam Jayantakumar Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurumayum |first=William |title=Holy book of Lainingthou Sanamahi published; Thousands offers prayers on Sanamahi Chenhougba rituals - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/11451-holy-book-of-lainingthou-sanamahi-published-thousands-offers-prayers-on-sanamahi-chenhougba-rituals |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |date=29 May 2018 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = 
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations = [[File:The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg|30px]] [[Sanamahi religion]]
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| funding = 
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| students =
| students_year =
| awards =
| website = 
| remarks =
| formerly = 
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}
The '''Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board (LSTB)''' is a [[Temple Development Board|temple development board]] of the [[Sanamahi Temple|Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple, Haying Khongban Uphong Yumpham]], [[Imphal West district]] of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}. It is dedicated not only to God [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]] and Goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]] of [[Sanamahism]],<ref name=":informs">{{Cite web |title=Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board informs |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/3/16/IMPHAL-Mar-16The-Lainingthou-Sanamahi-Temple-Board-has-informed-the-general-public-that-the-donat.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> but also to the other [[ancient Meitei gods and goddesses]] of the [[traditional Meitei religion]].<ref name=":NewsDesk">{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=Signpost |date=2022-12-29 |title=LSTB procession to spread messages of Ima Imoinu for 3 days |url=https://signpostnews.com/lstb-procession-to-spread-messages-of-ima-imoinu-for-3-days/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Signpost News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Permissions ==
The Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board (LSTB) allowed the public to receive the clothes, brass and copper wares, which were offered to goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]] and god [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]], by making monetary offerings.<ref name=":informs"/>
The LSTB allowed the public to lit their torches for [[Yaoshang]] from the complex of goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]] and god [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]] in Haying Khongbal Uphong Yumpham.<ref name=":informs" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board informs: 17th mar22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp1..170322.mar22 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Academic activities ==
An academic meeting on the topic {{langnf|mni|Sanamahi Laining Chatlaba Emung Amagi Thouramsingda Chatnagadaba Chatna Pathap|Rules to be followed in a household which have embraced [[Sanamahi faith]]}} was organised on 22 May 2022 at the office of the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board (LSTB).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board informs: 22nd may22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp4..220522.may22 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Activities in the sacred month ==
{{See|Mera Chaorel Houba|Mera Hou Chongba}}
Starting from the 26th September 2022, which is the first day of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of "Mera", the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board began to conduct a series of cultural activities for one whole month because "Mera" is a sacred month of the [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]].<ref name=":gears">{{Cite web |title=Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board gears up for 'Mera Tha' |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/lainingthou-sanamahi-temple-board-gears-up-for-mera-tha |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":programmes">{{Cite web |title=Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board to organise series of traditional, religious programmes: 21st sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..210922.sep22 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Among the different events performed in the month, the following are included:

* The inauguration of the "Sanagi Ningshing Sagai", a photo gallery, which highlights the history of the establishment of the Sanamahi Temple in the holy site of "Heiying Khongban Uphong Yumpham" of [[Imphal West district]].<ref name=":gears" /><ref name=":programmes" />
* The cultural possession of the "Laining Khongchat" in the [[Kangla Fort]].<ref name=":gears" />
* The performance of the "Thou Niba", a cultural dance and music event, and the "Meira Leirik Taba" event.<ref name=":gears" /><ref name=":programmes" />
* The publishing of a book about [[Sanamahi religion]], written in [[Meitei script]].<ref name=":gears" />
* A 15-day academic workshop in collaboration with the [[Manipur University of Culture]] aiming to institutionalise the LSTB temple board for the [[Sanamahi religion]].<ref name=":gears" /><ref name=":programmes" />
* The oath taking ceremony of the representatives of the Piba Loisang and the Ningol Loishang of the LSTB.<ref name=":gears" />

In the year 2021, the [[Mera Hou Chongba]], which is celebrated on the 15th day of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of "Mera", coincided on the 20th of October. It was celebrated by the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board in which the ancient ritual of {{langnf|mni|Pot Lannaba|exchange of gifts}} was observed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EastMojo |first=Team |date=2021-10-20 |title=Manipur celebrates Mera Houchongba, marks day of solidarity |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2021/10/20/manipur-celebrates-mera-houchongba-marks-day-of-solidarity/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Mera Houchongba Festival celebrated in Manipur - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/mera-houchongba-festival-celebrated-in-manipur/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-21 |title=Mera Houchongba, Festival Of Oneness And Brotherhood Celebrated In Manipur |newspaper=Ukhrul Times |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/mera-houchongba-festival-of-oneness-and-brotherhood-celebrated-in-manipur/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the year 2014, the [[Mera Hou Chongba]], which is celebrated on the 15th day of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of "Mera", coincided on the 18th of October. It was celebrated by the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board, organising gift exchange ceremony between the tribals ([[hill people]]) and the [[Meitei people|Meiteis]] ([[Imphal Valley|valley]] people) as per the "Ching-Tam Pot Lanaba" tradition, bringing peace and harmony between the different ethnic groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2014-10-18 |title=Manipur gripped by 'Mera Houchongba festival' |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/manipur-gripped-by-mera-houchongba-festival-114101800221_1.html |access-date=2023-02-05}}</ref>

In the year 2013, the [[Mera Hou Chongba]], which is celebrated on the 15th day of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of "Mera", coincided on the 19th of October. It was celebrated by the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board in Haying Khongbal, Imphal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |title=Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board celebrates Mera Hou Chongba – KanglaOnline |date=19 October 2013 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2013/10/lainingthou-sanamahi-temple-board-celebrates-mera-hou-chongba/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Possessions for goddess Imoinu ==
Starting from the 1st of January 2023 (equivalent to the 10th day of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of "Wakching"), 50 members of the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board conducted a 3-day possession to spread messages and teachings of goddess [[Imoinu]], specially focusing on the {{langnf|mni|Yumballon|Meitei homemaker's rituals and rules}}, across the [[Manipur]] state. Notably, the 3rd of January 2023 corresponds to the 12th day of the "Wakching" month, which is the day of [[Imoinu Iratpa]].<ref name=":NewsDesk"/>
Starting from the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple at Haying Khongban Uphong Yumpham in [[Imphal]], the possession proceeded to 15 places which are Tangjeng, Chandon Pokpi, Chairel, Khullakpat, Chairel Mangjin Keithel, Napat (Pombikhok), Wangoo Ahallup Makha Leikai, Sandangkhong, Naodakhong, Thamnapokpi, Saiton, Torbung, and Phousakhai, where [[Imoinu#Worship|Imoinu Irat Thouram]] as well as cultural and traditional programmes were performed by the LSTB possession.<ref name=":NewsDesk" />

== Funding ==
The [[Government of Manipur]], endorsing the Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board, is trying to designate a unique annual funding for the temple board, in the aim to bring development and conservation of the [[Sanamahi religion]]. The information was announced by the vice president of the temple board, Lourembam Rameshwor, who is also serving as the chairperson of the State Planning and Development Authorities of the Manipur Government, on the closing ceremony of a 15-day workshop on "[[Rite of passage|Rite-De-Passage]]" of Sanamahism ({{lang-mni|Sanamahi Lingning gi Pokpa, Luhongba amasung Korou Nonggabgi Thouramsing}}), organized in the shrine of the Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanglen, Haying Khongban, [[Imphal West]].<ref name=":earmark">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-11 |title=Manipur government will try to earmark separate grant for Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2022/11/11/manipur-government-will-try-to-earmark-seperate-grant-for-lainingthou-sanamahi-temple-board/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha]] (NMM)
* [[International Sanamahism Students' Association]] (ISSA)
* [[Heingang Ching]]
** [[Marjing]]
*** [[Marjing Polo Complex]]
*** [[Marjing Polo Statue]]
* [[Kangla]]
** [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]]
** [[Kangla Nongpok Thong]]
** [[Kangla Nongpok Torban]]
* [[Nongmaiching Ching]]
** [[Nongmaiching Reserved Forest]]
** [[Sanamahi Kiyong]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Lainingthou+Sanamahi+Temple+Board&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
* {{Cite book |last=Meitei |first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&dq=lainingthou+sanamahi+temple+board&pg=PA30 |title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur |date=2021-06-06 |publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam |isbn=978-93-5473-655-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=Daily |first=The Indian National |date=2022-01-07 |title=Today is a memorable day which will be scripted in the history of Manipur: Biren Singh |url=https://theind.tv/india-news/today-is-a-memorable-day-which-will-be-scripted-in-the-history-of-manipur-biren-singh/56547/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=The Indian National Daily |language=en-US}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cultural organizations]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Non-governmental organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Imphal]]
[[Category:Religious organizations]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]

International Sanamahism Students' Association

2024-02-11T17:03:10Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|International organization of students}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox organization | name = International Sanamahism Students' Association  | full_name = International Sanamahism Students' Association, Kangleipak | native_name = {{native name|mni|Malem Sanamahi Laining Maheiroi Lup}}<ref name=":foundation">{{Cite web |title=ISSA observes..."

{{Short description|International organization of students}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = International Sanamahism Students' Association 
| full_name = International Sanamahism Students' Association, Kangleipak
| native_name = {{native name|mni|Malem Sanamahi Laining Maheiroi Lup}}<ref name=":foundation">{{Cite web |title=ISSA observes 8th foundation day |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10213/issa-observes-8th-foundation-day |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref> 
|native_name_lang=mni
| logo = Logo of the International Sanamahism Students' Association, Kangleipak.jpeg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Logo of the International Sanamahism Students' Association, [[Kangleipak]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = 
| map2_size =
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| abbreviation = ISSA<ref name=":foundation" />
| nickname =
| pronounce =
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| named_after = Students of [[Sanamahism]]
| predecessor =
| merged = 
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| formation = {{start date and age|2014|9|25}}<ref name=":culture">{{Cite web |title=Promoting culture, religion must to protect community: ISSA: 08th oct21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=38..081021.oct21 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net |quote=Speaking at the event, Kangleinganba observed that the number of followers of Sanamahi religion, which has history of several millennia, is dwindling today and the desire to revive the indigenous religion of Meeteis was the driving factor behind the establishment of ISSA on September 25, 2014 at Lainingthou Sanamahi Shanglen, Kangla.}}</ref> 
| founder = 
| founding_location = [[Kangla]], [[Imphal]]<ref name=":culture">{{Cite web |title=Promoting culture, religion must to protect community: ISSA: 08th oct21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=38..081021.oct21 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net |quote=Speaking at the event, Kangleinganba observed that the number of followers of Sanamahi religion, which has history of several millennia, is dwindling today and the desire to revive the indigenous religion of Meeteis was the driving factor behind the establishment of ISSA on September 25, 2014 at Lainingthou Sanamahi Shanglen, Kangla.}}</ref>
| dissolved = 
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| region_served = [[South Asia]] 
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| owner = 
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| gen_sec = Lourembam Kangleinganba<ref name=":foundation" /><ref name=":culture" />
| leader_title = President 
| leader_name = Khaidem Kangleingakpa<ref name=":foundation" /><ref name=":E-Pao">{{Cite web |title=Foundation day organised: 22nd sep17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp1..220917.sep17 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":culture" />
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| bodystyle =
}}

The '''International Sanamahism Students' Association (ISSA)''' ({{lang-mni|Malem Sanamahi Laining Maheiroi Lup}}<ref name=":foundation" /><ref name=":E-Pao">{{Cite web |title=Foundation day organised: 22nd sep17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp1..220917.sep17 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>), also called the '''International Sanamahism Students' Association, Kangleipak''' ({{lang-mni|Malem Sanamahi Laining Maheiroi Lup, Kangleipak}}<ref name=":foundation" />), is an [[international non-governmental organization]] of students of [[Sanamahism]] ([[traditional Meitei religion]]).<ref name=":foundation">{{Cite web |title=ISSA observes 8th foundation day |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10213/issa-observes-8th-foundation-day |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
It gives its services to the conservation and the upraising of the practices of Sanamahism in the society. It also draws the attention to the [[government of Manipur]] state to take up essential steps to protect Sanamahism from getting extinct.<ref name=":foundation" /><ref name=":culture">{{Cite web |title=Promoting culture, religion must to protect community: ISSA: 08th oct21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=38..081021.oct21 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net |quote=Speaking at the event, Kangleinganba observed that the number of followers of Sanamahi religion, which has history of several millennia, is dwindling today and the desire to revive the indigenous religion of Meeteis was the driving factor behind the establishment of ISSA on September 25, 2014 at Lainingthou Sanamahi Shanglen, Kangla.}}</ref>

== Foundation day celebrations ==
The International Sanamahism Students' Association celebrate its annual foundation day events on{{efn|The dates for the celebration of the foundation day are not always same every year.}}:
* 14th October 2015 - as the 1st foundation day at Manipur Press Club<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISSA observes foundation day: 15th oct15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp23..151015.oct15 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation day celebrated: 15th oct15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp12..151015.oct15 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* 21st September 2017 - as the 4th foundation day at Lamyanba Shanglen, Palace Compound, [[Imphal]]<ref name=":E-Pao">{{Cite web |title=Foundation day organised: 22nd sep17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp1..220917.sep17 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* 29th September 2019 - as the 6th foundation day<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISSA celebrates 6th foundation day: 30th sep19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..300919.sep19 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> at Lamyanba Sanglen, Konung Lampak, [[Imphal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smaller communities needs to fight one nation, one language and one religion theory unitedly - L Kangleinganba: 30th sep19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=2..300919.sep19 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* 7th Oct 2021 - as the 8th foundation day at the Manipur Press Club in [[Imphal]]<ref name=":foundation">{{Cite web |title=ISSA observes 8th foundation day |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10213/issa-observes-8th-foundation-day |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Felicitation of the King ==
In February 2021, the International Sanamahism Students' Association felicitated [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯂꯩꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯁꯅꯥꯖꯥꯎꯕ}}}}), the then titular [[List of Manipuri kings|King of Manipur]] as well as the [[Member of Parliament]] ([[Rajya Sabha]]) at the [[Imphal Airport]] ([[Bir Tikendrajit International Airport]]) for raising the discussions of enlisting [[Kangla]] in the list of [[World Heritage Site]]s and the inclusion of the {{langnf|mni|[[Meitei Mayek]]|[[Meitei script]]}} in the [[Indian currency]] during the sessions for the [[Indian parliament]]. In response to their encouragement and recognition of his deeds, Sanajaoba said that the efforts to officially recognize [[Meitei language]] as an [[Classical languages of India|Indian classical language]] was "[[Meitei classical language movement#King's leading efforts|in the process of materialisation]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-16 |title=Maharaja Leishemba Sanajaoba felicitated {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2021/02/16/maharaja-leishemba-sanajaoba-felicitated/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Training camp ==
From 24th April 2019 to 28th April 2019, the International Sanamahism Students' Association organised a 5-day students' leadership training camp at the District Institute of Education and Training (DIET) in Keikol, with the aim ''"to cultivate the youths with the sense of belongingness and spirit of nationalism."''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Takhellambam |first=Rabi |title=Five days student's leadership training camp begins; Importance of reviving Sanamahi religion stressed - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/14312-five-days-student-s-leadership-training-camp-begins-importance-of-reviving-sanamahi-religion-stressed |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |date=25 April 2019 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five days student's leadership training camp begins; Importance of reviving Sanamahi religion stressed: 26th apr19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=10..260419.apr19 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Quiz competition ==
On 22nd September 2019, the International Sanamahism Students' Association organized a quiz competition titled "Know Your Kangleipak (Manipur)" at GP Women's College, Imphal. As said by Khaidem Kangleingakpa, the president of the ISSA, the event was organised with the objective to know the land of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chingkheinganba |first=Salam |title='Know your Kangleipak (Manipur)' Quiz competition - Imphal Times |language=en-gb |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/15664-know-your-kangleipak-manipur-quiz-competition |access-date=2023-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Know your Kangleipak (Manipur)' Quiz competition: 23rd sep19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..230919.sep19 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Actions against "vulgar portrayal" ==
In October 2017, the International Sanamahism Students' Association demanded clarification from the author ("Omor Singh Wangkhem") and the printer ("Kangla Printers") of the book "The Writers Mahabharatta & Rammayana as the Real Religious Scientists"{{efn|The spellings of the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]] in the title of the book are willingly made different from the general spellings by the author.}}, while the "Manipuri Students' Federation" (MSF) had banned the book from being sold and bought. The 13th and the 27th pages of the book compare [[Meitei goddesses]] as "prostitutes", using distasteful language and nothing other than disregarding the sacred [[Meitei mythology|Meitei cosmology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSF bans book for 'vulgar portrayal': 27th oct17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=12..271017.oct17 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Later on, through the [[Meitei language]] newspaper daily "HUEIYEN LANPAO", the writer of the book apologized to the angered associations for his misdeeds<ref name=":hueiyenlanpao">{{Cite web |title=শেংদোকচবা |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/29.10.2017-B1.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni |quote=The Writers of Mahabharatta and Rammayana as the Religious Scientists হায়বা লাইরিক অদুদা ফজদবা নুংঙাইতবা অরানবা ৱাহৈ-ৱাতাশিং শিজিন্নদুনা ফোঙলুবা অদুগীদমক ইশানা থম্মোয় শেংনা Manipur Students' Federation (MSF), International Sanamahism Students Association (ISSA ), Umang Lai Kanba Apunba Lup (UKAL) অমসুং লৈবাক মীয়ামদা শোয়খে-লানখে মতুংদা অমুক হন্না লাইরিক অসি ফোঙজররোই। মসিগীদমক ঙাকপীনবা হায়জরি। লৈবাক মীয়ামদা ওমোর ৱাংখেম্না খুরুমজরি।}}</ref> as follows:
{{Quote|{{lang|mni|"The Writers of Mahabharatta and Rammayana as the Religious Scientists হায়বা লাইরিক অদুদা ফজদবা নুংঙাইতবা অরানবা ৱাহৈ-ৱাতাশিং শিজিন্নদুনা ফোঙলুবা অদুগীদমক ইশানা থম্মোয় শেংনা Manipur Students' Federation (MSF), International Sanamahism Students Association (ISSA ), Umang Lai Kanba Apunba Lup (UKAL) অমসুং লৈবাক মীয়ামদা শোয়খে-লানখে মতুংদা অমুক হন্না লাইরিক অসি ফোঙজররোই। মসিগীদমক ঙাকপীনবা হায়জরি। লৈবাক মীয়ামদা ওমোর ৱাংখেম্না খুরুমজরি।"}}|Omor Singh Wangkhem Keishamthong Maning Longjam Leikai|October 29, 2017<ref name=":hueiyenlanpao" />}}

== Tree plantation programs ==
On 14th July 2019, the International Sanamahism Students' Association, along with the "Kangla Enat Yokhat Lup" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯥ ꯏꯅꯥꯠ ꯌꯣꯈꯠ ꯂꯨꯞ}}}}), "Salai Taret Punshi Luptil" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯁꯂꯥꯏ ꯇꯔꯦꯠ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯂꯨꯞꯇꯤꯜ}}}}), "Kangleipak Chaokhatna Lup" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯅ ꯂꯨꯞ}}}}), organised a [[tree plantation]] program at Langol Punsilok ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯂꯥꯡꯒꯣꯜ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯂꯣꯛ}}}}), [[Imphal]], to achieve a greener [[Manipur]].<ref name=":Indigenous">{{Cite web |title=Indigenous trees planted at Langol Punshi Lok: 15th jul19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=12..150719.jul19 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
They selectively planted the indigenous trees in the event to save indigenous plant species.
During the event, the organization also reminded the participants about the ancient Meitei ways to preserved forests, in which the [[Umang Lai]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯎꯃꯪ ꯂꯥꯏ]]}}}}) shrines used to preserve forested areas and at least one pond was kept near each site.<ref name=":Indigenous" />

== Resolving conflicts ==
In February 2021, the International Sanamahism Students' Association, serving as a conflict resolver, appealed to the two opposing student groups of the [[Manipur University of Culture]] (MUC) to agree the orders of the vice chancellor of the institution, regarding the admission to [[Master's degree]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Sanamahism Students' Association appeals over MA admission |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/5607/international-sanamahism-students-association-appeals-over-ma-admission |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board]] (LSTB)
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Sana Pung]] (LSSP)
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Kiyong]]
* [[Nongmaiching Ching#University of Sanamahi Culture|University of Sanamahi Culture]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=International+Sanamahism+Students%27+Association&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 International Sanamahism Students' Association] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cultural organizations]]
[[Category:International nongovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:International organizations]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Non-governmental organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Imphal]]
[[Category:Student religious organizations]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:International religious organizations]]

Lainingthou Sanna Mahee Sanna Pung, Kangleipak

2024-02-11T17:02:32Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Meitei religious organization}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Distinguish|Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board}} {{Infobox organization | name = Lainingthou Sanna Mahee Sanna Pung  | full_name = Lainingthou Sanna Mahee Sanna Pung, Kangleipak | native_name =  | native_name_lang = <!-- required..."

{{Short description|Meitei religious organization}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Distinguish|Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Lainingthou Sanna Mahee Sanna Pung 
| full_name = Lainingthou Sanna Mahee Sanna Pung, Kangleipak
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo = Logo of the Lainingthou Sanna Mahee Sanna Pung, Kangleipak.jpeg
| logo_size =
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| logo_caption = Logo of the Lainingthou Sanna Mahee Sanna Pung, [[Kangleipak]]
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| map_size = 
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
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| abbreviation = LSSP
| nickname = {{lang-mni|Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung}}
| pronounce =
| pronounce ref =
| pronounce comment =
| pronounce 2 =
| named_after = [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]] of [[Sanamahi religion]]
| predecessor =
| merged = 
| successor =
| formation = {{start date and age|2013|10|9}}{{efn|As its 3rd foundation day was celebrated on the 9th October, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LSSP celebrates 3rd foundation day: 10th oct16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp15..101016.oct16 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>}} 
| founder = 
| founding_location = {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}
| dissolved = 
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| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| tax_id = 
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| status = active 
| purpose = 
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| headquarters = [[Imphal]], [[India]]
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| origins = {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}
| region_served = [[India]] ([[Northeast India]]) and [[Bangladesh]] 
| products = 
| services =
| methods = 
| fields = 
| membership = 
| membership_year = 
| language = [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]])
| owner = 
| gen_sec = Angom Lonja Alepa<ref name=":MEETEI">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-20 |title='MEETEI CHANU' FINAL CONTEST ON DECEMBER 23 |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2017/12/20/meetei-chanu-final-contest-december-23/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> (till August 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=HERICOUN condoles |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/8/26/IMPHAL-Aug-26Ethno-Heritage-Council-HERICOUN-expressed-grief-on-the-sudden-demise-of-Angom-Lonj.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en |quote=Ethno Heritage Council (HERICOUN) expressed grief on the sudden demise of Angom Lonja Alepa @ Naresh Meetei, founder secretary general of Lainingthou Sanamahee Sana Pung (LSSP).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HERICOUN condoles: 27th aug21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..270821.aug21 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>)
| leader_title = Working President 
| leader_name = Moirangthem Meghachandra Mangang<ref name=":Chakouba">{{Cite web |title=Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung celebrates Ningol Chakouba: 30th nov15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=32..301115.nov15 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Khwailakpa
| leader_name2 = Thokchom Ibungo<ref name=":Chakouba" />
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
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| key_people =
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| subsidiaries = [[Meetei Chanu]]
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| affiliations = [[File:The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg|30px]] [[Sanamahism]]
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The '''Lainingthou Sanna Mahee Sanna Pung, Kangleipak''', also known as the '''Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung''' (LSSP), is a [[non-governmental organization]] of the followers of the [[Sanamahism]] ([[traditional Meitei religion]]), dedicated to God [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]] and other [[ancient Meitei deities]] of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}.

== Reviving extinct culture ==
In June 2018, the LSSP organised the religious festival of [[Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯑꯍꯣꯡ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯕ]]}}}}) which was banned and extinct for 350 consecutive years. It was celebrated once again for peace and prosperity of the people in the Manipuri metropolis of [[Imphal]]. The religious event is accustomed to be celebrated on the 15th day of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of "Inga" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯏꯉꯥ}}}}).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-28 |title=Sanamahee Ahong Khong Chingba observed after 350 years |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/06/28/sanamahee-ahong-khong-chingba-observed-350-years/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Manipur ritual held |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/ancient-manipur-ritual-held/cid/1453267 |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Meetei Chanu pageant ==
{{See|Meitei Chanu (disambiguation){{!}}Meitei Chanu|Chanu (name suffix)}}
The Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung (LSSP) organises the [[Meetei Chanu]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯆꯅꯨ]]}}}}), a [[beauty pageant]] with the aim to preserve the Meitei cultural tradition among the generations of the present day youths,<ref name=":MEETEI">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-20 |title='MEETEI CHANU' FINAL CONTEST ON DECEMBER 23 |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2017/12/20/meetei-chanu-final-contest-december-23/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> as well as to impart knowledge of the traditions and the customs of the [[Sanamahi religion]] to [[Meitei people|Meitei women]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2017-12-24 |title=Laishram Shilla crowned Meitei Chanu 2017 |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/laishram-shilla-crowned-meitei-chanu-2017.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US |quote=Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung, a local body in Manipur organised the Meitei Chanu 2017 event with an aim to make Meitei women understand the tradition and customs of the sacred Sanamahi religion in the state.}}</ref> To organise the contest, the LSSP formed a committee under the supervision of [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯂꯩꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯁꯅꯥꯖꯥꯎꯕ]]}}}}), the titular [[List of Manipuri kings|King of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beauty contest focus on tradition |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/beauty-contest-focus-on-tradition/cid/1426131 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=The contest was organised by the Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung, a social organisation, by forming a committee under the guidance of titular king Leishemba Sanajaoba.}}</ref>

== Ningol Chakouba celebration ==
On 29th November, 2015, the Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung celebrated [[Ningol Chakouba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯅꯤꯉꯣꯜ ꯆꯥꯛꯀꯧꯕ]]}}}}) festival at Leimayon Arts Centre, Chingamakha in [[Imphal]]. The event was attended by [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯂꯩꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯁꯅꯥꯖꯥꯎꯕ]]}}}}), the titular [[List of Manipuri kings|king of Manipur]].<ref name=":Chakouba">{{Cite web |title=Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung celebrates Ningol Chakouba: 30th nov15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=32..301115.nov15 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
== Cheiraoba gift exchange ==
{{See|Sajibu Nongma Panba}}
In April 2017, the Lainingthou Sanamahi Sana Pung organised a gift exchange program in accordance to the Sajibu Nongma Panba Cheiraoba ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯁꯖꯤꯕꯨ ꯅꯣꯡꯃ ꯄꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯎꯕ]]}}}}) to celebrate the spirit of [[fraternity]], at Leimayol Art Centre, Singjamei Chinga Makha in [[Imphal]]. During the event, women members of the LSSP also presented gifts to [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯂꯩꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯁꯅꯥꯖꯥꯎꯕ]]}}}}), the titular [[List of Manipuri kings|King of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gift exchange: 03rd apr17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp2..030417.apr17 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== International activism ==
In 2018, the Lainingthou Sanamahi Sana Pung, along with the United Committee Manipur, the Manipur PCC, the Manipur Pradesh [[Trinamool Congress]] and the [[Shiv Sena]], raised their voices against the illegal encroachment issues with the [[India–Myanmar border]] areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-01 |title=Manipur: Zero compromise on Indo-Myanmar land dispute, assures Kiren Rijiju |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/manipur/manipur-zero-compromise-on-indo-myanmar-land-dispute/cid2528312.htm |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN |quote=The United Committee Manipur, Lainingthou Sanamahi Sana Pung, Manipur PCC, Manipur Pradesh Trinamool Congress and Shiv Sena had expressed concern over the border encroachment issue.}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[International Sanamahism Students' Association]] (ISSA)
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Kiyong]]
** [[Nongmaiching Ching]]
* [[Marjing]]
** [[Marjing Polo Statue]]
** [[Marjing Polo Complex]]
** [[Heingang Ching]]
* [[Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha]]
* [[Kangla]]
** [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]]
** [[Kangla Nongpok Thong]]
** [[Kangla Nongpok Torban]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Lainingthou+Sanamahi+Sanapung&sa.x=21&sa.y=6 Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:International nongovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Imphal]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]

South East Asia Cultural Organisation

2024-02-11T17:01:33Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|International cultural organization}} {{Distinguish|Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|ASEAN{{!}}Association of Southeast Asian Nations}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox organization | name = South East Asia Cultural Organisation | full_name = South East Asia Cultural Organisation (SEACO) | native_name =  | native_name_lang = <!-- re..."

{{Short description|International cultural organization}}
{{Distinguish|Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|ASEAN{{!}}Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = South East Asia Cultural Organisation
| full_name = South East Asia Cultural Organisation (SEACO)
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo =
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| image = The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg
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| caption = The South East Asia Cultural Organisation (SEACO) works for the development of the [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi religion]] of the [[Meitei people]] of {{langnf|mni|[[Manipur|Kangleipak]]|Manipur}} at international level.
| map = 
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| abbreviation = SEACO
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| named_after = [[Southeast Asia]]
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| formation = {{start date and age|2011|8|5}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phurup amagi nat amasung puwari khangdragadi meeyam mamangda lanna wa ngangdaba fei |url=https://www.hoten.life/topics/498/update/9426/phurup-amagi-nat-amasung-puwari-khangdragadi-meeyam-mamangda-lanna-wa-ngangdaba-fei |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.hoten.life |language=mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ningol chakouba numitna lakpada |url=https://www.hoten.life/topics/491/update/8500/ningol-chakouba-numitna-lakpada |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.hoten.life |language=mni}}</ref>{{efn|name=lang|Most of its officially released information are in the [[Meitei language]] (officially called the Manipuri language).}} 
| founder = 
| founding_location = [[Manipur]]
| dissolved = 
| merger = 
| type = [[Cultural institution|Cultural]], [[international organization|international]], [[nonprofit organization|non-profit]], [[non-governmental organization|NGO]]
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| status = active 
| purpose = humanitarian, activism, peacekeeping
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| headquarters = [[Imphal]], [[India]]
| location_city = [[Imphal]]
| location_country = India
| location_city2 = [[Jiribam]]<ref name=":workshop">{{Cite news |title=SEACO organises workshop on Meetei culture |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/12/13/Our-CorrespondentJIRIBAM-Dec-12-South-East-Asia-Cultural-Organisation-SEACO-on-Saturday-organi.amp.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |newspaper=The Sangai Express |language=en}}</ref>
| location_country2 = India
| addnl_location_city = [[Moirang|Moirang Khunou]]
| addnl_location_country = India<ref name=":Moirangkhunou" />
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| origins = {{langnf|mni|[[Manipur|Kangleipak]]|Manipur}}
| region_served = [[Greater India|Indian cultural sphere]] ([[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]) 
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| languages =
* [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (officially called Manipuri){{efn|name=lang}}
* [[English language|English]]
| owner = 
| gen_sec =
* Konthoujam Ibochouba Kha-Nganba (as of August 2019<ref name=":Pothashang">{{Cite news |date=2019-08-05 |title=South East Asia Cultural Organisation (SEACO) celebrates its 9th foundation day |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2019/08/05/south-east-asia-cultural-organisation-seaco-celebrates-9th-foundation-day/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref>)
* Irengbam Indrajit Meetei (as of December 2021)<ref name=":workshop" />
| leader_title = President 
| leader_name = Kolomcha Achoubi Khuman<ref name=":Pothashang">{{Cite news |date=2019-08-05 |title=South East Asia Cultural Organisation (SEACO) celebrates its 9th foundation day |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2019/08/05/south-east-asia-cultural-organisation-seaco-celebrates-9th-foundation-day/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Advisor
| leader_name2 = Akham Langol<ref name=":Pothashang">{{Cite news |date=2019-08-05 |title=South East Asia Cultural Organisation (SEACO) celebrates its 9th foundation day |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2019/08/05/south-east-asia-cultural-organisation-seaco-celebrates-9th-foundation-day/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = Working President
| leader_name3 = Sanabam Amuchou Mangang<ref name=":workshop">{{Cite news |title=SEACO organises workshop on Meetei culture |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/12/13/Our-CorrespondentJIRIBAM-Dec-12-South-East-Asia-Cultural-Organisation-SEACO-on-Saturday-organi.amp.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |newspaper=The Sangai Express |language=en}}</ref>
| leader_title4 = Chief Advisor
| leader_name4 = Paonam Labango<ref name=":www.imphaltimes.com">{{Cite news |last=Gurumayum |first=William |title=SEACO organises meet to revive Sanamahi cult |newspaper=Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/4639-seaco-organises-meet-to-revive-sanamahi-cult |access-date=2023-02-10 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
* [[Jiribam|Jiri]] Branch<ref name=":workshop" />
** L Nilla Moirangcha (president)<ref name=":workshop" />
** K Babudhon Luwang (vice president)<ref name=":workshop" />
** Y Naba Khumancha (working president)<ref name=":workshop" />
** Sagolsem Sarat Mangang (general secretary)<ref name=":workshop" />
** S Chaoba Moirangcha (treasurer)<ref name=":workshop" />
** Ch Keba (information & publicity secretary)<ref name=":workshop" />
** S Lalmani (advisor)<ref name=":workshop" />
* Moirang Khunou branch<ref name=":Moirangkhunou" />
** L Gouramani (vice president)<ref name=":Moirangkhunou">{{Cite web |title=Public meeting conducted: 16th jan23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=21..160123.jan23 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
| main_organ = 
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| subsidiaries =
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| affiliations = [[Sanamahism]] (traditional Meitei religion)
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}}

The '''South East Asia Cultural Organisation (SEACO)''' is an [[international organization|international]] [[cultural institution|cultural organization]] that works for the development of the [[Meitei culture]] of {{langnf|mni|[[Manipur|Kangleipak]]|Manipur}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEACO organises workshop on Meetei culture: 13th dec21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=21..131221.dec21 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
It aims to preserve the unique history, culture, identity, and religion of [[Manipur]].
It also advocates to take ''"extra caution about the issue of preservation of the cultural identity of the [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous people]] in the wake of the present [[globalization]]"''.<ref name=":Pothashang">{{Cite news |date=2019-08-05 |title=South East Asia Cultural Organisation (SEACO) celebrates its 9th foundation day |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2019/08/05/south-east-asia-cultural-organisation-seaco-celebrates-9th-foundation-day/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaikhangam asserts for cultural promotion on SEACO foundation day: 06th aug14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=12..060814.aug14 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Activism for Sanamahi religion ==
=== Cultural revivalism of religious festivals ===
The SEACO is working on the revival of the Meitei religious festivals, including the worship of [[Pisatao]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯄꯤꯁꯥꯇꯥꯎ]]}}}}) and the [[Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯑꯍꯣꯡ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯕ]]}}}}), which were replaced by the [[Vishwakarma Puja]] and the [[Ratha Yatra]] respectively in the 18th-19th centuries in {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South East Asia Cultural Organisation (SEACO) urges: 10th apr12 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=12..100412.apr12 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Worship of Lainingthou Pisatao Khutheiba ====
Every year, the SEACO is working on the revivalism of the worship of god [[Lainingthou Pisatao Khutheiba]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯄꯤꯁꯥꯇꯥꯎ ꯈꯨꯠꯍꯩꯕ]]}}}}) among the people, especially craftsmen, artisans and architects of Kangleipak. Historically, the worship of [[Pisatao]] was replaced by the [[Vishwakarma Puja]] during the reign of King [[Chandrakirti Singh]] in [[Manipur Kingdom]].
Presently, the SEACO is also providing holy images of the [[ancient Meitei deity]] to the devotees.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khumukcham |first=Rinku |title=SEACO appeals to celebrate Pisatao Lainingthou |newspaper=Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/3657-seaco-appeals-to-celebrate-pisatao-lainingthou |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lainingthou Pisatao Khutheiba on Sep 17: 16th sep21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=59..160921.sep21 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pisatao Khutheiba day |newspaper=Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/3702-pisatao-khutheibi-day |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==== Worship of Humpu Leima Narengshubi ====
The SEACO requested the people of Kangleipak to worship goddess Shingjakhombi Humpu Leima Narengshubi ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯁꯤꯡꯖꯥꯈꯣꯝꯕꯤ ꯍꯨꯝꯄꯨ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯅꯥꯔꯦꯡꯁꯨꯕꯤ}}}}), the [[ancient Meitei deity]] of education and learning. Historically, her cult was replaced by that of [[Saraswati]] during the reign of King [[Chandrakirti Singh]] on 12th February, 1868.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gurumayum |first=William |title=SEACO to worship Humpu Leima Narengshubi |newspaper=Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/1898-seaco-to-worship-humpu-leima-narengshubi |access-date=2023-02-12 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

=== Revivalism of goddess Panthoibi's cult ===
Since October 2012, the SEACO was extending monetary help to the people who organise the worship of [[ancient Meitei goddess]] [[Panthoibi]] ([[Panthoibi Iratpa]]) and who embrace the Meitei religion ([[Sanamahism]]) to save the ''"almost extinct culture, social norms, traditions, belief"'' of the [[Meitei people]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=South East Asia Cultural Organisation (SEACO) announces monetary aid: 05th oct12 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=33..051012.oct12 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== Efforts of cultural purity ===
While wishing people for [[Sajibu Nongma Panba]] ([[Sajibu Cheiraoba]]), the traditional [[New Year]] day of the [[Meitei people|Meiteis]], the SEACO earnestly requested people not to mix the indigenous culture with the culture of others, like mixing it with that of [[Charak Puja]]. According to the SEACO, such mixing of indigenous cultures with non native cultures will defame the rich culture of the [[Meitei people]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEACO greets people on Cheiraoba: 28th mar17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=25..280317.mar17 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
=== Symposium ===
In 2016, the SEACO organised an [[academic meeting]] discussing about the revivalism of the [[Sanamahism]], at Ireima Laibung, Pukhoa in [[Imphal East]]. During that session, it was said that ''"reviving of the indigenous cult is the only means for protection and safeguarding"'' of the identity of the [[Meitei ethnicity]].<ref name=":www.imphaltimes.com">{{Cite news |last=Gurumayum |first=William |title=SEACO organises meet to revive Sanamahi cult |newspaper=Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/4639-seaco-organises-meet-to-revive-sanamahi-cult |access-date=2023-02-10 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

=== Advocacy for official recognition ===
In 2020, the SEACO advocated for the official recognition of the [[Sanamahi religion]] ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ]]}}|[[Sanamahi Laining]]}}) as the minority religion of India in the census data of the year 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanamahi Laining |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/12/29/IMPHAL-Dec-29-The-South-East-Asia-Cultural-Organisation-SEACO-has-appealed-the-Government-to-recognise-and-include-Sanamahi-Laining-as-a-religion-in-the-coming-census-of-2021-In-a-statement-i.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |newspaper=The Sangai Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SEACO urgs govt to include Sanamahi religion as minority religion: 03rd mar20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..030320.mar20 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
In 2021, supporting the development of the [[Sanamahism]], the SEACO thanked [[Nongthombam Biren]], the then [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], for his promise of the inclusion of the [[Sanamahi religion]] in the 2021 [[census of India]].

== Activism in health sector ==
The SEACO urged the authority concerned ([[National Medical Commission]]) for increasing the number of seats of the admission to the [[MBBS]] in [[Manipur]] from 100 to 150 seats, stressing out the fact that the ratio between population of Manipur and the number of doctors serving in the state is highly disproportionate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEACO appeals Manipur government to increase MBBS seats |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/3646/seaco-appeals-manipur-government-to-increase-mbbs-seats |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Protests against CAB ==
{{Main|Citizenship Amendment Act protests}}
Before the [[Citizenship Amendment Bill]] was passed as the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]], the SEACO protested against the [[Bill (law)|bill]] for having some controversies. They stated that the bill (if passed as an act) will wipe out the [[indigenous people]] from [[Northeast India]], as the provision of the bill allows the granting of citizenship to the migrants in India. They opposed the implementation of the bill (now an act) in the [[Northeastern India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizenship Amendment Bill should not be implemented in North East: 15th jan19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..150119.jan19 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[International Sanamahism Students' Association]] (ISSA)
* [[Kangla Khunthokyai Apul Luplel]] (KAKHAL)
* [[Lainingthou Sanna Mahee Sanna Pung, Kangleipak|Lainingthou Sanamahi Sana Pung]] (LSSP)
* [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board]] (LSTB)

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=South+East+Asia+Cultural+Organisation+%28SEACO%29&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 South East Asia Cultural Organisation] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
* [http://kanglaonline.com/tag/south-east-asia-cultural-organisation/ South East Asia Cultural Organisation] at {{URL|kanglaonline.com}}
* [https://www.ifp.co.in/tag/seaco SEACO] at [[Imphal Free Press]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cultural organizations]]
[[Category:International organizations]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Non-governmental organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Imphal]]
[[Category:International religious organizations]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:Southeast Asia]]

Tha Tha Thabungton

2024-02-11T17:00:01Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} {{Short description|Meitei language lullaby}} {{Distinguish|Thabaton}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox song | name = Tha Tha Thabungton | cover = Tha Tha Thabungton (Thaa Thaa Thaabungton) - a traditional Meitei song of Kangleipak.jpg | cover_size = 300px | alt = | border = | caption = An illustration of the Meitei language crad..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
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{{Short description|Meitei language lullaby}}
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| cover = Tha Tha Thabungton (Thaa Thaa Thaabungton) - a traditional Meitei song of Kangleipak.jpg
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| English_title = ''"Moon Moon Young Moon"'' or ''"Moon Moon Full Moon"''
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| misc = 
}}
'''Tha Tha Thabungton''' ({{lang-mni|Thaa Thaa Thaabungton}}; {{lang-omp|Thaa Thaa Thaapungton}}{{efn|In this particular case, the only difference between the [[Meitei language|Modern Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Modern Manipuri]]) and the [[Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]] ([[Old Manipuri language|Old Manipuri]]) is the changing of "b" with "p".}}) is a traditional [[Meitei language]] [[lullaby]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |url= |title=Folk Culture of Manipur |date=1993 |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-81-7049-063-0 |page=242 |language=en |author-link=Moirangthem Kirti Singh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhogeśwara |first=Oināma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElENAAAAIAAJ |title=Manipurī loka sāhitya: Maitai khunnāirola phuṅgā wārī |date=1985 |publisher=Maṇipura Shṭeṭa Kalā Ekādemī |volume=1 |location=India |page=245 |language=mni |script-chapter=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Sanamacha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W61JEAAAQBAJ&dq=tha+tha+thabungton&pg=PT79 |title=The Romantic Lie |date=2021-10-21 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68563-008-9 |page=79 |language=en}}</ref>
It is one of the [[Meitei folklore|Meitei folk songs]] traditionally sung by parents, usually mothers. It has reference to the aspects of bringing up their child, besides their [[Maternal bond|biological relationship with their child]]. It also has reference to the musical harmony with the care of the child, which may also influence on the child's life and health.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Nunglekpam Premi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xBdDwAAQBAJ&dq=tha+tha+thabungton&pg=PT21 |title=Short Essays on Women and Society: Manipuri Women through the Century |date=2018-05-25 |publisher= |page=21 |language=en, mni}}</ref>

In Meitei society, mothers usually [[:en:wikt:piggyback|carry their children on their backs or shoulders]] and sing the "Tha Tha Thabungton" cradle song, giving reference to the {{langnf|mni|Thaa|[[moon]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (definition of "thā") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A5&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |page=86 |language=mni, en |quote=thā ꯊꯥ /tʰa/ n. 1) moon.}}</ref>) and the {{langnf|mni|Heibong|[[ficus]]/[[fig]] fruit}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (definition of "heibong") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |page=210 |language=mni, en |quote=heibong ꯍꯩꯕꯣꯡ /həi.boŋ/ n. a tree of a genus (Ficus) of the moraceae family, with edible fruits. Morph: hei‑bong [fruit‑id.].}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite web |title=হীদাক কান্নরবা পাম্বীশিং ঃ হৈবো - ডা. হুইদ্রোম বীরকুমার - |script-title= |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20.04.2019-B7.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni |quote={{lang|mni|থা-থা থাবুংতোন, নচা মোরাম্বী পোবীগে পোবী শনম নম্বীগে হৈবোং চরোং অমত্তা থাদবিরকউ" ৱাহৈ পরেং অসি মমা ওইবীশিংনা পীক্লিবা মচাশিংদু থাবল থোকপা নুমিদাংগী মতমদা কপ্লিবা নত্রগা তূম্মু য়াদবা মচাশিংদু মনমগন্দা পোরগা শকপা নাওশুম ঈশৈ অমনি। নুমিদাংগী মতমদা তরং-তরং থোক্লিবা থা অদুদা হেক য়েংবদা ময়ায়দা মুরং তৌবা মসা ফনবা মানবা মওং অদু মমাশিংনা হৈবোং পাম্বী অমনি হায়না লৌরগা মহাক্কী কপ্লিবা নত্রগা তূম্মু য়াদ্রিবা মচা অদুগীদমক্তা মদুদা পাল্লি হায়না লৌরিবা হৈবোং চরোং অমতং থাদবিরকউ হায়না শৈথাবনি।}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My memories of Imphal from 1941 Part 2 By Mohendra Irengbam |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.EI.My_memories_of_Imphal_from_1941_Part_2_By_Mohendra_Irengbam |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=e-pao.net |language=en, mni |quote={{lang|mni-Latn|Tha tha thabungton, nacha morambi pobige, pobi sanam nambige, heibong charong amatang thadabiraku thabungton.}} Moon, moon, young moon, let me carry piggyback your morambi child. Please throw down a bunch of figs, youngmoon.}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
According to the opinion of some writers, "thabungton" ({{Lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯊꯥꯕꯨꯡꯇꯣꯟ}}}}) is the shortened form of "tha mapung maton" ({{Lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯊꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯣꯟ}}}}) ([[Morphology (linguistics)|morphologically]], "moon-full-top", literally meaning "[[full moon]]").<ref name=":James_Oinam">{{Cite web |title=Tha Tha Thabungton Reviewing a Lullaby By James Oinam |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.arts.Tha_Tha_Thabungton_Reviewing_a_Lullaby_By_James_Oinam |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Lyrics in [[Meitei script]]
! Lyrics in [[Eastern Nagari script]]{{efn|[[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]) is also written in [[Eastern Nagari script]] ([[Bengali-Assamese script]]), besides the [[Meitei script]].}}
! Lyrics in [[Romanization]]
! Lyrics in [[English translations]] {{small|(Translation by Mohendra Irengbam)}}
! Lyrics in [[English translations]] {{small|(Translation by Oriental Institute of Cultural and Social Research)}}
|-
|{{script|mtei|{{lang|mni|ꯊꯥ ꯊꯥ ꯊꯥꯕꯨꯡꯇꯣꯟ ꯅꯆꯥ ꯃꯣꯔꯥꯝꯕꯤ ꯄꯣꯕꯤꯒꯦ ꯄꯣꯕꯤ ꯁꯅꯝ ꯅꯝꯕꯤꯒꯦ ꯍꯩꯕꯣꯡ ꯆꯔꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯇꯪ ꯊꯥꯗꯕꯤꯔꯛꯎ ꯊꯥꯕꯨꯡꯇꯣꯟ ꯫}}}}
|{{lang|mni|{{script|beng|থা-থা থাবুংতোন, নচা মোরাম্বী পোবীগে পোবী শনম নম্বীগে হৈবোং চরোং অমত্তা থাদবিরকউ থাবুংতোন । }}}}
|{{lang|mni-latn|Tha tha thabungton, nacha morambi pobige, pobi sanam nambige, heibong charong amatang thadabiraku thabungton.}}
|Moon, moon, young moon, let me carry [[Piggyback (transportation)|piggyback]] your morambi child. Please throw down a bunch of [[figs]], youngmoon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My memories of Imphal from 1941 Part 2 By Mohendra Irengbam |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.EI.My_memories_of_Imphal_from_1941_Part_2_By_Mohendra_Irengbam |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net |language=en, mni |quote={{lang|mni-Latn|Tha tha thabungton, nacha morambi pobige, pobi sanam nambige, heibong charong amatang thadabiraku thabungton.}} Moon, moon, young moon, let me carry piggyback your morambi child. Please throw down a bunch of figs, youngmoon.}}</ref>
|Oh Moon! Let me carry your darling child on my back. ...<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUNNAQAAIAAJ&q=tha+tha+thabungton |title=The Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man |date=2005 |publisher=Oriental Institute of Cultural and Social Research |page=6 |language=en, mni |quote={{lang|mni-Latn|Tha Tha Thabungton}} (Oh Moon) {{lang|mni-Latn|Nacha morambi pobige Pobi sanam nambige}} (Let me carry your darling child on ...)}}</ref>
|}

The [[Meitei language]] term "Morambi" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯃꯣꯔꯥꯝꯕꯤ}}}}) is translated as "darling child" in the publication of the "Oriental Institute of Cultural and Social Research".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUNNAQAAIAAJ&q=tha+tha+thabungton |title=The Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man |date=2005 |publisher=Oriental Institute of Cultural and Social Research |page=6 |language=en, mni |quote={{lang|mni-Latn|Tha Tha Thabungton}} (Oh Moon) {{lang|mni-Latn|Nacha morambi pobige Pobi sanam nambige}} (Let me carry your darling child on ...)}}</ref> On the other hand, the same term "Morambi" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯃꯣꯔꯥꯝꯕꯤ}}}}) is defined as ''"a figure of baby, usu made of cloth"'' in a publication of the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (definition of "morāmbi") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |page=154 |language=mni, en |quote=morāmbi ꯃꯣꯔꯥꯝꯕꯤ /mo.ram.bi/ n. a figure of baby, usu made of cloth.}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* The lullaby "Tha, Tha Thabungton" ({{Lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯊꯥ ꯊꯥ ꯊꯥꯕꯨꯡꯇꯣꯟ}}}}) was featured in the 1972 [[Meitei language]] feature film [[Matamgi Manipur]] ({{Lang-mni|{{script|mtei|[[ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ]]}}}}).<ref name=":James_Oinam" />
* The lullaby "Tha Tha Thabungton..." ({{Lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯊꯥ ꯊꯥ ꯊꯥꯕꯨꯡꯇꯣꯟ}}}}) was featured in a theatrical production named "Heyang Athouba" as a part of the "Rhythm of Manipur's 3rd Opera Production" organized at the JN Manipur Dance Akademi, [[Imphal]] on 28 July 2013.<ref name=":James_Oinam" />

== Similar lullabies ==
* [[Der Mond ist aufgegangen]] - a German language lullaby<ref name=":James_Oinam" />
* [[Northeastern Cradle Song]] - a Chinese language lullaby<ref name=":James_Oinam" />

== See also ==
* [[Lairembigee Eshei]]
* [[Shakuhachi meets Pena]]
* [[Nura Pakhang (Eu e Tu)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Tha Tha Thabungton}}
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Tha+Tha+Thabungton&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 Tha Tha Thabungton] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lullabies]]
[[Category:Ficus]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore in popular culture]]
[[Category:Songs in Meitei]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Moon myths]]
[[Category:Motherhood]]
[[Category:Parenting]]
[[Category:Songs about outer space]]
[[Category:Songs about plants]]
[[Category:Songs about trees]]
[[Category:Songs about the Moon]]

Thabaton (film series)

2024-02-11T16:57:36Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Meitei language film series}} {{About|a Meitei language film series|the character in Meitei mythology|Thabaton|the movie character of the Meitei language film Keibu Keioiba (Tiger Head)|Thabaton (movie character)}} {{Infobox film | name = Thabaton | image = | alt = | caption = | native_name =  | director = Bijgup..."

{{Short description|Meitei language film series}}
{{About|a [[Meitei language]] film series|the character in [[Meitei mythology]]|Thabaton|the movie character of the Meitei language film [[Keibu Keioiba (Tiger Head)]]|Thabaton (movie character)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thabaton
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Bijgupta Laishram<ref name=":Court" />
| writer = Bijgupta Laishram<ref name=":Court" />
| screenplay = Bijgupta Laishram<ref name=":Court" />
| story = Bijgupta Laishram<ref name=":Court" />
| based_on = 
| producer = Surjitkanta Ningthoukhongjam<ref name=":Court" />
| starring =
* [[Sushmita Mangshatabam]]
* [[Gokul Athokpam]]
* [[Kaiku Rajkumar]]
* [[Bala Hijam]]
* [[Biju Ningombam]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| production_companies = BB Films Production<ref name=":Court" /> (Big Brother's Films Productions)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dy CM raises NE Film City in State banner : 06th oct14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..061014.oct14 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
| distributor = 
| released = 
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]])
| budget =
| gross =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
'''Thabaton''' is an Indian [[Meitei language]] [[film series]] directed by Bijgupta Laishram and produced by Surjitkanta Ningthoukhongjam, under the banners of BB Films Production.<ref name=":Court" /> The series consists of ''Thabaton 1'' (2013), ''Thabaton 2'' (2014), ''Thabaton 3'' (2019), ''Thabaton 4'' and ''Thabaton 5''.{{efn|''Thabaton 4'' and ''Thabaton 5'' are still unreleased as of 2022.}}<ref name=":Court">{{Cite web |title=Court restrains 'Yaipha Thouni Thouram' of Thabaton 4, 5 |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/6344/court-restrains-yaipha-thouni-thouram-of-thabaton-4-5 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref> Besides the romantic affairs, it is about the story of the [[feminist movement|struggle of women]], against [[sexism|gender based discrimination]], [[domestic violence]], in the society to get [[women's rights|their due rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=থবাতোন - ২, শুমহৎয়াই পুব ফিল্ম অম |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/oct-23-2014-4.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}}</ref>
It is produced in the [[digital cinematography|digital feature film format]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medium of cinema can shape a society: Dy CM : 06th oct14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=22..061014.oct14 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Plot ==
=== Thabaton 1 ===
Thabaton, a girl, eloped with her lover Yaima. Their relationship resulted in the conflict between the two lovers' families, even causing murder of each other's family members. However, Thaba and Yaima never parted each other. To retaliate the loss of sons (Yaima's brothers), Yaima's mother sent Yaima to a distant place for his further studies, and she tortured pregnant Thaba during Yaima's absence. A few moments after the child birth, Thaba was forced to leave the house, telling her a lie that Yaima was dead in an air crash. On the other side, Yaima was told by his parents that Thaba willingly left home as she didn't want to stay with them. Unaware of the conspiracies, Thaba married to another man and had a peaceful life. Later, she discovered the truth that her former husband was still alive. When Thaba met Yaima again to explain everything to him, her second husband saw her, which created a misunderstanding in her second husband's mind. Fighting all the odds, Thaba cleared all the misunderstandings from the two men. In the end, Thaba lived with her second husband with her child.<ref>{{Cite web |title=থবাতোন - ২, শুমহৎয়াই পুব ফিল্ম অম |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/oct-23-2014-4.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}}</ref>

=== Thabaton 2 ===
Yaima's adjustment to being apart from Thaba is the first topic covered in the second part. In an effort to find some peace, Yaima made the decision to start a farm in a rural region. There, he met Nungshithoi, a young and goofy girl. They each experienced romantic love. There were some disputes between them once Nungshithoi learned that Yaima was previously married, but they were later resolved when Yaima demonstrated his love for Nungshithoi and they got married. On the other hand, Thaba is now contently residing with her second husband, her mother-in-law, and her daughter. They stood strong and stayed together like rocks, even though strangers tried to split apart their family through negativity.

When everything seemed to be going smoothly, Yaima's parents made the decision to file a lawsuit against Thaba and her second husband in an effort to obtain Thaba and Yaima's daughter from their previous marriage. This led to a lot of conflict between the two families. Yaima was oblivious to it, though, until the distraught Thaba called and told him everything. Yaima arrived in court during the trial and returned his daughter to Thaba and her second husband. Yaima's second wife eventually persuaded him to make amends with his parents. The announcement that Thaba is expecting a child with her second husband signals the end of the movie.

=== Thabaton 3 ===
When Thaba's second husband passes away, her son and daughter have grown up, and her daughter has since gone on to become a doctor, the third part starts. Thaba is currently employed by the department of education, where she is regularly confronted with the director, who has a very filthy and intimate gaze towards her. The daughter of Yaima and Nungshithoi is the same age as Thaba's son. They had no idea that the son of Thaba and the daughter of Yaima and Nungshithoi were dating. Thaba and Yaima were brought together by an occurrence, and it was then that they discovered the relationship between their children. Given their past, Thaba and Yaima were both adamantly opposed to their children getting together. Even though Yaima objected, Nungshithoi and her mother supported the two youngsters when they rebelled.

Yaima's mother learned that the doctor is actually their grandchild from Yaima and Thaba's first marriage after Yaima's father was admitted to the hospital where Thaba's daughter worked as a doctor. This caused friction between the two families, which was quickly resolved when Yaima's mother again apologised for her behaviour.

When Thaba's director suspended her, she exacted revenge on the director by using the help of her son to reinstate the suspension. She even received a promotion to the title of director after disclosing the director's wrongdoings. The director of Thaba and his men were enraged and attempted to harm Thaba and her family. In the past, there have been unresolved clashes and arguments between the director's men and Thaba's son regarding Yaima and Nungshithoi's daughter. The boyfriend of Thaba's daughter stabbed one of the men during the fight. However, Thaba's son wanted to bear the blame for the killing and persuaded his sister and her boyfriend to flee. Police detained Thaba's son.

== Cast ==
* [[Sushmita Mangshatabam]] as Thaba
* [[Gokul Athokpam]] as Thaba's second husband
* [[Kaiku Rajkumar]] as Thaba's first husband, Yaima
* [[Bala Hijam]] as Nungshithoi
* [[Biju Ningombam]] as Thaba's daughter

== Production ==
Thabaton, Thabaton 2, and Thabaton 3 were produced by Surjitkanta Ningthoukhongjam under the banner of BB Films Production and directed by Bijgupta Laishram of Sagolband Tera Sadokpam Leikai. Bijgupta Laishram is also the story writer and the screenplay writer of the movie.<ref name=":Court" />

== Legal battle ==
Thabaton's producer Surjitkanta Ningthoukhongjam, who possessed certificates of the first three-film series, issued by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Central Board of Film Certification]], filed an application under order 39 Rule 1, 2 and 3 of CPC, 1908 read with section 60 of [[Copyright Act, 1957]] to issue the "[[restraining order]]" against the Yaipha Thouni Thouram ceremony of Thabaton 4 and Thabaton 5, which was planned be held on 26 March 2021 by other groups of people, under the banner of the "Mapari Arts Production, Khuman Pokpa" without the former producer's knowledge or consent. He claimed the very action to be the violation of the provisions of [[Copyright law of India|Copyright Act, 1957 (Copyright law of India)]].<ref name=":Court" />

== See also ==
* [[Nangna Nokpa Yengningi]]
* [[Amukta Ani]]
* [[Keibu Keioiba (film)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Citation |title=Thabaton (2013) - KLMDb |url=https://klmdb.com/title/0000216 |language=en |access-date=2023-02-26}}
* {{Citation |title=Thabaton II (2014) - Full Cast & Crew Credits - KLMDb |url=https://klmdb.com/title/0000236/full-credits |language=en |access-date=2023-02-26}}
* {{Citation |title=Thabaton III (2019) - Full Cast & Crew Credits - KLMDb |url=https://klmdb.com/title/0000309/full-credits |language=en |access-date=2023-02-26}}
* {{Citation |title=Thabaton III (2019) - KLMDb |url=https://klmdb.com/title/0000309 |language=en |access-date=2023-02-26}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010s Meitei-language films]]
[[Category:Crimes against women]]
[[Category:Domestic violence]]
[[Category:Divorce]]
[[Category:Feminist movement]]
[[Category:Gender equality]]
[[Category:Works about sexism]]
[[Category:Violence against women]]
[[Category:Women's rights]]
[[Category:Women in Meitei culture]]

Meitei language festival

2024-02-11T16:54:55Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Annual literary festival in Bangladesh}} {{About|an annual event in Bangladesh|the associated language in Bangladesh|Meitei language in Bangladesh}} {{Distinguish|Meitei language day|Meitei poetry day|Meitei language movement}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}  {{Contains specia..."

{{Short description|Annual literary festival in Bangladesh}}
{{About|an annual event in Bangladesh|the associated language in Bangladesh|Meitei language in Bangladesh}}
{{Distinguish|Meitei language day|Meitei poetry day|Meitei language movement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Meitei language festival 
| image = The names of the "Meitei Language Festival" (AKA "Manipuri Language Festival") – "Manipuri Lon-gi Kummei" (in Meitei, the native language) & "Manipuri Bhasha Utsav" (in Bengali, the national language of Bangladesh).jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Meitei language festival
| native_name = Manipuri Lon-gi Kummei; Manipuri Bhasha Utsav
| native_name_lang = mni
| english_name = Manipuri language festival
| time =
| timezone =
| duration = 
| date = {{Start date and age|2008}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |last=প্রতিনিধি |first=মৌলভীবাজার |title=মৌলভীবাজারে মাতৃভাষায় পরীক্ষা দিল শতাধিক মণিপুরি শিক্ষার্থী |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/samagrabangladesh/i6zrwsw8bu |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=bdnews24 |language=bn}}</ref> 
| venue =
* [[Kamalganj, Bangladesh|Kamalganj]], [[Moulvibazar District|Moulvibazar]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Jibon |date=2022-05-14 |title=কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি উৎসব |url=https://dailyjalalabad.com/2022/05/186017/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=দৈনিক জালালাবাদ {{!}} Daily Jalalabad |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Bishganj]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language festival : 20th mar16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp18..200316.mar16 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* [[Bhanuganj]]<ref name="auto1"/>
* [[Jhotamaiz]]<ref name="auto1"/>
| location = [[Bangladesh]]
| coordinates = 
| also_known_as = Manipuri Language and Culture Festival ({{lang-bn|Manipuri Bhasha o Sanskriti Utsav}})<ref name="auto2"/>
| type = annual event
| theme = [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]])
| cause =
| motive =
| target = preservation and development of [[Meitei language]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=মৌলভীবাজারের কমলগঞ্জে মনিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপিত |url=https://paharechok.com/2022/05/13/%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8c%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%ad%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%9e%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%ae-2/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> indigenous [[Meitei script]]{{efn|name=script|The event promotes indigenous [[Meitei writing system]] to be used for Meitei language, other than the already predominantly used Bengali script.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=প্রতিনিধি |title=কমলগঞ্জে দিনব্যাপী মণিপুরি ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি উৎসব |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/কমলগঞ্জে-দিনব্যাপী-মণিপুরি-ভাষা-ও-সংস্কৃতি-উৎসব |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Prothomalo |date=13 May 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>}} and [[Meitei culture]]{{efn|name=culture|The event also focusses on the cultural programs, besides the mother tongue, Meitei language.<ref name="auto2"/>}} in Bangladesh
| perpetrator =
| first_reporter =
| budget =
| patron = Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad 
| organisers = Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad<ref>{{Cite web |title=কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপিত |url=https://www.alordesh24.com/2022/05/13/5016/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.alordesh24.com |language=bn}}</ref> 
| filmed_by =
| participants = [[Meitei people]] (AKA [[Manipuri people]]){{efn|including [[Meitei Pangals]] ([[Meitei Muslim]]s)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিনিধি |title=কমলগঞ্জে দিনব্যাপী মণিপুরি ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি উৎসব |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/কমলগঞ্জে-দিনব্যাপী-মণিপুরি-ভাষা-ও-সংস্কৃতি-উৎসব |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Prothomalo |date=13 May 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
| outcome =
| awards =
| url =
| blank_label = 
| blank1_label = 
| blank2_label = 
| website = 
| notes =
}}
The '''Meitei language festival''' ({{lang-mni|Manipuri Lon-gi Kummei}}), formally known as the '''Manipuri language festival''' or the '''Manipuri Bhasha Utsav''', is an annual language festival that is dedicated to the active promotion and the development of [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]), indigenous [[Meitei script]]{{efn|name=script}} and [[Meitei culture]]{{efn|name=culture}} in the [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=কমলগঞ্জে মনিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপিত |url=https://www.bangla-times.com/2023/03/10/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.bangla-times.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The event is organised by the ''Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা উৎসব পালিত |url=https://www.abnews24.com/country-news/223407/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=ABNEWS24 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |title=নিজস্ব ভাষা সাহিত্যকে যথার্থ চর্চার মাধ্যমেই বাঁচিয়ে রাখা সম্ভব |url=https://sylheterdak.com.bd/নিজস্ব-ভাষা-সাহিত্যকে-যথ/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=সিলেটের ডাক |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Written tests ==
Every year, written tests are organised for the students in the Meitei language festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=কমলগঞ্জে মনিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপিত |url=https://www.bangla-times.com/2023/03/10/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.bangla-times.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=মৌলভীবাজারের কমলগঞ্জে মনিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপিত |url=https://paharechok.com/2022/05/13/%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8c%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%ad%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%9e%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%ae-2/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* For the students of the 1st grade to the 8th grade, they shall appear the test in "A branch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=EyeNews.news |title=কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপন |url=https://www.eyenews.news/sylhet/moulvibazar/52291 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=EyeNews.news |language=en}}</ref>
* For the students of the 9th grade and the 10th grade, they shall appear the test in "B branch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangbad |first=Protidiner |title=মণিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব |url=https://www.protidinersangbad.com/todays-newspaper/news/386569 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Protidiner Sangbad |language=bn}}</ref>

== 2022 event ==
In 2022, AK Sheram, the president of the Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad, and Shahena Begum, the then acting principal of Teteigaon Ramid Uddin High School, inaugurated the Meitei language festival, followed by a colorful procession, participated by the students and guests belonging to the [[Meitei people|Meitei ethnicity]] ([[Manipuri people]]), including the [[Meitei Muslim]]s ([[Meitei Pangals]]), and then paying tributes to the Shaheed Minar of the school for their language martyrs.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Jibon |date=2022-05-14 |title=কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি উৎসব |url=https://dailyjalalabad.com/2022/05/186017/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=দৈনিক জালালাবাদ {{!}} Daily Jalalabad |language=en-US}}</ref>

The students had the opportunity to take a written test in their mother tongue [[Meitei language]] in the indigenous [[Meitei script]]. During the event, a meeting was organised on the practice and promotion of Meitei language and culture in the school auditorium, followed by the prize distribution ceremonies and the cultural programs.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto"/>

The meeting was attended by Professor Saurabh Sikdar of Linguistics Department of [[Dhaka University]], Executive Director of Jabarang Kalyan Samiti Mathura Vikas Tripura and member secretary and development worker of International Tribal Language Decade National Committee Bandhan Arang.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto"/>

== 2023 event ==
In 2023, the festival was organised in Adampur Tetaigaon Rashid Uddin High School premises in [[Kamalganj, Bangladesh|Kamalganj]], [[Moulvibazar]]. During the event, the [[national flag of Bangladesh]] and the flag of the organization were hoisted, followed by a colorful rally, starting from the school premises, patrolling around the main road of the Adampur Bazar.
In the event, a written test of Meitei language was organised, which was participated by more than 150 students from 1st to 10th grades of classes.
A meeting, including cultural programs and prize distribution ceremonies, were organised in the auditorium of the Tetigaon Rashid Uddin High School. It was chaired by a renowned poet and essayist AK Sheram and the organization's general secretary Nambram Shankar.
Parimal Singh, the secretary of the [[National Sports Council]] of Bangladesh, was the chief guest of the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samachar |first=সিলেট সমাচার :: Sylhet |title=মৌলভীবাজারে মণিপুরি ভাষা উৎসবে মাতৃভাষায় পরীক্ষায় |url=https://www.sylhetsomachar.com/out-of-city/151194 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Sylhet Samachar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=newseditor |date=2023-03-10 |title=কমলগঞ্জে মনিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব |url=https://www.unitednews24.com/কমলগঞ্জে-মনিপুরী-ভাষা-উৎ/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Unitednews24.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Delegates and diasporas from other nations ==
=== India ===
* N Ratan Meitei from [[Manipur]] state of [[India]] was the special guest in the 2023 Meitei language festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Today 24 |first1=Sylhet |last2=প্রতিনিধি |first2=কমলগঞ্জ |title=কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা উৎসব পালিত |url=https://www.sylhettoday24.news/news/details/Sylhet/143161 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=sylhettoday24.news |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=মৌলভীবাজারে মণিপুরী মাতৃভাষায় শতাধিক শিক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষা দিল {{!}} বাংলা এক্সপ্রেস মিডিয়া {{!}} Bangla Express Media |url=https://banglaexpressonline.com/%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8c%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%ad%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%83/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Canada ===
* Natasha, a [[Bangladeshi Canadians|Canadian expatriate]] and a Meitei language researcher, also attended the 2023 Meitei language festival.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=মৌলভীবাজারে মণিপুরী মাতৃভাষায় শতাধিক শিক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষা দিল |url=https://corporatesangbad.com/17921/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Corporate Sangbad {{!}} Online Bangla NewsPaper |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Published works ==
* "Meira" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯔꯥ}}; {{Script|Beng|মৈরা}}|/mə́i.ra/|torch}}), the cover of commemorative collection of the festival was released in the 2023 Meitei language festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasel |first=Razib |date= |title=কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপন |url=https://sylhetvoice.com/%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%9e%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b7%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%89%e0%a7%8e/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=sylhetvoice.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=মণিপুরী মাতৃভাষায় শতাধিক শিক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষা দিল - Protidiner Post |url=https://protidinerpost.com/%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%83%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b7%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%bc-%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a7%e0%a6%bf/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Meitei language movement]]s
** [[Meitei classical language movement]]
** [[Meitei associate official language movement]]
** [[Meitei linguistic purism movement]]
* [[Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]
** [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Meitei]]
** [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Meitei]]
** [[List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Meitei]]
* [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]]
* [[Manipur University]]
* [[Manipur University of Culture]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Category:Meitei Language Festival}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei language in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Annual events]]
[[Category:Events in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Language festivals]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei festivals]]
[[Category:Meitei script]]

Loktak Ima

2024-02-11T16:53:58Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Meitei water goddess}} {{Redirect|Loktak Lairembee|the Meitei film|Loktak Lairembee (film)}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox deity | type = Meitei | name = Loktak Ima | deity_of = Personification of the Loktak lake Mother goddess of the sacred waters  | member_of = Meitei goddesses | image = The_Symbol_of_Sanamahi.svg | alt = <..."

{{Short description|Meitei water goddess}}
{{Redirect|Loktak Lairembee|the [[Meitei cinema|Meitei film]]|Loktak Lairembee (film)}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Meitei
| name = Loktak Ima
| deity_of = Personification of the [[Loktak lake]] [[Mother goddess]] of the [[sacred waters]] 
| member_of = [[Meitei goddesses]]
| image = The_Symbol_of_Sanamahi.svg
| alt = 
| caption =
| other_names = Loktak Ema, Loktak Eemaa, Loktak Lairembi, Loktak Lairembee<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Salam |date=2022-09-22 |title=Loktak Lake in Manipur: A Ramsar Site in danger of decline |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/guardians-of-the-lairembee-loktak-lake-in-manipur-is-a-ramsar-site-in-danger-of-decline/article65870424.ece |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en |quote=Being central to Manipur, Loktak features prominently in folklore, oral literature, rituals, and songs. It is called Loktak Lairembee or Goddess Loktak. The people living on the shores believe in isha-mapal, or nine sources of the lake, that must always be kept clean for the continuing health of Loktak. There is wisdom in the old belief as the nine rivers that drain into Loktak are essential to the existence of the lake, its wetlands, and the human lives dependent on them.}}</ref>
| hiero =
| Old_Norse =
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| affiliation = Meitei religion ([[Sanamahism]]) and [[Meitei mythology]] 
| cult_center = [[Manipur]] 
| abode = [[Loktak lake]] 
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| gender = Female
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| region = {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei ethnicity]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AtBEAAAQBAJ&dq=loktak+lairembee&pg=PT107 |title=Gods, Giants and the Geography of India |date=2021-09-03 |publisher=[[Hachette India]] |isbn=978-93-91028-27-5 |pages=107 |language=en |quote=... the Meitei people's hopes are pinned on Loktak Lairembee now. Will she succeed in protecting the region all by herself?}}</ref>
| festivals =
}}
'''Loktak Ima''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯣꯛꯇꯥꯛ ꯏꯃꯥ}}|loktaak eemaa|Mother Loktak}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur) |first=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKM4AAAAIAAJ&q=Loktak+Ima |title=Man in India |date=1970 |publisher=A. K. Bose |others=[[University of California]] |pages=379 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anthropology |first=[[University of Gauhati]] Department of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYgrAQAAIAAJ&q=Loktak+Ima |title=Bulletin of the Department of Anthropology |date=1973 |publisher=Department of Anthropology, [[Gauhati University]]. |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref>), also known as '''Loktak Lairembi'''{{efn|also often misspelled as "Leirembi"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=T. S. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMNiDwAAQBAJ&dq=Loktak+Ima&pg=PT8 |title=Apology |date=2018-05-31 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-5437-0188-3 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref>}} ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯣꯛꯇꯥꯛ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ}}|loktaak lairembee|Goddess of Loktak}}{{efn|In [[Meitei language]] (officially called "[[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]"), {{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ}}|Lairembi}}) simply means a "goddess".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (definition of "lairembi") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Chicago University]] |page=169 |language=mni, en |quote=lāirembi ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ /lai.rem.bi/ n. goddess. Morph: lāi‑rem( [God‑excellent‑Feminine].}}</ref>}}),<ref name=":0" /> is the personification of the [[Loktak lake]], who is [[Reverence (emotion)|revered]] by the [[Meitei people]] as the [[mother goddess]] of the [[sacred waters]] of the Loktak lake.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AtBEAAAQBAJ&dq=Loktak+Ima&pg=PT105 |title=Gods, Giants and the Geography of India |date=2021-09-03 |publisher=[[Hachette India]] |isbn=978-93-91028-27-5 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McKechnie |first=Ben |title=The world's only floating national park |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180411-the-worlds-only-floating-national-park |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en |quote=Just as India's Hindu community views the River Ganges as a living mother goddess, the Meitei see Loktak Lake as their 'mother' – a provider of life for all.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:থাঙ্গ করাংগী ফুমশগুদা অহীং অমা |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/12.06.2022-B4.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}}</ref>
She is highly respected and venerated by the fishermen communities of the [[Meitei ethnicity]] living in and around the periphery of the [[Loktak lake]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Bend in the Road |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tKYEAAAQBAJ&q=Ema+Loktak&pg=PA90 |website=Notion Press |pages=85, 90, 91, 93, 95 | last1=Kulkarni | first1=Ranjit | date=7 November 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":Mohanty">{{Cite news |last=Mohanty |first=Trishna |date=2020-02-08 |title=Manipur's Loktak lake chokes from a catastrophic project flagged off 50 years ago |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/manipurs-loktak-lake-chokes-from-a-catastrophic-project-flagged-off-50-years-ago/article30759633.ece |access-date=2023-03-20 |issn=0971-751X |quote=Loktak is not just a lake. For Manipuris she is Loktak Lairembi (Goddess Loktak), and for the several thousands of fishermen who depend on her for their livelihood, she is ema (mother). And although she is the fountainhead of Manipuri culture, her own identity has been in a state of flux for decades.}}</ref> She is also considered as the [[:en:wikt:fountainhead|fountainhead]] of [[Meitei culture]].<ref name=":Mohanty" />
Her embodiment, the Loktak lake is associated with the epic of [[Khamba and Thoibi]] as well as that of [[Poubi Lai]] of [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Iconic Loktak Lake In Manipur Will Now Be Protected |url=https://www.femina.in/travel/domestic/iconic-loktak-lake-in-manipur-will-now-be-protected-217719.html |access-date=2023-03-20 |website= |language=en |quote=Local legend has it that the lake was formed when the gods wooed the people of the valley, and, for Manipuris, it is a goddess, Loktak Lairembi. In the local Meitei belief system, the timeless romance of princess Thoibi and Khamba came to life on the lake's shores, and the mythical creature Poubi Lai resides at its heart. The lake itself is ema (mother) for the thousands of fishermen who earn their livelihood through her.}}</ref>

== Attributes ==
Loktak goddess is often compared to a lady with heart that is pure and kind. It is said that whenever she passes by, the [[water birds]] praise her by singing and the [[sangai|deers]] bow their heads. She is benevolent to fishes.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_2aUBfVI44C&dq=Loktak+goddess&pg=PA14 |title=First Sun Stories: Unusual Folk Tales from the North East |date=2005 |publisher=Katha |isbn=978-81-89020-33-0 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref>

The {{langnf|mni|[[Maibi]]s|[[Ordination of women|priestesses]]}} of [[traditional Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]) often sings of the grasslands, food and raw materials derived from the Loktak lake, which is believed to be the body of the Loktak Lairembi (Loktak goddess) herself. Loktak goddess is the symbol of the characters of independence and self-actualization of the women of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Nunglekpam Premi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xBdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Loktak+goddess&pg=PT98 |title=Short Essays on Women and Society: Manipuri Women through the Century |date=2018-05-25 |publisher= |pages=98 |language=en |quote=The Maibi is unique because, apart from being a religious functionary of the Meitei religion, she is also considering as a midwife, a healer, an herbalist, a clairvoyant, a spiritual leader and a dancer." The Maibi sings of the grasslands and all the food and raw materials derived from it and it is believed that the famous Loktak Lake in the region was the body of the goddess (Lairembi) herself, the independence and self-actualization characteristic of the women of Manipur. On another level, it brings out the wonderful harmony that co-exists between man and nature. In the attempt at understanding the lives of a group of priestesses. 'Sacred Space' opens by placing the Maibi in context of the Sanamahi religious beliefs or Sanamahism of the Meitei people of Manipur.}}</ref>

== As a fish goddess ==
Loktak goddess is believed to be the one who is responsible for the replenishment of the fish population in the [[Loktak lake]]. According to traditional beliefs, there is no vanishing of the fish population no matter how much they [[fishing|catch fishes]].<ref name=":Loktak_Goddess">{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Sumi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OYJEAAAQBAJ&q=Loktak+Goddess&pg=PT79 |title=Agriculture and a Changing Environment in Northeastern India |date=2020-11-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-08443-6 |pages=78, 79 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Mohanty" />
The identity of Loktak goddess is also sometimes believed to be associated with [[Meitei goddess]] of water, [[Ereima]].<ref name=":Loktak_Goddess" />

== Guardianship ==
;Meitei language quotation on the Mother Loktak :
{{Blockquote|"Loktak Imma Eikkoigidi Patna Louchani"<ref name="Bareh 2001 246">{{Cite book |last=Bareh |first=Hamlet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&dq=Loktak+mother&pg=PA246 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-790-0 |pages=246 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Singh 1992 229">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6K7PZPemAcC&q=Loktak+mother |title=People of India: Manipur |date=1992 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |others=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |isbn=978-81-85579-09-2 |pages=229 |language=en}}</ref>}}
;English translation :
{{Blockquote|"Mother Loktak is our paddy land"<ref name="Bareh 2001 246">{{Cite book |last=Bareh |first=Hamlet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&dq=Loktak+mother&pg=PA246 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-790-0 |pages=246 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Singh 1992 229">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6K7PZPemAcC&q=Loktak+mother |title=People of India: Manipur |date=1992 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |others=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |isbn=978-81-85579-09-2 |pages=229 |language=en}}</ref>}}
The [[Meiteis]] acknowledge full reliance on the Loktak lake for their traditional occupations.<ref name="Bareh 2001 246">{{Cite book |last=Bareh |first=Hamlet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&dq=Loktak+mother&pg=PA246 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-790-0 |pages=246 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Meitei people]] (living around the lake) consider the [[Loktak lake]] as their guardian. They believe the lake as their mother, as it is possible for them to depend upon the lake for their livelihoods, for their children and their family, only because of the grace bestowed upon them by the Mother Loktak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Sumi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OYJEAAAQBAJ&q=Loktak+is+our+mother.+We+are+able+to+feed+our+children+and+run+our+family+only+because+of+her+grace.+Where+else+will+we+go%27%2C&pg=PT76 |title=Agriculture and a Changing Environment in Northeastern India |date=2020-11-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-08443-6 |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=Ranjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tKYEAAAQBAJ&dq=Loktak+mother&pg=PA103 |title=A Bend in the Road: Stories Inspired by a Road Trip |date=2022-11-07 |publisher=Notion Press |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref>

== In literature ==
; The Lore of Loktak:
{{Blockquote|The Lore of Loktak In the shadows of your footsteps Many lives exist On your nature's bounty Many lives lean O, beloved mother Loktak O, beloved mother Loktak....|from Ranbir Thouna's song, Loktak<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Sumi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OYJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Loktak+mother&pg=PT71 |title=Agriculture and a Changing Environment in Northeastern India |date=2020-11-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-08443-6 |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref>}}

; Description in [[Meitei language]] literary works :
{| class="wikitable"
! Description {{small|(in [[Meitei script]])}}
! Description {{small|(in [[Eastern Nagari script]])}}
! Meanings/Translations
|-
|{{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯃꯥ ꯂꯣꯛꯇꯥꯛ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ / ꯏꯔꯩꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯂꯧ / ꯏꯪꯅ ꯄꯣꯝꯁꯥꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕꯤ / ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯏꯕꯤꯅ ꯂꯨꯆꯤꯡꯕꯤ / ꯂꯥꯏ ꯆꯅꯨꯔꯥ ꯇꯔꯦꯠꯀꯤ / ꯍꯤ- ꯌꯥꯏ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡ ꯅꯥꯎꯄꯨꯕꯤ, / ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯨꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅꯕꯤ / ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯃ ꯍꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯕꯤ / ꯂꯦꯝꯂꯩ ꯉꯥꯔꯥꯛ ꯉꯥꯑꯣꯏꯕꯤ / ꯅꯤꯡꯉꯣꯜ ꯅꯨꯔꯥꯕꯤ, ꯀꯣꯂꯥꯡꯅꯨ / ꯇꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯀꯦꯟꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕꯤꯒꯤ / ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯨꯜ ꯂꯤꯃ ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯕꯤ, / ꯆꯤꯡꯉꯨ ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ ꯀꯣꯏꯔꯦꯜꯂꯥꯏ / ꯀꯧꯕ꯭ꯔꯨ ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯅ / ꯃꯦꯏꯒꯩ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕꯤ / ꯁꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯂꯥꯡꯑꯣꯟ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ / ꯈꯣꯏꯊꯨꯝꯂꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯅ / ꯏꯔꯣꯟꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯨꯞꯂꯤꯕ / ꯏꯃꯥ ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯈꯩꯔꯣꯟ / ꯁꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯂꯣꯏ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯅꯨꯡ।}}}}Loktak Sheitharol, page no. 1 (ꯂꯣꯛꯇꯥꯛ ꯁꯩꯊꯥꯔꯣꯜ , ꯂꯥꯃꯥꯏ :꯱)।
|{{lang|mni|{{Script|Beng|ইমা লোক্তাক লাইরেম্বী / ঈরৈমাগী শাইওন লৌ / ঈংনা পোমশাত্নরিবী / ফৌওইবীনা লুচিংবী / লাই চনুরা তরেকী / হী- য়াই খুদিং নাউপুবী, / চীংনুং লৈমা চিংশিংনবী / হাইনু লৈমা হাইশিংনবী / লেমলৈ ঙারাক ঙাওইবী / নিংঙোল নুরাবী, কোলাংনু / তোইবী কেনমিন্নবীগী / খোঙ্গুল লীম তারিবী, / চীংঙু থাংজীং কোয়রেল্লাই / কৌব্রূ মারজীং বাংরেন্না / মায়গৈ মরি ঙাক্লিবী / শাইওন লাংওন কয়াগী / খোয়থুলবা বারীনা / ঈরোন্নুংদা থুপ্লিবা / ইমা নঙগী মিংখৈরোল/ শকপা ঙম্লোই কৈদৌনুং।}}}}Loktak Sheitharol, page no. 1 (লোক্তাক শৈথারোল, লা:১)।
|{{lang|en|{{Script|Latn|Mother Loktak Goddess / O the incarnation of [[Ireima]] / Peacefully blooming one / Led by [[Phouoibi]] / Of the seven divine ladies / The possessor of all the gems, / The lady who pulls inside the mountains / The waving lady who waves / The lady who is fish among the fishes / Virgin lady, Kolangnu / Toibi Kenminnabigi / Tracing the foot paths, / God [[Thangching]] Koirellai / [[Koupalu]] [[Marjing]] [[Wangpulen]]'re / Guarding you from four directions / Of the many incarnations / Those are sweet stories / Existing inside the underwater / O mother, your many names / Couldn't be sung completely ever.}}}}Loktak Sheitharol, page no. 1<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:লোক্তাক ইমাগী মতীকপু শৈখারিবা শৈশকপা কবিনি জাতিশোর তোংব্রম |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/jun-08-2014-4.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}}</ref>
|-
|{{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯥꯡ ꯃꯁꯥꯏꯀꯣꯜ ꯊꯨꯞꯆꯩ ꯃꯔꯨꯝ ꯂꯣꯛꯇꯥꯛ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ ꯂꯤꯔꯛꯏ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯁꯦꯝꯉꯩ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯅꯁꯥꯏꯀꯣꯟꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯨꯠꯅꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ, ꯁꯥꯌꯣꯜ ꯇꯔꯦꯠ, ꯈꯣꯏꯌꯨꯝ ꯂꯥꯡꯑꯣꯟ ꯆꯪꯈꯣꯟꯕ ꯂꯩꯃꯔꯦꯜ ꯂꯥꯡꯑꯣꯟ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯕꯤ ꯀꯥꯎꯉꯝꯗ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯤꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ ꯈꯣꯔꯤꯔꯣꯜ ꯄꯨꯛꯀꯩ ꯑꯊꯣꯏꯕ ... ।}}}}
|{{lang|mni|{{Script|Beng|থাংজিং চীংশাং মশাইকোল থুপচৈ মরুম লোক্তাক লাইরেম্বী লীরকি বারী লৈশেমঙৈ থোকখি নশাইকোনসিদা মুৎনাইদ্র ৱারী, শায়োল তরেৎ, খোইয়ুম লাংওন চঙখোনবা লৈমরেল লাংওন নীংথিবী কাউঙমদ্রবা ৱারীনা ওইরি খোরিরোল পুক্কৈ অথোইবা ... ।}}}}
|In the region of [[Thangjing Hill]] range Goddess of Loktak seek asylum Narrating the [[creation myth]] It happened on your lap Immortal tales, seven [[Epic cycles of incarnations]], Perfect incarnation of divinity Incarnation of [[Leimarel Sidabi|Leimarel]] 
It is an unforgettable story Perfection of the granary of literature ...<ref>{{Cite web |title=ফেষ্টিবেল ওফ লিটরেচর, ডান্স এন্দ ম্যুজিক থৌরমদা থাঙ্গা কারাং পাঙলুবা |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/31.10.2019-B7.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}}</ref>
|}

== In popular culture ==
* [[Loktak Lairembee (film)]] (English: ''Lady of the Lake'') : a 2016 Indian [[Meitei language]] film directed and produced by [[Haobam Paban Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Tracing_the_State_through_two_indie_films_Loktak_Lairembee_and_Soni_Part_1_by_Rajkumar_Panthoiren|title=Tracing the State through two indie films Loktak Lairembee and Soni Part 1 by Rajkumar Panthoiren|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/weekend-treat-a-northeast-film-festival-in-the-capital/story-Eyv6tjZZLn90lvTMobn5JJ.html|title=Weekend treat: a northeast film festival in the capital|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=18 August 2017 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Loktak Folklore Museum]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Abundance goddesses]]
[[Category:Beauty goddesses]]
[[Category:Fortune goddesses]]
[[Category:Health goddesses]]
[[Category:Maintenance goddesses]]
[[Category:Meitei goddesses]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]
[[Category:Nature goddesses]]
[[Category:Peace goddesses]]
[[Category:Personifications]]
[[Category:Virgin goddesses]]
[[Category:Water goddesses]]

Chakpa Makhao Ngambi

2024-02-11T16:52:58Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Burmese queen of Meitei royal family}} {{Distinguish|Chakpa Yainu Phisaheipi}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox royalty | embed = | name = Chakpa Makhao Ngambi | title = Tampha Wangamlon,{{efn|"Tampha Wangamlon" or "Tamphasana" is a title often given to the eldest daughter of the Meetei king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id..."

{{Short description|Burmese queen of Meitei royal family}}
{{Distinguish|Chakpa Yainu Phisaheipi}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| name = Chakpa Makhao Ngambi
| title = Tampha Wangamlon,{{efn|"Tampha Wangamlon" or "Tamphasana" is a title often given to the eldest daughter of the [[Ningthou|Meetei king]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA58 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=58 |language=en}}</ref>}} Awa-Leima<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorokhaibam |first=Manglemjao S. |date=2021-07-10 |title=GARIBANIWAZ (PAMHEIBA): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709-1748) » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/garibaniwaz-pamheiba-the-master-of-manipur-and-upper-burma-west-of-irrawaddy-1709-1748/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>
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| reign = [[Queen Consort]] of the [[Toungoo dynasty]]
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| coronation = 1704
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| birth_place = {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur Kingdom]]}}
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| death_place = [[Myanmar]]
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| queen = [[Toungoo dynasty]]
| spouse = [[Taninganway Min|Taninganway]] ({{lang-mni|Chekong Leimaba/Tongdoi Leimaba}}){{efn|name=lang}} 
| spouse-type = Consort 
| consort = yes 
| issue =
* Mangtra Kentu Ngampa<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA60 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=60 |language=en}}</ref> (Kendu Ngamba<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAKPA MAKHAO NGAMBI – 22nd Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2023 |url=https://www.brm.nsd.gov.in/chakpa-makhao-ngambi/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Government of India]] |publisher=[[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]], [[National School of Drama]] |language=en-US}}</ref>)
* Dibouti<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAKPA MAKHAO NGAMBI – 22nd Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2023 |url=https://www.brm.nsd.gov.in/chakpa-makhao-ngambi/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Government of India]] |publisher=[[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]], [[National School of Drama]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

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| full name = Tampha Wangamlon Sicha Chakpa Makhao Ngambi
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* [[Ningthouja dynasty]] (by birth)
* [[Toungoo dynasty]] (by marriage)
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* [[Ningthouja dynasty]] (by birth)
* [[Toungoo dynasty]] (by marriage)
| father = either ''Prince [[#Family|Tonsen Ngampa]]'' or ''King [[Charairongba]]''{{efn|name=relative}}
| mother = [[#Family|Khoiyoiron Ngaikhom Ngampi]]
| religion = [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]]
| occupation = Queen of Myanmar (Burma), Princess of Kangleipak (Manipur)
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'''Chakpa Makhao Ngambi''' was the [[Burmese royal titles|Burmese queen]] of [[Toungoo dynasty]] of [[Kingdom of Ava]] (modern day [[Upper Burma]]) and the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] princess of [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Kangleipak]] ([[Manipur Kingdom]]). She was the [[Queen consort]] of King [[Taninganway Min|Taninganway]] ({{lang-mni|Chekong Leimaba/Tongdoi Leimaba}}){{efn|name=lang}} of Myanmar, until her [[abdication]] after having a son.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ&q=chakpa+makhao+ngambi |title=The History of Manipur: An early period |date=1986 |publisher= |pages=319, 320 |language=en |quote=Garib Niwaz was also not happy on receiving the information that his step sister Chakpa Makhao - ngambi who was married to Taningan we the Burmese king , was reduced to a common wife from Chief Queen - ship . ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Nunglekpam Premi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PT31 |title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works |date=2018 |publisher= |location=India |page=31 |language=en}}</ref> By birth, she was a [[first-degree relative]]{{efn|name=relative}} of King [[Charairongba]] of [[Manipur Kingdom]] and a [[second-degree relative]] of King [[Pamheiba|Pamheiba Garib Niwaj]],{{efn|Since it's disputed whether [[Charairongba]] is the father or brother of Princess Chakpa Makhao Ngambi, it is also disputed whether Charairongba's son, [[Pamheiba|Pamheiba Garib Niwaj]] is her brother or nephew. Pamheiba's mention in relation to the princess is important because Pamheiba waged a war against Burma, to take revenge on the insult she suffered.}} [[Charairongba]]'s successor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url= |title=The History of Manipur: An early period |date=1986 |publisher= |pages=319, 320 |language=en |quote=Garib Niwaz was also not happy on receiving the information that his step sister Chakpa Makhao - ngambi who was married to Taningan we the Burmese king , was reduced to a common wife from Chief Queen - ship . ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorokhaibam |first=Manglemjao S. |date=2021-07-10 |title=GARIBANIWAZ (PAMHEIBA): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709-1748) » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/garibaniwaz-pamheiba-the-master-of-manipur-and-upper-burma-west-of-irrawaddy-1709-1748/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}</ref> Her abdication from the Burmese throne caused a long time international conflict between the [[Meiteis]] ([[Ningthouja dynasty]]) and the [[Bamars]] ([[Toungoo dynasty]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&q=Chakpa+Makhao+Ngambi&pg=PA15 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=LIV, 15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Nunglekpam Premi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PT31 |title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works |date=2018 |publisher= |location=India |page=31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorokhaibam |first=Manglemjao S. |date=2021-07-10 |title=GARIBANIWAZ (PAMHEIBA): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709-1748) » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/garibaniwaz-pamheiba-the-master-of-manipur-and-upper-burma-west-of-irrawaddy-1709-1748/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Family ==
The parents of princess Chakpa Makhao Ngambi ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯛꯄ ꯃꯈꯥꯎ ꯉꯝꯕꯤ}}}}) are opined by some scholars to be Meitei prince Tonsen Ngampa ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯣꯟꯁꯦꯟ ꯉꯝꯄ}}}}) and his wife Ngangpam Chanu Ngaikhom Ngampi ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯉꯥꯡꯄꯝ ꯆꯅꯨ ꯉꯥꯏꯈꯣꯝ ꯉꯝꯄꯤ}}}}). Contrary to this fact, noblemen in the court of King [[Pamheiba]], namely "Aroi Laishrancha" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯔꯣꯏ ꯂꯥꯏꯁ꯭ꯔꯟꯆꯥ/ꯂꯥꯏꯁ꯭ꯔꯝꯆꯥ}}}}) and "Atibar Yumnancha" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯥꯇꯤꯕꯥꯔ ꯌꯨꯝꯅꯥꯝꯆꯥ}}}}) wrote the "Samsok Ngampa" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯝꯁꯣꯛ ꯉꯝꯕ}}}}), which mentioned that princess Sicha Chakpa Makhao Ngambi was born to Khoiyoiron Ngaikhom Ngampi, mother of Tupi [[Charairongba|Charairongpa]]. King [[Charairongba|Charairongpa]] addressed Sicha Chakpa Makhao Ngampi as "Yimom" (a [[Meitei language]] term for both daughter and younger sister). [[Pamheiba|Pamheipa]], son of [[Charairongba|Charairongpa]], used the term {{langnf|mni|Yimanlon|aunt}} to address princess Chakpa Makhao Ngambi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA58 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=58 |language=en}}</ref>

== Marriage ==
=== Proposal ===
On 18 January 1703 AD,{{efn|In some books, it's wrongly written as 1723 AD.}} two Burmese ambassadors named "Senpi Mayangkong" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯦꯟꯄꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯡꯀꯣꯡ}}}}) and "Lousingpa Aawa Tunglacha" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡꯄ ꯑꯋꯥ ꯇꯨꯡꯂꯥꯆꯥ}}}}) came to the court of Meitei King [[Charairongba]] carrying a marriage proposal from [[Taninganway]], the Burmese King {{langnf|mni|Tongdoi Chekong Leimapa|italic=no|King of the [[Toungoo dynasty]]}}.{{efn|name=lang|"Tongtoi Chekong Reimapa" — "Tongdoi/Tongtoi" means the [[Toungoo dynasty]] of [[Burma]] ; "Chekong" means the [[Sagaing Region]]; "Leimapa/Leimaba/Reimapa" means the King or the Lord.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA59 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=59 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorokhaibam |first=Manglemjao S. |date=2021-07-10 |title=GARIBANIWAZ (PAMHEIBA): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709-1748) » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/garibaniwaz-pamheiba-the-master-of-manipur-and-upper-burma-west-of-irrawaddy-1709-1748/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA58 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=58 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA59 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=59 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|''"The year of Arampa Khunchao 1624 Kum Sak... Thursday, the 1st of Phairen (18th January 1703 CE) the envoy from the King of [[Kingdom of Awa|Awa]]' arrived to ask for the hand of a Reima in marriage."''|[[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]|p. 64<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA59 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=59 |language=en}}</ref>}}

The "Samsok Ngampa" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯝꯁꯣꯛ ꯉꯝꯄ}}}}) text mentioned that the Burmese ambassadors presented to Meitei king [[Charairongba]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯔꯥꯏꯔꯣꯡꯕ}}}}) a large quantity of gold, bronze, silver, lead, plates, colorful items of cloths as gifts for the marriage proposal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA59 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=59 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Conditions ===
King [[Charairongba|Charairongpa]], all the members of the royal council and his ministers had a long discussion regarding the Burmese King's formal proposal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA59 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=59 |language=en}}</ref> Later, Charairongba agreed the proposal on the following conditions:
# Meitei princess Chakpa Makhao Ngambi should be enthroned as the Queen of [[Kingdom of Awa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorokhaibam |first=Manglemjao S. |date=2021-07-10 |title=GARIBANIWAZ (PAMHEIBA): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709-1748) » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/garibaniwaz-pamheiba-the-master-of-manipur-and-upper-burma-west-of-irrawaddy-1709-1748/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>
# the former tributary tribes subject to the [[Meitei people]], namely Pungpun, Kamu, Chirang, Kharo, Ting Yitsa, Maru Kondong and Loipi Tarao Khundon, should pay tributes to the Meitei King.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA59 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=59 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorokhaibam |first=Manglemjao S. |date=2021-07-10 |title=GARIBANIWAZ (PAMHEIBA): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709-1748) » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/garibaniwaz-pamheiba-the-master-of-manipur-and-upper-burma-west-of-irrawaddy-1709-1748/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The Burmese king agreed to the conditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA59 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=59 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Wedding ===
Chakpa Makhao Ngambi was escorted by [[Charairongba|Charairongpa]] up to the [[Ningthi River]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜ]]}}}}). The wedding ceremony took place at [[Kingdom of Ava|Ava kingdom]]. After the marriage, she ascended the {{langnf|mni|Phampan|throne}} of [[Kingdom of Ava|Awa kingdom]]. She was proclaimed as the head queen of the Burmese kingdom. The event of escorting the princess by Meitei king to Burma took place in between May and December 1704 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA59 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=59 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA60 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=60 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singha |first=Memchaton |title=Marriage Diplomacy Between the States of Manipur and Burma, 18Th to 19Th Centuries |date=2016 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=77 |pages=874–879 |jstor=26552717 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

== Abdication ==
Some time later after Chakpa Makhao Ngambi ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯛꯄ ꯃꯈꯥꯎ ꯉꯝꯕꯤ}}}}) gave birth to a son named "Mangtra Kentu Ngampa" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯪꯇ꯭ꯔ ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯨ ꯉꯝꯄ}}}}), her husband, the King of Burma abdicated her position from being the chief queen of the kingdom. The news was brought to Meitei King [[Charairongba|Charairongpa]], by a subject to the princess named "Pukhran Wapihaipa" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯨꯈ꯭ꯔꯟ ꯋꯥꯄꯤꯍꯥꯏꯄ}}|}}). Consequently, Charairongba held a grand assembly in the [[Kangla]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯀꯪꯂꯥ]]}}}}). After a long discussion, they declared a war against Burma, to revenge on the insult to the Meitei princess. Eventually, a war broke out between the two kingdoms. Starting from the reign of [[Charairongba]], the conflict continued till the reign of King [[Pamheiba]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯄꯥꯝꯍꯩꯕ]]}}}}).<ref>—{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA60 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=60 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url= |title=The History of Manipur: An early period |date=1986 |publisher= |pages=319, 320 |language=en |quote=Garib Niwaz was also not happy on receiving the information that his step sister Chakpa Makhao - ngambi who was married to Taningan we the Burmese king , was reduced to a common wife from Chief Queen - ship . ...}} —{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA61 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=61 |language=en}} —{{Cite journal |last=Nag |first=Sajal |date=2018-01-01 |title=Burmese invasion |url=https://www.academia.edu/38831733 |journal=Falling Polities ed by Tejimala Gurung}}</ref>

When [[Charairongba]] was in his dying bed, he told his son [[Pamheiba]], regarding the revenge on the insult to princess Chakpa Makhao Ngambi, as follows:
{{Blockquote|''"Lairen Yipari, I have received the news of my sister Sicha Chakpa Makhou Ngampi being insulted in the capital of Khamaran (Burma)... Besides the king of Aawa Tongtoi does not return me my tributary Tarao Khundon Manin Naipa. For these reasons, I took my oath in front of my people at Kangla to fight with the King of Awa with sword."''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA61 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=61 |language=en}}</ref>}}

== In Meitei literature ==
{{Further|Meitei literature}}
The "Samsok Ngamba" text, written by Laisram Aroi and Yumnam Atibar, describes the agony of princess Chakpa Makhao Ngambi on her way to the unknown kingdom for marriage with the old aged king of Burma. After going on the way for a long distance by crossing many hill and mountain ranges, the princess stopped at the hilltop of "Loukeirao" and wished to see her relative,{{efn|name=relative|It's disputed whether the Meitei King [[Charairongba]] is her father or brother.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PA58 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |page=58 |language=en}}</ref> For further details, please see [[#Family]].}} the Meitei King [[Charairongba]] for the last time. Despite being consoled by Charairongba, she never stopped weeping, standing on the high slope of the mountain and looking down on the [[Imphal Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Nunglekpam Premi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PT31 |title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works |date=2018 |publisher= |location=India |page=31 |language=en}}</ref>
Her sorrowful uttering to herself is described as follows:
{{Blockquote|''"I, this Meetei princess, have been removed from my parents and brothers from this day. I have left behind a long distance and the dark nights have taken me farther away from my native land."''|Samsok Ngampa<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Nunglekpam Premi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=chakpa+makhao+ngambi&pg=PT31 |title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works |date=2018 |publisher= |location=India |page=31 |language=en}}</ref>}}

== In popular culture ==
The "Iramdam Manipur Artistes' Association", on the occasion of the 22nd [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]] 2023, organised by the [[National School of Drama]], presented a [[Shumang Kumhei]] genre [[Meitei language]] theatrical production, titled "Chakpa Makhao Ngambi", based on the historical figure of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAKPA MAKHAO NGAMBI – 22nd Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2023 |url=https://www.brm.nsd.gov.in/chakpa-makhao-ngambi/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Government of India]] |publisher=[[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]], [[National School of Drama]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
The same theatrical play was released in December, 2014 by the same production house in the Chadrakriti Auditorium in Palace Compound, [[Imphal]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical play 'Chakpa Makhao Ngambi' released: 21st dec14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..211214.dec14 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> as well as in [[Vasanth Nagar]], Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-24 |title=Bengaluru Today: December 25 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-today-december-25/article6722896.ece |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Macbeth Greedy and Ill, Not a Tragic Hero' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/dec/23/Macbeth-Greedy-and-Ill-Not-a-Tragic-Hero'-697413.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The New Indian Express |quote=... Manipuri play Chakpa Makhao Ngambi, directed by Chinglen Thiyam, on Thursday, at 7 pm, Guru Nanak Bhavan, Millers Tank Bund Road, Vasanth Nagar.}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kuranganayani]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Chakpa+Makhao+Ngambi&sa.x=12&sa.y=10 Chakpa Makhao Ngambi] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:18th-century Burmese women]]
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[[Category:Queens consort of Burma]]
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[[Category:Daughters of emperors]]
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Uchek Langmeitong

2024-02-11T16:51:53Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Old Meitei folktale}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox folk tale |Folk_Tale_Name = Uchek Langmeitong (Chekla Langmeitong) |Image_Name = File:Hayainu as the Uchek Langmeidong flying high.jpg |Image_Caption = "''Hayainu''" as the "''Uchek Langmeitong''" flying high up the sky |Aarne-Thompson Grouping = |AKA = * Uchek Langmeidong..."

{{Short description|Old Meitei folktale}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = Uchek Langmeitong (Chekla Langmeitong)
|Image_Name = File:Hayainu as the Uchek Langmeidong flying high.jpg
|Image_Caption = "''Hayainu''" as the "''Uchek Langmeitong''" flying high up the sky
|Aarne-Thompson Grouping =
|AKA =
* Uchek Langmeidong
* Chekla Langmeitong
* Cheklaa Langmeidong
|Mythology = [[Meitei mythology]] ([[Manipuri mythology]])
|Country = [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]])
|Region = [[Manipur]]
|Origin_Date =
|Published_In =
|Related = [[Meitei folklore]] ([[Manipuri folklore]])
}}
The story of '''Uchek Langmeitong''' (Uchek Langmeidong) or '''Chekla Langmeitong''' (Chekla Langmeidong) is a [[Meitei folktale]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDkSAQAAIAAJ&q=uchek+langmeidong|title=Folklore and Discourse|last1=Handoo|first1=Jawaharlal|last2=Siikala|first2=Anna-Leena|date=1999|publisher=Zooni Publications|isbn=978-81-7342-054-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxIIAQAAMAAJ&q=uchek+langmeidong|title=Enact|date=1978|publisher=Pauls Press|language=en}}</ref> It is the story of a girl named "Hayainu" (alias ''Nongdam Atombi'') who turned herself into a {{langnf|mni|Langmeitong|[[hornbill]] bird}} as she was unable to suffer the ill treatments of her cruel stepmother.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ&q=Heiyaniu+Nongdam+Atombi|title=Folk Culture of Manipur|last=Singh|first=Moirangthem Kirti|date=1993|publisher=Manas Publications|isbn=978-81-7049-063-0|language=en}}</ref><ref name="books.google.co.in"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Human turning into Uchek Langmei Meena Uchek Langmei Onba|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Human_turning_into_Uchek_Langmei_Meena_Uchek_Langmei_Onba|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxXVnoMYWVAC&q=uchek+langmeidong+story+birds|title=Contemporary Theatre of India: An Overview|last=Ahuja|first=Chaman|date=2012|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-6492-4|language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
In [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]), "Uchek" (ꯎꯆꯦꯛ, /u.cek/) means "bird".<ref>{{Cite dictionary |last=Sharma|first=H. Surmangol|date=2006|dictionary=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |entry=Uchek |entry-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B&searchhws=yes# |publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia}}</ref> ''Langmeiton'' (ꯂꯥꯡꯃꯩꯇꯣꯟ, /laŋ.məi.ton/)(or ''Langmeitong'' or ''Langmeidong'') is the [[Meitei language]] word for any species of [[Buceros]] ([[Hornbill]]).<ref>{{Cite dictionary |last=Sharma|first=H. Surmangol|date=2006|dictionary=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |entry=Langmeiton |entry-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F&searchhws=yes# |publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia}}</ref> Chekla (ꯆꯦꯛꯂꯥ, /cek.la/) is another [[Meitei language]] word for "bird". The term "Chekla" is not commonly used in everyday speech.<ref>{{Cite dictionary |last=Sharma|first=H. Surmangol|date=2006|dictionary=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |entry=Chekla |entry-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5&searchhws=yes# |publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia}}</ref>

== Story ==
[[File:Hayainu.jpg|thumb|250px|Hayainu, the girl who later turned into Uchek Langmeitong (hornbill bird)]]
Hayainu's mother had died when Hayainu was a young girl. Hayainu's father married again. So, Hayainu lived with her father, stepmother, and stepbrother (''stepbrother'' is absent in some versions of the story). Her father loved her but her stepmother hated her. Hayainu's father moved across the country to earn more money for his family. So, he left Hayainu under the care of his second wife (her stepmother). Just after her father had left her, her stepmother asked her to do all the household works. Hayainu had to collect herbs and had to catch fish daily. She had to sell them in the market. Hayainu served her stepmother faithfully but in return to her obedience, she was hated and would be beaten up by her cruel stepmother every day. Her stepmother's ill treatment of her increased day by day. In some cases, her stepmother locked Hayainu up inside a room without giving any foods.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_2aUBfVI44C&dq=Manipuri+folk+tale+hornbill&pg=PA43|title=First Sun Stories: Unusual Folk Tales from the North East|date=2005|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-89020-33-0|pages=43|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_2aUBfVI44C&dq=Manipuri+folk+tale+hornbill&pg=PA44|title=First Sun Stories: Unusual Folk Tales from the North East|date=2005|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-89020-33-0|pages=44|language=en}}</ref> One day, while Hayainu and her friends were washing their hairs with chenghi (traditional Meitei shampoo), her stepmother saw some cows grazing in their field. Her stepmother got angry thinking Hayainu got careless of the fields. So, Hayainu was badly beaten up. In another case, once Hayainu's friends invited Hayainu to join a festival that was to be celebrated on the next day. At first, Hayainu was reluctant to join but later, she agreed. Her stepmother got to know about Hayainu's wish to celebrate the festival. On the early morning of the festival day, Hayainu's stepmother had gone to her parental home with her son (Hayainu's stepbrother), taking away all the luxurious clothes and jewelry of Hayainu. When her stepmother and stepbrother had left the house, Hayainu later realised that trick. She had nothing to do but to weep. So, she did not go to the festival. With the increase of her stepmother's cruelty, tears became Hayainu's companions in life. Once in Hayainu's dream, her real mother told her to go to the world of the ''Langmeidong''s (Hornbills). In that dream, her mother suggested her to ask a flock of ''Langmeidong''s coming near a lake every day to give her some of their feathers, collect and stitch them to her body and flew away. Hayainu woke up. She went to the spot and requested the birds for some of their feathers so that she could get a basketful of them. The birds fell pity on her and agreed. Once she got the feathers full of a basket, she wrapped some clothes around herself. Then, she sewed the feathers into the wrapped clothes. While she was doing that, her stepbrother saw her. Her stepbrother asked her not to leave him. She was explaining the reasons why she was doing so. Meanwhile, she completed her sewing. At that time, the same flock of hornbills were flying by. Hayainu called out to them requesting them to lift her up into the air. The birds picked her up and she flew away with them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_2aUBfVI44C&dq=Manipuri+folk+tale+hornbill&pg=PA48|title=First Sun Stories: Unusual Folk Tales from the North East|date=2005|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-89020-33-0|pages=48|language=en}}</ref> Her stepbrother ran to his mother and narrated the whole story. Her stepmother was pleased with the news of Hayainu's departure. Some time passed, Hayainu's father returned home. Seeing Hayainu absent, he asked his wife about his daughter. She did not reply but their son told him everything that had happened. Hayainu's father became angry and drove the stepmother out of the house. In another version of the story, Hayainu's father just beat his wife but did not drove her out of the house. Hayainu's father was shocked by the news. He worried about his lovely daughter so much. So, he went out into the fields and called out to her to come back. Every day, he called her until one day he saw her coming with a flock of hornbills. Immediately, he took out a plate of rice and asked her to come and eat with him. Hayainu denied her father's offer telling him that she was then a part of the hornbill's world (bird life) and she could not mingle up with the human beings again. Saying that, she flew away with her flock.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajkumari|first=Yaisna|date=2015|title=Manipuri Folktales|journal=Indian Literature|volume=59|issue=1 (285)|pages=53–59| jstor=44479262 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Human turning into Uchek Langmei Meena Uchek Langmei Onba|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Human_turning_into_Uchek_Langmei_Meena_Uchek_Langmei_Onba|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466222/page/n74/mode/2up|title=Manipuri Fungga Waree|last=Singh|first=Babu I. r|date=2005|pages=74|language=mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466222/page/n75/mode/2up|title=Manipuri Fungga Waree|last=Singh|first=Babu I. r|date=2005|pages=75|language=mni}}</ref>
[[File:Uchek Langmeidong.jpg|thumb|250px|Hayainu (after becoming Uchek Langmeitong) flying downwards to perch on a wooden pole to talk to her father.]]

== Editions ==
In 2010, the folktale of Uchek Langmeidong was produced in the form of a comic book, in [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]]) in [[Latin script]]. It was authored by Subadani Ksh.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466613/page/n46/mode/2up|title=Illustrated Folk Tales Of Manipur|last=Subadani|first=Ksh|date=2010|pages=46}}</ref>

In 2011, the folktale of Uchek Langmeidong was produced in the form of a comic book, with the name, ''Chekla Langmeitong''. Notably, it is the first comic book ever published in [[Meitei script]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek Folktale comic released: 18th dec11 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..181211.dec11|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The folk story was reproduced into a play, ''"Uchek Langmeidong (The Chorus of the Birds)"'', by Ratan Thiyam, a drama director of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s39WAAAAMAAJ&q=uchek+langmeidong|title=Oriental Theatre: Drama, Opera, Dance and Puppetry in the Far East|last=Freund|first=Philip|date=2005|publisher=Peter Owen|isbn=978-0-7206-1208-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxXVnoMYWVAC&q=uchek+langmeidong|title=Contemporary Theatre of India: An Overview|last=Ahuja|first=Chaman|date=2012|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-6492-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkv1UX9ycn4C&q=uchek+langmeidong |journal=Quarterly Journal |title=Quarterly Journal |access-date=2023-04-06 |number=8 |date=1979 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwVuAAAAMAAJ&q=uchek+langmeidong |magazine=The India Magazine of Her People and Culture |title=The India Magazine of Her People and Culture |access-date=2023-04-06 |date=1990 |publisher=A. H. Advani |language=en |number=11}}</ref>
With the production of the play, the Chorus Repertory received recognition from the critics, presented at the 1979 Shri Ram Centre National Drama Festival.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCFkAAAAMAAJ&q=uchek+langmeidong|title=Chakravyuha|last1=Thiyam|first1=Ratan|last2=Nagpal|first2=Kavita|date=1998|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-81-7046-093-0|language=en}}</ref>

In 2008, ''"Uchek Langmeidong"'', an animation feature film, was produced, based on the folktale.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Uchek Langmeidong' : Animation film released: 05th apr08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..050408.apr08|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from "Uchek Langmeidong" :: Manipuri Animation Film ~ Pictures from Manipur|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=4&src=Movies/UchekLangmeidong|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

In 2016, the folk legend was once more recreated into its theatrical form, performed by the child actors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CCC Uchek Langmeidong a taste of children theatre By Rajmani Ayekpam|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.theatre.CCC_Uchek_Langmeidong_a_taste_of_children_theatre_By_Rajmani_Ayekpam|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Hayainu collecting herbs.jpg
File:Fishing in the lake.jpg
File:Hayainu carrying the baskets of fishes and herbs.jpg
File:Hayainu bathing with her friends.jpg
File:Hayainu requesting to the hornbill birds.jpg
File:Hayainu waiting for the feathers of the hornbill birds.jpg
File:Hayainu receiving the feathers of the hornbill birds.jpg
File:Hayainu collecting the feathers of the hornbill birds.jpg
File:Hayainu as the Uchek Langmeidong ready to fly.jpg
File:Hayainu as the Uchek Langmeidong.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Siren (mythology)]]
* [[Harpy]]
* [[Gamayun]]
* [[Alkonost]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Uchek Langmeitong}}

* {{Cite web|title=Manipur - E-Pao! :: Site Search|url=http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311:3788634109&cof=FORID:10&ie=UTF-8&q=Uchek+Langmeidong&sa.x=0&sa.y=0|website=e-pao.net}}

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[[Category:Avian humanoids]]
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[[Category:Legendary creatures in popular culture]]
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[[Category:Mythological human hybrids]]
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Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba

2024-02-11T16:50:55Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} {{Short description|Old Meitei folktale}} {{See also|List of Meitei folktales}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox folk tale |Folk_Tale_Name = {{langnf|mni|Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba|Old Man and Old Woman planting Colocasia/Taro|break=yes}} |Image_Name = ꯍꯅꯨꯕ ꯍꯅꯨꯕꯤ ꯄꯥꯟ ꯊꯥꯕ.jpg |Image_Caption = An illustration of a 20th century Meitei la..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Short description|Old Meitei folktale}}
{{See also|List of Meitei folktales}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = {{langnf|mni|Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba|Old Man and Old Woman planting [[Colocasia]]/[[Taro]]|break=yes}}
|Image_Name = ꯍꯅꯨꯕ ꯍꯅꯨꯕꯤ ꯄꯥꯟ ꯊꯥꯕ.jpg
|Image_Caption = An illustration of a 20th century [[Meitei language]] story book titled ''Hanuba Hanubi Pal Thaba'', by Yaiskul Thounaojam
|AKA = Hanubi Hentak! Hanuba Hentak!
|Mythology = [[Meitei mythology]]
|Country =
* [[Manipur Kingdom]] (historical)
* [[India]] (current)
|Region = [[Kangleipak]] ([[Manipur]])
|Origin_Date =
|Published_In =
|Related = [[Keibu Keioiba]], [[Lai Khutsangbi]], [[Sandrembi and Chaisra]], [[Tapta]], [[Uchek Langmeitong]]
}}

The {{langnf|mni|'''Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba'''|Old Man and Old Woman planting [[Colocasia]]/[[Taro]]}}, also known as the {{lang|mni|'''Hanubi Hentak! Hanuba Hentak!'''}}, is a [[Meitei folktale]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]). It is about the story of an [[husband|old man]], an [[wife|old woman]] and some monkeys.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S Sanatombi |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0065/page/n51/mode/2up |title=মণিপুরী ফুংগাৱারী |date=2014 |page=51 |language=mni |script-title=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRHUDwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuba+hanubi+pan+thaba+folktale+manipur&pg=PA355|title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture|last=Tamang|first=Jyoti Prakash|date=2020-03-02|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-15-1486-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuba+hanubi+paan+thaaba+folktale&pg=PT271|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last1=Meitei|first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en}}</ref>

== Story ==
Once there was a childless old couple, who used to treat a group of monkeys, from the nearby forest, kindly like their own children. One day, the old couple was planting [[taro]] plants ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯟ/ꯄꯥꯜ}}|"paan"/"paal"}}) in their kitchen garden. Seeing that, the monkeys told the two that it was actually not the right way to plant taros.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n51/mode/1up|title=Folktales of Manipur|last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma|last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh|date=2014|page=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT33|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=33|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT34|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=34|language=en}}</ref> They told the two that the best peeled off tubers of the [[taro]]s should initially be boiled in a pot until softened and after getting cooled, these should be planted by wrapping in the banana leaves tightly. The old couple believed the monkeys and they did so as suggested.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n52/mode/1up|title=Folktales of Manipur|last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma|last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh|date=2014|page=52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT35|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=35|language=en}}</ref> In the midnight, the monkeys relished all the cooked taros from the garden. And in place of all those delicious taros, they uprooted some inedible giant wild taros from somewhere and planted them in the garden.
In the next morning, the old couple were surprised at the sudden growth of the taros they had planted the previous day. The two immediately prepared a dish of the recently full-grown taros and ate them. But as soon as they gulped some, both felt a tingling sensation in their throat. Unable to bear the allergy, both asked to give {{langnf|mni|hentak|a traditional edible paste made from fish meat and some vegetables}} to each other. It was only after they had the hentak that their allergy was cured.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n53/mode/1up|title=Folktales of Manipur|last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma|last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh|date=2014|page=53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT36|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=36|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Oinam 37">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT37|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=37|language=en}}</ref> Realising that the monkeys had tricked them, the two devised a plan for revenge. And according to the plan, the old man ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯅꯨꯕ}}|"hanuba"}}) pretended to be dead, and the old woman ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯅꯨꯕꯤ}}|"hanubi"}}) cried out loudly to make the monkeys hear her cry. Then, the monkeys came there and asked the old woman what had happened. She told them that the old man died after eating the taros.<ref name="Oinam 37"/> She asked them to help her taking the old man's body out in the lawn. All the monkeys, unaware of the plan, came inside the house. As soon as they came near the old man, he took up his stick and started beating them. Frightened, they all ran away. The old couple knew that the monkeys would surely come back.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n54/mode/1up|title=Folktales of Manipur|last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma|last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh|date=2014|page=54}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT38|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=38|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT39|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=39|language=en}}</ref> So, they climbed up on the attic and hid there. When the monkeys arrived, the attic broke and felt upon them. Thus, they fled the spot. Fearing that they might come back again, the old couple hid inside a large pot. When the monkeys came back, the old man started to fart slowly. Then, the old woman also farted but she did in an uncontrollable way that the pot banged on. The banging sound was too loud that the monkeys fled the spot and never came back.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n55/mode/1up|title=Folktales of Manipur|last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma|last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh|date=2014|page=55}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT40|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=40|language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
"Hanubi Hentak" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯅꯨꯕꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯇꯥꯛ}}|}}), an animation feature film, based on the folktale, was produced by the PUPU FOLKs TV in 2017.
{{langnf|mni|"Paan Thaaba"|italic=no|Planting [[Taro]]}}, a play directed by Dr. Usham Rojio, based on the folktale, was premiered in MDU on 15 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-16|title=Paan Thaba staged |newspaper=Pothashang News|url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/04/16/paan-thaba-staged/|access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-07|title=Planting Taro: Subverting the Tale |newspaper=Pothashang News|url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/06/07/planting-taro-subverting-tale/|access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tha Tha Thabungton]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Old_Couple_Plants_Taro_Hanuba_hanubi_paan_thaba_By_Akham_Gautam Old Couple Plants Taro Hanuba hanubi paan thaba]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466056/mode/1up Hanuba Hanubi Pal Thaba, 1990]
* [http://e-paolive.net/download/education/2017/04/HanubiHanuba_By_James_Oinam_2017.pdf Hanuba Hanubi education]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Animals in folklore]]
[[Category:Fictional monkeys]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Monkeys in art]]
[[Category:Monkeys in India]]
[[Category:Monkeys in popular culture]]
[[Category:Plants in art]]
[[Category:Plants in children literature]]
[[Category:Plants in culture]]
[[Category:Plants in mythology]]
[[Category:Taros]]
[[Category:Wisdom literature]]

Hills and mountains in Meitei culture

2024-02-11T16:49:53Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Description of hills and mountains in Meitei culture}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} "Ching", a [[Meitei language root word for "hill" or "mountain"]] Many {{langnf|mni|'''Ching'''s|hills and mountains}} play significant role in different elements of [[Meitei culture]..."

{{Short description|Description of hills and mountains in Meitei culture}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
[[File:"Ching", a Meitei language root word for "hill" or "mountain".jpg|thumb|300px|"Ching", a [[Meitei language]] [[root word]] for "hill" or "mountain"]]
Many {{langnf|mni|'''Ching'''s|[[hills]] and [[mountains]]}} play significant role in different elements of [[Meitei culture]], including but not limited to [[Meitei folklore]], [[Meitei folktales]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]] and Meitei religion ([[Sanamahism]]) of {{langnf|mni|Kangleipak|[[Manipur]]}}.

== Terms in Meitei ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Terms in [[Meitei language]] {{small|(officially called 'Manipuri')}}
! Translation(s)
! Notes/References
|-
| "Ching" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡ}}}})
| either a [[hill]] or a [[mountain]]
|<ref name=":uchicago">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |pages=67, 68 |language=mni, en}}</ref>
|-
| "Cingjāo" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡꯖꯥꯎ}}||hill/mountain‑to be large}})
| a high mountain
|<ref name=":uchicago" />
|-
| "Cingdum" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡꯗꯨꯝ}}||hill‑sth rounded}})
| a hillock; mound
|<ref name=":uchicago" />
|-
| "Cingsāng" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯥꯡ}}||hill/mountain‑to be long}})
| the range of a hill or mountain
|<ref name=":uchicago" />
|}

== Heingang Ching {{anchor|Marjing Ching}} ==
{{Main|Heingang Ching}}
[[File:ꯍꯩꯉꯥꯡ ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯒꯣꯜ ꯃꯤꯇꯝ.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Marjing Polo Statue]] inside the [[Marjing Polo Complex]] in November, 2022]]
In [[Meitei mythology]] and religion ([[Sanamahism]]), the [[Heingang Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯉꯥꯡ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}) is a [[sacred mountain]] and the home of God [[Marjing]], the [[ancient Meitei deity]] of {{langnf|mni|Sagol Kangjei|[[polo]]}}, {{langnf|mni|[[Khong Kangjei]]|[[hockey]]}} and [[Manipuri Pony|Meitei horse (Manipuri pony)]].<ref name="nagalandpost.com">{{Cite news |title=World's tallest polo statue to be constructed in Mnp |newspaper=Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/worlds-tallest-polo-statue-to-be-constructed-in-mnp/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polo team launched, field inaugurated: 14th jan16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..140116.jan16 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

The [[Government of Manipur]] developed [[Marjing Polo Statue]], the world's tallest [[equestrian statue]] of a player of {{langnf|mni|Sagol Kangjei|[[polo]] game}}, riding a [[Manipuri pony|Meitei horse]] ([[Manipuri pony]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-01-06 |title=Manipur: Amit Shah will unveil the tallest statue of the polo player, will hoist the tricolor at the historic site - News8Plus-Realtime Updates On Breaking News & Headlines |url=https://news8plus.com/manipur-amit-shah-will-unveil-the-tallest-statue-of-the-polo-player-will-hoist-the-tricolor-at-the-historic-site/ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="nagalandpost.com"/> standing inside the [[Marjing Polo Complex]], the sacred sports site dedicated to God [[Marjing]], which is on the hilltop of the [[Heingang Ching]], being historically, mythologically and religiously associated with the game of [[polo]] ({{lang-mni|Sagol Kangjei}}).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chief Minister Biren inaugurates Marjing Polo Complex; says Polo ground will also be constructed at the hillock shortly |url=https://www.impacttv.in/breaking-news/item/1263-chief-minister-biren-inaugurates-marjing-polo-complex-says-polo-ground-will-also-be-constructed-at-the-hillock-shortly |work=Impact TV |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-25 |title=Manipur CM N Biren Singh inaugurates Marjing Polo Complex in Imphal |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur-cm-n-biren-singh-inaugurates-marjing-polo-complex-in-imphal.html |work=Northeast Now |language=en-US}}</ref>
It is built to commemorate the game of "modern polo" being originated from {{langnf|mni|Kangleipak|[[Manipur]]}}.<ref>–{{Cite news |date=2023-01-06 |title=Manipur: Union Home Minister Amit Shah Unveils 122-feet-tall Polo Statue In Imphal |newspaper=Ukhrul Times |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipur-union-home-minister-amit-shah-unveils-122-feet-tall-polo-statue-in-imphal/ |language=en-US}} –{{Cite news |date=2022-07-05 |title=120 feet Polo Statue to be {{as written|Bui|ld [sic]}} in Manipur, the Birthplace of the Sport |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/120-feet-polo-statue-to-be-build-in-manipur-the-birthplace-of-the-sport-5494663.html |work=News18 |language=en}} –{{Cite news |date=2022-11-17 |title=Construction Of Much-Awaited 120-Ft-Tall Effigy Of 'Sagol Kangjei' Completed; Upholds Historical Significance Of Polo Sport |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/11/17/construction-of-much-awaited-120-ft-tall-effigy-of-sagol-kangjei-completed-upholds-historical-significance-of-polo-sport/ |work=Northeast Today |language=en-US}} –{{Cite news |date=2023-01-06 |title=Amit Shah inaugurates 122 feet tall Marjing Polo Statue |url=https://signpostnews.com/amit-shah-inaugurates-marjing-polo-statue/ |work=Signpost News |language=en-GB}} –{{Cite news |title=Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurates 122-feet Marjing Polo Statue in Manipur |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/home-minister-amit-shah-inaugurates-122-feet-marjing-polo-statue-in-manipur |newspaper=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Koupalu Ching ==
The [[Mount Koubru|Koupalu Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯧꯄꯂꯨ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), also known as the [[Mount Koubru|Koubaru Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯧꯕꯔꯨ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}) or the [[Mount Koubru|Koubru Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯧꯕ꯭ꯔꯨ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), in the Northwest of [[Kangleipak]], is a [[sacred mountain]] and a divine abode of [[Koupalu]] (Koubru), the [[ancient Meitei deity]], who protects the Northwest direction.
Innumerable shrines and holy sites dedicated to Him are located in its mountainous realms, where [[Meitei people]] regularly visit and worship Him. Many [[ancient Meitei language]] texts including but not limited to the Chinglon Laihui, the Chinggoirol, the Chingsatlon, the Nunglon mentioned about the Koupalu Ching (Koubru Ching).<ref>{{Cite periodical |last=Laiba |first=Mangancha Thoudam |date=2021-01-30 |title=The Beautiful Legends and Myths of the Meeteis About Sacred Koubru Chinggoirol |periodical=Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/the-beautiful-legends-and-myths-of-the-meeteis-about-sacred-koubru-chinggoirol/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Kounu Ching ==
The "Kounu Ching" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯧꯅꯨ ꯆꯤꯡ}}||Mount Kounu}}), located in the [[Senapati district]] of [[Manipur]], is a [[sacred mountain]] as well as a divine abode of [[ancient Meitei goddess]] [[Kounu]], the consort of God [[Koupalu]] (Koubru). Numerous shrines and sacred sites dedicated to her are found scattered across the mountain. [[Meitei people]] regularly visit and worship her in her holy sanctuaries.<ref>{{Cite web |website=Kangla Online |title=While passing Mount Kounu, a sacred place of Kounu Lairembi |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2017/02/while-passing-mount-kounu-a-sacred-place-of-kounu-lairembi/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Langkol Ching ==
=== Langkol Chingkoipa {{anchor|Langgol Chinggoiba}} ===
The '''Langkol Chingkoipa (Langgol Chinggoiba)''' is an [[ancient Meitei language]] text which is a description for the Langkol Ching ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯡꯀꯣꯜ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), also called the Langgol Ching ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯡꯒꯣꯜ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), a hill situated in the north of [[Imphal]]. According to the text, the Langkol Ching is the first perfect creation of seven goddesses and eighteen gods.<ref name="Singh 1996 103">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=103 |language=en, mni}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|When [[Panthoibi]], the Meitei princess, was sporting with her paramour [[Nongpok Ningthou]], she reminded him of the crack of dawn and of the fear of them being seen by her mother-in-law Manu Tekngā. Henceforth the slope has been known as Chingnung Shoy.|Langkol Chingkoipa (Langgol Chinggoiba){{efn|name=places|These are the descriptions of the different places in the Langkol Ching.}}<ref name="Singh 1996 103">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=103 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}

{{Blockquote|And this is the place where Nungpan Choupri maintained his kiddle for which he laid a wooden beam across the stream and erected strong reeds densely beneath it to block the passage of fishes. He handed over regularly to his wife those caught in daytime. But for some successive nights no fish could be found in the trap for which his wife developed suspicion of his having [[extramarital affairs|illicit relation with another woman]]. He sincerely pleaded that some evil spirits might have gobbled them up during the night. The fisherman invoked the god of the sky to save him from this predicament. Blessed as he was, he kept a night-long vigil on the top of a tree and could dispel with his sharp sword a rabble of [[goblin]]s who clambered up to devour him. Therefore the place took the name of Laihat Shoy and also Aham Shoy as the fisherman returned home with an empty creel.|Langkol Chingkoipa (Langgol Chinggoiba){{efn|name=places}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=103, 104 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}

== Nongmaiching Ching {{anchor|Nongmaiching|Nongmaijing|Nongmaijing Ching|Selloi Langmai Ching|Langmai Ching}} ==
{{Main|Nongmaiching Ching}}

[[File:ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯆꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯪ (ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯀꯤꯌꯣꯡ)ꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯊꯪꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯞꯄ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯑꯃ.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Kiyong]] shrine is the central body of the [[Nongmaiching Ching#University of Sanamahi Culture|University of Sanamahi Culture]], in the hilltop of the [[Nongmaiching Ching]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanamahi Kiyong Donation: 15th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp8..151208.dec08 |website=e-pao.net |quote=THE DONATIONS for the construction of Sanamahi Kiyong, which will be the central body of Sanamahi Lainingkol (University of Sanamahi Culture) at Chingoi Maru Langmaiching (Nongmaiching) is going on.}}</ref>]]

=== Nongmaiching Chingkoipa {{anchor|Nongmaijing Chinggoiba}} ===
The '''Nongmaiching Chingkoipa''' (also called, '''"Nongmaijing Chinggoiba"''') is an ancient [[Meitei language]] text. It describes the sprawling branches of the [[Nongmaiching mountain]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯆꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), which extends from the North to the South of the [[Imphal Valley]] of [[Kangleipak]].<ref name="Singh 1996 102">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
The opening lines of the text describes the Nongmaiching to a king as follows:
{{Blockquote|O King, the mountain situated in the east and beyond the river is the abode of [[Kainou Chingsomba]], lord of the Langmais. They attain majestic heights, are washed by seven streams, project into nine ranges and abound with deep gorges and sun-drenched ridges... They catch first the sight of every onlooker and stand steadfast unshaken by great earthquakes as if held by strong iron pegs and with their peaks kissed by white flakes of cloud. Their slopes are smoothly carpeted green with [[Centella asiatica|pennywort]]s under the shadow of tall and robust plants of [[sugarcane|cane]] and they are also dotted with dense growth of tall reeds. And the gorges reverberate against the strong current of wind. Of these mountain ranges the bard would like to sing.|Nongmaiching Chingkoipa (Nongmaijing Chinggoiba)<ref name="Singh 1996 102">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}
Following these lines, the author describes on many [[cliff]]s, [[slope]]s and its peripheral areas of the Nongmaiching mountain.<ref name="Singh 1996 102">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=102 |language=en, mni}}</ref>

=== Panthoibi Naheirol ===
{{See also|Panthoibi#Panthoibi Naheirol|Nongmaiching Ching#Panthoibi Naheirol}}
The "Panthoibi Naheirol" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯅꯥꯍꯩꯔꯣꯜ}}|pānthoibī nāheirōl}}) is an [[ancient Meitei language]] text. According to it, [[ancient Meitei goddess]] [[Panthoibi]] pretended to be unwell in front of her mother, just to make her mother call physician [[Nongpok Ningthou]] (her secret [[Love|paramour]]) for the treatment of her fake illness.<ref name="Singh 1996 61">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=61 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
While telling her mother about Nongpok Ningthou, princess Panthoibi mentioned the Nongmaiching (aka Langmai Ching) as follows:
{{Blockquote|As I told you there is one who is reigning supreme in the Langmai Hills on whose slope the sun shines first.|[[Panthoibi]] to her mother in the "Panthoibi Naheirol"<ref name="Singh 1996 61">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=61 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}

== Thangching Ching ==
The [[Thangjing Hill|Thangching Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯡꯆꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), also known as the [[Thangjing Hill|Thangjing Ching]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡ}}}}), located in the Southwest of [[Kangleipak]], is the divine abode of [[ancient Meitei god]] [[Thangching]] ([[Thangjing]]), the guardian deity of the southwestern direction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The God Lainingthou Thangching Koylellai |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/2/5/Dr-Mangangcha-Thoudam-Laiba-Contd-from-previous-issueIt-is-called-Yai-The-place-is-called-Kanglei-Pungmayol-because-of-it-being-the-residence-of-the-two-Supreme-God-and-Goddess-it-is-called-Ma.amp.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> Shrines dedicated to Him are built in the Thangching ching, where his devotees visit and worship Him regularly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youths killed in clash over worship |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/youths-killed-in-clash-over-worship/cid/532753 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Plants in Meitei culture]]
* [[Birds in Meitei culture]]
* [[Animals in Meitei culture]]
* [[Geography of Manipur]]
* [[Sacred mountains]]
* [[World mountain]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Geography of Manipur]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Meitei pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]

Plants in Meitei culture

2024-02-11T16:49:01Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Description of plants in Meitei culture}} {{About|the usage of plants specifically in Meitei culture|the worldwide perspective|Plants in culture}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} Many {{langnf|mni|'''pāmbī'''s|plants}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-b..."

{{Short description|Description of plants in Meitei culture}}
{{About|the usage of plants specifically in [[Meitei culture]]|the worldwide perspective|Plants in culture}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
Many {{langnf|mni|'''pāmbī'''s|[[plant]]s}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4&searchhws=yes# |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |page=115 |language=mni, en}}</ref> play significant roles in the different elements of [[Meitei culture]], including but not limited to [[Meitei cuisine]], [[Meitei festivals]], [[Meitei folklore]], [[Meitei folktales]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]] and Meitei religion ([[Sanamahism]]) of {{langnf|mni|Kangleipak|[[Manipur]]}}.
[[File:ꯈꯌꯣꯝ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ.jpg|thumb|300px|Arrangement of different plant items for a religious ritual in [[Meitei culture]]]]
[[File:An old sacred banyan tree in the shrine of Lord Wangpulen (Wangbren) inside the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|300px|Worship of a banyan tree inside the [[Kangla]]]]

== Perspective of Mother nature ==

The "Hijan Hirao" ({{lang-omp|"Hichan Hilao"}}), an [[ancient Meitei language]] narrative poem, mentions that King Hongnem [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]] of [[Luwang dynasty]] once ordered his men for the cutting down a tree in the forest for crafting out a beautiful royal [[Hiyang Hiren]]. In accordance to the story, his servants found out a big tree growing on the slope of a mountain and by the side of a river.
They performed traditional customary rites and rituals before chopping off the tree on the following day.
In the death of the night, Mother nature started weeping in the fear of losing her dear child, the tree.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |url= |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=16, 17 |language=en, mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Bīrendranātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRvaAAAAMAAJ |title=A Handbook of Folklore Material of North-East India |last2=Śarmā |first2=Nabīnacandra |date=1994 |publisher=Anundoram Borooah Institute of Language, Art & Culture, Assam |location=India |page=356 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barua |first=Lalit Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoECgkZ0Wu0C |title=Oral Tradition and Folk Heritage of North East India |date=1999 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |isbn=978-81-87502-02-9 |location=India |page=71 |language=en}}</ref>
The painful lamentations of mother nature is described in the poem as follows:
{{Blockquote|At dead of night 
The mother who begot the tree 
And the mother of all giant trees, The queen of the hill-range 
And the mistress of the gorges 
Took the tall and graceful tree 
To her bosom and wailed: 
"O my son, tall and big, 
While yet an infant, a sapling 
Didn't I tell you To be an ordinary tree? 
*
*
The king's men have found you out And bought your life with gold and silver. * *
At daybreak, hacked at the trunk 
You will be found lying prostrate. No longer will you respond
To your mother's call Nor a likeness of you 
Shall be found, when I survey The whole hillside. 
Who shall now relieve my grief?|Hichan Hilao (Hijan Hirao)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=16, 17 |language=en, mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Bīrendranātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRvaAAAAMAAJ |title=A Handbook of Folklore Material of North-East India |last2=Śarmā |first2=Nabīnacandra |date=1994 |publisher=Anundoram Borooah Institute of Language, Art & Culture, Assam |location=India |page=356 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barua |first=Lalit Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoECgkZ0Wu0C |title=Oral Tradition and Folk Heritage of North East India |date=1999 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |isbn=978-81-87502-02-9 |location=India |page=71 |language=en}}</ref>}}

== Plants used in rites and rituals ==
{{langnf|mni|Kushumlei/Kusumlei|[[safflower]]}} is used by the [[Meitei people]] for decorations during the [[Sajibu Cheiraoba]] (Meitei Lunar Near Year Day) celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-25 |title=Kushumlei |url=https://medicinalplants.co.in/kushumlei/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Manipur Medicinal Plants |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{langnf|mni|Kombirei|[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]}} is also used by the Meitei people for decorations during the [[Sajibu Cheiraoba]] (Meitei Lunar Near Year Day) celebrations. In [[Meitei culture]], Kombirei flower represents love, life and death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Lamphel Nawa Kombirei'' - Traditional offering at Cheiraoba: The most romantic flower in Manipur |author=Irengbam Mohendra Singh |date=24 March 2020 |url=http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Lamphel_Nawa_Kombirei_Traditional_offering_at_Cheiraoba_By_Irengbam_Mohendra.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transplantation efforts on to save Manipur's indigenous flower 'Kombirei' |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/6996/transplantation-efforts-on-to-save-manipurs-indigenous-flower-kombirei |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref> It is frequently mentioned in the [[Meitei folktales]] and folk songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iris laevigata - Water Iris |url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Water%20Iris.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Flowers of India}}</ref>
In honor of this flowering plant species, the [[Government of Manipur]], organises the "Kombirei Festival" every year, in the aim to preserve and conserve the natural habitats of ethnic flowers like Kombirei.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dy CM inaugurates Kombirei Festival -2021 |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/4/13/Imphal-Apr-12-DIPR-Deputy-Chief-Minister-Yumnam-Joykumar-Singh-has-reiterated-that-the-Government-is-committed-to-restore-water-bodies-to-conserve-rare-flora-and-fauna-of-Manipur-He-was-speaking.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |work=The Sangai Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-12 |title=Kombirei Festival kicks off |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2021/04/12/kombirei-festival-kicks-off/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Real plants mentioned in old texts ==
=== Cape jasmine description ===
Giving reference to Meitei King [[Khagemba]] and the [[Manipur Kingdom]], the beauty and grace of [[Kaboklei|Lei Kabok]] flower, also called {{lang|mni|Kabok Lei}} ({{lang|la|[[Gardenia jasminoides]]}}, [[cape jasmine]]), is described by Meitei King [[Charairongba]], in his book, the "Leiron", as follows:
{{Blockquote|It is a flower that remains ever fresh as not eaten by worms and is fondly sought after in the four corners of [[Manipur Kingdom|the country]], eight directions, nay in all quarters. It is distinct for its beautiful shape, its tender stalk and for its pure white colour. It is a flower once nurtured by King [[Khagemba]] who preferred to take it with him even for his long home. It is a flower that comes handy to both boys and girls as a present of love. Such a luscious flower has blossomed forth in an unending array of white and definitely the season is of this flower.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=92, 93 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}

== Real plants mentioned in folklore ==
=== Colocasia/Taro plantation folktale ===
[[File:ꯍꯅꯨꯕ ꯍꯅꯨꯕꯤ ꯄꯥꯟ ꯊꯥꯕ.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Meitei folktale]] of {{langnf|mni|[[Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba]]|term1=[[Old Man and Old Woman planting Colocasia]] |term2=[[Old Man and Old Woman planting Taro|Taro]]}}]]
In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore]] of {{langnf|mni|Kangleipak|[[Manipur]]}}, {{langnf|mni|Pān|term1=[[Colocasia]] |term2=[[Taro]]}} plants are mentioned. In the [[Meitei folktale]] of the {{langnf|mni|[[Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba]]|term1=[[Old Man and Old Woman planting Colocasia]] |term2=[[Old Man and Old Woman planting Taro|Taro]]}},<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-16|title=Paan Thaba staged |newspaper=Pothashang News|url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/04/16/paan-thaba-staged/|access-date=2021-04-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-07|title=Planting Taro: Subverting the Tale |newspaper=Pothashang News|url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/06/07/planting-taro-subverting-tale/|access-date=2021-04-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Couple Plants Taro :: ''Hanuba-hanubi paan thaba Fungawari Singbul'' |author=B. Jayantakumar Sharma |translator=Akham Gautam Singh |date=8 August 2017 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Old_Couple_Plants_Taro_Hanuba_hanubi_paan_thaba_By_Akham_Gautam |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=E-pao}}</ref> an old aged lonely couple, who have no youths in their family, were deceived by some trickster monkeys, regarding the planting of the Colocasia/Taro plants in a very different unusual style of plantation.<ref>{{Cite book |section=The old couple and the taro plants |section-url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n51/mode/1up|title=Folktales of Manipur|author=B. Jayantakumar Sharma |author2=Chirom Rajketan Singh |translator=Kamaljit Chirom |date=2014|page=51 |publisher=Cultural Research Centre Manipur |isbn=978-93-83201-14-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Hanube and Hanuba |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT33|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=33|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Hanube and Hanuba |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT34|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=34|language=en}}</ref>
The old couple agreed to do the monkeys' advices, peeling off the best tubers of the plants, then boiling them in a pot until softened and after cooling them off, wrapping them in banana leaves and putting them inside the soils of the grounds.<ref>{{Cite book |section=The old couple and the taro plants |section-url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n52/mode/1up|title=Folktales of Manipur|author=B. Jayantakumar Sharma |author2=Chirom Rajketan Singh |translator=Kamaljit Chirom |date=2014|page=52 |publisher=Cultural Research Centre Manipur |isbn=978-93-83201-14-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Hanube and Hanuba |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT35|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=35|language=en}}</ref>
In the middle of the night, the monkeys secretly came into the farm and ate all the well cooked plants. After their eating, they (monkeys) planted some inedible giant wild plants in the place where the old couple had placed the cooked plant tubers. In the morning, the old couple were amazed to see the plants getting fully grown up just after one day of planting the tubers. They were unaware of the tricks of the monkeys. So, the old couple cooked and ate the inedible wild Taro plants. As a reaction of eating the wild plants, they suffered from the unbearable [[tingling]] sensation in their [[throat]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |section=The old couple and the taro plants |section-url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n53/mode/1up|title=Folktales of Manipur|author=B. Jayantakumar Sharma |author2=Chirom Rajketan Singh |translator=Kamaljit Chirom |date=2014|page=53 |publisher=Cultural Research Centre Manipur |isbn=978-93-83201-14-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Hanube and Hanuba |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT36|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=36|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Oinam 37">{{Cite book |chapter=Hanube and Hanuba |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT37|title=New Folktales of Manipur|last=Oinam|first=James|date=2016-05-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-945400-70-4|page=37|language=en}}</ref>

== Meitei language films named after plants ==
* [[Kaboklei]]
* [[Leipaklei]]
* [[Nobap]]
* [[Orchids of Manipur (film)]]

== See also ==
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei culture]]
* [[Birds in Meitei culture]]
* [[Animals in Meitei culture]]
* [[Vegetation deity]]
* [[Trees in mythology]]
* [[Sacred garden]]
* [[Sacred tree]]
* [[Floral emblem]]
* [[Plant epithet]]
* [[Nongmaiching Reserved Forest]]
* [[Flora (mythology)]]
* [[Greek garden]]
* [[Roman garden]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Plants in culture]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]

Birds in Meitei culture

2024-02-11T16:47:41Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Accounts on birds in Meitei culture}} {{Further|Animals in Meitei culture}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} {{langnf|mni|'''Uchek'''s|Birds}} have significant roles in different elements of Meitei culture, including but not limited to Meitei cuisine, Meitei dances, Meitei festivals, Meitei folklore, Meitei folktales, Meitei literature, M..."

{{Short description|Accounts on birds in Meitei culture}}
{{Further|Animals in Meitei culture}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{langnf|mni|'''Uchek'''s|Birds}} have significant roles in different elements of [[Meitei culture]], including but not limited to [[Meitei cuisine]], [[Meitei dances]], [[Meitei festivals]], [[Meitei folklore]], [[Meitei folktales]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], etc.

== Crows in Meitei culture ==
{{Further|Kwaak Taanba}}

== Doves and pigeons in Meitei culture {{anchor|Doves in Meitei culture|Pigeons in Meitei culture|Columbidae in Meitei culture}} ==
=== Goddess of doves and pigeons ===
{{Further|Khunu Leima}}
[[File:ꯈꯨꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯃ.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Khunu Leima]], the [[Meitei goddess]] of [[doves]] and [[pigeons]]]]

In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism|religion]], '''[[Khunu Leima]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯨꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯃ}}|/khoo-noo lei-ma/}}), also known as '''[[Khunureima]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯨꯅꯨꯔꯩꯃ}}|/khoo-noo-rei-ma/}}), is a goddess associated with [[pigeon]]s and [[dove]]s. She is one of the three dearest daughters of the sky god. Along with her two sisters, [[Nganu Leima]] and [[Shapi Leima]], she got married the same person, who is a mortal.<ref>–{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ&q=Khunu+Leima+pigeon |title=Folk Culture of Manipur |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |date=1993 |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-81-7049-063-0 |language=en}} –{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0065/page/n202/mode/2up |title=Manipuri Phungawari |year=2014 |pages=202 |language=mni}} –{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467071/page/n107/mode/2up |title=Eben Mayogee Leipareng |year=1995 |pages=107 |language=mni}} –{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466201/page/n43/mode/2up |title=Tal Taret |year=2006 |pages=43 |language=mni}} –{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfDNm96yCPIC&q=Khunu+Leima+goddess+pigeons&pg=PA70 |title=Folk Tales of the North-East |last=Regunathan |first=Sudhamahi |date=2005 |publisher=Children's Book Trust |isbn=978-81-7011-967-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pigeon in the story of Sandrembi and Chaisra ===
In the [[Meitei folktale]] of [[Sandrembi and Chaisra]], Lady Sandrembi, after being killed by her stepsister and stepmother, transformed herself into a pigeon and flew into the Royal Garden of the king, her husband. She perched on a tree branch and told the Royal Gardener, about the forgetfulness of the King about his wife Queen Sandrembi, the animal epidemic happened in the kingdom, the grievances of the Prince (Sandrembi's son) and the loss of the gardener's own sickle in a recent past. Sandrembi told him to report these words to the King. The king, on hearing the news, came by himself, to the pigeon in the garden. Holding some grains of paddy in his hands, the King brought and kept the supernatural bird (Sandrembi's bird form) in his custody. Even as a pigeon, she took care of the Prince. During the King's absence, Chaisra (the imposter and Sandrembi's stepsister) slaughtered the pigeon and cooked a nice meal from the meat.<ref name="Sandrembi and Chaisra">{{Cite web |title=Sandrembi and Chaisra |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Sandrembi_and_Chaisra |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Upon knowing that the food was made of the very pigeon, the king refused to dine it and buried the pigeon's remains in the ground behind the Royal Kitchen.<ref name="Sandrembi and Chaisra"/>

== Hornbill in Meitei culture {{anchor|Hornbills in Meitei culture|Bucerotidae in Meitei culture}} ==
{{Further|Uchek Langmeitong}}
[[File:Hayainu as the Uchek Langmeidong flying high.jpg|thumb|250px|"''Hayainu''" as the "''[[Uchek Langmeitong]]''" flying high up the sky]]
The [[Meitei folktale]] of '''[[Uchek Langmeitong]]''' (Uchek Langmeidong), also known as '''Chekla Langmeitong''' (Chekla Langmeidong), of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]),<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDkSAQAAIAAJ&q=uchek+langmeidong |title=Folklore and Discourse |last1=Handoo |first1=Jawaharlal |last2=Siikala |first2=Anna-Leena |date=1999 |publisher=Zooni Publications |isbn=978-81-7342-054-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxIIAQAAMAAJ&q=uchek+langmeidong |title=Enact |date=1978 |publisher=Pauls Press |language=en}}</ref> narrates the tragic story of a mortal girl named "Hayainu" (alias ''Nongdam Atombi''), who turned herself into a {{langnf|mni|Langmeitong|[[hornbill]] bird}} as she was unable to suffer the ill treatments of her cruel and selfish stepmother, in her father's absence.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ&q=Heiyaniu+Nongdam+Atombi |title=Folk Culture of Manipur |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |date=1993 |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-81-7049-063-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="books.google.co.in"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>–{{Cite web |title=Human turning into Uchek Langmei Meena Uchek Langmei Onba |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Human_turning_into_Uchek_Langmei_Meena_Uchek_Langmei_Onba |website=e-pao.net}} –{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxXVnoMYWVAC&q=uchek+langmeidong+story+birds |title=Contemporary Theatre of India: An Overview |last=Ahuja |first=Chaman |date=2012 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-6492-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Parrots in Meitei culture {{anchor|Psittacines in Meitei culture|Psittaciformes in Meitei culture}} ==
[[File:Te Te Tenawaa - a traditional Meitei children's song of Kangleipak.jpg|thumb|250px|"Te Te Tenawaa" (lit. "Te Te Parrot") - a [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei]] children's song of [[Kangleipak]]]]

=== Sanagi Tenawa : Golden parrot ===
In a [[Meitei folktale]] of a {{langnf|mni|Sanagi Tenawa|golden parrot}}, a divine golden parrot used to live in a land of rocks. It possessed magical spells, due to which it made all the trees of the land able to talk and move like animals. The parrot was famous far and wide.
In a far away kingdom, a courageous and clever prince got the news of the parrot, which he wanted to be brought to his kingdom.
Henceforth, in the dead of the night, the prince and his friend, who was a minister's son, proceeded to find the parrot, without informing his father, the king.
For three full moons of phase, they travelled until they finally reached the land of rocks. Surprised to see the rocks and the talking trees, and wandering around, they found out a door way to go inside a cave.
When the prince was about to go inside the cave, he heard a loud sound. The voice from unknown source asked him to stop going inside the cave for the parrot. Upon investigated, they found the voice was from a tree monster at the door.<ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web |title=Sanagi Tenawa The Golden Parrot Folktale By James Oinam |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Sanagi_Tenawa_The_Golden_Parrot_Folktale_By_James_Oinam |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

The monster warned them of asking them three questions before they enter. If answered incorrectly, they would turn into stones.
The first question was 'Who is the happiest man alive?'
The prince's answer was 'One who owes no debt to anyone and who is healthy and free from any illness.'
The second question was 'What are the main qualities of a king?'
The prince's answer was 'A king should conduct according to the wishes of the people, should take care of the poor and destitute, and should treat everyone equally.'
The final question was 'Name the gods one can see one's own eyes?'
The final answer was 'One's birth parents are one's gods that they can see with their eyes.'<ref name="e-pao.net"/>

The tree monster was satisfied with all the correct answers and it praised the prince for his wisdom and intelligence. It allowed the prince for entry and was vanished from the spot as it was waiting for someone who could answer all the questions correctly before he leave.
Inside the cave, the golden parrot was found sitting on a golden plate, as was once being under captivity of the tree monster.
The prince was told by the parrot about the way to change the stones into princes. He had to sprinkle water of the golden pond on them.
The prince did and undo the spells/curses of the stones, bringing them back to life. The princes thanked the prince and went back to their respective kingdoms.
Finally, the parrot was brought by the prince and his friend to their kingdom.<ref name="e-pao.net"/>

== Waterfowls in Meitei culture {{anchor|Ducks in Meitei culture|Geese in Meitei culture|Swans in Meitei culture}} ==
{{Further|Nganu Leima}}
[[File:ꯉꯥꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯃ.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Nganu Leima]], the [[Meitei goddess]] of [[waterfowl]]s]]
In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism|religion]], '''[[Nganu Leima]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯉꯥꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯃ}}|/ngaa-noo lei-ma/}}), also known as '''[[Nganureima]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯉꯥꯅꯨꯔꯩꯃ}}|/ngaa-noo-rei-ma/}}), is a goddess associated with ducks and [[waterfowl|other water bird]]s . She is one of the three dearest daughters of the sky god. Along with her two sisters, [[Khunu Leima]] and [[Shapi Leima]], she married to the same person.<ref>–{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467071/page/n107/mode/2up |title=Eben Mayogee Leipareng |year=1995 |pages=107 |language=mni}} –Folk Culture of Manipur - Page 7 - Moirangthem Kirti Singh · 1993 –{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466201/page/n39/mode/2up |title=Tal Taret |year=2006 |pages=39 |language=mni}} –{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466201/page/n43/mode/2up |title=Tal Taret |year=2006 |pages=43 |language=mni}} –{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0065/page/n202/mode/2up |title=Manipuri Phungawari |year=2014 |pages=202 |language=mni}} –{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfDNm96yCPIC&q=Nganu+Leima+goddess+ducks&pg=PA70 |title=Folk Tales of the North-East |last=Regunathan |first=Sudhamahi |date=2005 |publisher=Children's Book Trust |isbn=978-81-7011-967-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei culture]]
* [[Plants in Meitei culture]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Birds in art]]
[[Category:Birds in culture|Meitei]]
[[Category:Birds in mythology]]
[[Category:Birds in religion]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]

Animals in Meitei culture

2024-02-11T16:46:43Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Accounts on animals in Meitei culture}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} A sculpture of [[Poubi Lai, being displayed in the Quai Branly Museum, Paris, France in 2010]] Animals ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|Saa/Shaa}}|}}) have significant roles in different elements of Meitei culture, including..."

{{Short description|Accounts on animals in Meitei culture}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}

[[File:Paphal (Musée du Quai Branly) (4489839164).jpg|thumb|250px|A sculpture of [[Poubi Lai]], being displayed in the [[Quai Branly Museum]], Paris, France in 2010]]

Animals ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|Saa/Shaa}}|}}) have significant roles in different elements of [[Meitei culture]], including but not limited to [[Meitei cuisine]], [[Meitei dances]], [[Meitei festivals]], [[Meitei folklore]], [[Meitei folktales]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]], etc.

== Deer in Meitei culture ==
{{Further|Kadeng Thangjahanba and Tonu Laijinglembi#Accounts for Sangai deer|Paari (2000 film)}}
[[File:Sangai Deer Replica in Manipur.jpg|thumb|250px|Replicas of [[Sangai]] deer installed in the [[Sangai festival]], an annual event organised in honor of this [[Cervus]] species in [[Manipur]]]]

In one of the [[epic cycles of incarnations in Moirang]], [[Kadeng Thangjahanba]] hunted and brought a lovely [[Sangai]] deer alive from a hunting ground called "Torbung Lamjao" as a gift of love for his girlfriend, Lady [[Tonu Laijinglembi]].
However, when he heard the news that his sweetheart lady married King Laijing Ningthou Punsiba of [[ancient Moirang]], during his absence, he got extremely disappointed and sad. And so, with the painful and sad feelings, he realised and sensed the feelings of the deer for getting separated from its mate (partner). So, he released the deer in the wild of the Keibul Lamjao (modern day [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] regions). Since then, the Sangai species started living in the Keibul Lamjao region as their natural habitat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-01 |title=State Animal Sangai |url=http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Animal%20Sangai.html |access-date=2022-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201232639/http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Animal%20Sangai.html |archive-date=2014-02-01 |quote=Sangai is a glittering gem in the rich cultural heritage of Kangleipak (Manipur). It is said that a legendary hero Kadeng Thangjahanba of Moirang once captured a gravid Sangai from Torbung Lamjao for a loving gift to his beloved Tonu Laijinglembi. But as ill luck would have it, he found his beloved to be at the palace of the king as his spouse and, as such, all his hopes were shattered. In desperation, the hero released the deer free in the wild of Keibul Lamjao and from that time onwards the place became the home of Sangai.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khaute |first=Lallian Mang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3X9zkP5jKUC&dq=Tonu+Laijinglembi&pg=PA55 |title=The Sangai: The Pride of Manipur |date=2010 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-772-0 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref>

== Dogs in Meitei culture ==
Dogs are mentioned as friends or companions of human beings, in many ancient tales and texts. In many cases, when dogs died, they were given respect by performing elaborate death ceremonies, equal to that of human beings.<ref name="Singh 1996 201">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=201 |language=en, mni}}</ref>

When goddess [[Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi]] saw smokes in her native place, she was restless. She came down to earth from heaven to find out who was dead. On reaching the place, her mother told her as follows:
{{Blockquote|''"O daughter of mine, none of your parents or brothers ever dies. The watchful dog of your Lord Soraren kept amidst us was fatally bitten by a snake. Only we performed its last rites."''|Konthoucham Nongkalol (Konthoujam Nonggarol)<ref name="Singh 1996 201">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=201 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}

== Elephants in Meitei culture {{anchor|Elephant in Meitei culture|Tusker in Meitei culture|Tuskers in Meitei culture}} ==
{{Further|Khamba and Thoibi#Torture by the elephant}}
[[File:Plate_8-2_Folk-Lore,_vol._24.jpg|thumb|226x226px|"Kang Chingba" festival celebrated by the [[Meitei people]] in [[Manipur]] in the 20th century]]
[[File:KHAMBA THOIBI EPIC - THE TORTURE BY THE ELEPHANT.jpg|thumb|250px|An elephant torturing [[Khuman Khamba]] in the [[Meitei folklore|Meitei]] epic legend of [[Khamba and Thoibi]] of [[Moirang]], southern [[Kangleipak]]]]

In the Meitei epic of the [[Khamba and Thoibi]], the crown prince Chingkhu Akhuba of [[ancient Moirang]] and [[Nongban|Kongyamba]], planned to kill to [[Khuman Khamba]].<ref name=":The_Meitheis16">{{Cite book |last=T.C. Hodson |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.158175/page/n170/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Meitheis |date=1908 |publisher=[[David Nutt (publisher)|David Nutt]] |location=London |page=146 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Kongyamba and his accomplices together threatened Khamba to give up [[Moirang Thoibi]], which Khamba rejected. Then they fought, and Khamba bet all of them, and was about to kill Kongyamba, but the men that stood by, the friends of Kongyamba, dragged Khamba off, and bound him to the elephant of the crown prince, with ropes. Then they goaded the elephant, but the God [[Thangching]] stayed it so that it didn't move. Finally, Kongyamba lost patience. He pricked a spear to the elephant so that it moved in the pain. But it still didn't harm Khamba. Khamba seemed to be dead. Meanwhile, on the other hand, Goddess [[Panthoibi]] came in a dream to Thoibi and told her everything that was happening. So, Thoibi rushed to the spot and saved Khamba from the elephant torture.<ref name=":The_Meitheis17">{{Cite book |last=T.C. Hodson |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.158175/page/n171/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Meitheis |date=1908 |publisher=[[David Nutt (publisher)|David Nutt]] |location=London |page=147 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Fishes in Meitei culture ==
{{Further|Emoinu Eratpa|Emoinu Fish Fest}}
[[File:Dried freshwater fish.JPG|thumb|250px|Dried freshwater fish sold at the {{langnf|mni|[[Ima Keithel]]|[[Ima Market]]}} in [[Imphal]]]]
[[File:Assorted dried fishes.JPG|thumb|250px|Dried freshwater fish sold at the {{langnf|mni|[[Ima Keithel]]|[[Ima Market]]}} in [[Imphal]]]]

== Horses in Meitei culture ==
{{Further|Samaton|Sagol Kangjei|Marjing Polo Statue}}
[[File:ꯍꯩꯉꯥꯡ ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯒꯣꯜ ꯃꯤꯇꯝ.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Marjing Polo Statue]], the world's tallest polo player statue, standing inside the [[Marjing Polo Complex]], dedicated to God [[Marjing]], the [[ancient Meitei deity]] of {{langnf|mni|[[Sagol Kangjei]]|[[polo]]}} and [[Manipuri pony|Meitei horses]] ([[Manipuri pony]]), in the [[Heingang Ching]]]]
[[File:Statue of Maharaja Nara Singh in front of the Western Entrance to the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|250px|Statue of [[Raja Nara Singh|Meidingu Nara Singh]] (1844-1850 A.D.) in front of the [[Kangla Sanathong]], the Western Entrance to the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]]]]

== Lions in Meitei culture ==
{{Further|Nongshāba|Kanglā Shā}}
[[File:Uttra Sanglen.JPG|thumb|250px|The dual statues dedicated to [[Kangla Sha]] alias [[Nongshaba]], the dragon lion of [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]], installed inside the [[Kangla Fort]] of [[Kangleipak]]]]

=== Kanglā Shā ===
In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism|religion]], {{langnf|mni|'''Kangla Sa'''|Beast of the [[Kangla]]}}, also spelled as {{lang|mni|'''Kangla Sha'''}}, is a guardian dragon lion, whose appearance is described as a creature with a lion's body and a dragon's head, and two horns. Besides being sacred to the [[Meitei cultural heritage]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Sudeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e11PEAAAQBAJ&q=kanglasha+lion%27s+body+dragon+head+meitei+heritage&pg=PT254 |title=The Eastern Gate: War and Peace in Nagaland, Manipur and India's Far East |date=2022-01-06 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |isbn=978-93-92099-26-7 |pages=254 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Session |first=North East India History Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjRuAAAAMAAJ&q=kanglasha |title=Proceedings of North East India History Association |date=1990 |publisher=The Association |others=Original from:the [[University of Michigan]] |pages=133, 134 |language=en}}</ref>
it is frequently portrayed in the royal symbol of the [[Ningthouja dynasty|Meitei royalties]] ([[Ningthouja dynasty]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&q=The+mythical+animal+called+Kangla+Sha%2C+which+became+a+symbol%2C+was+believed.&pg=PT203 |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref>
The most popular iconographic colossal statues of the "Kangla Sa" stand inside the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=N. Joykumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1xuAAAAMAAJ&q=construction+Kangla+Sa+Lion+like+animal+front+gate+Kangla+great+achievement+beautification+programme |title=Colonialism to Democracy: A History of Manipur, 1819-1972 |date=2002 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |others=Original from : the [[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-87502-44-9 |pages=7 |language=en |quote=The construction of ' Kangla Sa ' (Lion like animal) at the front of the gate of Kangla was a great achievement of his beautification programme.}}</ref>

In Meitei traditional race competitions, winners of the race are declared only after symbolically touching the statue of the dragon "Kangla Sha". This ideology is clearly mentioned in the story of [[Khamba and Thoibi#The unfair race|the marathon competition between]] [[Khuman Khamba]] and [[Nongban]] in the epic saga of [[Khamba and Thoibi]] of [[ancient Moirang]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipoński |first=Wojciech |url=https://archive.org/details/worldsportsencyc0000lipo?q=Kanglasha |title=World sports encyclopedia |date=2003 |publisher=St. Paul, MN : MBI |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7603-1682-5 |pages=338 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Nongshāba ===
In Meitei religion ([[Sanamahism]]) and [[Meitei mythology|mythology]], '''[[Nongshaba]]''', also spelled as '''Nongsaba'''{{efn|In [[Meitei language]], there is no difference between "sa" and "sha".}} ({{lang-mni|ꯅꯣꯡꯁꯥꯕ}}), is a Lion God and a [[king of the gods]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelabi |first=sairem |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466636/page/n155/mode/2up |title=Laiyingthou Lairemmasinggee Waree Seengbul |publisher=Longjam Arun For G.M.Publication, [[Imphal]] |year=2006 |pages=156, 157, 158, 159, 160 |language=mni |trans-title=A collection of Stories of Meetei Gods and Goddesses}}</ref><ref name="Lion">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3AMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nongsaba |title=Internationales Asienforum: International Quarterly for Asian Studies |date=1989 |publisher=Weltform Verlag. |page=300 |language=en, de |quote=Lainingthou Nongsaba ( Lion , King of the Gods )}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ&q=nongshaba |title=Folk Culture of Manipur |isbn=9788170490630 |last1=Singh |first1=Moirangthem Kirti |year=1993|publisher=Manas Publications }}</ref> He produced light in the primordial universe and is often addressed as the "maker of the [[sun]]".<ref name="Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 1901 85 in the original book, 109 in the digital version">{{Cite book |last=[[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |url=https://archive.org/details/mananth13a14royauoft/page/n107/mode/2up?q=Nongshaba |title=Man |title-link= |publisher=London |year=1901 |page=85 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U14xAAAAMAAJ&q=Nongsh%C4%81ba |title=Man |date=1913 |publisher=[[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |pages=10, 81, 85 |language=en |quote=Nongshāba . — The head Maiba of Moirang informed me that when the universe was in the making and all was dark this powerful " Lai " produced light . Nongshāba may mean maker of the sun . 2 Lai - sang.- This is a prosaic looking building ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leach |first=Marjorie |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetogods0000leac_k3w1/page/116/mode/2up?q=Nongshaba |title=Guide to the gods |publisher=[[Gale Research]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-873477-85-4 |page=116 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leach |first=Marjorie |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetogods0000leac_k3w1/page/362/mode/2up?q=Nongshaba |title=Guide to the gods |publisher=[[Gale Research]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-873477-85-4 |page=362 |language=en}}</ref> He is worshipped by the [[Meitei people]], specifically by those of the [[Ningthouja dynasty|Ningthouja clans]] as well as the [[Moilang|Moirang clans]]. He was worshipped by the [[Meitei people]] of Moirang clan as an ancestral lineage God.<ref name="Singh 2006 47, 48">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=N. Joykumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1luAAAAMAAJ&q=nongshaba |title=Ethnic Relations Among the People of North-East India |date=2006 |publisher=Centre for Manipur Studies, [[Manipur University]] and Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8370-081-8 |pages=47, 48 |language=en |quote=Not only this, the deity of Lord Nongshaba was also worshipped by both communities. To the Moirangs, Nongshaba was worshipped as lineage deity and regarded as the father of Lord Thangjing.}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="Parratt 1980 15, 118, 125"/><ref name="Anthropos">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzYoAAAAYAAJ&q=nongshaba |title=Anthropos |publisher=Zaunrith'sche Buch-, Kunst- und Steindruckerei |year=1913 |page=888 |language=en, fr, de, it |quote=Ses parents sont Nongshaba et son épouse Sarumglaima . Le premier est le plus grand des Umanglai ou dieux de la forêt ; il produisit un fils unique , Thangjing , le dieu suprême de Moirang . La manifestation de Thangjing constitue le ...}}</ref>
He is the chief of all the {{langnf|mni|[[Umang Lai]]s|forest gods}} in [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref name="Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 1901 81 in the original book, 104 in the digital version">{{Cite book |last=[[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |url=https://archive.org/details/mananth13a14royauoft/page/n103/mode/2up?q=Nongshaba |title=Man |title-link= |publisher=London |year=1901 |page=81 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=General |first=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7TUAAAAMAAJ&q=nongshaba |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1962 |publisher=Manager of Publications |page=53 |language=en |quote=Nongshaba and his wife Sarunglaima come in person, two by no means beautiful figures. The reason of this is that they are the parents of the Thangjing. Nongshaba is the greatest of the umang - lai or forest gods.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108375/page/15/mode/2up?q=Nongshaba |title=Religion Of Manipur |publisher=Firma Klm |year=1980 |page=15 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Parratt 1980 15, 118, 125">{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEQqAAAAYAAJ&q=Nongsh%C4%81ba |title=The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals, and Historical Development |date=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-0594-1 |pages=15, 118, 125 |language=en |quote=There are two references also to Nongshāba, who, as we have seen, was the father of the Moirāng god Thāngjing.}}</ref>

== Monkeys in Meitei culture ==
{{Further|Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba}}
[[File:ꯍꯅꯨꯕ ꯍꯅꯨꯕꯤ ꯄꯥꯟ ꯊꯥꯕ.jpg|thumb|250px|An illustration of a [[Meitei folktale]] of the ''[[Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba]]'', the story of an old aged lonely couple being tricked by a group of monkeys]]

The [[Meitei folktale]] of {{langnf|mni|'''[[Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba]]'''|Old Man and Old Woman planting [[Colocasia]]/[[Taro]]}}, also known as the {{lang|mni|'''[[Hanubi Hentak! Hanuba Hentak!]]'''}}, is about the story of an [[husband|old man]] and an [[wife|old woman]] who were deceived by a group of trickster monkeys.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S Sanatombi |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0065/page/n51/mode/2up |script-title=mni:মণিপুরী ফুংগাৱারী |date=2014 |page=51 |language=mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRHUDwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuba+hanubi+pan+thaba+folktale+manipur&pg=PA355 |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture |last=Tamang |first=Jyoti Prakash |date=2020-03-02 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-1486-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuba+hanubi+paan+thaaba+folktale&pg=PT271 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020-11-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29637-2 |language=en}}</ref>

In the story, a childless old couple used to treat a group of monkeys, from the nearby forest, kindly like their own children. Once the old couple were advised by the group of monkeys about planting [[taro]] plants ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯟ/ꯄꯥꯜ}}|"paan"/"paal"}}) in their kitchen garden.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n51/mode/1up |title=Folktales of Manipur |last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma |last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh |date=2014 |page=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT33 |title=New Folktales of Manipur |last=Oinam |first=James |date=2016-05-26 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-945400-70-4 |page=33 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT34 |title=New Folktales of Manipur |last=Oinam |first=James |date=2016-05-26 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-945400-70-4 |page=34 |language=en}}</ref> The couple believed them in good faith. So, according to their suggestion, they peeled off tubers of the [[taro]]s, then boiled them in a pot until softened, then cooled them, then wrapped them in the banana leaves tightly, and finally planted them in the soil, by burying them.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n52/mode/1up |title=Folktales of Manipur |last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma |last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh |date=2014 |page=52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT35 |title=New Folktales of Manipur |last=Oinam |first=James |date=2016-05-26 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-945400-70-4 |page=35 |language=en}}</ref> In the midnight, the monkeys secretly steal and ate all the cooked taros from the garden, and planted some inedible giant wild taros, uprooted from somewhere.
On the next day, the old couple found the fully grown taros they had planted the previous day. The two immediately cooked those full-grown taros and ate them. But as a reaction of the wild plants, the couple suffered from allergy. It was only after they ate the hentak medicine that their allergy was cured.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n53/mode/1up |title=Folktales of Manipur |last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma |last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh |date=2014 |page=53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT36 |title=New Folktales of Manipur |last=Oinam |first=James |date=2016-05-26 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-945400-70-4 |page=36 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Oinam 37">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT37 |title=New Folktales of Manipur |last=Oinam |first=James |date=2016-05-26 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-945400-70-4 |page=37 |language=en}}</ref> Realising the tricks of the monkey, the old couple planned to take revenge. So, the old man ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯅꯨꯕ}}|"hanuba"}}) acted to be dead, and the old woman ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯅꯨꯕꯤ}}|"hanubi"}}) acted to be crying out loudly to make the monkeys hear her sounds. When the monkeys came and asked her what had happened, she told them that the old man died after eating the taros.<ref name="Oinam 37"/> She asked them to help her taking the old man's body out in the lawn. All the monkeys came inside the house. As soon as they came near him, he took up his stick and bet them. Frightened, they all ran away. The old couple knew that the monkeys would surely come back.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n54/mode/1up |title=Folktales of Manipur |last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma |last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh |date=2014 |page=54}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT38 |title=New Folktales of Manipur |last=Oinam |first=James |date=2016-05-26 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-945400-70-4 |page=38 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT39 |title=New Folktales of Manipur |last=Oinam |first=James |date=2016-05-26 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-945400-70-4 |page=39 |language=en}}</ref> So, the couple climbed up on the attic of the house and hid there. When the monkeys came back with a larger gang to take revenge, the attic broke and felt upon them. Thus, they fled from the spot. Knowing that they might come back again, the old couple hid inside a large pot. When the monkeys came back with their gangs, the couple [[fart]]ed one by one continuously and finally, the pot where they were hiding banged on unexpectedly. The loud sound of the breaking scared the monkeys who fled from the spot and never came back again.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n55/mode/1up |title=Folktales of Manipur |last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma |last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh |date=2014 |page=55}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpM8DAAAQBAJ&dq=hanube+and+hanuba&pg=PT40 |title=New Folktales of Manipur |last=Oinam |first=James |date=2016-05-26 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-945400-70-4 |page=40 |language=en}}</ref>

== Pythons in Meitei culture ==
{{Further|Poubi Lai}}
[[File:POUBI LAI.jpg|thumb|250px|An illustration of [[Poubi Lai]] in 2015]]
In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[folklore]], '''Poubi Lai''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯧꯕꯤ ꯂꯥꯏ}}|}}), also known as '''Paubi Lai''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯎꯕꯤ ꯂꯥꯏ}}|}}), was an ancient [[Meitei dragon]] [[Pythonidae|python]]. It used to live in the deep waters of the [[Loktak Lake]] of [[Kangleipak]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qsrDAAAQBAJ&q=Poubi+Lai+is+a+mythical+form+of+a+python+that+is+believed+to+inhabit+the+Loktak+Lake+in+Manipur.+It+is+regarded+as+one+of+the+greatest+life+forms+by+the+Meitei+people+of+Manipur+and+is+an+important+part+of+the+culture+and+beliefs&pg=PA184 |title=Common Errors in English |last=Verma |first=Shalini |date=2017 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-93-85676-20-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ocLsvkIpIC&q=poubi+lai+mythical+serpent |title=Annual Report |last=Culture |first=India Department of |date=2002 |publisher=Department of Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/editions/story-of-a-giant-poubi-lai-show-begins-on-jan-7.html |title=Story of a Giant Poubi lai |work=The Pioneer}}</ref> It is also referred to as ''"[[Loch Ness Monster]] of [[Manipur]]"''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/07/02/manipur-loch-ness-monster-and-other-folktales-wari-jalsa-storytelling-fest.html |title=Manipur's Loch Ness monster and other folktales at Wari-Jalsa storytelling fest |magazine=The Week}}</ref>

== Rodents in Meitei culture ==
{{Further|Shapi Leima}}
[[File:ꯁꯄꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Shapi Leima]], the [[Meitei goddess]] of [[rodents]]]]
In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism|religion]], '''[[Shapi Leima]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯄꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ}}|}}), also known as '''Shabi Leima''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯃ}}|}}), is a goddess associated with the [[rodent]]s. She is the mistress and the queen of all the rodents living in the entire world. She is one of the three favorite daughters of the sky god. Along with her two sisters, [[Khunu Leima]] and [[Nganu Leima]], she married the same man.<ref>–{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466201/page/n39/mode/2up |title=Tal Taret |year=2006 |pages=39 |language=mni}} –{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466201/page/n48/mode/2up |title=Tal Taret |year=2006 |pages=48 |language=mni}} –{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0065/page/n203/mode/2up |title=Manipuri Phungawari |year=2014 |pages=203 |language=mni}} –{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfDNm96yCPIC&q=Sabi+Leima+goddess+rodents&pg=PA70 |title=Folk Tales of the North-East |last=Regunathan |first=Sudhamahi |date=2005 |publisher=Children's Book Trust |isbn=978-81-7011-967-8 |language=en}} –{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ&q=Sabi+(+animal+sharp+teeth+)+ |title=Folk Culture of Manipur |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |date=1993 |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-81-7049-063-0 |language=en}} –{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467071/page/n107/mode/2up |title=Eben Mayogee Leipareng |year=1995 |pages=107 |language=mni}}</ref>

== Tigers in Meitei culture {{anchor|Tiger in Meitei culture|Tigress in Meitei culture|Tigresses in Meitei culture}} ==
[[File:The classical Meitei epic of "Khamba and Thoibi" - The tiger hunt.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Khuman Khamba]] and his rival [[Nongban]] trying to hunt the [[Khoirentak tiger]] in [[Kangleipak]]]]
Tigers are among the most mentioned animals in different elements of [[Meitei culture]].

=== Keibu Keioiba {{anchor|Kabui Keioiba|Tiger Head|Tiger-Head}} ===
{{Main|Keibu Keioiba|Keibu Keioiba (Tiger Head)}}
In the [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]], '''Keibu Keioiba''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯩꯕꯨ ꯀꯩꯑꯣꯏꯕ}}|}}), also known as '''Kabui Keioiba''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯕꯨꯏ ꯀꯩꯑꯣꯏꯕ}}|}}), is a mythical creature with the head of a tiger and the body of a human. He is often described as half man and half tiger.<ref name=":ফুংগাৱারী">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0065/page/n57/mode/2up |script-title=bn:মণিপুরী ফুংগাৱারী |last=S Sanatombi |date=2014 |page=57 |language=mni}}</ref><ref>–{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfDNm96yCPIC&q=Kabui+Keioiba+half+man+half+tiger |title=Folk Tales of the North-East |last=Regunathan |first=Sudhamahi |date=2005 |publisher=Children's Book Trust |isbn=978-81-7011-967-8 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613193455/https://books.google.com/books?id=xfDNm96yCPIC&q=Kabui+Keioiba+half+man+half+tiger |url-status=live}} –{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ&q=kabui+keioiba+half+man+half+tiger |title=Folk Culture of Manipur |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |date=1993 |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=978-81-7049-063-0 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613193456/https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ&q=kabui+keioiba+half+man+half+tiger |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Knowing Differently: The Challenge of the Indigenous - Google Books">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsRcCgAAQBAJ&dq=kabui+keioiba+half+man+half+tiger&pg=PA134 |title=Knowing Differently: The Challenge of the Indigenous |last1=Devy |first1=G. N. |last2=Davis |first2=Geoffrey V. |last3=Chakravarty |first3=K. K. |date=2015-08-12 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-32569-7 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613193455/https://books.google.com/books?id=jsRcCgAAQBAJ&dq=kabui+keioiba+half+man+half+tiger&pg=PA134 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>–{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioyfAAAAMAAJ&q=kabui+keioiba+half+man+half+tiger |title=Sangeet Natak |date=1985 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613193457/https://books.google.com/books?id=ioyfAAAAMAAJ&q=kabui+keioiba+half+man+half+tiger |url-status=live}} –{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naQYAQAAIAAJ&q=kabui+keioiba+half+man+half+tiger |title=Theatre in Theory 1900-2000: An Anthology |last=Krasner |first=David |date=2008 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-4043-0 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613193529/https://books.google.com/books?id=naQYAQAAIAAJ&q=kabui+keioiba+half+man+half+tiger |url-status=live}}</ref>
He was once a skilful priest named Kabui Salang Maiba. With his [[witchcraft]], he [[:wikt:transfiguration|transfigured]] himself into the form of a ferocious tiger. As a [[Divine retribution|punishment of his pride]] ([[divine retribution]]), he could not completely turn back to his original human form.<ref name="Knowing Differently: The Challenge of the Indigenous - Google Books" /><ref name=":ফুংগাৱারী" />

=== Khoirentak tiger ===
{{Main|Khoirentak tiger|Khamba and Thoibi#The tiger hunt}}
In the [[Meitei folktale]] of the [[Khamba and Thoibi]], [[Khuman Khamba]] and [[Nongban]] were in conflict regarding the affairs of princess [[Moirang Thoibi]]. Both men wanted to marry the princess. Among the two suitors, the princess had already chosen Khamba but still Nongban did not give up easily. The matter was set before the King of [[ancient Moirang]] in his court, and he ordered them to settle the matter by the [[trial by ordeal]] of the spear. However, an old woman said that there was a tiger in the forest hardby that attacked the people. So, the King chose the tiger hunt to be the witness and the ordeal. Whoever among the two that killed the tiger will get the Princess Thoibi as his wife. On the next day, the King and his ministers gathered there in stages. Many people gathered at the spot, that it seemed like a white cloth spread on the ground. Then the two went inside the forest. Near a dead body of a freshly killed girl, the tiger was found. Nongban tried to spear the tiger but he missed his target. Then the tiger sprang upon them and bit Nongban. Khamba wounded the beast, and drove it off. Then he carried Nongban to the gallery. Then Khamba entered the forest once again and found the tiger crouching in a hollow half hidden by the forest, but in full view of the gallery of the King.<ref name=":The_Meitheis20">{{Cite book |last=T.C. Hodson |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.158175/page/n174/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Meitheis |date=1908 |publisher=[[David Nutt (publisher)|David Nutt]] |location=London |page=150 |language=en-GB}}</ref> As the tiger jumped on Khamba, he speared it through the ravening jaws, so that it died as it fell.<ref name=":The_Meitheis21">{{Cite book |last=T.C. Hodson |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.158175/page/n176/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Meitheis |date=1908 |publisher=[[David Nutt (publisher)|David Nutt]] |location=London |page=151 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Tiger of Goddess Panthoibi ===
{{Further|Panthoibi|Panthoibi Khonggul}}

== Tortoises and turtles in Meitei culture ==
[[File:Sandrembi getting panic on seeing her tortoise mother Yangkhuleima about to die.jpg|thumb|250px|In the [[Meitei folktale]] of [[Sandrembi and Chaisra]], Sandrembi's mother turned into a tortoise/turtle after her death and came back to her daughter but she again fell in troubles]]

=== Tortoise/Turtle in the story of Sandrembi and Chaisra ===
In the [[Meitei folktale]] of [[Sandrembi and Chaisra]], Sandrembi's mother transformed herself into a tortoise/turtle, after some time, she was killed by Sandrembi's stepmother, who was her cowife and rival. Upon being instructed in Sandrembi's dream, Sandrembi took the tortoise from the lake and kept it inside a pitcher for five consecutive days without any break. It was told to her that her mother could re-assume her human form from the tortoise form only if kept inside a pitcher for five consecutive days without any disturbance. However, before the completion of the five days, Chaisra discovered the tortoise and so, she insisted her mother to force Sandrembi to cook the tortoise meat for her. Poor Sandrembi was forced to boil her own mother in the tortoise form. Sandrembi tried to take away the fuel stick on hearing the tortoise mother's crying words of pain from the boiling pan/pot but she was forced to put the fuel in by her stepmother. Like this, Sandrembi could not save her tortoise mother from being killed.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Brenda E. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmKu3t-sYi4C&dq=sandrembi&pg=PA163 |title=Folktales of India |last2=Claus |first2=Peter J. |last3=Goswami |first3=Praphulladatta |last4=Handoo |first4=Jawaharlal |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-04083-7 |page=163 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei culture]]
* [[Plants in Meitei culture]]
* [[Birds in Meitei culture]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Animals in art]]
[[Category:Animals in culture]]
[[Category:Animals in entertainment]]
[[Category:Works about animals]]
[[Category:Animals in mythology]]
[[Category:Animals in popular culture]]
[[Category:Animals in religion]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]

Women in Meitei culture

2024-02-11T16:45:34Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Accounts on women in Meitei culture}} {{Redirect-distinguish|Nupi|NUPI}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} An illustration of a Meitei woman Women ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|Nupi/Nipi}}|}}) have significant roles in different elements of Meitei culture, including Meitei dances, Meitei festivals, Meitei folklore, Meitei folktales, Meitei literature, Meitei mythology, S..."

{{Short description|Accounts on women in Meitei culture}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Nupi|NUPI}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
[[File:ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ.jpg|thumb|250px|An illustration of a Meitei woman]]
Women ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|Nupi/Nipi}}|}}) have significant roles in different elements of [[Meitei culture]], including [[Meitei dances]], [[Meitei festivals]], [[Meitei folklore]], [[Meitei folktales]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]], etc.

== Women as goddesses ==
{{Further|Ancient Meitei goddesses}}
Besides natural elements and phenomena personified as divine feminine beings, venerated and worshipped by the [[Meitei people]] in [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]], many women are also deified to the same status.
The personality of [[Imoinu]], [[Panthoibi]] and [[Phouoibi]] shows as well as influences the [[:en:wikt:boldness|boldness]], courage, independence, [[:en:wikt:righteousness|righteousness]] and social honour of [[Meitei people|Meitei women]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIEOy8SRLv8C&q=emoinu+shows+that+Meitei+women+are+bold+%2C+courageous+%2C+independent+and+enjoy+their+due+rights+and+have+an+honourable+place+in+the+society+&pg=PA24|title=Women's Role in the 20th Century Manipur: A Historical Study|last=Kipgen|first=Tingneichong G.|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-803-1|language=en}}</ref>

'''[[Leimarel Sidabi]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯂꯩꯃꯔꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯗꯕꯤ]]}}|}}), also known as '''Leimalel Sitapi''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯩꯃꯂꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯇꯄꯤ}}|}}), is an [[ancient Meitei goddess]] associated with earth, nature and the household. In [[Meitei mythology]] and the [[Sanamahism|religion]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]), she is the highest female divinity as well as is revered as the mother of every living being in the universe.<ref name="Devi 2002 48">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&dq=leimaren+sidabi&pg=PA48|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|pages=48|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&q=Leimarel+is+the+universal+mother&pg=PT221|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last1=Meitei|first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|pages=221|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3FJEfU3swcC&q=Leimarel+Universal+Mother+&pg=PA200|title=Social Movements in North-East India|last=Karna|first=Mahendra Narain|date=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-083-5|pages=200|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=leimaren&pg=PA23|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|date=16 June 2019 |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|pages=23|publisher=Lulu.com |language=en}}</ref>

'''[[Imoinu]]''', also spelled as '''[[Emoinu]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯏꯃꯣꯏꯅꯨ]]}}|}}), is an [[ancient Meitei goddess]], associated with household, [[hearth]], family, [[fireplace]], kitchen, wealth, peace and prosperity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hy3_AwAAQBAJ&dq=emoinu&pg=PT44|title=Highway on my Plate - II: the indian guide to roadside eating|last1=Singh|first1=Rocky|last2=Sharma|first2=Mayur|date=2014-07-25|publisher=Random House India|isbn=978-81-8400-642-1|pages=44|language=en}}</ref><ref name="A Hymn for Goddess Emoinu">{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.A_Hymn_for_Goddess_Emoinu|title=A Hymn for Goddess Emoinu|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/meiteis-celebrate-emoinu/cid/1627030|title=Meiteis celebrate Emoinu|website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref> In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism|religion]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]]), she is also identified as a form of goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=imoinu+goddess+association+Leimarel+Sidabee+representations+aspects+earth+goddess&pg=PA23|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|date=16 June 2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|language=en}}</ref><ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.emoinu|title=EMOINU AHONGBI THOUNIROL (A Traditional adoration to Goddess Emoinu)|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism|religion]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]), '''[[Panthoibi]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ]]}}|Paanthoibee}}, {{lang-omp|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯄꯤ]]}}|[[Panthoipi]]}}), also known as {{langnf|mni|'''[[Nongpok Leima]]'''|Queen of the East}}, is an [[ancient Meitei goddess]] associated with civilization, courage, fertility, handicraft, love, victory, warfare and wisdom.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPjqAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess|title=Other Masters: Five Contemporary Folk and Tribal Artists of India|last=Jain|first=Jyotindra|date=1998|publisher=Crafts Museum and the Handicrafts and Handlooms Exports Corporation of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess|title=The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=1997|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-81-259-0416-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izhuAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+goddess|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|last=Session|first=North East India History Association|date=2001|publisher=The Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF9uAAAAMAAJ&q=panthoibi+war|title=A Short History of Manipur|last=Singh|first=R. K. Jhalajit|date=1992|publisher=R.K. Jhalajit Singh|language=en}}</ref><ref>Social Movements in Contemporary India - Page 98 - Bidyut Chakrabarty, Shibani Kinkar Chaube · 1999</ref>
She is considered to be a divine incarnation of goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]] as well as that of [[Nongthang Leima]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Incarnations_of_Goddess_Nongthang_Leima_By_James_Oinam|title = Incarnations of Goddess Nongthang Leima by James Oinam|website = e-pao.net}}</ref>

In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism|religion]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]), '''[[Phouoibi]]''', also known as '''[[Phouleima]]''', is an [[ancient Meitei goddess]] associated with agriculture, crops, fertility, grains, harvest, paddy, rice and wealth.<ref name="Paniker 1997">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&dq=phou-oibi+waron+lady+paddy+plenty+rice+goddess+fickle&pg=PA334|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Devi 2002">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&dq=Phouoibi+goddess+wealth+Fouoibi+akong+jamba&pg=PA14|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sanajaoba 1993">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&q=phouoibi+goddess+paddy+sharotkhaibam+invoke&pg=PA4|title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1993|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-399-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Cultural Heritage of Manipur">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=phouoibi&pg=PT137|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last1=Meitei|first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en}}</ref>

== Women in Meitei literature ==
{{Further|Meitei literature|Meitei Chanu (poem)}}
The [[Meitei Chanu (poem)]] depicts the [[Feminization of language|feminization]] of the [[Meitei language]] and [[Meitei literature]].
Its opening lines notably shows the idea of a culture that is prevalent in the form of a shrine ({{lang-mni|ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯡ, ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯪ|laishang}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Laishang |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A1&searchhws=yes# |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>). The very literary temple refers to the remaining empty without a goddess ({{lang-mni|ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ|lairembi}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Lairembi |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4&searchhws=yes |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>) for a very long period of time. This [[metaphor]] shows significant transformation in history as "Ema" ({{lang-mni|ꯏꯃꯥ|/í.ma/|mother}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Ema |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5&searchhws=yes# |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>) or the "Meitei Chanu" ({{lang-mni|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯆꯅꯨ|/mə́i.təi cə.nu/|Meitei Lady}}) re-occupies the temple. The reasons why she could enter into her past shrine once again are because of the [[European studies|western education]], their imitations and the feminization of language and literature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lancha |first=Ningthouja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69NqDwAAQBAJ&q=false&pg=PA64 |title=Kangla Lanpung Summer 2018 |date=2018-06-30 |publisher=RK Sanatomba Memorial Trust, Palace Compound, Imphal -795001, Manipur |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref>

== Women in music ==
=== In traditional music ===
{{Further|Moirang Sai|Nura Pakhang (Eu e Tu)|Shakuhachi meets Pena}}

In the 2010s, Ima Thoinu, a traditional [[Moirang Sai]] singer, got only a few students to learn the endangered art form, which was the only means to keep it alive.
A small group of performers are again learning the nearly extinct art form of the [[Moirang Sai]] to save it from total extinction.
The art form was outstandingly revived due to the hard works of Mangka Mayanglambam ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯃꯪꯀꯥ ꯃꯌꯥꯡꯂꯝꯕꯝ}}}}), a traditional Meitei folk singer and artist of the "Laihui" ({{lang-mni|{{script|mtei|ꯂꯥꯏꯍꯨꯏ}}}}). Mangka is re-popularising the nearly extinct art form among the present youth once again.<ref name=":sevensistersmusic.com">{{Cite web |title=Mangka sings Moirang Sai with Laihui Ensemble – Manipur's Traditional Folk Music & Dance |url=https://sevensistersmusic.com/?p=273 |access-date=2022-12-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":scroll.in">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Vandana |title=Fighting all odds and jeers, a 21-year-old woman is reviving nearly-extinct Manipuri folk songs |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/854968/fighting-all-odds-and-jeers-a-21-year-old-singer-has-revived-nearly-extinct-manipuri-folk-songs |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Scroll.in |date=15 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":www.telegraphindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Glimpses of dying art form earn kudos |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/glimpses-of-dying-art-form-earn-kudos/cid/541356 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Women's only market ==
{{Further|Ima Market}}
The '''[[Ima Market]]''' ({{lang-mni|[[Ima Keithel]]||[[Mothers' Market]]}}), also known as the {{langnf|mni|'''[[Nupi Keithel]]'''|[[Women's Market]]}} or the {{langnf|mni|'''[[Khwairamband Keithel]]'''|[[Khwairamband Market]]}},<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ypgDwAAQBAJ&q=ima+keithel+markets+khwairamband+three&pg=PA248|title=Development and Disaster Management: A Study of the Northeastern States of India|last1=Singh|first1=Amita|last2=Punia|first2=Milap|last3=Haran|first3=Nivedita P.|last4=Singh|first4=Thiyam Bharat|date=2018-06-15|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-8485-0|language=en}}</ref> in [[Imphal]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=India's Mother's Market run by women|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-32793952|access-date=2021-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-04|title=Manipur's historic women's only market damaged in earthquake|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manipur-s-historic-women-s-only-market-damaged-earthquake-37306|access-date=2021-09-24|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> is the only market in the world run entirely by women.<ref>–{{Cite news |title=India's Mother's Market run by women |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-32793952}} –{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Om |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eENU_a8c79MC&q=ima+keithel+market+khwairamband+only+women+world&pg=PA974 |title=Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh |date=2006 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-389-2 |language=en |quote='Ima Keithel' at Khwairamband Bazar is the only market in the world where, as the name suggests, all the stalls are run by women.}} –{{Cite book |last=Shivhare |first=Vishal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjzcDAAAQBAJ&q=ima+market+nupi+keithel+only+women+world&pg=PT37 |title=Vyapar Shastra |date=2016-08-17 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8495-898-0 |language=en |quote=Ima Keithel Market, Imphal, Manipur Ima market or Nupi Keithel, in Imphal, Manipur, is the only all-women marketplace in the world.}} –{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Th Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&q=ima+keithel+market+only+women+world&pg=PA4 |title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India |date=2014-06-02 |publisher=Quills Ink |isbn=978-93-84318-00-0 |language=en |quote=The world famous Ima Keithel, the only unique women ́s market in the world, situated at the heart of the capital : It was established in 1636 AD by king Khagemba as a part of his ...}} –{{Cite web |date=2016-01-04 |title=Manipur's historic women's only market damaged in earthquake |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manipur-s-historic-women-s-only-market-damaged-earthquake-37306 |website=The News Minute |language=en}} –{{Cite book |last=Sahu (IAS) |first=Barun Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8W-DwAAQBAJ&q=ima+keithel+market+women+exclusively&pg=PP123 |title=AN INQUIRY INTO VIGILANCE AND CORRUPTION |date=2020-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5322-856-9 |language=en}} –{{Cite book |last1=Patra |first1=Jayanta Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1mnDwAAQBAJ&q=ima+keithel+market+exclusively+run+women&pg=PT108 |title=Ethnopharmacology and Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants |last2=Das |first2=Gitishree |last3=Kumar |first3=Sanjeet |last4=Thatoi |first4=Hrudayanath |date=2019-08-05 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-67537-9 |language=en |quote=The Ima market or Ima keithel is a unique marketplace exclusively run by women.}} –{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Abhijeet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lblDDwAAQBAJ&q=ima+keithel++all+vendors+women&pg=PT100 |title=Backpacking North East India: A Curious Journey |date=2017-12-19 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-946556-80-6 |language=en}}</ref> Inside the market, male shopkeepers and vendors are not allowed to sell anything.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdmYDwAAQBAJ&q=ima+keithel+mother%27s+market+male+members+punishable+offence&pg=PT92|title=Early Sunrise, Early Sunset: Tales of a Solo Woman Traveler Across North East and East India|last=Rastogi|first=Priyanka|date=2019-05-13|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-5437-0523-2|language=en}}</ref>

The three major building complexes of the Ima Market are named after three prominent [[ancient Meitei goddesses]], who are [[Leimarel Sidabi]] (for Market No. 1), [[Emoinu]]/[[Imoinu]] (for Market No. 2) and [[Phouoibi]] (for Market No. 3).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia's largest all-women market reopens in Manipur {{!}} News - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/asias-largest-all-women-market-reopens-in-manipur/videoshow/80930212.cms |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |quote=... the names of the three Ima Markets as Leimarel Sidabi Ima Keithel for Market No. 1, Imoinu Ima Keithel for Market No. 2, and Phouoibi Ima Keithel for Market No. 3.}}</ref>

Ima Keithel is a classic example of the long-lasting tradition of business management done by Meitei women in [[Manipur]]. Traditionally, [[Meitei people|Meitei]] women always enjoyed high status in the economy of the society. Women lead the trade and commerce in food and vegetables, household things and clothes in Meitei society.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&dq=ima+keithel+market+nupi+meithei+women&pg=PA187|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|last=Minahan|first=James|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-659-1|language=en}}</ref> In history, it is the symbol of the [[Women's empowerment|empowerment]] and the leadership prospects of Meitei women in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjzcDAAAQBAJ&dq=ima+keithel+market+historic+symbol+women+empowerment+leadership+potential&pg=PT37|title=Vyapar Shastra|last=Shivhare|first=Vishal|date=2016-08-17|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8495-898-0|language=en}}</ref>

== Women's rebellions ==
{{Further|Nupi Lan}}
[[File:Nupi Lal - File Photo.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A photograph of a {{langnf|mni|[[Nupi Lan]]|Women's war}} in [[Manipur Kingdom]] against British colonial rule {{circa|1904}}]]

== Women in sports ==
=== In traditional sports ===
{{Further|Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament|Daughters of the Polo God}}

=== In non traditional sports ===
{{Further|Saikhom Mirabai Chanu|Oinam Bembem Devi|Bombayla Devi Laishram|Laishram Sarita Devi|Kunjarani Devi}}

== Women torch bearers ==
{{Further|Meira Paibi}}
The {{langnf|mni|'''[[Meira Paibi]]'''|[[torch]] holding woman}} are traditional [[Meitei people|Meitei women]]'s social organisations and their movements in [[Manipur]].They originated during the times when there were no artificial light available or rare in Manipur, hence the womenfolk used handmade torches to light the paths. They work against many different social evils, like the misuse of military powers by the [[Indian Army]] in [[Manipur]], [[India]]. They are called the ''"Guardians of the society"''. The name comes from the burning [[torch]]es that the women carry. The torch has become the symbol of peaceful protest for justice at all levels of life.<ref name="Parratt">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fO4N_FI8jt4C&dq=meira+paibi&pg=PA157|title=Wounded Land: Politics and Identity in Modern Manipur|last=Parratt|first=John|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-053-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Qo3EAAAQBAJ&dq=meira+paibi&pg=PT161|title=State vs. Society in Northeast India: History, Politics and the Everyday|last=Sharma|first=G. Amarjit|date=2021-07-05|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-91370-45-9|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karna 1998">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3FJEfU3swcC&dq=meira+paibi&pg=PA77|title=Social Movements in North-East India|last=Karna|first=Mahendra Narain|date=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-083-5|language=en}}</ref>

== Women in extravaganzas ==
{{Further|Meetei Chanu|Miss Kangleipak}}
'''[[Miss Meetei Chanu]]''', also spelled as '''[[Miss Meitei Chanu]]''', is an international annual beauty pageant that is run by the [[Manipur]] based ''[[Lainingthou Sanamahi Sana Pung]]'' (LSSP), aiming to make [[Meitei people|Meitei women]] understand the culture and tradition of [[Sanamahism]] ([[traditional Meitei religion]]).<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Contest on Meitei way of life |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/contest-on-meitei-way-of-life/cid/1425684 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name="pothashang.in">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-01 |title=Meetei Chanu 2018 {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/11/01/meetei-chanu-2018/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-20 |title='MEETEI CHANU' FINAL CONTEST ON DECEMBER 23 {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2017/12/20/meetei-chanu-final-contest-december-23/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Plants in Meitei culture]]
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei culture]]
* [[Birds in Meitei culture]]
* [[Animals in Meitei culture]]
* [[Women in Buddhist culture]]
* [[Women in Christian culture]]
* [[Women in Hindu culture]]
* [[Women in Islamic culture]]
* [[Women in Jewish culture]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Women in Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Women in mythology]]
[[Category:Women and religion]]
[[Category:Women in society]]

Fireflies (2018 film)

2024-02-11T16:44:07Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|2018 Meitei film}} {{About|a Meitei language film|the Hindi film|Fireflies (2014 film)}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox film | name = Fireflies | director = Rajkumar Johnson | producer = Film Division of India<ref name="imdb">{{IMDB title|8011806|Fireflies 2018}}</ref> | based_on = the journey of the Meira Paibis (women social activists) to save the society, includi..."

{{Short description|2018 Meitei film}}
{{About|a [[Meitei language]] film|the Hindi film|Fireflies (2014 film)}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Fireflies
| director = Rajkumar Johnson
| producer = Film Division of India<ref name="imdb">{{IMDB title|8011806|Fireflies 2018}}</ref>
| based_on = the journey of the [[Meira Paibi]]s (women social activists) to save the society, including the menfolk, from the crimes of the armed forces.<ref name=DC>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/040118/women-torchbearers-of-change-in-manipur.html|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|author=Ralph Alex Arakal|title=Women, torchbearers of change in Manipur|date=January 4, 2018}}</ref>
| music = Jimbo Ningombam
| cinematography = Andy Tourangbam<ref name="klmdb">{{Cite web|title=Fireflies (2018) - Full Cast & Crew Credits - KLMDb|url=https://klmdb.com/title/0000593/full-credits|access-date=2021-09-18|website=klmdb.com}}</ref>
| editing = Akash Basumatari<ref name="klmdb"/>
| layout_artist = Sanjana Bhatt
| studio = Film Division of India<ref name="imdb"/>
| released = {{Film date|2018|01|01|ref1=<ref name="imdb"/>}}
| runtime = 6 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])
| budget = $ 200 (estimated)<ref name="imdb"/>
}}

'''Fireflies''' is a 2018 [[India|Indian]] [[Meitei language]] documentary short film, directed by Johnson Rajkumar. It portrays the struggles of the [[Meira Paibi]]s to protect the people from crimes in [[Manipur]] state, and the role of women in the conflicting and male-dominated society of [[Manipur]]. It looks at how the [[gender gap]] and [[gender identity|gender identities]] are settled during times of conflict and violence in the society.<ref name=DC /><ref name=Imphal>{{cite news|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/16258-manipuri-documentary-selected-in-kathmandu-film-festival|author=Huirem Naresh|title=Manipuri Documentary Selected in Kathmandu Film Festival|date=December 11, 2019}}</ref><ref name=Doc>{{cite news|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Top_Stories_2019.Fireflies_Manipuri_documentary_at_Kathmandu_Film_Festival_20191212|title=Fireflies : Manipuri documentary selected in Kathmandu Film Festival - December 13th 2019 : by Kathmandu International Mountain Film Fest - |publisher=E-PAO|year=2019}}</ref><ref name=East>{{cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/12/20/manipuri-documentary-fireflies-screened-at-kathmandu-film-fest/|publisher=East Mojo|title=Manipuri documentary ‘Fireflies’ screened at Kathmandu film fest |author=EastMojo News Bureau|date=December 20, 2019}}</ref>

The film shows women reacting to the rising cases of disappearance of men. This took place after the [[Armed Forces Special Powers Act]] (AFSPA) was applied to [[Manipur]] state. The important point of the movie is that women stand up for the safety, security and better survival of the men.<ref name=DC />

== Plot ==
In 1980s, when [[Manipur]] was exposed to revolutionaries and armed violence, a group of women came out to the streets to uphold peace in the state. These groups were called the [[Meira Paibi]]s. They were the freely independent women's organisations. They participated in the willing patrols during the night. They held the flaming torches and tried to bring balance in the society.<ref name="imdb"/><ref name="klmdb"/>

== Background ==
In [[India]], women are mostly seen to be confined in their homes. In reality, they are the important members of every social movement. But they are always seen as not related. Women of [[Manipur]] contributed a lot towards the welfare of the social conditions. This really inspired Johnson Rajkumar, the maker of the "Fireflies".<ref name=DC />

He tried to show the influence of gender roles in conflicts and violence. If men were holding such responsibilities, they would have been falsely grouped into rebels. According to Johnson, the movie shows that women's collective has more to do beyond pro-feminists.<ref name=DC />

Rajkumar went to [[Bangalore]] for higher education. There, he realised that the issues from [[Manipur]] and the [[North East India]] were not truly represented or interpreted in the national media news. Hence, he created the "Fireflies" to fight the set false stories. He wanted to show the best formal true facts.<ref name=DC />

== Production ==
The film is financially supported by the "Samaj Pragati Sahayog", a social media platform based in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. Additionally, it is supported by the "Film Division of India".

Rajkumar is the director of the movie and a Manipuri media activist. He lives in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. He has been making documentary movies on social and political issues. He focuses on social movements and protests.<ref name="Nenow">{{cite news|url=https://nenow.in/entertainment/manipuri-documentary-makes-athens-greece.html|date=December 26, 2017|title=Manipuri documentary makes it to Athens, Greece|publisher=Northeast Now News}}</ref><ref name="Kangla">{{cite press release|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2017/12/manipuri-documentary-film-selected-in-athens-greece/|title=Manipuri documentary film selected in Athens, Greece|date=December 25, 2017|publisher=Kangla Online}}</ref>

== Accolades and recognition ==
The film won many awards in international film festivals. These were held in different countries of the world.<ref name=Imphal /><ref name=East /><ref name=Doc />

=== Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Awards
! Category
! Results
|-
| Arthouse Asia International Film Festival, Kolkata (2018)
| Best Short Documentary
| {{won}}
|-
| Chennai International Short Film Festival, Chennai (2018)
| 2nd place in Best Short Documentary
| {{won}}
|}

=== Official selection ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Film Festivals
! Venues
! Year
|-
| 3rd Golden Tree International Documentary Film Festival
| [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]]
| 2018
|-
| Balkan Can Kino
| [[Athens]], [[Greece]]
| 2018
|-
| Frames Film Festival
| [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| 2018
|-
| National Documentary and Short Film Festival
| [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| 2018
|-
| Art and Imphal Festival
| [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
| 2018
|-
| International Film Festival "Cinema and You"
| [[:en:Mariupol|Mariupol]], [[Ukraine]]
| -
|-
| Kathmandu International Mountain Film Festival
| [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]
| 2019
|-
| Dada Saheb Phalke International Film Festival
| [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| -
|-
| Davis Feminist Film Festival
| [[California]]
| -
|-
| Culture Diversity and Peace Short Film Festival
| [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
| 2019
|-
| Human Rights Short Film Festival
| [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
| -
|}

== See also ==
* [[Women in Meitei culture]]
* [[Nupi Lan]]
* [[Ima Keithel]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.manipur.org/news/2017/12/24/manipuri-documentary-film-selected-in-athens-greece/ Manipuri documentary film selected in Athens, Greece]

[[Category:Meitei-language films]]
[[Category:2018 documentary films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:History of Manipur]]
[[Category:Women in Meitei culture]]

Tutenglon

2024-02-11T16:43:14Z

SonOfZeus:

{{Short description|Ancient Meitei language text}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
The '''Tutenglon''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯨꯇꯦꯡꯂꯣꯟ}}|/tū-teng-lōn/}}) is an [[ancient Meitei language]] text, based on the saga of the two Meitei princes, [[Yoimongba]] and [[Taothingmang]], who took upon themselves the superhuman task of dredging the channels of the biggest and the longest rivers in {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}, the [[Iril River]] and the [[Imphal River]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ&q=tutenglon|title=A History of Manipuri Literature|last=Singh|first=Ch Manihar|date=1996|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0086-9|language=en}}</ref> It also describes about the flood that happened during the reign of king [[Ngangoi Yoimongba]] in [[Ancient Kangleipak]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8EJAQAAMAAJ&q=tutenglon|title=Journal of the Indian Musicological Society|date=1971|publisher=Indian Musicological Society|language=en}}</ref> The text also mentions that [[Yoimongba]] and [[Taothingmang]] are the two sons and [[Lairoklembi]] is a daughter of Meitei king [[Khuyoi Tompok]]. Princess Lairoklembi was married to the chief of [[Koupalu|Koubru]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmZuAAAAMAAJ&q=tutenglon|title=Genesis of Indian Tribes: An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais|last=Tensuba|first=Keerti Chand|date=1993|publisher=Inter-India Publications|isbn=978-81-210-0308-7|language=en}}</ref>

== Story ==
It had been the practice of Meitei kings to clear out periodically the silts brought down by the currents of the rivers during rainy season and deposited in the river beds. Yoimongba, the elder prince, gave the work [[Iril River]], which would was easier than the other river, to his younger brother as its banks were free from long grasses and its waters are lack of large driftwoods. Yoimongba, for himself, took the duty of the more troublesome [[Imphal River]]. To keep him entertained during the long tiresome labor, Yoimongba took along with him a different chirping pet birds and in the din of such pleasing company, he did more work much advanced than his younger brother. At the final, both the brothers met together at a distant place which was then named as "Iril Long" and later [[Lilong]]. Working together further without any stoppage, they finally reached an isolated human settlement area inhabited by a hundred families. There, an old woman told them about the chaos caused by a colossal bird preying on men. Nobody had gone out of their houses as the bloodthirsty monstrous bird was roaming around a nearby cave. The woman also told them that the village folks were just seized in the talons of the bird as newly hatched chickens. The two princes were also warned that they might suffer the same fate. When the brothers were about to prepare a strong net to catch the strange bird, the kind woman again told them that their attempt might be useless.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=25 |language=en, mni}}</ref> She advised them to pray to goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi]], for sword and arrows held by her. The two brothers received the weapons and brought them placing them on their boat. However, the weapons were so powerful and not meant for ordinary humans that the weapons even violently split their boat into two halves. Again at her instruction, [[Taothingmang]] did penance for a whole month to be blessed with enough strength to kill the monstor bird. Finally, the divine weapons were restored to the brothers. Hence, they went to find the hideout of the gigantic bird. While going there, Yoimongba was carried away by the bird. But his younger brother Taothingmang shot an arrow to the bird, thereby successfully wounding the bird. The colossal bird crashed whirling down on the ground. Finally, prince Yoimongba slaughtered the giant bird with his sword.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=26 |language=en, mni}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Birds in Meitei culture]]
* [[Geography of Manipur]]

== Bibliography ==
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467152 Tutenglon]

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Birds in culture]]
[[Category:Puyas]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:History of Manipur]]
[[Category:Geography of Manipur]]

Menjor Multipurpose Research Centre and Unity Park

2024-02-11T16:42:11Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Research centre and unity park in Manipur, India}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox park | name = Menjor Multipurpose Research Centre and Unity Park | alt_name = MMRC and Unity Park | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = A shrine of God Pakhangba of traditional Meitei religion (Sanamahism) in the MMRC & Unity Park (Menjor Multipurpose Research Centre and Unity Park), Khangabok, Thoubal dist..."

{{Short description|Research centre and unity park in Manipur, India}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Menjor Multipurpose Research Centre and Unity Park
| alt_name = MMRC and Unity Park
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = A shrine of God Pakhangba of traditional Meitei religion (Sanamahism) in the MMRC & Unity Park (Menjor Multipurpose Research Centre and Unity Park), Khangabok, Thoubal district, Kangleipak (Manipur).jpg
| image_size =
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| image_caption = A shrine of God [[Pakhangba]] of [[traditional Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]) in the MMRC & Unity Park
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'''Menjor Multipurpose Research Centre and Unity Park''', shortly known as '''MMRC and Unity Park''', is a garden, museum, recreation park and research centre for [[Culture of Manipur|culture of different ethnic and religious groups of Manipur]], with a special focus on the [[Meitei culture]]. It is located in [[Khangabok]] town in [[Thoubal district]] of Manipur. It houses a temple of [[Pakhangba]] of [[traditional Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]), a Hindu temple, a Buddhist temple, a church and a mosque, promoting communal harmony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2017-08-25 |title=Manipur's unique park endorses communal harmony |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2017-08-24/Manipurs-unique-park-endorses-communal-harmony/321578 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |title=Manipur's Unique Parks: MMRC & Unity Park – Khangabok, Thoubal District – KanglaOnline |date=7 March 2016 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2016/03/manipurs-unique-parks-mmrc-unity-park-khangabok-thoubal-district/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Features ==
The MMRC and Unity Park was constructed by educationalist Kh. Menjor Mangang. It is a multi-dimensional research centre (MMRC), tourist destination as well as recreation park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2017-08-25 |title=Manipur's unique park endorses communal harmony |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2017-08-24/Manipurs-unique-park-endorses-communal-harmony/321578 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

About his creation, Mangang said:
{{Blockquote|"I am planning to learn more from the other parks in India and other neighboring countries which can be of help economically and socially in our society. I would like to provide the best facilities to the visitors. And also, I want all the visitors to be equally treated and make them feel at ease."<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2017-08-25 |title=Manipur's unique park endorses communal harmony |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2017-08-24/Manipurs-unique-park-endorses-communal-harmony/321578 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>}}

It also displays the traditional lifestyles of the [[ancient Meiteis]]. Among the numerous sculptures being showcased, the statues of Lourembam Khongnangthaba along with six other divine maichous are considered to be a rare work of art.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2017-08-25 |title=Manipur's unique park endorses communal harmony |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2017-08-24/Manipurs-unique-park-endorses-communal-harmony/321578 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Hosting events ==
=== 2023 ===
In April 2023, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a science exhibition organised by Centre For Rural Empowerment and Development Organisation (CREDO), Shikhong Keithel, under the sponsorship of [[National Council for Science and Technology Communication]] (NCSTC Division), [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science & Technology]], [[Government of India]], to give scientific awareness to students of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] of [[Ukhrul district|Ukhrul]] and [[Thoubal district]]s of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Science exhibition kicks off at MMRC Unity Park |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/4/6/Our-CorrespondentTHOUBAL-Apr-5-A-2-days-long-science-exhibition-organised-by-Centre-For-Rural-E.amp.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Science exhibition kicks off at MMRC Unity Park : 06th apr23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=10..060423.apr23 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SST ministry-sponsored science fair commences : 06th apr23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=47..060423.apr23 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== 2022 ===
==== 69th All India Co-operative Week 2022 ====
In November 2022, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted the 69th All India Co-operative Week 2022, organized by the Manipur State Cooperative Union (MSCU), Imphal, along with the cooperative societies of [[Kakching district]] and Thoubal district, under the themes, ''"India at 75: Growth of cooperatives and Future Ahead"'' and ''"Cooperatives for Youth, Women, Weaker Sections and Health"''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=69th Cooperative Week 2022 observed : 20th nov22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=57..201122.nov22 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Formation of the Thoubal District Chamber of Commerce and Industry (TDCCI) ====
In September 2022, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a grand meeting which holds the formation of a full-fledged Thoubal District Chamber of Commerce and Industry (TDCCI), to improve trades and commerce in Thoubal district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thoubal District CCI formed : 26th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=64..260922.sep22 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Thabak Keithel ====
In July 2022, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted an online service delivery platform launching program of the "Thabak Keithel", organised by the Sajik Thaba Management Private limited, Thoubal Athokpam, to provide professional job opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online job portal "Thabak Keithel" launched : 25th jul22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=11..250722.jul22 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Campaign against drugs and alcohol ====
In June 2022, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a launching event of a massive level campaign against drugs and alcohol under the banner ''"Mayai Kaba Nisha Gi Maiyokta Changsinba Khongjang"'', organised by the "Poirei Leimarol Meira Paibi Apunba Manipur", the "All Manipur United Clubs' Organisation (AMUCO)", the "Manipuri Students' Federation (MSF)" and the "All Manipur Women's Voluntary Association (AMWOVA)".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mass campaign against drugs launched : 12th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=34..120622.jun22 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Financial literacy awareness programme ====
In April 2022, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a financial literacy awareness programme, organised by the Manipur State Co-Operative Bank in collaboration with [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] ([[NABARD]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial literacy awareness programme held at MMRC & Unity Park : 08th apr22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=11..080422.apr22 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial literacy awareness prog held : 07th apr22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=47..070422.apr22 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
==== 2nd CSDO Craft Bazar ====
In December 2021, the MMRC Unity Park hosted the 2nd CSDO Craft Bazar for 10 days organised by the collaboration between the Office of the Development Commissioner (Handicrafts), [[Government of India]] and the Crafts & Social Development Organisation (CSDO), [[Nandeibam|Kongba Makha Nandeibam Leikai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd CSDO Crafts Bazar from Dec 29 : 27th dec21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=53..271221.dec21 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== 2019 ===
==== 80th Nupi Lan Memorial Day-2019 ====
In December 2019, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted the 80th Nupi Lan Memorial Day-2019 as one of the venues for the celebration of the event in the [[Thoubal district]]. Commemorating the historical event of the [[Nupi Lan]], floral tributes were offered to the statues of the women who took part in the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=80th Nupi Lan Memorial Day observed at different districts : 13th dec19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..131219.dec19 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net |quote=MMRC & Unity Park Khangabok also observed the 80th Nupi Lan Memorial Day at its hall, today. ... During the programme, all the attendees led by Menjor Mangang paid floral tributes at the statue of Nupi Lan installed inside the said park.}}</ref>

==== Banana fibre extraction awareness cum training programme ====
In November 2019, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted an awareness cum training programme on banana fibre extraction, organised by the Mahila Weaver's Cell (MWC), BJP Manipur Pradesh and Directorate of Handloom and Textile, in association with the Blooming Foundation, [[Khangabok]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awareness / training programme on banana fibre extraction held : 28th nov19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..281119.nov19 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Tribute to Sapam Robinhood ====
In September 2019, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a floral tribute paying ceremony, dedicated to Sapam Robinhood ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯥꯄꯝ ꯔꯣꯕꯤꯟꯍꯨꯗ}}|}}), a martyr of a ''2015 social movement to implement the [[Inner Line Permit]] in Manipur'', on his 4th cremation day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tributes paid to Robinhood : 04th sep19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp17..040919.sep19 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Library Day (127th Birth Anniversary of S. R. Ranganathan) ====
In August 2019, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a Library Day, organized jointly by the Manipur Library Association (MALA) and the Blooming Foundation, participated by 300 students, youth leaders, academicians, teachers and public leaders in the event, in connection with the 127th Birth Anniversary of Dr [[S. R. Ranganathan]], father of [[Indian Library Association|Indian Library Movement]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Day observed at Khangabok : 13th aug19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=32..130819.aug19 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Players' Day ====
In February 2019, the MMRC and Unity Park and the "All Manipur Mukna Association (AMMA)" organised a "Players' Day" for the appreciation and the recognition of the players of the State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Players Day to be observed on Feb 25 : 19th feb19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport3..190219.feb19 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== 290th commemorative event of the Puya Meithaba ====
In January 2019, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted the 290th commemorative event of the [[Puya Meithaba]], organised by the "International Observation Committee On Puya Meithaba (ICOP)", [[Kangleipak]], on the theme ''"Remember, Review and Revive for Love, Peace and Integrity"'', attended by Meidingu [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]] as a chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=290th Puya Meithaba remembered : 29th jan19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..290119.jan19 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== 2018 ===
In April 2018, the MMRC Unity Park hosted the 4th quiz competition for the ancient [[history of Manipur]], conducted by the Epu Taret Ningshing Lup Kangleipak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quiz competition : 25th apr18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..250418.apr18 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
==== Nupi Lal Ningshing Thouram ====
In December 2017, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a {{langnf|mni|Nupi Lal Ningshing Thouram|Commemoration event of [[Nupi Lan]]}}, attended by [[Thongam Biswajit Singh]], [[Thokchom Radheshyam Singh]], [[Paonam Brojen]]. In the event, Biswajit and Radheshyam unveiled a statue dedicated to the [[Nupi Lan]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯂꯥꯟ]]}}|}}) inside the park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |title='Nupi Lal Day is an important date in the history of Manipur' – KanglaOnline |date=13 December 2017 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2017/12/nupi-lal-day-is-an-important-date-in-the-history-of-manipur/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nupilan observed at different districts ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur |url=http://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?p2p=news&src=9..131217.dec17&sNStart=%3C!EpnNews9%3E&sNEnd=%3C!EpnNews9End%3E&sHead=%3C!EpnHeading9%3E&sHeadEnd=%3C!EpnHeading9End%3E |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Foundation day of the Self Employed Finance Investment (SEFI) ====
In October 2017, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted the 3rd foundation day of the Self Employed Finance Investment (SEFI), [[Thoubal]] head office, which was established with the primary objective to give loans at low interest rate to unemployed or jobless people for their commercial purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation day held : 11th oct17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp13..111017.oct17 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Hijam Irawat remembrance month ====
In September 2017, the MMRC and Unity Park was one of the many places in Manipur that hosted the event of Hijam Irawat remembrance month, organised by the Patriotic Writers Forum Manipur, by paying floral tributes to the statues dedicated to [[Hijam Irabot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hijam Irawat rememberance[sic] month begins at Kakching : 02nd sep17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=12..020917.sep17 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Birthday anniversary to Naoriya Phullo ====
In August 2017, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted an anniversary to the 130th birthday of [[Laininghal Naoriya Phulo|Naoriya Phullo]], organised by the "Meitei/Meetei Enaat Saktam Kanba Lup, [[Kangleipak]]" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ/ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯏꯅꯥꯠ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯀꯟꯕ ꯂꯨꯞ, ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ}}|}}). [[Thokchom Radheshyam Singh]], the then Education Minister of the [[Manipur Government]], attended the event as a dignitary. He unveiled the statue of [[Laininghal Naoriya Phulo|Phundrei]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯍꯜ ꯅꯥꯎꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯐꯨꯜꯂꯣ ꯐꯨꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯩ}}|}}) and also hoisted the seven-coloured flag of [[Meitei culture]].
In the event, an official logo of the MMRC and Unity Park was published. Besides that, a memoir named “Laininghal Phundrei (Phullo) Gi Mapok 130 Suba Samlakpa Wari Ningsing Chefong” ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯍꯜ ꯐꯨꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯩ (ꯐꯨꯜꯂꯣ) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯣꯛ ꯱꯳꯰ ꯁꯨꯕ ꯁꯝꯂꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ}}|}}), authored by H Tomchou, was published by the dignitaries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthday of Phullo observed : 15th aug17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp17..150817.aug17 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Lions Clubs International centenary celebration ====
In February 2017, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a centenary celebration for the [[Thoubal]] branch of the [[Lions Clubs International]]. The club gifted the custom made umbrellas, which highlighted the works of the club, to the MMRC and Unity Park as well as to the people of the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lion's club presents umbrellas : 23rd feb17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp8..230217.feb17 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Singju festival ====
In January 2017, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a twelve days-2nd Singju festival 2017, organized by the Singju Festival Committee under the supervision of Singju Yokhatpa Lup (SAYOL), opening 150 stalls, mostly selling [[Singju]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯁꯤꯡꯖꯨ]]}}|}}) and handicraft products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singju festival kicks off : 29th jan17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=15..290117.jan17 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Website launched : 24th jan17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..240117.jan17 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

The MMRC Unity Park was the end point of a Singju marathon race organized as a part of the 2nd Singju festival 2017 by Singju Yokhatpa Lup, participated by over 100 runners, beginning from Kakching Lamkhai in Kakching district as its start point.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singju marathon held : 26th jan17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=26..260117.jan17 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===
==== Celebration of 70th year of Independence ====
On 22 August 2016, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a [[Tiranga Yatra]] ({{lang-en|Celebration of 70th year of Independence}}), organized by the Nehru Yuva Kendra (NYK), Thoubal, under the aegis of the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports]], [[Government of India]], participated by 1000 students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiranga Yatra : 22nd aug16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp1..220816.aug16 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== 25th Meitei language day ====
On 20 August 2016, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a celebration event of the 25th [[Meitei language day]] (formally called [[Manipuri language day]]), organised by the Patriotic Writers' Forum, Manipur, commemorating the historic inclusion of [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]) in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Day held all over State : 21st aug16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..210816.aug16 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Manipur Sahitya Samiti Awards, 2015 ====
In May 2016, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted an awards ceremony for the "Manipur Sahitya Samiti Award, 2015" organized by Manipur Sahitya Samiti (MSS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Sahitya award : 23rd may16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp3..230516.may16 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== 2015 ===
==== Snow Queen beauty pageant screening ====
In December 2015, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a screening program for the Snow Queen beauty pageant for the year 2015, which was conducted under the theme ''"To develop personality & talent"'' for girls between 9 and 13 years of age, being attended by Mr International India (Haley Leithangbam), Miss Manipur 2006 (Oinam Ongbi Surmala Devi) and model (Sunilkumar Naosekpam) as the jury members of the screening event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Snow Queen screening held : 21st dec15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp2..211215.dec15 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Meitei language day celebration ====
In August 2015, the MMRC and Unity Park was one of the places where Meitei language day (Manipuri language day) was celebrated. It was organised by the Patriotic Writer's Forum Manipur and the KM Blooming Higher Secondary School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Language Day widely observed : 21st aug15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=32..210815.aug15 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net |quote=Patriotic Writer's Forum Manipur and KM Blooming Higher Secondary School also jointly observed the day at MMRC and Unity Park at Khangabok in Thoubal district.}}</ref> The event also included poetry recitation and poetry writing competition on the themes, {{langnf|mni|"Imarol"|Mother language}} and "Indigenous people".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Language Day observed at Khangabok : 21st aug15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=15..210815.aug15 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== International Day of Yoga ====
In June 2015, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted the [[International Day of Yoga]], organised jointly by the Nehru Yuva Kendra (NYK), Thoubal, along with the women's organizations, students, [[Meira Paibi]]s, self-help groups, members of [[Panchayat Raj]] institutions and [[Manipur Government]] officials, showcasing the demonstrations of Yogic exercises, Yuva Kriti and youth formal social gatherings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Day of Yoga : 19th jun15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp22..190615.jun15 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== State level legal literacy cum awareness campaign ====
In March 2015, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a one day State level legal literacy cum awareness campaign, organised by the Manipur State Legal Services Authority (MSLSA), the Thoubal District Legal Services Authority and the Thoubal District Bar Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal literacy campaign held : 02nd mar15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=12..020315.mar15 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== 2014 ===
In November 2014, the MMRC and Unity Park hosted a one day discussion symposium, on the theme "Unification Of Society Through Culture", which was organised by the United Peoples' Administrative Council (UPACO) and the KM Blooming Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discussion on unity through culture held : 16th nov14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..161114.nov14 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Heingang Ching]]
** [[Marjing Polo Complex]]
*** [[Marjing Polo Statue]]
* [[Imphal Peace Museum]]
* [[INA War Museum]]
* [[Kakching Garden]]
* [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] - world's only floating national park in Manipur, India
* [[Khonghampat Orchidarium]]
* [[Loktak Folklore Museum]]
* [[Manipur State Museum]]
* [[Manipur Zoological Garden]]
* [[Nongmaiching Ching]]
** [[Sanamahi Kiyong]]
* [[Phumdi]] - Floating biomasses in Manipur, India
* [[Sekta Archaeological Living Museum]]
* [[Yangoupokpi-Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=MMRC+and+Unity+Park&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 MMRC and Unity Park] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buddhist temples in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Manipur]]
[[Category:Meitei pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Thoubal]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Manipur]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Meitei royalty]]
[[Category:Mosques in India]]
[[Category:Public art in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Manipur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]

Meitei proverbs

2024-02-11T16:41:25Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Meitei language sayings}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox | name = Meitei language proverbs | image = thumb | caption1 = | label1 = Native term(s) | data1 = Paorou | header2 = General information | label3 = Used in | data3 = Meitei literature | label4 = Part of | data4 = Meitei philosophy }} ..."

{{Short description|Meitei language sayings}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox
| name = Meitei language proverbs
| image = [[File:Meitei language.svg|thumb]]
| caption1 =

| label1 = Native term(s)
| data1 = Paorou
| header2 = General information

| label3 = Used in
| data3 = [[Meitei literature]]

| label4 = Part of
| data4 = [[Meitei philosophy]]
}}
[[Proverbs]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|Paorou}}||information‑to take}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Proverb) |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A7&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |page=113 |quote=pāorou ꯄꯥꯑꯣꯔꯧ /pao.rəu/ n. proverb. Morph: pāo‑rou [information‑to take].}}</ref>) in [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]) are usually short, well-known terse and vigorously expressive sayings, stating general truths as well as advices. These are the [[intangible cultural heritages of Meitei civilization]], playing crucial roles in the [[classicism in Meitei culture]].

== List ==
{{Expand list|date=April 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | Meitei language proverbs
! rowspan="2" | English language translations
! rowspan="2" | Applications (if any)
! rowspan="2" | English equivalents (if any)
! rowspan="2" | Note(s)
|-
! In [[Meitei script]]
! In [[Eastern Nagari script]]
! In [[Romanization]]
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯩꯅꯕꯨ ꯇꯣꯛꯄ ꯄꯣꯛꯄꯔꯥ?}}
| {{Script|Beng|কৈনবু তোকপা পোকপরা?}}
| {{Script|Latn|Kei na bu tokpa pokpara?}}
| Will a tiger give birth to a cat?
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tales of Meitei Proverbs Book Review By James Oinam |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Tales_of_Meitei_Proverbs_Book_Review_By_James_Oinam |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯔꯨꯅꯤꯡꯕꯒ ꯊꯣꯡꯇꯦꯛꯄꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|ইরুনিঙবগা থোংতেকপগা মান্নবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Iruningbaga thongtekpaga manabagum}}
| A man who wants to wash, gains his end when the bridge breaks.
| A man may sometimes get what he wants by an accident.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_91">{{Cite book |last=Primrose |first=Arthur John |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0L3M1OmJhesC&pg=RA1-PA91 |title=A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary, and Phrase Book: To which are Added Some Manipuri Proverbs and Specimens of Manipuri Correspondence |publisher=Assam Secretariat Press |year=1888 |pages=91 |language=en, mni |chapter=Manipuri Proverbs |author-link=Arthur John Primrose}}</ref>
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯧ ꯃꯄꯥꯌꯦꯡꯅ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯞ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|থৌ মপায়েংনা খুদোপ সিবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Thau mapayengna khudop sibagum}}
| Wear the ring which suits your business.
|
| Cut your coat according to your cloth.
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_91" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯦꯝꯕꯅ ꯊꯥ ꯂꯥꯝꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|লেপনেম্বনা থা লাম্বগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Lepnembana tha lambagum}}
| A short man tries to reach the Moon.
| It applies to an over ambitious man.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_91" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯦꯔꯨꯛꯇ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯟꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|মেরুক্তা মনা পানবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Merukta mana panbagum}}
| It is like putting a handle to a light measure.
| It applies to anyone doing a useless action.
|
| The meruk is a measure weighing about 10 chittacks, for which no handle is necessary.<ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_91" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯃꯝꯕꯗ ꯈꯨꯗꯨꯝ ꯎꯠꯄꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|অমন্বদা খুছম উৎপগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Amambada khudum utpagum.}}
| It is like showing your fist in the dark.
| It replies to a coward.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_91" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯔꯣꯏ ꯃꯆꯤꯗ ꯊꯣꯏꯗꯤꯡ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|ইরোই মচিদা থোইদিং থম্বগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Iroi machida thoiding thambagum}}
| You might as well put a small oilseed on the horns of a buffalo.
| It applies to any impossible action.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_91" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯃꯝꯕꯗ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯃꯥꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|অমম্বদা পোৎ মাবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Amambada pot mabagum}}
| You are like the man who gropes for a thing in the dark.
| It applies to any one undertaking what he cannot perform.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_92">{{Cite book |last=Primrose |first=Arthur John |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0L3M1OmJhesC&pg=RA1-PA92 |title=A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary, and Phrase Book: To which are Added Some Manipuri Proverbs and Specimens of Manipuri Correspondence |publisher=Assam Secretariat Press |year=1888 |pages=92 |language=en, mni |chapter=Manipuri Proverbs |author-link=Arthur John Primrose}}</ref>
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯃꯆꯥꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|অঙাং মচ্চানা লাঈসান্নবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Angang machana laisannabagum}}
| You act like children playing with dolls.
| It applies to persons who trifle with important business.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_92" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠꯇꯥꯡꯕꯅ ꯃꯤꯡꯁꯦꯟ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|মিৎতাঙবনা মিঙসেন য়েঙবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Mittangbana mingsen yengbagum}}
| Show a looking-glass to a blind man.
| It applies to a person who pretends to understand something which he is ignorant of.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_92" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯝꯕꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯁꯝꯖꯦꯠ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|লমবোইবদা সমজেৎ পিবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Lamboibada samjet pibagum}}
| Give a comb to a saint (who is bald).
| It applies to a person giving an inappropriate present.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_92" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯝꯃꯩ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯒ ꯊꯥꯎꯃꯩ ꯊꯥꯟꯒꯠꯄꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|কুমৈ লোইরগা থাওমৈ থানগৎপগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Kumei loiraga thaomei thangatpagum}}
| You light the lamps when the meeting is over.
| It applies to any one who does not act in time.
| Lock the stable door when the horse is out.
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_92" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯩꯔꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|হুরানবা মত্তুংদা মৈরিংবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Huranba mattungda meiringbagum.}}
| You keep watch after the thief has carried off your property.
|
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_92" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯌꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯣꯝ ꯇꯤꯡꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|য়ৈনবা মত্তংদা পামবোম তিংবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Yeinaba mattungda pambom tingbagum}}
| You show fight after receiving a caning.
|
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_93">{{Cite book |last=Primrose |first=Arthur John |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0L3M1OmJhesC&pg=RA1-PA93 |title=A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary, and Phrase Book: To which are Added Some Manipuri Proverbs and Specimens of Manipuri Correspondence |publisher=Assam Secretariat Press |year=1888 |pages=93 |language=en, mni |chapter=Manipuri Proverbs |author-link=Arthur John Primrose}}</ref>
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯥꯃꯨ ꯃꯆꯥꯅ ꯊꯧꯔꯤ ꯈꯪꯗꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|সামু মচ্চানা থৌরি খঙদবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Samu machana thauri khangdabagum}}
| A young elephant does not understand the rope.
| It applies to giving any one a task which he cannot perform.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_93" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯕꯅ ꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯟꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|লাইরবনা য়েল্লোইবা ৱাবা ওনবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Lairabana yelloiba waba onbagum}}
| Like the poor man's last fowl which has taken to the forests.
| It applies to the loss of anything greatly valued by owner.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_93" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯟꯊꯤꯕꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|চিনথিবনা লৌসিং সাবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Chinthibana lausing sabagum}}
| Does a prater merely by talking create wisdom? (Talking does not make a wise man)
|
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_93" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯤꯟꯅ ꯃꯈꯨꯟ ꯆꯪꯂꯝꯗꯥꯏꯗ ꯆꯨꯝꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|লিন্না মখুন চঙলমদাঈদা চুম্বগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Linna makhun changlamdaida chumbagum}}
| A snake goes straight into its hole.
|
| Don't beat about the bush.
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_93" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯉꯥꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯝ ꯃꯈꯨꯟꯗ ꯉꯥꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯝ ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|ঙাপ্রুম মখুন্দা ঙাপ্রুম থাজিনবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Ngaprum makhunda ngaprum thajinbagum}}
| Send an eel into another eel's hole.
|
| Set a thief to catch a thief.
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_93" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯡ ꯃꯃꯩꯗ ꯈꯨꯔꯦꯟ ꯈꯨꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|হৌদোঙ মমৈদা খুরেন খূবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Haudong mameida khuren khubagum}}
| You might as well put a ring on a cat's tail.
| It applies to a person who attempts an impossible action.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_93" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯩ ꯃꯌꯥꯗ ꯁꯥꯗꯨꯝ ꯍꯨꯟꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|কৈ ময়াদা সাদুম হুনজিনবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Kei mayada sadum hunjinbagum}}
| You are throwing flesh into the tiger's mouth.
| It applies to a person who trusts a dishonest person with his property.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_93" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯩꯈꯣꯝ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯊꯝꯕꯥꯟ ꯁꯥꯠꯄꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|লৈখোম মরক্তা থম্বান সাৎপগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Leikhom marakta thamban satpagum}}
| The lotus flowers in the middle of the mud.
| It applies to anyone who from a low origin rises to eminence.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_94">{{Cite book |last=Primrose |first=Arthur John |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0L3M1OmJhesC&pg=RA1-PA94 |title=A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary, and Phrase Book: To which are Added Some Manipuri Proverbs and Specimens of Manipuri Correspondence |publisher=Assam Secretariat Press |year=1888 |pages=94 |language=en, mni |chapter=Manipuri Proverbs |author-link=Arthur John Primrose}}</ref>
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯀꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯂꯝꯃꯥꯡꯅꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|অকোকপদা লম্মাঙনবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Akokpada lammangnabagum}}
| You are like the man who loses his way in an open place.
| It applies to a person who throws away a good chance.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_94" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯩꯅꯥꯡꯅ ꯄꯜ ꯊꯤꯡꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|লৈনাঙনা পল থিঙবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Leinangna pal thingbagum}}
| You try to build a wall with soft mud.
| It applies to any useless undertaking.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_94" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯛꯆꯦꯡ ꯃꯍꯨꯝ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|ককচেং মহুম থুগাইবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Kakcheng mahum thugaibagum}}
| You are like the man who breaks into an ant-hole.
| It applies to anyone who acts incautiously.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_94" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯣꯏ ꯃꯍꯨꯝꯗ ꯆꯩꯅ ꯊꯤꯟꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|খোই মহুমদা চৈনা থিনবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Khoi mahumda cheina thinbagum}}
| You are like a man who attacks a bee-hive.
| It applies to any one who acts incautiously.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_94" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯃꯤꯠꯇ ꯄꯛꯄ ꯃꯤꯠꯁꯥꯡꯗꯤ ꯎꯗꯔꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯠꯇ ꯄꯛꯄ ꯃꯤꯠꯁꯥꯡ ꯎꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|মমিৎতা পকপা মিৎসাঙদী উদরদুনা মিগী মমিৎতা পকপা মিৎসাঙ উবগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Mamitta pakpa mitsangdi udaraduna migi mamitta pakpa mitsang ubagum}}
| You see the dirt in another man's eye, but do not see the dirt in your own eye.
|
| Like the Bible parable of the man who sees the mote in his brother's eye, but fails to see the beam in his own eye.
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_94" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯩꯅ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯃꯥꯡꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ}}
| {{Script|Beng|কৈনা ময়েক মাঙব্রা}}
| {{Script|Latn|Keina mayek mangbra}}
| You cannot deprive a tiger of its spots.
|
| Can a leopard change its spots ?
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_94" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯡ ꯇꯨꯃꯤꯜꯂꯩꯕꯅ ꯆꯐꯨ ꯉꯝꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|হৌদোঙ তুমিল্লৈবনা চফু ঙম্বগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Haudong tumilleibana chafu ngambagum}}
| A cat cannot keep quiet while the cooking pot is near.
| Never trust a doubtful character.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_95">{{Cite book |last=Primrose |first=Arthur John |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0L3M1OmJhesC&pg=RA1-PA95 |title=A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary, and Phrase Book: To which are Added Some Manipuri Proverbs and Specimens of Manipuri Correspondence |publisher=Assam Secretariat Press |year=1888 |pages=95 |language=en, mni |chapter=Manipuri Proverbs |author-link=Arthur John Primrose}}</ref>
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯅꯥꯕꯨ ꯐꯗꯤꯅ ꯌꯣꯝꯕꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|সনাবু ফদীনা য়োম্বগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Sanabu phadina yombagum}}
| You cannot hide gold in a rag.
| An able man is sure of promotion.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_95" />
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯅ ꯆꯤꯛꯄ ꯍꯨꯏꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|খোংদনা চিকপা হুইগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Khongdana chikpa huigum}}
| He is like the dog which bites without barking.
| It applies to a man who speaks ill of you behind your back.
|
| <ref name=":Arthur_John_Primrose_95" />
|}

== See also ==
* [[Tha Tha Thabungton]]
* [[Meitei language day]]
* [[Meitei language festival]]
* [[Meitei language movement]]
* [[Meitei poetry day]]
* [[List of Meitei folktales]]
* [[List of Meitei-language films]]
* [[List of Meitei-language newspapers]]
* [[List of Meitei-language television channels]]

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |date=2015 |title=Morphosemantic Attributes of Meetei Proverbs |url=https://www.academia.edu/14041553 |journal=Advances in Language and Literary Studies |volume=6 |issue=3 |issn=2203-4714}}
* {{Cite book |last=Birjita Devi |first=Loitongbam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465667 |title=Manipuri Paorou Neinaba |publisher=Dr. Ningthoujam Bino Singh, Palace Compound, Imphal; [[Digital Library of India]] |year=2007 |location=India |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Amuba Singh |first=Sanoujam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.310120 |title=Ahal Lamangee Paorou Praman Panthei Part. 1 |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |year=1985 |location=India |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Amuba Singh |first=Sanoujam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466892 |title=Ahal Laman Paorou Part. 2 |publisher=Binodini Devi; [[Digital Library of India]] |year=1986 |location=India |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sanoujam Amuba |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465293 |title=Ahal Laman Paorou Praman Panthei Ahumsuba Saruk |publisher=Binodini Devi; [[Digital Library of India]] |year=1987 |location=India |language=mni}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Meitei+proverbs&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 Meitei proverbs] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Proverbs by language]]

Meitei language in Bangladesh

2024-02-11T16:40:20Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|About the Meitei language in Bangladesh}} {{Redirect|Manipuri language in Bangladesh|the official language of Manipur|Manipuri language}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox language | name = Meitei language in Bangladesh ({{small|{{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯕꯥꯡꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁꯇ ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ}}/{{Script|Beng|বাংলাদেশতা মৈতৈলোন}..."

{{Short description|About the Meitei language in Bangladesh}}
{{Redirect|Manipuri language in Bangladesh|the [[Languages with official status in India|official language]] of [[Manipur]]|Manipuri language}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Meitei language in Bangladesh ({{small|{{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯕꯥꯡꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁꯇ ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ}}/{{Script|Beng|বাংলাদেশতা মৈতৈলোন}}|}}}})
| altname = Manipuri language in Bangladesh ({{small|{{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯕꯥꯡꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁꯇ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ}}/{{Script|Beng|বাংলাদেশতা মণিপুরী লোন}}|}}}})
| nativename = Meiteilon/Manipuri lon
| acceptance =
| image = Meitei language.svg
| imagescale =
| imagealt =
| imagecaption = {{langnf|mni|Meitei Lon|Meitei language}} written in [[Meitei script]] and [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]]
| pronunciation =
| states =
* [[Sylhet District]]<ref name=":Bangladesh" />
* [[Moulvibazar District]]<ref name=":Bangladesh" />
* [[Sunamganj District]]<ref name=":Bangladesh" />
* [[Habiganj District]]<ref name=":Bangladesh" />
| region = [[Sylhet Division]]<ref name=":Bangladesh" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri, The - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Manipuri,_The |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=en.banglapedia.org |publisher=[[Banglapedia]] |place=Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Manipuri Ethnic Group in Bangladesh |url=https://www.bangladesh.com/blog/the-manipuri-ethnic-group-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Bangladesh.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| creator =
| created =
| setting =
| ethnicity = [[Meitei people]]
| era =
| speakers = 15,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |website=[[Ethnologue]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| date =
| dateprefix =
| ref = 
| refname =
| speakers2 =
| revived =
| revived-category = 
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| family = Sino-Tibetan
| fam1 = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]]
| protoname =
| ancestor =
| ancestor2 = [[proto-Sino-Tibetan language|proto-Sino-Tibetan]]
| ancestor3 = [[proto-Tibeto-Burman language|proto-Tibeto-Burman]]
| ancestor4 = [[:simple:Ancient Meitei language|ancient Meitei]]
| standards = Standard Meitei (Standard Manipuri)
| stand1 =
| stand2 = 
| dialects =
| listclass =
| dia1 =
| dia2 = 
| script = [[Meitei script]] and [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]]
| sign =
| posteriori =
| minority = {{BAN}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ | title = Bangladesh | publisher = [[Ethnologue]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri, The - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Manipuri,_The |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=en.banglapedia.org |publisher=[[Banglapedia]] |place=Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Manipuri Ethnic Group in Bangladesh |url=https://www.bangladesh.com/blog/the-manipuri-ethnic-group-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Bangladesh.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| agency =
| development_body =
* Manipuri Language Research and Development Organisation, Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Language Day celebrated in Bangladesh : 22nd aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=34..220822.aug22}}</ref>
* Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2022-12-25 |title=International Manipuri Short Story Festival held in Bangladesh |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/international-manipuri-short-story-festival-bangladesh.html |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Manipur Cultural Complex, Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad holds reception for PAWF delegates |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/bangladesh-manipuri-sahitya-sangsad-holds-reception-for-pawf-delegates}}</ref>
* Manipuri Muslim Samaj Kalyan Parishad<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bangladesh Manipuris promoting culture, language' : 24th apr22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=31..240422.apr22}}</ref>
* Bangladesh Manipuri Muslim Education Trust<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bangladesh Manipuris promoting culture, language' : 24th apr22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=31..240422.apr22}}</ref>
| iso1 =
| iso1comment =
| iso2 = mni
| iso2b =
| iso2t =
| iso2comment =
| iso3 = mni
| iso3comment =
| lc1 =
| ld1 =
| lc2 = 
| ld2 = 
| iso6 =
| isoexception =
| linglist =
| lingname =
| linglist2 = 
| lingname2 = 
| glotto =
| glottorefname =
| glotto2 = 
| glottorefname2 = 
| aiatsis =
| aiatsisname =
| aiatsis2 = 
| aiatsisname2 = 
| guthrie =
| ELP =
| ELPname =
| ELP2 = 
| ELPname2 = 
| glottopedia =
| lingua =
| lingua_ref =
| ietf =
| map =
| mapscale =
| mapalt =
| mapcaption =
| map2 =
| mapalt2 =
| mapcaption2 =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = 
| module =
| notice = IPA
}}
The ''[[Meitei language]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ}}/{{Script|Beng|মৈতৈ লোন}}|Meitei Lon}})'', officially and formally known as the ''[[Manipuri language]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ}}/{{Script|Beng|মণিপুরী লোন}}|Manipuri Lon}})'', is one of the minority languages in the [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ | title = Bangladesh | publisher = [[Ethnologue]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri, The - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Manipuri,_The |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=en.banglapedia.org |publisher=[[Banglapedia]] |place=Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Manipuri Ethnic Group in Bangladesh |url=https://www.bangladesh.com/blog/the-manipuri-ethnic-group-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Bangladesh.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Native to the [[Manipuri people]], it has 15,000 native speakers, mainly concentrated in the [[Sylhet Division]] of the nation.
According to the [[Ethnologue]], Meitei language is used as the [[first language]] (L1) by the [[Meitei Hindus]] as well as the {{langnf|mni|[[Meitei Pangals|Meitei Pangal]]|[[Meitei Muslims]]}} and as the [[second language]] (L2) by the [[Bisnupriya Manipuri people|Bishnupriyas]] in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |website=[[Ethnologue]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Bangladesh Manipuris promoting culture, language' : 24th apr22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=31..240422.apr22 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Due to lessening and reducing population, the generation of [[Meitei people]] in [[Sylhet]] have problems in speaking fluent [[Manipuri language]] as they speak [[Bengali language]] more than their own mother tongue. The Meitei people speak Manipuri language with heavy Bangladeshi accent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi Meiteis in dire situation : 22nd apr22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..220422.apr22 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

[[File:Manipuri Cultural Complex.jpg|thumb|250px|The ''"Manipuri Cultural Complex"'' works for the development of [[Meitei language]] (AKA [[Manipuri language]]) in Bangladesh.]]

Associations and organizations including but not limited to the "Manipuri Language Research and Development Organisation, Bangladesh", the "Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad", the "Manipur Cultural Complex, Bangladesh", etc. work for the development of [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]] and [[Meitei culture]] in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Language Day celebrated in Bangladesh : 22nd aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=34..220822.aug22 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2022-12-25 |title=International Manipuri Short Story Festival held in Bangladesh |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/international-manipuri-short-story-festival-bangladesh.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Intelligibility with Indian Meitei ==
{{See|States of India by Meitei speakers{{!}}Meitei language in India}}
Regarding the similarities and differences between the Bangladeshi Meitei language and Indian Meitei language, [[Ethnologue]] says the following:
{{Quote|''“Intelligibility of Meitei in Bangladesh is difficult. Those in Bangladesh may understand India Meitei better than vice versa possibly due to more language change in Bangladesh over the years. India Meitei is more standard. Intelligibility between dialects in Bangladesh definitely sufficient to understand complex and abstract discourse. Lexical similarity: 80%–86% between dialects in Bangladesh, 65%–70% between Bangladesh and India varieties.”''|[[Ethnologue]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |website=[[Ethnologue]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>}}

== Geographical distribution ==
[[File:Sylhet in Bangladesh.svg|thumb|Areas where there is significant population of [[Meitei speakers]] ([[Manipuris]]) in Bangladesh]]
The population of [[Meitei speakers]] ([[Manipuris]]) are found in four districts, namely [[Sylhet District]], [[Moulvibazar District]], [[Sunamganj District]] and [[Habiganj District]] of the [[Sylhet Division]] of Bangladesh. In early times, there were Meitei speaking population in [[Dhaka]], [[Mymensingh]] and [[Comilla]] also.<ref name=":Bangladesh">{{Cite web |title=Textile Bdesh Myanmar 3 |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Textile_Bdesh_Myanmar_3 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
=== Sylhet district ===
There are thirteen villages in [[Sylhet District]], which are Amborkhana (Nongthombam Leikai in Meitei language), Nayabazar, Shibgonj, Goaipara, Kewapara, Sagordighirpar (Pukhri Mapan in Meitei language), Baghbari, Laladighipar (Sapam Leikai in Meitei language), Lamabazar (Leichom Leikai in Meitei language), Doxingach, Rajbari (Konung Leikai in Meitei language), Brojonath Tila (Meitei people refer to it as Brajanath Leikai but earlier it was known as Narasingh Tila) and Noyabazar (Sylhet P.S.) among others.<ref name=":Bangladesh" />
=== Mouluvibazar district ===
[[Moulvibazar District]] has twenty-eight [[Meitei speakers|Meitei]] populated settlements, which are Photiguli, Goalbari, Naldhari, Boroiloli (Kulaura P.S.), Ramnagar, Khaspur, Balishira (Shrimongol P.S.), Gouranagar, Puthadhor, Chotodhamai, Patharia, Gourangabil (Borolekha P.S.), Madhobpur, Chaiciri (Nongthombam Leikai in Meitei language), Homerjan, Majhergaon, Shangaon (Hamom Khul in Meitei language), Haqtiarkhola, Shripiire, Bhandarigaon, Chitlia, Noyapattan, Ganganagar, Bhanubil, Katabil Tateygaon (Mange Makhong Khul in Meitei language), Mongolpur (Haobam Leikai in Meitei language), Konagoan (Kamalgonj P.S.), among others.<ref name=":Bangladesh" />

=== Habiganj district ===
[[Habiganj District|Habigonj District]] (Chunarghat P.S.) had four Meitei settlement areas, which are Gaborkhula, Abadgaon, Shibnagar and Dudhpatil.<ref name=":Bangladesh" />

=== Sunamganj district ===
[[Sunamganj District|Sunamgonj District]] (Chatak P.S.) has three Meitei populated settlements, which are Nayanpur, Lakhat and Ratanpur.<ref name=":Bangladesh" />

== Meitei language festival ==
{{Main|Meitei language festival}}
[[File:The names of the "Meitei Language Festival" (AKA "Manipuri Language Festival") – "Manipuri Lon-gi Kummei" (in Meitei, the native language) & "Manipuri Bhasha Utsav" (in Bengali, the national language of Bangladesh).jpg|thumb|300px|Meitei language festival (Manipuri Bhasha Utsav)]]
The '''[[Meitei language festival]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯨꯝꯃꯩ]]}}/{{Script|Beng|[[মৈতৈলোনগী কুম্মৈ]]}}|''Meiteilon-gi Kummei''}}), formally known as the '''[[Manipuri language festival]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯨꯝꯃꯩ]]}}/{{Script|Beng|[[মণিপুরী লোনগী কুম্মৈ]]}}|''Manipuri Lon-gi Kummei''}}) or the '''[[Manipuri Bhasha Utsav]]''' ({{Script|Mtei|[[ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯚꯥꯁꯥ ꯎꯠꯁꯕ]]}}/{{Script|Beng|[[মণিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব]]}}), is an annual cultural event that aims to the protection and the development of [[Meitei language]], indigenous [[Meitei script]]{{efn|name=script|The event promotes indigenous [[Meitei writing system]] to be used for Meitei language, other than the already predominantly used Bengali script.<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিনিধি |title=কমলগঞ্জে দিনব্যাপী মণিপুরি ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি উৎসব |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/কমলগঞ্জে-দিনব্যাপী-মণিপুরি-ভাষা-ও-সংস্কৃতি-উৎসব |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref>}} and [[Meitei culture]]{{efn|name=culture|The event also focusses on the cultural programs, besides the mother tongue, Meitei language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Jibon |date=2022-05-14 |title=কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি উৎসব |url=https://dailyjalalabad.com/2022/05/186017/ |website=দৈনিক জালালাবাদ {{!}} Daily Jalalabad |language=en-US}}</ref>}} in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=কমলগঞ্জে মনিপুরী ভাষা উৎসব উদযাপিত |url=https://www.bangla-times.com/2023/03/10/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E/ |website=www.bangla-times.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The event is conducted by the ''"Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad"'' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯕꯥꯡꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ꯌ ꯁꯪꯁꯗ}}/{{Script|Beng|বাংলাদেশ মণিপুরী সাহিত্য সংসদ}}|}}) since the year 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=কমলগঞ্জে মণিপুরি ভাষা উৎসব পালিত |url=https://www.abnews24.com/country-news/223407/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=ABNEWS24 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |title=নিজস্ব ভাষা সাহিত্যকে যথার্থ চর্চার মাধ্যমেই বাঁচিয়ে রাখা সম্ভব |url=https://sylheterdak.com.bd/নিজস্ব-ভাষা-সাহিত্যকে-যথ/ |website=সিলেটের ডাক |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Meitei language day in Bangladesh ==
{{Main|Meitei language day#Events in Bangladesh}}
[[File:"Meitei Language Day" alias "Manipuri Language Day" written in Meitei script and Latin script.jpg|thumb|300px|The Meitei language day (Manipuri language day)]]
The '''[[Meitei language day]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ]]}}/{{Script|Beng|[[মৈতৈলোনগী নুমীৎ]]}}|Meiteilon-gi Numit}}), formally known as the '''[[Manipuri language day]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ]]}}/{{Script|Beng|[[মণিপুরী লোনগী নুমীৎ]]}}|Manipuri Lon-gi Numit}}), is annually celebrated on 20th of August, in the People's Republic of Bangladesh,{{efn|simultaneously with the celebration of the same event in India}} commemorating the inclusion of Meitei language in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] and becoming one of the [[official languages of the Indian Republic]]. In 2022, it was organised by the ''"Manipuri Language Research and Development Organisation, Bangladesh"'' at Manipuri Kangshang, Nayapatand in Bhanugharh in [[Moulvibazar District]], attended by the Indian delegates alongside the notable linguistic personalities of Bangladesh, including professor Amar Yumnam of [[Manipur University]] (MU), professor Dr Homen Thangjam of the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] ([[IGNOU]]), professor Jinen Laishramcha of the [[University of Seoul]], [[South Korea]] and members of the ''"Manipur Cultural Complex, Bangladesh"'' and the ''"Manipuri Language Research and Development Organisation, Bangladesh"''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Language Day celebrated in Bangladesh : 22nd aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=34..220822.aug22 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

The slogan for the event of the year 2022 was ''"Lets speak our mother tongue, write in our mother tongue, love our mother tongue"''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Language Day observed in Bangladesh : 23rd aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=10..230822.aug22 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== International Manipuri Short Story Festival in Bangladesh ==
The International Manipuri Short Story Festival is a 3-day international linguistic event, jointly organised by the "Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯕꯥꯡꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ꯌ ꯁꯪꯁꯗ}}/{{Script|Beng|বাংলাদেশ মণিপুরী সাহিত্য সংসদ}}|}}) of [[Sylhet]] and the "Manipuri Short Story Society" of India.
In December 2022, it was organised at the Zilla Parishad conference hall in Sylhet, Bangladesh.
On its first day, there was bestowing of "Sinam Tanubabu Memorial International Award 2022" to Mutum Ramani Devi, an Indian authoress from [[Manipur]], in recognition of her literary work named “Fongngamdraba Cheinakhol” ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯐꯣꯡꯉꯝꯗ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯆꯩꯅꯥꯈꯣꯜ}}/{{Script|Beng|ফোংঙমদ্রবা চৈনাখোল}}|}}), which is an anthology of [[Meitei language]] short stories.
AK Seram, a Bangladeshi author, received the ''"Lifetime Achievement Award of the Manipuri Short Story Society, India"'' ("Rajkumar Sitaljit Memorial Award").
In the event, 26 Indian writers (predominantly from [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]]), alongside the numerous Bangladeshi writers, attended and presented their literary works in the symposium of the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2022-12-25 |title=International Manipuri Short Story Festival held in Bangladesh |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/international-manipuri-short-story-festival-bangladesh.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Meitei cinema ==
=== In Dhaka international film festival ===
In the [[Dhaka International Film Festival]] 2022, a Meitei language feature film [[Pandam Amada]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ]]}}/{{Script|Beng|[[পান্দম অমদা]]}}|}}), directed by an Indian National award winning filmmaker [[Oinam Gautam]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ ꯒꯧꯇꯝ]]}}/{{Script|Beng|[[ওইনাম গৌতম]]}}|}}), was premiered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2019-11-02 |title=Manipuri film 'Pandam Amada' to premiere at Dhaka film fest |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipuri-film-pandam-amada-to-premiere-at-dhaka-film-fest.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Indo-Bangladeshi Meitei language films ===
[[Bangladeshki Sana Tampha]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|[[ꯕꯥꯡꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯅꯥ ꯇꯝꯐꯥ]]}}/{{Script|Beng|[[বাংলাদেশকী সনা তমফা]]}}|}}) is the first Indo-Bangladeshi Meitei language film. Released in 2022, it portrays the life of the [[Meitei people]] in Bangladesh, starring Indian Meitei actors, including [[Gurumayum Bonny]], [[Abenao Elangbam]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad holds reception for PAWF delegates |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/bangladesh-manipuri-sahitya-sangsad-holds-reception-for-pawf-delegates |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |quote=... programmes along with the release of the first ever Indo-Bangla Manipuri digital film entitled “Bangladesh ki SanaTampha”.}}</ref>

=== In the Liberation Docfest Bangladesh ===
In the 8th Liberation Docfest Bangladesh 2020, a 52 minute documentary Meitei language film "Highways of Life", directed and written by Amar Maibam, won the "Best Film" award. It is the only Indian film & second from Asia to be selected from 1,800 films, against seven documentaries from Belgium, Slovenia, Germany, Argentina, UK, Italy and Iran, in the event.<ref>–{{Cite web |date=2020-06-22 |title=Manipuri film – Highways of Life wins big in International Film Festival |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/manipur/manipuri-film-highways-of-life-wins-big-in-international/cid2519215.htm |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN}} –{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=T. N. M. |date=2020-06-21 |title=Manipur film wins best film award at Bangladesh Film festival |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2020/06/manipur-film-wins-best-film-award-at-bangladesh-film-festival/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |language=en-US}} –{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2020-06-22 |title=Manipur documentary wins best film in Bangladesh |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-documentary-wins-best-film-in-bangladesh.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}} –{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2020-06-25 |title=Film on Manipur truckers' lives wins coveted award in Bangladesh |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2020/06/25/film-on-manipur-truckers-lives-wins-coveted-award-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}} –{{Cite web |title=Highways of Life best film at 8th Liberation DocFest Bangladesh 2020 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Top_Stories_2020.Highways_of_Life_best_film_at_8th_Liberation_DocFest_Bangladesh_2020 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Publications of books ==
{{Expand list|date=May 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Name of the book(s)
! rowspan="2" | Romanization(s)
! rowspan="2" | Author(s)
! rowspan="2" | Year of publication
! rowspan="2" | Note(s)
|-
! In [[Meitei script]]
! In [[Eastern Nagari script]]
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯗꯥꯡꯋꯥꯏꯔꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯒꯣꯡꯂꯩ}}|}}
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Beng|নুমিদাংৱাইরমগী চিগোংলৈ}}|}}
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Latn|Numidangwairamgee Chigonglei}}|}}
| AK Seram
| 2023
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Manipuri writer AK Seram's book released : 17th apr23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=48..170423.apr23 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯟꯊꯨꯡ ꯇꯝꯅ}}|}}
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Beng|পন্থুং তমনা}}|}}
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Latn|Panthung Tamna}}|}}
|
| 2022
| <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022 |title=International Manipuri Short Story Festival held in Bangladesh |url=https://neweekly.in/ne/international-manipuri-short-story-festival-held-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=North East Weekly |language=en-US |quote=A book titled – “Panthung Tamna” a collection of Manipuri short stories was also released on the occasion.}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Meitei classical language movement]]
* [[Meitei linguistic purism movement]]
* [[Meitei poetry day]] ([[Manipuri poetry day]])
* [[Meitei associate official language movement]]
* [[Meitei scheduled language movement]]

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Manipuri wants Manipuri Language in Primary schools : 02nd oct19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..021019.oct19 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=e-pao.net}}
* {{Cite web |title=28 films lined up for Intl film fest |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/1/29/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Jan-28-Twenty-eight-films-from-Manipur-Bangladesh-Assam-and-Tripu.amp.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Meitei+language+in+Bangladesh&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 Meitei language in Bangladesh] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Meitei language in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Social history of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]

Classicism in Meitei culture

2024-02-11T14:56:40Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Art and cultural movement}} {{About|the overview of the classical cultural heritage of Meitei civilization|its international level recognition|International recognition of Meitei civilization|its national level recognition in India|National recognition of Meitei civilization}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox literary genre | name = Classicism in Meitei culture {{small|(Classicalism in Meitei culture)}} | imag..."

{{Short description|Art and cultural movement}}
{{About|the overview of the classical cultural heritage of [[Meitei civilization]]|its international level recognition|International recognition of Meitei civilization|its national level recognition in India|National recognition of Meitei civilization}}

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox literary genre
| name = Classicism in Meitei culture {{small|(Classicalism in Meitei culture)}}
| image =
{{Multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300
| image1 = The tableau of Manipur passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017, in New Delhi on January 26, 2017.jpg
| image2 = KHAMBA THOIBI EPIC - THE DANCE BEFORE THE KING.jpg
| image3 = Stamp of Armenia - 2018 - Colnect 806145 - Indian Dance Manipuri.jpeg
| image4 = Thang-Ta.jpg
| image5 = The classical Meitei epic of the "Numit Kappa", written in ancient Meitei language (in archaic Meitei script).jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = white
}}
| imagesize = 
| caption = Clockwise from top: the depiction of [[Lai Haraoba]] classical performance{{efn|name=Khamba_Thoibi_&_Lai_Haraoba_classical}} on the [[Republic Day of India]],<ref>—{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=The Peninsula |author-link=The Peninsula Qatar |date=2017-01-26 |title=Diverse Indian culture reflected at Republic Day tableaux |url=https://m.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/26/01/2017/Diverse-Indian-culture-reflected-at-Republic-Day-tableaux |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=m.thepeninsulaqatar.com |language=en |quote=One of the oldest ritualistic theatres of the world, Lai Haraoba was recreated by the Meitei community of Manipur which practices it, with a replica of the deities, elaborate traditional paraphernalia and live dancing by the devotees.}} —{{Cite web |date=2017-01-26 |title=Republic Day parade: Which states had the best tableaux and which had the weirdest ones? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/republic-day-parade-which-states-had-the-best-tableaux-and-which-had-the-weirdest-ones-3221444.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en |quote=Manipur: The focus was on the ancient theatre tradition of Manipur, Lai Haraoba. Press Information Bureau reported that the tableau is an attempt to recreate the ambience of this 'quaint' and rich cultural tradition with a replica of the local deities and the dance of the devotees and the priestess. This ancient tradition preserved by the Meiteis must be watch for the transcendental trait of it.}} —{{Cite web |title=Republic Day parade: Colours of East India come alive at Rajpath |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/republic-day-parade-colours-of-east-india-come-alive-at-rajpath-957246-2017-01-26 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en |quote=In its tableau Manipur showcased its famous Lai Haraoba festivities - an ancient tradition of the Manipuris characterised by worship of traditional deities. According to the Meitei community, every year in the advent of summer, their Gods visit the earth for peace and prosperity of all human beings. Thus, people on earth celebrate the occasion with joy and dance!}} —{{Cite web |others=[[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB), [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] |title=Seventeen States and Six Central Ministries to showcase their tableaux in Republic Day Parade – 2017 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157586 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=pib.gov.in |quote=Lai Haraoba is one of the oldest ritualistic theatres of the world jealously preserved by the Meitei community of Manipur with utmost awe and sanctity. The entire community participates in it with complete devotion. Lai Haraoba, translated as 'Happiness of the Gods' is celebrated to worship local deities to bring prosperity and well-being of the land and its inhabitants. These divinities are referred to as Umag Lais or Sylvan Gods as their abodes are located in a wooded area. The sacred ceremonies are conducted by Maibis or priestesses who are adept in dance and sacred rituals. The common people also dance as an act of worship to the accompaniment of the traditional stringed instruments (pena) and drums (langdeng pung). The Manipur tableau is an effort to recreate the ambience of this quaint and rich cultural tradition with a replica of the deities, elaborate traditional paraphernalia and live dancing by the devotees as well as a Maibi (priestess) performing the sacred dance to awaken the God from his slumber.}}</ref> the [[Khamba Thoibi classical dance]],{{efn|name=Khamba_Thoibi_&_Lai_Haraoba_classical|The ritualistic and theatrical dances of the [[Lai Haraoba]], in general and one of its primary forms, the {{langnf|mni|[[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]]|Khamba Thoibi dance}} in particular, are also considered to be classical dances.<ref>—{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2rrAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Pathway Volume 41 |date=1988 |others=[[University of Michigan]]; Marg Foundation (Mumbai, India), Modern Architectural Research Group, Modern Artists and Architects Research Group, National Centre for the Performing Arts (India) |volume=41 |pages=XV |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances.}} —{{Cite book |last=Doshi |first=Saryu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbkAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition |others=[[University of Michigan]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-85026-09-1 |pages=XIX |publisher=Marg Publications |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances. They have an element of abhinaya (histrionic representation)...}} —{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZA_AAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=DM Silveira's India Book |date=1994 |publisher=Classic Publishers |others=[[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-900218-2-1 |pages=230 |language=en |quote=...Lai Haraoba is the ritual folk-cum-classical dance of Manipur and tells the story of creation according to the Manipuris. Khamba Thoibi is a popular Manipuri dance which tells the story of princess Thoibi and poor boy Khamba...}} —{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJLWAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Mãrg |others=[[Pennsylvania State University]]; [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]] |volume=41 |pages=109 |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances. They have an element of abhinaya histrionic representation)... |issue=1–2}} —{{Cite web |last=Khuraijam |first=Bobo |date=2011-03-13 |title=Three Cheers – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2011/03/three-cheers/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |language=en-US |quote=... Would it not be like asking for a Hip-Hop dance from a classical Khamba-Thoibi jagoi performance if we expect street aggression from our teachers? ...}}</ref>}}{{efn|Besides the [[Khamba Thoibi classical dance]] form, the love story of [[Khamba and Thoibi]] itself is also considered to be classical in its own heights.<ref>—{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |date=2011-04-04 |title=The great Meitei Reconciliation Process: Revisiting the classical folklore on "Emoinu Chakhong Ngahongbi" by Late Shri Ningomabam Angouton Meetei – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2011/04/the-great-meitei-reconciliation-process-revisiting-the-classical-folklore-on-emoinu-chakhong-ngahongbi/ |language=en-US |quote=... The folklore of Emoinu Celebration from the story "Washak Ngakpa" meaning Keeping the Promise, written by Late Shri Ningombam Angouton Meetei and the classical love story "Khamba -Thoibi" are classical examples of successful reconciliation process of the old Meitei factions...}} —{{Cite book |last=Delhi |first=All India Radio (AIR), New |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf_2DwAAQBAJ&dq=manipuri+classics&pg=PA7 |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXIII, No. 12 ( 17 MARCH, 1968 ) |date=1968-03-17 |publisher=[[All India Radio]] (AIR), New Delhi |location=India |pages=7, 8 |language=en |chapter=Some Classics of Manipur |author-link=All India Radio}} —{{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Ruskin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZv0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4 |title=The Penguin Book of Classical Indian Love Stories and Lyrics |date=2000-10-14 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-93-5118-814-8 |pages=3, 4 |language=en |chapter=The Story of Khamba and Thoibi |author-link=Ruskin Bond}}</ref>}} the [[Thang-Ta]] classical martial art,{{efn|The traditional Meitei dance-cum-martial art form of [[Thang-Ta]] gives the basic foundation of the classical choreographic steps of [[Lai Haraoba]], [[Manipuri Raas Leela]], [[Meitei Sankirtana]] and [[Pung Cholom]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dzüvichü |first1=Lipokmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2Q-DwAAQBAJ&dq=classical+lai+Haraoba&pg=PT373 |title=Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation |last2=Baruah |first2=Manjeet |date=2017-11-13 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-27134-9 |pages=373 |language=en}}</ref>}} the [[ancient Meitei language]] text [[Numit Kappa]], [[Armenia–India relations|Armenian stamp]] illustrating [[Manipuri classical dance]] as the "national dance" of India,{{efn|Manipuri dance form, along with the Armenian [[Armenian dance|Hov Arek]], are referred to as the "National Dances" (of India and Armenia respectively) during the Armenia-India joint issue of postage stamps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/259456 |website=panarmenian.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2018/08/29/69092|title=Two new postage stamps dedicated to "Armenia-India joint issue. National dances" theme {{pipe}} Lragir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://www.newsinfo.am/eng/article/view/EkDbYf9yDr |website=www.newsinfo.am}}</ref>}}{{efn|It is the highest spiritual expression of the worship of Hindu deity [[Krishna]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarwal |first=Amit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVuEAAAQBAJ&dq=ching+thang+khomba+classical+dance&pg=PT25 |title=The Celestial Dancers: Manipuri Dance on Australian Stage |date=2022-05-15 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-62550-9 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> as well as an [[intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance |website=www.indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref>}}
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The cultural heritages of [[Meitei civilization]] has classicism in diverse traditions of [[Meitei cinema|cinemas]], [[Traditional Meitei dances|dances]], [[Meitei language|language]], [[Meitei literature|literature]], [[Music of Manipur|music]], theatre, etc.

== In dances {{Anchor|In dance|Dances|Dance}} ==

The steps, gaits and poses of using {{langnf|mni|thang|sword}} and {{langnf|mni|ta|spear}} in the traditional Meitei dance-cum-martial art form of [[Thang-Ta]] form the basic foundation of the classical choreographic steps of [[Lai Haraoba]], [[Manipuri Raas Leela]], [[Meitei Sankirtana]] and [[Pung Cholom]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dzüvichü |first1=Lipokmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2Q-DwAAQBAJ&dq=classical+lai+Haraoba&pg=PT373 |title=Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation |last2=Baruah |first2=Manjeet |date=2017-11-13 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-27134-9 |pages=373 |language=en}}</ref>

The ''[[Manipuri classical dance]]'', also known as the ''[[Manipuri Raas Leela]]'' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯖꯒꯣꯏ ꯔꯥꯁ/ꯔꯥꯁ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}|{{Script|Latn|Jagoi Raas/Raas Jagoi}}|}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Utpal Kumar |title=Indian Performing Arts: A Mosaic |date=2006 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-86622-75-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Sruti |date=2006 |publisher=P.N. Sundaresan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Derek |first=O' Brien |title=Knowledge Trek 7, 2/E |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-7758-055-6 |language=en}}</ref>), is a [[jagoi]] and is one of the major [[Classical Indian dance|Indian classical dance drama]] forms, originating from {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Classical Dances of India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/list/6-classical-dances-of-india |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
Formally developed by [[Meitei Hindu]] King {{langnf|mni|[[Ching Thang Khomba]]|[[Rajarshi Bhagyachandra]]}} of [[Manipur Kingdom]] in the 18th century CE,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=bhagyachandra+classical+dance&pg=PA55 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020-11-25 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-29629-7 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulasrestha |first=Mahendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKQznGABS_cC&dq=bhagyachandra+classical+dance&pg=PA257 |title=Culture India |date=2006 |publisher=[[Lotus Press]] |isbn=978-81-8382-013-4 |pages=257 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Balasubramanian |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSqMi1h7dVcC&dq=bhagyachandra+classical+dance&pg=PA30 |title=A beautiful life: Value education & life skills |publisher=[[Pearson Education India]] |isbn=978-81-317-6644-6 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref> the Manipuri classical dance form, which is considered to be the highest spiritual expression of the worship of Hindu deity [[Krishna]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarwal |first=Amit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVuEAAAQBAJ&dq=ching+thang+khomba+classical+dance&pg=PT25 |title=The Celestial Dancers: Manipuri Dance on Australian Stage |date=2022-05-15 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-62550-9 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> spreads across the [[Indian subcontinent]] in subsequent centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri {{!}} History, Characteristics, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/manipuri |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Owing to its huge influences on the diverse cultural heritages across India, it is recognised by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] of the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] of the [[Government of India]] as one of the few primary classical dance forms of the [[Republic of India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=www.indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref> and is honoured with the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award#Manipuri|Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Manipuri]] every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards) |url=http://www.sangeetnatak.com/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216050006/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=2012-02-16 |access-date=2012-02-16 |website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India}}</ref>

[[Pung Cholom]] and [[Meitei Sankirtana|Meitei Nata Sankirtana]] are the other classical dance forms, which are also related to the [[Manipuri Raas Leela]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dzüvichü |first1=Lipokmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2Q-DwAAQBAJ&dq=classical+lai+Haraoba&pg=PT373 |title=Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation |last2=Baruah |first2=Manjeet |date=2017-11-13 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-27134-9 |pages=373 |language=en}}</ref>

The ritualistic and theatrical dances of the [[Lai Haraoba]], in general and one of its primary forms, the {{langnf|mni|[[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]]|Khamba Thoibi dance}} in particular, are also considered to be classical dances.<ref>—{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2rrAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Pathway Volume 41 |date=1988 |others=[[University of Michigan]]; Marg Foundation (Mumbai, India), Modern Architectural Research Group, Modern Artists and Architects Research Group, National Centre for the Performing Arts (India) |volume=41 |pages=XV |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances.}} —{{Cite book |last=Doshi |first=Saryu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbkAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition |others=[[University of Michigan]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-85026-09-1 |pages=XIX |publisher=Marg Publications |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances. They have an element of abhinaya (histrionic representation)...}} —{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZA_AAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=DM Silveira's India Book |date=1994 |publisher=Classic Publishers |others=[[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-900218-2-1 |pages=230 |language=en |quote=...Lai Haraoba is the ritual folk-cum-classical dance of Manipur and tells the story of creation according to the Manipuris. Khamba Thoibi is a popular Manipuri dance which tells the story of princess Thoibi and poor boy Khamba...}} —{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJLWAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Mãrg |others=[[Pennsylvania State University]]; [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]] |volume=41 |pages=109 |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances. They have an element of abhinaya histrionic representation)... |issue=1–2}} —{{Cite web |last=Khuraijam |first=Bobo |date=2011-03-13 |title=Three Cheers – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2011/03/three-cheers/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |language=en-US |quote=... Would it not be like asking for a Hip-Hop dance from a classical Khamba-Thoibi jagoi performance if we expect street aggression from our teachers? ...}}</ref> Notably, [[Lai Haraoba]]'s {{langnf|mni|[[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]]|Khamba Thoibi dance}} is one of the cultural elements, giving inspirations to the development of the [[Manipuri Raas Leela]] classical dance drama form.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GC9Vegt10IwC&dq=classical+Khamba+Thoibi&pg=PA19 |title=Dances Of India |publisher=Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Limited |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-241-1337-0 |pages=19 |language=en |quote=...The Rasa Lila dances of Shiva and Parvati, Radha and Krishna, and the local deities Khamba and Thoibi form the foundation of the Manipuri dance...}}</ref>

== In music {{Anchor|Music}} ==
''Nat'' (a shortened form of [[Meitei Sankirtana|Meitei Nat Sankirtan]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=nat+classical+meitei+music&pg=PA293 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=293 |language=en}}</ref> is a classical form of [[music of Manipur]]. It is a product of the [[Sanskritisation]] of traditional [[Meitei culture]] with [[Hindu culture]] by the [[Meitei Brahmin|Brahmanas]], having 6 ragas and 36 raginis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=G. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4vT9cxJAN0C&dq=nat+classical+meitei+music&pg=PA51 |title=Historical Researches Into Some Aspects of the Culture and Civilization of North-East India |date=2009 |publisher=GPH |isbn=978-81-212-1012-6 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref>

Contrasting to the other forms of [[Indian classical music]], which are performed by sitting, in the [[Meitei Sankirtana|Meitei Nata-Sankirtana]], artists perform musical instruments as well as sing songs, simultaneously performing the delicate movements of the body and hands, based on the form of {{langnf|mni|Khuthek Anoi|language of hand movements}}, aligning to different footsteps, based on the {{langnf|mni|Khongthang Anoi|language of footsteps}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dzüvichü |first1=Lipokmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2Q-DwAAQBAJ&dq=classical+lai+Haraoba&pg=PT361 |title=Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation |last2=Baruah |first2=Manjeet |date=2017-11-13 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-27134-9 |pages=361 |language=en}}</ref>

== In language and literature {{Anchor|Language|Literature}} ==
{{Further|Ancient Meitei literature}}
{{Quote box
| quote = "The beginning of this [[old Manipuri literature]] (as in the case of [[Newari language|Newari]]) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now."<ref>—{{Cite book |url= |title=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] - Volume 14 - Page 20 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1971 |edition=Volume 14 - Page 20 |pages=20 |language=en |quote= The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now.}} —{{Cite book |last=Siṃha |first=Niṃthaukhoṃjama Khelacandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpAOAAAAMAAJ |title=Manipuri Language: Status and Importance |publisher=N. Tombi Raj Singh |year=1975 |pages=34 |language=en, mni |quote=The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now... |author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}} —{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA290 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=290 |language=en}}</ref>
| source = —[[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], [[Padma Vibhushan]] awardee Indian scholar
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[[Meitei language]] ({{Lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ}}/{{Script|Beng|মৈতৈলোন}}|{{Script|Latn|Meiteilon}}|}}), also known as [[Manipuri language]] ({{Lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ}}/{{Script|Beng|মণিপুরী}}|}}), is a [[classical language]] of [[Tibeto-Burman]] branch of the [[Sino-Tibetan]] linguistic family, having a literary tradition of not less than 2000 years.<ref>—{{Cite web |date=2018-02-21 |title='Manipur language which belongs to Tibeto-Burma has touched the criteria of a classical language' |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/02/21/manipuri-language-belongs-tibeto-burma-touched-criteria-classical-language/ |language=en-GB}} —{{Cite web |title=Manipuri is a classical language |url=http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Manipuri_is_a_classical_language_By_Free_Thinker.html}}</ref> Some of the early literary works include the [[Ougri]] (c. 1st century CE musical composition),<ref>—{{Cite book |last=Ayyappappanikkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA326 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |date=1997 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=326 |language=en |author-link=Ayyappa Paniker}} —{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n81/mode/2up |title=History Of Old Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]]; [[Internet Archive]] |others=[[Manipur University]] Library; North Eastern States Libraries |location=India |pages=81, 82, 83 |language=mni |chapter=Ougri |author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}} —{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |location=India |pages=13, 14 |language=en, mni |chapter=The Early Period (Ritual Songs) : Ougri |quote=Again from amongst the songs mentioned above, 'Ougri' and 'Khencho', in view of their more archaic diction and much advanced historical allusions, may be considered earlier than the rest. ... 'Ougri' is referred to as sung at the coronation of Nongdā Lāiren Pākhangbā, which took place in 33 A.D. ...}} —{{Cite book |last=Ayyappappanikkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA329 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |date=1997 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=329 |language=en |author-link=Ayyappa Paniker}}</ref> the [[Numit Kappa]] (c. 1st century CE narrative work),<ref>—{{Cite book |last1=Wouters |first1=Jelle J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YseEEAAAQBAJ&q=Numit+Kappa+1st&pg=PT473 |title=The Routledge Companion to Northeast India |last2=Subba |first2=Tanka B. |date=2022-09-30 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-63699-4 |pages=473 |language=en |quote=... Numit Kappa, a Meitei text from the 1st century CE, is particularly relevant and insightful in examining this peculiar relationship between power and violence. The text is recited as incantations during chupsaba, a cleansing ritual for 'violent' death...}} —{{Cite journal |date=2009-10-03 |title=Shooting the Sun: A Study of Death and Protest in Manipur |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/40/special-articles/shooting-sun-study-death-and-protest-manipur.html |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |language=en |publication-place=[[Austin, USA]] |volume=44 |issue=40 |quote=... Numit Kappa gives one such version. Considered one of the earliest known literary compositions in Meitei script, it is dated to the first century AD... |via=[[University of Texas]]}} —{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n95/mode/2up |title=History Of Old Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]]; [[Internet Archive]] |others=[[Manipur University]] Library; North Eastern States Libraries |location=India |pages=95, 96 |language=mni |chapter=Numit Kappa |author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}} —{{Cite journal |last=Kshetrimayum |first=Jogendro |date=2009 |title=Shooting the Sun: A Study of Death and Protest in Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663656 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=44 |issue=40 |pages=48–54 |jstor=25663656 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> the [[Poireiton Khunthok]] (c. 3rd century CE narrative work),<ref>—{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n121/mode/2up?view=theater |title=History Of Old Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |others=[[Manipur University]] Library, Imphal |location=India |pages=121, 122 |language=en, mni |chapter=Poireiton Khunthokpa |quote=The Poireiton Khunthokpa, is the most conspicuous one of all pre-Garibniwaz manuscripts. From a linguistic point of view, it seems to be much earlier than any of the books yet come under our review. Circumstantial and other incidental evidences would confirm that the book might have been of the time of the third century A. D. It describes the colonization of the valley by a band of people from the land of Death under Poireiton. They first established their colony near the Langol Hill; probably the vast area between the Koubru Hill and the Langol Hill was their kingdom. --Report on the Archaeological studies in Manipur Bulletin No. 1-by W. Yumjao Singh, pp 18-19. |author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}} —{{Cite book |last=Bhaṭṭācāryya |first=Haridāsa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy88AAAAMAAJ&q=poireiton+Khunthok+century |title=The Cultural Heritage of India: Languages and literatures |publisher=[[Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture|Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture]] |others=[[University of Michigan]] |year=1953 |location=India |pages=663 |language=en |quote=... The beginnings of this Old Manipuri literature may go back to 1,500 years or even 2,000 years from now. ... Poireiton Khunthok, a prose work describing the settlement of some Meithei tribes, is the oldest work in Manipuri going back to the third century A.D. ... |author-link=Haridas Bhattacharya}}</ref> the ''Khencho'' (pre-7th century CE musical composition),<ref>—{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n97/mode/2up |title=History Of Old Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]]; [[Internet Archive]] |others=[[Manipur University]] Library; North Eastern States Libraries |location=India |pages=97, 98 |language=mni |chapter=Khencho |author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}} —{{Cite book |last=Ayyappappanikkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA330 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |date=1997 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=330 |language=en |author-link=Ayyappa Paniker}} —{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |location=India |pages=14, 15 |language=en, mni |chapter=The Early Period (Ritual Songs) |quote=... 'Khencho' is quite obscure and entirely unintelligible to the present generation though it forms an inseparable element of the daily proceedings of the festival. ...}}</ref> 6th-7th century CE copper plate inscriptions of king Khongtekcha,<ref>—{{Cite web |title=মণিপুরি ভাষা ও লিপি – এল বীরমঙ্গল সিংহ {{!}} আপনপাঠ ওয়েবজিন |date=16 September 2021 |url=https://aponpath.com/manipuri-bhasa-o-lipi-l-birmangal-singh/ |language=bn}} —{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=8th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20manipur&pg=PA25 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=16 June 2019 |publisher=LP |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |pages=25 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=8th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20manipur&pg=PA325 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections (Assamese-Dogri) |date=1997 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=325 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sipra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC&q=8th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20manipur&pg=PA28 |title=Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography |date=1992 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-310-0 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Panthoibi Khonggul]] (c. 8th century CE narrative work),<ref>—{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=panthoibi+khongul&pg=PA119 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |publisher=LP |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |pages=119 |language=en |quote=... the text Panthoibi Khongul generally believed to have been written by Akoijam Tomboy during the reign of King Khongtekcha Yoiremba (763 A.D.) ...}} —{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=panthoibi+khongul&pg=PA280 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |pages=280 |language=en |quote=Panthoibi khongul ( ? C ; Manipuri ) : prose narrative , the original of which was believed to have been composed in ancient Meitei language in first half of 8th century AD ... |author-link=Sujit Mukherjee}} —{{Cite web |others=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture, Government of India]] |title=The relationship between Thang-Ta & Meitei Pung maintained by our Ancient ... |url=https://ccrtindia.gov.in/wp-content/fellowship_research_project/TherelationshipbetweenThangtaandMeiteiPungmaintainedbyourAncientGurus.pdf |website=ccrtindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Centre for Cultural Resources and Training]] |page=4}}</ref> the [[Loiyumpa Silyel]] (c. 11th-12th century CE written Constitution, drafted in 429 CE), etc.<ref>—{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=loyumba+shinyen+final+document&pg=PP2 |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |pages=2 |language=en |quote=Manipur, known as 'Meetei Leipak' or 'Kangleipak' in the two millennia old Meetei manuscripts had experienced some form of constitutional government under a proto-Constitution in 429 A.D. which was reduced to a final format in 1110 A.D. Constitution entitled 'Loiyamba Shinyen' during the regime of King Loyumba.}} —{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khelchandra Ningthoukhongjam |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466183/page/n142/mode/2up |title=History Of Old Manipuri Literature |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]]; [[Internet Archive]] |others=[[Manipur University]] Library; North Eastern States Libraries |location=India |pages=142 |language=mni |chapter=Loiyumba Shinyen - Waayen Pathaap |author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}} —{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eYC4tjzyi4C&dq=loyumba+shinyen+written+constitution&pg=PA304 |title=Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001 |date=1991 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-271-4 |pages=304 |language=en |quote=The constitutionalism had developed with the adoption of a prototype of a constitution in 429 A.D. which was finally moulded into the written constitution in 1110 A.D., called 'Loyumba Shinyen' till it was substituted by Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 which operated till Manipur's merger with India on October 15, 1949.}}</ref>
Besides, Meitei language is best known for its classical association with the [[Manipuri classical dance]] and other [[intangible cultural heritages of Meitei civilization]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Munsi |first1=Urmimala Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKepAgAAQBAJ&q=This+means+a+command+of+Sanskrit%2C+Tamil%2C+Telugu%2C+Oriya%2C+Meitei%2C+Persian%2C+or+Arabic.&pg=PT35 |title=Traversing Tradition: Celebrating Dance in India |last2=Burridge |first2=Stephanie |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]], [[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-136-70378-2 |location=en |pages=35 |language=en |quote=... This means a command of Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Oriya, Meitei, Persian, or Arabic. ...}}</ref>

{{Langnf|mni|[[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]]|Epic of [[Khamba and Thoibi]]}}, the [[Indian epic poetry#Longest Indian epics|third longest Indian epic poem]], next to the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]], is a classical Meitei [[epic poem]],<ref>—{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |date=2011-04-04 |title=The great Meitei Reconciliation Process: Revisiting the classical folklore on "Emoinu Chakhong Ngahongbi" by Late Shri Ningomabam Angouton Meetei – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2011/04/the-great-meitei-reconciliation-process-revisiting-the-classical-folklore-on-emoinu-chakhong-ngahongbi/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |language=en-US |quote=... The folklore of Emoinu Celebration from the story "Washak Ngakpa" meaning Keeping the Promise, written by Late Shri Ningombam Angouton Meetei and the classical love story "Khamba -Thoibi" are classical examples of successful reconciliation process of the old Meitei factions...}} —{{Cite book |last=Delhi |first=All India Radio (AIR), New |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf_2DwAAQBAJ&dq=manipuri+classics&pg=PA7 |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXIII, No. 12 ( 17 MARCH, 1968 ) |date=1968-03-17 |publisher=[[All India Radio]] (AIR), New Delhi |location=India |pages=7, 8 |language=en |chapter=Some Classics of Manipur |author-link=All India Radio}} —{{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Ruskin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZv0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4 |title=The Penguin Book of Classical Indian Love Stories and Lyrics |date=2000-10-14 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-93-5118-814-8 |pages=3, 4 |language=en |chapter=The Story of Khamba and Thoibi |author-link=Ruskin Bond}}</ref> having 39,000 lines, and is regarded as the [[national epic]] of the [[Manipuris]].<ref>—{{Cite book |last=George |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Sheireng&pg=PA258 |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems |date=1992 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 |location=India |pages=258 |language=en |quote=H. Anganghal Singh's Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (Poem on Khamba Thoibi, 1940) is a national epic of the Manipuris based on the story of Khamba and Thoibi of Moirang. The poet composes the whole epic in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads sung by minstrels or bards popular in Manipur.}} —{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Sheireng&pg=PA1186 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |location=India |pages=1186 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&dq=Khamba+Thoibi+Sheireng&pg=PA190 |title=A History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7201-798-9 |pages=190 |language=en |quote=His epic Singel Indu was published in 1938 which was followed by his magnum opus Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (1940), a poem of 39000 lines, considered to be the 'national' epic of the Manipuris, written in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads.}}</ref>
The Meitei classic tale of [[Khamba and Thoibi]] became an [[Assamese literature|Assamese classic]] as well, after being translated into [[Assamese language]] as ''"Khamba Thoibir Sadhukatha"'', by Assamese author and anthropologist [[Rajanikanta Bordoloi]] (1869-1939).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&dq=capital+of+culture+Manipur&pg=PA399 |title=Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages |date=2015-10-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-0214-5 |pages=399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bardoloi Nirmalprabhya |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.231082/page/13/mode/2up |title=Rajani Kanta Bardoloi |title-link= |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |others=[[Internet Archive]]; [[Digital Library of India]] |year=1995 |location=India |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref>

Besides the [[Khamba Thoibi]], other notable ancient Meitei narrative literary works which are considered to be classics, include the [[Nungpan Ponpi Luwaopa]], the [[Chainarol]] and the story of [[Yumjao Lairembi|Petanga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Delhi |first=All India Radio (AIR), New |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf_2DwAAQBAJ&dq=manipuri+classics&pg=PA7 |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXIII, No. 12 ( 17 MARCH, 1968 ) |date=1968-03-17 |publisher=[[All India Radio]] (AIR), New Delhi |location=India |pages=7, 8 |language=en |chapter=Some Classics of Manipur |author-link=All India Radio}}</ref>

The [[Meitei folktales|tales]] of [[Meitei folklore]], which are considered to be classical in heights, include the stories of [[Sandrembi and Cheisra]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |date=2013-01-07 |title=Manipur FASHION Extravaganza – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2013/01/manipur-fashion-extravaganza/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |language=en-US |quote=... The grand finale was marked with his pompous show named "Sandrembi and Cheisra" which he derived from Manipuri classic folklore 'Sandrembi and Cheisra'. ...}}</ref> [[Imoinu|Emoinu (Imoinu)]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |date=2011-04-04 |title=The great Meitei Reconciliation Process: Revisiting the classical folklore on "Emoinu Chakhong Ngahongbi" by Late Shri Ningomabam Angouton Meetei – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2011/04/the-great-meitei-reconciliation-process-revisiting-the-classical-folklore-on-emoinu-chakhong-ngahongbi/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |language=en-US |quote=... The folklore of Emoinu Celebration from the story "Washak Ngakpa" meaning Keeping the Promise, written by Late Shri Ningombam Angouton Meetei and the classical love story "Khamba -Thoibi" are classical examples of successful reconciliation process of the old Meitei factions...}}</ref> [[Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba]], Pebet and Hoidong Lamboiba, [[Thabaton]] and [[Keibu Keioiba]], [[Lai Khutshangbi]], [[Uchek Langmeidong]], Eeta Thangmei and [[Tapta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=thabaton&pg=PA342 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020-11-25 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-29629-7 |pages=342 |language=en |quote=... These tales became popular as the funga-wari, wari meaning story. Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba, Pebet Amasung Hoidong Lamboiba, Thabaton amashung Kabuikeioiba, Lai Khutshangbi, Uchek Langmeidong; Eeta Thangmei, Tapta, etc. are some classic examples of these folk tales that every Meitei child could relate to (Singha 2012). ...}}</ref>

Since ancient times, it was continuously used to be the sole "court language" of the [[Durbar (court)]] as well as all the other [[court]]s in the [[Kingdom of Manipur]],<ref>—{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA290 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=290 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=P. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkguECp3vKEC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA149 |title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India: In Five Volume |date=2006 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-052-5 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref> later even officially declared as such in the [[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947]], before [[Manipur]] became a territory of the [[Republic of India]].<ref>—{{Cite book |last=Chishti |first=S. M. A. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcxSM_ZO30C&dq=Manipuri+court+language&pg=PA282 |title=Political Development in Manipur, 1919-1949 |date=2005 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-424-8 |pages=282 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Suresh K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpyeNBqtHlgC&dq=Manipuri+court+language&pg=PA168 |title=Documents on North-East India: Manipur |date=2006 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-092-5 |pages=168 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Tarapot |first=Phanjoubam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC&dq=Manipuri+court+language&pg=PA309 |title=Bleeding Manipur |date=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0902-1 |pages=309 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA369 |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |pages=369 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA255 |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |pages=255 |language=en}}</ref>

Owing to its huge literary heritage of ancient and medieval eras written in [[traditional Meitei script]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA290 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=290 |language=en}}</ref> it was recognised by the [[Sahitya Akademi]] of the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] of the [[Government of India]] as one of the major advanced languages of India in 1972, and since then, it was honoured annually with the [[Sahitya Akademi Award for Meitei]], the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize for Meitei]], the [[Yuva Puraskar for Meitei]] and the [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Meitei|Bal Sahitya Puraskar Award for Meitei]].<ref>—{{Cite web|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/devi2004loanwords.pdf|title=Loanwords in Manipuri and their impact|website=sealang.net|author=Hajarimayum Subadani Devi|quote=In 1972 the Sahitya Akademi, the highest body of language and literature of India recognized Manipuri (Manipuri Sahitya Parisad. 1986:82)|language=en}} —{{Cite web |title=Dr Thokchom Ibohanbi - first Manipuri writer to get Akademi award : 24th feb22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..240222.feb22 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Later, it was again recognised by the [[Government of India]] as an [[scheduled languages of India|official scheduled language]], enlisted in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] in 1992.<ref>—{{Cite web |title=The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-first-amendment-act-1992 |website=www.india.gov.in}} —{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language in 8th Schedule By Jeet Akoijam |url=http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Manipuri_language_in_8th_Schedule_By_Jeet_Akoijam.html}} —{{Cite web |title=Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution {{!}} Department of Official Language {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution |website=rajbhasha.gov.in}}</ref>
Since 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur steps up to renew push for inclusion of Manipuri among India's classical languages |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipur-steps-up-to-renew-push-for-inclusion-of-manipuri-among-indias-classical-languages |access-date= |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en-GB |quote=The movement for recognizing Manipuri as a classical language began in 2013, yet there has been a gap in the follow up actions.}}</ref> [[Meitei classical language movement]] for the official recognition of Meitei as a "classical language" is carried out widespreadly, in [[Manipur]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]], endorsed by the [[Government of Manipur]], several civil society organizations and various language experts.<ref>—{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2016-08-20 |title=Classic language status for Manipuri demanded |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/classic-language-status-for-manipuri-demanded-116082000690_1.html}} —{{Cite web |title=Classic language status for Manipuri demanded |url=https://morungexpress.com/classic-language-status-manipuri-demanded |website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

== In cinemas and theatres {{Anchor|Cinema|Cinemas|Drama|Dramas|Film|Films|Movie|Movies|Play|Plays|Theatre|Theatres}} ==
=== World Classic ===
{{langnf|mni|[[Ishanou]]|[[The Chosen One (1990 film)|The Chosen One]]}}, a 1990 Indian [[Meitei language]] film, was screened in the [[Un Certain Regard]] section in the [[1991 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/131/year/1991.html |title=Festival de Cannes: The Chosen One |work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> and again after a gap of 33 years, it was recognized as a "World Classic" in the [[2023 Cannes Film Festival]]. Notably, it was the only [[Indian cinema|film selected from India]] for the event in that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-06 |title=Manipuri feature film 'ISHANOU' recognised as World Classic |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipuri-feature-film-ishanou-recognised-as-world-classic/articleshow/100038686.cms?from=mdr |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aribam Syam Sharma's ISHANOU recognised as World Classic |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/aribam-syam-sharmas-ishanou-recognised-as-world-classic |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Film 'Ishanou' Becomes India's Only Restored Film To Be Screened At Cannes 2023 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/manipuri-film-ishanou-becomes-india-s-only-restored-film-to-be-screened-at-cannes-2023-news-284573 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>

=== Meitei adaptations of classical Greco-Roman plays {{anchor|Meitei adaptations of Greco-Roman plays}} ===
{{Further|Greco-Roman culture|Classical mythology|Classics|Classicism}}
Numerous theatrical plays based on [[Antigone]], a princess from [[ancient Greek mythology]], was and is frequently produced in Meitei language in its own adaptation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fight for Regional Autonomy through Regional Culture: Antigone in Manipur, North-East India |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/26022/chapter-abstract/193909999?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=academic.oup.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mee |first=Erin |date=2010-06-01 |title=Chapter 7: Classics, Cultural Politics, and the Role of Antigone in Manipur, North-East India |url=https://academic.oup.com/bics/article/53/Supplement_108/131/5608387 |journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies |language=en |volume=53 |issue=Supplement_108 |pages=131–142 |doi=10.1111/j.2041-5370.2010.tb00032.x |issn=0076-0730}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Edith |last2=Vasunia |first2=Phiroze |last3=Alston |first3=Richard |last4=Riddiford |first4=Alexander |last5=Thorne |first5=James |last6=Roberts |first6=Deborah |last7=Mee |first7=Erin |last8=Mcconnell |first8=Justine |date=2010 |title=India, Greece, and Rome, 1757 to 2007 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44216106 |journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement |issue=108 |pages=iii–180 |jstor=44216106 |issn=2398-3264 |quote=...Meitei performance in Antigone needs to be seen as an contradistinction to both British and Bengali/Indian influence...}}</ref> in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mee |first1=Erin B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgFREAAAQBAJ&dq=meitei+antigone&pg=PA108 |title=Antigone on the Contemporary World Stage |last2=Foley |first2=Helene P. |date=2011-06-16 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-161811-6 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref>
''Malemnganbi'' is a Meitei adaptation of [[Sophocles]]' [[ancient Greek tragedy]] play named [[Antigone (Sophocles play)|Antigone]], rescripted by [[Makhonmani Mongsaba]] and directed by ''Chanam Nillabira Meitei''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MALEMNGANBI – 20th Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2019 |url=https://20brm.nsd.gov.in/malemnganbi/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 1985–86, Lengshonnei, a play based on Antigone, adapted into Meitei language, by [[Ratan Thiyam]], was performed in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appendix {{!}} Antigone on the Contemporary World Stage |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/26022/chapter-abstract/193922253?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=academic.oup.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fight for Regional Autonomy through Regional Culture: Antigone in Manipur, North-East India |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/26022/chapter-abstract/193909999?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=academic.oup.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
Some sources say that he adapted from [[Antigone (Sophocles play)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratan Thiyam to highlight social issues : 01st may11 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..010511.may11 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website= |quote=Among his masterpieces which include Sophocles' "Antigone", adapted as "Lengshonnei", and "Chakravyuha" assumes a special place.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PUBLIC |date=2013-12-22 |title=India needs more regional schools of theatre: NSD chairperson Ratan Thiyam |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2013/12/23/india-needs-more-regional-schools-of-theatre-nsd-chairperson-ratan-thiyam/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US |quote=..."Lengshonnei" (an adaptation of Sophocles' Antigone),...}}</ref> while some others assert that it was from [[Antigone (Brecht play)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratan Thiyam is new NSD chair |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ratan-thiyam-is-new-nsd-chair-113081900516_1.html |quote=... and "Lengshonnei" (an adaptation of Bertolt Brecht's "Antigone") are some of his popular plays...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='In India, many talented actors have no place to go' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/in-india-many-talented-actors-have-no-place-to-go/cid/285899 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |quote=...Some of his best Manipuri productions include Chakravyuha, Lengshonnei (an adaptation of Bertolt Brecht's Antigone) and Ritusamharam (based on Kalidasa's work)...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-20 |title=Ratan Thiyam is new NSD chair |url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/ratan-thiyam-is-new-nsd-chair-1045365.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website= |language=en |quote=..."Lengshonnei" (an adaptation of Bertolt Brecht's "Antigone") are some of his popular plays...}}</ref>

''[[Hojang Taret]]'' is a [[classical Meitei language]] play based on [[Euripides]]'s [[ancient Greek tragedy]] named ''"[[The Phoenician Women]]"''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-25 |title=At This Stage {{!}} 2018: Looking back |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/2018-looking-back-theatre-stage-nsd-play-art-and-culture-5508202/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Directed by Oasis Sougaijam and produced by The Umbilical Theatre in [[Imphal]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hojang Taret - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards |url=https://metawards.com/plays/hojang-taret |website=Hojang Taret - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-21 |title=WHAT TO EXPECT FROM 10 META PLAYS? - Art Culture Festival |url=https://www.artculturefestival.in/expect-13-meta-plays/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hojang Taret- A Greek Tragedy brought to Life - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards |url=https://metawards.com/blog/hojang-taret-a-greek-tragedy-brought-to-life |website=Hojang Taret- A Greek Tragedy brought to Life - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards |language=en}}</ref> the play shows the moral uncertainty of the royal sibling rivalry that led to the destruction of the ancient city of [[Thebes, Greece]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hojang Taret - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards |url=https://metawards.com/plays/hojang-taret |website=Hojang Taret - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-21 |title=WHAT TO EXPECT FROM 10 META PLAYS? - Art Culture Festival |url=https://www.artculturefestival.in/expect-13-meta-plays/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hojang Taret- A Greek Tragedy brought to Life - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards |url=https://metawards.com/blog/hojang-taret-a-greek-tragedy-brought-to-life |website=Hojang Taret- A Greek Tragedy brought to Life - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Bacchae (Thiyam play)]]'' is a [[classical Meitei language]] play, based on the [[The Bacchae|eponymous]] [[ancient Greek tragedy]], authored by [[Euripides]] (480-406 BCE), one of the 3 tragedians of [[classical Athens]]. Directed by Thawai Thiyam, the Meitei play shows the story of king [[Pentheus]] of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] and [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian]] god [[Dionysus]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-25 |title=Discover the richness of northeast at NSD |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/discover-the-richness-of-northeast-at-nsd/story-KMjyUHrR7Z0BERWpjsXHRO.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=williamgurumayum |date=2015-08-24 |title=Bacchae to open NE Play Festival |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/bacchae-to-open-ne-play-festival/ |website=Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Meitei adaptations of classical Sanskrit plays ===
Classical Sanskrit plays such as [[Urubhangam]] (originally authored by [[Bhasa]] in 2nd-3rd century CE) was reproduced into its Meitei version by [[Ratan Thiyam]], shown in [[Imphal]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revisiting Ratan Thiyam's Urubhangam - Footloose and fancy free with Dr.Sunil Kothari |url=https://narthaki.com/info/gtsk/gtsk143.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=narthaki.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urubhangam – Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities |url=https://rupkatha.com/tag/urubhangam/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=rupkatha.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Panaji]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-03-24 |title='Shastriya Natya Mahotsav'—a bouquet of classic Indian plays |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/03/24/magazines/kuriocity/shastriya-natya-mahotsav-a-bouquet-of-classic-indian-plays/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Edinburgh]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=The journey to centrestage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/journey-centrestage-2147810 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> as well as in [[Athens]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-01 |title=How Ratan Thiyam brought Manipur onto the global stage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/how-ratan-thiyam-brought-manipur-onto-the-global-stage-6289825/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Its another Meitei version was directed by Uttamkumar Naorem, shown in [[Kakching]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Urubhangam' staged |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp8..261021.oct21 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=}}</ref>

Others include ''Shakuntala'' (based on [[Kalidas]]' [[Abhigyanam Shakuntalam]]), directed by Kshetri Jugindro, shown in the Jawaharlal Nehru Dance Academy in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakuntala's saga, in the colours of Manipur - Kalidas epic on imphal stage |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/shakuntala-s-saga-in-the-colours-of-manipur-kalidas-epic-on-imphal-stage/cid/492332 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> ''Bhagwatajjukiyam'' (based on Bodhayana's [[Bhagavadajjukam]]) was produced in a Meitei version, directed by Kshetri Jugindro, under the "Manipuri Ensemble", notably staged in the 2023 [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BHAGWATAJJUKIYAM – 22nd Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2023 |url=https://www.brm.nsd.gov.in/bhagwatajjukiyam/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=[[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]] |publisher=[[National School of Drama]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-20 |title=Intriguing plays staged on the fourth day of Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2023 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/intriguing-plays-staged-on-the-fourth-day-of-bharat-rang-mahotsav-2023/articleshow/98079578.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Animals in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Birds in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Constitutionalism in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Plants in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Women in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Classical tradition]]
* [[Nordic Classicism]]
* [[Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns]]
* [[Weimar Classicism]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Classicism]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Culture of Manipur]]

Japanese–Meitei cultural relations

2024-02-11T14:55:33Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Cultural relationship between Japanese and Meitei traditions}} {{Distinguish|India–Japan relations}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} Japanese people and Meitei people (also known as Manipuri people) have a long history of sharing and interacting with each other's art and cultural heritages, including but not limited to cinema, music, mythology, language, literature and theatre. File:Translation of Japanese language into Meitei l..."

{{Short description|Cultural relationship between Japanese and Meitei traditions}}
{{Distinguish|India–Japan relations}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
[[Japanese people]] and [[Meitei people]] (also known as [[Manipuri people]]) have a long history of sharing and interacting with each other's art and cultural heritages, including but not limited to cinema, music, mythology, language, literature and theatre.
[[File:Translation of Japanese language into Meitei language (Manipuri language).jpg|thumb|300px|An illustration of [[Japanese language]] and [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]]) in their native writing systems]]

[[Japanese culture]] and [[Meitei culture]] started their interaction, interconnection, interrelation, significantly during and after the occurrence of the [[Battle of Imphal]] as a part of the [[WWII]], fought between [[British Empire]] and [[Empire of Japan]], with the [[Imphal Valley]] (primary homeland of the [[Meiteis]]) in central [[Manipur]] as its main battleground.<ref>Meetei Kangjam, Y. (2019). Forgotten Voices of the Japan Laan: The Battle of Imphal and the Second World War in Manipur. India: INTACH.</ref><ref>Chongtham, Samarendra (2008). The Land of The Rising Sun: Numitna Thorakpham Japan Urubada. ISBN 978-81-8370-147-1.</ref>

== In cinema {{Anchor|Cinema|Film|Motion picture|Movie}} ==
{{See|Meitei cinema|Japanese cinema}}
{{See also|Imphal 1944}}
=== Japan Landa Imphal ===
{{Main|Japan Landa Imphal}}
'''[[Japan Landa Imphal]]''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯖꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯥꯟꯗ ꯏꯝꯐꯥꯜ}}||Imphal in the Japanese war}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur film hits silver screen after five years 20120908 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.News_Links.News_Links_2012.Manipur_film_hits_silver_screen_after_five_years_20120908}}</ref> is a 2012 Indian [[Meitei language]] [[WWII]] historical romantic fiction film about a romance between a [[Meitei lady]] and a [[Japanese soldier]], who met each other, during the outbreak of the [[WWII]]'s [[Battle of Imphal]], in [[Imphal Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Japan Landa Imphal – Manipur News|date=21 August 2012 |url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2012/08/21/japan-landa-imphal/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur film hits silver screen after five years - Celluloid movies revived after a decade, premiered in a packed new 900-seat auditorium|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/manipur-film-hits-silver-screen-after-five-years-celluloid-movies-revived-after-a-decade-premiered-in-a-packed-new-900-seat-auditorium/cid/382267|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

=== My Japanese Niece ===
{{Main|My Japanese Niece}}
[[File:My Japanese Niece.jpg|thumb|300px|The title "My Japanese Niece" in three languages]]
'''[[My Japanese Niece]]''' ({{lang-mni|Eigi Japangi Imou}}, {{lang-ja|マイ・ジャパニーズ・ニース|mai Japaniizu niisu}}) is a 2015 [[Japanese language|Japanese]]-[[Meitei language|Meitei]] bilingual film, directed by Mohen Naorem.<ref>—{{Cite web|title=My Japanese Niece Movie Review (2015) - Rating, Cast & Crew With Synopsis|url=https://nettv4u.com/movie-review/english/my-japanese-niece|language=en}} —{{Cite web|last=Times|first=Manipur|title="My Japanese Niece" – a masterpiece from Mohen Naorem {{!}} Manipur Times|date=19 March 2013 |url=https://manipurtimes.com/my-japanese-niece-a-masterpiece-from-mohen-naorem/|access-date=|language=en-US}} —{{Cite web|title=100 Thai soldiers to act in Manipuri film 'My Japanese Niece' : 19th mar13|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..190313.mar13|access-date=|website=e-pao.net}} —{{Cite web|title=Interaction program with actors of film My Japanese Niece Junichi and Yu Asada 20130111|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2013.Interaction_program_with_actors_of_film_My_Japanese_Niece_Junichi_and_Yu_Asada_20130111}}</ref>
It shows three major roles; the Japanese soldier (played by [[Junichi Kajioka]]), the Japanese niece named ''Asada'' (played by actress ''Yu Asada'') and the adopted daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-28|title=Japanese girl 'finds' her uncle in Manipur|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/japanese-girl-finds-her-uncle-in-manipur/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Times|first=Manipur|title="My Japanese Niece" – a masterpiece from Mohen Naorem {{!}} Manipur Times|date=19 March 2013 |url=https://manipurtimes.com/my-japanese-niece-a-masterpiece-from-mohen-naorem/|access-date=|language=en-US}}</ref>

== In language {{Anchor|Language|Languages|In languages}} ==
{{See also|Japanese language education in India|Meitei language#Software}}

In [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]), the [[Battle of Imphal]], a historical [[WWII]] Japanese-British combat fought in [[Imphal]], is popularly known as "Japan Lan" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯖꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯥꯟ}}|{{Script|Latn|/Japaan Laan/}}|}}) or "Japan Lal" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯖꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯥꯜ}}|{{Script|Latn|/Japaan Laal/}}|}}), where "Lan" or "Lal" means "battle", "combat", or "war".{{efn|For the "Japan Lal",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherji |first=Priyadarśī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fa5Pp0zSAmoC&dq=japan+lal+manipuri&pg=PA93 |title=Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: Contemporary Anecdotes, Reminiscences, and Wartime Reportage |date=2009 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1428-5 |pages=93 |language=en |quote=Due to their ignorance, and the numerically vast presence of the Japanese divisions, the people of Manipur were made to understand that this was Japan-lal (which in the Manipuri language means 'Japanese War').}}</ref>; For the "Japan Lan",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kangjam |first=Yaiphaba Meetei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABRxxwEACAAJ |title=Forgotten Voices of the Japan Laan: The Battle of Imphal and the Second World War in Manipur |date=2019 |publisher=INTACH |isbn=978-81-7305-618-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajkumar Mani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8jlWVP4uKsC&dq=japan+lan+manipuri&pg=PA47 |title=Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh |date=2002 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-1519-1 |pages=47 |language=en |quote=... By that time the title was also popularly known as Japan Lan (war) as the play covered the experiences of Manipur during the Second World War. ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Phuritshabam |first1=Chaoba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dF0oCgAAQBAJ&dq=japan+lan+manipuri&pg=PT8 |title=Tattooed with Taboos: An Anthology of Poetry by Three Women from Northeast India |last2=Ningombam |first2=Shreema |last3=Haripriya |first3=Soibam |date=2015-07-06 |publisher=PP |isbn=978-1-4828-4851-9 |pages=8 |language=en |quote=Manipur, a princely state before its merger with India on October 15, 1949 was a backdrop of the Second World War which was at that time locally known as Japan lan (war). ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baral |first=Kailash C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uE2_EAAAQBAJ&dq=japan+lan+manipuri&pg=PA173 |title=Cultural Forms and Practices in Northeast India |date=2023-05-16 |publisher=SN |isbn=978-981-19-9292-6 |pages=173 |language=en |quote=... It was around 1940 CE, before World War II, which was generally known as Japan Lan (Japan war) that this...}}</ref>; For the "Lān" ("Laan"),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[Chicago University]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Lān") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |page=170, 171 |language=mni, en |quote=lān ꯂꯥꯟ /lan/ n. war; battle. Variant: lāl. ~ ngam- /~ ŋəm/ v. to win a war. Morph: ~ ngam- [~ to win]. ~ cang- /~ cə́ŋ/ v. to engage oneself at a war. Morph: ~ cang-}}</ref>; For the "Lāl" ("Laal"),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[Chicago University]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Lāl") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9C&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |page=52, 172, 183 |language=mni, en}}</ref>}}
=== Multilingual dictionary {{Anchor|Dictionary}} ===
On the [[World Book Day]] 2022, the Sahitya Thoupang Lup (STL) published a trilingual dictionary of English, [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Meitei language]]s, written in [[Latin script]], authored by Ph. Nandakumar Sharma, in a function organised in the DIPR Auditorium in [[Imphal West district]]. It was produced in the aim to help Meitei speaking students who are learning or want to learn Japanese language, as well as vice versa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Book Day: English-Japanese-Manipuri dictionary released |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/books/world-book-day-english-japanese-manipuri-dictionary-released |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

== In literature ==
{{See also|Meitei literature|Japanese literature}}
''"Nungshibi Japan"'' is a [[Meitei language]] travelogue about Japan, authored by Saratchand Thiyam, formally released in the Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy, Imphal.<ref>—{{Cite web |title='Nungshibi Myanmar', 'Nungshibi Japan' released |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/books/nungshibi-myanmar-nungshibi-japan-released |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}} —{{Cite web |title='Nungshibi Myanmar', 'Nungshibi Japan' released : 10th apr23 |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=37..100423.apr23 |access-date=2023-12-29}} —{{Cite web |title=Saratchand Thiyam delivers two new travelogues, 'Nungshibi Myanmar' and 'Nungshibi Japan' |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/4/10/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Apr-9-Two-travelogues-authored-by-Saratchand-Thiyam-entitled-Nungsh.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}} —{{Cite web |title=Saratchand Thiyam delivers two new travelogues, 'Nungshibi Myanmar' and 'Nungshibi Japan' : 10th apr23 |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=11..100423.apr23 |access-date=2023-12-29}}</ref>

''"The Land of The Rising Sun: Numitna Thorakpham Japan Urubada"'' is authored by Samarendra Chongtham, published in 2008, in English and [[Meitei language]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chongtham |first=Samarendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNFTPgAACAAJ |title=The Land of The Rising Sun: Numitna Thorakpham Japan Urubada |date=2008 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8370-147-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== In music {{Anchor|Music}} ==
{{See|Music of Manipur|Music of Japan}}
=== Shakuhachi meets Pena ===
{{Main|Shakuhachi meets Pena|Shakuhachi|Pena (musical instrument)}}
[[Shakuhachi meets Pena]] is a maiden India-Japan musical collaboration, which is a fusion of the traditional musical instrument [[Shakuhachi]] of [[Japanese culture]] and the traditional [[Pena (musical instrument)]] of [[Meitei culture]].<ref>—{{Cite web|last=KanglaOnline|title=Shakuhachi meets Pena – KanglaOnline|date=December 2016 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2016/12/shakuhachi-meets-pena/|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701045303/http://kanglaonline.com/2016/12/shakuhachi-meets-pena/|url-status=live}} —{{Cite web|title=Shakuhachi meets Pena Manipuri and Japanese traditional music collaboration By James Khangenbam|url=http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Shakuhachi_meets_Pena_Manipuri_and_Japanese_traditional_music_collaboration_By_James_Khangenbam.html|archive-date=2022-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702204024/http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Shakuhachi_meets_Pena_Manipuri_and_Japanese_traditional_music_collaboration_By_James_Khangenbam.html|url-status=live}} —{{Cite web|last=KanglaOnline|title=When Japan's Shakuhaci meets pena – KanglaOnline|date=26 November 2016 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2016/11/when-japans-shakuhaci-meets-pena/|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701045240/http://kanglaonline.com/2016/11/when-japans-shakuhaci-meets-pena/|url-status=live}} —{{Cite web|title=Shakuhachi meets Pena – Manipur News|date=December 2016 |url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2016/12/01/shakuhachi-meets-pena/|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421093751/http://www.manipur.org/news/2016/12/01/shakuhachi-meets-pena/|url-status=live}} —{{Cite web|title=When Japan's Shakuhaci meets pena – Manipur News|date=25 November 2016 |url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2016/11/25/when-japans-shakuhaci-meets-pena/|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701050850/http://www.manipur.org/news/2016/11/25/when-japans-shakuhaci-meets-pena/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== In theatres {{Anchor|Drama|Play|Theatre}} ==
=== Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba ===
{{Main|Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba}}
'''[[Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba]]''' ({{lang-en|Yamata-no-Orochi and Keibu Keioiba}}) is a [[Meitei language]] theatrical production, showing a fusion of mythological stories of [[Keibu Keioiba]] of [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Yamata-no-Orochi]] of [[Japanese mythology]], written and directed by Heisnam Tomba, and produced by the [[Kalakshetra Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/01.03.2020-B7.pdf|title='য়ামাতা' অমসুং 'কৈবু কৈওইবা'|website=hueiyenlanpao.com|language=mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba – 21st Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2020|url=https://www.21brm.nsd.gov.in/yamata-amasung-keibu-keioiba/|access-date=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-16|title=Heisnam Tomba's Play: Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba|url=https://stagebuzz.in/2020/02/16/heisnam-tombas-play-yamata-amasung-keibu-keioiba/|access-date=|website=SB|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Imphal Peace Museum]] and [[Maibam Lokpa Ching]]
* [[Japanese people in India]]
* [[International recognition of Meitei culture]]
* [[National recognition of Meitei culture]]
* [[Classicism in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization]]
* [[Women in Meitei civilisation]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Japanese-Meitei culture]]
[[Category:India–Japan relations]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Japan relations]]
[[Category:Japan–Myanmar relations]]
[[Category:Japan–United Kingdom relations]]

List of Meitei traditional polo and pony cultural heritage sites

2024-02-11T14:54:42Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|none}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} [[Sagol Kangjei|polo}} in a stamp of India]] {{langnf|mni|Sagol Kangjei|traditional Meitei polo}} and {{langnf|mni|Meitei Sagol|Manipuri pony}} are two of the indispensable integral parts of Meitei civilization. Polo and pony are so interrelated and inseparable in Meitei civili..."

{{Short description|none}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
[[File:Stamp of India - 2014 - Colnect 510569 - Sagol Kangjei.jpeg|thumb|300px|A depiction of {{langnf|mni|[[Sagol Kangjei]]|[[polo]]}} in a stamp of India]]
{{langnf|mni|[[Sagol Kangjei]]|traditional Meitei [[polo]]}} and {{langnf|mni|Meitei Sagol|[[Manipuri pony]]}} are two of the indispensable integral parts of [[Meitei civilization]].
Polo and pony are so interrelated and inseparable in [[Meitei civilization]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponies and their socio-economic importance in North-East India |url=https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2021/vol9issue2/PartP/9-2-126-421.pdf |website=www.entomoljournal.com |publisher=Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies}}</ref> that there are sayings like “No pony no polo”, reminding that Manipur’s polo tradition will disappear if the ponies get extinct.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-13 |title=How a polo tour in India is helping to protect a rare breed of ponies |url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/2017-01-13/how-a-polo-tour-in-india-is-helping-to-protect-a-rare-breed-of-ponies |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=GBH |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How a polo tour in India is helping to protect a rare breed of ponies |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2017-01-13/how-polo-tour-india-helping-protect-rare-breed-ponies}}</ref>

== List ==
=== Hapta Kangjeibung ===
''{{lang|mni|{{Script|Latn|[[Hapta Kangjeibung]]}}|}}'' ([[Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]]: ''{{lang|omp|{{Script|Latn|Chayol Kangcheipung}}|}}'', lit. ''weekly polofield'') is a polo playground, situated in the heart of [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McDuie-Ra |first=Duncan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1d8hb58 |title=Borderland City in New India |date=2016 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |isbn=978-90-8964-758-0 |editor-last=van Schendel |editor-first=Willem |pages=93–116 |jstor=j.ctt1d8hb58 |language=en |quote=These two venues are a short distance apart next to the Hapta Kangjeibung; an historic polo ground still used for polo but also for staging political rallies, the Sangai Festival each December, and various trade fairs. South of the polo ground is the Royal Palace, where the British moved their installed ruler, Chura Chand, after occupying Kangla Fort in 1891, and adjacent to this the Shree Govindajee Temple built in 1846. |editor-last2=Harris |editor-first2=Tina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=6th Manipur Polo International underway |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=24..251112.nov12 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thoubal vs Imphal East in men's Polo title clash |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/8/28/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Aug-27-Thoubal-District-Polo-Association-will-square-off-against-Im.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-20 |title=Largest tourism festival of Manipur beginning tomorrow |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/largest-tourism-festival-of-manipur-beginning-tomorrow/articleshow/26097985.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Heingang Ching {{anchor|Heingang Hill|Heingang Hills|Heingang hill|Heingang hills}} ===
The ''{{lang|mni|{{Script|Latn|[[Heingang Ching]]}}|}}'', also known as the ''[[Marjing hills]]'', is a hill, located in [[Heingang Assembly constituency|Heingang]], [[Imphal]]. It is a [[sacred mountain]], which is a mythical abode of deity [[Marjing]], in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[traditional Meitei religion]]. [[Marjing]] is an [[ancient Meitei deity]] associated with {{langnf|mni|[[Sagol Kangjei]]|polo}}, {{langnf|mni|[[Khong Kangjei]]|hockey}}, and Meitei horse ([[Manipuri pony]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-28 |title=World's tallest polo statue to be constructed in Mnp {{!}} Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/worlds-tallest-polo-statue-to-be-constructed-in-mnp/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polo team launched, field inaugurated |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..140116.jan16 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=}}</ref>

==== Marjing Polo Complex ====
The [[Marjing Polo Complex]] is a [[sports complex]], dedicated to ancient Meitei deity [[Marjing]], {{langnf|mni|[[Sagol Kangjei]]|polo}} and Meitei horse ([[Manipuri pony]]), built in the hilltop of the [[Heingang Ching]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2018-03-25 |title=Manipur CM N Biren Singh inaugurates Marjing Polo Complex in Imphal |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur-cm-n-biren-singh-inaugurates-marjing-polo-complex-in-imphal.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Chief Minister Biren inaugurates Marjing Polo Complex; says Polo ground will also be constructed at the hillock shortly |url=https://www.impacttv.in/breaking-news/item/1263-chief-minister-biren-inaugurates-marjing-polo-complex-says-polo-ground-will-also-be-constructed-at-the-hillock-shortly |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Impact |language=en-gb}}</ref>

===== Marjing Polo Statue =====
The [[Marjing Polo Statue]] is a colossal classical [[equestrian statue]] of a player of {{langnf|mni|[[Sagol Kangjei]]|polo}}, mounting on a [[Manipuri pony|Meitei horse]], standing on the [[Marjing Polo Complex]].
It is the world's tallest statue of a polo player,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-28 |title=World's tallest polo statue to be constructed in Mnp {{!}} Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/worlds-tallest-polo-statue-to-be-constructed-in-mnp/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> and is built to commemorate the fact that {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}} is the birthplace of "modern polo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Manipur: Union Home Minister Amit Shah Unveils 122-feet-tall Polo Statue In Imphal {{!}} Ukhrul Times |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipur-union-home-minister-amit-shah-unveils-122-feet-tall-polo-statue-in-imphal/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=120 feet Polo Statue to be {{as written|Bu|ild [sic]|expecting=built}} in Manipur, the Birthplace of the Sport |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/120-feet-polo-statue-to-be-build-in-manipur-the-birthplace-of-the-sport-5494663.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2022-11-17 |title=Construction Of Much-Awaited 120-Ft-Tall Effigy Of 'Sagol Kangjei' Completed; Upholds Historical Significance Of Polo Sport |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/11/17/construction-of-much-awaited-120-ft-tall-effigy-of-sagol-kangjei-completed-upholds-historical-significance-of-polo-sport/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Marjing Temple {{anchor|Marjing temple|Marjing shrine}} ====
An ancient shrine dedicated to deity [[Marjing]], the god of polo sports and pony horses, is located in the hilltop of the [[Heingang Ching]], where devotees, including polo players, offer prayers, and perform rites and rituals in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imphal tourist park coming up at birth place of polo |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/imphal-tourist-park-coming-up-at-birth-place-of-polo-116050100301_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Levin |first=Jonathan V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qAuDwAAQBAJ&dq=marjing+temple&pg=PA152 |title=Where Have All the Horses Gone?: How Advancing Technology Swept American Horses from the Road, the Farm, the Range and the Battlefield |date=2017-10-04 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-6713-3 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref>
Devotees usually offer {{langnf|mni|Kangjei|polo stick/mallet}}, {{langnf|mni|Kangdrum|ball}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recreational Park – Manipur Tourism |url=https://manipurtourism.gov.in/1508-2/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |publisher=[[Government of Manipur]] |language=en-US |quote=Situated near the heritage center Ibudhou Marjing at Heingang, the complex serves as an offering to the God of the Chenglei, Marjing, to whom the Kangjei (Polo-stick) along with the ball (Kangdrum) are continued to be offered during worship. Marijing befits as the centre of polo tourism.}}</ref> and replicas of the polo ponies to the deity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marjing Complex, Heingangching |url=https://manipur.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/eoi_tourism.pdf |website=manipur.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Manipur]] |page=15 |quote=At Heingangching, there is the temple of Marjing where every year replica of pony and polo mallet is offered to the Lord. Due to the low number of Manipuri pony, one of the five recognized breed of India, the State Government have established a pony preserve at Heingangching covering the temple. Facilities need to be developed so that the preserve is properly developed and it can become a place for pony and polo drawing visitors to not only see the original polo pony but also to learn about the heritage.}}</ref>
It is probably one of the few temples in the world dedicated to horses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-13 |title=Concern over dwindling number of rare Indian polo ponies |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33308422 |access-date=2023-11-22}}</ref>
Therefore, the temple serves as a storehouse of small, white figurines of horses, red and white polo mallets as well as various pictures of horses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-13 |title=How a polo tour in India is helping to protect a rare breed of ponies |url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/2017-01-13/how-a-polo-tour-in-india-is-helping-to-protect-a-rare-breed-of-ponies |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=GBH |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How a polo tour in India is helping to protect a rare breed of ponies |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2017-01-13/how-polo-tour-india-helping-protect-rare-breed-ponies}}</ref>

==== Pologround ====
The [[Government of Manipur]] is planning to build a world class polo playground in the [[Heingang Ching]], for which the construction activities are going on.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Chief Minister Biren inaugurates Marjing Polo Complex; says Polo ground will also be constructed at the hillock shortly |url=https://www.impacttv.in/breaking-news/item/1263-chief-minister-biren-inaugurates-marjing-polo-complex-says-polo-ground-will-also-be-constructed-at-the-hillock-shortly |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Impact |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur gets Centre's nod to build world-class polo ground in Imphal East |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/11013/manipur-gets-centres-nod-to-build-world-class-polo-ground-in-imphal-east |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polo ground in Manipur |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/polo-ground-in-manipur/cid/1448467 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Pony sanctuary {{anchor|Heingang Pony Sanctuary|Manipur Pony Sanctuary}} ====
A pony sanctuary, named '''Heingang Pony Sanctuary''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-24 |title=Manipur Government takes first big step towards protection of its rare equine specie |url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/manipur-government-takes-a-first-big-step-towards-protect-of-its-rare-equine-species/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=KRC TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |author-link=Imphal Free Press |date=2013-11-27 |title=CM inspects infrastructure at Heingang pony sanctuary – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2013/11/cm-inspects-infrastructure-at-heingang-pony-sanctuary/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> or '''Manipur Pony Sanctuary''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Establishment of Manipur Pony Sanctuary at Villge No 16 Heingang in Imphal East District |url=https://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=480 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in |publisher=[[Government of Manipur]]}}</ref> is planned to be constructed in Heingang, to preserve, protect and promote the endangered ''Meitei horse ([[Manipuri pony]])'' species, without which the performance of {{langnf|mni|[[Sagol Kangjei]]|traditional Meitei polo}} isn't possible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur to develop sanctuary for its polo ponies |url=https://morungexpress.com/manipur-develop-sanctuary-its-polo-ponies |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur to develop sanctuary for its polo ponies |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/manipur-to-develop-sanctuary-for-its-polo-ponies-116112700252_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010-09-15 |title=Manipur sanctuary to rear polo ponies |url=https://assamtribune.com/manipur-sanctuary-to-rear-polo-ponies |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur pony finds a home - Species endangered now |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/manipur-pony-finds-a-home-species-endangered-now/cid/166317 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Manung Kangjeibung {{anchor|Kangla Polo Ground|Kangla pologround|Kangla polo field|Kangla polofield}} ===
The ''{{lang|mni|{{Script|Latn|[[Manung Kangjeibung]]}}|}}'' ([[Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]]: ''{{lang|mni|{{Script|Latn|Manung Kangcheipung}}|}}'', lit. ''Inner polofield'') is an old pologround, located inside the premises of the [[Kangla Fort]] ([[Kangla Palace]]). Historically, it was a reserved playground for the Meitei royalties and nobles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Pony |url=http://imh.org/exhibits/past/breeds-of-the-world/asia/manipuri-pony/ |website=International Museum of the Horse |language=en |quote=These consist of the Manung Kangjeibung (inner polo ground), within the ramparts of the Kangla Fort, where only royalty and noblemen were allowed to play. This may be the world's oldest polo ground.}}</ref>
It is one of the two most ancient polo fields in the world, the other one being the [[Imphal Polo Ground|Mapal Kangjeibung (Imphal Polo Ground)]].<ref>—{{Cite book |last1=Muthukumaraswamy |first1=M. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&dq=manung+kangjeibung&pg=PA72 |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |pages=73 |language=en |quote=In the two large polo grounds, one inside and the other outside the fort (Manung Kangjeibung and Mapan Kangjeibung the most ancient polo sites of the world) ...}} —{{Cite web |title=Historic Kangla Fort to get major facelift - a photo story by Prabir Kumar Talukdar |url=https://www.nezine.com/info/WXZoQng5R0x4bisybEFPZVRhMEpmdz09/historic-kangla-fort-to-get-major-facelift---a-photo-story-by-prabir-kumar-talukdar.html |language=en-US |quote=Kangla perhaps houses the oldest polo ground in the world known as 'Manung Kangjeibung' which has a helipad of its own. This polo ground was for the elites.}} —{{Cite web |script-title=bn:মণিপুর পোনি - ইমাদি ঙকশম য়ৌরে — লেমহৌরিবা কাংজৈবুং হায়বা তারগদি. মনুং কাংজৈবুং, মপাল কাংজৈবুং |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/31.08.2019-B7.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}} —{{Cite web |script-title=bn:মণিপুরনা ইন্দিয়াদা তিল্লবা মতুংদা ওইরম্বা লৈঙাক - ৪৩ & হাপ্তা কাংজৈবুংদা শঙাই হেরিটেজ পার্ক (শঙাই ফেষ্টিভেলগীদমক্তা) |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/15.11.2018-B7.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}} —{{Cite web |script-title=bn:কংলাদগী হেলিপেদ লৌথোক্নবা ৱারেপ থাগত্নীংঙাইনি |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/22.05.2018-B6.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}}</ref>

=== Mapal Kangjeibung {{anchor|Mapan Kangjeibung|Imphal Polo Ground|Imphal pologround|Imphal polo field|Imphal polofield}} ===
The ''{{lang|mni|{{Script|Latn|[[Imphal Polo Ground|Mapal Kangjeibung]]}}|}}'' ([[Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]]: ''{{lang|mni|{{Script|Latn|Mapal Kangcheipung}}|}}'', lit. ''Outer polofield''), also known as the ''Imphal Polo Ground'', is located in the heart of [[Imphal]], very close to the [[Kangla Fort]] ([[Kangla Palace]]), the [[Ima Keithel]], [[Manipur State Museum]] and many other historical sites. It is regarded as the oldest pologround in the world.<ref>—{{Cite news |last=Bahl |first=Ananya |date=2020-03-09 |title=Manipur the birthplace of modern polo is home to a formidable women's team |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/polos-forgotten-matriarchs/article61965296.ece |issn=0971-751X}} —{{Cite web |title=Polo Ground, Imphal |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/imphal/attractions/polo-ground/ |language=en}} —{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=Exploring The World's Oldest Polo Ground |url=https://sportztalk.com/exploring-the-worlds-oldest-polo-ground/ |language=en-US}} —{{Cite web |date=2014-12-21 |title=Manipur: The place where polo was born? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/manipur-the-place-where-polo-was-born/story-uyfQePncOT6QVn42yw0ytI.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}} —{{Cite web |date=2019-03-25 |title=Exploring the World's Oldest Polo Ground |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/amp/news/exploring-the-world-s-oldest-polo-ground.html |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Tomb of King Kangba {{anchor|Tomb of Ningthou Kangba}} ===
The tomb of {{langnf|mni|[[Ningthou Kangba]]|King Kangba}}, located in Kangmong, Imphal, is a historic site. King Kangba is known for developing a game, which is known in today's world as {{langnf|mni|[[Sagol Kangjei]]|polo}}. Kangmong is also the place where the very game was first played.
In 2017, the art and culture minister of the [[Government of Manipur]] announced that the tomb will be developed into a heritage site.<ref>—{{Cite web |date=22 February 2018 |title=King Kangba memorial at Kangmong to be developed as heritage site: Jayantakumar {{!}} Pothashang News |url=http://www.pothashang.in/2018/02/22/king-kangba-memorial-kangmong-developed-heritage-site-jayantakumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200834/http://www.pothashang.in/2018/02/22/king-kangba-memorial-kangmong-developed-heritage-site-jayantakumar/ |archive-date=2021-06-24}} —{{Cite web |title=King Kangba's memorial to be developed as tourism site |url=https://www.thehillstimes.in/regional/king-kangbas-memorial-to-be-developed-as-tourism-site/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195517/https://www.thehillstimes.in/regional/king-kangbas-memorial-to-be-developed-as-tourism-site/ |archive-date=2021-06-24}} —{{Cite web |title=King Kangbas memorial to be developed as tourism site - PTI feed News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/king-kangbas-memorial-to-be-developed-as-tourism-site-1175921-2018-02-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195445/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/king-kangbas-memorial-to-be-developed-as-tourism-site-1175921-2018-02-23 |archive-date=2021-06-24}} —{{Cite web |title=King Kangba's memorial to be developed as tourism site {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/king-kangbas-memorial-to-be-developed-as-tourism-site-2909841/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200855/https://www.india.com/news/agencies/king-kangbas-memorial-to-be-developed-as-tourism-site-2909841/ |archive-date=2021-06-24}} —{{Cite web |title=King Kangba's memorial to be developed as tourism site |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/king-kangbas-memorial-to-be-developed-as-tourism-site/1259165 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195250/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/king-kangbas-memorial-to-be-developed-as-tourism-site/1259165 |archive-date=2021-06-24}} —{{Cite web |title=Manipur government to develop King Kangba's memorial as tourism site- The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/23/manipur-government-to-develop-king-kangbas-memorial-as-tourism-site-1777783.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200357/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/23/manipur-government-to-develop-king-kangbas-memorial-as-tourism-site-1777783.html |archive-date=2021-06-24}} —{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=23 February 2018 |title=King Kangba's memorial to be developed as tourism site {{!}} Business Standard News |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/king-kangba-s-memorial-to-be-developed-as-tourism-site-118022300310_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200250/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/king-kangba-s-memorial-to-be-developed-as-tourism-site-118022300310_1.html |archive-date=2021-06-24}} —{{Cite web |title=Ningthou Kangba remembered : 07th apr18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=22..070418.apr18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195705/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=22..070418.apr18 |archive-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>

=== Other Kangjeibung places ===

== See also ==
* [[Meitei intangible cultural heritage]]
* [[Classicism in Meitei civilization]]
* [[International recognition of Meitei civilization]]
* [[National recognition of Meitei civilization]]
* [[Tourism in Manipur]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Polo]]
[[Category:Horses]]
[[Category:Tourism in Manipur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Meitei royalty]]

Template:Meitei name/doc

2024-02-11T14:53:01Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Documentation subpage}} This template may be placed at the top of a biographical article of someone with a Meitei name to identify paternal surnames which make up the family name, given name as well as any name suffix like generational title or others. == Usage == ;Invocation {{tlc|Meitei name{{!}}''PATERNAL''{{!}}''SUFFIX''}} {{tlc|Meitei name|1{{=}}''PATERNAL''{{!}}2{{=}}''SUFFIX''}} {{tlc|Meitei name|first{{=}}''PATERNAL''{{..."

{{Documentation subpage}}

This template may be placed at the top of a biographical article of someone with a [[Meitei language|Meitei]] name to identify paternal surnames which make up the family name, given name as well as any [[name suffix]] like [[generational title]] or others.

== Usage ==

;Invocation

{{tlc|Meitei name{{!}}''PATERNAL''{{!}}''SUFFIX''}} 
{{tlc|Meitei name|1{{=}}''PATERNAL''{{!}}2{{=}}''SUFFIX''}} 
{{tlc|Meitei name|first{{=}}''PATERNAL''{{!}}suffix{{=}}''SUFFIX''}}

;Parameters

* "1" or "first"{{snd}}the [[Surname|family name]] (optional, but usually present)
* "2" or "second"{{snd}}the given name
* "3" or "suffix"{{snd}}the [[Suffix (name)#Generational titles|generational suffix]]

Note: Each parameter is optional, but a maintenance category will be added to articles that use this template without any parameters.

== Examples ==

* For [[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]]: {{tlx|Meitei name|Saikhom|Mirabai|Chanu}} or {{tlx|Meitei name|<nowiki>first=Saikhom|second=Mirabai|third=Chanu</nowiki>}} →
{{Meitei name|Saikhom|Mirabai|Chanu}}
* For [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]]: {{tlx|Meitei name|<nowiki>first=Nongthombam|second=Biren|suffix=Singh</nowiki>}} → {{Meitei name|first=Nongthombam|second=Biren|suffix=Singh}}

'''''Usage note:''''' In Meitei names, '''Singh''' or '''Meitei''' or '''Meetei''', if it appears, is usually a [[name suffix]] (like [[generational suffix]]), and is not a family name, so it should be placed in the optional {{para|suffix}} parameter.

==TemplateData==

{{TemplateDataHeader}}
<templatedata>
{
"params": {
"1": {
"aliases": [
"first"
],
"label": "Family name",
"description": "The person's family name",
"example": "Saikhom",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"2": {
"aliases": [
"second"
],
"label": "Given name",
"description": "The person's given name",
"example": "Mirabai",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"3": {
"aliases": [
"suffix"
],
"label": "Name suffix",
"description": "The person's name suffix",
"example": "Chanu",
"type": "string",
"required": false
}
},
"format": "{{_|_=_}}\n",
"description": "Introduces a person as having a Meitei name, according to Meitei naming customs"
}
</templatedata>

==Tracking categories==
* {{clc|Meitei name template needing maintenance}} – For articles using this template with no parameters, or for articles using this template with an unrecognized suffix.
* {{clc|Pages using Template:Meitei name with no first parameter}} – For articles using this template without optional first parameter.

==See also==
* {{tl|Family name hatnote}}
* [[Generational suffix]]

<includeonly>{{Sandbox other||
[[Category:Hatnote templates for names]]
[[Category:Templates that add a tracking category]]
}}</includeonly>

Template:Meitei name

2024-02-11T14:52:34Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Hatnote|In this Meitei name, {{#if:{{{1|{{{first|}}}}}}|the family name is ''{{trim|{{{1|{{{first}}}}}}}}''{{#if:{{{2|{{{second|}}}}}}|{{sp}}and the given name is ''{{trim|{{{2|{{{second}}}}}}}}''}}.|{{#if:{{{2|{{{second|}}}}}}|the given name is ''{{trim|{{{2|{{{second}}}}}}}}''.}}}}{{#if:{{{3|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{sp}}''"{{trim|{{{3|{{{suffix}}}}}}}}"'' is a name suffix{{#switch:{{trim|{{{3|{{{suffix}}}}}}}} |#default=.{{main other|..."

{{Hatnote|In this [[Meitei language|Meitei]] name, {{#if:{{{1|{{{first|}}}}}}|the [[surname|family name]] is ''{{trim|{{{1|{{{first}}}}}}}}''{{#if:{{{2|{{{second|}}}}}}|{{sp}}and the given name is ''{{trim|{{{2|{{{second}}}}}}}}''}}.|{{#if:{{{2|{{{second|}}}}}}|the given name is ''{{trim|{{{2|{{{second}}}}}}}}''.}}}}{{#if:{{{3|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{sp}}''"{{trim|{{{3|{{{suffix}}}}}}}}"'' is a [[name suffix]]{{#switch:{{trim|{{{3|{{{suffix}}}}}}}}
|#default=.{{main other|[[Category:Meitei name template needing maintenance]]}}
}}}}}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{first|}}}{{{2|}}}{{{second|}}}{{{3|}}}{{{suffix|}}}||{{main other|[[Category:Meitei name template needing maintenance]]}}}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{first|}}}||{{main other|[[Category:Pages using Template:Meitei name with no first parameter]]}}}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation}}[[Category:Meitei templates]]
</noinclude>

Marup (Meitei newspaper)

2024-02-11T14:40:15Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Meitei language newspaper}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox newspaper | name = Marup {{small|({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|/ma-rūp/}}|}})}} | logo = | logo_size = | logo_border = | logo_alt = | image = | image_size = | image_border = | image_alt..."

{{Short description|Meitei language newspaper}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Marup {{small|({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|/ma-rūp/}}|}})}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_border =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
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| caption =
| motto =
| type = daily<ref>{{Cite web |title=1.Media Coverage: Marup, Manipuri daily, Agartala, Tripura - 26 August 2022 - #SahityaAkademi announces its #BalSahityaPuraskar-2022 & #YuvaPuraskar-2022. {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/1media-coverage-marup-manipuri-daily-agartala-tripura-26-august-2022-sahityaakademi-announces-its |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmw5AAAAIAAJ&q=marup+newspaper |title=P.C.I. Review |date=1985 |publisher=Press Council of India |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> & weekly<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=R. K. Lilapati |date=2016-12-08 |title=Marup, an Ethnic Minority Newspaper of Tripura: A Journey to Ethnic Society Revivalism |url=http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jneic/article/view/241 |journal=Journal of Northeast Indian Cultures |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=2022-12-03 |title=Newspapers, the last holdouts of Bengali script in Manipur, given ultimatum to switch to Meetei Mayek next month |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/newspapers-the-last-holdouts-of-bengali-script-in-manipur-given-ultimatum-to-switch-to-meetei-mayek-next-month/article66214312.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| format =
| school =
| owner = 
| founder = 
| publisher =
| president =
| generalmanager =
| chiefeditor =
| editor =
| depeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor = 
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| dirinteractive =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| metroeditor =
| metrochief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| custom_label =
| custom =
| foundation = 1969<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmw5AAAAIAAJ&q=marup+newspaper |title=P.C.I. Review |date=1985 |publisher=Press Council of India |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> 
| political =
| language = [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]])
| ceased publication = 
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[Agartala]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UA4bAAAAMAAJ&dq=marup+newspaper&pg=PA729 |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1984 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers |pages=729 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=R. K. Lilapati |date=2016-12-08 |title=Marup, an Ethnic Minority Newspaper of Tripura: A Journey to Ethnic Society Revivalism |url=http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jneic/article/view/241 |journal=Journal of Northeast Indian Cultures |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1}}</ref>
| publishing_city = [[Agartala]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UA4bAAAAMAAJ&dq=marup+newspaper&pg=PA729 |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1984 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers |pages=729 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=R. K. Lilapati |date=2016-12-08 |title=Marup, an Ethnic Minority Newspaper of Tripura: A Journey to Ethnic Society Revivalism |url=http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jneic/article/view/241 |journal=Journal of Northeast Indian Cultures |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1}}</ref>
| publishing_country = {{IND}}
| circulation = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=2022-12-03 |title=Newspapers, the last holdouts of Bengali script in Manipur, given ultimatum to switch to Meetei Mayek next month |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/newspapers-the-last-holdouts-of-bengali-script-in-manipur-given-ultimatum-to-switch-to-meetei-mayek-next-month/article66214312.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| readership =
| sister newspapers = Marup (Bengali edition)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRdXAAAAMAAJ&q=marup+newspaper |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1992 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. |pages=1165 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=India Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoIBK9AUa8IC&q=marup+newspaper |title=Press in India: Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1985 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=863 |language=en}}</ref>
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI =
| website =
| free =
}}
{{langnf|mni|'''Marup'''|friend}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=PUBLIC |date=2014-06-27 |title=Commemorating long-forgotten battles and those who gave their lives |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2014/06/28/commemorating-long-forgotten-battles-and-those-who-gave-their-lives/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Meaning of "Marup") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9E&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |language=en, mni}}</ref> is an Indian [[Meitei language]] newspaper,{{efn|also published in Bengali}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=1.Media Coverage: Marup, Manipuri daily, Agartala, Tripura - 26 August 2022 - #SahityaAkademi announces its #BalSahityaPuraskar-2022 & #YuvaPuraskar-2022. {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/1media-coverage-marup-manipuri-daily-agartala-tripura-26-august-2022-sahityaakademi-announces-its |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref> circulated mainly in the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hogan-Brun |first1=Gabrielle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16V-DwAAQBAJ&q=marup&pg=PA307 |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities |last2=O’Rourke |first2=Bernadette |date=2018-12-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-54066-9 |pages=307 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRdXAAAAMAAJ&q=marup+newspaper |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1992 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. |pages=1165 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=India Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoIBK9AUa8IC&q=marup+newspaper |title=Press in India: Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1985 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=863 |language=en}}</ref> It started its publication works in the year 1969.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmw5AAAAIAAJ&q=marup+newspaper |title=P.C.I. Review |date=1985 |publisher=Press Council of India |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> It is published in [[Agartala]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UA4bAAAAMAAJ&dq=marup+newspaper&pg=PA729 |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1984 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers |pages=729 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=R. K. Lilapati |date=2016-12-08 |title=Marup, an Ethnic Minority Newspaper of Tripura: A Journey to Ethnic Society Revivalism |url=http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jneic/article/view/241 |journal=Journal of Northeast Indian Cultures |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1}}</ref>
It is recognised by the Information and Cultural Department of the [[Government of Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of all Enlisted Newspapers under ICA |url=https://ica.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/List_of_Enlisted_newspapers_03072020.pdf |website=[[Government of Tripura]]}}</ref>

== Circulation and writing system ==
Besides its circulation in [[India]], it is also circulated in the Manipuri populated areas of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]]. It uses the [[Bengali script]] for writing the Meitei language. However, it doesn't have any faculties for printing in [[Meitei script]] as of 2022. R.K. Kalyanjit ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯥꯖꯀꯨꯃꯥꯔ ꯀꯜꯌꯥꯟꯖꯤꯠ}}|}}), the editor of Marup, while giving an interview, told that the reason for not printing in Meitei script is because there is no scope for teaching the script to [[Meitei language]] speakers in Bangladesh and Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=2022-12-03 |title=Newspapers, the last holdouts of Bengali script in Manipur, given ultimatum to switch to Meetei Mayek next month |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/newspapers-the-last-holdouts-of-bengali-script-in-manipur-given-ultimatum-to-switch-to-meetei-mayek-next-month/article66214312.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Contents ==
In the [[2023 Manipur violence]], the Marup ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯔꯨꯞ}}|}}) raised its voice regarding the sufferings of the people in the state of [[Manipur]] and highlighted the past related incidents happened in the [[history of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women take centre stage in violence-hit Manipur |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1087446 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2022-01-06 |title=Manipur aims to boost economy, curb drugs menace - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/manipur/manipur-aims-to-boost-economy-curb-drugs-menace-571745 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=N. H. |date=2023-06-07 |title=Women take centrestage in violence-hit Manipur |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/women-take-centrestage-in-violence-hit-manipur |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=New |first=IANS |date=2023-06-07 |title=Women take centre stage in violence-hit Manipur |url=https://bhaskarlive.in/women-take-centre-stage-in-violence-hit-manipur/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Bhaskar Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Events ==
The Marup also celebrated the Patriots' Day ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯊꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ}}|}}), organized by the Manipuri Literary and Cultural Forum, Tripura and [[Meira Paibi]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯔꯥ ꯄꯥꯏꯕꯤ}}|}}), held at the Paona Brajabasi Park, Khowai Meitei village, Gouranagar, Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patriots' Day observed in Tripura : 14th aug21 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=35..140821.aug21 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hueiyen Lanpao]]
* [[Imphal Free Press]]
* [[Naharolgi Thoudang]]
* [[Poknapham]]
* [[Sanaleibak (newspaper)]]
* [[The Sangai Express]]
* [[List of Meitei-language newspapers]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web |last= |title=Women in India's Northeast are frontrunners in every sphere {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/life-details/L/7017/women-in-india-s-northeast-are-frontrunners-in-every-sphere.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website= |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=IANS |title=Women outnumber male voters in Manipur, but hard to find them among candidates in the fray |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/manipur/women-outnumber-male-voters-in-manipur-but-hard-to-find-them-among-candidates-in-the-fray-1083312.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Riggins |first=Stephen Harold |title=Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective |date=1992 |chapter=The Media Imperative: Ethnic Minority Survival in the Age of Mass Communication |chapter-url=https://sk.sagepub.com/books/ethnic-minority-media/n1.xml |location=California |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |pages=1–20 |doi=10.4135/9781483325309.n1 |isbn=978-0-8039-4724-5}}

[[Category:1969 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Meitei-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Meitei-language websites]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1969]]
[[Category:Agartala]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]

States and Union territories of India by Meitei language speakers

2024-02-11T14:38:23Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Distribution of Meitei language}} {{See also|Meitei language in Bangladesh}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language), the sole official language and the lingua franca of Manipur,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 20..."

{{Short description|Distribution of Meitei language}}
{{See also|Meitei language in Bangladesh}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
[[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]), the sole [[languages with official status in India|official language]] and the lingua franca of [[Manipur]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 |url=http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in |publisher=[[Government of Manipur]]}}</ref> one of the [[scheduled languages of India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-first-amendment-act-1992 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.india.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> one of the [[Meitei language#Education|recognised educational and literary languages]] of [[Assam]]<ref>—{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=2020-09-27 |title=Assam to look into demand to include Manipuri in list of associate languages |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/minister-to-look-into-demand-to-include-manipuri-in-the-list-of-associate-languages-of-assam/article32707194.ece |access-date=2023-11-16 |issn=0971-751X}} —{{Cite web |title=District Profile {{!}} Cachar District {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://cachar.gov.in/portlets/district-profile |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=cachar.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Assam]]}} —{{Cite web |title="Detailed Estimate of Greater Algapur-Hailakandi WSS in Hailakandi District under World Bank assisted RWSSP –LS, Assam" |url=https://phennp.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nnp_medhassu_in_oid_7/menu/document/HAILAKANDI.pdf |website=[[Government of Assam]] |page=17}} —{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Assam CM for district-wise definition of minority |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-cm-for-district-wise-definition-of-minority-101648666846530.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Tripura]] states,<ref>—{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} DIRECTORATE OF KOKBOROK & OTHER MINORITY LANGUAGES |url=https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/about-us |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Tripura]]}} —{{Cite web |title=MANIPURI {{!}} DIRECTORATE OF KOKBOROK & OTHER MINORITY LANGUAGES |url=https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/manipuri#:~:text=Manipuri%20is%20also%20spoken%20in,the%20list%20of%20Scheduled%20languages. |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Tripura]]}}</ref> has its speakers spread across entire India.<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language {{!}} Manipuri language {{!}} Meitei, India, Tibeto-Burman {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=[[Britannica]] |language=en}} —{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language and alphabet |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/manipuri.htm |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=omniglot.com |publisher=[[Omniglot]]}} —{{Cite web |title=Meitei |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |website=[[Ethnologue]]}}</ref>

[[Meitei language]], along with [[Gujarati language]], hold the third place among the fastest growing [[languages of India]], following [[Hindi]] (first place) and [[Kashmiri language]] (second place), according to the [[2011 census of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=What census data reveals about use of Indian languages |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-06-28 |title=Hindi Added 100Mn Speakers In A Decade; Kashmiri 2nd Fast Growing Language |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/hindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi fastest growing language in India, finds 100 million new speakers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi grew rapidly in non-Hindi states even without official mandate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/hindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== 2011 census ==
{| class="wikitable"
! State & Union territories !! Population of speakers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Language) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Census of India]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011 | author = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-17: Population by bilingualism and trilingualism, Manipur - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10276 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Census of India 2011 - LANGUAGE ATLAS - INDIA |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42561 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Census of India]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[India]] || 1761079
|-
| [[Manipur]] || 1522132
|-
| [[Assam]] || 168133
|-
| [[Tripura]] || 23779
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || 9511
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || 4451
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 4103
|-
| [[Delhi|NCT of Delhi]] || 3892
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 3475
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 2835
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] || 2370
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || 2242
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || 2168
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || 2010
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 1356
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 1204
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 1009
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 928
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 901
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 563
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || 490
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] || 460
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 444
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 408
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || 383
|-
| [[Goa]] || 367
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || 364
|-
| [[Odisha]] || 306
|-
| [[Bihar]] || 238
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || 202
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 188
|-
| [[Dadra & Nagar Haveli]] || <100
|-
| [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]] || <100
|-
| [[Daman & Diu]] || <100
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || <100
|}

== As a second language ==
According to the [[Ethnologue]], in India, [[Meitei language]] is used as a [[second language]] (L2) by the various [[Naga people|Naga ethnic groups]] and [[Kuki-Chin-Mizo people|Kuki-Chin ethnic groups]], including [[Aimol people|Aimol]], [[Anāl people|Anal]], [[Chiru people|Chiru]], [[Chothe people|Chothe]], [[Gangte people|Gangte]], [[Hmar people|Hmar]], [[Inpui people|Inpui]], [[Kharam people|Kharam]], [[Koireng people|Koireng]], [[Kom people (India)|Kom]], [[Lamkang people|Lamkang]], [[Mao people|Mao]], [[Maram people|Maram]], [[Monsang people|Monsang]], [[Moyon people|Moyon]], [[Purum people|Purum]], [[Tarao people|Tarao]], [[Thadou people|Thadou]] ([[Chin people]]), [[Thangal Naga people]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |website=[[Ethnologue]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[States of India by Bengali speakers]]
* [[States of India by Gujarati speakers]]
* [[States of India by Kashmiri speakers]]
* [[States of India by Malayalam speakers]]
* [[List of states and union territories of India by Punjabi speakers]]
* [[States of India by Sindhi speakers]]
* [[States of India by Kannada speakers]]
* [[States of India by Tamil speakers]]
* [[States of India by Telugu speakers]]
* [[States of India by Urdu speakers]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Lists of states of India by number of speakers of the languages]]

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Eyes in Meitei culture

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SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Eyes in Meitei civilization}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Eyes ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|Mamit{{small|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=University of Chicago |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "mamit") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=..."

{{Short description|Eyes in Meitei civilization}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Eyes ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|Mamit{{small|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "mamit") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library]] |page=140 |language=mni, en |quote=mamit ꯃꯃꯤꯠ /mə́.mit/ n. one's eye; eye of an animal or any other thing. Morph: ma‑mit [3pp‑eye].}}</ref>}}/Mit{{small|<ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "mit") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library]] |page=148 |language=mni, en}}</ref>}}|}}|}})''' play crucial roles in different elements of [[Meitei culture]], including but not limited to [[Meitei dances]] ([[Jagoi]]s), [[Meitei festivals]], [[Meitei folklore]], [[Meitei folktales]], [[history of Manipur|Meitei history]], [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei proverbs]], [[traditional Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]), [[Meitei writing system]], etc.

[[File:Ancient Meitei letter "MIT" (M) - meaning as well as representing "eye".jpg|thumb|Ancient Meitei letter "MIT" (M) - meaning as well as representing "eye"]]

== Terms in Meitei language ==
{| class="wikitable"
! [[Meitei language]] words
! [[Romanisation]]
! English translations
! [[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphology]]
! Note(s)
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ}}|}}
| /mit/
| eye
|
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "mit") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library]] |page=148 |language=mni, en}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯀꯨꯠ}}|}}
| /mit ~ kut/
| to have sunken eyes
| ~ kut- [~ to be sunken]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯉꯞ}}|}}
| mit ~ ngap- (/mit ~ ŋəp/)
| to feel uncomfortable in the eyes
| ~ ngap- [~ to feel uneasy]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯇꯥꯡ}}|}}
| mit ~ tāng (/mit ~ táŋ/)
| to be blind
| ~ tāng- [~ to be scarce]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯊꯛ}}|}}
| mit ~ thak- (/mit ~ tʰək/)
| to be dazzled
| ~ thak- [~ to be dazzled]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯊꯧ}}|}}
| mit ~ thou- (/mit ~ tʰəu/)
| to be quick to see
| ~ thou- [~ to be sharp]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯀꯔꯥꯝ}}|}}
| mitna karām- (/mit.nə kə.rám/)
| to take (food, etc.) on one's own plate more than (s)he can eat
| mit‑na ka [eye‑Nominative; room‑to be hungry]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯀꯨꯞꯄꯗ}}|}}
| mitna kuppada (/mit.nə kup.pə.də/)
| in a moment
| mit‑na kup‑pa‑da [eye‑Nominative; to cover‑Nom‑Locative]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯅꯥ}}|}}
| mit ~ nā- (/mit ~ na/)
| to suffer from conjunctivitis; to be unpleasant to look at
| ~ nā- [~ to suffer]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯄꯦꯟ}}|}}
| mit ~ pen- (/mit~ pén/)
| to be pleasing to watch
| ~ pen- [~ to satisfy]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯌꯥꯝ}}|}}
| mit ~ yām- (/mit ~ yam/)
| to manage a relationship with more than one partner in love affair, etc.
| ~ yām- [~ to be many]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯌꯨ}}|}}
| mit ~ yu-
| to fail to see
| ~ yu- [~ to leak]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯁꯤꯡ}}|}}
| mit ~ sing- (/mit ~ siŋ/)
| to be alert
| ~ sing- [~ to be wise]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯁꯨꯛ}}|}}
| mit ~ suk-
| to frown
| ~ suk- [~ to be dense]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ ꯁꯦꯞ}}|}}
| mit ~ sep-
| to be cross-eyed
| ~ sep- [~ to remain unbalanced]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯀꯨꯞ
| mitkup (/mit.kup/)
| moment
| mit‑kup [eye‑to cover]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?page=149 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library]] |page=149 |language=mni, en}}</ref>
|-
|
| mitkup nāhum sing- (/mit.kup na.hum siŋ/)
| to be alert
| mit‑kup nā‑hum sing- [eye‑to cover; ear‑to blow; to be wise]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
|
| mitkupta (/mit.kup.tə/)
| in a moment
| mit‑kup‑ta [eye‑to cover‑Locative]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯆꯥꯅ-
| mitcāna- (/mit.cá.nə/)
| to lock one’s eyes with those of another person
| mit‑cā‑na [eye‑to suit‑Reciprocal]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯆꯤ
| mitci (/mit.ci/)
| corner of the eye
| mit‑ci [eye‑corner]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯇꯥꯡꯕ
| mittāngba (/mit.táŋ.bə/)
| a blind person
| mit‑tāng‑ba [eye‑to be scarce‑Nom]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯊꯨꯞ
| mitthup (/mit.tʰup/)
| a fine groove on the upper eyelid
| mit‑thup [eye‑to fold]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯊꯧ
| mitthou (/mit.tʰəu/)
| stye
| mit‑thou [eye‑to be sharp]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯅꯍꯥ
| mitnahā (/mit.nə.ha/)
| pupil (of eye)
| mit‑nahā [eye‑youth]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠ ꯅꯥ
| mit nā (/mit na/)
| facial organs
| mit nā [eye ear]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
|
| mit nā singna lei- (/mit na siŋ.nə ləi/)
| to stay alert
| mit nā sing‑na lei [eye‑ear; to be wise‑Adverb; to stay]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯄꯥꯟ
| mitpān (/mit.pan/)
| rim of eyelid
| mit‑pān [eye‑edge]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ
| mityeng (/mit.yeŋ/)
| view; glance
| mit‑yeng [eye‑to look at]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
|
| mit ~ tā- (/mit ~ ta/)
| to look at
| ~ tā- [~ to fall]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯂꯝ ꯅꯥꯔꯝ
| mitlam nāram (/mit.lə́m na.rə́m/)
| sensation perceived by eyes, ears, etc.
| mit‑lam nā‑ram [eye‑path; ear‑path]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
|
| mit ~ khang- (/mit ~ kʰə́ŋ/)
| to be dexterous, skilful
| ~ khang- [~ to know]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯂꯨ
| mitlu (/mit.lu/)
| inward corner of the eye
| mit‑lu [eye‑to be deep]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|-
| ꯃꯤꯠꯁꯥꯡ
| mitsāng (/mit.saŋ/)
| rheum: a whitish sticky discharge from the mucous membranes of the eyes
| mit‑sāng [eye‑id.]
| <ref name=":eyes_dsal.uchicago.edu_149" />
|}

== In Meitei writing system ==
{|
|- valign="top"
|[[File:Ancient Meitei character "MIT" (ꯃ) represents as well as means "eye".jpg|thumb|Ancient Meitei character "MIT" (ꯃ) represents as well as means "[[eye]]"]]
|[[File:Meetei Mayek letter MIT LONSUM (M).svg|thumb|90px|{{small|Smaller "MIT", known as "MIT LONSUM"}}]]
|}
{|
|- valign="top"
|[[File:Ancient Meitei character "PAA" (ꯄ) represents as well as means "eyelash".jpg|thumb|Ancient Meitei character "PAA" (ꯄ) represents as well as means "[[eyelash]]"]]
|[[File:Meetei Mayek letter PA LONSUM (P).svg|thumb|90px|{{small|Smaller "PAA", known as "PAA LONSUM"}}]]
|}

The traditional [[Meitei writing system]] has four letters, related to eye. The letter "ꯃ" ("Mit") symbolises the human eye, and its letter name "Mit" itself means "eye" in [[Meitei language]]. It has an additional form of letter, known as "Mit Lonsum" ("ꯝ"). The letter "ꯄ" ("Paa") symbolises the human eyelash, and its letter name "Paa" itself means "eyelash" in Meitei. It has an additional form of letter, known as "Pa Lonsum" ("ꯞ").<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ghai |first1=Deepika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvScEAAAQBAJ&dq=meitei+script+eye+eyelash&pg=PA130 |title=Machine Learning Algorithms for Signal and Image Processing |last2=Tripathi |first2=Suman Lata |last3=Saxena |first3=Sobhit |last4=Chanda |first4=Manash |last5=Alazab |first5=Mamoun |date=2022-11-18 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-86184-3 |pages=130 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Meetei Mayek or Meetei script chart |date=2009 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/court-chronicle-of-the-kings-of-manipur/meetei-mayek-or-meetei-script-chart/788010CFE8284F1940148DAFFAC6F262 |work=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur |pages=145–148 |editor-last=Arambarn Parratt |editor-first=Saroj Nalini |access-date=2023-10-16 |publisher=Foundation Books |doi=10.1017/UPO9788175968547.006 |isbn=978-81-7596-854-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek: The Script |url=http://tabish.freeshell.org/eeyek/script/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=tabish.freeshell.org}}</ref>

== Divine eyes {{anchor|All-seeing eye|Eye of Providence}} ==
{{Main|Eye of Providence}}
In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[traditional Meitei religion]], god Salailen (alias Soraren) and his wife [[Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi]] are well noted for their ''"divine eyes"'', or ''"all-seeing eyes"''.

=== All-seeing eyes of Salailen ===

When goddess [[Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi]] descended from heaven down to earth and visited her native human parents, she consumed earthly foods and drinks, despite being warned in advance, by her husband Salailen, not to do so, even if her own parents insisted her. To avoid being seen by Salailen from heaven, Tampha's parents arranged {{langnf|mni|Phijang Taret|seven layers of [[Canopy (architecture)|canopies]]}}, installed in the place where Tampha was relishing her foods and drinks. However, Salailen was [[omniscient]] and thus have the all-seeing eyes. So, he witnessed the scene, thereby resulting to ban his wife from entering heaven ever again.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three millennia mythology still resonates at Konthoujam Lairembi By Phanjoubam Chingkheinganba|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.Three_millennia_mythology_still_resonates_at_Konthoujam_Lairembi_By_Phanjoubam_Chingkheinganba|access-date=2022-03-01|website=www.e-pao.net|archive-date=2022-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218053756/http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.Three_millennia_mythology_still_resonates_at_Konthoujam_Lairembi_By_Phanjoubam_Chingkheinganba|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&dq=Sorarel&pg=PT188 |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Raatan |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tv9WOAVh5AC&dq=soraren&pg=PA183 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-east India |date=2004 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-274-9 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1000 eyes of Tampha Lairembi {{anchor|All-seeing eyes of Tampha Lairembi}} ===
After their marriage, God Salailen granted 1000 eyes and 1000 ears to his wife, [[Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi]], to please her. Thus, she attained [[omniscience]].
It was through these powers that once Tampha, besides living in heaven, could sense the smokes of a funeral and the mourning sounds of people coming from the earth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=salailen&pg=PA680 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=680 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&dq=Sorarel&pg=PT188 |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Raatan |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tv9WOAVh5AC&dq=soraren&pg=PA183 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-east India |date=2004 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-274-9 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref>

== Evil eyes ==
{{See|Evil eye}}
In [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei folklore|folklore]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]], there is a belief of {{langnf|mni|Hingchabi Changba|evil eyes}} of the {{langnf|mni|[[Hingchabi]]|evil spirits/possessors}}.
It is a supernatural phenomenon of the full control of a victim's body by a spirit, mentally and physically. Its common causes are the desires of the very spirit for eating or having something it desires. Usually, the victims of such incidence are women. Symptoms include abnormal behaviours like shivering, crying, laughing, frothing, difficulty in breathing, etc. Its treatments or [[exorcism]] are usually done by a [[Maiba]] by performing rites and rituals for warding off the evil spirit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnomedical Practice in Manipur: A Case of Evil Eye |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321218281}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Magic Art of Witchcraft and Black Magic |url=https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0615/ijsrp-p4203.pdf |quote=“Evil-Eye” is also a Black art used in Manipur. Certain people possess this power that causes severe stomach- ache, falling of teeth and even destruction of ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES IN KAKCHING DISTRICT OF MANIPUR |url=http://mzuir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/819/1/MAYANGLAMBAM%20ALISHA%20DEVI,%20History.pdf |quote=a man who performed the rituals of healing Hingchabi Changba (Evil Eye); ...}}</ref>

In [[Meitei language]], evil eyes are also known as “minu” ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯅꯨ}}|{{Script|Latn|/mí.nú/}}|}}) and “being affected with other's evil eye” is known as “minu changba” ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯅꯨ ꯆꯪꯕ}}|{{Script|Latn|/mí.nú ~ cə́ŋ/}}|}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "minu") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library]] |page=149 |language=mni, en}}</ref>

== Eye contact ==
In the performances of [[traditional Meitei dances]], there is a strict rule that dancers should not have any forms of eye contact with the spectators or the audiences. If the rules are not followed properly, then it is considered as a [[sacrilege]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baral |first=Kailash C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uE2_EAAAQBAJ&dq=meitei+eye+contact&pg=PA165 |title=Cultural Forms and Practices in Northeast India |date=2023-05-16 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-9292-6 |pages=165 |language=en}}</ref>

== Pythons' eyes ==
Some [[Meitei people]] used to adore pythons' eyes as [[amulets]] in the protective rings they wore at their fingers.
The preserved pythons' eyes are usually small in size, hard in texture, not quite round in shape, and milky opaque in colour. Real pythons' eyes are very hard to get, thereby leading to the manufacturing of the replicas of the much coveted python eye rings, notably sold at the [[Ima Keithel]], Manipur's largest market.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wouters |first=Jelle J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrptEAAAQBAJ&dq=meitei+python+eyes&pg=PA205 |title=Vernacular Politics in Northeast India: Democracy, Ethnicity, and Indigeneity |date=2022-05-16 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-267826-3 |pages=205 |language=en}}</ref>

Some [[Meitei people]] believe in the ''positive attention, good fortune, guard against {{langnf|mni|awa ana|bad happenings}} and the unhindered travelling to desired places.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wouters |first=Jelle J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrptEAAAQBAJ&dq=meitei+python+eyes&pg=PA205 |title=Vernacular Politics in Northeast India: Democracy, Ethnicity, and Indigeneity |date=2022-05-16 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-267826-3 |pages=205 |language=en}}</ref>

According to Jelle J. P. Wouters, the charm of pythons' eyes is a three sided charismatic relative materialism of the linkages between (1) [[Pakhangba]] and kingship, (2) pythons and [[Pakhangba]], and (3) kingship and pythons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wouters |first=Jelle J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrptEAAAQBAJ&dq=meitei+python+eyes&pg=PA219 |title=Vernacular Politics in Northeast India: Democracy, Ethnicity, and Indigeneity |date=2022-05-16 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-267826-3 |pages=219 |language=en}}</ref>

== In dolls, idols and sculptures ==
=== Dolls ===
The eye portions of the {{Langnf|mni|laidhibi|traditional Meitei dolls}}{{efn|also known as “Ita Laiphadibee”}} are considered to be the most difficult part of crafting. These eyes are actually sewn on the face, using threads of different colours, usually black.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laiphadibi: The Cloth Dolls that Guard and Guide Manipuri People |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/laiphadibi-cloth-dolls-guard-and-guide-manipuri-people |access-date=2023-10-16 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Laiphadibi : Cloth Dolls of Manipur – Asia InCH – Encyclopedia of Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=https://asiainch.org/craft/dolls-toys-of-manipur/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=LAIPHADIBI: THE MAKING, EVOLUTION AND PROCESS PART II – MASH India |url=https://www.mashindia.com/laiphadibi-evolution-and-process-part-ii/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Idols ===
In [[Meitei Hindu]] culture, idols of Hindu deities like [[Shree Shree Govindajee Temple|Shri Govindaji]], [[Radha Krishna]], [[Balarama|Baldev]], etc. are crafted having extreme care and attention, specifically to the eye portions. The process of the installation of the eyes to the gods' idols is called “Nayan Chanba” ({{translation|the placing of eyes}}).{{efn|Here, “Nayan” is a Sanskrit term for “eye” and “Chanba” is a [[Meitei language]] term for installation.}}
In this procedure, pieces of conch shells are extracted and sculpted in the forms of eyes. Later, these eyes are attached to the idol applying a mixture of camphor and kerosene as its gluing substance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Jamini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLzDLsEYZGQC&dq=meitei+idol+eyes&pg=PA31 |title=Cultural History of Manipur: Sija Laioibi and the Maharas |date=2010 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-342-1 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref>

== In Pung Cholom ==

[[File:Meitei and English bilingual description of the different body parts of a Pung Cholom performing artist, a classical Meitei ritualistic musical & dancing performing art form of Manipur (Kangleipak).jpg|thumb|[[Meitei language|Meitei]] and English bilingual description of the different body parts used by an artist while performing [[Pung Cholom]] art]]

In [[Pung Cholom]] performing art form of the [[Meiteis]], eyes play a crucial role since every actions are done through vision.
There are three different kinds of the way of looking, on the basis of the distance between the eyes and the objects to be seen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Leitanthem Santosh |title=The Motor Skills for Performing Manipuri Pung Cholom |date=2021-12-10 |url=https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/Arts-Journal/ShodhKosh/article/view/49 |journal=ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |doi=10.29121/shodhkosh.v2.i2.2021.49 |issn=2582-7472|doi-access=free }}</ref>
The types are (1) {{langnf|mni|anakpa|nearby}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "anakpa") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%84&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library]] |page=7 |language=mni, en |quote=1) ꯑꯅꯛꯄ anakpa (p. 7) anakpa ꯑꯅꯛꯄ /ə.nək.pə/ adj. nearby. Morph: a‑nak‑pa [Att‑to be near‑Nom].}}</ref> (about 2.6m of distance between eyes and objects), (2) {{langnf|mni|mayai|middle/center}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "mayai") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library]] |page=140 |language=mni, en |quote=mayāi ꯃꯌꯥꯏ /mə.yái/ n. middle; centre. Morph: ma‑yāi [NM‑middle\centre].}}</ref> (about 4.3m of distance between eyes and objects), and (3) {{langnf|mni|arappa|far/distant}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "arappa") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%84&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library]] |page=11 |language=mni, en |quote=ꯑꯔꯥꯞꯄ arāppa (p. 11) arāppa ꯑꯔꯥꯞꯄ /ə.rap.pə/ adj. far; distant; not near. Morph: a‑rāp‑pa [Att‑to be far‑Nom].}}</ref> (about 6m of distance between eyes and objects).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Leitanthem Santosh |title=The Motor Skills for Performing Manipuri Pung Cholom |date=2021-12-10 |url=https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/Arts-Journal/ShodhKosh/article/view/49 |journal=ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |doi=10.29121/shodhkosh.v2.i2.2021.49 |issn=2582-7472|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Animals in Meitei culture]]
* [[Birds in Meitei culture]]
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei culture]]
* [[Plants in Meitei culture]]
* [[Women in Meitei culture]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020-11-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29637-2 |language=en}}

[[Category:Eyes in culture]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]

Linguistic classification of Meitei language

2024-02-11T14:31:34Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Linguistic classification of Meitei}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}} [[Meitei language, as a member of the Sino-Tibetan languages]] [[Meitei language, as a member of the Tibeto-Burman languages {{legend|#FF69B4|Meitei}}]] The Meite..."

{{Short description|Linguistic classification of Meitei}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
[[File:Sino-Tibetan Languages Map.png|thumb|300px|[[Meitei language]], as a member of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]]]
[[File:Lenguas tibeto-birmanas.png|thumb|300px|[[Meitei language]], as a member of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] {{legend|#FF69B4|[[Meitei language|Meitei]]}}]]

The [[Meitei language]], also known as the [[Manipuri language]], is classified as either a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language or a [[language isolate]] or even an [[Indo-European language]] by different scholars and institutions.

== As a Sino-Tibetan language {{anchor|As a Tibeto-Burman language}} ==
Regarding the position of the Meitei language, in a publication of [[The Asiatic Society]], authored by [[Suniti Kumar Chatterjee]], a renowned Indian linguist, it is said as follows:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kumar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32096/page/n187/mode/2up |title=KIRATA-JANA-KRTI THE INDO-MONGOLOIDS THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF INDIA |publisher=[[The Asiatic Society]]; [[Digital Library of India]]; [[Internet Archive]] |year=1951 |edition=April 1998 |location=Calcutta |pages=157 (in original book); 187 (in digital book) |language=en |author-link=Suniti Kumar Chatterji}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|''"Among the various Tibeto-Burman languages, the most important, and in literature certainly of much greater importance than [[Newari language|Newari]], is the Meithei or Manipuri language."''|[[Suniti Kumar Chatterjee]], Kirata-Jana-Kirti, Calcutta, p. 157. (1951)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kumar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32096/page/n187/mode/2up |title=KIRATA-JANA-KRTI THE INDO-MONGOLOIDS THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF INDIA |publisher=[[The Asiatic Society]]; [[Digital Library of India]]; [[Internet Archive]] |year=1951 |edition=April 1998 |location=Calcutta |pages=157 (in original book); 187 (in digital book) |language=en |author-link=Suniti Kumar Chatterji}}</ref>}}

According to the ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'', Meitei belongs to the Kamarupan group of the [[Tibeto-Burman]] branch of the [[Sino-Tibetan]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language {{!}} Manipuri language {{!}} Meitei, India, Tibeto-Burman {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Its classification is explained as follows:
{{Blockquote|''"Manipur state and its surround are the locus from which the Tibeto-Burman family spread and diversified, making the genetic assignment of the region's languages very difficult. During the 19th and 20th centuries, different linguists conjectured that Manipuri belonged to one of several TB subdivisions. In the early 21st century the consensus view placed Manipuri in its own subdivision of the so-called Kamarupan group—a geographic rather than a genetic designation but one that must suffice until more definitive information becomes available."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language {{!}} Manipuri language {{!}} Meitei, India, Tibeto-Burman {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>}}

According to the [[Ethnologue]], Meitei is considered to be a member of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]], without the mentioning of any further classifications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>

According to the [[Glottolog]], Meitei is a member of the [[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga branch]] of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Manipuri |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mani1292 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref>

According to a publication of the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] (IIAS), the classification of the Meitei language is described as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Manipuri Language – Indian Institute of Advanced Study |url=http://iias.ac.in/events/a-history-of-manipuri-language/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=iias.ac.in |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] (IIAS), [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] (MoE), Government of India |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|''"[[James Matisoff|Matisoft]] (1991,2003) categorized Manipuri in the geographically determined group Kamarupan which traditionally covers for [[Kuki-Chin-Naga]], [[Abor-Miri-Dafla]] and [[Bodo-Garo]] while the early classifier [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]] (1903-1924) put it in [[Kuki-Chin]]. By Vegelin and Voegelin (1965) it is in Kuki-ChinNaga, by Benedict (1972) in Kuki-Naga, Shafer (1874) recognizes as a separate branch under the [[Kukish]] section of Burmise division. The latest opinion is of [[Robbins Burling|Burling]] (2003, p. 187-188) though none has put Manipuri in Nage or Kuki group it will be better to keep Manipuri by itself."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Manipuri Language – Indian Institute of Advanced Study |url=http://iias.ac.in/events/a-history-of-manipuri-language/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=iias.ac.in |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] (IIAS), [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] (MoE), Government of India |language=en-US}}</ref>}}

== As a language isolate {{anchor|As an independent language}} ==
Anglo-Indian scholars such as Irengbam Mohendra opined that the Meitei language is definitely not a member of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] and there is more possibility of Meitei being a [[language isolate]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |orig-date=12 August 2017 |title=Meiteis Meiteilon never been Tibeto Burman By Irengbam Mohendra |url=http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Meiteis_Meiteilon_never_been_Tibeto_Burman_By_Irengbam_Mohendra.html.. |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=e-pao.net |place=UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2019 |orig-date=20 June 2019 |title=The long-awaited genetic recognition that Meiteis & Meiteilon are not Tibeto-Burman |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.The_long_awaited_genetic_recognition_that_Meiteis_and_Meiteilon_are_not_Tibeto_Burman_By_Irengbam_Mohendra |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=e-pao.net |place=UK}}</ref>

Irengbam Mohendra strongly rejected [[George Abraham Grierson]]'s classification of Meitei as [[Tibeto-Burman]], in which he highlighted the following:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dr Irengbam Mohendra |date=2011-03-22 |title=Who said the Meitei lon is Tibeto-Burman? Dr GRIERSON, but he was wrong – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2011/03/who-said-the-meitei-lon-is-tibeto-burman-dr-grierson-but-he-was-wrong/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|"''Without fluffing my lines because of lack of space I will let three super-specialists play their part.'' ''Three of the world's leading authorities on Tibeto-Burman language – [[James Matisoff|James A Matisoff]], Professor Emeritus, [[University of California]] (2003), [[George van Driem|George Van Driem]], a Dutch linguist at [[Leiden University]] (2001) and [[David Bradley (linguist)|David Bradley]], Prof. at [[La Trobe University]], Australia (1997) have independently re-classified Tibeto-Burman languages in which Meithei, now Meitei, is not included anymore. They have left Meitei lon as unclassified."''|Irengbam Mohendra<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dr Irengbam Mohendra |date=2011-03-22 |title=Who said the Meitei lon is Tibeto-Burman? Dr GRIERSON, but he was wrong – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2011/03/who-said-the-meitei-lon-is-tibeto-burman-dr-grierson-but-he-was-wrong/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>}}
Mohendra also emphasized the fact that Grierson never came to [[Manipur]] or any nearby areas but was doing his own research by sitting within an office in [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dr Irengbam Mohendra |date=2011-03-22 |title=Who said the Meitei lon is Tibeto-Burman? Dr GRIERSON, but he was wrong – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2011/03/who-said-the-meitei-lon-is-tibeto-burman-dr-grierson-but-he-was-wrong/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1998, American linguist [[Robbins Burling]] of the [[University of Michigan]], who had done considerable research on [[Northeast India]]n languages, classified Meitei as ''"an independent member of the Eastern Area of language group."'' Indian-American Sino-Tibetan linguist [[Shobhana Chelliah]] of the [[University of North Texas]], is also of the opinion that Meitei should be ''"unclassified"'' into any language group though it has some similarities with [[Tibeto-Burman languages]]. Irengbam Mohendra have the similar opinion.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2019 |orig-date=20 June 2019 |title=The long-awaited genetic recognition that Meiteis & Meiteilon are not Tibeto-Burman |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.The_long_awaited_genetic_recognition_that_Meiteis_and_Meiteilon_are_not_Tibeto_Burman_By_Irengbam_Mohendra |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=e-pao.net |place=UK}}</ref>

== As an Indo-European language {{anchor|As an Indo-Iranian language|As an Indo-Aryan language}} ==
{{Distinguish|Bishnupriya Manipuri lect}}
In a publication of the ''"International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education"'' (IJMRME), Meitei is classified as a member of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]], a subdivision of the [[Indo-European language family]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEITEI LANGUAGE |url=http://rdmodernresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/120.pdf |website=rdmodernresearch.org |publisher=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME)}}</ref>

Some scholars like Atombapu Vidyaratna, Lairenmayum Ibungohal Singh and Dwijamani Deva Sharma, rejected the classification of Meitei as Tibeto-Burman. [[Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh]] was among those who strongly supported the classification of Meitei as an Indo-European language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEITEI LANGUAGE |url=http://rdmodernresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/120.pdf |website=rdmodernresearch.org |publisher=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME)}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]]
* [[Department of Language Planning and Implementation]], [[Government of Manipur]]
* [[Department of Manipuri, Assam University]]
* [[Department of Manipuri, Manipur University]]
* [[Meitei language in Bangladesh]]
* [[Meitei language in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[:en:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tibeto-Burman Languages|1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tibeto-Burman Languages]]
* {{Cite web |title=Ebooks : Problems in the Analysis of Manipuri Languages. Central Institute of Indian Languages |url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/prob-mani-lang/Chapter1.htm |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.ciil-ebooks.net}}
* {{Cite web |title=The People - Manipur Science and Technology Council (MASTEC) |url=https://mastec.nic.in/index.php/the-people.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=mastec.nic.in |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], Government of India}}
* {{Cite web |title=A need to rethink Meitei in sub-section of Chin group in Myanmar census code 402 |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/7/13/Maheshsana-RajkumarContd-from-previous-issueHe-further-writes-Meithei-is-the-chief-language-of-the-Manip.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |publisher=[[The Sangai Express]] |language=en}}

[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Language classification|Meitei]]

International recognition of Meitei culture

2024-02-11T14:29:47Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|International recognition of Meitei civilization}} {{About|the international level recognition of the cultural heritage of Meitei civilization|its national level recognition in India|National recognition of Meitei civilization|its classical culture|Classicism in Meitei civilization}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} File:Marjing Polo Statue — World's tallest statue of a polo player — Classical monu..."

{{Short description|International recognition of Meitei civilization}}
{{About|the international level recognition of the cultural heritage of [[Meitei civilization]]|its national level recognition in India|National recognition of Meitei civilization|its classical culture|Classicism in Meitei civilization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

[[File:Marjing Polo Statue — World's tallest statue of a polo player — Classical monumental Meitei equestrian sculpture — G20 summit — Cultural heritage of Meitei civilization — Cradle of "modern polo".jpg|thumb|300px|[[Marjing Polo Statue]], the world's tallest statue of a polo player, dedicated to Meitei polo deity [[Marjing]], [[:en:wikt:commemoratively|commemoratively]] built in the sport's birthplace, {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}},{{efn|Polo's birthplace being {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}} is recorded in the [[Guinness World Records]] too.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |publisher= [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2023 |title=Manipur's ancient polo wows G20 delegates |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipurs-ancient-polo-wows-g20-delegates/articleshow/98056172.cms |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=E-Pao! Books :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris |url=http://books.e-pao.net/Heritage_Manipur/epShowChapter.asp?src=kangla/polo |website=books.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian seal on Manipur polo origin - Milan-based writer to visit Imphal to collect material for book on game's history |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/italian-seal-on-manipur-polo-origin-milan-based-writer-to-visit-imphal-to-collect-material-for-book-on-game-s-history/cid/791135 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>}} shown during the international [[G20 summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Excursion to historic and places of tourists interest marks the second day of G20 delegates visit to Manipur |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1900407 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB), [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2023 |title=Manipur's ancient polo wows G20 delegates |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipurs-ancient-polo-wows-g20-delegates/articleshow/98056172.cms |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>]]

[[File:Stamp of Armenia - 2018 - Colnect 806145 - Indian Dance Manipuri.jpeg|thumb|300px|Armenian stamp illustrating [[Manipuri classical dance]] ({{lang-hy|{{Script|Armn|«ՄԱՆԻՊՈՒՐԻ» ՊԱՐ}}|}}), the "national dance" of India,{{efn|Manipuri dance form, along with the Armenian [[Armenian dance|Hov Arek]], are referred to as the "National Dances" (of India and Armenia respectively) during the Armenia-India joint issue of postage stamps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/259456 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=panarmenian.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps dedicated to "Armenia-India joint issue. National dances" theme |url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2018/08/29/69092}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://www.newsinfo.am/eng/article/view/EkDbYf9yDr |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=www.newsinfo.am}}</ref>}} the highest spiritual expression of the worship of Hindu deity [[Krishna]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarwal |first=Amit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVuEAAAQBAJ&dq=ching+thang+khomba+classical+dance&pg=PT25 |title=The Celestial Dancers: Manipuri Dance on Australian Stage |date=15 May 2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-62550-9 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> as well as an [[intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance |website=www.indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref>]]

The [[Meitei culture|culture]] of [[Meitei civilization]] receives many honours and recognitions in the international platforms, from many associations and organizations, including but not limited to the [[UNESCO]], [[Guinness World Records]], [[Geographical Indication]], etc.

== Clothing {{Anchor|Clothes|Costumes|Dresses|Uniforms}} ==
=== Geographical Indication Tag ===
{{Further|Moirang Phee|Shaphee Lanphee|Wangkhei Phee}}

== Cinema ==
{{Main|International recognition of Meitei cinema}}
{{Further|Classicism in Meitei cinema|Meitei cinema}}

=== Cannes Film Festival ===
{{langnf|mni|[[Ishanou]]|[[The Chosen One (1990 film)|The Chosen One]]}} (1990) was screened in the [[Un Certain Regard]] section at the [[1991 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/131/year/1991.html |title=Festival de Cannes: The Chosen One |work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> and again after a gap of 33 years, it was recognized as a "World Classic" by the [[2023 Cannes Film Festival]]. Notably, it was the only film selected from India for the event in that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2023 |title=Manipuri feature film 'ISHANOU' recognised as World Classic |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipuri-feature-film-ishanou-recognised-as-world-classic/articleshow/100038686.cms?from=mdr |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aribam Syam Sharma's ISHANOU recognised as World Classic |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/aribam-syam-sharmas-ishanou-recognised-as-world-classic |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Film 'Ishanou' Becomes India's Only Restored Film To Be Screened At Cannes 2023 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/manipuri-film-ishanou-becomes-india-s-only-restored-film-to-be-screened-at-cannes-2023-news-284573 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>

=== Three Continents Festival ===
{{langnf|mni|[[Imagi Ningthem]]|[[My Son, My Precious]]}} (1981) is the
[[Three Continents Festival#List of Montgolfière d'or winners|only Indian film]] that gets the [[Golden Montgolfiere]] at the [[Festival des 3 Continents]], [[Nantes]] in 1982, bringing fame and honor of the [[Indian cinema]] in the international platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digitised Imagi Ningthem screened at Pune film fest |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..150114.jan14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2022 |title=New book traces journey of Manipuri cinema |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/new-book-traces-journey-of-manipuri-cinema/article65295376.ece |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Dance and music ==
{{Further|Classicism in Meitei dances|Classicism in Meitei music|Intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization}}

=== UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage ===
{{Further|Meitei intangible cultural heritage#UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage{{!}}UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization}}
[[Meitei Sankirtana]] (under the name of ''"[[Meitei Sankirtana|Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur]]"''), one of the most remarkable [[intangible cultural heritages of Meitei civilization]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Dance of Manipur - The University of Chicago Library News - The University of Chicago Library |url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/about/news/indian-dance-of-manipur/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=www.lib.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Vaishnava Music and the Sattriya Ojapali Music of Assam: A Fresh Look – Part 1 |url=https://imphalreviews.in/manipuri-vaishnava-music-and-the-sattriya-ojapali-music-of-assam-a-fresh-look-part-1/}}</ref> was formally recognized as a [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage]], declared in the eighth session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee in [[Baku, Azerbaijan]], in December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sankirtana-ritual-singing-drumming-and-dancing-of-manipur-00843 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Manipuri classical dance ===
The [[Manipuri classical dance]], one of the [[intangible cultural heritages of Meitei civilization]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=www.indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref> is illustrated in a postage stamp issued by [[Armenia]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps dedicated to "Armenia-India joint issue. National dances" theme |url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2018/08/29/69092}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet approves MoU between India and Armenia on joint issue of postage stamp |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1554943 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Manipuri dance form, along with the Armenian [[Armenian dance|Hov Arek]], are referred to as the "National Dances" (of India and Armenia respectively) during the Armenia-India joint issue of postage stamps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/259456 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=panarmenian.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps dedicated to "Armenia-India joint issue. National dances" theme |url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2018/08/29/69092}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://www.newsinfo.am/eng/article/view/EkDbYf9yDr |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=www.newsinfo.am}}</ref> It is recognised as well as honoured in numerous international platforms, including but not limited to the ''International Classical Manipuri Dance Festival'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moving myths |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/moving-myths-spotlight-on-international-classical-manipuri-dance-festival-by-the-sruti-performing-troupe/cid/1971641 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Classical Manipuri Dance Festival 20191015 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2019.International_Classical_Manipuri_Dance_Festival_20191015 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> the ''[[International Dance Day]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2023 |title=On International Dance Day, a look at some of India's famous dance forms and their exponents |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/in-pictures-on-international-dance-day-a-look-at-indias-famous-dance-forms-and-their-exponents-8580737/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> the ''International Dance Festival-Silicon Valley'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leslie |date=19 January 2014 |title=Manipuri Dance in International Dance Festival-Silicon Valley, 2014 {{!}} Lively Foundation |url=https://www.livelyfoundation.org/wordpress/?p=318 |access-date=9 December 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> the ''Samarpan, an international classical Manipuri dance festival'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intl dance fest today |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/10/19/IMPHAL-Oct-19-Samarpan-an-international-classical-Manipuri-dance-festival-participated-by-several-Manipuri-classical-dancers-from-Bangladesh-will-be-held-tomorrow-at-the-auditorium-of-Jawaharlal-.amp.html |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> the ''International Indian Classical Dance festival (INDICLAD)'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2010 |title=ISKCON Manipur to Host International Dance Festival |url=https://iskconnews.org/iskcon-manipur-to-host-international-dance-festival/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=ISKCON News |language=en}}</ref> the ''International Folk-Lore Festival'', the ''Opening Ceremony of [[Asian Games]]'', [[Seoul]], 1986 as well as the ''5th International Theatre Festival'', London, 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artiste of the Yesteryears: Akham Lakshmi Devi |url=https://blog.mygov.in/artiste-of-the-yesteryears-akham-lakshmi-devi/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=mygov.in |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

=== Khamba Thoibi dance drama ===
The art form of the [[Khamba Thoibi dance drama]] was shown to [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], the then [[US Ambassador to India]], and [[Catherine Galbraith|Mrs. J.K., Galbraith]] on 2 May 1962.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raina |first=Vimala |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460207/page/n8/mode/2up |title=Khamba Thoibi And Poems On Manipur |date=18 January 1963 |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]]; [[Internet Archive]] |others=[[Manipur Government]] Press; [[Manipur University]] Library; North Eastern States Libraries |location=India |pages=iii |language=en}}</ref>

; The Baltimore Sun

{{blockquote|{{Script|Latn|''"Ambassador [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] is inclined to agree-- The Manipuri Dance managed and directed by Mrs Vimala Raina staged a beautiful [[Khamba Thoibi dance drama|performance of Khamba Thoibi]].''
''It is a Dance Drama based on a story of royal life in the 11th century. He believes [[Khamba Thoibi]] would win acclaim in any America theatre."''}}|[[The Baltimore Sun]] of America<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raina |first=Vimala |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460207/page/n8/mode/2up |title=Khamba Thoibi And Poems On Manipur |date=18 January 1963 |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]]; [[Internet Archive]] |others=[[Manipur Government]] Press; [[Manipur University]] Library; North Eastern States Libraries |location=India |pages=iii |language=en}}</ref>}}

; Catherine Galbraith

{{blockquote|{{Script|Latn|''"I shall never forget the beautiful dancing in your ballet. The story was so lively and the whole thing moved along with grace and drama. We wish this kind of ballet could come to the United States. It has colour and vitality and good appeal to Western audiences. Your ballets were easy to understand as well as charmingly done."''}}|[[Catherine Galbraith|Mrs. J.K., Galbraith]] (2 May 1962)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raina |first=Vimala |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460207/page/n8/mode/2up |title=Khamba Thoibi And Poems On Manipur |date=18 January 1963 |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]]; [[Internet Archive]] |others=[[Manipur Government]] Press; [[Manipur University]] Library; North Eastern States Libraries |location=India |pages=iii |language=en}}</ref>}}

== Language ==
{{Further|Classicism in Meitei language}}

=== UNESCO ===
[[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]) is considered [[vulnerable language|vulnerable]] in [[UNESCO]]'s ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Moseley |editor-first1=C. |title=Atlas of the world's languages in danger (3rd ed) |date=2010 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |location=Paris| url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026| pages = 44{{ndash}}45 and elsewhere}}</ref>

=== Google Translate ===
[[File:Google Translate - English to Meiteilon (Manipuri) - "What is your name?" - Screenshot.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A screen shot of [[Google Translate]] translating a sentence from English language into [[Meitei language]]]]

On 11 May 2022, [[Google Translate]] added [[Meitei language]] (under the name '''''"[[Meiteilon (Manipuri)]]"''''') during its addition of 24 new languages to the translation tool. The writing system used for Meitei language in this tool is [[Meitei script]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=Assamese, Meiteilon (Manipuri) and Mizo language has been added to Google translate, moment of pride for Northeastern India! - NE India Broadcast |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2022/05/12/assamese-meiteilon-manipuri-and-mizo-language-has-been-added-to-google-translate-moment-of-pride-for-northeastern-india/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=Google Translate adds support for Assamese, Mizo and Manipuri languages |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/google-translate-adds-support-for-assamese-mizo-and-manipuri-languages/ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2022 |title=Google Translate gets support for 24 new languages including Assamese, Mizo and Manipuri |url=https://www.time8.in/google-translate-gets-support-for-24-new-languages-including-assamese-mizo-and-manipuri/}}</ref>

== Writing system ==
{{Further|Meitei keyboard}}

=== Unicode ===
{{Main|Meetei Mayek (Unicode block)|Meetei Mayek Extensions|Meetei Mayek Extensions (Unicode block)}}
The [[Meitei script]] was added to the [[Unicode]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek Range: ABC0–ABFF |url=https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UABC0.pdf |website=Unicode}}</ref>

{{Unicode chart Meetei Mayek}}
{{Unicode chart Meetei Mayek Extensions}}

== Sculpture {{Anchor|Sculptures}} ==
=== Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac ===
[[File:Paphal (Musée du Quai Branly) (4489839164).jpg|thumb|300px|Sculpture of [[Poubi Lai]], being displayed in the [[Quai Branly Museum]], [[Paris]], [[France]] in 2010.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dalbéra |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Paphal (Musée du Quai Branly) |date=1 April 2010 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/dalbera/4489839164/ |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>]]
The wooden sculpture of [[Poubi Lai]] was sent for an exhibition in France.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Poubi Lai-The Story of a Giant Python' Single object exhibition begins at National Museum in New Delhi |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=123469 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Loktak's mythical python lives on in wood |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/loktak-s-mythical-python-lives-on-in-wood/cid/1391819 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2015 |title=The story of a giant python called Poubi Lai... |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/the-story-of-a-giant-python-called-poubi-lai/article7449693.ece |access-date=9 December 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poubi Lai : The story of a giant python ; Single object exhibition begins at National Museum : 22nd jul15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..220715.jul15 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Further|List of Meitei traditional polo and pony cultural heritage sites{{!}}Polo and pony cultural heritage in Meitei civilization}}

=== Guinness World Records of Polo ===
The [[Guinness World Records]] stated:
{{Blockquote|''"Polo can be traced to origins in Manipur state in 3,100 BC, when it was played as '[[Sagol Kangjei]]'."''|Guinness World Records<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-09 |publisher= [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2023 |title=Manipur's ancient polo wows G20 delegates |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipurs-ancient-polo-wows-g20-delegates/articleshow/98056172.cms |access-date=9 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=E-Pao! Books :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris |url=http://books.e-pao.net/Heritage_Manipur/epShowChapter.asp?src=kangla/polo |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=books.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian seal on Manipur polo origin - Milan-based writer to visit Imphal to collect material for book on game's history |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/italian-seal-on-manipur-polo-origin-milan-based-writer-to-visit-imphal-to-collect-material-for-book-on-game-s-history/cid/791135 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>}}

== Theatre ==
{{Further|Classicism in Meitei theatre}}

=== Greek-Meitei cultural fusion ===
{{Further|Bacchae (Thiyam play)|Hojang Taret}}

=== Japanese-Meitei cultural fusion ===
{{Further|Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba|Shakuhachi meets Pena}}

== See also ==
* [[Classicism in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Japanese–Meitei cultural relations]]
* [[Meitei intangible cultural heritage]]
* [[Animals in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Birds in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Constitutionalism in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Plants in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Women in Meitei civilization]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Indian culture]]

National recognition of Meitei culture

2024-02-11T14:28:48Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|National level recognition of Meitei civilization}} {{Redirect-distinguish|National recognition of Meitei civilization|Meitei nationalism|International recognition of Meitei civilization|Classicism in Meitei civilization}} {{Hatnote|Unless otherwise specified, all the recognitions of the cultural heritage of Meitei civilization in this article is in reference to the Republic of India.}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}}..."

{{Short description|National level recognition of Meitei civilization}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|National recognition of Meitei civilization|Meitei nationalism|International recognition of Meitei civilization|Classicism in Meitei civilization}}
{{Hatnote|Unless otherwise specified, all the recognitions of the [[Meitei culture|cultural heritage]] of [[Meitei civilization]] in this article is in reference to the [[Republic of India]].}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

The [[Meitei culture|culture]] of [[Meitei civilization]] receives many honours and recognitions in the national level of the [[Republic of India]], either from the [[Union Government of India]] or from any other national level associations and organizations. Notably, the [[Ministry of Culture (India)]] officially recognises diverse [[intangible cultural heritages of Meitei people]].

[[File:Stamp of India - 2014 - Colnect 510569 - Sagol Kangjei.jpeg|thumb|300px|A postage stamp of India illustrating {{langnf|mni|[[Sagol Kangjei]]|classical Meitei [[polo]]}}]]

[[File:Stamp of Armenia - 2018 - Colnect 806145 - Indian Dance Manipuri.jpeg|thumb|300px|Armenian stamp illustrating [[Manipuri classical dance]], the "national dance" of India,{{efn|Manipuri dance form, along with the Armenian [[Armenian dance|Hov Arek]], are referred to as the "National Dances" (of India and Armenia respectively) during the Armenia-India joint issue of postage stamps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/259456 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=panarmenian.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2018/08/29/69092|title=Two new postage stamps dedicated to "Armenia-India joint issue. National dances" theme | Lragir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://www.newsinfo.am/eng/article/view/EkDbYf9yDr |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.newsinfo.am}}</ref>}} the highest spiritual expression of the worship of Hindu deity [[Krishna]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sarwal |first=Amit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVuEAAAQBAJ&dq=ching+thang+khomba+classical+dance&pg=PT25 |title=The Celestial Dancers: Manipuri Dance on Australian Stage |date=2022-05-15 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-62550-9 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> as well as an [[intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Dance {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance |website=www.indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref>]]

[[File:Ching-Thang Khomba 2000 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|300px|Meitei king {{langnf|mni|[[Ching Thang Khomba]]|[[Rajarshi Bhagyachandra]]}}, illustrated in a postage stamp of India]]

== Architecture ==
=== In the Indian Navy ===
[[File:INS Imphal (D68) crest.jpg|thumb|300px|The crest of Indian [[Guided-missile destroyer|missile destroyer]], [[INS Imphal]], illustrating the {{langnf|mni|[[Kangla Sanathong]]|[[Kangla Golden Gate]]}} and the [[Kanglasha]] dragon lion, two of the most remarkable cultural heritages of the [[Meitei civilization]]]]

The crest of [[Guided-missile destroyer|missile destroyer]], [[INS Imphal]] of the [[Indian Navy]], has an illustration for the {{langnf|mni|[[Kangla Sanathong]]|[[Kangla Golden Gate]]}}, a part of the [[Kangla Palace]] (also called [[Kangla Fort]]), the historic seat of administration of the [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei kings]] of the [[Kingdom of Manipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="Befitting Tribute To People Of Manipur": Navy Unveils INS Imphal's Crest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/befitting-tribute-to-people-of-manipur-indian-navy-unveils-guided-missile-destroyer-ins-imphals-crest-with-kangla-palace-kangla-sha-4613938 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-29 |title=Manipur’s Kangla Palace, mythical creature adorn crest of Navy’s 3rd stealth guided missile destroyer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/rajnath-unveils-crest-india-guided-missile-destroyer-imphal/articleshow/105578687.cms |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh unveils crest of Project 15B stealth guided missile destroyer Yard 12706 (Imphal) |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1980365 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

=== In the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya ===
During June 2017, the [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]] (IGRMS) of [[Bhopal]] built a [[replica]] of the {{langnf|mni|[[Kangla Sanathong]]|[[Kangla Gate]]}}, one of the four entrances to the [[Kangla Fort]], the historic seat of administration of the [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei kings]] of [[Manipur Kingdom]]. To revitalise the vanishing but valuable cultural heritage of the [[Meitei civilization]], the IGRMS museum added the "Kangla Gate" in the entrance gate of the Open-air Exhibition Tribal Habitat of the museum. The grand Kangla Gate in IGRMS was crafted by a group of seven traditional artisans from [[Manipur]] led by Ibomcha Meitei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Kangla Gate of Manipur being built at IGRMS |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/kangla-gate-of-manipur-being-built-at-igrms.html |website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |language=en}}</ref>
According to ''"[[The Free Press Journal]]"'', the number of traditional artisans was fifteen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhopal: Manipuri 'Kangla Gate' coming up at IGRMS |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-manipuri-kangla-gate-coming-up-at-igrms |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref>

During October 2021, a model of the {{langnf|mni|[[Kangla Sanathong]]|Royal Kangla Gate}} was exhibited in the 72nd online exhibition series of the [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]] (IGRMS). Kept in the Tribal Habitat Open Air Exhibition of the IGRMS museum, it was displayed online with the informative descriptions including photographs and videos.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=IGRMS exhibits Royal Kangla Gate 'Kangla Sanathong' in 72nd online exhibition series |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/igrms-exhibits-royal-kangla-gate----kangla-sanathong----in-72nd-online-exhibition-series.html |website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Cinema ==
{{Further|Classicism in Meitei cinema|Meitei cinema}}

=== In the National Film Awards ===
{{Main|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri{{!}}National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Meitei}}

== Clothing {{Anchor|Clothes|Costumes|Dresses|Uniforms}} ==
=== In the Indian Parliament ===
Since 2023, [[Kokyet]], a Meitei traditional headdress, is used as a uniform item for the [[marshals]] of the [[Indian Parliament]] (both [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Manipur's 'Kokyet' Part Of New Uniform In Parliament - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipurs-kokyet-part-of-new-uniform-in-parliament/ |website= |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amid ethnic mess, people cheerful as Manipuri 'Kokyet' finds space in Indian Parliament |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1120618 |website= |language=en}}</ref>), as chosen by the [[Union Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-15 |title=Parliament marshals to don Manipuri turban, Kokyet |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/parliament-marshals-to-don-manipuri-turban-kokyet/articleshow/103676067.cms?from=mdr |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Kokyet finds space in Indian Parliament |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-kokyet-finds-space-in-indian-parliament |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref> The newly designed Kokyet drew inspiration from the "Salai Taret Kokyet" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯂꯥꯏ ꯇꯔꯦꯠ ꯀꯣꯛꯌꯦꯠ}}|}}), possessing seven colours representing [[Yek|seven Meitei clans]], combined with another Meitei traditional handicraft "Lamthang Khullak" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯝꯊꯥꯡ ꯈꯨꯜꯂꯛ}}|}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bora |first=Pallav |date=2023-09-15 |title=Strife-Torn Manipur Finds Place Of Pride In Parliament As 'Kokyet' Named Official Headgear |url=https://news.abplive.com/northeast/manipur-turban-kokyet-finds-place-of-pride-in-parliament-official-headgear-of-staff-uniform-1629769 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7"/>

== Dance and music {{Anchor|Dances and music|Dance|Dances|Music}} ==
{{Further|Classicism in Meitei dances|Classicism in Meitei music}}

=== In the Sangeet Natak Akademi ===

Owing to its huge influences on the diverse cultural heritages across the [[Indian subcontinent]], the [[Manipuri classical dance]] is recognised by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] of the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] of the [[Government of India]] as one of the few primary classical dance forms of the [[Republic of India]],<ref name=":4"/> and is honoured with the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award#Manipuri|Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Manipuri]] annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards) |url=http://www.sangeetnatak.com/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216050006/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=2012-02-16 |website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India}}</ref> Owing to the [[Meitei civilization]],<ref name=":4"/> the classical dance form, first formally developed by [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei Hindu king]] {{langnf|mni|[[Ching Thang Khomba]]|[[Rajarshi Bhagyachandra]]}} of the [[Kingdom of Manipur]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=bhagyachandra+classical+dance&pg=PA55 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020-11-25 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-29629-7 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulasrestha |first=Mahendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKQznGABS_cC&dq=bhagyachandra+classical+dance&pg=PA257 |title=Culture India |date=2006 |publisher=[[Lotus Press]] |isbn=978-81-8382-013-4 |pages=257 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Balasubramanian |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSqMi1h7dVcC&dq=bhagyachandra+classical+dance&pg=PA30 |title=A beautiful life: Value education & life skills |publisher=[[Pearson Education India]] |isbn=978-81-317-6644-6 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref> is considered to be the highest spiritual expression of the worship of Hindu deity [[Krishna]].<ref name=":2"/>

== Language ==
{{Further|Classicism in Meitei language}}

=== In the 8th schedule to the Constitution of India ===
{{Further|Meitei scheduled language movement|Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India}}
{{Blockquote|
BE it enacted by Parliament in the Forty-third Year of the Republic of India as follows:-
 
1. Short title.-This Act may be called the Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992.
 
2. Amendment of Eighth Schedule. In the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution,-
 
(a) existing entry 7 shall be re-numbered as entry 8, and before entry 8 as so re-numbered, the entry "7. Konkani." shall be inserted;
 
(b) existing entry 8 shall be re-numbered as entry 10, and before entry 10 as so re-numbered, the entry "9. Manipuri." shall be inserted;
 
(c) existing entries 9 to 15 shall be re-numbered as entries 12 to 18 respectively, and before entry 12 as so re-numbered, the entry "11. Nepali." shall be inserted.|[[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|THE CONSTITUTION (SEVENTY-FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992]]|31st August, 1992<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-first-amendment-act-1992 |website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>{{efn|[[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Nepali language]]s were recognised as scheduled languages at the same time when [[Meitei language]] was recognised.}}
}}

[[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]) is one of the [[scheduled languages of India]], meaning one of the [[official languages of the Indian Republic]], recognised by the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution {{!}} Department of Official Language {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution |website=rajbhasha.gov.in}}</ref>

=== In the Central Armed Police Forces ===
[[Meitei language]] is selected by the [[Union Government of India]] as one of the 13 Indian languages, out of the [[22 official languages of the Indian Republic]], to be used in the recruitment examination of the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPF). The decision, for all these 13 languages, was taken by an official agreement between the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] and the [[Staff Selection Commission]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri among 13 regional languages approved for CAPF exam |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-among-13-regional-languages-approved-for-capf-exam |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=CAPF Recruitment Examination In Assamese, Manipuri, Bengali, Odia & Other Regional Languages - NE India Broadcast |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2023/04/15/capf-recruitment-examination-in-assamese-manipuri-bengali-odia-other-regional-languages/ |language=en-US}}</ref> and it will be converted into action from {{Start date and age|df=y|2024|01|01}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=16 April 2023 |title=Manipur CM lauds Centre for introducing Manipuri in CAPF exams |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-cm-lauds-centre-introducing-manipuri-capf-exams.html |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BORA |first=ADREENA |date=15 April 2023 |title=Northeast {{!}} MHA approves constable exams for CAPFs in Assamese, Manipuri & Bengali also |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/northeast-mha-constable-exams-capfs-assamese-manipuri-bengali.html |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== In the Indira Gandhi National Open University ===
[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU), the [[List of largest universities and university networks by enrollment|largest university in the world]], offers education in [[Meitei language]] as one of the 14 major "[[Indira Gandhi National Open University#Languages|Modern Indian Languages]]" (MILs) for undergraduate students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=16 February 2023 |title=Kashmiri language introduced by IGNOU at under graduate level |url=https://theprint.in/india/kashmiri-language-introduced-by-ignou-at-under-graduate-level/1375099/ |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |quote=In addition to these disciplines, the School has an elective basket of Modern Indian Languages on offer to undergraduates: Malayalam, Marathi, Odiya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Manipuri and Nepali.}}</ref>

=== In the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology ===
[[Meitei language]] is selected as one of the 5 Indian languages, for publishing information on the [[Culture of India|Indian heritage]] by the [[Indian Government]]'s [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] sponsored "Northeast Heritage" Web, besides Hindi and English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover the Heritage of North East India ... English {{!}} हिंदी {{!}} অসমীয়া {{!}} Ka Ktien Khasi {{!}} Mizo ṭawng {{!}} Meitei {{!}} बड़
|url=https://northeastheritage.in/ne-heritage-portal?language=en
|website=Northeast Heritage
|others=[[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
|language=en, hi, as, mni, brx, kha, lus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=ভারতকি চিংখৈথংবা শরুকতা চৎনরকলিবা মৈহৌরোল পুথোকপা
|url=https://northeastheritage.in/ne-heritage-portal?language=ma
|website=Northeast Heritage
|others=[[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
|language=mni}}</ref>

=== In the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting ===
[[Meitei language]] is selected as one of the 14 [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], out of the [[22 official languages of the Indian Republic]], to be made available in the [[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB) by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] of the [[Government of India]] (GOI). The Meitei language versions of the press releases are presently available in [[Bengali script]], but there is plan of changing the script into [[Meitei script]] ([[Manipuri script]]) in due course of time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..251115.nov15|title=PIB press releases in Manipuri : 25th nov15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |author-link=Imphal Free Press |title=PIB website has news in regional languages now – KanglaOnline |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2015/11/pib-website-has-news-in-regional-languages-now/ |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== In the National Education Policy ===
[[Meitei language]] is one of the 28 languages selected across the world, besides [[French language|French]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], etc. to be used in teaching and learning in grades (1-5) by the "Unified District Information System for Education Plus" (UDISE+), as per the reports of the [[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB). It is a part of the [[National Education Policy 2020]] started by the [[Union Cabinet of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education in Mother Tongue |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1847061 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=মমালোন্দা লাইরিক তম্বা |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1847117 |website=pib.gov.in |language=mni}}</ref>

=== In the Prime Minister's Office ===
{{Further|Prime Minister's Office (India)| Prime Minister of India}}
[[Meitei language]] is selected as one of the 11 [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], out of the [[22 official languages of the Indian Republic]], to be made available in the official website of the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Indian Prime Minister's Office]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PMINDIA Multilingual Website now available in 13 languages Assamese and Manipuri versions of Prime Minister's Official Website launched |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1514873 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

=== In the Staff Selection Commission ===
[[Meitei language]] is one of the 13 [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], out of the [[22 official languages of the Indian Republic]], selected by the [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC) of the [[Government of India]], to be made available in the conduction of the Multi-Tasking (Non-Technical) Staff examination across the country. The [[Staff Selection Commission]] is one of the biggest job recruiting agencies belonging to the [[Indian Government]]. It mainly recruits people to "Group B" (Non-Gazetted Posts) and "Group C" (Non-Technical Posts) in diverse governmental ministries and departments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh lauds SSC for deciding to conduct the Multi-Tasking (Non-Technical) Staff examination 2022 in 13 regional languages in addition to Hindi and English for the first time |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1892439 |website=www.pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=হিন্দি অমসুং ইংলিসকী মথক্তা অহানবা ওইনা লম-লমগী লোন ১৩দা মল্তি-তাস্কিং(নন-তেক্নিকেল) স্তাফ এজামিনেসন ২০২২ পাংথোক্নবা ৱারেপ লৌখিবগীদমক য়ুনিয়ন মিনিস্তর দোক্তর জিতেন্দ্র সিংহনা এস.এস.সি থাগৎখ্রে |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1892624 |website=pib.gov.in |language=mni}}</ref>

== Literature ==
{{Further|Classicism in Meitei literature}}

=== In the Sahitya Akademi ===
{{Further|Sahitya Akademi Award for Meitei|Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize for Meitei|Yuva Puraskar for Meitei|List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Meitei{{!}}Bal Sahitya Puraskar for Meitei}}
With nearly two dozen dailies and a good deal of periodicals,{{efn|During that time, i.e. 1970s}} and more than [[Ancient Meitei literature|1000 ancient and medieval texts]], written in [[Meitei Mayek]] ([[Manipuri script]]),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA290 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=290 |language=en}}</ref> [[Meitei literature|literature]] of [[Meitei language]] had been recognised and honoured by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, as one of the major [[Sahitya Akademi#Recognised literary languages|advanced Indian literary languages]], in the year 1971,<ref>—{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA290 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=290 |language=en}} —{{Cite web |title=Dr Thokchom Ibohanbi - first Manipuri writer to get Akademi award |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..240222.feb22}} —{{Cite web|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/devi2004loanwords.pdf|title=Loanwords in Manipuri and their impact|website=sealang.net|author=Hajarimayum Subadani Devi|quote=In 1972 the Sahitya Akademi, the highest body of language and literature of India recognized Manipuri (Manipuri Sahitya Parisad. 1986:82)|language=en}}</ref> long before it was recognised by the [[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India]] in 1992.<ref name=":1"/>

=== In the Union Public Service Commission ===
[[Meitei literature]] (also called [[Manipuri literature]]) is one of the optional language based subjects availed to the candidates for the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) of the [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] of the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.upsc.gov.in/exams/notifications/2015/CSP_2015/CSP_2015_eng.pdf |title= Civil Services Examination, 2015 |publisher= [[Union Public Service Commission|Union Public Services Commission]] |date= 23 May 2015 |page=5}}</ref>

== Paintings {{Anchor|Painting}} ==
[[File:The Additional Secretary, Ministry of Culture, Shri K.K. Mittal visits after inaugurating the 'Poubi Lai-The Story of a Giant Python', Single object exhibition mounted by the Indira Gandhi Manav Sanghralaya (IGRMS).jpg|thumb|250px|The Additional Secretary, Ministry of Culture, Shri K.K. Mittal, visits after inaugurating the 'Poubi Lai-The Story of a Giant Python', Single object exhibition mounted by the [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]] (IGRMS), [[Bhopal]] in collaboration with [[National Museum, New Delhi]] on July 21, 2015.]]

=== In the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya ===
{{langnf|mni|[[Khambana Kao Phaba (painting)|Khambana Kao Phaba]]|[[Khuman Khamba|Khamba]] capturing [[Kao (bull)|Kao bull]]}}, an [[Oil painting|oil canvas painting]] by [[Manipuri people|Manipuri]] artists, depicting the capture of powerful [[Kao (bull)|Kao bull]] by hero [[Khuman Khamba|Khamba]], is one of the most well known museum series "Exhibit of the Month" of the ''[[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]]'' in [[India]], exhibited for a whole month of July, 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/---khambana-kao-phaba----on-display-at-igrms.html |title= 'Khambana Kao Phaba' on display at IGRMS |first= The |last= Pioneer |website= [[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/manipur/khambana-kao-phaba-manipuri-traditional-painting-on-display/cid2521532.htm |title= 'Khambana Kao Phaba' Manipuri Traditional painting on display |website= thenortheasttoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/traditional-manipuri-painting-khambana-kao-phaba-on-display/articleshow/70308200.cms |title= Traditional Manipuri painting 'Khambana Kao Phaba' on display |first= Shuchita |last= Jha |website= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/traditional-manipuri-painting-khambana-kao-phaba-on-display/articleshow/70357154.cms |title= Traditional Manipuri painting 'Khambana Kao Phaba' on display - Times of India |website= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Sculptures {{Anchor|Sculpture}} ==
=== In the Indian Navy ===
The crest of [[Guided-missile destroyer|missile destroyer]], [[INS Imphal]] of the [[Indian Navy]], bears an illustration for the sculpture of the {{langnf|mni|[[Kangla Sha]]|[[Kangla]]'s guardian dragon lion}}, a divine mythical creature in [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei folklore]] and [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":8"/><ref name=":5"/>

=== In the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya ===
[[File:Paphal (Musée du Quai Branly) (4489839164).jpg|thumb|300px|Sculpture of [[Poubi Lai]], being displayed]]

A 21 feet long wooden sculpture of [[Poubi Lai]], a mythical creature of [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]], was exhibited in the [[National Museum, New Delhi]] and then in the [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-15-may-Aug-2015/page/n3/mode/2up?q=Poubi+lai|title=Bulletin National Museum New Delhi Number 15|last=National Museum New Delhi|date=2015|pages=4}}</ref> and again in the [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]] (IGRMS), [[Bhopal]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/the-story-of-a-giant-python-called-poubi-lai/article7449693.ece|title=The story of a giant python called Poubi Lai...|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 July 2015|last1=Bhanj|first1=Jaideep Deo}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=123469|title='Poubi Lai-The Story of a Giant Python' Single object exhibition begins at National Museum in New Delhi|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[National Museum, New Delhi]]'s exhibition of the wooden sculpture of [[Poubi Lai]], the artefact was displayed for 42 days. The carving belongs to the permanent collection of the [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]] (IGRMS), Bhopal. The object was declared as an "Object of National Importance". It was registered under "AA" Category of the Museum Collections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/snake-tales/|title=Snake tales|website=indianexpress.com|date=28 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=":6"/><ref name=":3"/>

== Theatre ==
{{Further|Classicism in Meitei theatre}}

=== In the Sangeet Natak Akademi ===
==== In the National School of Drama ====
===== In the Bharat Rang Mahotsav =====
{{langnf|mni|[[Lairembigee Eshei]]|Song of the Goddess{{efn|In [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), the word "Lairembi" means "goddess" and "Eshei" (or "Ishei") means "song". "-gi" is a suffix word to denote possession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "Lairembi") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4&searchhws=yes |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "Isei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia}}</ref>}}/Song of the Nymphs}}, a [[Meitei language]] play, written and directed by [[Ratan Thiyam]], performed by the "Chorus Repertoire Theatre" of [[Imphal]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAIREMBIGEE ESHEI (SONG OF THE NYMPHS) – 21st Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2020 |url=https://www.21brm.nsd.gov.in/laiembigee-ishei-song-of-the-nymphs/ |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101121426/https://www.21brm.nsd.gov.in/laiembigee-ishei-song-of-the-nymphs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> was shown as a closing play at the 21st [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]] at Kamani Hall in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Song of the Nymphs directed by Ratan Thiyam - Footloose and fancy free with Dr.Sunil Kothari |url=https://narthaki.com/info/gtsk/gtsk248.html |website=narthaki.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Curtains come down on 21st Bharat Rang Mahotsav in Delhi - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/curtains-come-down-on-21st-bharat-rang-mahotsav-in-delhi/articleshow/74254376.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 February 2020 |language=en |quote=The closing ceremony was followed by Laiembigee Ishei (Song Of The Nymphs), a Manipuri play by Chorus Repertory Theatre group, written and directed by Ratan Thiyam. It is a story of how we live in the 21st century -an era of globalisation, worldwide mobility, communication and information. It is woven around the importance of identity, tradition, and preservation of culture in modern times. The play tries to decipher the challenges faced by our rituals and traditions inherited from our ancestors.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Rang Mahotsav takes its final bow |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/feb/23/bharat-rang-mahotsav-takes-its-final-bow-2107143.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |quote=A Manipuri play, titled Laiembigee Ishei (Song of the Nymphs), directed by Ratan Thiyam was also performed at the event.}}</ref>
It was also staged on the concluding day of the 9th National Prayas Natya Mela.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पटना में मंचित हुआ पद्मश्री रतन थियाम निर्देशित "Song Of The Nymphs" |url=https://bolozindagi.com/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%86-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%8d/ |language=hi}}</ref>

== Writing system ==
=== In the Indian currency notes ===
The [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) started the processes of adding {{langnf|mni|[[Meitei Mayek]]|[[Meitei script]]}} in the [[Indian Rupee|Indian currency notes]]. [[Pankaj Chaudhary]], the then [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Minister of State for Finance]], addressed it to [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]], an [[Member of Parliament|MP]] of the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 8 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RBI to display Manipuri script on currency notes soon |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/rbi-to-display-manipuri-script-on-currency-notes-soon |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei Mayek in currency notes likely soon |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/11/27/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Nov-26-The-Reserve-Bank-of-India-RBI-has-initiated-due-process-to.amp.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title=Manipuri language must be included in Indian currency notes: MP Sanajaoba in Parliament |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/manipuri-language-must-be-included-indian-currency-notes-says-mp-sanajaoba-parliament-417663-2021-02-13 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Meitei intangible cultural heritage]]
* [[Animals in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Birds in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Constitutionalism in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Plants in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Women in Meitei civilization]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Indian culture]]
[[Category:Government of India]]

Module:Language with name/for

2024-02-11T14:26:36Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "--[=[ This module is a rewrite of the existing wikitext template {{Language with name/for}}. The primary purpose of the rewrite is to bring the non-English text into the template so that it can be marked up by {{lang}}. To accomodate the variety of uses of the template, news parameters are introduced to allow variable styling. supported parameters (original) {{{1}}} – language tag {{{2}}} – non-English 'term' to be wrapped in {{lang}} using tag in {{{1}}}; modi..."

--[=[

This module is a rewrite of the existing wikitext template {{Language with name/for}}. The primary purpose of
the rewrite is to bring the non-English text into the template so that it can be marked up by {{lang}}.

To accomodate the variety of uses of the template, news parameters are introduced to allow variable styling.

supported parameters (original)
{{{1}}} – language tag
{{{2}}} – non-English 'term' to be wrapped in {{lang}} using tag in {{{1}}}; modified to accept keyword 'none' to prevent categorization
{{{3}}} – English translation of {{{2}}} in single quotes; alias: |term1=
|links= – 'yes' or 'no'; default is 'yes'; links language name derived from {{{2}}}

supported parameters (new)
|term1= – alias of {{{3}}}
|term2= .. |termn= – additional 'or'-like translations; each rendered in single quotes; quoted terms separated by '<space>/<space>'
|italic-term= 'yes' or 'no'; default is 'no'; useful to multi-term translations when all should be italicized
|lang-name= – for those cases where ISO 639 does not have a language tag; {{{1}}} ignored; template wraps {{{2}}} with {{lang}} using 'mis' (uncoded language)
|break= – 'yes' or 'no'; default is 'no'; inserts between {{{2}}} and the rest of the rendering
|paren= – takes one of three values:
'none' – omit left and right parens around '<language-name> for <term>'
'left' – includes left paren, omits right paren
'right' – includes right paren, omits left paren

because this template now calls {{lang}} properly, it also supports the {{lang}} parameters:
|rtl=
|italic= (and aliases |italics= and |i=)
|size=
|cat=
|nocat=

basic rendering
<non-English text> (<language-name> for '<term>')

multiple terms
<non-English text> (<language-name> for '<term>' / '<term>' / '<term>')

|paren=none
<non-English text> <language-name> for '<term>'

|break=yes
<non-English text> (<language-name> for '<term>')

|italic-term=yes
<non-English text> (<language-name> for '<term>' / '<term>' / '<term>')

|lang-name=<lang-name>
<non-English text> ([[<lang-name> language|<lang-name>]] for '<term>')

]=]

require ('strict');
local get_args = require ('Module:Arguments').getArgs;
local lang_mod = require ('Module:Lang');

--[[--------------------------< E R R O R _ M E S S A G E >----------------------------------------------------

render an error message with help-text link and category.

]]

local function error_message (message)
local err_msg_t = {'Error: {{language with name/for}}: '}; -- open span and initial bit of the error message
table.insert (err_msg_t, message); -- the rest of the message
table.insert (err_msg_t, ' ([[Template:Language with name/for|help]])'); -- the help link

local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- namespace number
if 0 == namespace or 10 == namespace then
table.insert (err_msg_t, '[[Category:Language with name/for errors]]'); -- categorize in main and template namespaces
end

return table.concat (err_msg_t); -- make a big string and done
end

--[[--------------------------< T E R M S _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------------

get value(s) assigned to {{{3}}} or to any number of |termn= parameters. Return a string where each term is in
single quotes. If more than one |termn= parameter, separate each term with <space>/<space>. Apply italic markup
when |itlaic-term=yes

]]

local function terms_get (args_t)
local function render_term (term, is_italic) -- local function to do the rendering
if is_italic then
term = term:gsub ('.+', '%1'); -- apply italic markup; html to avoid converting '' to ''' when quoted
end
if is_italic or term:match ('[^\']\'\'$') then
term = term:gsub ('.+', ''%1'');
else
term = term:gsub ('.+', ''%1''); -- quote using ' in case term uses italic or bold wikimarkup
end
return term; -- done this was to avoid second string.gsub() return value
end

local is_italic = 'yes' == args_t['italic-term']; -- make boolean

if args_t[3] then -- if {{{3}}} has a value
return render_term (args_t[3], is_italic);
end

local terms = {}; -- a table to hold one or more non-English terms

for k, v in pairs (args_t) do
if 'string' == type (k) and k:match ('term%d') then -- string parameter names only
table.insert (terms, k:match ('term(%d+)') .. '=' .. v); -- convert k/v pairs to a sequence that can be sorted by |termn= enumerator (enum=term)
end
end

table.sort (terms, function (a, b) -- sort the sequence using local sort function
local enum_a = a:match ('^%d+'); -- make numbers for the comparison
local enum_b = b:match ('^%d+');
return tonumber(enum_a) < tonumber(enum_b) -- and compare
end
);

for i, v in ipairs (terms) do -- rewrite the sequence to be sorted sequence of terms
terms[i] = render_term (v:gsub ('%d+=(.+)', '%1'), is_italic); -- extract term; italicize as required, and quote
end

return table.concat (terms, ' / '); -- form a string and done
end

--[[--------------------------< T E X T _ M A K E >------------------------------------------------------------

if {{{2}}} has a value (the non-English text) use {{lang}} to apply proper html markup. When |lang-name= has a
value, override any value that might be in {{{1}}} with 'mis' (uncoded languages)

TODO: error condition when both of {{{2}}} and |lang-name= have values?

]]

local function text_make (lang_params_t)
if not lang_params_t[2] then
return '';
end

return lang_mod._lang (lang_params_t);
end

--[[--------------------------< L A N G _ M A K E >------------------------------------------------------------

render the language name portion of the output. |lang-name= overrides {{{1}}}. Language name links to language
article through '<language name> language' redirect except when |links=no

]]

local function lang_make (args_t, lang_params_t)
if args_t['lang-name'] then
if 'no' == args_t.links then
return args_t['lang-name'];
end

local lang_t = {}; -- holds component parts of language name link when using |lang-name=<language>
table.insert (lang_t, '[['); -- open wikilink
table.insert (lang_t, args_t['lang-name']); -- add the name from |lang-name=
table.insert (lang_t, ' language|'); -- add ' languge' for redirect and pipe for link label
table.insert (lang_t, args_t['lang-name']); -- add language name as label for wikilink
table.insert (lang_t, ']]'); -- close wikilink
return table.concat (lang_t); -- and make a big string and done
end

return lang_mod._name_from_tag (lang_params_t); -- get language name (linked or not) from {{lang|fn=name_from_tag}}
end

--[[--------------------------< _ L A N G N F >----------------------------------------------------------------

entry point from another module

]]

local function _langnf (args_t)
if not (args_t[1] or args_t['lang-name']) then
return error_message ('missing language tag or language name');
end

if (args_t[1] and args_t['lang-name']) then
return error_message ('only one of <kbd>{{{1}}}</kbd> and <kbd>|lang-name=</kbd> allowed');
end

if not (args_t[3] or args_t.term1) then
return error_message ('missing English translation');
end

local lang_params_t = { -- build a table of parameters to be used by {{lang}}
link = args_t.links or 'yes', ['rtl']=args_t.rtl, -- used by {{lang|fn=tag_from_name}}
[1] = args_t['lang-name'] and 'mis' or args_t[1], -- used by {{lang}} and by {{lang|fn=tag_from_name}}
[2] = args_t[2], -- the rest of these are {{lang}} parameters used only by {{lang}}
rtl = args_t.rtl, -- right-to-left; not normally needed
i = args_t.i, -- |italic= alias
italic = args_t.italic,
italics = args_t.italics, -- |italic= alias
size = args_t.size,
cat = args_t.cat,
nocat = args_t.nocat,
template = 'Language with name/for',
}

local out_t = {}; -- components of the rendering go here
local left_paren = ('none' == args_t.paren or 'right' == args_t.paren) and '' or '(';
local right_paren = (not args_t[2] or 'none' == args_t[2] or 'left' == args_t.paren or 'none' == args_t.paren) and '' or ')';

if args_t[2] and ('none' ~= args_t[2]) then -- optional; {{{2}}} may be omitted; keyword 'none' prevents categorization; used in {{infobox papal document}}
table.insert (out_t, text_make (lang_params_t)); -- the non-English text marked up by {{lang}}
table.insert (out_t, 'yes' == args_t['break'] and ' ' or ' '); -- when |break=yes; <space> else
table.insert (out_t, left_paren); -- omit left paren around '<language name> for <term>' when |paren=none or |paren=right
end
table.insert (out_t, lang_make (args_t, lang_params_t)); -- language name; linked unless |links=no
table.insert (out_t, ' for '); -- the 'for' static text
table.insert (out_t, terms_get (args_t)); -- and the term(s) italicized as appropriate and quoted
table.insert (out_t, right_paren); -- omit right paren around '<language name> for <term>' when |paren=none or |paren=left or {{{2}}} omitted

if not args_t[2] then -- if this template doesn't use {{{2}}} for the non-English text
table.insert (out_t, '[[Category:Pages with Langnf omitting second positional parameter]]'); -- add this category
end

return table.concat (out_t); -- make a big string and done
end

--[[--------------------------< L A N G N F >------------------------------------------------------------------

implements {{language with name/for}}

{{#invoke:Language with name/for|langnf}}

]]

local function langnf (frame)
local args_t = get_args (frame);
return _langnf (args_t)
end

--[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >----------------------------------------------------------------
]]

return {
langnf = langnf, -- entry point from a template

_langnf = _langnf, -- entry point from another module
}

Sagol Kangjei

2024-02-11T14:24:47Z

SonOfZeus:

{{Short description|Classical polo sports of Meitei civilization}}
{{Redirect2|Meitei polo|Manipur polo|polo in national level|polo in India}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Sagol Kangjei {{small|({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|}})}}
| image = Stamp of India - 2014 - Colnect 510569 - Sagol Kangjei.jpeg
| imagesize = 300
| alt =
| caption = The illustration of the traditional Meitei game of Sagol Kangjei in a postage stamp of India
| union =
| nicknames = Game of Kings, Horse Hockey, Sakol Kangchei, Shakol Kangchei, Shagol Kangjei
| first = c. 3100 BCE in [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]){{efn|name=Guinness|as per the [[Guinness World Records]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aldous |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1_XAwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA9 |title=International Turf Management |date=2014-06-17 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-84491-4 |pages=9 |language=en |quote=The early sport of polo, which also involves horse and rider, had its origins in Manipur State, India, circa. 3100 BC when it was played at Sagol Kangjei. Polo was introduced to England from India in 1869 and now has a keen following in the United States, Argentina and Australia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |publisher= [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2023 |title=Manipur's ancient polo wows G20 delegates |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipurs-ancient-polo-wows-g20-delegates/articleshow/98056172.cms |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=E-Pao! Books :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris |url=http://books.e-pao.net/Heritage_Manipur/epShowChapter.asp?src=kangla/polo |website=books.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian seal on Manipur polo origin – Milan-based writer to visit Imphal to collect material for book on game's history |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/italian-seal-on-manipur-polo-origin-milan-based-writer-to-visit-imphal-to-collect-material-for-book-on-game-s-history/cid/791135 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>}}
| firstlabel =
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact =
| team =
| mgender = no
| type = [[equestrian sport]]
| equipment =
| venue =
| glossary =
| countries involved = {{IND}}
| region = {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}} (present day [[Manipur, India]]){{efn|name=Guinness}} 
| olympic = no
| world = yes
| paralympic = no
| obsolete =
| IWGA = no
}}

[[File:Marjing Polo Statue — World's tallest statue of a polo player — Classical monumental Meitei equestrian sculpture — G20 summit — Cultural heritage of Meitei civilization — Cradle of "modern polo".jpg|thumb|300px|[[Marjing Polo Statue]], the world's tallest statue of a polo player, dedicated to Meitei polo deity [[Marjing]], [[:en:wikt:commemoratively|commemoratively]] built in the sport's birthplace, {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}, shown during the [[G20 summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Excursion to historic and places of tourists interest marks the second day of G20 delegates visit to Manipur |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1900407 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB), [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], Government of India}}</ref>]]

{{langnf|mni|'''Sagol Kangjei'''|[[polo]]}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%20%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=188 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=sagol kāngjei ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /sə.gol káŋ.jəi/ n. polo: a game played on horseback. Morph: sagol kāng‑jei [horse; sth round‑stick].}}</ref> also known as
'''''Sakol Kangchei,'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery of Kangleipak 1 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Discovery_of_Kangleipak.Discovery_of_Kangleipak_1 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website= |quote=...Polo (Kanglei indigenous people called Sakol Kangchei)...}}</ref> '''''Shakol Kangchei, Shagol Kangjei''''',<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Governor opens meet |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/governor-opens-meet/cid/632592 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |quote=A shagol kangjei (modern polo in traditional dress)...}} —{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |author-link=Imphal Free Press |date=2014-09-28 |title=Manipuri Ponies are critically endangered – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2014/09/manipuri-ponies-are-critically-endangered/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |language=en-US |quote=... the rally was carried out to save the Manipuri pony from extinction because it has given an identity to Manipur through Shagol Kangjei and Polo.}}</ref> is a [[Meitei tradition|traditional Meitei]] game,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dzüvichü |first1=Lipokmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2Q-DwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PT373 |title=Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation |last2=Baruah |first2=Manjeet |date=2017-11-13 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-27134-9 |pages=373 |language=en}}</ref> resembling [[hockey]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref> played on a {{langnf|mni|Sagol|horse}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=188 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=sagol ꯁꯒꯣꯜ /sə.gol/ n. horse.}}</ref> with a long-handled {{langnf|mni|[[Khong Kangjei|Kangjei]]|[[hockey stick]]}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngjei ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /kaŋ.jəi/ n. hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑jei [a round/spherical object‑stick].}}</ref> or {{langnf|mni|Kang-hu|mallet/hockey stick}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kanghu") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kānghu ꯀꯥꯡꯍꯨ /káŋ.hu/ n. a type of hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑hu [a round or spherical object‑id.].}}</ref> and a {{langnf|mni|Kangdrum|polo ball}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangdrum") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngdrum ꯀꯥꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯨꯝ /kaŋ.drum/ n. hockey ball. Morph: kāng‑drum( [a round/spherical object‑to be round].}}</ref> usually in a {{langnf|mni| Kangjeibung|Polo Ground}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjeibung") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngjeibung ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯕꯨꯡ /kaŋ.jəi.buŋ/ n. pologround. Morph: kāng‑jei‑bung [a round/spherical object‑stick‑mound].}}</ref> It is the predecessorial as well as traditional form of modern [[polo]] in the [[intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization]].<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PT200 |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=200 |language=en |quote=... It's the birthplace of polo. Its indigenous name is Sagol Kangjei. Every year polo teams from all over the world come to Manipur to participate in the polo match-but more pertinently to pay homage to the place which gave them their game. The Indian hockey team, both male and female have prominent Manipuri players. ...}} —{{Cite book |last=Levin |first=Jonathan V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qAuDwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA152 |title=Where Have All the Horses Gone?: How Advancing Technology Swept American Horses from the Road, the Farm, the Range and the Battlefield |date=2017-10-04 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-6713-3 |pages=152, 153 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wx06bctfl4C&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA48 |title=Defenders of the dawn |date=2000 |publisher=LP |isbn=978-81-7062-279-6 |pages=48 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=G. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FH4Bb7dD4qYC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA108 |title=Bamboo: The Wonderful Grass |date=2008 |publisher=APH |isbn=978-81-313-0369-6 |pages=108 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Institute |first=Bathroom Readers' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bilZDwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PT61 |title=Uncle John's Bathroom Reader Sports Spectacular |date=2012-08-15 |publisher=S&S |isbn=978-1-60710-692-0 |pages=61 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Col Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA1558 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2007 |publisher=APD |isbn=978-81-269-0706-9 |pages=1558 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEAvZF4TBEcC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA351 |title=From Bharata to India: Volume 1: Chrysee the Golden |date=2012 |publisher=Universe |isbn=978-1-4759-0765-0 |pages=351 |language=en}} —{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%20%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=188 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=sagol kāngjei ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /sə.gol káŋ.jəi/ n. polo: a game played on horseback. Morph: sagol kāng‑jei [horse; sth round‑stick].}}</ref>

{{langnf|mni|Sagol Kangjei|horse hockey}} is considered to be one of the three types of Kangjei (or hockey), with the other two types being {{langnf|mni|[[Khong Kangjei]]|[[field hockey]]}} and {{langnf|mni| [[Mukna Kangjei]]|[[wrestling]] and [[hockey]]}}, which are the traditional sports of [[Meitei people]], being played since time immemorial.<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEAvZF4TBEcC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA351 |title=From Bharata to India: Volume 1: Chrysee the Golden |date=2012 |publisher=Universe |isbn=978-1-4759-0765-0 |pages=351 |language=en}}</ref>

In accordance to [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the Royal Chronicle of [[Manipur Kingdom]], Sagol Kangjei was used as an instrument of diplomacy, [[politics of Manipur|politics]] as well as [[palace intrigue]]s, besides [[Sports in Manipur|sports]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology {{Anchor|Word origin}} ==
In [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), "Sagol" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ}}|}}) means horse, and "Kangjei" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|}}) means a [[mallet]] or a long-handled wooden headed hammer, used to strike a ball.<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}} —{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%20%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=188 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=sagol kāngjei ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /sə.gol káŋ.jəi/ n. polo: a game played on horseback. Morph: sagol kāng‑jei [horse; sth round‑stick].}} —{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Sagol") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=188 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=sagol ꯁꯒꯣꯜ /sə.gol/ n. horse.}} —{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngjei ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /kaŋ.jəi/ n. hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑jei [a round/spherical object‑stick].}}</ref>

== History ==
=== During the reign of King Kangba ===
In accordance to the Kangjeirol ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯔꯣꯜ}}|}}), an [[ancient Meitei language]] text, the Sagol Kangjei ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|}}) was played during the reign of King [[Ningthou Kangba]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯀꯥꯡꯕ}}|}}) (1405-1397/1359 BCE) of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}. King Kangba organized the sport tournament to be played by his official subjects on horseback.<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA701 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher=GPH |isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=701 |language=en}}</ref>
=== During the reign of King Khagemba ===
{{Main|Khagemba}}
During the reign of King [[Khagemba]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯥꯒꯦꯝꯕ}}|}}) (1597-1652 CE) in [[Kangleipak]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ}}|}}), Sagol Kangjei was popularized, along with the upgradation as well as revision of a set of rules and regulations for the game.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
=== Introduction to the Europeans {{Anchor|Introduction to the Britishers}} ===
Sagol Kangjei ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|}}) was introduced to the British officers at [[Cachar]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯁꯥꯔ}}|}}) in [[Assam]] by Sir Chandrakirti Singh (1834–44 CE), the then ruler of [[Manipur Kingdom]].<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Kalita |first=Jayanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9g4DwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PT32 |title=I am HIV Positive, So What?: A World Champion's Fight Against Drugs,Disease and Discrimination |date=2017-10-25 |publisher=BP |isbn=978-93-86606-10-5 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>

== Mythology and religion {{Anchor|Folklore|Mythology|Religion}} ==
{{See|Samaton}}
In ancient [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]], the sport of Sagol Kangjei was played by [[ancient Meitei gods]] led by [[Marjing]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ}}|}}) and [[Thangjing]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ}}|}}).<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Taneja |first=Anil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYOuxbW_hlEC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA213 |title=World of Sports Indoor |date=2009 |publisher=GPH |isbn=978-81-7835-765-2 |pages=213, 214, 215 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEAvZF4TBEcC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA351 |title=From Bharata to India: Volume 1: Chrysee the Golden |date=2012 |publisher=Universe |isbn=978-1-4759-0765-0 |pages=351 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA21 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=2019-06-16 |publisher=LP |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>

== Rules and regulations {{Anchor|Rules|Regulations}} ==
* The {{langnf|mni| Kangjeibung|Polo Ground}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjeibung") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngjeibung ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯕꯨꯡ /kaŋ.jəi.buŋ/ n. pologround. Morph: kāng‑jei‑bung [a round/spherical object‑stick‑mound].}}</ref> is usually rectangular in shape, and is around 210 yards long and 100 yards wide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* There is no-goal post and the player has to strike the ball with his polo stick.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* When the ball crosses the end line on the wide side, a goal is considered to be scored.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Sagol {{Anchor|Horse|Horses|Pony|Ponies}} ==
{{Main|Manipuri Pony{{!}}Meitei Sagol|Samaton}}
[[File:An exhibition of a Sagol Kangjei (Meitei Classical Polo) match & a demonstration of ‘Arambai’ (Meitei martial iron tipped peacock feathered weapon) in a pologround of the Marjing Polo Complex, during the G20 summit.jpg|thumb|300px|A match of a Sagol Kangjei, the Meitei classical polo, followed with an exhibition of {{langnf|mni|[[Arambai]]|Meitei martial iron tipped peacock feathered weapon}} in a pologround of the [[Marjing Polo Complex]], during the [[G20 summit]]]]
Every player rides on a [[Manipuri pony]] (alias Meitei horse), having an average height of 4 to 5 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Kangjei and other equipments {{Anchor|Kangjei|Equipment|Equipments}} ==
; Kangjei
The {{langnf|mni|[[Khong Kangjei|Kangjei]]|[[hockey stick]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangjei") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A9&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngjei ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ /kaŋ.jəi/ n. hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑jei [a round/spherical object‑stick].}}</ref> or {{langnf|mni|Kang-hu|mallet/hockey stick}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kanghu") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kānghu ꯀꯥꯡꯍꯨ /káŋ.hu/ n. a type of hockey stick. Morph: kāng‑hu [a round or spherical object‑id.].}}</ref> is made of seasoned cane. It has a narrow angled wooden head, which is fixed at its striking end.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
; Kangdrum
The {{langnf|mni|Kangdrum|polo ball}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |year=2006 |others=[[University of Chicago]] |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Kangdrum") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[Digital South Asia Library|Digital Dictionaries of South Asia]] |place=US |page=38 |language=en, mni |publication-place=Chicago |quote=kāngdrum ꯀꯥꯡꯗ꯭ꯔꯨꯝ /kaŋ.drum/ n. hockey ball. Morph: kāng‑drum( [a round/spherical object‑to be round].}}</ref> is made of bamboo roots.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=G. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FH4Bb7dD4qYC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA108 |title=Bamboo: The Wonderful Grass |date=2008 |publisher=APH |isbn=978-81-313-0369-6 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref> It is generally 14 inches in circumference.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Players and teams {{Anchor|Players|Teams}} ==
[[File:SAGOL KANGJEI - POLO IN MANIPUR.jpg|thumb|300px|Sagol Kangjei – Polo in Manipur]]
Sagol Kangjei ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|}}) is traditionally played between two teams, which are referred to as the northern team and the southern team. Both of the teams have seven players each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

Each player has to occupy a certain position in the polo field, which are as follows: {{langnf|mni|pun-ngakchun(g)|full back}}, {{langnf|mni|pun-ngakchun(g)|half back}}, {{langnf|mni|pulluk|left wing}}, {{langnf|mni|langjei|centre}}, {{langnf|mni|pulluk|right wing}}, {{langnf|mni|punjen(g)|inner}} and {{langnf|mni|pun-jenchun(g)|inner}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Uniforms {{Anchor|Clothes|Clothing|Clothings|Dresses}} ==
=== Of the player humans ===
; of lower part
* The players wear a white long piece of unstitched cloth, tucked up above the knees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* A {{langnf|mni|Khongyon|leg guard}} is used to protect the shins and the calves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* A Khuning Khang is used to protect the heels and the ankles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[stirrup]] has a flat base with a narrow foothold, where the player keeps his naked toe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
; of head part
A {{langnf|mni|[[kokyet]]|headgear}}, held by a {{langnf|mni|khadangchet|chin strap}} is used as a headdress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
; of trunk part
The players wear a short-sleeved jacket having the same colour for its whole team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Of the player horses ===
* A {{langnf|mni|Chanam Maru|Snaffle}} is used as rein for the player horse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Saddles]] are made of decorated leather, attached to a wooden frame called ukang khe, made from Khe-U tree, for decorations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Heritage Sites ==
{{Main|List of Meitei traditional polo and pony cultural heritage sites}}
=== Kangjeibung ===
{{See|Manung Kangjeibung|Imphal Polo Ground{{!}}Mapal Kangjeibung|Hapta Kangjeibung}}

== National recognition ==
{{See|National recognition of Meitei civilization}}

== International recognition ==
{{See|International recognition of Meitei civilization}}
=== Guinness World records ===
The [[Guinness World Records]] stated:
{{Quote|''"Polo can be traced to origins in Manipur state in 3,100 BC, when it was played as '[[Sagol Kangjei]]'."''|Guinness World Records<ref>—{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |publisher= [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}} —{{Cite news |date=19 February 2023 |title=Manipur's ancient polo wows G20 delegates |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipurs-ancient-polo-wows-g20-delegates/articleshow/98056172.cms |issn=0971-8257}} —{{Cite web |title=E-Pao! Books :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris |url=http://books.e-pao.net/Heritage_Manipur/epShowChapter.asp?src=kangla/polo |website=books.e-pao.net}} —{{Cite web |title=Italian seal on Manipur polo origin – Milan-based writer to visit Imphal to collect material for book on game's history |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/italian-seal-on-manipur-polo-origin-milan-based-writer-to-visit-imphal-to-collect-material-for-book-on-game-s-history/cid/791135 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>}}

=== International tournaments ===
==== India's only international women's polo tournament ====
{{Main|Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament}}
[[Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯍꯨꯗ ꯗꯦ ꯋꯨꯃꯦꯟ'ꯁ ꯄꯣꯂꯣ ꯇꯨꯔꯅꯥꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯠ}}|}}) is the first and the only international women's polo tournament ever organized in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur celebrates Statehood Day with first international women's polo tournament |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-manipur-celebrates-statehood-day-with-first-international-women-s-polo-tournament-2167827 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st Manipur Statehood Day Women Polo Tournament 20160114 |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2016.1st_Manipur_Statehood_Day_Women_Polo_Tournament_20160114 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2010-09-15 |title=1st Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo |url=https://assamtribune.com/1st-manipur-statehood-day-womens-polo |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Manipur International Polo Tournament ====
{{Main|Manipur International Polo}}
[[Manipur International Polo]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ ꯄꯣꯂꯣ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯇꯨꯔꯅꯥꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯠ}}|}}) is participated by multiple nations including but not limited to [[Argentina]], Australia, Canada, [[Egypt]], France, Germany, [[Haiti]], India, [[Kenya]], [[Mongolia]], [[Morocco]], [[Poland]], South Africa, [[Thailand]], United Kingdom, United States and [[Uruguay]], competing with the team of players from [[Manipur]].<ref>—{{Cite web|title=Manipur lift Polo International trophy|url=http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/6126|website=www.thepeopleschronicle.in|language=en}} —{{Cite news|title=Manipur USA win in Manipur Polo International|work=UNI India|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/manipur-usa-win-in-manipur-polo-international/Sports/news/1803253.html}} —{{Cite news|title=Manipur lifts Polo International Trophy defeating England|work=UNI India|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/manipur-lifts-polo-international-trophy-defeating-england/Sports/news/1805281.html}} —{{Cite web|title=India B wins Manipur International polo tournament – The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/nov/29/india-b-wins-manipur-international-polo-tournament-1713955.amp|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=November 2017 }} —{{Cite web|date=2018-10-21|title=Ampareen hits back at 'surrendered' HNLC leader; dares government to make procedure public|url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/ampareen-hits-back-surrendered-hnlc-leader-dares-government-make-procedure-public.html|website=Northeast Now|language=en-US}} —{{Cite web|title=11th Manipur International Polo Tournament|url=https://www.poloplus10.com/11th-manipur-international-polo-tournament-73179/|website=POLO+10 The Polo Magazine|date=19 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* [[Daughters of the Polo God]]
* [[Eigi Kona]]
* [[Manipuri Pony (film)|Manipuri Pony]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery showfilename="true">
File:Manipur Polo Players 1875.jpg
File:Sagol Kangjei match.JPG
File:Traditional Polo in Manipur India.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Intangible cultural heritage of Meitei people]]
* [[Classicism in Meitei culture]]
* [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]]
* [[Tangja Leela Pakhangba]]
* [[Constitutionalism in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Women in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Animals in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Birds in Meitei culture]]
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei culture]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=1st CHIEF MINISTER'S SAGOL KANGJEI CHAMPIONSHIP 2022. |url=https://manipur.mygov.in/talk/1st-chief-ministers-sagol-kangjei-championship-2022/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Manipur.MyGov.in |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=CM Biren kicks off 1st Chief Minister's Sagol Kangjei championship |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/cm-biren-kicks-off-1st-chief-ministers-sagol-kangjei-championship |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Historical perspective of Sagol Kangjei 1 |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Sports_and_Manipur.Historical_perspective_of_Sagol_Kangjei_1 |access-date=2023-12-30}}
* {{Cite web |title=Saving Manipuri pony & polo |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/1/16/Free-ThinkerToday-we-can-t-revive-the-Manipur-Royal-Cavalry-which-was-once-feared-by-the-Burmese-Awas-and-other-neighboring-countries-including-Takhels-and-Ahoms-But-we-can-still-maintain-and-pr.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei- The Traditional Manipuri Polo |url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Sports/Sagol-Kangjei-The-Traditional-Manipuri-Polo/1070 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=CYS |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=SAGOL-KANGJEI |url=https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/sagolkangjei.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=TMP}}
* {{Cite web |last= |title=Sagol Kangjei (Manipur, India) – Traditional Sports |url=https://www.traditionalsports.org/traditional-sports/asia/sagol-kangjei-manipur-india.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=TS |language=en-gb}}
* {{Cite web |title=Recently, Union Home Minister inaugurated a 122-foot-high Sagol Kangjei (Polo) Statue at the Ibudhou Marjing complex at Heingang in Imphal. |url=https://vajiramias.com/current-affairs/sagol-kangjei/63b92b1dc302e72e228ef070/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=VIAS}}
* {{Cite web |title=Indigenous Game of Manipur |url=https://manipurtourism.gov.in/indigenous-game-of-manipur/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |title=29-11-2014: Indian Postage stamp on Sagol Kangjei – Indian Stamps |url=https://philacy.com/product/stamps/29-11-2014-indian-postage-stamp-on-sagol-kangjei-buy-online |access-date=2023-12-30 |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Sagol Kangjei: The ancient polo of Manipur, played on the celebrated Manipur Pony |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/sagol-kangjei-ancient-polo-of-manipur-played-manipur-pony-8365959/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Sagol Kangjei}}
{{Wikivoyage|Polo in Manipur}}

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[[Category:Polo]]
[[Category:Polo in India]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Polo in Manipur]]
[[Category:Animals in Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei royalty]]
[[Category:History of Manipur]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:World record holders]]
[[Category:3rd-millennium BC establishments]]

Intagible cultural heritage of the Meitei people

2024-02-11T14:22:55Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox literary genre | name = Meitei intangible cultural heritage | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = The tableau of Manipur passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 69th Republic Day Parade 2018, in New Delhi on January 26, 2018.jpg | image2 = The tableau of Manipur passes through the..."

{{Short description|Intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox literary genre
| name = Meitei intangible cultural heritage
| image =
{{Multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| image1 = The tableau of Manipur passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 69th Republic Day Parade 2018, in New Delhi on January 26, 2018.jpg
| image2 = The tableau of Manipur passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2017, in New Delhi on January 23, 2017.jpg
| image3 = Stamp of Armenia - 2018 - Colnect 806145 - Indian Dance Manipuri.jpeg
| image4 = Pena Players.jpg
| image5 = Pung Cholom Manipur.jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = white
}}
| imagesize = 
| caption = Clockwise from top: the depictions of events from the [[classical epic of Khamba Thoibi]]{{efn|The romantic epic of [[Khamba and Thoibi]] is a classic in [[Meitei literature]].<ref>—{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |date=2011-04-04 |title=The great Meitei Reconciliation Process: Revisiting the classical folklore on "Emoinu Chakhong Ngahongbi" by Late Shri Ningomabam Angouton Meetei – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2011/04/the-great-meitei-reconciliation-process-revisiting-the-classical-folklore-on-emoinu-chakhong-ngahongbi/ |language=en-US |quote=... The folklore of Emoinu Celebration from the story “Washak Ngakpa” meaning Keeping the Promise, written by Late Shri Ningombam Angouton Meetei and the classical love story “Khamba -Thoibi” are classical examples of successful reconciliation process of the old Meitei factions...}} —{{Cite book |last=Delhi |first=All India Radio (AIR), New |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf_2DwAAQBAJ&dq=manipuri+classics&pg=PA7 |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXIII, No.12 ( 17 MARCH, 1968 ) |date=1968-03-17 |publisher=[[All India Radio]] (AIR), New Delhi |location=India |pages=7, 8 |language=en |chapter=Some Classics of Manipur |author-link=All India Radio}} —{{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Ruskin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZv0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4 |title=The Penguin Book of Classical Indian Love Stories and Lyrics |date=2000-10-14 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-93-5118-814-8 |pages=3, 4 |language=en |chapter=The Story of Khamba and Thoibi |author-link=Ruskin Bond}}</ref>}} and [[Khamba Thoibi classical dance]]{{efn|name=Khamba_Thoibi_&_Lai_Haraoba_classical|The ritualistic and theatrical dances of the [[Lai Haraoba]], in general and one of its primary forms, the {{langnf|mni|[[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]]|Khamba Thoibi dance}} in particular, are also considered to be classical dances.<ref>—{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2rrAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Pathway Volume 41 |date=1988 |others=[[University of Michigan]]; Marg Foundation (Mumbai, India), Modern Architectural Research Group, Modern Artists and Architects Research Group, National Centre for the Performing Arts (India) |volume=41 |pages=XV |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances.}} —{{Cite book |last=Doshi |first=Saryu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbkAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition |others=[[University of Michigan]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-85026-09-1 |pages=XIX |publisher=Marg Publications |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances. They have an element of abhinaya (histrionic representation)...}} —{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZA_AAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=DM Silveira's India Book |date=1994 |publisher=Classic Publishers |others=[[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-900218-2-1 |pages=230 |language=en |quote=...Lai Haraoba is the ritual folk-cum-classical dance of Manipur and tells the story of creation according to the Manipuris. Khamba Thoibi is a popular Manipuri dance which tells the story of princess Thoibi and poor boy Khamba...}} —{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJLWAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Mãrg |others=[[Pennsylvania State University]]; [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]] |volume=41 |pages=109 |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances. They have an element of abhinaya histrionic representation)... |issue=1–2}} —{{Cite web |last=Khuraijam |first=Bobo |date=2011-03-13 |title=Three Cheers – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2011/03/three-cheers/ |language=en-US |quote=... Would it not be like asking for a Hip-Hop dance from a classical Khamba-Thoibi jagoi performance if we expect street aggression from our teachers? ...}}</ref>}} in the [[Delhi Republic Day parade]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's diversity displayed at R-Day parade |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indias-diversity-displayed-at-r-day-parade201801261240390003/ |quote=Manipur tableau narrated the tale of Khamba and Thoibi - a story of youthful love while}}</ref> the depiction of [[Lai Haraoba]] in the [[Delhi Republic Day parade]],<ref>{{Cite web |others=[[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB), [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] |title=Seventeen States and Six Central Ministries to showcase their tableaux in Republic Day Parade – 2017 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157586 |website=pib.gov.in |quote=Lai Haraoba is one of the oldest ritualistic theatres of the world jealously preserved by the Meitei community of Manipur with utmost awe and sanctity. The entire community participates in it with complete devotion. Lai Haraoba, translated as ‘Happiness of the Gods’ is celebrated to worship local deities to bring prosperity and well-being of the land and its inhabitants. These divinities are referred to as Umag Lais or Sylvan Gods as their abodes are located in a wooded area. The sacred ceremonies are conducted by Maibis or priestesses who are adept in dance and sacred rituals. The common people also dance as an act of worship to the accompaniment of the traditional stringed instruments (pena) and drums (langdeng pung). The Manipur tableau is an effort to recreate the ambience of this quaint and rich cultural tradition with a replica of the deities, elaborate traditional paraphernalia and live dancing by the devotees as well as a Maibi (priestess) performing the sacred dance to awaken the God from his slumber.}}</ref> the music of [[Pena (musical instrument)]], {{langnf|mni|[[Pung Cholom]]|classical drumming performance}} of the [[Meitei Sankirtana]], [[Armenia–India relations|Armenian stamp]] illustrating [[Manipuri classical dance]] as the "national dance" of India{{efn|name=Armenian_Meitei|Manipuri dance form, along with the Armenian [[Armenian dance|Hov Arek]], are referred to as the "National Dances" (of India and Armenia respectively) during the Armenia-India joint issue of postage stamps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/259456 |website=panarmenian.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2018/08/29/69092|title=Two new postage stamps dedicated to "Armenia-India joint issue. National dances" theme | Lragir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://www.newsinfo.am/eng/article/view/EkDbYf9yDr |website=www.newsinfo.am}}</ref>}}{{efn|It is the highest spiritual expression of the worship of Hindu deity [[Krishna]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarwal |first=Amit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVuEAAAQBAJ&dq=ching+thang+khomba+classical+dance&pg=PT25 |title=The Celestial Dancers: Manipuri Dance on Australian Stage |date=2022-05-15 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-62550-9 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> as well as a cultural heritage of the [[Meitei civilization]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance |website=www.indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref>}}
| alt =
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| pub1 = {{flagicon|UNESCO}} [[UNESCO]]
| pub2 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Union Government of India]]
| pub3 = {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Government of Armenia]]{{efn|name=Armenian_Meitei}}
| pub4 = [[File:Kanglasa.svg|20px]] [[Government of Manipur]]
| pub5 = [[File:Assam Flag(INDIA).png|30px]] [[Government of Assam]]
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The [[intangible cultural heritage]] (ICH) of [[Meitei civilization]] is recognised, honoured, preserved as well as promoted by the [[UNESCO]], the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] of the [[Union Government of India]], the [[Government of Armenia]],{{efn|name=Armenian_Meitei}} the [[State Government of Manipur]], the [[State Government of Assam]], the [[State Government of Tripura]], among many other notable institutions.

== UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage ==
{{See also|International recognition of Meitei civilization|Classicism in Meitei civilization}}

=== Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur ===
[[Meitei Sankirtana]] (under the name of ''"[[Meitei Sankirtana|Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur]]"''), one of the most remarkable cultural heritage of the [[Meitei civilization]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-26 |title=A unique manuscript tradition records the civilisation of the Meiteis of Manipur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-world-according-to-the-meiteis-manipur-has-a-little-known-but-highly-evolved-manuscript-tradition-called-puya/article34945997.ece |access-date=2023-12-23 |issn=0971-751X |quote=The myths in the puya might be relatively unknown as written stories, but their oral counterparts are likely to be more familiar, since Manipuri civilisation — with its cultural high notes as embodied in nat sankirtan music, declared part of UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage, or Manipuri dance, one of the classical dances of India — is predominantly performative. But manuscripts constitute the core of the patrimony of the essentially non-material civilisation of the Meiteis, who established the feudal kingdom of Manipur.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Dance of Manipur - The University of Chicago Library News - The University of Chicago Library |url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/about/news/indian-dance-of-manipur/ |website=www.lib.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Vaishnava Music and the Sattriya Ojapali Music of Assam: A Fresh Look – Part 1 |url=https://imphalreviews.in/manipuri-vaishnava-music-and-the-sattriya-ojapali-music-of-assam-a-fresh-look-part-1/}}</ref> was formally recognized as a [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage]], declared in the eighth session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee in [[Baku, Azerbaijan]], in December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sankirtana-ritual-singing-drumming-and-dancing-of-manipur-00843 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref>

== National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) ==
{{See also|National recognition of Meitei civilization}}

=== Traditional Craftsmanship ===
==== Music of Pena {{Anchor|Pena}} ====
[[Pena (musical instrument)]] is single stringed. It has two parts. One part is a bamboo pole attached to a coconut shell. The another part is the {{langnf|mni|pena cheijing|chorr}}. It acts as a bow used to give friction on the string. A {{langnf|mni|Pena Asheiba/Pena Khongba|pena player}} sings songs while playing the musical instrument. Pena is an inseparable part of [[Meitei civilization]]. It is used in ritualistic functions like [[Lai Haraoba]], Lai Ikouba, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/national-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-ich |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=indiaculture.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India}}</ref>

==== Applique art ====
In [[Meitei culture]], through the art of [[applique]], decorative effects are achieved by superposing patches of coloured fabrics on a basic fabric, with the stitching of the edges of the patches. This unique art from is distinctively different from the modern day [[patchwork]], in which small pieces of cut clothes are connected side by side, so as to make a bigger form of cloth, or for renovating a ragged cloth. In fact, it is the application of smaller ornaments or devices into bigger articles. It can be particularly seen in costumes of [[Classicism in Meitei dances|Meitei classical dance]] forms such as [[Khamba Thoibi classical dance]], {{langnf|mni|[[Maibi Jagoi]]|Priestesses' dance}}, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/national-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-ich |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=indiaculture.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India}}</ref>

=== Performing arts ===
==== Thok Leela ====
Thok Leela is a traditional Meitei [[satire]], wit and comedy theatre of [[Manipur]]. It mocks the social conditions, the royal courtiers and the rulers. The talented actors with their repartee produce mocking, humorous, ironical, exaggerated, comic and rollicking effects. It has no written theatrical texts. It depends on the self generated exercise of the artist's skills, humour and intellect, focusing on the theme for the storyline. The [[Meitei language]] word "thok" means 'at random'. Thus, "Thok Leela" means a randomly performed satirical comedy play, with no written scripts and no directors. The only support of the actors is the advice of the elders and the teachers. It is a union of ''"the critical and the humourist"''. It produces a big humorous temperament. Its common character includes [[pastiche]]. It aims whatever is ridiculous or unseemly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/national-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-ich |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=indiaculture.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India}}</ref>

=== Social practices, rituals and festive events ===
==== Sankirtan ====
[[Meitei Sankirtana]] (alias [[Manipuri Sankirtana]]) is the artistic manifestation of the [[Meitei culture|worshipping culture]] of the [[Meitei people]] ([[Manipuri people]]). It is regarded as the visible form of God, in [[Meitei culture]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/national-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-ich |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=indiaculture.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India}}</ref>
Regarding the art form, the [[Ministry of Culture (India)]] states the following:
{{Blockquote|''“... Woven within the framework of sacrosanct rituals and ceremonies the art consists of narrative singing and dancing. Always performed in a Mandala (circular area) inside a Mandapa (hall) attached to a temple or erected in a courtyard. The rituals and formalities are strict and even the audience are seated according to set rules. It employs musical instruments like drums and cymbals. The artistes play these instruments and dance at the same time. An artiste spends a life-time specializing only in one aspect.”''|[[Ministry of Culture (India)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/national-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-ich |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=indiaculture.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India}}</ref>}}

==== Death rites of Phayeng ====
{{Further|Phayeng|Chakpa language|Loi}}
The Chapka Phayeng people of [[Manipur]] are a part of the [[Meitei people]] itself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Archaeological Study on the Chakpa Phayeng Haraoba |url=https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2204629.pdf |website=www.ijcrt.org |publisher=INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CREATIVE RESEARCH THOUGHTS (IJCRT) |quote=... The Chakpa people belong to the major ethnic group the Meitei of Manipur. ... The Chakpa villages of Manipur are Phayeng, Andro, Koutruk, Sekmai, Khurkhul, Tairenpokpi and Chairen....}}</ref> But they have a unique culture of burying the death. Shikaplon is a tradition of ''“requiem and a funeral march”'', along with {{langnf|mni|Khousaba|martial movement}}. According to [[Meitei mythology|their beliefs]], in the afterlife, people go to the {{langnf|mni|Khamnung Sawa|netherworld}} to unite with their ancestors. Among the mourning people during the time of burial, one of them should sing the Shikaplon, which gives instructions to the journey of the dead person to the underworld. The [[pena (musical instrument)]] should be played by the singer while singing the Shikaplon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/national-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-ich |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=indiaculture.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India}}</ref>

Another funeral tradition is the accompanying of a very rare martial art form known as Yenpha Khousa. Yenpha Khousa is a form of Ta Khousaba. It is performed by young, close relative of the departed. It is performed with spear and shield.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/national-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-ich |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=indiaculture.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India}}</ref>

== National Inventory of ICH ==
{{See also|National recognition of Meitei civilization}}

The National Inventory of the intangible cultural heritage of India includes some Meitei intangible cultural heritage too, which are [[Lai Haraoba]], [[Meitei folklore|folklore]] of [[Moirang]], [[Meitei Sankirtana]], Shikalpan and Khousaba (''ritual ceremony of the dead people of Phayeng caste''), and the making of [[Pena (musical instrument)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Inventory {{!}} Intangible Cultural Heritage of India |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sections/ICH |website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Animals in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Birds in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Constitutionalism in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Plants in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Women in Meitei civilization]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web |title=Cultural Heritage of Manipur |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Cultural_Heritage_of_Manipur |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=e-pao.net}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Indian culture]]

Template:Langnf

2024-02-11T14:21:16Z

SonOfZeus:

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Hanglai Jagoi

2024-02-11T14:20:01Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Puppet dancing theatre in Meitei civilization}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox dance | name = Hanglai Jagoi | image = | alt = | caption = | native_name = Hang-Lai Jagoi | etymology = Puppet dancing | genre = Jagoi | signature = | instruments = | inventor = | year = | origin = Meitei culture }} {{Langnf|mni|'''Hanglai Jagoi'''|puppetry dancing}}{{efn|sometimes also ref..."

{{Short description|Puppet dancing theatre in Meitei civilization}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox dance
| name = Hanglai Jagoi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = Hang-Lai Jagoi
| etymology = Puppet dancing
| genre = [[Jagoi]]
| signature =
| instruments =
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = [[Meitei culture]]
}}

{{Langnf|mni|'''Hanglai Jagoi'''|puppetry dancing}}{{efn|sometimes also referred to as '''Manipuri puppetry'''}} is a [[Meitei tradition]]al form of [[puppet theatre]], originated from [[Manipur]]. It is one of the most remarkable [[intangible cultural heritages of Meitei civilization]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form Tale of battle against all odds |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-12-With-art-and-culture-forming-an-indelible-part-of-the-very-ethos-of-Ma.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |others=[[Ministry of Culture (India)]] |title=Indian Horizons April-June 2013 |url=https://www.iccr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Indian%20Horizons%20April-June%202013.pdf |website=Indian Council for Cultural Relations |publisher=[[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] |page=26 |language=en}}</ref>

== Origin ==
According to scholars, the exact timing of the origin of Hanglai Jagoi ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯪꯂꯥꯏ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}|}}) lies in uncertainty, but it is generally accepted that the art form emerged before the arrival of [[Hinduism in Manipur]]. The art form had significant developments during the reigns of Meitei kings {{langnf|mni|[[Ching-Thang Khomba]]|[[Rajarshi Bhagyachandra]]}} and {{langnf|mni|[[Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba]]|[[Gambhir Singh]]}}. In their eras, the art form was performed during the organizations of [[Manipuri Raas Leela]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯥꯁ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}|}}) and [[Ratha Yatra]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯕ ꯀꯨꯝꯍꯩ}}|}}). Later, it came to be associated with the art form of Goura Leela ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯒꯧꯔꯥ ꯂꯤꯂꯥ ꯀꯨꯝꯍꯩ}}|}}) too.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Types ==
Hanglai Jagoi ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯡꯂꯥꯏ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}|}}) is of four types: (1) [[Rod puppet]]ry, (2) [[Shadow puppet]]ry, (3) [[Glove puppet]]ry, and (4) [[String puppet]]ry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Materials for puppets ==
The traditional {{langnf|mni|Hanglai|puppet}} was made of wood, paper, ragged clothes, dried paddy, etc. Later, other materials were used as substitutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form Tale of battle against all odds |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-12-With-art-and-culture-forming-an-indelible-part-of-the-very-ethos-of-Ma.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form : 15th dec23 ~ Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..151223.dec23 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=}}</ref>

== Dying conditions {{Anchor|Dying state|Extinction}} ==
The art form of Hanglai Jagoi ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯪꯂꯥꯏ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}|}}) is in the state of dying, mainly because of the challenges it faces, including but not limited to [[acculturation]], [[modernization]], different socio-cultural factors as well as lack of supports, demands, patronage, etc.
Artists are required to be financially safe independently, because all the needs of the art forms are usually born by themselves, due to lack of public supports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form Tale of battle against all odds |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-12-With-art-and-culture-forming-an-indelible-part-of-the-very-ethos-of-Ma.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form : 15th dec23 ~ Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..151223.dec23 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=}}</ref>

Important factors for its downfall include technological advancements and reduction in public interests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Preservation ==
Gurumayum Basanta Sharma ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯒꯨꯔꯨꯃꯌꯨꯝ ꯕꯁꯟꯇ ꯁꯔꯃꯥ}}|}}) of Thiyam Leishangkhong area in [[Imphal West district]] is preserving and promoting the art form of Hanglai Jagoi ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯡꯂꯥꯏ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}|}}) in [[Manipur]] and abroad.
In recognition of his dedicated effort to preserve and promote the traditional Meitei puppetry, he was honoured by the [[Centre for Cultural Resources and Training]] (CCRT), [[Ministry of Culture (India)]], for the ''"Senior Fellowship for 2020-21"'', from July 1, 2023, for a 2-year period.
He learned the art form from different teachers, including from his late father, Gurumayum Jadu Sharma ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯒꯨꯔꯨꯃꯌꯨꯝ ꯖꯥꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯃꯥ}}|}}), who was also once an artist of the very puppet theatre, in Manipur, since 1986, from the age of 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form Tale of battle against all odds |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-12-With-art-and-culture-forming-an-indelible-part-of-the-very-ethos-of-Ma.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
During his father’s time, the art form was performed for more than 20 times in a year, but in present day times, it is performed only during certain festivals or particular events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He is working with the ''"Moppet Decoration and Cultural Centre, Yumnam Huidrom Thiyam Leishangkhong"'', for a very long time, teaching the art forms to interested learners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form Tale of battle against all odds |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-12-With-art-and-culture-forming-an-indelible-part-of-the-very-ethos-of-Ma.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Preserving the essence of Manipuri puppetry: A race against time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipuri-puppetry-hanglai-jagoi-preserving-essence-9098956/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basanta : Man behind Hanglai Jagoi art form : 15th dec23 ~ Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..151223.dec23 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Classicism in Meitei culture]]
* [[International recognition of Meitei culture]]
* [[National recognition of Meitei culture]]
* [[Animals in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Birds in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Constitutionalism in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Plants in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Women in Meitei civilization]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* Tensuba, K. C. (1993). Genesis of Indian Tribes: An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais. India: Inter-India Publications.
* Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. (2014). (n.p.): ARECOM (Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur).
* Ahuja, C. (2012). Contemporary Theatre of India: An Overview. India: [[National Book Trust]], India.
* Outlook. (2007). India: Hathway Investments Pvt Limited.

[[Category:Meitei culture]]

Template:Infobox literary genre

2024-02-11T14:18:43Z

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Canidae animals in Meitei culture

2024-02-11T14:17:50Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "{{Short description|Dogs, jackals and wolves in Meitei civilization}} {{Redirect2|Jackals in Meitei culture|Wolves in Meitei culture|other uses|Animals in Meitei culture}} {{Redirect|Dogs in Meitei culture|other uses|Dogs in culture}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox literary genre | name = Canidae in Meitei culture {{small|(Canines in Meitei culture) (Caninae in Meitei culture) (Canis in Meitei culture)}} | image..."

{{Short description|Dogs, jackals and wolves in Meitei civilization}}
{{Redirect2|Jackals in Meitei culture|Wolves in Meitei culture|other uses|Animals in Meitei culture}}
{{Redirect|Dogs in Meitei culture|other uses|Dogs in culture}}
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{{Infobox literary genre
| name = [[Canidae]] in Meitei culture {{small|(Canines in Meitei culture) ([[Caninae]] in Meitei culture) ([[Canis]] in Meitei culture)}}
| image = Meichonbigee Thokchao Meitat — A Classical Meitei language play — A fictional fable of a fox couple — 2nd prize winner of the Children Book Competition, 1996, org. by Education Dept. (s) in Drama category in Kangleipak (Manipur).jpg 
| imagesize = 
| caption = A depiction of a couple of foxes in [[Meitei culture]]
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[[Dogs in culture|Dogs]], [[Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology|wolves]], [[Foxes in culture|foxes]], [[Animals in culture|jackals]] and other related species, play important roles in different elements of [[Meitei culture]], including but not limited to [[Meitei folklore]], [[Meitei folktales]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei philosophy]], [[Meitei proverbs]], [[Meitei religion]], etc.

Dogs are mentioned as friends or companions of human beings, in many ancient Meitei tales and texts. In many cases, when dogs died, they were given respect by performing elaborate death ceremonies, equal to that of human beings.<ref name="Singh 1996 201">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=201 |language=en, mni}}</ref>

In [[Meitei society]], foxes are considered as ''"very cunning"''. If a person is very cunning, s/he is compared to a fox or her or his behaviour as being "foxy". Stories of foxes are dedicated to the social understanding of people's characters, and often narrated so to give people wisdom and morality. Being wise is appreciated but being cunning is a depreciated in [[Meitei culture]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lumhui Lousing The Clever Fox |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Lumhui_Lousing_The_Clever_Fox_By_Pragya_Moirangthem |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=EP}}</ref><ref name=":archive.org/ফুংগাৱারী">{{Cite book |last=S Sanatombi |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.0065 |title=মণিপুরী ফুংগাৱারী |date=2014 |publisher=Cultural Research Center, Manipur; [[Internet Archive]], [[Digital Library of India]] |others=[[Department of Manipuri, Manipur University]] |year=2014 |language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":archive.org/Fungga_Waree">{{Cite book |last=Singh, Babu I.r |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466222 |title=Manipuri Fungga Waree |date=2005 |publisher=[[Sahitya Academy]], New Delhi; [[Internet Archive]], [[Digital Library of India]] |others=[[Manipur University]] Library, Imphal |year=2005 |language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":archive.org/Funga_Wari">{{Cite book |last=Bemni, N |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465376 |title=Funga Wari Vol. 3 |date=1999 |publisher=[[Internet Archive]], [[Digital Library of India]] |others=[[Manipur University]] Library, Imphal |year=1999 |language=mni}}</ref>

== Meitei language terms ==
{{See|Meitei language}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Meitei terms
! [[Romanization]]
! English translation
! [[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphology]]
! Ref./Notes
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯩꯁꯥꯜ}}|}}
| keisāl (/kəi.sal/)
| [[wolf]] ([[Canis aureus]])
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Wolf") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=Wolf&matchtype=default |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |pages=42 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯥꯑꯣꯕ}}|}}
| tāoba (/tao.bə/)
| [[dog]]{{efn|typically not used in the colloquial speech}}
|
| <ref name=":uchicago.edu/Dog">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("Dog") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=Dog&matchtype=default |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |pages=77, 79, 167, 195, 208 |language=en, mni}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯝꯍꯨꯏ}}|}}
| lamhui (ləm.húi/)
| [[fox]]
| ''"lam‑hui"'' [land‑dog]
| <ref name=":uchicago.edu/Dog" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯥꯍꯨꯏ}}|}}
| sāhui (/sá.hui/)
| [[hunting dog|dog used in hunting]]
| ''"sā‑hui"'' [animal‑dog]
| <ref name=":uchicago.edu/Dog" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯏ}}|}}
| hui (/húi/)
| [[dog]]
|
| <ref name=":uchicago.edu/Dog" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯏꯀꯣꯟ}}|}}
| huikon (/hui.kon/)
| [[kennel]], [[doghouse]]
| ''"hui‑kon"'' [dog‑enclosure]
| <ref name=":uchicago.edu/Dog" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯏꯖꯥꯎ}}|}}
| huijāo (/húi.jao/)
| a big dog
| ''"hui‑jāo"'' [dog‑to be big]
| <ref name=":uchicago.edu/Dog" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯏꯊꯧ}}|}}
| huithou (/húi.tʰəu/)
| [[wild dog]]
| ''"hui‑thou"'' [dog‑to be brave]
| <ref name=":uchicago.edu/Dog" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯏꯅꯥꯑꯣ}}|}}
| huināo (/húi.nao/)
| [[puppy]]
| ''"hui‑nao"'' [dog‑small]
| <ref name=":uchicago.edu/Dog" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯏꯅꯥꯎꯆꯥ}}|}}
| huināocā (/húi.nao.cá/)
| a very young puppy
| ''"hui‑nāo‑cā"'' [dog‑small‑offspring]
| <ref name=":uchicago.edu/Dog" />
|-
| {{lang|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯏꯌꯥ}}|}}
| huiyā (/húi.ya/)
| [[canine (tooth)]]
| ''"hui‑yā"'' [dog‑tooth]
| <ref name=":uchicago.edu/Dog" />
|}

== Folktales {{Anchor|Folklore}} ==
{{See|Meitei folktales|Meitei folklore}}
=== Fox couple ===
==== Escape from crocodile, python and tiger ====
Once a fox's wife was pregnant, and her labor was coming soon. She expressed her desire to eat fish to her husband. The male fox assured her and then went out along the forest path.
On his way in the forest, he found a lake and decided to catch some fish. However, a crocodile also lived in the same lake.
On the first look, the fox misunderstood the crocodile to be a floating log of wood. Without hesitation, he jumped over it to catch fish. The fox caught a lot of fish. And again without any hesitation, he jumped back to the lakeside and went back happily home.
The crocodile somehow lost the opportunity to get the fox. So, he decided to catch the fox in the next opportunity.
On the next day, the fox came again at the lake to do the same. This time, the fox noticed the reality of the situation.
Eventually, the fox quickly escaped from the spot. As soon as he reached her, he narrated his wife to leave everything as they had to leave for their home.
The couple found a cave, where the female fox gave birth to a baby fox. Unfortunately, that cave was an abode of a tiger.
The male fox quickly thought of a way to get rid of the tiger. Near the tiger's cave, there lived a monkey, whom he befriended and later collectively planned to slay the tiger.
When the tiger returned home, secretly hidden among the bush, the fox said loudly in a gruff tone, ''"Friend Monkey, when your son was born, I gifted you ten tiger for the feast. Now today, I got a son, how many tiger you are going to present to me for the feast"''.
The tiger heard it and got very scared. So, he ran towards monkey's hiding place.
Accidentally, the tiger bumped into the monkey and because of extreme fear, the tiger ran away without looking back and never came back.
Afterwards, the clever fox lived happily with his family without any fear of foes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fox Wit Lamhui Lousing |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.The_Fox_Wit_Lamhui_Lousing_By_Bidyarani_Thingujam |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=EP}}</ref><ref name=":archive.org/ফুংগাৱারী" /><ref name=":archive.org/Fungga_Waree" /><ref name=":archive.org/Funga_Wari" />

In another version of the same story, the crocodile was replaced by a python.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lumhui Lousing The Clever Fox |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Lumhui_Lousing_The_Clever_Fox_By_Pragya_Moirangthem |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=EP}}</ref><ref name=":archive.org/ফুংগাৱারী" /><ref name=":archive.org/Fungga_Waree" /><ref name=":archive.org/Funga_Wari" />
==== Fox and jackal ====
Once a King's elephant disappeared in a forest. The royal soldiers searched for the elephant in the whole kingdom but didn't find it. Thus, the king proclaimed a great prize for anyone who could bring his elephant back.
Meanwhile, a fox couple found the elephant's corpse.
The couple decided that if they lived inside the dead elephant's stomach, they would no longer need to search for food anymore.
Thus, they ate some flesh of the elephant to carve their way towards the stomach.
It took them three days to reach inside. Later, they discovered that there was no air to breathe inside the stomach. So, they attempted to go outside the body. Unfortunately, they found that the pathway which they had crafted was shrivelled and dried. Thus, they were trapped.
Meanwhile, the King's men discovered the elephant's body and misunderstood it as sleeping. They came closer to the body for investigation.
The female fox got an idea. Thus, she mimicked the elephant's voice and said loudly, ''"O king's men. I have been sleeping for long. My limbs have gone numb. Bring oil and [[ghee]] and rub my legs and bottom so that I can get up."''
Innocently, the King's did what they were told.
The foxes knew that their pathway got softened up. She mimickingly said, ''"Now step aside so that I can get up."''
The King's men obeyed. Taking advantage of the situation, the couple escaped from the body and fled for their lives. The female fox escaped. But, the male fox was caught by the pursuing men.
The male fox was taken to the king and was reported the situation. Getting furious, the king ordered for the execution of the fox through decapitation on the next day. The fox was bound and kept inside the royal [[stable]].
In nighttime, a jackal peeped into the stable to prey on some horses, but was surprised to see the fox.
Upon being asked why he was there being bound, the fox replied, ''"O big uncle, the king asked me to take his daughter as wife. But I refused. So he has bound me up. I will be married to the princess tomorrow."''
The jackal and the fox had a negotiation to replace each other. So, the jackal freed the fox from the bondage and the fox bound the jackal in his place. Thus, the fox escaped.
On the next day, the king's men couldn't believe their own eyes to find a jackal instead of the fox. But, fearing for the King's fury, they decapitated the jackal instead as a substitute.
The male fox reunited with his wife in the forest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamhui amashung Keishal The Fox and the Jackal Folktale |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Lamhui_amashung_Keishal_The_Fox_and_the_Jackal_Folktale_By_James_Oinam |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=EP}}</ref><ref name=":archive.org/ফুংগাৱারী" /><ref name=":archive.org/Fungga_Waree" /><ref name=":archive.org/Funga_Wari" />
=== Fox's tricks ===
Once a clever fox eyed on the well fed healthy babies of a python, desiring them to be his prey on any opportunity.
He pretended himself to be a well learned scribe, by writing something on the ground, trying to make the pythons believe that he was a scholar. Upon meeting with the pythons, he even introduced himself as a practitioner of [[astrology]].
The python, who also wanted her children to be astrologers, immediately requested the fox to be her children's mentor for astrology. The fox agreed.
From the next morning, the python babies were sent to the fox for their education. Pretending to be a real class, the fox taught them some futile facts. After the class, when the children exited to the narrow door of the fox's house one by one, the fox caught the last child and ate it.
He carried on the same thing every day.
Within in a few days, all the children were killed and devoured. The foolish python mother realised that she was tricked.
So, she thought of taking revenge by slaying the fox. So, she came and hide herself in the fox's burrow. When the fox came home, he suspected of danger. Using his wits, he said loudly, ''"Ho Home, Ho Home"'', expecting a response from the home.
Initially, the python didn't reply but later, she thought that the home ought to respond and so, she gave the response by herself, "Yes I am here, please come in". Immediately, the clever recognised that the python was there, and so, he fled from the spot.
Thus, the python's first attempt failed.
Once again, the python found the fox on a river bank. She thought, ''"Fox likes dead animals so I will act like a dead cow and swim towards him."''
The python pretended to be a floating dead cow's corpse in front of the fox. The fox saw it and called out, ''"Oh dead cow, please swim towards me."'' The foolish python obeyed the fox immediately. Recognizing the trick, the fox ran away.
Thus, the python's second attempt failed.
Next time, the fox happened to encounter the python face to face. He ran but was pursued. Through the fox's tail, he was caught by the python.
The fox said, ''"It's not my tail, it's a Toura plant"''.
The foolish python believed what was said and released the tail.
The fox escaped and thus, the python's third attempt also failed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fox Trick Lamhui gi tat |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.The_Fox_Trick_Lamhui_gi_tat |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=EP}}</ref><ref name=":archive.org/ফুংগাৱারী" /><ref name=":archive.org/Fungga_Waree" /><ref name=":archive.org/Funga_Wari" />

== Mythology and religion {{Anchor|Mythology|Religion}} ==
{{See|Meitei mythology|Meitei religion}}
When goddess [[Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi]] saw smokes in her native place, she was restless. She came down to earth from heaven to find out who was dead. On reaching the place, her mother told her as follows:
{{Blockquote|''"O daughter of mine, none of your parents or brothers ever dies. The watchful dog of your Lord Soraren kept amidst us was fatally bitten by a snake. Only we performed its last rites."''|Konthoucham Nongkalol (Konthoujam Nonggarol)<ref name="Singh 1996 201">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |page=201 |language=en, mni}}</ref>}}

== Proverbs ==
{{See|Meitei proverbs|Meitei philosophy}}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | Meitei language proverbs
! rowspan="2" | English language translations
! rowspan="2" | Applications (if any)
! rowspan="2" | English equivalents (if any)
! rowspan="2" | Note(s)
|-
! In [[Meitei script]]
! In [[Eastern Nagari script]]
! In [[Romanization]]
|-
| {{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯅ ꯆꯤꯛꯄ ꯍꯨꯏꯒꯨꯝ}}
| {{Script|Beng|খোংদনা চিকপা হুইগুম}}
| {{Script|Latn|Khongdana chikpa huigum}}
| He is like the dog which bites without barking.
| It applies to a man who speaks ill of you behind your back.
|
| <ref>{{Cite book |last=Primrose |first=Arthur John |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0L3M1OmJhesC&pg=RA1-PA95 |title=A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary, and Phrase Book: To which are Added Some Manipuri Proverbs and Specimens of Manipuri Correspondence |publisher=Assam Secretariat Press |year=1888 |pages=95 |language=en, mni |chapter=Manipuri Proverbs |author-link=Arthur John Primrose}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Animals in Meitei culture]]
* [[Birds in Meitei culture]]
* [[Hills and mountains in Meitei culture]]
* [[Plants in Meitei culture]]
* [[Women in Meitei culture]]
* [[Intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization]]
* [[International recognition of Meitei culture]]
* [[National recognition of Meitei culture]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]

Bharatpedia:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024

2024-02-10T22:49:36Z

SonOfZeus:

'''Trimester Oriticle Writing Edi-a-thon''' is an international ''oriticle (original article)'' writing online marathon, to be organized at Bharatpedia annually in a ''trimester (three consecutive months)'' of ''March, April and May'' to document different topics, including but not limited to art and culture, economics, politics, science and technology, of different regions of [[#Theme|Bharat (India) and its neighborhood nations (including both terrestrial neighbors as well as maritime neighbors)]]. This project is also extended to photography campaign '''Bharat Loves Photographs (BLP)''' as well, which is going to be organized on the Bharatmedia, to document pictures of the same topics mentioned above.

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The articles provided must match the theme, which means that most users will be able to find several pertaining subjects close to the themes of that area. You are free to choose an article from a topic of your own provided it is in relation to the main theme. It also brings forth diverse knowledge for user consumption.

''Please submit your articles [[Bharatpedia:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024/Submissions of articles|here]]. Articles submitted elsewhere will not be accepted.''

''Results will be declared [[Bharatpedia:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024/Results|here]] later. So, please keep it in your watchlist or check it frequently once the event gets ended.''

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'''1 March''' 2024 00:01 UTC – '''31 May''' 2024 11:59 UTC

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# A ''Bronze Barnstar of Remarkable Prodigy''
# A ''Certificate of Appreciation''

=== Next 5 contributors ===

; The top 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th contributors will be honoured with a ''Certificate of Appreciation'' each.

== Organisers ==

* {{U|SonOfZeus}}

== Jury members ==

* {{U|SonOfZeus}}

(''Interested users with more than one year old user account, more than 1000 edit counts and contributions of more than 10 articles (excluding disambiguation and redirect pages), are welcomed to join as a jury member. In case they also want to be a participant in the article writing contest, they are allowed but they should abstain from judging their own submitted articles. They can judge others' submitted articles only.'')

== Participants ==

Please list your names below by signing <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>.
# ...
# ...

== Suggested articles ==

Anyone can add the red links of suggested articles that are not yet created in Bharatpedia, in the following:
# [[The name of the suggested article]]
# ...
# ...

== Additional note ==

For more details about the international project, please ask your queries in the [[Bharatpedia talk:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024|talk page]].

Bharatpedia talk:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024/Results

2024-02-10T22:47:25Z

SonOfZeus: Redirected page to Bharatpedia talk:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024

#REDIRECT [[Bharatpedia talk:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024]]

Bharatpedia:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024/Results

2024-02-10T22:46:59Z

SonOfZeus: Created page with "TBD"

TBD

Bharatpedia talk:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024/Submissions of articles

2024-02-10T22:45:09Z

SonOfZeus: Redirected page to Bharatpedia talk:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024

#REDIRECT [[Bharatpedia talk:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024]]

Bharatpedia:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024

2024-02-10T22:44:13Z

SonOfZeus:

'''Trimester Oriticle Writing Edi-a-thon''' is an international ''oriticle (original article)'' writing online marathon, to be organized at Bharatpedia annually in a ''trimester (three consecutive months)'' of ''March, April and May'' to document different topics, including but not limited to art and culture, economics, politics, science and technology, of different regions of [[#Theme|Bharat (India) and its neighborhood nations (including both terrestrial neighbors as well as maritime neighbors)]]. This project is also extended to photography campaign '''Bharat Loves Photographs (BLP)''' as well, which is going to be organized on the Bharatmedia, to document pictures of the same topics mentioned above.

The basic aim of the competition is to collect articles on the free encyclopedia Bharatpedia.

The articles provided must match the theme, which means that most users will be able to find several pertaining subjects close to the themes of that area. You are free to choose an article from a topic of your own provided it is in relation to the main theme. It also brings forth diverse knowledge for user consumption.

Please submit your articles [[Bharatpedia:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024/Submissions of articles|here]]. Articles submitted elsewhere will not be accepted.

== Timeline ==

'''1 March''' 2024 00:01 UTC – '''31 May''' 2024 11:59 UTC

== Theme ==

Any aspects based on Bharat (India) and its neighborhood nations (including both terrestrial neighbors as well as maritime neighbors)

Please remember that India shares her '''maritime borders''' with 7 nations on adjacent and opposite coasts — Pakistan, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, and her '''land borders''' with 6 nations – Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.

== Rules and guidelines ==

Please read the following rules and guidelines properly before submitting your articles:

# The article should be original and not copied from other places, including but not limited to ''Wikipedia, Vikaspedia, Indpaedia, Banglapedia,'' etc. Plagiarism is strictly depreciated in this event. Here, ''originality doesn't mean original research with no reliable, published sources, directly related to the topic of the article and directly supporting the material(s) being presented.''
# The article should be newly created during the event and not expanded from an already existing article.
# If the article gets drafted, then it should be improved to get into the mainspace before the end of the event.
# The new article should have a minimum length of 3000 bytes and/or 300 words.
# The article should not be a poorly machine translated in case if it is translated from another language.
# The article should be created between 1 March and 31 May.
# The article should be within the given themes. (Articles will be accepted if it either belongs to India or any of its neighborhood countries or both.)
# The article must not be Orphan. (It should be linked to atleast another article.)
# There should be no copyright violations and notability issues and the article should have proper references (as well as citations) as per Bharatpedia policies.
# Each article will carry 5 points each.
# Each article will have atleast three independent sources/references/citations.
# A participant should submit atleast 5 articles. Else, all his/her contributions (in case, the number of articles is less than 5) will be nullified.
# Participants should have their own registered user accounts in Bharatpedia. (Please note that registration is totally free of cost.)
# Any new person who registered even after the March 1 are allowed to join the contest but they should submit their articles before the deadline.
# Stay cool and relaxed! The language of the article(s) is not required to be in Queen's English. Whatever written should be understandable, simple and grammatically correct.
# In case if two participants get the same number of points, then the quality of the articles the two persons have submitted will be reviewed once again, to decide the ultimate winner.

== Rewards ==

=== Top 3 contributors ===

; '''1st placeholder:''' –

# The title of ''Ambassador for English Bharatpedia's'' '''''"Original Writer of the Year"''''' until the commencement of the same event next year (which s/he can display in his/her user page as well as add in his/her automated signature <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> for a year)
# A ''Certificate of Outstanding Meticulousness''
# A ''Golden Barnstar of Remarkable Prodigy''
# A ''Certificate of Appreciation''

; '''2nd placeholder:''' –

# A ''Certificate of Outstanding Assiduity''
# A ''Silver Barnstar of Remarkable Prodigy''
# A ''Certificate of Appreciation''

; '''3rd placeholder:''' –

# A ''Certificate of Outstanding Diligence''
# A ''Bronze Barnstar of Remarkable Prodigy''
# A ''Certificate of Appreciation''

=== Next 5 contributors ===

; The top 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th contributors will be honoured with a ''Certificate of Appreciation'' each.

== Organisers ==

* {{U|SonOfZeus}}

== Jury members ==

* {{U|SonOfZeus}}

(''Interested users with more than one year old user account, more than 1000 edit counts and contributions of more than 10 articles (excluding disambiguation and redirect pages), are welcomed to join as a jury member. In case they also want to be a participant in the article writing contest, they are allowed but they should abstain from judging their own submitted articles. They can judge others' submitted articles only.'')

== Participants ==

Please list your names below by signing <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>.
# ...
# ...

== Suggested articles ==

Anyone can add the red links of suggested articles that are not yet created in Bharatpedia, in the following:
# [[The name of the suggested article]]
# ...
# ...

== Additional note ==

For more details about the international project, please ask your queries in the [[Bharatpedia talk:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024|talk page]].

Bharatpedia:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024/Submissions of articles

2024-02-10T22:41:09Z

SonOfZeus:

Articles for [[Bharatpedia:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024]] should be submitted here. Each user should create an independent section under their username and add their articles in their respective sections.

Please use # instead of * for ease in counting the number of articles.

For example:
<nowiki>==User:XYZ==</nowiki>
# Article P,
# Article Q,
...
<nowiki>==User:ABC==</nowiki>
# Article K,
# Article L,
...
Please add below this:

Bharatpedia:Trimester Oriticle Writing Edit-a-thon 2024/Submissions of articles

2024-02-10T22:35:13Z

SonOfZeus: Created blank page