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Jadigenahalli

2026-05-08T14:55:10Z

SolomonL12: Entry

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jadigenahalli
| settlement_type = village in Hosakote taluk
| pushpin_map = Karnataka
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_type = country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru North district|Bengaluru North]]
| established_title = 
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Hoskote]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 1977
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562114
| registration_plate = KA53
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chikkaballapura]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Hoskote]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|03|08|N|77|51|09|E}}
| elevation_m = 920
| image_skyline = Namma jadigenahalli.png
| image_caption = Namma Jadigenahalli poster
| area_code = 91-80
}}
'''Jadigenahalli''' is a village in the southern [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. It is situated in the [[Hoskote]] Taluk of the [[Bengaluru North district]], 7<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jadigenahalli to Hoskote |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Jadigenahalli,+Karnataka/Hoskote,+Karnataka/@13.0575958,77.8057542,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bae08b95a0b5bc5:0x82b4096d71ad3c56!2m2!1d77.8531996!2d13.0512413!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bae0578b64bda1b:0x1724b6485a5f2f88!2m2!1d77.7982428!2d13.0692593!3e0 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Jadigenahalli to Hoskote |language=en}}</ref> kilometers from Hoskote and 30 kilometers from [[Bangalore]]. The village is also one of the [[hobli]]'s<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taluk Panchyat {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/taluk-panchyat-details/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> of the taluk Hoskote and 69<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> villages come under Jadigenahalli hobli. The village of Jadigenahalli is well-known for housing the '''Sri Kalabhairaveshwara temple'''.

== History ==
[[File:Jade Muneshwara.jpg|left|thumb|77x77px|Jade Muneshwara]]
'''Jadigenahalli''' village is named after a holy lord known as '''Jade Muneshwara''' and is located on Saptamatrika Hill.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2023 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>
The village's overall geographic area is 419.15 hectares, as measured by the census. In Jadigenahalli, there are 1,977 residents, 1,010 of them are male and 967 female. 71.88% of people in the village of Jadigenahalli are literate, including 79.41% of males and 64.01% of women. In the Jadigenahalli village, there are around 449 houses.

The official and most often spoken language in the community is [[Kannada]]. Several of the village's residents also speak [[Tamil language|Tamil.]]

== Culture ==
[[File:Jadigenahalli jatre.png|left|thumb|304x304px|Jaatre 2023]]
[[File:Jadigenahalli Fair.jpg|left|thumb|308x308px|Deepotsava]]
[[File:Jadigenhalli Jatre.png|left|thumb|275x275px|Jaatre]]
A quarterly [[fair]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannada |first=TV9 |date=2023-04-12 |title=ಮೇಲೆ ಉರಿ ಬಿಸಿಲು, ಆದರೂ 9 ದಿನಗಳ ಕಾಲ ಚಪ್ಪಲಿಯನ್ನೂ ಹಾಕದೆ ಗ್ರಾಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಜನರ ಓಡಾಟ, ದೀಪ ಹೊತ್ತ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರಿಂದ ಜಾತ್ರೆ ಸಂಭ್ರಮ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/karnataka/bengaluru-rural/special-jaathre-village-fair-in-jadigenahalli-in-hoskote-in-bangalore-rural-sas-au4-554247.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref> honoring the deity '''Sri Karagaparameshwari''' is held in the village, typically in April or May once every nine or twelve years. The fair is said to have begun in 1950 as a result of [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[cholera]] diseases that were prevalent in the villages at the time. The fair was inaugurated by walking around the village for nine days without shoes or vehicles. Accordingly, the fair that began on that day was held in this manner once every 9 years and even today, people still observe the same customs. When the last fair took place in April 2023, the villagers observed a rigorous fast during which they did not wear sandals for nine days in the sweltering sun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಊರಿನ ಸುತ್ತಲು ದಿಗ್ಬಂಧನ ಹಾಕಿ ಆಚರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತೆ ಈ ವಿಶೇಷ ಜಾತ್ರೆ! Bangalore Village Special Jatre {{!}} ಊರಿನ ಸುತ್ತಲು ದಿಗ್ಬಂಧನ ಹಾಕಿ ಆಚರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತೆ ಈ ವಿಶೇಷ ಜಾತ್ರೆ! Bangalore Village Special Jatre #Bangalore #Specialjatre #Bangalorejatre #DighvijayNews... {{!}} By Dighvijay News - ದಿಗ್ವಿಜಯ ನ್ಯೂಸ್ {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/DighvijayNews/videos/%E0%B2%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81-%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%88-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7-%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86-bangalore-village-specia/607521827944301/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> In addition, the villagers prohibited outsiders from visiting the village during the nine days of the fair held there. Once in 9 or 12 years, abhisheka and flowers, specifically Jasmine, are offered to the goddess '''Karagaparameshwari'''. Once Abhishekam and Jasmine's decoration is done, a procession throughout Jadigenahalli and the goddess '''karagaparameshwari''' reaches '''Kalabhairaveshwara''' temple. Poojas are performed to her in the temple after taking her back to the temple. This same process continues for one whole month, that is, from one new moon day to another new moon day. A total of 12 villages take part in this procession. On the last day, the villagers take her to the hill known as '''Saptamatrika''' Betta. Here '''Saptamatrika''' and Lord '''Jade Munshwara’s''' temple is located. After witnessing the pooja on the hill, she finally returns to her temple, the locals slaughter a large number of sheep in front of the temple.

The village also has an annual fair in April, often before [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] [[Karaga (festival)|Karaga]], where locals offer decorated lamps (Deepotsava) to nine goddesses, beginning from [[Ugadi]] and terminates on [[Rama Navami|Ramanavami]].

There are numerous temples in the village, Sri '''Kalabhairava''' Temple, one of them, is the most well-known. '''Sapthamatha''' Temple, another well-known temple, is situated on a hilltop. In addition to these, there are several additional temples in the village, including the '''karagaparameshwari''' temple, the '''Sri Abhaya Anjenaya Swami''' Temple, the '''Muneshwara''' Temple, the '''Sri Karibasaveshwara''' Temple, the '''Yallamma''' Temple, the '''Eshwara''' Temple, the '''Om Shakti Temple''', '''Kadmalleshwara''' temple and many others.

== Climate ==
Jadigenahalli is located at {{coord|13|03|N|77|51|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Earth |url=https://earth.google.com/web/@13.05293254,77.85011409,927.51109298a,2545.4924583d,35y,0h,0t,0r |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=earth.google.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 920 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Earth |url=https://earth.google.com/web/@13.05247798,77.85159038,924.68448526a,1031.42050835d,35y,-0h,0t,0r |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=earth.google.com}}</ref> meters.

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jadigenahalli climate: Temperature Jadigenahalli & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/karnataka/jadigenahalli-965738/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref> The village has a tropical climate. According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger]] classification of climates, this is a tropical wet and dry climate or Aw. Here, the average temperature is 22.9 °C (73.3 °F). There is roughly 903 mm (35.6 inches) of precipitation annually. The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little.

== Sri Kalabhairaveshwara Temple Jadigenahalli ==
[[File:Kalabhaireshwara temple jadigenahalli.jpg|thumb|237x237px|Kalabhaireshwara temple]]
[[File:Kalabhairava temple jadigenahalli.jpg|thumb|231x231px|Burning of Ash Gourd lamp at Kalabhaireshwara temple]]
[[File:Sri kalbhaireshwara temple Jadigenahalli.jpg|thumb|131x131px|Sri kalabhaireshwara temple]]

The temple remains open only on special occasions(festivals) and on [[Ashtami]], which falls on the eighth day after [[Amavasya]]. Every month on Astami, thousands of worshippers come here to worship the deity by lighting an ash gourd lamp during [[Rāhukāla|Rahu Kala]].

==Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed-overlay">
File:Jadigenahalli view.jpg|Village view
File:Jadigenahalli Lake.jpg|Jadigenahalli Lake
File:Jadigenahalli sunrise.jpg|Sunrise view
File:Jadigenahalli Rain.jpg|During Rain
File:Jadigenahalli.jpg|Jadigenahalli
File:Jadigenahalli view1.jpg|alt=|Evening view
File:Jadigenahalli village view2.jpg|alt=|Evening view
File:Jadigenahalli sunset4.jpg|alt=|Evening view
File:Jadigenahalli sunset 3.jpg|alt=|sunset view
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
# {{Facebook|Jadigenahalli}}

[[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]
{{BengaluruNorth-geo-stub}}

Tollygunj Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T04:41:56Z

SolomonL12:

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tollygunge
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Tollyganj.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Tollygunge Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Papiya Adhikari]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| constituency_no = 152
| established = 1951
| electors = 269,582
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Tollygunge Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 41.18
| value2 = 29.41
| value3 = 11.77
| value4 = 5.88
| value5 = 5.88
| value6 = 5.88
| label1 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (7 times)]]
| label2 = [[Trinamool Congress |''' Trinamool Congress ''' (5 times)]]
| label3 = [[Indian National Congress | Indian National Congress (2 times)]]
| label4 = [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India (1 time)]]
| label5 = [[Praja Socialist Party |Praja Socialist Party (1 time)]]
| label6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party | Bharatiya Janata Party (1 time)]]
| color1 = red
| color2 = Light green
| color3 = Blue
| color4 = Brown
| color5 = Pink
| color6 = Orange
| caption = Most Successful parties from Tollygunge Assembly Constituency Since 1957
}}

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Tollygunge Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
* Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|94]], [[Ward No. 95, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|95]], [[Ward No. 97, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|97]], [[Ward No. 98, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|98]], [[Ward No. 100, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|100]], [[Ward No. 111, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|111]], [[Ward No. 112, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|112]], [[Ward No. 113, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|113]] and [[Ward No. 114, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|114]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India }}</ref>
Earlier, before 2011,Tollygunge assembly constituency was consist of Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 81, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|81]], [[Ward No. 89, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|89]], [[Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|94]], [[Ward No. 95, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|95]], [[Ward No. 97, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|97]], [[Ward No. 98, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|98]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Borough
! Ward No.
! [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Councillor]]
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
|-
|rowspan=5|X
|[[Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|94]]
|Sandip Nandi Majumdar
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=9}}
|-
|[[Ward No. 95, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|95]]
|Tapan Dasgupta
|-
|[[Ward No. 97, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|97]]
|[[Debabrata Majumdar]]
|-
|[[Ward No. 98, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|98]]
|Arup Chakraborty
|-
|[[Ward No. 100, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|100]]
|Prosenjit Das
|-
|rowspan=4|XI
|[[Ward No. 111, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|111]]
|Sandip Das
|-
|[[Ward No. 112, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|112]]
|Gopal Roy
|-
|[[Ward No. 113, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|113]]
|Anita Kar Majumdar Sil
|-
|[[Ward No. 114, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|114]]
|Biswajit Mandal
|}

Tollygunge Assembly constituency is part of No. 22 [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 November 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Priya Ranjan Sen ''(Tollygunge Uttar) (Consists Ward No. 89,94,97)''
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ambika Chakrabarty]] ''(Tollygunge Dakshin) (Consists Ward No. 98,99,100)''
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Haridas Mitra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Niranjan Sengupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[Satyapriya Roy]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Prasanta Sur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Aroop Biswas]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Papiya Adhikari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tollygunj}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Papiya Adhikari]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:88407}}|percentage=42.99|change={{increase}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Aroop Biswas]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:82394}}|percentage=40.06|change={{decrease}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Partha Pratim Biswas|party=CPI(M)|votes={{formatnum:30335}}|percentage=14.75|change={{decrease}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:1501}}|percentage=0.73|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=205661|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = TMC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 election===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Tollyganj}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Aroop Biswas]]
|votes = 1,01,440
|percentage = 51.4
|change = +4.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Babul Supriyo]]
|votes = 51,360
|percentage = 26.02
|change = +18.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Debdut Ghosh
|votes = 40,597
|percentage = 20.57
|change = -21.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,310
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Debabrata Bera
|votes = 454
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 50,080
|percentage = 25.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,97,642
|percentage = 73.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 election===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tollyganj]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Aroop Biswas]]
|votes = 90,603
|percentage = 46.75
|change = -9.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Madhuja Sen Roy
|votes = 80,707
|percentage = 41.58
|change = +0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mohan Rao
|votes = 14,835
|percentage = 7.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3719
|percentage = 1.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Dr. Dipankar Sarkar
|votes = 1,627
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,896
|percentage = 5.10
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,94,165
|percentage = 75.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 12.18#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]+[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] vote percentages taken together in 2016.

===2011===
In the 2011 election, [[Aroop Biswas]] defeated his nearest rival Partha Pratim Biswas of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tollyganj]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=152| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171248/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=152| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Tollyganj| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Aroop Biswas]]
|votes = 1,02,743
|percentage = 56.17
|change = +9.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dr. Partha Pratim Biswas
|votes = 75,073
|percentage = 41.04
|change = -5.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bibekananda Sinha Roy
|votes = 2,931
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Debashis Das
|votes = 959
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Koyel Basu Thakur
|votes = 765
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 27,670
|percentage = 15.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,83,026
|percentage = 78.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 12.18#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2011.

===2006===
In the 2006 election, [[Aroop Biswas]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Partha Pratim Biswas of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Tollygunge constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=152| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171248/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=152| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2006 |work = Tollyganj| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2006}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Aroop Biswas]]
|votes = 46,378
|percentage = 46.67
|change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dr. Partha Pratim Biswas
|votes = 45,852
|percentage = 46.14
|change = +5.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tulsidas Mukherjee
|votes = 5,984
|percentage = 6.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dilip Shil
|votes = 1154
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 526
|percentage = (0.5%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 99,375
|percentage = (69.3%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress+BJP vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===2001===
In the 2001 election, [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]] defeated his nearest rival Goutam Banerjee of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2001]]: Tollygunge constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3193-west-bengal-2001/ |title = STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2001 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL |publisher= Election Commission of India | location=New Delhi | access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref>{{rp|342}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]]
|votes = 50,424
|percentage = 46.60
|change = -1.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Goutam Banerjee
|votes = 44,593
|percentage = 41.04
|change = -4.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Keshab Saha
|votes = 3,683
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = PDS
|candidate = Dr. Sudeshna Choudhury
|votes = 934
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amit Acharjee
|votes = 283
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Gopal Ganguly
|votes = 279
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 182,917
|percentage = 78.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = 12.18#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.

===1996===
In the 1996 election, [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated his nearest rival Ashis Roy of [[CPI(M)]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal state assembly election, 1996]]: Tollygunge constituency<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3192-west-bengal-1996/|title = STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1996 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL | publisher =ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA | location=New Delhi | access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref>{{rp|347}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]]
|votes = 53,871
|percentage = 48.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ashis Roy
|votes = 51,189
|percentage = 45.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gautam Biswas
|votes = 6,451
|percentage = 5.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashis Banik
|votes = 286
|percentage = 0,26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 114,086
|percentage = 77.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 12.18#
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
In the 1991 election, [[Prasanta Sur]] of [[CPIM]] defeated his nearest rival [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]

{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1991]]: Tollygunge constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2001/><ref name="empowering india">{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=152| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171248/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=152| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Elections |work = Tollyganj| publisher =Empowering India}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Prasanta Sur]]
|votes = 42,706
|percentage = 44.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]]
|votes = 42,379
|percentage = 43.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gautam Biswas
|votes = 10,077
|percentage = 10.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sachin Sen
|votes = 1170
|percentage = 1,21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amal Dey
|votes = 167
|percentage = 0,17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jalodhir Ranjan Das
|votes = 156
|percentage = 0,16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 182,917
|percentage = 78.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = 12.18#
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1987===
In the 1987 election, [[Prasanta Sur]] of [[CPIM]] defeated his nearest rival [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1987]]: Tollygunge constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref name="empowering india"/>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Prasanta Sur]]
|votes = 45,497
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]]
|votes = 40,603
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Gurupada Sengupta
|votes = 661
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Malay Sanyal
|votes = 231
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amitava Guha Thakurata
|votes = 77
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 87,069
|percentage = 72.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = 12.18#
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1982===
In the 1982 election, [[Prasanta Sur]] of [[CPIM]] defeated his nearest rival Asim Datta of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]

{{Election box begin | title=[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1982]]: Tollygunge constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref name="empowering india"/>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Prasanta Sur]]
|votes = 41,857
|percentage = 60.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Asim Datta
|votes = 24,294
|percentage = 35.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Debaprasad Chatterjee
|votes = 2,536
|percentage = 3.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Maloy Sanyal
|votes = 280
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 70,399
|percentage = 69.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
In the 1977 election, [[Prasanta Sur]] of [[CPIM]] defeated his nearest rival [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]

{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1977]]: Tollygunge constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref name="empowering india"/>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Prasanta Sur]]
|votes = 26,905
|percentage = 49.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pankaj Kumar Banerjee]]
|votes = 17,455
|percentage = 32.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Sushil Kumar Basu
|votes = 9,578
|percentage = 17.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Sajal Roy
|votes = 502
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 54,446
|percentage = 56.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Aroop Biswas of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Tollyganj seat defeating his nearest rival Dr. Partha Pratim Biswas of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Pankaj Kumar Banerjee of Trinamool Congress defeated Goutam Banerjee of CPI(M) in 2001,<ref name="vidhansabha2001" />{{rp|171}} and Ashis Roy of CPI(M) in 1996 representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name=vidhansabha1996 />{{rp|170}} [[Prasanta Sur]] of CPI(M) defeated Pankaj Kumar Banerjee of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Asim Dutta of Congress in 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Pankaj Kumar Banerjee of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp150.htm |title = 150 - Tollygunge Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===1952-1972===
Pankaj Kumar Banerjee of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], won in 1972 defeating Prasanta Sur of [[CPIM]].<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Satya Priya Roy of CPI(M) won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> [[Niranjan Sengupta]] of CPI(M)/[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1969,<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> 1967<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Haridas Mitra of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1952]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Tollyganj had three seats. Priya Ranjan Sen of Congress won from Tollygunge Uttar Assembly constituency, [[Ambika Chakrabarty|Ambica Chakraborty]] of CPI won from Tollygunge Dakshin Assembly constituency and Jyotish Joarder an Independent won from Tollyganj Assembly constituency.

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Kharagpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T05:43:28Z

SolomonL12: Done

{{distinguish||text=[[Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency]], which serves as a urban seat for [[Kharagpur]] municipality}}{{Short description|Vidhan Sabha Constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kharagpur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kharagpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kharagpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Dinen Roy]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| constituency_no = 228
| established = 1951
| electors = 166,811
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Kharagpur Assembly constituency''' (formerly '''Kharagpur Rural''') is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 228 Kharagpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Kharagpur I (community development block)|Kharagpur I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Banpura, Panchkhuri I, Panchkhuri II, Pathra and Shiromoni [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Midnapore Sadar (Community development block)|Midnapore Sadar]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref>

Kharagpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 34 [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mrityunjoy Jana
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Sheikh Najmul Haque]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Dinen Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharagpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dinen Roy
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:98320}}
|percentage = 47.14
|change = {{decrease}}7.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tapan Bhuya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:95448}}
|percentage = 45.77
|change = {{increase}}9.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sk Sajahan Ali
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ujjal Mukherjee
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:1535}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:2872}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25228.htm

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kharagpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dinen Roy
|votes = 1,09,727
|percentage = 54.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tapan Bhuya
|votes = 73,497
|percentage = 36.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Syed Saddam Ali
|votes = 11,245
|percentage = 5.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,314
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = HUMP
|candidate = Sekh Abdur Rahaman
|votes = 1,690
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 36,230
|percentage = 18.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,00,563
|percentage = 88.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kharagpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dinen Roy
|votes = 85,630
|percentage = 48.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sk Sajahan Ali
|votes = 66,531
|percentage = 37.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Goutam Bhattacharjee
|votes = 17,722
|percentage = 10.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,461
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Manik Chandra Poria
|votes = 2,402
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 19,099
|percentage = 10.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,77,124
|percentage = 88.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharagpur<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=228 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kharagpur |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 6 May 2011 |archive-date = 26 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064250/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=228 |url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Kharagpur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2011 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sheikh Najmul Haque]]
|votes = 70,178
|percentage = 46.78
|change = -7.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Bilkis Khanam
|votes = 67,674
|percentage = 45.11
|change = +3.38#
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Shuba Raj
|votes = 4,092
|percentage = 2.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prabir Kumar Sahu
|votes = 3,648
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Balaram Pal
|votes = 2,074
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,504
|percentage = 1.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,50,153
|percentage = 89.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -9.56#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
[[Sheikh Najmul Haque]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Kharagpur Rural assembly seat five times in a row from 1987 to 2006. He defeated Ajit Maity of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001, Ranjit Basu of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, Nirmal Ghosh of Congress in 1991 and Ranjit Basu of Congress in 1987. [[Sheikh Siraj Ali]] of CPI(M) defeated Deben Das, Independent, in 1982 Deben Das of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 1977. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp225.htm |title = 225 - Kharagpur Rural Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 20 December 2010 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Between 1957 and 1972 the seat was known as Kharagpur Local. Ajit Kumar Basu of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Deben Das of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1969 and 1967. Mrityunjoy Jana of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. Kharagpur Local was a dual seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. It was won by Krishna Prasad Mondal and Mrityunjoy Jana, both of Congress. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Kharagpur had a single seat, which was won by [[Muhammad Momtaz|Moulana Muhammad Momtaz]] of Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Elections |access-date=20 December 2010 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Paramananda Rajbongshi

2026-05-07T02:50:48Z

SolomonL12: creating data...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Paramananda Rajbongshi
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] [[Sipajhar Assembly constituency|Sipajhar constituency]]
| term_start = 2021
| term_end =
| majority =
| predecessor =
| successor = incumbent
| constituency = [[Sipajhar Assembly constituency|Sipajhar]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Assam]]
| occupation = Politician
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Asom Gana Parishad]] (In 2021, he joined BJP)
| alma_mater = [[Gauhati University]]
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Paramananda Rajbongshi''' is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from the Indian state of [[Assam]]. He has been elected in [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] election in 2021 from [[Sipajhar Assembly constituency|Sipajhar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sipajhar Election Result 2021: Paramananda Rajbongshi of BJP Wins Seat |url=https://www.india.com/assam/sipajhar-election-result-2021-live-updates-round-wise-counting-of-votes-lead-trail-winner-paramananda-rajbongshi-bjp-kuldip-barua-congress-4631266/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Paramananda Rajbongshi, the son of the late Anandi Ram Rajbongshi, resides in Patidarrang Village, Darrang district, Assam, at 62 years old. He obtained his Ph.D. from [[Gauhati University]] in 1994.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
He is a writer and worked as an associate Professor at [[Pragjyotish College]], Guwahati. He is a former President of [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Political career ===
He was a member of [[Asom Gana Parishad]]. In 2021, he joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paramananda Rajbongshi joins BJP after quitting AGP |url=https://pragnews.com/Paramananda-Rajbongshi-joins-BJP-after-quitting-AGP |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=pragnews.com |language=en}}</ref> He contested from the Sipajhar constituency in the 2021 election, winning the seat for the BJP by defeating his nearest opponent by 7134 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sipajhar Election Result 2021: Paramananda Rajbongshi of BJP Wins Seat |url=https://www.india.com/assam/sipajhar-election-result-2021-live-updates-round-wise-counting-of-votes-lead-trail-winner-paramananda-rajbongshi-bjp-kuldip-barua-congress-4631266/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajbongshi, Paramananda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}

2023–2026 Manipur conflict

2026-05-04T16:34:30Z

SolomonL12: new new pg

{{Short description|Ongoing ethnic violence in Manipur, Northeast India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox civil conflict
| partof =
| image =
| date = 3 May 2023 – present ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|day1=3|month1=5|year1=2023|day2=|month2=|year2=|duration=yes}})
| place = [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| causes = [[Ethnic conflict]],{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{cite journal |first=Seikhogin |last=Haokip |title=Autonomy Demands in the Hill Areas of Manipur: Issues and Challenges |journal=Journal of North East India Studies |volume=6 |number=2 |page=40 |year=2016 |issn=2277-6869 |url=https://www.jneis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/6.2.3.pdf |quote=Thus, the standpoint of the dominant valley-based Meitei community on the ‘territorial integrity’ of Manipur remains a major challenge to the demands for ‘Greater Nagalim’, separate ‘Kuki State’, and extension of the Sixth Schedule in the hill areas of Manipur.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Haoginlen |last=Chongloi |title=Free-Flowing Hate Speech, Rampant Racial Profiling: How Manipur Grew Intolerant |newspaper=The Wire |date=18 June 2022 |url=https://thewire.in/rights/free-flowing-hate-speech-rampant-racial-profiling-how-manipur-grew-intolerant |quote=Highlighting a few instances of involving the Kukis in the recent past, these leaders from the majority community are habituated to generalising the entire Kuki population as refugees and migrants.... What is being noticed is that hate speech, earlier the territory of individuals, was now taking place at the institutional level.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2023 |title=4 months on, how Meitei-Kuki conflict has kept Manipur on the boil |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-violence-meitei-kuki-tribe-conflict-four-months-8956725/|quote=Intermittent violence — emerging from an ethnic conflict between Meitei and Kuki communities}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Why ethnic violence in India's Manipur has been going on for three months| newspaper=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/9/why-ethnic-violence-in-indias-manipur-has-been-going-on-for-three-months |quote=The state has fractured on ethnic lines, with rival Meitei and Kuki-Zo militias setting up blockades to keep out members of the opposing community.}}</ref>}} Meitei [[majoritarianism]],{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{harvnb|Malemnganba Singh|2023}}: "... the [Bharatiya Janata Party] has favoured popularising and reimagining Manipur's culture and traditions, emphasising the Meiteis. It has also aided in the formation of several Meitei-based organisations. This has sparked a concern among the state's diverse ethnic communities, prompting them to launch their own version of ethnic politics to counter Meitei majoritarianism, which could dangerously lead to the disintegration of Manipur into numerous sub-factions.... It is important to note that the Meiteis' demand for the ST status is closely linked to the BJP's majoritarian politics of inciting the Meiteis to further solidify their dominance over minorities through the benefits provided for the ST category."</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Sushant Singh |title=Manipur Crisis Tests Modi's India |newspaper=Foreign Policy |date=1 August 2023 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/08/01/india-manipur-violence-crisis-modi-bjp-majoritarianism/ |quote=Spiraling violence in the northeastern state takes cues from the ruling party’s majoritarianism.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Arunabh Saikia |title=The return of Meitei insurgents marks a new turn in Manipur conflict |newspaper=Scroll.in |date=2 September 2023 |url=https://scroll.in/article/1055257/the-return-of-meitei-insurgents-marks-a-new-turn-in-manipur-conflict |quote=Such charges are rooted in the Manipur government’s barely-veiled Meitei majoritarian stance that has been on display throughout the conflict... The Manipur commandos, an elite counter-insurgency unit of the state police, in particular, has been widely charged with siding with Meitei mobs.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Greeshma Kuthar |title=Fire and Blood: How the BJP is enabling ethnic cleansing in Manipur |newspaper=The Caravan |date=31 July 2023 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/how-bjp-enabling-ethnic-cleansing-manipur |quote=... the [High Court] order came amid an escalation in the Biren Singh government’s concerted campaign to stir up majoritarian sentiments against Kukis, using the same tactics it had employed against the Pangals. The scale of this campaign, however, is exponentially higher.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Syed Firdaus Ashraf |title='Biren Singh's BJP government is playing with fire in Manipur' (interview of Kham Khan Suan Hausing) |newspaper=Rediff News |date=18 May 2023 |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/kham-khan-suan-hausing-biren-singhs-bjp-government-is-playing-with-fire-in-manipur/20230518.htm |quote=Biren Singh may have found these militant organisations very useful to aggressively push his integrationist and majoritarian agenda and conveniently use this to electorally consolidate his position by neutralising intermittent challenges from powerful factional leaders within the BJP.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Jagdish Rattanani |title=Playing with fire in Manipur: The wages of majoritarianism |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=21 June 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/playing-with-fire-in-manipur-the-wages-of-majoritarianism-1229709.html}} '"In the present scenario," the civil society groups put it, "the worst of the violence against the Kukis has been perpetuated by armed Meitei majoritarian groups...accompanied by genocidal hate-speech and supremacist displays of impunity."'</ref>}} [[anti-Christian sentiment]],{{Efn|Sources:<ref>Makepeace Sitlhou, Greeshma Kuthar, [https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/meitei-christians-in-indias-manipur-face-broad-attacks/ While the conflict has been ethnic in nature, there has been an underlying communal element to the violence], New Lines Magazine, 27 December 2023. "''New Lines'' met several Meitei Christian pastors in Imphal and the surrounding Meitei-dominated districts whose churches had been attacked, but they were extremely scared to share their stories.... Meitei pastors have also alleged that they were forced to convert to Sanamahism and that an unaccounted number of Meitei Christian families have had to renounce their faith by signing conversion affidavits and burning their Bibles under duress from these extremist groups."</ref><ref>Ravi Agarwal, [https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/08/17/inside-manipurs-ethnic-violence/ Inside Manipur’s Ethnic Violence], Foreign Policy, 17 August 2023. "While this is not a Hindu-versus-Christian conflict, there are definite religious undertones, which certainly have consequences in today’s India."</ref><ref>Snigdhendu Bhattacharya, [https://www.outlookindia.com/national/hindutva-is-a-friend-that-manipur-s-meiteis-would-be-better-without-news-305283 Hindutva Is A 'Friend' That Manipur's Meiteis Would Be Better Without], Outlook, 24 July 2023. "Soon after the beginning of the conflict on May 3 started a flood of social media posts targeting Kukis as 'Christian terrorists'. While tweets from handles belonging to Meiteis mostly blamed 'Kuki terrorists' or 'Kuki militants' or 'Kuki drug mafias' and 'Kuki narco terrorists', the profiles belonging to Hindutva activists, operated mostly by people outside Manipur, started vilifying 'Kuki Christian terrorists'."</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/21/manipur-india-why-is-there-conflict-and-how-is-the-government-responding Manipur: why is there conflict and how is the government responding?], The Guardian, 21 July 2023. "As the clashes spread, villages were burned down and more than 250 churches belonging to the Kuki community, who are Christian, were destroyed.... Some allege that the Hindu nationalist Modi government is not stepping in to protect the Kukis, who are Christian, from the Meitei, who are Hindu."</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/unpacking-the-ethnic-violence-in-manipur-the-impact-of-social-media-and-newly-formed-civil-societies-571272-2023-06-06 Unpacking the ethnic violence in Manipur: The impact of social media and newly formed civil societies], India Today NE, 6 June 2023. 'There have also been reports of Arambai Tenggol burning churches and forcing Meitei Christians to renounce their faith. In a post made by the Facebook page Meitei/Meetei Christian on May 6 accused the group of attacking Meitei Christians, quoting, “As per our knowledge, we know all the Meitei Christian churches are demolished. And now Arambai Tenggol is forcing to renounce their Christian faith among the Meitei Christians.”'</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Violence Against Tribal Christians in Manipur, India |publisher=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, US Government |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/uscirf-spotlight/violence-against-tribal-christians-manipur-india}}</ref>}} [[Hindutva]] ideology,{{Efn|Sources:<ref name="Vaishnavite"/><ref name="vigilante"/><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/violence-in-manipur-has-been-caused-by-the-expansion-of-hindutva-to-north-eastern-india-says-social-activist/article67396734.ece Violence in Manipur has been caused by the expansion of Hindutva to north-eastern India, says social activist], The Hindu, 8 October 2023.
</ref><ref>Sangeeta Baruah Pisharoty, [https://thewire.in/politics/explainer-manipur-violence-biren-singh-meiteis-kuki-zo-nagas Seven Reasons Why the Violence in Manipur Cannot Be Considered a Sudden Occurrence], The Wire, 5 May 2023. "Current news reports coming from Manipur also mention mob attacks on churches, thus adding a religious dimension to the inter-community conflict in the BJP-ruled state. In the last few years, Hindutva groups have penetrated into the Meitei community."</ref><ref name="Hindutva campaign">Snigdhendu Bhattacharya, [https://www.outlookindia.com/national/hindutva-is-a-friend-that-manipur-s-meiteis-would-be-better-without-news-305283 Hindutva Is A ‘Friend’ That Manipur’s Meiteis Would Be Better Without], Outlook, 24 July 2023. "The hateful campaign unleashed by Hindutva activists highlighting the Hindu identity of the Meiteis prompted a large number of people outside Manipur to suspect Hindu majoritarian complicity in the ongoing conflict, leading to the general perception of Manipur conflict as a case of persecution of minority Christians."</ref>}} [[Illegal immigration to India|refugee influx]] (alleged),{{Efn|Sources:<ref name="wapomyanmar">{{Cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anant |last2=Mehrotra |first2=Karishma |date=26 May 2023 |title=India's northeast racked by ethnic unrest partly fueled by Myanmar crisis |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/26/india-violence-manipur-myanmar/ |quote=“Since the coup, this recent violence is the first time where we see that a large number of refugees have come in and created internal problems,” said Gopal Krishna Pillai, a former home secretary and joint secretary in charge of India’s whole northeast, echoing the official line that the refugees are to blame for the unrest.... But some observers maintain that the government is scapegoating the tribal peoples. “Now, it is easier to target the Kukis as illegal immigrants,” said Angshuman Choudhury, an expert on the region at the New Delhi-based Center for Policy Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2023 |title=Govt: Manipur violence due to crackdown on illegal migrants |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-manipur-violence-due-to-crackdown-on-illegal-migrants/articleshow/100314803.cms?from=mdr |quote=The Centre and Manipur government told the Supreme Court that the genesis of ethnic violence in the state was the crackdown on illegal Myanmar migrants' illicit poppy cultivation and drug business in the hill districts...}}</ref><ref name="Straits Times">{{Cite news |author=Debarshi Dasgupta |date=6 August 2023 |title=Unrest in Myanmar linked to ongoing ethnic strife in India's Manipur state |newspaper=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/unrest-in-myanmar-linked-to-ongoing-ethnic-strife-in-india-s-manipur |quote=Manipur’s Chief Minister and Bharatiya Janata Party leader N. Biren Singh, a Meitei, has blamed illegal migrants and drug lords from Myanmar for the lingering violence, claiming such forces were trying to “destabilise the state”.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2023 |title=Manipur violence: What is happening and why |newspaper=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66260730 |quote=[There] are myriad underlying reasons. The Kukis say a war on drugs waged by the Meitei-led government is a screen to uproot their communities. Illegal migration from Myanmar has heightened tensions. There is pressure on land use from a growing population and unemployment has pushed youth towards the various militias.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Drugs, land rights, tribal identity and illegal immigration-Why Manipur is burning |newspaper=India Today NE |date=5 May 2023 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/drugs-land-rights-tribal-identity-and-illegal-immigration-why-manipur-is-burning-|quote=Fuelling this conflict are also allegations of illegal immigration. In March, leaders of several students' organisations representing the Meitei community protested outside Biren Singh's home, alleging that "illegal immigrants from Myanmar, Nepal and Bangladesh" were marginalising "the indigenous people of Manipur". They demanded the implementation of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) and the setting up of a population commission.}}</ref>}} [[drug trafficking]] (alleged){{Efn|Sources:<ref name="Straits Times"/><ref>{{Citation |author=Sumir Karmakar |title=Role of Myanmar-based drug lords, 'illegal immigrants' suspected in Manipur violence |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=15 May 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/role-of-myanmar-based-drug-lords-illegal-immigrants-suspected-in-manipur-violence-1218853.html |quote=Amid a high level inquiry into the ongoing Kuki-Meitei clashes in Manipur, the BJP government in the state is increasingly pushing its claim that Myanmar-based drug lords and 'illegal immigrants' from the neighbouring country were behind the violence...}}</ref>}}
| methods = [[Arson]] (including [[Church arson|churches]] and temples),{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite news |title=253 churches burnt down during continuing unrest in Manipur: Indigenous Tribal Leaders' Forum |newspaper=The Telegraph (Kolkata) |date=13 June 2023 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/253-churches-burnt-down-during-continuing-unrest-in-manipur-indigenous-tribal-leaders-forum/cid/1944597}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Archbishop of Imphal claims 249 churches burnt in Manipur: 'Religious attack carried out' |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=18 June 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/archbishop-imphal-claims-249-churches-burnt-in-manipur-8669677/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Sukrita Baruah |title=Manipur violence: 175 deaths so far, 4,786 houses burnt, say police |newspaper= The Indian Express |date=15 September 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-violence-deaths-houses-burnt-police-8941007/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Temple vandalised, villagers terrified |newspaper=The Sangai Express |date=20 May 2023 |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/5/20/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-May-19-Ingourok-Mahadev-temple-which-is-considered-very-sacred-and-r.html}}</ref>}} [[vandalism]],<ref name="ITNE 2 Jun">{{Cite news |title=Manipur Files: 1,988 Meitei homes, 1,425 Kuki homes, 17 temples and 221 churches destroyed |newspaper=India Today NE |date=2 June 2023 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-files-1988-meitei-homes-1425-kuki-homes-17-temples-and-221-churches-destroyed-569676-2023-06-02}}</ref> [[rioting]], [[murder]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Before parading women naked in Manipur, mob killed people and torched houses, June 21 FIR states |date=21 July 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/before-parading-women-naked-in-manipur-mob-killed-people-and-torched-houses-june-21-fir-states/article67105220.ece}}</ref> (including [[lynching]]),{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite news |author=Rakhi Bose |title=Manipur Violence: Lynchings, Villages Burnt, Lives Disrupted. But Where Was The State? |newspaper=Outlook |date=20 May 2023 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/scarred-and-displaced-magazine-287803}}</ref><ref name="Outlook 20 Jun">{{Cite news |author=Rakhi Bose |title=A Lynching Caught On Tape: Manipur's Kuki Family Demands Justice For The 'Missing Man' |newspaper=Outlook |date=20 June 2023 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/a-lynching-caught-on-tape-manipur-s-kuki-family-demands-justice-for-the-missing-man--news-296375}}</ref>}} [[mutilation]],{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite news |title=Naga Body Demands Action Against Meitei Groups for Killing of Naga Woman in Imphal East |website=The Wire |date=17 July 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/security/two-killed-in-separate-incidents-as-violence-continues-in-manipur}}</ref><ref name="Outlook 22 Jul">{{Cite news |title=Manipur: More Horrific Cases Of Beheading And Assault Of Women Surface |newspaper=Outlook |date=22 July 2023 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/manipur-churachandpur-kangpokpi-violence-beheading-rape-murder-women-news-304791}}</ref>}} [[plundering]],{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite news |title=3,000 weapons looted in second wave of Manipur violence, 144 recovered so far |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=3 June 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/140-weapons-surrendered-manipur-amit-shah-8642463/}}</ref><ref name="TOI 12 May">{{Cite web |title=Looting unabated in Manipur dists |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 May 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/looting-unabated-in-manipur-dists/articleshow/100173826.cms}}</ref>}} [[mass rape]]{{Efn|Sources:<ref name="Hindu more cases">{{Cite news |title=More cases of women being assaulted surface in Manipur |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 July 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/women-were-stripped-raped-set-ablaze-in-manipur-more-cases-surface/article67106726.ece}}</ref><ref name="Hindu 22 Jul">{{Cite news |title=18-year-old gang-raped in Manipur after women vigilantes hand her over to armed men |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 July 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/18-year-old-woman-assaulted-gangraped-in-manipur-on-may-15/article67110455.ece}}</ref>}}
| side1 = {{tree list}}
*[[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo groups]]
**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kuki people.svg}} [[Kuki National Army|KNA]]
**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kuki people.svg}} [[Kuki National Front|KNF]]
**[[UKNA]]
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Zomi Re-unification Organisation.svg}} [[Zomi Revolutionary Army|ZRA]]
**Kuki Village Volunteers
{{tree list/end}}
| side2 = {{tree list}}
* [[Meitei people|Meitei]] groups
** [[Arambai Tenggol]]
** {{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} [[United National Liberation Front|UNLF]]
** {{flagicon image|Bandera FPRM Manipur.svg}} [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|PLA–MP]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of prepak.jpg}} [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak|PREPAK]]
** {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Kangleipak Communist Party|KCP]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of KYKL.jpg}} [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup|KYKL]]
** [[Meitei Leepun]]
{{tree list end}}
| side3 = {{Tree list}}
* '''[[Government of India]]'''
** [[Indian Army]]
** [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]]
** [[Assam Rifles]]
* '''[[Government of Manipur]]'''
** [[Manipur Police]]
{{tree list/end}}
| fatalities = '''official''' – 258 (Nov 2024)<ref name="NIE CAPF troops"/> 
'''earlier''' – 175 (14 September 2023)<ref name="ITNE 14 Sep">* Phurailatpam Keny Devi, [https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/video/manipur-violence-security-forces-remove-barricades-in-bishnupur-district-igp-reports-175-casualties-678282-2023-09-14 Manipur violence: Security forces remove barricades in Bishnupur district, IGP reports 175 casualties], India Today NE, 14 September 2023.</ref> (98 Kuki-Zo, 67 Meitei, 6 unidentified, 6 security personnel)<ref name="Hindu 28 Nov">Vijaita Singh, Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur-government-data-shows-kin-of-less-than-half-the-victims-paid-compensation/article67583885.ece Supreme Court panel submits report on Manipur victims], The Hindu, 28 November 2023.</ref>
| injuries = 1,108<ref name="PTI 15 Sep"/>
| damage = 60,000+ displaced<ref name="Guardian 10 July">{{citation |author1=Aakash Hassan |author2=Hannah Ellis-Petersen |title='Foreigners on our own land': ethnic clashes threaten to push India's Manipur state into civil war |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 July 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/10/foreigners-on-our-own-land-ethnic-clashes-threaten-to-push-indias-manipur-state-into-civil-war}}</ref> ~400 churches damaged or destroyed{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hrwf.eu/india-indias-manipur-remains-tense-weeks-after-400-churches-were-burned-60-christians-killed/ |title=India's Manipur still tense after 400 churches burned and 60 Christians killed | Human Rights Without Frontiers |date=22 May 2023 |website=hrwf.eu}}</ref><ref name="persecution.org 16 June">{{Cite web |title=Hundreds of Houses of Worship Destroyed in Manipur, India |website=International Christian Concern |date=16 June 2023 |url=https://www.persecution.org/2023/06/16/churches-and-christians-suffer-in-manipur-india/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Katey Hearth |url=https://www.mnnonline.org/news/over-300-churches-destroyed-by-manipur-mobs/ |title=Over 300 churches destroyed by Manipur mobs}}</ref>}} 132 temples vandalised<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=Manipur violence: 175 deaths so far, 4,786 houses burnt, say police |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-violence-deaths-houses-burnt-police-8941007/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="ITNE 2 Jun"/>{{verify source|date=March 2025}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.6|93.8|dim:70000_region:IN-MN_type:event|format=dms|display=it}}
| map_type = India
| map_size = 350
| map_label = Manipur
}}

On 3 May 2023, [[ethnic violence]] erupted in India's [[Northeast India|north-eastern]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]] between the [[Meitei people]], a majority that lives in the [[Imphal Valley]], and the [[Kuki people|Kuki-Zo]] tribal community from the surrounding hills.<ref name="Guardian 5 May">{{cite news |last1=Dhillon |first1=Amrit |title=Indian troops ordered to 'shoot on sight' amid violence in Manipur |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/05/indian-troops-ordered-to-shoot-on-sight-amid-violence-in-manipur |work=The Guardian |date=5 May 2023}}</ref> According to government figures, as of 22 November 2024, 258 people have been killed in the violence and 60,000 people have been displaced.<ref name="NIE CAPF troops">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/22/90-more-capf-troops-to-be-deployed-in-manipur-total-death-toll-of-ethnic-violence-at-258-state-security-advisor 90 more CAPF troops to be deployed in Manipur; total death toll of ethnic violence at 258: State security advisor], The New Indian Express, 22 November 2024.</ref><ref name="Scroll 29 Feb">[https://scroll.in/latest/1064482/manipur-219-killed-in-ethnic-violence-since-may-10000-firs-registered-says-governor Manipur: 219 killed in ethnic violence since May, 10,000 FIRs registered, says governor], Scroll.in, 29 February 2024.</ref> Earlier figures also mentioned over 1,000 injured, and 32 missing. 4,786 houses were burnt and 386 religious structures were vandalised, including temples and churches.<ref name="PTI 15 Sep">{{Cite news |author=PTI |title=175 killed, over 1,100 injured in four months of Manipur violence: police |work=The Hindu |date=15 September 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/175-killed-over-1100-injured-in-four-months-of-manipur-violence-police/article67310428.ece}}</ref> Unofficial figures are higher.<ref name="Wire 9 Sep">{{Cite news |author=Yaqut Ali |title=The Manipur Crisis in Numbers: Four Months of Unending Violence |work=The Wire |date=9 September 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/security/the-manipur-crisis-in-numbers-four-months-of-unending-violence|quote=It has been four months since violence erupted between the Kuki and Meitei communities in Manipur, which claimed the lives of around 200 people and left more than 70,000 people displaced.}}</ref><ref name="Reuters bunkers"/>

The proximate cause of the violence was a row over an [[affirmative action]] measure. On 14 April 2023, the Manipur High Court passed an order that seemingly recommended a [[Scheduled Tribe]] status for the dominant Meitei community,<ref name="IFP Manipur HC">[https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipur-hc-directs-state-to-recommend-inclusion-of-meeteimeitei-community-in-st-list Manipur HC directs state to recommend inclusion of Meetei/Meitei community in ST list], Imphal Free Press, 19 April 2023. {{ProQuest|2802915322}}
</ref><ref name="Borderlens STDCM">Schulu Duo, [https://www.borderlens.com/2023/04/18/st-status-demand-grows-in-manipur-stdcm-submits-memorandum/ ST status demand grows in Manipur: STDCM submits memorandum], Borderlens, 18 April 2023.
</ref> a decision later criticised by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=SC criticizes Manipur HC order as 'factually wrong' and takes a strong view |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sc-criticizes-manipur-hc-order-as-factually-wrong-and-takes-strong-view-on-meitei-communitys-st-status-11684304224228.html|website=mint}}</ref> On 3 May, the tribal communities held protest rallies against the Meitei demand for Scheduled Tribe status, while the Meitei community held counter-rallies and counter-blockades.<ref name="Sangai 4 May Torbung"/><ref name="Hindu 3 May"/><ref name="Wire Meitei Pride Group"/> After one of these rallies, clashes broke out between Kuki and Meitei groups near the mutual border of the [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]] and [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]] districts, followed by house burning.<ref>{{cite news |author=Esha Roy |title=Protest against ST demand turns violent in Manipur, curfew imposed in entire state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/curfew-internet-curbs-after-manipur-protest-against-meiteis-st-tag-demand-turns-violent-8590104/|work=The Indian Express |date=3 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Esha Roy |title=In 10 years of Meitei ST demand, repeated pleas to state, Centre |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/manipur-violence-in-10-years-of-meitei-st-demand-repeated-pleas-to-state-centre-8687601/ |work=The Indian Express |date=27 June 2023}}</ref>

Feelings were already inflamed prior to 3 May due to the policies of the state government headed by chief minister [[N. Biren Singh]], himself a Meitei, who was seen vilifying Kukis with vices such as "poppy cultivation", "forest encroachment", "drug smuggling", and harbouring "illegal immigrants".<ref name="Sadokpam 6 May">{{cite news |last=Sadokpam |first=Dhiren A. |title=What is really behind the violence in Manipur? |work=Frontline |date=6 May 2023 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/what-is-really-behind-the-violence-in-manipur/article66820969.ece}}</ref><ref name="Choudhury 27 Jun">{{citation |author=Angshuman Choudhury |title=Targeting of Kukis the main reason behind Manipur violence |work=Frontline |date=27 June 2023 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/marginalisation-of-kukis-the-main-reason-behind-manipur-violence/article67000979.ece}}</ref> Kukis had held a rally in March 2023 against his policies,<ref>Tora Agarwala, Jimmy Leivon, [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/soo-agreement-kuki-tribal-manipur-bjp-8493734/ Why Manipur govt withdrew from an SoO agreement with two tribal insurgent groups], The Indian Express, 14 March 2023.
</ref> and in another incident, burnt down a venue the chief minister was meant to inaugurate.<ref>Jimmy Leivon, [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/violence-manipur-churachandpur-biren-singh-cm-kuki-8585138/ What led to the violence in Manipur's Churachandpur before CM N Biren Singh's visit?], The Indian Express, 1 May 2023. Updated 4 May 2023.</ref> The chief minister also patronised Meitei nationalist militias, named [[Arambai Tenggol]] and [[Meitei Leepun]], which carried the flag for his policies and were primed to target the Kuki community.<ref>[https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-who-are-meitei-radical-group-arambai-tenggol-and-why-did-they-summon-manipur-lawmakers Explained: Who Are Meitei Radical Group Arambai Tenggol And Why Did They Summon Manipur Lawmakers?], Outlook, 25 January 2024. "Reports suggest that the group enjoys the patronage of Chief Minister N. Biren Singh and Rajya Sabha MP Leishemba Sanajaoba. The group's Facebook page displays images of its members interacting with the chief minister, emphasising the close ties."</ref><ref name="Kuthar Arambai Tenggol">{{citation |author=Greeshma Kuthar |title=Fire and Blood: How the BJP is enabling ethnic cleansing in Manipur |magazine=The Caravan |date=31 July 2023 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/how-bjp-enabling-ethnic-cleansing-manipur |quote=[In early May] Things did not get better. Mobs led by Arambai Tenggol—a Meitei militia that enjoyed the patronage of senior Bharatiya Janata Party leaders, including the chief minister, Biren Singh, and Manipur's titular king and Rajya Sabha MP, Leishemba Sanajaoba—were scouring the city, looking for Kukis in passing cars, in houses and in hostels.}}</ref> They were active in the 3 May rallies of the Meiteis.<ref name="Wire Meitei Pride Group"/><ref name="Scroll armed gangs">{{Cite news |author=Arunabh Saikia |title=Armed gangs and a partisan state: How Manipur slipped into civil war |work=Scroll.in |date=2023-06-06 |url=https://scroll.in/article/1050361/armed-gangs-and-a-partisan-state-how-manipur-slipped-into-civil-war}}</ref>

Once initiated, the violence quickly spread to the Kuki-dominated [[Churachandpur]] town and the Meitei-dominated [[Imphal Valley]], targeting the minority community in each area. While the Kukis limited themselves to house-burning,<ref name="Christianity Today">Surinder Kaur, [https://www.christianitytoday.com/2023/11/meitei-christians-kuki-manipur-violence-india-persecution/ Meitei Christians Caught in Middle of Manipur Violence], Christianity Today, 30 May 2023. “At least the Kukis had the burden to give safe passage to Meiteis before things went out of their hands, as the mob culture was growing on both sides. Unlike the Kukis who were massacred in the valley, there was no casualty of the Meiteis in the hills,” he said.</ref> the Meitei mobs in the valley, mobilising in thousands, engaged in wanton killing of Kuki civilians living amongst them, including students, officials, soldiers and even legislators.<ref name="Guardian 22 Jul">Hannah Ellis-Petersen, Aakash Hassan, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/22/video-of-women-attacked-in-manipur-breaks-silence-on-systematic-gang-rapes-in-india Video of women attacked in Manipur breaks silence on systematic gang rapes in India], The Guardian, 22 July 2023. "Yet the speed at which the violence suddenly took hold and spread across the state by early May took many by surprise as Meitei mobs quickly mobilised in their thousands and began setting fire to Kuki villages, and Kuki women who fell into their clutches were brutalised."</ref><ref name="NL 6 May">Shivnarayan Rajpurohit, [https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/05/06/at-least-36-dead-in-violence-in-manipurs-imphal-mob-came-with-jcb-arms At least 36 dead in violence in Manipur; mob came with 'JCB, arms’], Newslaundry, 6 May 2023. "A tax assistant, a CRPF jawan and a class 10 student are said to be among those found dead."</ref>
According to [[Reuters]], 77 Kukis and 10 Meiteis died within the first week.<ref name="Reuters bunkers"/>

On 18 May, the 10 elected legislators belonging to the Kuki community unanimously demanded a 'separate administration' for Kukis, claiming that the Kukis could no longer live amongst the Meiteis.<ref>Esha Roy, [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/the-demand-for-a-kuki-homeland-its-history-and-rationale-8613096/ The demand for a Kuki homeland, its history and rationale], The Indian Express, 18 May 2023. Days after clashes between Manipur's Kuki-Zomi tribes and the majority Meitei community left more than 70 people dead, the state's 10 Kuki-Zomi MLAs demanded “a separate administration under the Constitution”, saying “our people can no longer exist under Manipur... [and] to live amidst the Meiteis again is as good as a death...”.</ref> A month later, the influential Meitei civil body [[COCOMI (Manipur)|COCOMI]] declared a "Manipuri national war" against "Chin-Kuki narco-terrorists", essentially pitting the two communities against each other.<ref>Prabin Kalita, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/wont-surrender-arms-allow-combing-operations-imphal-groups/articleshow/100834891.cms Manipur violence: Won't surrender arms, allow combing operations, say Imphal groups], The Times of India, 8 June 2023.</ref>
By this time, the situation had already taken the shape of a civil war with both the communities arming themselves, some with licensed guns and some with advanced weapons, and setting up bunkers to defend themselves.<ref name="Reuters bunkers"/> Meitei militias led mobs of civilians to raid state police armouries and loot sophisticated arms matching those of Kukis, whose militant groups were presumed to supply arms to civilians. By October, 6,000 arms and 600,000 rounds of ammunition were said to have been looted, in addition to mortars, grenades, bullet-proof vests, police uniforms etc.<ref name="IE 29 Oct">Ritika Chopra, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-almost-six-months-after-clashes-began-only-25-of-looted-arms-found-9003876/ Manipur: Almost six months after clashes began, only 25% of looted arms found], The Indian Express, 29 October 2023.</ref>

Chief minister Biren Singh stuck to his position through the mayhem, claiming to work towards peace and defying many calls for his resignation.<ref name="IT shameful blunders">{{citation |first=Kaushik |last=Deka |title=Shameful blunders: By allowing Manipur's wounds to fester, the state and central governments have pushed its people to a point of no return |magazine=India Today |date=7 August 2023 |id={{ProQuest|2843766176}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Violence: Several Organisations Seek President's Rule Citing Biases In Administration |date=23 June 2023 |website=IndiaTimes |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-violence-several-organisations-seek-presidents-rule-citing-biases-in-administration-606877.html}}</ref> Partisan state and police bias were widely alleged.<ref name="Scroll armed gangs"/><ref name="HRW 30 May">{{Cite web |title=India: Investigate Police Bias Alleged in Manipur Violence |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=30 May 2023 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/30/india-investigate-police-bias-alleged-manipur-violence}}</ref> In the general election for the Union Parliament, Singh's [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] lost both the seats in the state to opposition [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="IE 2 Jul"/>
Eventually, a Kuki civil body approached the [[Supreme Court of India]] with purported audio tapes of Singh, where he is heard claiming that he himself instigated the violence,<ref name="Amnesty 11 Feb"/> and a reputed forensic laboratory said that the voice belongs to him with 93% certainty.<ref>Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/93-probability-that-voice-in-leaked-audio-is-of-manipur-cm-truth-labs/article69177039.ece 93% probability that voice in leaked audio is of Manipur CM: Truth Labs], The Hindu, 4 February 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/manipur-violence-tapes-biren-singh-supreme-court Manipur Violence: Forensic Report on Tapes Alleging CM Biren Singh's Role Ordered], Newsreel Asia, 3 February 2025.</ref>
Facing the threat of a no confidence motion in the impending [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] session, Singh resigned on 9 February 2025, after 20 months of intermittent violence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2025 |title=Manipur CM N Biren Singh quits: Why the resignation came now? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manipur-cm-n-biren-singh-quits-why-the-resignation-came-now/articleshow/118091404.cms |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> [[President's Rule]] was declared a few days later, whereby the Union government took direct control of the state administration through its appointed [[Governor of Manipur|Governor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=President's Rule Imposed In Manipur Days After Biren Singh's Resignation |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/presidents-rule-imposed-in-manipur-days-after-biren-singhs-resignation-7703218 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

On 4 February 2026, the [[Government of Manipur]] was reinstated and the [[President's Rule]] was revoked after BJP leader [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]] took oath as the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/politics/yumnam-khemchand-singh-takes-oath-as-manipur-chief-minister-as-presidents-rule-ends-9879543.html|title=Yumnam Khemchand Singh Takes Oath As Manipur Chief Minister After President's Rule Ends|work=[[News18]]|date=4 February 2026|access-date=4 February 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further|Hill tribes of Northeast India|Ethnic relations in India|Insurgency in Manipur}}
[[File:MANIPUR district map.svg|thumb|right|280px|The districts of Manipur as of 2011. Some of the subdivisions have since become independent districts. The districts in the middle, the Imphal valley: Imphal East, Imphal West, Thoubal and Bishnupur densely populated and dominated by the Meitei people, whereas the outer districts are primarily hilly, sparsely populated and dominated by non-Meitei peoples. The people in the valley are predominantly Hindu and those in the Hills are primarily Christians.]]
[[File:Manipur-scstothers-2011.svg|thumb|right|280px|The hills and valley districts have very different Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) population compositions according to the 2011 Census figures. The "Others" category include the general category as well as [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) and [[Economically Weaker Section]] (EWS) categories.]]
[[File:Manipur-religion-2011.svg|thumb|right|280px|The hills and valley districts have very different religious compositions too compositions according to the 2011 Census figures. The data for [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], and "unstated" are not shown since they are less than 1% in both the hills and valley districts. The "Some Others" category include other religions, as well as uncategorised religion such as [[Sanamahism]].]]
Manipur is a state in [[northeast India]], bordering [[Myanmar]] to its east and south. The [[Imphal Valley]] constitutes about 10% of the geographical area of the state with 57% of the population,<ref>{{citation |last1=Golson |first1=Ningthoujam |title=Characteristics of Population in the Valley Districts of Manipur, India |date=September–December 2018 |url=https://www.ngji.in/index.php/ngji/article/download/438/356 |journal=National Geographical Journal of India |volume=64 |number=3–4 |last2=Singh |first2=Kh. Pradipkumar}}</ref> predominantly [[Meitei people|Meitei]], who are majority [[Meitei Hindus|Hindus]], with minorities of [[Meitei Pangals|Muslims]] and native [[Sanamahism]] followers.<ref name="Saikia 5 May"/> The surrounding hills constitute 90% of the geographical area of the state with 43% of the population belonging to 34 tribal groups broadly categorised as [[Naga people|Nagas]] and [[Kuki people|Kukis]], who follow [[Christianity in Manipur|Christianity]].<ref name="Saikia 5 May"/> The Nagas dominate the northern districts while the Kukis are predominant in the south. The tribal people have the [[Scheduled Tribe]] (ST) status, whereas the Meitei have been accorded [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) status, with some classified as [[Scheduled Caste]]s (SC) in certain areas.{{sfn|Haokip|2015|loc=p. 86, note 9: "There are seven SC communities in Manipur, namely, Loi, Yaithabi, Dhobi, Muchi or Rabidas, Namsudra, Patni and Sutradhar. OBCs of the state include Nepali, Meitei/Meetei (including Meitei Brahmin, Meitei/Meetei Sanamahi, Meitei Pangal and Rajkumar) and Teli."}}

Scholars write that the hill tribes, whose administration had largely been left to the respective chiefs known as Khullakpa by the [[Manipur (princely state)|Meitei Kings]], came to be administered by the British after the [[Anglo-Manipur War]] of 1891. The British administrative control became more intensive after the [[Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919]] and they continued to administer the hill areas directly until 1947.{{sfn|Sitlhou|2015|pp=71–72}}<ref name="Kshetri 2006">{{harvnb|Kshetri|2006|pp=3–5}}</ref><ref name="Dena 2014">{{harvnb|Dena|2014|pp=60, 75, 82–84}}</ref> Scholars believe the colonial administration employed the "[[divide and rule]]" policy which widened existing divide between the peoples.<ref name="Kshetri 2006"/><ref name="Dena 2014"/>{{sfn|Kamei|2023|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vf_KEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT80 p. 80]}} On the contrary, the hill regions are noted by some scholars as forming part of [[Southeast Asian Massif#Zomia|Zomia]] inhabited by "non-state" peoples. They came to be administered only after the Kuki Rebellion,<ref>"On the other hand, the hill areas of the present-day Manipur had been a free hill country and largely unadministered even during the British rule till the Kuki uprising (1917–19). It is treated as ‘illegible space’ (Scott 2000) and a separate sub-cultural zone within the larger region known as ‘Zomia’ and the people regarded as ‘non-state peoples’ (Scott 2009: 23)." {{harvcol|Haokip|2015|pp=84–85}}</ref> After [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], the hill tribes continued to enjoy a protected status. Even though the Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960, prohibits transfer of tribal land to non-tribals except by special permission,<ref>Rahul Karmarkar, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/belief-that-meiteis-cannot-settle-in-manipurs-hills-is-a-myth-says-leader-of-kuki-apex-body/article66870315.ece Belief that Meiteis cannot settle in Manipur's hills is a myth, says leader of Kuki apex body], The Hindu, 21 May 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1531/1/196033.pdf |website=indiacode.nic.in |at=paragraph 158}}</ref> the seventh amendment (2015) is seen as an attempt by the valley dwellers to grab tribal land.<ref>"One of the main concerns in the agitation against the three ‘anti-tribal bills’ passed by the Manipur Legislative Assembly is the one that has to do with the Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960, that is the MLR&LR (Seventh Amendment) Bill, 2015. The main opposition to this bill is the idea of land grabs by the valley dwellers and the state's hegemony through forceful intrusion to the land resources of the tribal people and infringement of their customary rights (Kipgen 2017: 506)"{{harvcol|Kipgen|2018|p=112}}</ref> The valley-based Meitei dominate the political establishment. Of the 60 constituencies of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]], 40 are held by the valley and 20 are in the hill districts.<ref name="Saikia 5 May">{{cite news |author=Jaideep Saikia |date=5 May 2023 |title=Manipur violence: How Christianisation widened socio-cultural gap between Meiteis of Valley and Hill tribes |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/manipur-violence-how-christianisation-widened-socio-cultural-gap-between-meiteis-of-valley-and-hill-tribes-12550522.html}}</ref><ref name="Quint ST status">{{Cite news |author=Tejas Harad |date=6 May 2023 |title=ST Status for Manipur's Meiteis: What is at Stake? |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/manipur-violence-st-status-for-meiteis-valley-vs-hills}}</ref> The tribal population is not prohibited from settling in the valley region.<ref name="BBC 4 May">{{Cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Manipur: Curfew in Indian state after protests turn violent |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65478547}}</ref><ref name="HT 5 May">{{cite news |author=Utpal Parashar |date=5 May 2023 |title=Manipur clashes: Genesis of the decades-old Meitei-Kuki divide |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/clashes-between-kukis-and-meiteis-in-manipur-over-st-status-proposal-for-meitei-community-violence-and-damage-reported-101683225905138.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="Guardian 5 May">{{cite news |last1=Dhillon |first1=Amrit |title=Indian troops ordered to 'shoot on sight' amid violence in Manipur |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/05/indian-troops-ordered-to-shoot-on-sight-amid-violence-in-manipur |work=The Guardian |date=5 May 2023}}</ref> Kukis state that they do not want to come to the valley but they have to since there are no roads, schools or hospitals in the hills.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2023 |title=People say Arambai Tenggol and Meitei Leepun are RSS Creations: Kim Gangte |url=https://www.newsclick.in/people-say-arambai-tenggol-and-meitei-leepun-are-rss-creations-kim-gangte |work=NewsClick}}</ref>

Tribal groups have complained that the government spending is unduly concentrated in the Meitei-dominated Imphal Valley.<ref name="Express-faultlines">{{cite news |title=Manipur's ethnic faultlines: Kuki-Meitei divide & recent unrest |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/manipurs-ethnic-faultlines-violent-protests-kukis-and-nagas-8594147/}}</ref>

=== Scheduled Tribe status for Meitei ===
The Scheduled Tribe Demand Committee of Manipur (STDCM) began demanding Scheduled Tribe (ST) status for the Meitei people in 2012.<ref>"The Scheduled Tribe Demand Committee of Manipur (STDCM) has been demanding ST status for the Meiteis since the latter part of 2012." {{harvcol|Haokip|2015|p=85}}</ref> The STDCM claims the status will restore the harmonious relationship between the valley and the hills peoples before the Manipur's merger with India in 1949.<ref>"To them the demand is to recover the cohesive, harmonious and peaceful society before the merger of Manipur into India on 21 September 1949 (Imphal Free Press 2013). They also emphasised the need to protect their endangered culture and identity by way of being listed as ST under the power vested to the president by Article 342(1) of the Indian Constitution." {{harvcol|Haokip|2015|p=86}}</ref> On the other hand, the hills people view this demand as an attempt to reduce the effectiveness of the Naga and Kuki demands, and enable the Meitei to make inroads into the hill regions.<ref>"To the hill tribal people of Manipur, the demand for ST status by STDCM is a ploy to attenuate the fervent political demands of the Kukis and Nagas, as well as a tacit strategy of the dominant valley dwellers to make inroads into the hill areas of the state." {{harvcol|Haokip|2015|pp=87–88}}</ref>

It was reported later that the Union government and the state government had considered the issue of ST status for Meitei twice, once in 1982 and a second time in 2001, and rejected it both times. This fact was not publicised at the beginning of the conflict.<ref>Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/st-status-for-meiteis-was-considered-and-rejected-in-1982-and-2001-government-records-show/article67420818.ece ST status for Meiteis was considered and rejected in 1982 and 2001, government records show], The Hindu, 17 October 2023.</ref>

=== Political background ===
[[Okram Ibobi Singh]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) governed Manipur for three consecutive terms from [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) came to power in [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] for the first time under [[N. Biren Singh]], who outmanoeuvred the Congress, the single largest party in that election, and formed a minority government with hill-based allies including the [[Naga People's Front]] and [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]. In the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], Singh led the BJP to an outright majority, increasing his party's seat tally from 21 to 32.<ref>{{cite news |title=A default choice -- On return of Biren Singh as Manipur CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-default-choice-on-return-of-biren-singh-as-manipur-cm/article65246409.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2022}}</ref>

The consolidation of BJP power in Manipur dramatically altered the political atmosphere in the state. It empowered [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) networks to embed themselves within Meitei civil society and promote a majoritarian, Hindutva-inflected politics directed against religious minorities.<ref name="Vaishnavite">"Since 2017, BJP karyakartas and RSS pracharaks stationed in Manipur have been on an ambitious mission to incite the valley's Vaishnavite Meitei to assert their Hindutva politics against religious minorities and 'illegal' immigrants... In Manipur, the RSS desires Meitei supremacy over other religious minorities." {{harvcol|Malemnganba Singh|2023|p=10}}</ref> This manifested in a proliferation of Meitei nationalist organisations,<ref>{{harvcol|Malemnganba Singh|2023|p=11}}</ref> a sharp increase in vigilantism and cultural policing directed at minorities, and the systematic use of anti-minority rhetoric in state political discourse.<ref name="vigilante">"Through vigilante activities and cultural policing, various Meitei-based organisations have begun to resemble the Sangh Parivar in mounting majoritarian politics, promoting anti-minority rhetoric, and stirring communal tensions." {{harvcol|Malemnganba Singh|2023|p=11}}</ref>

Chief Minister Biren Singh himself played a central role in this process of radicalisation. In public statements, media addresses, and government policy, Singh repeatedly vilified the Kuki communities. He accused them wholesale of poppy cultivation, forest encroachment, drug smuggling, and harbouring illegal immigrants from Myanmar. Independent scholars and human rights monitors have described these characterisations as manufactured, racially coded, and deliberately designed to dehumanise an entire ethnic group in preparation for, or in concert with, organised violence against them.<ref name="Sadokpam 6 May"/><ref name="Choudhury 27 Jun"/> Investigative journalists at ''The Caravan'' documented how Singh's war on drugs was in practice a targeted campaign against Kuki villages rather than any systematic counter-narcotics operation. Evictions and demolitions were concentrated exclusively in tribal hill areas, while large Meitei stakeholders in the narcotics economy faced no state action whatsoever.<ref>{{citation |author=Greeshma Kuthar |title=Fire and Blood: How the BJP is enabling ethnic cleansing in Manipur |magazine=The Caravan |date=31 July 2023 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/how-bjp-enabling-ethnic-cleansing-manipur}}</ref>

Singh also directly patronised [[Arambai Tenggol]] and [[Meitei Leepun]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Probe involvement of 2 radical Meitei groups in Manipur pogrom |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/probe-involvement-of-2-radical-meitei-groups-in-manipur-pogrom-tribal-student-bodies/article66868875.ece |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>, two armed Meitei nationalist organisations that would go on to lead mob violence against Kuki communities after 3 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Watch: The Men Behind Violence In The Indian State Of Manipur |url=https://religionunplugged.com/news/2023/8/16/manipur-watch-the-men-behind-the-violence |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Religion Unplugged |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-04 |title=The Saga of Unfettered Violence - Thingkho le Malcha |url=https://www.thingkholemalcha.com/the-saga-of-unfettered-violence/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>. Arambai Tenggol's Facebook page publicly displayed photographs of its members meeting with Singh, and the organisation enjoyed the joint patronage of the Chief Minister and Rajya Sabha MP Leishemba Sanajaoba, the state's titular king.<ref>[https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-who-are-meitei-radical-group-arambai-tenggol-and-why-did-they-summon-manipur-lawmakers Explained: Who Are Meitei Radical Group Arambai Tenggol And Why Did They Summon Manipur Lawmakers?], Outlook, 25 January 2024.</ref><ref name="Kuthar Arambai Tenggol"/> Human rights monitors described these organisations as having injected militancy into Meitei civil society, a militancy that state leadership chose to encourage rather than restrain.<ref name="IE activist's home">[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-human-rights-activists-home-vandalised-8970493/ Manipur human rights activist's home vandalised], The Indian Express, 6 October 2023.</ref>

=== Refugees from Myanmar ===
The [[Myanmar civil war (2021-present)|renewed civil war in Myanmar]] following the 2021 military coup generated a significant influx of [[Chin people|Chin]] refugees into Manipur and [[Mizoram]], as fighting in the [[Chin theater|Chin theatre]] displaced large numbers of civilians. As of May 2023, the state government acknowledged approximately 2,000 Myanmar nationals in state-run shelters, though other estimates placed the figure between 5,000 and 10,000.<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/manipur-cm-n-biren-singh-says-2000-myanmarese-currently-in-the-state/cid/1933909 Manipur CM says 2,000 Myanmarese in the state], The Telegraph (India), 3 May 2023.</ref>

The Biren Singh government and the BJP at the centre instrumentalised this refugee crisis by conflating the Chin refugees, who are ethnically related to the Kuki-Zo peoples, with the entire long-settled Kuki community, branding Indian citizens wholesale as illegal immigrants.<ref>Zaina Azhar Sayeda, [https://www.outlookindia.com/national/how-myanmar-civil-war-is-affecting-the-kuki-zo-people-in-manipur-violence-news-333297 How Myanmar Civil War Affects The Kuki-Zo People In Manipur], Outlook, 28 November 2023.</ref> This conflation, which deliberately blurred the distinction between long-settled Indian citizens and recently arrived refugees, served as a political tool to delegitimise Kuki land and citizenship claims that are constitutionally unambiguous.<ref name="wapomyanmar"/> Angshuman Choudhury of the Centre for Policy Research described the government narrative as scapegoating the tribal peoples rather than addressing the actual humanitarian situation.<ref name="wapomyanmar"/> Home Affairs Minister [[Amit Shah]]'s claim that the refugee influx had created insecurities that triggered the violence effectively legitimised mob attacks on Indian citizens by attributing communal fears to an external cause that state policy itself had manufactured.<ref>Angshuman Choudhury, [https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/centre-blaming-myanmar-migrants-for-manipur-violence-is-dangerous/article67212603.ece Centre blaming Myanmar migrants for Manipur violence is dangerous], Frontline, 24 August 2023.</ref>

=== International factors ===

On 15 August 2023, Manipur Chief Minister N. Biren Singh attributed the violence in part to foreign conspiracies and the actions of vested interests seeking to destabilise the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=15 August 2023 |title=Misunderstandings and conspiracies by foreigners led to violence: Manipur CM N Biren Singh |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/actions-of-vested-interests-and-conspiracies-of-foreign-nationals-trying-to-destabilise-the-state-manipur-cm-biren-singh/articleshow/102749110.cms}}</ref> The [[National Investigation Agency]] also stated that it was examining the possibility of foreign involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |title=Foreign conspiracy behind Manipur violence: NIA |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/manipur/foreign-conspiracy-behind-manipur-violence-nia-2707794 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== Antecedents ==
[[File:Religious map of Manipur.png|thumb|right|280px|Map of the religious distribution in Manipur. Meitei Hindus (orange) and Meitei-Pangal Muslims (green) are predominant in the dense urban valley region, whereas Christians (blue) predominate in the sparsely populated tribal hilly regions]]
On 7 November 2022, the Government of Manipur passed an order setting aside previous orders from the 1970s and 1980s that excluded villages from proposed [[Churachandpur-Khoupum protected forest]], which automatically placed 38 ancestral villages in Churachandpur in the encroaching category.<ref>"Tension has been escalating when the state government issued a special order on 7 November 2022 which set aside the orders passed in objection cases, excluding villages from the proposed Churachandpur–Khoupum Protected Forest in the 1970s and the early 1980s. With this order, 38 villages in Churachandpur district suddenly became encroachers in their ancestral lands." {{harvcol|Haokip|2023|p=7}}</ref> In February 2023, the [[BJP]] state government began an eviction drive in districts of Churachandpur, Kangpokpi and Tengnoupal, declaring the forest dwellers as encroachers—a move seen as anti-tribal.<ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |title=The genesis of the Manipur problem: All you need to know about the recent crisis |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/the-genesis-of-the-manipur-problem-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-recent-crisis/cid/1934665 |work=Telegraph India |date=6 May 2023 |quote=The eviction drive, which began in February, declared the forest dwellers as encroachers and was seen as anti-tribal.}}</ref><ref name="EXPRESS"/>

In March, the [[Second N. Biren Singh ministry|Manipur Cabinet]] decided to withdraw from the [[Ceasefire|Suspension of Operation]] agreements with three Kuki militant groups, including the [[Kuki National Army]] and the [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]], though the central government did not support such a withdrawal.<ref name="EXPRESS">{{cite news |author=Deeptiman Tiwary |date=5 May 2023 |title=Rising protests, spurts of violence, late police reaction – what went wrong in Manipur |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rising-protests-violence-late-police-reaction-what-went-wrong-manipur-8593988/}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph"/>{{Efn|The Suspension of Operations agreement is a tripartite agreement between the central government, the state government and 25 Kuki militant groups. The state government's withdrawal is unlikely to have had any effect on the ground without the central government support.}} Several Manipuri organisations also demonstrated in New Delhi to press for a [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC) to be created with 1951 as the base year, complaining of abnormal population growth in hill areas.<ref name="IT decades-old">{{cite news |author=Yudhajit Shankar Das |date=4 May 2023 |title=Manipur violence: State is burning, but what is the decades-old fuel behind the fire |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-violence-clashes-nrc-meitei-kuki-naga-imphal-valley-illegal-immigration-myanmar-reserve-forests-biren-singh-2368476-2023-05-04 |work=India Today}}</ref> The first violence broke out as five people were injured in a clash in the Kangpokpi district, where protesters gathered to hold a rally against "encroachment of tribal land in the name of reserved forests, protected forests and wildlife sanctuary".<ref name="Telegraph"/> While, the state cabinet stated that the government will not compromise on "steps taken to protect the state government's forest resources and for eradicating poppy cultivation".<ref name="Telegraph"/> Social scientists, such as Dhanabir Laishram, have argued that targeting those poor Kuki cultivators alone would be futile. A rich section of the Meitei community is blamed to be one of the major funders.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Lien Chongloi |title=Dispelling Some Misleading Claims About the Violence in Manipur |website=The Wire |date=27 May 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-violence-claims-counterclaims-meitei-kuki}}</ref> On 11 April, three churches in [[Imphal]]'s Tribal Colony locality were razed for being illegal constructions on government land.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |title=The genesis of the Manipur problem: All you need to know about the recent crisis |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/the-genesis-of-the-manipur-problem-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-recent-crisis/cid/1934665 |work=Telegraph India |date=6 May 2023}}</ref>

On 20 April 2023, a judge of the [[Manipur High Court]] directed the [[Government of Manipur|state government]] to "consider request of the Meitei community to be included in the [[Scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST) list."<ref>{{cite news |last=Majhi |first=Suman |date=5 May 2023 |title=কী কারণে জ্বলছে মণিপুর? আন্দোলনকারীদের দাবি কী? জানুন সবটা |url=https://eisamay.com/north-east-india/what-situation-happened-in-manipur-know-details/articleshow/100009966.cms |work=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref> The Kukis feared that the ST status would allow the Meiteis purchase land in the prohibited hilly areas.<ref name="IT decades-old"/>

The [[Indigenous Tribal Leaders' Forum|Indigenous Tribal Leaders' Forum (ITLF)]] called for a total shut down on 28 April in protest of the state government actions, a day that also happened to have been scheduled for the chief minister [[N. Biren Singh]] to visit Churachandpur for the inauguration of an open air gym. The day before the visit, a mob set fire to the gym and vandalised it. The ITLF claimed that it started the agitation as the state government was not addressing the plight of the people.<ref name="IT 4 May how"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Manipur violence: Mob sets open gym facility on fire ahead of CM's visit, Section 144 imposed in Churachandpur |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/manipur-violence-mob-sets-open-gym-facility-on-fire-ahead-of-cms-visit-section-144-imposed-in-churachandpur/3066599/ |website=Financialexpress}}</ref> [[Section 144]] was invoked on 28 April as well as a five-day Internet shutdown. The protesters clashed with the police and tear gas shells were used to disperse the mobs.<ref name="IT 4 May how">{{cite news |last=Hussain |first=Afrida |date=4 May 2023 |title=How Manipur violence unfolded: A timeline of events |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-violence-tribals-protest-meiteis-kukis-clash-timeline-of-events-2368651-2023-05-04 |work=India Today}}</ref>

What has been said, openly, including by Chief Minister Biren Singh, is that too many “foreign” (Myanmar Kukis) are involved, there is foreign (Chinese, he insinuated) hand, and that the Kuki tribals are forest encroachers, illicit poppy growers, drug smugglers and terrorists. “Terrorist” is an expression he has used for them more than once and it has been widely reported in the national broadsheets.<ref name="the-print-biren-statements">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |date=22 July 2023 |title=New BJP govt, old divisive ways. Biren's rule shows party never gave Manipur real change |work=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/national-interest/new-bjp-govt-old-divisive-ways-birens-rule-shows-party-never-gave-manipur-real-change/1680803/}}</ref>

== Overview ==
=== Initial riots ===
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|24.423|93.7157}}
| zoom = 13
| width = 300
| height = 300
| caption = Villages at the Churachandpur-Bishnupur district border
| mark-coord = 
| label = Triangle 
| label-pos =
}}
On 3 May 2023, i.e. Day 1 of the Manipur Violence, the tribal organisation All Tribal Student Union Manipur (ATSUM), opposing the Meitei demand for ST status, conducted a "Tribal Solidarity March". Tens of thousands of protesters participated in the march across all hill districts of Manipur.<ref name="IT 4 May how"/><ref name="IT decades-old">{{cite news |author=Yudhajit Shankar Das |date=4 May 2023 |title=Manipur violence: State is burning, but what is the decades-old fuel behind the fire |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-violence-clashes-nrc-meitei-kuki-naga-imphal-valley-illegal-immigration-myanmar-reserve-forests-biren-singh-2368476-2023-05-04 |work=India Today}}</ref> According to the Union Home Ministry, the call for the march also generated a "counter response" by the Meiteis,<ref name="Supreme Court leave petition">[https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2023/19206/19206_2023_1_7_45953_Judgement_07-Aug-2023.pdf Special Leave Petition (Civil) Diary No 19206 of 2023: Dinganglung Gangmei vs. Mutum Churamani Meetei & Others], The Supreme Court of India, August 2023.
"... large-scale violence broke out in the State of Manipur on 3 May 2023 ''after'' a Tribal Solidarity March undertaken by All Tribal Students Union Manipur (ATSUM).... The call for this march led to a ''counter response'' by Meiteis. Thereafter large-scale violence broke out in the State of Manipur...".</ref> and protests and rallies were called at various locations in the Imphal Valley.<ref>[https://www.borderlens.com/2023/05/03/manipur-erupts-in-violence/ Manipur erupts in violence even as massive crowd show up for tribal solidarity rally], Borderlens, 4 May 2023. "Throughout the day tension was palpable as valley based Meitei groups began protests and rallies to counter the tribal solidarity march."</ref> Reports were received of a counter-blockade at [[Torbung]] near the [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]–Churachandpur district border,<ref name="IFP Counter-blockade">[https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/counter-blockade-unjustified-atsum Counter-blockade unjustified: ATSUM], Imphal Free Press, 3 May 2023. {{ProQuest|2808663968}}</ref><ref name="Sangai 4 May Torbung">{{Cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Tribal Solidarity March takes ugly turn; houses, offices, vehicles burnt |work=The Sangai Express |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/5/4/OSR-CorrespondentsIMPHAL-May-3-Thousands-of-people-took-out-the-Tribal-Solidarity-March-in-t.html |at=Churachandpur section |quote=Reports about a clash between people who had imposed a counter-blockade at Torbung and those returning from the rally started doing the rounds at Torbung. The stand-off that initially started with pelting stones soon escalated with vehicles and properties being targeted. Violence and arson rapidly engulfed the neighbouring Kangvai area as people were seen leaving their homes and running into an open field.}}</ref><ref name="Hindu 3 May"/><ref name="Wire Meitei Pride Group">[https://thewire.in/video/watch-meitei-leepun-pramot-singh-karan-thapar-manipur-violence-kukis Watch | Meitei Pride Group's Threat: 'Kukis Mainly Illegal, Modi Must Intervene or There'll Be Civil War’], The Wire, 6 June 2023. '[Pramot Singh is] also questioned about his tweet of 2 May (24 hours before the troubles began) where the Meitei Leepun official Twitter handle called for a counter-blockade adding, “it's our duty to enforce our position physically”.</ref> and a counter-agitation in the surrounding valley areas (such as the Kangvai village), where houses were attacked by Meitei mobs.<ref name="Borderlens 3 May Kangvai">[https://www.borderlens.com/2023/05/03/manipur-erupts-in-violence/ Manipur erupts in violence even as massive crowd show up for tribal solidarity rally], Borderlens, 4 May 2023. "Unidentified men attacked tribal houses in Kangvai along the Bishnupur-Churachandpur border. Police personnel could be seen following the mob as it went on rampaging and vandalising houses."</ref><ref name="Sangai 4 May Moirang">{{Cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Tribal Solidarity March takes ugly turn; houses, offices, vehicles burnt |work=The Sangai Express |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/5/4/OSR-CorrespondentsIMPHAL-May-3-Thousands-of-people-took-out-the-Tribal-Solidarity-March-in-t.html |at=Moirang section |quote=(Lead paragraph: Several houses, shops and vehicles have been torched at Torbung, Bangla, Kangvai and Phougakchao Ikhai situated along the adjoining areas of Churachandpur and Bishnupur districts.) It is reported that the properties were torched for launching a counter agitation against the Solidarity March of ATSUM.}}</ref><ref>* {{cite news |author=Jon Suante |title=Manipur Govt Brings in Army, Assam Rifles to Curb Violence, CM Urges Peace on TV |work=The Wire |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/politics/manipur-after-violence-during-protest-marches-curfew-imposed-mobile-internet-suspended |quote=The miscreants’ act resulted in a clash between the villagers of Churachandpur and Bishnpur districts, around Kangvai locality where the majority population belongs to the Kuki tribal community. Locals told ''The Wire'' their houses were burnt, forcing dozens of them to rush to nearby forests for shelter and safety.}}
* {{cite news |last=Das |first=Yudhajit Shankar |date=4 May 2023 |title=Manipur violence: State is burning, but what is the decades-old fuel behind the fire |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-violence-clashes-nrc-meitei-kuki-naga-imphal-valley-illegal-immigration-myanmar-reserve-forests-biren-singh-2368476-2023-05-04 |work=India Today |quote='They [Meitei mobs] only moved back only after Kukis from neighbouring villages and towns came to confront them. The initial violence was in Kangvai village. Police and commandos remained mute spectators and sided with them as they went about ransacking and destroying houses. Over 30 people have been injured,' says [Kelvin Neihsial of All Manipur Tribal Union].}}
* {{Cite news |author=Lien Chongloi |title=Dispelling Some Misleading Claims About the Violence in Manipur |website=The Wire |date=27 May 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-violence-claims-counterclaims-meitei-kuk |quote=According to eyewitness accounts, many Meitei volunteers who were held up at Kakwa [Kwakta] areas started moving towards Torbung and Kangvai areas and began torching Kuki houses. The first victim of that mob attack was Haopu Kipgen from Torbung Village; he was bludgeoned to death. The first casualty with torching of houses, therefore, was a Kuki.}}
* {{cite news |author=Sudha Ramachandran |title=Kham Khan Suan Hausing on Why Manipur Is up in Flames |work=The Diplomat |date=12 June 2023 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/kham-khan-suan-hausing-on-why-manipur-is-up-in-flames/ |quote=These protest rallies were peaceful. Yet they were met with counter-blockades by various Meitei civil society organizations in various parts of the valley. Meitei miscreants burned down the Anglo-Kuki War (1917–19) Centenary Memorial Gate at Leisang village and beat up Kuki boys returning from a protest rally. Such incidents escalated into mob fighting. As the Meitei mobs burned down some Vaiphei-speaking houses in Kangvai village later, the ethnopolitical conflict spread like wildfire and transformed large parts of the state into killing fields.}}</ref>
Two dead bodies were discovered in the Kangvai village and tyres were burnt at the base of the Anglo-Kuki War Memorial gate at Leisang as an apparent provocation.<ref name="IE 26 July">{{cite news |author=Deeptiman Tiwary |title=An arrest, crackdown and deep distrust: Manipur fire had been simmering for over a year |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=26 July 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/arrest-crackdown-deep-distrust-manipur-simmering-for-over-a-year-8861234/ |id={{ProQuest|2841943429}} |quote=Things began to turn ugly around 2.15 pm that day after a tyre was seen burning along the plaque of the Kuki War memorial gate near Torbung, kilometers ahead of Churachandpur. Around the same time, police found two bodies in Kangvai village, a kilometre away from Torbung. Following this, massive crowds began building up on the Torbung-Kangwai stretch of the Imphal-Churachandpur highway.}}</ref><ref name="Chongloi 27 May Torbung">Lien Chongloi, [https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-violence-claims-counterclaims-meitei-kuki Dispelling Some Misleading Claims About the Violence in Manipur], The Wire, 27 May 2023. "On May 3, while a peaceful protest was underway at the Kuki-majority Churachandpur town, news had reached the hill areas that the Anglo-Kuki Centenary Gate at Leisang-Monglenphai was set on fire by unidentified Meitei miscreants. According to eyewitness accounts, many Meitei volunteers who were held up at Kakwa [Kwakta] areas started moving towards Torbung and Kangvai areas and began torching Kuki houses. The first victim of that mob attack was Haopu Kipgen from Torbung Village; he was bludgeoned to death. The first casualty with torching of houses, therefore, was a Kuki."</ref><ref name="Suan chilling methods">Kham Khan Suan Hausing, [https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/manipur-riots-chilling-methods-madness-8592834/ Manipur riots: The chilling methods in the madness], The Indian Express, 5 May 2023. {{ProQuest|2809434306}}. "The immediate spark for the violence was provided by the retaliatory destruction of the Anglo-Kuki War Memorial Gate in Leisang and razing of Vaiphei houses in Kangvai village by Meitei mobs following the beating up of a Meitei driver whose tripper truck hit a bike and ran over a stock of water bottles kept for use by peaceful tribal protestors in Lamka on the same day."</ref>

After the reportedly peaceful rally in the Churachandpur town in which 100,000 people participated,<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2023 |title=Thousands march against ST demand in Manipur hill districts |work=Imphal Free Press |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/thousands-march-against-st-demand-in-manipur-hill-districts |quote=The march was a grand success in Churachandpur district where a record crowd, estimated to be more than one lakh [100,000], including students started the march from Lamka Public Ground, Hiangtam Lamka and culminated at Peace Ground, Tuibong, as reported by our Churachandpur correspondent. There were no reports of any untoward incident till 1 pm.}}</ref><ref name="Supreme Court leave petition"/> rallyists returning to the Torbung–Kangvai area{{Efn|[[Torbung]] and Kangvai are villages near the border between the Churachandpur district and the Bishnupur district. They contain both Meitei and Kuki settlements, with overlapping jurisdictions of the two districts.<ref name="Puia">{{citation |first=Roluah |last=Puia |chapter=When boundaries matter: land, laws and territorial conflict in Manipur, Northeast India |editor1=Kedilezo Kikhi |editor2=Dharma Rakshit Gautam |title=Comprehending Equity |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-00-318272-6 |pages=98– |doi=10.4324/9781003182726-8 |s2cid=238794539 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/49356615 |via=academia.edu |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>}} faced the "counter-blockade" by the Meitei groups. This resulted in stone-throwing and arson of vehicles and properties. Kangvai Bazar adjacent to Torbung was burnt down.<ref name="Sangai 4 May Torbung"/><ref name="Chongloi 27 May Torbung"/> These events caused a large number of Kuki-Zo people from Churachandpur side to rush to the clash site and participate in the clashes, including the burning of the [[Torbung Bangla|Bangla]] village in Churachandpur district.<ref name="Sangai 4 May Bangla">{{Cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Tribal Solidarity March takes ugly turn; houses, offices, vehicles burnt |work=The Sangai Express |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/5/4/OSR-CorrespondentsIMPHAL-May-3-Thousands-of-people-took-out-the-Tribal-Solidarity-March-in-t.html |at=Moirang section |quote=Later, a large number of people from Churachandpur side stormed towards Bangla and Torbung along Tiddim Road and destroyed several shops.}}</ref>{{efn|name="boundary"|The Bangla village (also called [[Torbung Bangla]]) is in the Churachandpur district, and Torbung and Kangvai are in the Bishnupur district according to the best available information. But the border between the two districts is considered to be fluid, with Meitei and Kuki settlements on both the sides of the border and each community claiming the villages to be in the opposite district. The Manipur government has added to the confusion by its land administration policies.<ref name="Puia"/><ref name="Hindu wrongly included">Vijaita Singh, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/several-hill-villages-in-manipur-wrongly-included-in-valley-districts-st-panel/article67296353.ece Several hill villages in Manipur wrongly included in valley districts: ST panel], The Hindu, 11 September 2023.</ref>}} About 80 people were injured in the violence who were taken to the Churachandpur District Hospital, of whom at least three people died.<ref>Kalyan Deb, [https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/05/04/manipur-violence-three-dead-in-churachandpur-two-critical/ Manipur violence: Three dead in Churachandpur, two critical], EastMojo, 4 May 2023.</ref>

By the evening of 3 May, clashes spread to the Churachandpur town, where Meitei settlements were attacked, and the [[Imphal]] City, where Kuki-Zo settlements were attacked. Violence continued through the night of 3 May. Residences and churches of the Kuki tribal population were attacked in the valley areas.<ref name="HT 5 May">{{cite news |author=Utpal Parashar |date=5 May 2023 |title=Manipur clashes: Genesis of the decades-old Meitei-Kuki divide |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/clashes-between-kukis-and-meiteis-in-manipur-over-st-status-proposal-for-meitei-community-violence-and-damage-reported-101683225905138.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="Guardian 5 May"/> According to the police, many houses of the tribal population in Imphal were attacked and 500 occupants were displaced and had to take shelter in [[Lamphelpat]]. Around 1000 Meiteis affected by the violence also had to flee from the region and take shelter in Bishnupur. Twenty houses were burnt in the city of [[Kangpokpi district|Kangpokpi]].<ref name="Hindu 4 May shoot-at-sight">{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=4 May 2023 |title=Many killed in Manipur riots; State government issues shoot-at-sight order |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manipur-violence-government-issues-shoot-at-sight-orders-in-extreme-cases/article66812131.ece}}</ref> Violence was observed in [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]], [[Kakching]], Canchipur, Soibam Leikai, Tengnoupal, Langol, Kangpokpi and Moreh while mostly being concentrated in the [[Imphal Valley]] during which several houses, places of worship and other properties were burnt and destroyed.<ref name="Hindu 3 May">{{Cite news |author=PTI |title=Curfew in eight districts of Manipur, mobile internet services suspended over tribal stir |work=The Hindu |date=3 May 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/curfew-in-eight-districts-of-manipur-mobile-internet-services-suspended-over-tribal-stir/article66809376.ece}}</ref><ref name="Hindu 4 May shoot-at-sight"/>

On 4 May, fresh cases of violence were reported. The police force had to fire several rounds of [[tear gas]] shells to control the rioters.<ref name="Hindu 3 May"/> Kuki [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Vunzjagin Valte]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]), who was the representative of the tribal headquarters of Churachandpur, was attacked during the riots while he was returning from the state secretariat. His condition was reported to be critical on 5 May, while a person accompanying him died. Valte died of complications as a result of this attack on 20 February 2026.<ref name="Wire YA">{{cite news |author=Yaqut Ali |date=5 May 2023 |title=At Least 13 Killed as Violence Grips Manipur |url=https://thewire.in/politics/manipur-violence-deaths}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kundu |first=Indrajit |date=4 May 2023 |title=Manipur violence: BJP MLA attacked by mob in Imphal, critical |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-violence-bjp-mla-vungzagin-valte-attacked-by-mob-in-imphal-2368705-2023-05-04 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2026 |title=Manipur BJP MLA Vungzagin Valte Passes Away |work=Northeast Live |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/manipur/breaking-news-manipur-bjp-mla-vungzagin-valte-passes-away/}}</ref> The government said around 1700 houses and numerous vehicles were burned down during the violence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=60 killed, 1,700 houses burnt: Manipur CM calls for calm |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ethnic-violence-in-manipur-leaves-60-dead-231-injured-and-1-700-houses-gutted-high-level-inquiry-announced-101683570901143.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 May 2023 |title=Ethnic clashes continue in India's Manipur despite army presence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/6/ethnic-clashes-continue-in-indias-manipur-despite-army-presence |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

=== Government response ===
A curfew was imposed across eight districts, including non-tribal dominated [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]], [[Kakching district|Kakching]], [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]], [[Jiribam district|Jiribam]], and Bishnupur districts, as well as tribal-dominated Churachandpur, [[Kangpokpi district|Kangpokpi]], and [[Tengnoupal district|Tengnoupal]] districts.<ref name="WIRE">{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Yaqut |date=5 May 2023 |title=At Least 13 Killed as Violence Grips Manipur |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/politics/manipur-violence-deaths}}</ref>

The Manipur government issued a [[shoot at sight]] order on 4 May.<ref name="Hindu 4 May shoot-at-sight"/> By the end of 3 May 55 [[Column (formation)|columns]] of the [[Assam Rifles]] and the [[Indian Army]] were deployed in the region and by 4 May, more than 9,000 people were relocated to safer locations.<ref name="BBC 4 May">{{Cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Manipur: Curfew in Indian state after protests turn violent |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65478547}}</ref><ref name="IT 4 May">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Anupam |last2=Singh |first2=Jitendra Bahadur |date=4 May 2023 |title=In violence-hit Manipur, Army rescues 9,000 people; Amit Shah dials CM Biren Singh |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-assam-rifles-called-manipur-fresh-violence-churachandpur-n-biren-singh-2368312-2023-05-04}}</ref><ref name="Hindu 4 May shoot-at-sight"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Army deployed in violence-hit Manipur, 9,000 people shifted to safer places |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/army-deployed-in-violence-hit-manipur-9000-people-shifted-to-safer-places/cid/1934307 |newspaper=The Telegraph (Kolkata)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2023 |title=9,000 evacuated as clashes, arson rock Manipur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/violence-escalates-in-manipur-as-indian-army-and-assam-rifles-called-in-to-control-clashes-between-tribal-and-meitei-communities-101683226207221.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> By 5 May, about 20,000 and by 6 May, 23,000 people had been relocated to safe locations under military supervision.<ref name="Guardian 5 May"/><ref name="Hindu 7 May">{{Cite news |date=7 May 2023 |title=Life limps back to normalcy in Manipur, curfew relaxed |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manipur-relaxes-curfew-in-churachandpur-for-few-hours-to-allow-people-buy-essentials/article66822730.ece}}</ref> The central government airlifted 5 [[Company (military unit)|companies]] of the [[Rapid Action Force]] to the region.<ref name="Hindu 4 May army">{{Cite news |author=Rahul Karmakar |date=4 May 2023 |title=Fifty-five Army columns deployed in violence-hit Manipur, 9,000 people shifted to safer places |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/army-deployed-in-violence-hit-manipur-4000-people-shifted/article66810943.ece}}</ref> Nearly 10,000 army, paramilitary and [[Central Armed Police Force]]s were deployed in Manipur.<ref name="NYT 6 May">{{cite news |last1=Travelli |first1=Alex |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |date=6 May 2023 |title=Dozens Killed in Ethnic Clashes in India's Manipur State |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/06/world/asia/ethnic-clashes-indias-manipur-state.html |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Hindu 6 May">{{Cite news |date=6 May 2023 |title=Manipur violence: At least 54 people dead, Imphal Valley returning to normalcy |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manipur-violence-at-least-54-people-dead-imphal-valley-returning-to-normalcy/article66819781.ece}}</ref> As of 14 May, the total military build up in Manipur stood at 126 army columns and 62 companies of paramilitary forces.<ref name="HT 14 May CM"/>

On 4 May, it was widely reported that the [[Government of India|Union government]] had invoked the [[Article 355]] of the Indian Constitution to take over the security situation of Manipur.<ref>{{cite news |author=Utpal Parashar |title=Union govt takes reins of Manipur security |work=mint |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/guwahati-invokes-article-355-as-violence-rages-in-manipur-shoot-at-sight-orders-issued-internet-shut-down-11683221825780.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Centre invokes Article 355 as situation worsens |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/5/5/Guwahati-May-4The-Centre-has-reportedly-invoked-Article-355-of-the-Constitution-in-Manipur-as-the.html |newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manipur: Centre Invokes Article 355, Takes Over Security in Violence-Hit State |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/manipur-violence-centre-takes-control-article-355 |work=TheQuint |date=5 May 2023}}</ref> However, no notification was issued to this effect.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Spirit being enforced, if not the letter': Congress' Jairam Ramesh on Article 355 in Manipur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jairam-ramesh-congress-article-355-manipur-101683815124688.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=11 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Wire Article 355">{{Cite news |title=Manipur: Centre Says 'No Information' on Article 355 |work=The Wire |date=1 August 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/government/manipur-centre-says-no-information-on-article-355}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Home Ministry appointed a security advisor to the Manipur chief minister, Kuldip Singh, who previously headed the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]], and an overall commander for the law and order situation, Ashutosh Sinha.<ref name="Wire Article 355"/>

The insertion of troops led to several engagements between hill-based militants and the [[Indian Reserve Battalion]], resulting in at least five militant deaths. In a separate encounter, four militants were killed. By 6 May the situation had calmed down to a degree.<ref name="Hindu 6 May"/> According to journalist Moses Lianzachin, at least twenty-seven [[Church (building)|churches]] were destroyed or burned down during the violence.<ref name="Guardian 5 May"/> As of 9 May, according to the Manipur government, the death toll was over 60 people.<ref name="IE 9 May">{{cite news |author1=Sukrita Baruah |author2=Jimmy Leivon |author3=Ananthakrishnan Gopalakrishnan |date=9 May 2023 |title=Manipur Govt puts toll at 60, Supreme Court says concerned over lives lost |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-violence-death-toll-supreme-court-says-concerned-over-lives-lost-8598842/}}</ref> The situation was described as "relatively peaceful" on 10 May, with the curfew being relaxed in places,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Saroj Kumar |date=10 May 2023 |title=Manipur 'relatively peaceful', curfew relaxed; 217 FIRs filed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manipur-relatively-peaceful-curfew-relaxed-217-firs-filed/articleshow/100112229.cms}}</ref> though unknown militants fired on Indian troops in an incident in Manipur's Imphal East district, injuring one.<ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |title=Manipur violence: Soldiers fired on in Imphal East; life improving elsewhere |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=10 May 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-violence-soldiers-fired-imphal-east-life-improving-elsewhere-8602672/}}</ref>

On 12 May, suspected Kuki militants ambushed policemen in Bishnupur district, killed one officer and injuring five others.<ref name="TOI1205">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sarojkumar |date=12 May 2023 |title=Militants kidnap 3 Meiteis, kill a cop in violence-hit Manipur |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/militants-kidnap-3-meiteis-kill-a-cop-in-manipur/articleshow/100169870.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> In a separate incident, a soldier was stabbed and three Meitei community members kidnapped in Torbung, Churachandpur district.<ref name=TOI1205/> A day later, the security advisor to the Manipur Government Kuldeep Singh raised the total fatality count from the violence to more than 70 deaths. This included the discovery of three Public Works Department labourers found dead in a vehicle in the Churachandpur from unknown causes.<ref name="CNBC-toll">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |editor-last=Mani |editor-first=Sudarsanan |title=Manipur Violence: Death toll rises to 71, says Security Advisor |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/manipur-violence-death-toll-rises-to-71-says-security-advisor-16655001.htm |work=CNBC-TV18}}</ref> He added the number of internally displaced people living in camps had been significantly reduced, and that about 45,000 people had been relocated to other areas.<ref name=CNBC-toll/>

On 14 May, a delegation of state ministers led by Manipur Chief Minister [[N. Biren Singh|Biren Singh]] left for New Delhi to meet Union home minister [[Amit Shah]] to discuss the situation.<ref name="HT 14 May CM"/>

The internet blackout and curfew remained in place on 16 May.<ref name="Guard1606">{{cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=16 May 2023 |title='Separation is the only answer': Manipur violence fuels calls for separate state in India |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/16/separation-is-the-only-answer-manipur-violence-fuels-calls-for-separate-state-in-india}}</ref> Food was also reported to be scarce, with shops, schools and offices closed, and thousands of people stranded in refugee camps. Fresh violence over the weekend had led to further displacements.<ref name=Guard1606/> On 17 May, the internet blackout was extended for five more days.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-violence-internet-ban-extended-for-5-more-days-8615023/ |title=Manipur violence: Internet ban extended for 5 more days; Assam Rifles jawan succumbs to injuries |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

On March 21, 2026, Yumnam Khemchand Singh held peace meeting between Meitai and Kuki Zo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur: ‘Ice-breaking’ meet marks first Manipur peace outreach in 3 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-ice-breaking-meet-marks-first-manipur-peace-outreach-in-3-years-101774171192305.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 March 2026 |language=en |date=22 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=‘Step to remove trust deficit’: Manipur CM on first talks with Kuki-Zo group in three years |url=https://amp.scroll.in/latest/1091550/step-to-remove-trust-deficit-manipur-cm-on-first-talks-with-kuki-zo-body-in-three-years |website=Scroll.in |access-date=22 March 2026 |date=22 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Recurrent violence ===
{{update section|date=January 2023}}
On 14 May, reports of fresh violence surfaced in the Torbung area, with unidentified arsonists torching more property, including houses and trucks. Five companies of Border Security Forces were deployed. In a separate incident, two Assam Rifles personnel were injured.<ref name="HT 14 May CM">{{cite news |title=Manipur unrest: CM Biren Singh visits Delhi to meet Shah; fresh violence surfaces |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 May 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-chief-minister-meets-amit-shah-to-discuss-violence-situation-cabinet-ministers-accompany-on-special-flight-to-new-delhi-101684077598881.html}}</ref>

Fresh violence occurred on 29 May during which at least five people including one policeman was killed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cop Among 5 Dead In Fresh Manipur Violence Hours Ahead Of Amit Shah Visit |work=NDTV News |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cop-among-5-killed-as-fresh-violence-hits-manipur-4074750 |date=29 May 2023}}</ref>

On 14 June, at least 11 people were shot, including nine Meitei men.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2023 |title=Retaliatory strike by village guards leaves nine dead in Manipur |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manipur-khamenlok-many-killed-june-13-2023/article66967216.ece}}</ref> Additionally, 14 were injured in a fresh outbreak. According to doctors and other senior management officials at the state's capital, the latest clash has been so extreme that many bodies have been hard to identify.<ref>{{cite news |title= Eleven killed in Manipur as new bout of ethnic violence grips India's northeast |url= https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/15/india/india-manipur-violence-deaths-government-silence-intl-hnk/index.html |work= CNN}}</ref>

A 21 year old Kuki youth was arrested for sharing a post against CM Biren Singh on social media. He was beaten to death on a street in Imphal when he was supposed to be in police custody.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2023 |title=Manipur violence {{!}} Youth taken off police van by mob, lynched on May 4: FIR |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-violence-youth-taken-off-police-van-by-mob-lynched-on-may-4-fir-8858299/}}</ref>

On 7 April 2026, a bomb blast struck a residential house in Tronglaobi Awang Leikai village, in [[Bishnupur district]], killing two small children and critically injuring their mother.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipur on boil: Two children killed, woman injured in rocket attack |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/amp/nation/manipur-on-boil-two-children-killed-woman-injured-in-rocket-attack-as-tensions-escalates-in-bishnupur-4423278 |publisher=PTC News |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref> Protests lasted for weeks in the Imphal Valley after the incident and frequent clashes with the security forces took place.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rocket attack in Manipur: Two children killed in Bishnupur after suspected militants target sleeping family, internet suspended in 5 districts |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/india/rocket-attack-in-manipur-two-children-killed-in-bishnupur-after-suspected-militants-target-sleeping-family-internet-suspended-in-5-district-182233/ |publisher=Sunday Guardian |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>

=== Warring groups ===
The principal Meitei armed organisations involved in violence against Kuki-Zo communities were [[Arambai Tenggol]] and [[Meitei Leepun]].<ref name="Hindu Meitei groups">[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/probe-involvement-of-2-radical-meitei-groups-in-manipur-pogrom-tribal-student-bodies/article66868875.ece Probe involvement of 2 radical Meitei groups in Manipur pogrom: tribal student bodies], The Hindu, 19 May 2023.</ref> Both organisations enjoyed documented state patronage, were active participants in the 3 May counter-rallies, and continued operating in the months that followed with what appears to have been impunity. Surrendered cadres of Meitei insurgent groups officially classified as Valley-based Insurgent Groups (VBIGs) were believed by Indian Army intelligence to have trained civilian mobs in the use of looted military arms, and approximately 100 active VBIG cadres were assessed to have crossed from Myanmar to fight on the Meitei side.<ref name="Scroll return">Arunabh Saikia, [https://scroll.in/article/1055257/the-return-of-meitei-insurgents-marks-a-new-turn-in-manipur-conflict The return of Meitei insurgents marks a new turn in Manipur conflict], Scroll.in, 2 September 2023. "[The attack on Thawai Kuki village] signalled that Meitei insurgent groups, largely relegated to the jungles of Myanmar across the border, had returned to fight on behalf of their community... An intelligence officer in the Indian Army said they believe around 100-odd cadres of the KYKL and PLA had crossed over through the Taret Lok river..."</ref>

Although Arambai Tenggol announced its formal dissolution on 26 May 2023,<ref>[https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/arambai-tenggol-dissolved Arambai Tenggol dissolved], Imphal Free Press, 26 May 2023.</ref> its cadres were spotted in September 2023 dressed in police commando uniforms and attempting to break through security checkpoints at Pallel, a development that illustrated both the organisation's continued operational capacity and the porousness of the boundary between the state's security forces and the militias operating in its name.<ref>PTI, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/manipur-death-toll-in-pallel-violence-rises-to-three-with-one-more-succumbing-to-injuries/cid/1964884 Manipur: Death Toll in Pallel violence rises to three], The Telegraph (India), 9 September 2023.</ref>

Kuki-Zo armed groups, principally the [[Kuki National Army]] and affiliated organisations operating under the Suspension of Operations framework, fought primarily in defence of Kuki villages and hill areas. The [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|UN Human Rights Office]] condemned threats against human rights defender Babloo Loitongbam by Arambai Tenggol and Meitei Leepun, and called on Indian authorities to hold those responsible accountable.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/alarmed-unhr-over-attack-on-manipur-activist-8971867/ Alarmed: UNHR over attack on Manipur activist], The Indian Express, 7 October 2023.</ref>

=== Sexual Violence ===
The case that attracted the most significant national attention involved two Kuki women, one in her forties and one in her twenties, who were attacked on 4 May 2023 in the Kangpokpi district. A mob removed them from police custody, stripped and paraded them naked before a crowd, sexually assaulted them, and gang-raped the younger woman. Their father and teenage brother, who attempted to intervene, were killed prior to the assaults. One of the victims subsequently told journalists that police personnel were present with the mob and had transferred custody of the women to them.<ref name="indian-express-naked-women-paraded"/> A formal complaint was filed, but the Manipur state police registered no case for more than two months. A government-imposed internet blackout prevented the video of the assault from circulating. On 19 July 2023, when footage surfaced and spread widely online, authorities made seven arrests; no arrests had been made during the preceding seventy-six days.<ref name="NYT video"/>
The [[National Commission for Women]] subsequently disclosed that it had received a complaint regarding the incident in June 2023 but received no response from Manipur state authorities despite forwarding the complaint three times.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Complaint on the May 4 Assault in Manipur Was Sent to NCW in June. But It Never Got a Reply |work=The Wire |date=21 July 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/women/manipur-a-complaint-on-the-may-4-assault-was-sent-to-ncw-but-the-complainants-never-got-a-reply}}</ref>
Additional cases were documented by ''The Hindu'', which reported that Kuki women were stripped, raped, set on fire, and beheaded during mob attacks.<ref name="Hindu more cases"/> In a separately documented incident, an 18-year-old Kuki woman was gang-raped after being identified and handed over by Meitei women to armed men.<ref name="Hindu 22 Jul"/> These cases were subsequently confirmed by independent journalists and by the monitoring panel appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="Outlook 22 Jul"/>
Testimonies gathered by journalists and human rights investigators described women being forced to walk naked for extended distances before crowds who filmed them, as well as acts of deliberate humiliation prior to assault. Medical personnel treating survivors at relief camps documented injuries consistent with prolonged assault and torture. Scholars of ethnic conflict have noted that the use of sexual violence in such contexts functions not as incidental conduct but as a mechanism to destroy community cohesion and render continued co-habitation untenable.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baines |first=Erin |title=Gender, Responsibility, and the Grey Zone: Considerations for Transitional Justice |journal=Journal of Human Rights |volume=8 |number=4 |pages=336–352 |year=2009 |doi=10.1080/14754830903362553}}</ref> The documented involvement of state police in facilitating a number of the attacks was noted by multiple independent investigations.

=== Casualties and victims ===

Beyond the mass killings of the initial weeks, systematic targeting of individual Kuki-Zo people continued throughout 2023. A 21-year-old Kuki youth arrested for sharing a social media post critical of Chief Minister Biren Singh was beaten to death on a street in Imphal while in police custody. He was taken off a police vehicle by a mob that state personnel made no attempt to stop, and killed in the open. This case illustrated with particular clarity the complete failure of state law enforcement to protect Kuki lives, and the degree to which mob violence and police complicity had become routine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2023 |title=Manipur violence: Youth taken off police van by mob, lynched on May 4: FIR |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-violence-youth-taken-off-police-van-by-mob-lynched-on-may-4-fir-8858299/}}</ref>

Multiple lynchings of Kuki men were documented through the summer of 2023. In at least one case, a Kuki man who had been filmed being lynched was identified, and his family spent weeks trying to recover his body while police declined to assist. Journalists investigating the case were warned off. The killings shared a pattern: Kuki individuals separated from their communities, handed over to or abandoned by police, and killed by mobs who faced no consequences.<ref name="Outlook 20 Jun"/>

[[Reuters]] reported that, during the first week of violence, 77 Kukis and 10 Meiteis were killed.<ref name="Reuters bunkers">Krishn Kaushik, [https://www.reuters.com/world/india/bunkers-sniper-rifles-deepening-sectarian-war-india-dents-modis-image-2023-07-28/ Bunkers, sniper rifles: Deepening sectarian war in India dents Modi's image], Reuters, 28 July 2023.</ref>
The majority of the Kuki deaths were caused by murderous Meitei mobs, who roamed the streets of the Imphal city and other locales in the valley, attacking people in their homes and on the streets.<ref name="Caravan mobs">{{citation |author=Greeshma Kuthar |title=Fire and Blood: How the BJP is enabling ethnic cleansing in Manipur |magazine=The Caravan |date=31 July 2023 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/how-bjp-enabling-ethnic-cleansing-manipur |quote=[In] the Imphal Valley, Meitei mobs led by Arambai Tenggol and Meetei Leepun, often supported by police commandos, sprang into action. They raided police armouries and carried out massacres in tribal neighbourhoods throughout the valley, killing over seventy people and destroying nearly two thousand houses.}}</ref><ref name="Scroll two families">Rokibuz Zaman, [https://scroll.in/article/1048633/in-imphal-victims-families-recount-two-days-of-horror In Imphal, two families recount two days of horror that ended in death], Scroll.in, 5 May 2023.</ref> By 14 May, the government's tally of casualties and property damage from the violence stood at 73 dead, 243 injured, 1809 houses burned down, 46,145 people evacuated, 26,358 people taken to 178 relief camps, 3,124 people escorted evacuation flights, and 385 criminal cases registered with the authorities.<ref name="HT 14 May CM"/>

On 19 July, a video went viral showing two Kuki women, one aged in her forties and another in her twenties, being stripped, paraded naked on the streets, slapped, sexually assaulted and gang-raped by presumably Meitei men.<ref name="NYT video">{{Cite news |last=Raj |first=Suhasini |date=20 July 2023 |title=Video of Sexual Assault Goes Viral in India, Renewing Attention on Ethnic Conflict |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/20/world/asia/india-manipur-video-woman.html |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="indian-express-naked-women-paraded">{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Sukrita |date=20 July 2023 |title=Woman stripped and raped in Manipur speaks: Police were with the mob, they left us with those men |work=[[Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-sexual-assault-mob-video-women-police-8849995/}}</ref><ref name="Wire video">{{Cite web |title=Manipur: Shocking Video Shows Two Kuki Women Paraded Naked; One Was Allegedly Gang-Raped |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/manipur-video-two-kuki-women-paraded-naked-gang-raped |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Manipur Police Were Present, But Didn't Help Us': Women in Harrowing Video Tell 'The Wire' |url=https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-police-women-video-paraded-naked |website=The Wire}}</ref> The women were forcibly taken away from the police station when they were fleeing mob violence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=Women paraded naked in Manipur were forcibly taken away from police custody by mob |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tension-manipur-hills-areas-may-4-video-two-women-paraded-naked-surfaces-8849063/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The younger victim was allegedly gang-raped and one of the victims' father and teenage brother were killed by the mob while trying to protect the victim. Despite the complaint being lodged no action was taken by the police for more than 2 months until the video emerged.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=21 July 2023 |title=India: four men arrested after women stripped naked and paraded in Manipur |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/21/india-arrest-women-stripped-naked-paraded-manipur |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The Kuki community have accused the police of siding with the Meitei community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Investigate police bias in Manipur violence, urges Human Rights Watch |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/latest-news/investigate-police-bias-in-manipur-violence-urges-human-rights-watch/ |website=Maktoob media}}</ref> The video emerged after more than two months since the incident took place as internet was shut down in Manipur.<ref name="NYT video"/><ref name="IE video">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2023 |title=Woman stripped and raped in Manipur speaks: Police were with the mob, they left us with those men |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-sexual-assault-mob-video-women-police-8849995/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Wire video"/><ref name="AJ video">{{Cite web |last=Kuthar |first=Greeshma |title=Outrage in India over video of Manipur women paraded naked, raped |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/20/outrage-in-india-over-video-of-manipur-women-paraded-naked-raped |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> One of the victims said that they have been “left to the mob by the police”.<ref name="IE video"/><ref name="AJ video"/>

On 20 July, Manipur [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[N. Biren Singh|Biren Singh]] defended his decision to curtail Internet access in the state, citing hundreds of similar incidents occurring in the past.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Video: CM Biren Says '100s of Similar Cases' Happened; SC Takes Cognisance |url=https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-video-arrest-biren-singh-supreme-court |website=The Wire}}</ref> The Union government ordered social media platforms to remove all posts showing the viral video.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deep |first1=Aroon |title=Social media platforms told to censor posts on Manipur video |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-asks-twitter-other-social-media-companies-to-take-down-video-of-women-being-paraded-naked-in-manipur/article67100993.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801121107/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-asks-twitter-other-social-media-companies-to-take-down-video-of-women-being-paraded-naked-in-manipur/article67100993.ece |archive-date=1 August 2023}}</ref> Seven arrests were made in the case, all of them after the viral video surfaced.<ref>{{cite news |title=One more arrested in Manipur viral video case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/one-more-arrested-in-manipur-viral-video-case/article67118408.ece |work=PTI |date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801124446/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/one-more-arrested-in-manipur-viral-video-case/article67118408.ece|archive-date=1 August 2023 |location=Imphal}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] responded within hours after the circulation of the video, warning that the court will intervene if the government fails to act.<ref>{{cite news |last1=G |first1=Ananthakrishnan |title=On Manipur video of women paraded naked, Supreme Court says will take action if govt does not |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/why-pm-congress-reacts-centre-manipur-sexual-assault-case-8849680/ |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=21 July 2023}}</ref>

After the media reports circulated about the [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW) having knowledge of the incident as they received a complaint in the month of June, the chairperson of NCW said that she did not receive a response from authorities in Manipur, even after she forwarded the complaint thrice.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Complaint on the May 4 Assault in Manipur Was Sent to NCW in June. But It Never Got a Reply |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=21 July 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/women/manipur-a-complaint-on-the-may-4-assault-was-sent-to-ncw-but-the-complainants-never-got-a-reply}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=National Commission for Women was informed about Manipur sexual assault 38 days ago: Reports |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=21 July 2023 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1053037/national-commission-for-women-was-informed-about-manipur-sexual-assault-38-days-ago-reports}}</ref>

The CBI took over the case on 29 July.<ref>{{cite news |title=CBI takes over Manipur sexual assault case investigation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-takes-over-manipur-sexual-assault-case-investigation/article67134692.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801120007/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-takes-over-manipur-sexual-assault-case-investigation/article67134692.ece |archive-date=1 August 2023}}</ref> On 1 August, the Supreme Court stopped CBI from recording the two women's statements which was scheduled just two hours before the Supreme Court hearing on the case, due to objections by the women.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipur sexual assault survivors object to case being transferred to CBI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-ask-centre-manipur-firs-of-violence-lodged-against-women-violence/article67141020.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |date=1 August 2023 |title= SC stops CBI from recording statements of two Manipur women victims at noon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-stops-cbi-from-recording-statements-of-two-manipur-women-victims-at-noon/article67145122.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The home of Babloo Loitongbam, human rights activist and director of Human Rights Alert, was vandalised on 5 October 2023 for his activism. The radical Meitei organisation, Meitei Leepun, issued a "boycott call" to Loitongbam.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipur human rights activist's home vandalised |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-human-rights-activists-home-vandalised-8970493/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipur activist Babloo Loitongbam's home attacked in Imphal |work=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1057160/manipur-activist-babloo-loitongbams-home-attacked-in-imphal}}</ref> The [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] said "We are alarmed by threats to human rights defender Babloo Loitongbam by Meitei Leepun and Arambai Tenggol groups in Manipur for speaking out on communal violence since May. We urge authorities to protect him, his family and home, and hold perpetrators accountable".<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/alarmed-unhr-over-attack-on-manipur-activist-8971867/ Alarmed: UNHR over attack on Manipur activist], The Indian Express, 7 October 2023.</ref>

==== Forced Displacement and Relief Camps ====
The violence produced a de facto ethnic partition of Manipur. By June 2023, the state had divided along a line of armed checkpoints and buffer zones separating Meitei and Kuki-Zo areas. Both communities acquired weapons, including firearms looted from state armouries. By October 2023, an estimated 6,000 weapons and 600,000 rounds of ammunition had been taken from police armouries, along with mortars, grenades, bulletproof vests, and police uniforms; only approximately one quarter had been recovered.<ref name="IE 29 Oct"/>
More than 60,000 people were displaced, the majority of them Kuki-Zo. Entire villages in the Imphal Valley were burned and their populations driven into relief camps, many of which remained occupied for months and then years. Journalists who visited the camps documented severe overcrowding, inadequate food and medical supplies, poor sanitation, and an absence of rehabilitation planning by the state government.<ref name="Guardian 10 July"/> Women who had survived sexual violence received no counselling or medical follow-up. In March 2025, the [[Supreme Court of India]] dispatched six judges to visit the camps and meet with displaced persons whose conditions had not been resolved after nearly two years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Supreme Court Judges To Visit Manipur's Relief Camps, Meet Displaced People |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/6-supreme-court-judges-to-visit-manipur-relief-camps-meet-displaced-people-7952774 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
Scholars of indigenous rights have noted that the destruction of Kuki-Zo villages threatened not only the physical safety of their inhabitants but the cultural and institutional structures on which those communities depend, including ancestral land tenure and customary village governance.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |title=Selective Outrage, Selective Targeting: The Politics of Othering in Manipur |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=59 |number=31 |pages=36--40 |date=20 July 2024 |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=4757638}}</ref>
On 18 May 2023, all ten elected Kuki-Zo legislators, including members of the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], jointly demanded a separate administration for their communities under the [[Constitution of India]], alleging that the violence had received tacit support from the state government led by Chief Minister N. Biren Singh.<ref name=Scroll-10MLA>{{Cite news |title=Manipur violence: All 10 Kuki MLAs demand separate administration for their community |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1049014/manipur-violence-all-10-kuki-mlas-demand-separate-administration-for-their-community |date=12 May 2023 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref>

== Supreme Court proceedings ==
The Supreme Court of India became the primary institutional check on the Manipur state government's conduct during the crisis, performing a role that the executive branch of the Indian state had entirely abdicated. On 31 July 2023, the Court demanded a complete breakdown of the approximately 6,000 FIRs related to the violence and expressed shock upon learning that police had taken 14 days to register even a zero FIR in the case of the two women who had been gang-raped and paraded naked in public.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=Give us complete break-up of 6,000 FIRs, SC tells Manipur government |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/give-us-complete-break-up-of-6000-firs-sc-tells-manipur-government/article67142598.ece |work=The Hindu |date=31 July 2023}}</ref>

On 1 August, the Court described police investigations as tardy and declared that Manipur had undergone an absolute breakdown of the constitutional machinery.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=Manipur status report on FIRs shows complete breakdown of constitutional machinery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur-status-report-on-crimes-shows-there-was-a-complete-breakdown-of-constitutional-machinery-from-may-to-july-end-supreme-court/article67145756.ece |work=The Hindu |date=1 August 2023}}</ref>

On 7 August 2023, the Supreme Court took ''[[suo moto]]'' cognisance of the crisis and constituted an independent committee headed by retired Jammu and Kashmir High Court Chief Justice [[Gita Mittal]], including former judges Shalini Phansaklar Joshi and [[Asha Menon (judge)|Asha Menon]], to oversee relief and rehabilitation. Retired Mumbai Police Commissioner [[Dattatray Padsalgikar]] was appointed to supervise criminal investigations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=G |first1=Ananthakrishnan |title=Supreme Court intervenes in Manipur, names probe monitor, panel of ex-judges |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-violence-sc-commences-hearing-state-proposes-district-level-sit-probe-cases-8880736/ |work=Indian Express |date=8 August 2023}}</ref>

The CBI took over the sexual assault case on 29 July 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=CBI takes over Manipur sexual assault case investigation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-takes-over-manipur-sexual-assault-case-investigation/article67134692.ece |work=The Hindu |date=29 July 2023}}</ref> The two women victims objected to the manner in which their statements were being taken, and the Supreme Court intervened on 1 August to prevent the CBI from recording their statements until appropriate protections were established.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |date=1 August 2023 |title=SC stops CBI from recording statements of two Manipur women victims at noon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-stops-cbi-from-recording-statements-of-two-manipur-women-victims-at-noon/article67145122.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The Supreme Court proceedings represented one of the few institutional spaces in which the evidence of atrocities against Kuki-Zo people was considered seriously. The court's own language, characterising what occurred as a breakdown of constitutional machinery, was stronger than anything uttered by the Prime Minister in the same period.

== Political developments ==

Chief Minister Singh maintained his position throughout the crisis, resisting calls for resignation from opposition parties, Kuki legislators, civil society groups, and international human rights organisations. His responses to media and parliamentary questions were characterised by consistent minimisation of the violence, consistent denial of state responsibility, and consistent deflection onto the immigration framing that had been central to his government's dehumanisation of the Kuki community from the outset.<ref name="IT shameful blunders"/>

In the [[2024 Indian general election]], Singh's BJP lost both parliamentary seats in Manipur to the opposition [[Indian National Congress]], a result widely interpreted as a direct popular verdict against his handling of the ethnic crisis.<ref name="IE 2 Jul">Sukrita Baruah, [https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congress-manipur-mp-bimol-akoijam-lok-sabha-speech-9428209/ Close to midnight, House empty, Congress Manipur MP seeks to rouse Modi govt from 'silence'], The Indian Express, 2 July 2024.</ref>

In November 2024, the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP) withdrew its support from the Singh government, citing the continued violence and the failure of governance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-peoples-party-withdraws-support-to-manipur-government/article68879129.ece|title=National People's Party withdraws support to Manipur government|work=The Hindu|date=17 November 2024}}</ref> Facing the imminent prospect of a no-confidence motion in the Assembly, Singh tendered his resignation on 9 February 2025, after 20 months of continuous violence in which he had denied personal culpability at every turn and during which no senior official or militia leader was successfully prosecuted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2025 |title=Manipur CM N Biren Singh quits: Why the resignation came now? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manipur-cm-n-biren-singh-quits-why-the-resignation-came-now/articleshow/118091404.cms |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> Amnesty International noted Singh's resignation while emphasising that accountability for those who perpetrated and enabled the violence had yet to be achieved, and that his departure did not constitute justice for the victims.<ref name="Amnesty 11 Feb"/>

[[President's Rule]] was declared in Manipur on 13 February 2025, with the Union government assuming direct control through the Governor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=President's Rule Imposed In Manipur Days After Biren Singh's Resignation |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/presidents-rule-imposed-in-manipur-days-after-biren-singhs-resignation-7703218 |work=NDTV}}</ref> The NPP subsequently reversed its position and re-extended support to a BJP-led government. On 4 February 2026, President's Rule was revoked and BJP leader [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]] was sworn in as the new Chief Minister of Manipur.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/politics/yumnam-khemchand-singh-takes-oath-as-manipur-chief-minister-as-presidents-rule-ends-9879543.html|title=Yumnam Khemchand Singh Takes Oath As Manipur Chief Minister After President's Rule Ends|work=News18|date=4 February 2026}}</ref> On 21 March 2026, the new Chief Minister held talks with Kuki-Zo representatives in a neutral location, the first direct dialogue between the two sides in three years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur: 'Ice-breaking' meet marks first Manipur peace outreach in 3 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-ice-breaking-meet-marks-first-manipur-peace-outreach-in-3-years-101774171192305.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=22 March 2026}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

=== Domestic ===

Chief Minister Singh characterised the violence, at the outset, as a product of misunderstanding and a communication gap between two communities. This framing was immediately condemned by independent observers as a deliberate minimisation of what had been, from the first hours, an organised campaign of mass killing and destruction directed primarily at one community.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Manipur violence: 'Misunderstanding, communication gap between two communities,' says CM N Biren Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-violence-cm-biren-singh-8590694/ |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] remained publicly silent on the Manipur crisis for approximately three months. He did not visit Manipur. His silence was widely criticised as signalling either indifference to the killing of Indian citizens or tacit support for the political project being advanced by the Biren Singh government.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |title=Manipur: why is there conflict and how is the government responding? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/21/manipur-india-why-is-there-conflict-and-how-is-the-government-responding |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 July 2023}}</ref> When he finally spoke on 20 July 2023, prompted only by the public outcry following the emergence of the gang-rape video, his statement was criticised by commentators across the political spectrum as inadequate. It failed to address the broader situation, failed to acknowledge the disproportionate suffering of the Kuki-Zo community, and failed to name any of the groups responsible for the documented atrocities.<ref name="scroll.in modi speech worse than silence">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Supriya |title=Why Prime Minister Modi's speech on Manipur is worse than his silence |url=https://scroll.in/article/1052988/why-pm-modis-speech-on-manipur-is-worse-than-his-silence |work=Scroll.in |date=20 July 2023}}</ref>

[[Shashi Tharoor]], Member of Parliament, called for President's Rule and accused the BJP-led government of total failure of governance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2023 |title=Shashi Tharoor slams BJP over Manipur situation, calls for imposition of President's rule |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/shashi-tharoor-slams-bjp-over-manipur-situation-calls-for-imposition-of-presidents-rule/article66822864.ece}}</ref>

Olympic medallist [[Mary Kom]], a [[Kom people (Manipur)|Kom woman]] and native of Manipur, appealed publicly for intervention.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title='My state Manipur is burning, kindly help': Boxer Mary Kom asks PM Modi, Shah |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-violence-meitei-community-mary-kom-why-cant-we-live-in-peace-boxer-unhappy-101683183086314.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

All 10 Kuki-Zo MLAs, including BJP members, demanded a separate administration and formally accused the state government of tacit support for the violence against their community.<ref name=Scroll-10MLA/>

[[Peter Machado]], Metropolitan Archbishop of Bangalore, expressed grave concern that India's Christian community was being made to feel like a target, noting that churches had already been vandalized, desecrated, or destroyed across the state.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salam |first1=Ziya Us |title=Christian groups, alarmed by church attacks in Manipur, urge Centre to start talks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/christian-groups-alarmed-by-church-attacks-in-manipur-urge-centre-to-start-talks/article66817700.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 May 2023}}</ref>

On 29 May, hundreds of women from Kuki, Mizo, and Zomi tribes staged a protest at [[Jantar Mantar]] in New Delhi, demanding central government intervention. Carrying national flags and placards identifying themselves as Indians and not immigrants, they rejected the government's framing of their communities as foreign infiltrators and called for an end to the eviction campaign from tribal forest lands.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/manipur-violence-indians-not-illegal-immigrants-amit-shah-kuki-mizo-zomi-hmar-mizo-protest-jantar-mantar-delhi-11685375776515.html |title='We are Indians, not illegal immigrants': Kuki, Mizo, and other Manipur tribes protest at Jantar Mantar |work=Live Mint}}</ref>

Multiple BJP figures resigned in protest. In July 2023, Bihar BJP leader Vinod Sharma resigned, citing the manner in which Manipur had defamed India.<ref>{{cite news |title='Defamed India': Bihar BJP Leader Resigns Over Manipur Violence |url=https://thewire.in/government/defamed-india-bihar-bjp-leader-resigns-over-manipur-violence |work=The Wire |date=27 July 2023}}</ref> The BJP's Mizoram vice-president, R. Vanramchhuanga, resigned accusing both the state and Union governments of supporting the demolition of churches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mizoram BJP Vice-President Resigns, Says Manipur, Union Govts 'Supported' Demolition of Churches |url=https://thewire.in/politics/mizoram-bjp-vice-president-resigns-says-manipur-union-govts-supported-demolition-of-churches |work=The Wire |date=14 July 2023}}</ref>

The parliamentary opposition under the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] (INDIA) filed a no-confidence motion on 10 August 2023, primarily to compel Modi to address the crisis directly in Parliament. Modi's resulting speech lasted two hours and was largely devoted to self-congratulation and criticisms of the opposition rather than any engagement with the documented facts of the violence. Opposition MPs walked out in protest. The motion failed as expected given the BJP's parliamentary majority, but the proceedings further documented the central government's deliberate inattention to a crisis in which Indian citizens had been subjected to mass killing, rape, displacement, and religious persecution on a scale not seen in the country in decades.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Amrit |last1=Dhillon |title=Indian opposition walks out as Narendra Modi refuses to discuss Manipur conflict |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/10/indian-opposition-walks-out-as-narendra-modi-refuses-to-discuss-manipur-conflict |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 August 2023}}</ref>

=== International ===

[[Volker Turk]], the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]], stated that the violence exposed deep underlying ethnic and indigenous group tensions and urged Indian authorities to investigate root causes in compliance with international human rights obligations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipur clashes find mention in UN human rights commissioner Volker Turk's statement |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-clashes-find-mention-in-un-human-rights-commissioner-volker-turks-statement-8628381/ |work=The Indian Express |date=25 May 2023}}</ref>

The [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] specifically documented the targeting of Kuki-Zo Christians and called for accountability for the destruction of places of worship. The Commission's findings were consistent with those of every other independent international body that examined the Manipur situation.

The [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] expressed alarm at threats against human rights defender Babloo Loitongbam and called on Indian authorities to protect him and hold those responsible accountable.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/alarmed-unhr-over-attack-on-manipur-activist-8971867/ Alarmed: UNHR over attack on Manipur activist], The Indian Express, 7 October 2023.</ref>

Loitongbam's home was vandalised on 5 October 2023 by members of Meitei Leepun, which had issued a public boycott call against him for documenting human rights abuses during the conflict. The attack illustrated the systematic intimidation campaign waged against those trying to document the true scale and nature of the violence.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipur human rights activist's home vandalised |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-human-rights-activists-home-vandalised-8970493/}}</ref>

== Media coverage ==
The mainstream Indian television media largely ignored the Manipur crisis for its first two-and-a-half months, covering it seriously only after the viral video of the public gang rape and parade of two Kuki women forced the story into national consciousness.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deep |first1=Pratyush |title=Before viral video, little primetime space for Manipur, few ground reports by big anchors |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/07/28/before-viral-video-little-primetime-space-for-manipur-few-ground-reports-by-big-anchors |work=Newslaundry |date=28 July 2023}}</ref> The pattern of coverage that did exist was documented by ''The Wire'' as systematically skewed. Violence by Kuki militants against Meiteis was reported while the far more extensive and documented violence by Meitei mobs against Kuki civilians was largely suppressed or downplayed. This framing reinforced the Hindu nationalist narrative of Hindu victimhood at the hands of Christian aggression, inverting the actual documented casualty ratios and the documented direction of the initial and most sustained violence.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Self-Inflicted Powerlessness of the Indian Media |url=https://thewire.in/media/the-self-inflicted-powerlessness-of-the-indian-media |website=The Wire}}</ref>

The Editors Guild of India dispatched a fact-finding team whose report documented significant shortcomings and perceptible biases in the coverage of the national press.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Guha |first1=Seema |last2=Kapoor |first2=Sanjay |last3=Bhushan |first3=Bharat |title=Report of the Fact-Finding Mission on Media's Reportage of the Ethnic Violence in Manipur |publisher=Editor's Guild of India |date=2 September 2023 |url=https://editorsguild.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/EGI-report-on-Manipur.pdf}}</ref> The state government responded by filing criminal charges against the Editors Guild over its report, an act of institutional intimidation against independent press scrutiny that received almost no coverage in the national media it was intended to silence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sitlhou |first=Makepeace |title=Press freedom concerns as India editors' body charged over Manipur report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/5/press-freedom-concerns-as-india-editors-body-charged-over-manipur-report |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

Local Meitei-owned media played an active role in the information war. Editorials in ''The Sangai Express'' referred to Kukis as aliens. ''The Imphal Free Press'' published an editorial that justified the looting of arms by Meitei civilians from state armouries. At least three of the most widely read English-language newspapers in the region did not report on an incident in which a mob burned a woman and a child alive.<ref name="pen">{{cite news |last1=Rajpurohit |first1=Shivnarayan |title='A pen can do more harm than a gun': In Manipur, Meitei-owned media is winning the 'perception' war |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/06/09/a-pen-can-do-more-harm-than-a-gun-in-manipur-meitei-owned-media-is-winning-the-perception-war |work=Newslaundry |date=9 June 2023}}</ref> The dehumanising language used to describe Kuki people in local media, including terms like aliens, drug smugglers, and foreign infiltrators, mirrored the language used by Chief Minister Singh in his official addresses, a convergence that scholars of media and ethnic conflict have noted as a characteristic feature of state-enabled ethnic violence.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yumnam |first=Jiten |title=Media, Ethnic Identity, and Conflict in Manipur |journal=South Asian Survey |volume=20 |number=1 |pages=66-84 |year=2013 |doi=10.1177/0971523113513823}}</ref>

== Allegations of state sponsorship ==
Evidence from multiple independent sources, including investigative journalists, human rights organisations, judicial proceedings, and an audio recording attributed to Chief Minister Biren Singh himself, points to a degree of state complicity in the organisation and facilitation of violence against Kuki-Zo communities that goes well beyond negligence or mismanagement<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur atrocities and India’s failure to uphold the UN Convention on Human Rights |url=https://www.openglobalrights.org/manipur-atrocities-india-failure-uphold-unchr/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=OpenGlobalRights |language=en}}</ref>.

The Manipur state government's approach throughout the conflict was characterised by the following documented elements: targeted administrative action against Kuki communities<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-16 |title=Authorities ‘missing-in-action’ in Manipur, India |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/india-authorities-missing-in-action-amid-ongoing-violence-and-impunity-in-manipur-state-new-testimonies/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> in the months before violence erupted, including the forest eviction drive and the Suspension of Operations withdrawal; the cultivation and arming of Meitei nationalist militias with documented links to the Chief Minister; the deployment of a police force with documented institutional bias toward the Meitei; the imposition of an internet blackout that shielded perpetrators from accountability during the most intense period of killing; public rhetoric by Singh that dehumanised Kukis as criminals and foreigners; and a consistent refusal to take legal action against perpetrators from the Meitei community throughout the first year of violence.<ref name="Choudhury 27 Jun"/><ref name="Kuthar Arambai Tenggol"/><ref name="HRW 30 May"/>

A Kuki civil society body subsequently presented audio recordings to the Supreme Court in which a voice identified as Singh's claims he personally instigated the violence. The respected forensic laboratory Truth Labs assessed with 93% probability that the voice in the recordings belongs to the Chief Minister.<ref>Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/93-probability-that-voice-in-leaked-audio-is-of-manipur-cm-truth-labs/article69177039.ece 93% probability that voice in leaked audio is of Manipur CM: Truth Labs], The Hindu, 4 February 2025.</ref> The Supreme Court ordered a forensic examination of the tapes.<ref>[https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/manipur-violence-tapes-biren-singh-supreme-court Manipur Violence: Forensic Report on Tapes Alleging CM Biren Singh's Role Ordered], Newsreel Asia, 3 February 2025.</ref> Amnesty International and other international human rights bodies called on Indian authorities to ensure accountability for the alleged acts described in the recordings.<ref name="Amnesty 11 Feb">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/02/india-authorities-must-uphold-human-rights-and-end-violence-in-manipur-following-biren-singhs-resignation/ India: Authorities must uphold human rights and end violence in Manipur following Biren Singh's resignation], Amnesty International, 11 February 2025.</ref>

Human Rights Watch, writing in March 2025, concluded that Singh's government had, through multiple deliberate acts, including limiting internet access, endorsing polarising narratives, and patronising armed groups, created conditions that actively inflamed the conflict rather than containing it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-27 |title=India: Ethnic Clashes Restart in Manipur |publisher=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/03/27/india-ethnic-clashes-restart-manipur}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Crime|India}}
* [[1993 Pangal massacre]]
* [[2026 Manipur bombing]]
* [[2016 Manipur unrest]]
* [[Aigejang Shooting]]
* [[Kuki–Paite ethnic clash of 1997–1998]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |title=Manufacturing ethnic segregation and conflict: A report on the violence in Manipur |publisher=All India Lawyers Association for Justice |date=August 2023 |url=https://ailaj.wordpress.com/2023/09/24/manufacturing-ethnic-segregation-and-conflict-a-report-on-the-violence-in-manipur/ |ref={{sfnref|AILAJ, Manufacturing ethnic segregation and conflict|2023}}}}
* {{citation |title=Report on the Manipur Violence: A historical contextualization of state-sponsored ethnic cleansing |publisher=Kuki Organisation for Human Rights Trust |location=New Delhi |date=December 2024 |ref={{sfnref|KOHUR Report|2024}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dena |first=Lal |title=British policy towards Manipur, 1762–1947 |edition=Third |publisher=Nongeen Publications |location=Imphal |date=2014 |oclc=720162352}}
* {{cite report |last1=Guha |first1=Seema |last2=Kapoor |first2=Sanjay |last3=Bhushan |first3=Bharat |title=Report of the Fact-Finding Mission on Media's Reportage of the Ethnic Violence in Manipur |publisher=Editor's Guild of India |date=2 September 2023 |url=https://editorsguild.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/EGI-report-on-Manipur.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905132357/https://editorsguild.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/EGI-report-on-Manipur.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |journal=Society and Culture in South Asia |title=The Politics of Scheduled Tribe Status in Manipur |volume=1 |number=1 |pages=82–89 |year=2015 |doi=10.1177/2393861714550952|s2cid=130724534}}
* {{cite journal |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |title=Unfolding the Manipur Riots |volume=LVIII |number=19 |pages=7 |date=13 May 2023 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2023/19/comment/unfolding-manipur-riots.html |url-access=subscription}}
* {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |title=Selective Outrage, Selective Targeting: The Politics of Othering in Manipur |date=20 July 2024 |journal=Economic & Political Weekly |volume=59 |number=31 |pages=36–40 |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=4757638 |via=SSRN |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Selective Outrage, Selective Targeting|2024}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Andrew Lathuipou |last=Kamei |title=Governmentality: Power and Counter Conduct in Northeast India's Manipur and Nagaland |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-00-095366-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vf_KEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Kipgen |first=Ngamjahao |editor-last1=Bhattacharyya |editor-first1=Asmita |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Sudeep |chapter=Land Laws, Ownership and Tribal Identity: The Manipur Experience |title=Marginalities in India: Themes and Perspectives |publisher=Springer |year=2018 |isbn=978-981-10-5214-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Kshetri |first=Rajendra |title=District Councils in Manipur:Formation and Functioning |publisher=Akansha |year=2006 |isbn=8183700411 |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/330}}
* {{cite journal |last=Malemnganba Singh |first=Amom |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |title=Meitei Majoritarian Politics of the BJP in Manipur |volume=LVIII |number=1 |pages=10–12 |date=7 January 2023 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2023/1/alternative-standpoint/meitei-majoritarian-politics-bjp-manipur.html |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shimray |first=U. A. |title=Ethnicity and Socio-Political Assertion: The Manipur Experience |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |number=39 |year=2001 |jstor=411161}}
* {{cite journal |first=Hoineilhing |last=Sitlhou |title=Confronting the State: Land Rights Discourse in the Hills of Manipur |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=50 |number=30 |date=25 July 2015 |pages=70–77 |jstor=24481977}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite news |title=Ethnic conflict rages on in India's Manipur (video) |url=https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idOV066228072023RP1 |date=28 July 2023 |work=Reuters}}

{{Riots in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manipur violence, 2023}}
[[Category:2023–2026 Manipur conflict| ]]
[[Category:2020s in Manipur|Violence]]
[[Category:2020s crimes in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:2023 mass murders]]
[[Category:Ethnic conflicts in Manipur|2023]]
[[Category:Racism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Christian riots in India]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics in India]]
[[Category:Violence against Christians in India]]
[[Category:Church arson in India]]
[[Category:Arson in the 2020s]]
[[Category:Arson attacks on vehicles in India]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Christianity]]
[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:Rape in the 2020s]]
[[Category:Sexual violence at riots and crowd disturbances]]
[[Category:2026 riots]]
[[Category:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)]]
[[Category:Violence in India]]
[[Category:2025 riots]]
[[Category:2023 riots]]

Nadia District (1787–1947)

2026-05-03T16:56:10Z

SolomonL12: started

{{Use British English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Nadia District (1781-1947)
| native_name = নদীয়া জিলা (১৮১৩-১৯৪৭)
| common_name = জিলা নদীয়া
| year_start = 1787
| year_end = 1947
| era = [[Bengal presidency]], [[Bengal with Sikkim]], [[Province of Bengal]]
| event_start = [[East India company|Founded]]
| date_start =
| event_end =
| event_post =
| date_post =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event2 =
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| p1 = Bardhhaman Raj
| flag_p1 =
| p2 = Jashore District (1781-1787)
| flag_p2 =
| flag_s1 =
| p3 =
| s1 = Kushtia District (1947-1984)
| flag_s2 =
| today = [[Bangladesh]], [[West Bengal]]
| s2 = Nadia district
| image_flag =
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| symbol_width = 100px
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| image_map_caption =
| capital = Krishna Nagar
| coordinates =
| largest_city = Krishna Nagar
| official_languages = Bengali, English
| religion = Islam (majority) Hinduism (minority)
| demonym = Nadiyayi
| government_type =
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| legislature = [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| upper_house =
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| currency =
| currency_code =
| time_zone =
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| footnote_a =
| area_km2 = 7,423
| population_estimate = 1,759,846
| population_census = 1941
| GDP_PPP_year =
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| GDP_nominal =
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| population_estimate_year = 1941
| population_census_year = 1941
| population_density_km2 = 237
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}}
'''Nadia District (1787–1947)''' ({{langx|bn|নদীয়া জিলা (১৭৮৭–১৯৪৭)}} or '''Undivided Nadia District''' ({{langx|bn|অবিভক্ত নদীয়া জিলা)}} is one of the few districts formed under [[East India Company|British East India company]] rule in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal presidency]].

==Formation==
The district was formed on 13 March 1787 through the proposal submitted by Mr. John Snore comprising the areas of Hooghly of Bardhaman Raj and Jessore districts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=GARRETT |first=J.H.E |title=BENGAL DISTRICT GAZETTEERS (NADIA) |year=1910 |location=Calcutta |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
In 1808, robbery was quite prevalent in this district because of famine. In 1857 English officers were rescued from rebels. Constant rebellion was happened against Indigo plantation.<ref name=":0" />

==Administration==
After the formation, ''Nadia'' was kept under Jessore division until 1854. The center of Nadia was Krishna Nagar town. Till 1930, Nadia had 5 subdivisions; [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]], [[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]], [[Meherpur District|Meherpur]], [[Ranaghat subdivision|Ranaghat]], [[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision|Krishna Nagar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=ইতিহাস ঐতিহ্যে সমৃদ্ধ কুষ্টিয়ার পূর্ববর্তী নাম নদীয়া |url=http://www.dailysangram.com/post/271645-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703141556/http://www.dailysangram.com/post/271645-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE |archive-date=2017-07-03 |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=The Daily Sangram}}</ref>

===Sub divisions of Nadia===

====Kushtia subdivision====
* Kushtia thana
* Mirpur thana
* Khoksa thana
* Daulatpur thana
* Bhairamara thana
* Kumarkhali thana
====Chuadanga subdivision====
* Chuadanga thana
* Alamdanga thana
* Damurhuda thana
* Jiban Nagar thana
* Krishnaganj thana
====Meherpur subdivision====
* Meherpur thana
* Gangni thana
* Karimpur thana
* Tehatta thana

====Nadia Sadar subdivision====
* Krishnanagar thana (Nadia Sadar)
* Chapra thana
* Nabadwip thana
* Nakashipara thana
* Kaliganj thana

====Ranaghat subdivision====
* Ranaghat thana
* Santipur thana
* Chakdaha thana
* Hanskhali thana
* Haringhata thana

==Demographics==
According to 1941 census Muslim community happens to be the single largest community formed 61.26% out of 1759846.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutch |first=R A |title=CENSUS OF BRITISH INDIA, 1941 VOLUME IV BENGAL TABLES |year=1942 |location=Delhi |language=en|publisher=Government of India Press}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Nadia district (1941)
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|61.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|37.88}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.65}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.21}}
}}

==Aftermath of Partition of 1947==

Undivided Nadia district of [[Bengal Presidency|Province of Bengal]] got divided into newly formed [[Kushtia District (1947–1984)|Kushtia district]] of [[East Bengal]] and [[Nadia district]] of [[West Bengal]] according to revised [[Radcliffe Line]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Kushtia District, Bangladesh |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/218789820/About-Kushtia |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nadia district]]
* [[Kushtia District]]
* [[Chuadanga District]]
* [[Meherpur District]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Districts of British India]]
[[Category:Nadia district|*]]
[[Category:Kushtia District]]
[[Category:Meherpur District]]
[[Category:Chuadanga District]]

Ammu (2022 film)

2026-05-02T12:18:50Z

SolomonL12: new stub

{{Short description|2022 film directed by Charukesh Sekar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ammu
| image = Ammu (2022 film).jpeg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Charukesh Sekar
| writer = '''Story and Screenplay:''' Charukesh Sekar
'''Dialogues:''' [[Padmavathi Malladi]]
| producer = [[Karthik Subbaraj]] Kalyan Subramaniam Kaarthekeyen Santhanam
| starring = [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] [[Naveen Chandra]] [[Bobby Simha]]
| music = Bharath Sankar
| cinematography = Apoorva Anil Shaligram
| editing = Radha Sridhar
| studio = [[Stone Bench|Stone Bench Films]]
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|10|19}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Ammu''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[drama thriller film|drama thriller]] film written and directed by Charukesh Sekar and produced by Stone Bench Films.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 October 2022|title=Aishwarya Lekshmi's Ammu to premiere on Amazon Prime on this date|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/oct/06/aishwarya-lekshmis-ammu-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-on-this-date-35341.html|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film features [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Naveen Chandra]], and [[Bobby Simha]] in primary roles and premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 19 October 2022.

== Plot ==
Amudha alias Ammu marries her neighbor Ravindranath alias Ravi, who works as a police inspector. The newlyweds arrive at Maharanipalli, where Ravi is the Circle Inspector of Police at the Maharanipalli station. The couple seem to have a great life ahead as both love and support one another, but things take a turn when Ravi slowly starts to become harsh, passive aggressive, manipulative, and cruel with Ammu, occasionally shouting at her and embarrassing her in front of his colleagues. The situation worsens when Ravi slaps Ammu for perceived backtalking to him on a small matter, while Ammu's parents were visiting them at Maharanipalli. Even though Ravi pacifies Ammu by apologizing, it is evident that he does not regret the slapping but just wants Ammu to not reveal this to her parents. Ammu later confides in her mother Kalpana that Ravi slapped her and asks her mother what she should do. Her mother tells her that she should do what she feels right. Ammu decides to keep quiet and bear with the unreasonable and cruel domestic torture from Ravi, in the hope that maybe if she invokes enough love in him, he will stop hurting her. Though she is fed up with getting abused by Ravi and wants to end their relationship, she cannot do so because of fear and embarrassment.

Ravi wants Ammu to conceive because his colleague's wife conceived and everyone was congratulating him. Ammu does not want to bring a child into this abusive home, so she takes contraceptive pills. However, she gets pregnant, possibly because Ravi was secretly swapping her pills. This puts Ammu in a worse emotional situation. She seeks help from Ravi's colleagues Satya and Iqbal and her neighbor Linny, and they take her to the office of DIG Reddy, Ravi's superior officer, so that she can file a complaint about Ravi's domestic violence. However, Ravi spots Ammu before she could reach Reddy and manipulates her into admitting before Satya that he never hit her. Satya, Iqbal, and Linny want to help her but are helpless as Ammu has let go of the one opportunity to complain to Reddy. However, Ammu tells them that she has not given up hope and shall wait for the right opportunity to strike back. She tells them that she wants Ravi to admit before everyone that he has abused her, and then she wants to walk away from him with pride.

As Ammu searches for a solution, Prabhu Das comes to the Maharanipalli police station on parole to attend his sister Geetha's wedding. Prabhu had been sent to prison for killing two men, and Geetha holds a grudge against him for that and refuses to forgive him despite his efforts. At the police station, however, Ravi harasses Prabhu, asking him to do unnecessary chores. Prabhu rebels one day, leading the cancellation of his parole. Ammu learns that Ravi will get into trouble if Prabhu misses any of his meetings at the station. So she, Sathya, Linny, and Iqbal secretly hide him in her home from Ravi. This wreaks havoc on the police station and on Ravi's life, as many people, including Geetha and her fiancé protest for Prabhu's release. Later, because of this, Ravi is suspended. Meanwhile, Ammu also goes to Reddy and complains directly of Ravi's domestic abuse. She also hands over a voice recording of Ravi talking to Ammu in a threatening manner and admitting that he indeed habitually abuses her, which was recorded by her using the same secret voice recorder with which Ravi used to spy on her while she was at home. Ravi is arrested, and it is implied that he will soon lose his job. Linny soon takes Prabhu back to the police station, where he finally receives his sister's forgiveness before being imprisoned again. Ammu and Prabhu exchange pleasantries and go their separate ways. She and Linny discuss the future. Linny remarks that Ammu will not be a bad person even if she decides to abort the child conceived out of [[marital rape]] by Ravi. Ammu says she knows it.

It is not revealed what Ammu chose to do with the baby, but the movie ends with Ammu being on her way to her own home and happily sharing a biryani with the beggar at the Maharanipalli bus station, with whom she had shared her woes on an earlier day. She asks the beggar why he had not earlier told her to not return to Ravi even when he knew she was erring in deciding to return to Ravi. The beggar tells her he did not tell her anything because whether the decision was right or wrong, it had to be her decision. The film closes on a note of hope.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] as Amudha 'Ammu' Ravindranath
*[[Naveen Chandra]] as CI S. Ravindranath 'Ravi'
*[[Bobby Simha]] as Prabhu Das
*[[Parvathi T.]] as Kalpana, Ammu's mother
*[[Raja Ravindra]] as Dileep, Ammu's father
*Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Ravi's father
*Pramodhini as Ravi's mother
*[[Satya Krishnan]] as Constable Satya
*Prem Sagar as Iqbal
*Anjali Ameer as Linny
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Beggar
*[[Kancharapalem Raju]] as Ismail
*Sanjay Swaroop as DIG Reddy
*Anusha Prabhu as Geetha
*Sai Badram Dinesh as Geetha's fiancé
*Guru Charan as SI Diwakar
*Jammalamadugu Davood as Mansoor Ali Khan
*T. V. Raman as Prasad
{{colend}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "''Ammu'' is a film that can make many squirm with uneasiness, but it will definitely give a sense of hope and representation to others".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/oct/20/ammu-movie-review-an-effectual-portrayal-of-fight-for-resilience-against-abuse-2509883.html|title=Ammu movie review: An effectual portrayal of fight for resilience against abuse|date=20 October 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' said that "''Ammu'' will definitely be one of the most important films of this year. It takes a very relevant issue that has been a topic of discussion for a long time and gives it a very interesting spin with the way it chooses to end the film".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ammu-movie-review-chilling-story-of-a-woman-s-fight-against-domestic-violence-101666174126962.html|title=Ammu movie review: Chilling story of a woman's fight against domestic violence| date=20 October 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "Despite its poor third act, the writing of the first two is such that you might still find yourself searching for answers and closure. For invoking that in us, and for everything else it stands for, ''Ammu'' is a win".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ammu-movie-review-aishwarya-lekshmi-shines-in-poignant-yet-unconvincing-tale-of-domestic-abuse/article66031261.ece|title=Aishwarya Lekshmi shines in poignant yet unconvincing tale of domestic abuse |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt19864926|title=Ammu}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2022 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about domestic violence]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]

Chettappalam

2026-05-02T11:33:28Z

SolomonL12: Adding Data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chettappalam
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wayanad District|Wayanad]]
| image_skyline = File:Chettappalam Masjidh.jpg
| image_alt =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Chettappalam mosque
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.82077|76.01934|display=inline}}
| timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:25
| postal_code_type = [[postal code|PIN]]
| postal_code = '''673579'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiderkerala.com/kerala/my_village/Village_5070_Chettappalam.aspx|title = Chettappalam Pincode 673579 Village pin code}}</ref>
}}
'''Chettappalam''' is a small village on Mysore Road between [[Mananthavady]] and [[Kattikkulam]] in [[Wayanad district]], Kerala state, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/chettappalam--i-/id/2750|title = Chettappalam (Ii), Wayanad District, Kerala, India}}</ref>

==Ondayangadi Junction==
Ondayangadi junction is a busy town of Chettappalam area. The junction begins the road to Thrishilery temple and Manikanda temple, Anappara.

==Tourist attractions==
Chettappalam is a village with very big tourist attractions because of the sprawling paddy fields and the undulating hills in the background.

==Places of worship==
There is one Sunni Mosque, one Assemblies of God Church and several temples in Chettappalam.

==Education==
* St Marys English Medium School, Chettappalam

==Transportation==
Chettappalam can be accessed from Mananthavady town. The Periya ghat road connects Mananthavady to Kannur and Thalassery. The Thamarassery mountain road connects Calicut with Kalpetta. The Kuttiady mountain road connects Vatakara with Kalpetta and Mananthavady. The Palchuram mountain road connects Kannur and Iritty with Mananthavady. The road from Nilambur to Ooty is also connected to Wayanad through the village of Meppadi.

The nearest railway station is at Mysore and the nearest airports are [[Kozhikode International Airport]]-120 km, [[Bengaluru International Airport]]-290 km, and [[Kannur International Airport]], 58 km.

==Image Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Chettppalam Church.jpg|Assemblies of God Church, Chettappalam
File:Chettappalam Church2.jpg|The steep path to the AG Church
File:Ondayangadi.Vemom.670645.jpg|Post office at Ondayangadi
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Kattikkulam, Wayanad|Kattikkulam]]
* [[Thirunelly]]
* [[Mananthavady]]
* [[Valliyoorkkavu]]

==Location==
{{Geographic Location
| title = '''Location of Chettappalam'''
|Northwest =
|North = [[Thrissilery]]
|Northeast = [[Kattikkulam, Wayanad|Kattikkulam]]
|West = [[Mananthavady]]
|Centre = Chettappalam Junction
|East = [[Payyampally]]
|Southwest =
|South = [[Valliyoorkkavu]]
|Southeast = [[Panamaram]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Wayanad district}}

[[Category:Mananthavady Area]]
[[Category:Villages in Wayanad district]]

Nandiwali Tarf Pachanand

2026-05-01T20:02:30Z

SolomonL12: biography

{{Short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nandiwali Tarf Pachanand
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Maharashtra#India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|12|44|N|73|07|56|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Maharashtra|Taluka]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kalyan taluka|Kalyan]]
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 1.7
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total = 36163
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 421201
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| area_code = 0251
| registration_plate = MH-05
}}'''Nandiwali Tarf Pachanand''' is a village in [[Kalyan taluka|Kalyan Taluka]], [[Thane district|Thane District]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located near the western coast of India, about 14 kilometres east of the district capital [[Thane]], and 3 kilometres south of the taluka capital [[Kalyan]]. In 2011, its population is 36,163.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Nandiwali Tarf Pachanand is situated to the south of [[Ulhas River]]. It is located to the south of Kalyan, west of [[Ulhasnagar]], north of Nevali Gaon, and east of [[Dombivli]]. It covers an area of 170.02 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of village in Kalyan tehsil |url=https://www.janmangaledu.in/maharashtra/15/thane/517/kalyan/4168.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.janmangaledu.in}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], there are 9,087 households in Nandiwali Tarf Pachanand. Among the 36,163 residents, 19,095 are male and 17,068 are female. The total literacy rate is 82.82%, with 16,278 of the male population and 13,671 of the female population being literate. Its census location code is 552985.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Thane district]]

Nauvari Pahije

2026-04-30T13:51:59Z

SolomonL12: stub

{{Infobox song
| name = Nauvari Pahije
| cover = Nauvari Pahije.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| type = single
| artist = [[Sanju Rathod]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| released = {{Start date|2023|05|02}}
| studio = Apostrophe Studios
| genre = {{hlist|[[Indie pop]]|[[Indian pop]]}}
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=42}} (audio track) 
{{Duration|m=3|s=45}} (music video)
| label =
| writer = [[Sanju Rathod]]
| composer = [[Sanju Rathod]]
| producer = G-Spark (Gaurav Rathod)
| chronology = Sanju Rathod
| prev_title = Bolo Jay Sevalal
| prev_year = 2023
| title = Nauvari Pahije
| year = 2023
| next_title = Bulletwali
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|MnGAYS-v7lQ|Nauvari Pahije}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Nauvari Pahije'''" ({{Translation|Want a [[Nauvari]]}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language song by [[Sanju Rathod]], with music produced by G-Spark. The track features Sanju Rathod and Prajakta Ghag. It was released on 2 May 2023 and quicky become a [[Viral video|viral hit]], later winning the "Favorite Song (Non-film)" award at the [[14th MFK Awards]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title='महाराष्ट्राचा फेवरेट कोण?' मध्ये कोणी मारली बाजी? कोणाला मिळाले सर्वाधिक पुरस्कार? वाचा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2023-winners-list-riteish-deshmukh-and-genelia-deshmukh-is-favourite-actor-and-actress-pps-98-4216451/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224185353/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2023-winners-list-riteish-deshmukh-and-genelia-deshmukh-is-favourite-actor-and-actress-pps-98-4216451/ |archive-date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Credits ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=#Nauvari (नऊवारी पाहिजे) {{!}} Official #video {{!}} Sanju Rathod {{!}} Prajakta {{!}} G-Spark {{!}} #marathisong #2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnGAYS-v7lQ |access-date=2024-03-26 |language=en}}</ref>

* Sanju Rathod – composer, lyricist and singer
* Manish Mahajan – director, screenplay writer, choreographer
* G-Spark (Gaurav Rathod) – producer, mix
* [[Jackie Vanjari]] – master
* Naresh More – choreographer
* Jagdish Bhandge – recording
* Abhinav Nair – additional rhythm
* Suraj Rajput – cinematography, editor

== Music video ==
The music video is a production of Bramhastra Records and directed by Manish Mahajan, who also handles the screenplay. Choreography are executed by Naresh More and Manish Mahajan. The song was picturised on Sanju Rathod and Prajakta Ghag.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
In June 2023, the song surpassed 20 million views on [[YouTube]] and garnered over 1 million streams on [[Spotify]]. It gained traction on Instagram, inspiring over four lakh individuals to create reels. Prior hits like "Bappa Wala Gaana", "Dimple", and "Style Martay" also resonated well with audiences.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Nauvari Song: 'नऊवारी साडी' ठरतेय युट्युबवर सुपरहिट! संजू राठोडच्या व्हायरल गाण्याला २० मिलियन व्हूज |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sanju-rathod-s-nauvari-song-trending-on-social-media-cross-20-million-views-on-youtube-141687927840386.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326141609/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sanju-rathod-s-nauvari-song-trending-on-social-media-cross-20-million-views-on-youtube-141687927840386.html |archive-date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=Nauvari Song : 'मला नऊवारी साडी पाहिजे' गाण्याने धुमाकूळ, २० मिलियन हिट (Video) |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/585876/marathi-song-nauvari-song-20-million-hit/ar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326212707/https://pudhari.news/soneri/585876/marathi-song-nauvari-song-20-million-hit/ar |archive-date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=[[Pudhari]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=संजू राठोडची 'नऊवारी साडी' ट्रेंडिंगवर |url=https://www.saamana.com/sanju-rathod-new-song-nauvari-saree/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326212706/https://www.saamana.com/sanju-rathod-new-song-nauvari-saree/ |archive-date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=[[Saamana]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Rathod's next month release "[[Gulabi Sadi]]" was a bigger hit, garnered massive attention on social media platforms, trending in top 55 music videos on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Priyanka |date=2024-03-13 |title=Madhuri Dixit: "दिसते मी भारी राजा फोटो माझा काढ..."; मराठी गाण्यवर धकधक गर्लचा जबरदस्त डान्स, पाहा व्हिडीओ |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/madhuri-dixit-nene-dance-on-gulabi-sadi-song-video-viral-on-social-media-pvk21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326212706/https://www.saamana.com/sanju-rathod-new-song-nauvari-saree/ |archive-date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref> [[Bollywood]] actress [[Madhuri Dixit]] recreated the dance steps of the song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Priya |date=2024-03-03 |title=Madhuri Dixit: 'गुलाबी साडी आणि…' गाण्यावर माधुरी दीक्षितचा जबरदस्त डान्स पाहिला का?; VIDEO व्हायरल |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/bollywood-actress-madhuri-dixit-dance-on-gulabi-sadi-marathi-song-video-goes-viral-on-social-media-pvm91 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326221849/https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/bollywood-actress-madhuri-dixit-dance-on-gulabi-sadi-marathi-song-video-goes-viral-on-social-media-pvm91 |archive-date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Video : "राजा फोटो माझा काढ...", मराठी गाण्यावर माधुरी दीक्षितचा जबरदस्त डान्स, दिलखेचक अदांनी चाहते घायाळ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-dances-on-gulabi-sadi-marathi-trending-song-video-viral-sva-00-4259404/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405085837/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-dances-on-gulabi-sadi-marathi-trending-song-video-viral-sva-00-4259404/ |archive-date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Awards
!Date of ceremony
!Category
!Result
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[14th MFK Awards|18 January 2024]]
|Favourite song (non-film)
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://music.apple.com/in/album/nauvari-single/1681779676?at=1l3v9Tx&ct=BL&uo=4 Apple Music]
* [https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_llufbk16ArdijJUPnfeLP8qus5msYwPAE YouTube Music]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 songs]]
[[Category:2020s music videos]]
[[Category:Songs in Marathi]]
[[Category:Indie pop songs]]
[[Category:Indian pop songs]]

Rashtrottahana Parishat

2026-04-27T09:35:22Z

SolomonL12: creating post...

{{more citations needed|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Rashtrotthana Parishat
| image =
| caption =
| formation = 1965
| type = Not for profit - registered trust
| headquarters = Keshava Shilpa, Kempegowda Nagar, Bengaluru-560 019
| location = [[Bangalore, Karnataka]], India
| website = {{url|https://rashtrotthana.org}}
}}

'''Rashtrotthana Parishat''' is a social service organisation in [[Karnataka]], India, founded in [[Bangalore]] in 1965. It is an initiative started by few social workers to bring social reforms through service activities and publications in Karnataka.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

Rashtrotthana Parishat runs various projects across [[Karnataka]].

''Rashtrotthana Rakta Nidhi'' (Blood Bank) is one among those. It was established in Chamarajpet, Bangalore in 1993. It is an ISO certified [[blood bank]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/01/stories/2007030119630400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123141737/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/01/stories/2007030119630400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-01-23 |title=Engagements / Bangalore : In Bangalore Today |date=2007-03-01 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref> provides blood for the needy 24 hours each day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/Emergency/Pages/BloodBanks.aspx |title=Emergency Contact Numbers - Blood Banks |publisher=Karunadu.gov.in |date=2013-07-23 |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref>

From 2011 to 2012, the blood bank collected 48,647 units of blood through various blood donation camps, and is reported to be the largest blood bank in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://samvada.org/2012/news/rashtrotthana-blood-bank-tops-in-blood-collection-transfusion-in-karnataka/ |title=Rashtrotthana Blood Bank tops in blood collection-transfusion in Karnataka | Vishwa Samvada Kendra |publisher=Samvada.org |date=2012-06-22 |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref>

==Other projects==
Other projects run by Rashtrotthana Parishat include:
*Jagarana Prakalpa
*Rashtrotthana Educational Institutions
*Rashtrotthana Yogic Sciences & Research Institute
*Rashtrotthana Arogyaseva Kendra
*Goshala
*Rasjtrotthana Balaga
*Rashtrotthana Sahitya
*Rashtrotthana Mudranalaya
*Tapas
*Sadhana
*Samraksha<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Care-at-hand-for-thalassemia-patients/articleshow/22040933.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101052220/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-25/bangalore/41445242_1_blood-cells-disorder-blood-transfusion |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-01 |title=Care at hand for thalassemia patients |date=2013-08-25 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-10-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parishat, Rashtrottahana}}
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1965]]

Sunni Dawate Islami

2026-04-27T03:24:33Z

SolomonL12: creating new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Sunni Dawate Islami
| formation = 1990
| abbreviation = SDI
| nickname =
| founder = [[Shakir Ali Noori]]
| founding_location = [[Mumbai]]
| type = Religious organisation
| status = active
| headquarters = 132 Kambekar Street, Fine Mansion, 1st Floor, Mumbai 400003, Maharashtra
| origins = India
| region_served = Worldwide
| leader_title = Ameer
| leader_name = [[Shakir Ali Noori]]
| affiliations = Sunni Islam
| website = {{url|http://sunnidawateislami.net/}}
}}

'''Sunni Dawate Islami''' is an Indian Non-governmental and socio-religious organisation which works for sunni muslims of India <ref>{{Cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=2009-11-04 |title=Lakhs attend Barelvi Ijtema in Mumbai |url=https://twocircles.net/2009nov04/lakhs_attend_barelvi_ijtema_mumbai.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref> founded by [[Shakir Ali Noori|Muhammad Shakir Ali Noori]] in 1990.<ref name=GuglerParrots>{{Cite journal|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/142/|title=The Politics of Difference, Parrots of Paradise - Symbols of the Super-Muslim: Sunnah, Sunnaization and Self-Fashioning in the Islamic Missionary Movements Tablighi Jama'at, Da'wat-e Islami and Sunni Da'wat-e Islami|first=Thomas K.|last=Gugler|date=22 April 2008|website=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000142|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201154221/http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/142/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-18 |title=Tributes paid to Sunni Dawate Islami UK leader killed in horror car crash |url=https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/19857179.tributes-paid-sunni-dawate-islami-leader-killed-horror-car-crash/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Asian Image |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112251/https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/19857179.tributes-paid-sunni-dawate-islami-leader-killed-horror-car-crash/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Noorie |first=Maulana Shakir Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WL2nBQAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA78 |title=Muzda-E-Bakhshish |publisher=Maktab-E-Taibah |language=en}}</ref> It is headquartered at [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] and other offices abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=jangir |first=suresh |title=Dawat-E-Islami Ijtema from today |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2019-02-09/Dawat-E-Islami-Ijtema-from-today/491156 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Hans India |date=9 February 2019 |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112250/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2019-02-09/Dawat-E-Islami-Ijtema-from-today/491156 |url-status=live }}</ref> They organise [[International Sunni Ijtema]] at [[Azad Maidan|Azad Maidan, Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=Annual Sunni meet at Azad Maidan today and Sunday |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/annual-sunni-meet-at-azad-maidan-today-and-sunday-8327281/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815114724/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/annual-sunni-meet-at-azad-maidan-today-and-sunday-8327281/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=महिलाओं के सत्र से शुरू होगा दावत-ए-इस्लामी का इज्तिमा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/mumbai/other-news/the-session-will-begin-with-the-women-feast-e-islami-ijtima/articleshow/17604262.cms |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815114725/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/mumbai/other-news/the-session-will-begin-with-the-women-feast-e-islami-ijtima/articleshow/17604262.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-17 |title=Sunni leaders preach tolerance, purity to 1.5 lakh attendees on final day of Ijtema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/sunni-leaders-preach-tolerance-purity-to-1-5-lakh-attendees-on-final-day-of-ijtema/story-W6Z2TQQGZ9Oimncbs6pSCJ.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815113223/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/sunni-leaders-preach-tolerance-purity-to-1-5-lakh-attendees-on-final-day-of-ijtema/story-W6Z2TQQGZ9Oimncbs6pSCJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> for 2 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Steer clear of 'bogus' crypto, leaders advise Sunni Muslims |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-steer-clear-of-bogus-crypto-leaders-advise-sunni-muslims |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112251/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-steer-clear-of-bogus-crypto-leaders-advise-sunni-muslims |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=2011-10-18 |title=Preparation in full swing for Sunni Dawat-e-Islami Ijtema in Mumbai |url=https://twocircles.net/2011oct18/preparation_full_swing_sunni_dawateislami_ijtema_mumbai.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815113222/https://twocircles.net/2011oct18/preparation_full_swing_sunni_dawateislami_ijtema_mumbai.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=jangir |first=suresh |title=2-day Sunni Ijtema meet concludes |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2019-02-11/2-day-Sunni-Ijtema-meet-concludes/492448 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Hans India |date=11 February 2019 |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112253/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2019-02-11/2-day-Sunni-Ijtema-meet-concludes/492448 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-12-17 |title=Sunni conference asks Muslims to shun violence |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sunni-conference-asks-muslims-to-shun-violence/articleshow/17643997.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sunni-conference-asks-muslims-to-shun-violence/articleshow/17643997.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सुन्नी दावत-ए-इस्लामी इज्तमाः क्रिप्टोकरंसी हराम है या हलाल, जानिए उलेमा क्या बोले |url=https://www.hindi.awazthevoice.in/india-news/sunni-dawat-e-islami-ijtma-cryptocurrency-is-legal-if-the-government-gives-bail-otherwise-illegal-26557.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.hindi.awazthevoice.in |language=hi |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112810/https://www.hindi.awazthevoice.in/india-news/sunni-dawat-e-islami-ijtma-cryptocurrency-is-legal-if-the-government-gives-bail-otherwise-illegal-26557.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It completed its 20th Annual Conference in 2010<ref>{{Cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=2010-10-26 |title=20th Annual International Sunni Ijtema in Mumbai |url=https://twocircles.net/2010oct26/20th_annual_international_sunni_ijtema_mumbai.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112255/https://twocircles.net/2010oct26/20th_annual_international_sunni_ijtema_mumbai.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and 30th Annual Conference in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: 30th Annual International meet {{!}}Suni Ijtema to take up crypto legality, religious, social issues |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-30th-annual-international-meet-suni-ijtema-to-take-up-crypto-legality-religious-social-issues |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112251/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-30th-annual-international-meet-suni-ijtema-to-take-up-crypto-legality-religious-social-issues |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=2012-12-15 |title=Three day annual international Sunni ijtema in Mumbai |url=https://twocircles.net/2012dec15/three_day_annual_international_sunni_ijtema_mumbai.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112250/https://twocircles.net/2012dec15/three_day_annual_international_sunni_ijtema_mumbai.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-01 |title=20th Annual International Sunni Ijtema concludes in Mumbai |language=en-US |work=TwoCircles.net |url=https://twocircles.net/2010nov01/20th_annual_international_sunni_ijtema_concludes_mumbai.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112257/https://twocircles.net/2010nov01/20th_annual_international_sunni_ijtema_concludes_mumbai.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-25 |title=Sunni congregation to focus on protecting the girl child |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sunni-congregation-to-focus-on-protecting-the-girl-child/articleshow/45264588.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sunni-congregation-to-focus-on-protecting-the-girl-child/articleshow/45264588.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> It takes out a great procession of [[Juloos-e-Muhammadi]] on the occasion of Eid-ul-Milad-un-Nabi every year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-02 |title=Hyderabad comes alive on Milad-un-Nabi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/city-comes-alive-on-milad-un-nabi/article21251123.ece |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112250/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/city-comes-alive-on-milad-un-nabi/article21251123.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-22 |title=Youths carry Tricolour in Milad-un-Nabi rally at Old city |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/youth-carry-tricolour-in-milad-un-nabi-rally-at-old-city/articleshow/66746985.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/youth-carry-tricolour-in-milad-un-nabi-rally-at-old-city/articleshow/66746985.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-02-03 |title=Eid-e-Milad to be celebrated on Sun |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/eid-e-milad-to-be-celebrated-on-sun/articleshow/11734570.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815112617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/eid-e-milad-to-be-celebrated-on-sun/articleshow/11734570.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunni Dawate Islami established SDI Ummeed, a professionals wing to help students in their studies and career and also to help them emotionally to come out of depression.

==Centres==
In 2008, SDI had a European headquarters at Noor Hall in [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], England, and centres in some other English towns, including: [[Blackburn]], [[Bolton]], [[Leicester]] and [[Manchester]].<ref name=GuglerParrots/> SDI also had a North American headquarters in [[Chicago]].<ref name=GuglerParrots/> By 2008, SDI had founded 12 [[madrasa]]s in India.<ref name=GuglerParrots/>

==See also==
*[[Shakir Ali Noori]]
*[[Dawat-e-Islami]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dawat-e-Islami| ]]
[[Category:Barelvi organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sunni organizations]]
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Islamic organizations established in 1991]]

O.C. Handa

2026-04-24T07:57:19Z

SolomonL12: creating a data...

{{Short description|Indian historian (born 1936)}}
'''O.C. Handa''' (born Om Chanda Handa, 2 October 1936; also spelled as ''Omacanda Hāṇḍā'') is a historian of the western Himalayas, noted for his work on the history, architecture, archaeology, and folk arts of this region. He is the author of numerous books on these subjects.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 10, 2016 |title=Seminar on NE domestic architecture held at Dimapur |work=The Assam Tribune |url=http://asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/papercut/The%20Assam%20Tribune%2010%20February,%20Wednesday%202016.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shabab |first=Dilaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8uPDwAAQBAJ&dq=o+c+handa+IIAS+Shimla&pg=PT10 |title=Kullu: The Valley of Gods |date=2019-02-26 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-86832-92-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Handa was born in the [[Mandi State|Mandi princely state]] (in the present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]] state, India) on 2 October 1936. He was born to the fourth wife of Goverdhan Das, a [[patwari]] in the Mandi state. All of Das's wives died soon after birth, as did all the babies born to them. So upon the advice of an astrologer, under Mandi's 'bhatka' tradition, soon after his birth, Handa was sent away far from home, and dedicated to Sona Sinhasan, the clan deity of Nyul village in Mandi. The priest of this deity gave Om Chand over to the [[dalit]] musician of the deity, who raised the child for the first few years of his life. Afterward the musician returned the child to the temple, from where an uncle of the child picked him up. After a while, the uncle gave Om Chand back to his father, Goverdhan Das.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Nem Chand |title=Himalayi itihaas aur sanskriti ke purodha: O.C. Handa (Festschrift) |publisher=Subodh Prakashan |year=2020 |location=New Delhi |pages=12–15}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
Handa was schooled at Mandi's Vijay High School till tenth standard. He proved to be very skilled at drawing and painting while at primary school - skills that he would later use extensively in his publications. Following school, he took a diploma in draftsmanship from the Industrial Training Institute, Mandi. On the basis of this diploma he got a job at the Public Works Department (PWD). Later, he did an MA in History from [[University of Mysore|Mysore University]] (1981), a PhD in Buddhist Archaeology from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University|Meerut University]] (1987), and was awarded a D.Litt. form [[Agra university|Agra University]] (1993). Handa retired from the PWD in 1994 as an assistant engineer. He also served as a Census official and at the Department of Language, Art, and Culture in Himachal Pradesh (DLAC). At DLAC, he served in the fields of [[museology]] and archeology, and for a while served as the curator of Himachal Pradesh's State Museum in [[Shimla]]. Handa travelled extensively all across Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh, which informed his numerous writings on the history, archaeology, and folk traditions of these regions.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. O. C. Handa |url=http://kalpfoundation.in/File/1/About%20the%20Author.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. O. C. Handa, Writer & Author, Shimla |url=https://stories.workmob.com/dr-oc-handa-arts-entertainment |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=stories.workmob.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Distinguished Personalities - Khatri Sabha Mandi |url=https://www.khatrisabhamandi.org/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Distinguished Personalities - Khatri Sabha Mandi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of courses conducted by this centre in last five years i.e. 2015-16 to 2020-21 (Up to December 2020) |url=http://hrdcshimla.org/List%20of%20courses%20conducted%20by%20this%20centre%20in%20last%20five%20years%20i.e.%202015-16%20to%202020-21.pdf}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

* Handa has been a Fellow of the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study|Indian Institute of Advanced Studies]], the Himachal Academy of Art, Culture, and Language, and the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]. He has been a member of various expert committees of the [[Lalit Kala Akademi|Lalit Kala Academy]] ([[New Delhi]]) and the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]], [[Government of India]]. He has also been a fellow of the USA-based [[Infinity Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Nem Chand |title=Himalayi itihaas aur sanskriti ke purodha: O.C. Handa (Festschrift) |publisher=Subodh Prakashan |year=2020 |location=New Delhi |pages=iv}}</ref>
* In 2002, Handa was awarded the ''Sahitya Yogdan Samman'' (Literary Contribution Award) by the Shabad Manch.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Nem Chand |title=Himalayi itihaas aur sanskriti ke purodha: O.C. Handa (Festschrift) |publisher=Subodh Prakashan |year=2020 |location=New Delhi |pages=161–162}}</ref>
* In 2009, Handa was awarded the Abhutpurva Sahitya aur Samajik Yogdan Samman (Unprecedented Literary and Societal Contribution Award) by the Himachal Rajya Patrakar Maha Sangh.<ref name=":3" />
* In 2012, Handa was made the Indian curator of the [[Nicholas Roerich|International Roerich Memorial Trust]]'s museum in [[Naggar]], Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-09-10 |title=Russian curator quits, O.C Handa assumes charge of Roerich Museum |url=https://hillpost.in/2012/09/russian-curator-quits-o-c-handa-assumes-charge-of-roerich-museum/50940/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Hill Post |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In 2017, Handa received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the ''Himalaya Sahitya, Sanskriti Evam Paryavaran Manch'', Shimla.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Honouring litterateurs in the evening of life |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/honouring-litterateurs-in-the-evening-of-life-422509 |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2018, Handa received the 'Prerna Srot' (Source of Inspiration) Award from the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh Government]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018 |title=हिमाचल की 6 विभूतियां सम्मानित |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/latest-shimla-news-020502-1478408.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आंचल ठाकुर को मिला हिमाचल गौरव पुरस्कार, इस जिले को सिविल सर्विस अवार्ड |url=https://www.amarujala.com/city-and-states/himachal-gaurav-purskar-to-manali-girl-aanchal-thakur |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
* In 2019, Handa received the 'Naval smriti aajivan shiromani samman' Award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=divyahimachal |title=विविध साहित्यिक गतिविधियों का साक्षी बना हिमाचल |url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/2019/01/विविध-साहित्यिक-गतिविधिय/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Divya Himachal |language=hi}}</ref>
* In 2020, Handa received the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh Government's]] 'Himachal Academy Sahitya Shikhar Samman' Award for the year 2018, for his contributions to Himachali traditions, cultures, and languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2020 |title=Himachal Academy Shikhar Samman 2017-18 Announced |url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2020/06/07/himachal-pradesh-academy-shikhar-samman-2017-18-winners/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ओमचंद हांडा को मिलेगा हिमाचल अकादमी शिखर सम्मान |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/mandi-himchal-acadmi-shikhar-samman-goes-to-om-chand-handa-20366847.html |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
* The Himachali writer Nem Chand Thakur brought together several scholars to write a [[Festschrift]] in honour of O.C. Handa, which was published (in Hindi) in 2020. The Festschrift was titled ''Himalayi itihaas aur sanskriti ke purodha: O.C. Handa (Festschrift).''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Nem Chand |title=Himalayi itihaas aur sanskriti ke purodha: O.C. Handa (Festschrift) |publisher=Subodh Prakashan |year=2020 |location=New Delhi |language=Hindi}}</ref> The title translates into English as 'A Pioneer of Himalayan History and Culture: O.C. Handa (Festschrift)'. Contributors to this volume include, among others, [[Tobdan]] and [https://www.petervanham.com/ Peter van Ham].

== Bibliography ==
'''Books'''

In addition to hundreds of articles in various national and international journals,<ref name=":3" /> as of 2020, O.C. Handa had authored the following books, most of which also contain his own pen-drawings as illustrations:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Nem Chand |title=Himalayi itihaas aur sanskriti ke purodha: O.C. Handa (Festschrift) |publisher=Subodh Prakashan |year=2020 |location=New Delhi |pages=26–59}}</ref>

# Handa, O.C. (1969). ''Pahadi Chitrakala'' (in Hindi). National Publishing House, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (1975). ''Pahadi Folk Art''. D.B. Taraporewala & Sons Pvt. Ltd.
# Handa, O.C. (1981). ''Pahadi Lok Geet'' (in Hindi). National Publishing House, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (1984). ''Numismatic Sources on the Early History of the Western Himalaya''. B.R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (1987). ''Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh.'' Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (1988). ''Paschimi Himalaya ki Lok Kalayein'' (in Hindi). Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (1992). ''Shiv in Art: A Study of Shaiv Iconography and Miniatures''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (1994). ''Buddhist Art and Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh.'' Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (1994). ''Tabo Monastery and Buddhism in the Trans-Himalaya''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (1997). ''Glimpses of the Western Himalaya: pen-drawings and descriptions of majestic mountains, verdant valleys, and marvelous moments''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (1998). ''Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. and Madhu Jain (2000). ''Wood Handicraft: A Study of its Origins and Development in Saharanpur''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2001). ''Temple Architecture of the Western Himalaya: Wooden Temples''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2001). ''Buddhist Western Himalaya: Part 1 - a Politico-Religious History''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2002). ''History of Uttaranchal''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. and Madhu Jain (2003). ''Art and Architecture of Uttaranchal''. Bhavna Books and Prints, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2003). ''Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2004). ''Buddhist Monasteries of Himachal''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2005). ''Gaddi Land in Chamba: its History, Art, and Culture''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2005). ''Panorama of Himalayan Art.'' Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2006). ''Western Himalayan Folk Art''. Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2006). ''Woodcarving in the Himalayan Region''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2008). ''Panorama of Himalayan Architecture (Vol. 1: Temples)''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2008). ''Panorama of Himalayan Architecture (Vol. 2: Buddhist Monasteries, Castles & Forts, and Traditional Houses)''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2009). ''Himalayan Traditional Architecture''. Rupa and Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2009). ''Kinnaur: Unfolding Exotic Himalayan Land.'' Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2010). ''Catalogue of Museum of Kangra Art''. Museum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala.
# Handa, O.C. (2010). ''Ancient Manuscripts of Himachal Pradesh.'' Museum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala.
# Handa, O.C. (2012). ''Himalayan Rock Art''. Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2014). ''Lahul and Spiti: the Land of Paradoxes''. Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2015). ''Kullu: Its Early History, Archaeology, and Architecture.'' Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2017). ''The Colours of Earth: a study of Indian folk painting.'' Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2018). ''Panorama of Indian Indigenous Architecture''. Pentagon Press, New Delhi.
# Handa, O.C. (2019). ''Rinchen Zangpo and His Legacy to Buddhism.'' Pentagon Press, New Delhi.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Scholars from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Mandi district]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Architecture writers]]
[[Category:Indian architecture writers]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]

Amri Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:40Z

SolomonL12: new a entry - done

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amri
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 112
| map_image = Amri Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = ST
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
}}

'''Amri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Amri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bikram Hanse |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Habbey Teron|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Wilson Teron|party=Independent|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[West Karbi Anglong district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:West Karbi Anglong district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Ellis Bridge Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:41Z

SolomonL12: Adding Info - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ellisbridge
| mla = [[Amit Shah (mayor)]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:266516}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 44
}}

'''Ellisbridge''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] district and is a segment of [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency]].

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad
# Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 7, 8, 9, 10.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || [[Indumati Chimanlal Sheth]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. K. Patel
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Kokilaben Vyas
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]] || rowspan="4" | Babubhai Vasanwala
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="2" | [[Haren Pandya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|| [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|| [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Bhavinbhai Sheth
|-
|| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan="3" | [[Rakesh Shah|Rakeshbhai Shah]]
|-
|| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Amit Shah (mayor)]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Ellisbridge <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amit Shah (mayor)]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 119323
|percentage = 80.39
|change = +5.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhikhubhai Hargovindbhai Dave
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 14,527
|percentage = 9.79
|change = -10.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Paras Rupeshkumar Shah
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 9,467
|percentage = 6.38
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surendrabhai Keshavlal Shah
|party = Right to Recall Party
|votes = 123
|percentage = 0.08
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,056
|percentage = 2.06
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,04,796
|percentage = 70.6
|change = +16
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:265533}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing = +5.54
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Ellisbridge<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Shah]]
|votes = 1,16,811
|percentage = 74.85
|change = +4.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vijaykumar Ratilal Dave
|votes = 31,606
|percentage = 20.25
|change = +0.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Malabhai Hirabhai Solanki
|votes = 2,144
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Nilaben Jivrajbhai Solanki
|votes = 553
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Meenakshi Pravinchandra Joshi
|votes = 476
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 3,479
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 85,205
|percentage = 54.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,56,065
|percentage = 63.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +1.95
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellisbridge<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rakesh Shah]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,06,631
|percentage = 70.57
|change = -1.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kamleshkumar Shah
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 29,959
|percentage = 19.83
|change = -4.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jagruti [[Haren Pandya]]
|party = Gujarat Parivartan Party
|votes = 9,075
|percentage = 6.01
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Malabhai Hirabhai Solanki
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 3,126
|percentage = 2.07
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 76,672
|percentage = 50.74
|change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,51,093
|percentage = 67.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2007]]: [[Ellis bridge (area)|Ellisbridge]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Shah]]
|votes = 93,780
|percentage = 72.22
|change = -3.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kalpesh Keshavlal Patel (Bholo)
|votes = 31,537
|percentage = 24.29
|change = +4.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ketanbhai Indravadanbhai Joshi
|votes = 1,789
|percentage = 1.38
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 62,243
|percentage = 47.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,29,853
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Ellisbridge}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhavinbhai Nalinbhai Sheth
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 78,224
|percentage = 76.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pradipkumar Kantilal Ruwala
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 20,434
|percentage = 19.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dinesh Vakta
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 1,483
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amitkumar Parikh
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 849
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 57,790
|percentage = 56.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,02,846
|percentage = 48.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin | title=Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 1998: Ellis Bridge<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat 1998 - Gujarat - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3837-gujarat-1998/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Haren Pandya]]
|votes = 84,101
|percentage = 77.43
|change = +5.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Raval Harinbhai Pravinkant
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 19,581
|percentage = 18.03
|change = -5.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|candidate = Dhiren Bhatt
|party = All India Rashtriya Janata Party
|votes = 3,617
|percentage = 3.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Damini Vismaybhai Shah
|party = Independent
|votes = 893
|percentage = 0.82
|change = -1.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 64,520
|percentage = 58.18
|change = +10.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,10,888
|percentage = 48.82
|change = -1.92
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1995 ===
{{Election box begin | title=Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 1995: Ellis Bridge<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat 1995 - Gujarat - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3836-gujarat-1995/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Haren Pandya]]
|votes = 77,916
|percentage = 71.44
|change = +65.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dashrathbhai Govindbhai Patel (Vasanavala)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 25,216
|percentage = 23.12
|change = +10.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|candidate = Damini Vismay Shah
|party = Independent
|votes = 2,146
|percentage = 1.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|candidate = Pandya Jayantbhai Maganlal
|party = Rashtriya Surajya Parishad
|votes = 816
|percentage = 0.75
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 52,700
|percentage = 47.37
|change = -46.72
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,11,262
|percentage = 50.74
|change = +3.57
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|23.02|72.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Government of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Midnapore City College

2026-04-12T05:08:06Z

SolomonL12: Created redirect page

#Redirect [[Vidyasagar University]]

M. Raghupathy

2026-04-10T13:55:18Z

SolomonL12: new

{{Short description|Indian politician (1941–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = M. Raghupathy
| office = Minister of Education
| term_start = 1976
| term_end = 1982
| birth_date = {{birth year|1941}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2022|6|18|1941}}
| birth_place = [[Yeswanthpur]], [[Bangalore]]
| occupation = Politician
| death_place = [[Malleswaram]]
| office1 = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
| term_start1 = 1985
| term_end1 = 1983
| constituency2 = [[Malleshwaram]]
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 1989
| party = [[Janata Parivar]]
}}

'''M. Raghupathy''' (1941 – 18 June 2022) was an Indian politician and senior leader of the erstwhile [[Janata Parivar]] (JNP) who served as the Higher Education Minister in the cabinet of former Chief Minister [[First Hegde ministry|Ramakrishna Hegde]] from 1976 to 1982.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1986-07-31 |title=Karnataka: Ramakrishna Hegde ministry reshuffle turns out to be a comic opera |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860731-karnataka-ramakrishna-hegde-ministry-reshuffle-turns-out-to-be-a-comic-opera-801096-1986-07-30 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He also served as [[State legislative councils of India|MLC]] and was elected twice as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]], once from the [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar constituency]] in 1983 and once from the [[Malleshwaram Assembly constituency|Malleshwaram constituency]] in 1985.<ref name=":0" /> He was known to be close to former [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister]] [[N. T. Rama Rao]].<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Raghupathy was born in [[Yeswanthpur]], [[Bangalore]]. He had an interest in sports from his school time. He pursued his studies in law.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Raghupathi's political journey began in 1969 when he joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] by attending a requisition meeting of the [[All India Congress Committee]]. In 1969, he was appointed as the Karnataka Pradesh Youth Congress secretary. In 1970, he served as the founder convener of [[National Students' Union of India|NSUI (Karnataka)]] and later led a selected student team to visit [[Expo '70|Expo 70]]. He also participated in a 7-day hunger strike in 1970 as part of the student movement advocating for student welfare schemes, which led to the appointment of the [[John Matthai|John Mathai Committee]] by the [[Government of India|Government]] in 1971. In 1973, he was appointed as the general secretary of the Karnataka Pradesh Youth Congress. In 1974, he served as the Congress Performance secretary, and in 1975, he served as the General Secretary of the [[Indian Youth Congress]]. He was also the President of Karanatka Pradesh Youth Congress Committee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ ಹೆಗಡೆ ಸಂಪುಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಉನ್ನತ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಸಚಿವರಾಗಿದ್ದ ಎಂ. ರಘುಪತಿ ನಿಧನ! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/politics/karnataka-former-minister-minister-m-raghupati-dies-rdnlus |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn}}</ref>

From 1976 to 1982, he served as the Minister of Education and Information in the Government of Karnataka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hijab wasn't an issue when uniforms were introduced in Karnataka: Former minister |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/hijab-wasnt-an-issue-when-uniforms-were-introduced-in-karnataka-former-minister-1080496.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

He first became an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in 1983 as a candidate of the [[Janata Parivar|JNP]]. He won by a margin of 7527 votes and represented the [[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar constituency]] from 1983 to 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Elections, 1983 Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3777-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE1983/?do=download&r=8896&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=14babbd8c30b87ad13fd28d2bb870141 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> In 1985, he again contested as a JNP candidate, this time for the [[Malleshwaram Assembly constituency|Malleshwaram constituency]] in the assembly election. He defeated the [[Indian National Congress]] party candidate Vijoilakshami Ram Bhat by a significant margin of 21,699 votes and represented the Malleshwaram constituency from 1985 to 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malleshwaram Election and Results 2023, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/malleshwaram.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malleshwaram Assembly Election Results (1985) |url=https://www.oneindia.com/malleshwaram-assembly-elections-ka-157/}}</ref> During his time as an MLA, he introduced free uniforms for students in state-run schools and provided free textbooks for children in government schools.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-19 |title=Karnataka: Former minister M Raghupathy no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-former-minister-m-raghupathy-no-more/articleshow/92309460.cms |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

In 1989, he ran for the [[Elections in India|Lok Sabha election]] from [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangalore South Lok Sabha Election |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/lok-sabha/constituencies/bangalore-south-ka_26_2024 |work=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> and in 1999, for the [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]] election from Malleswaram, but he did not win either election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1999 Assembly Constituency Election |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/malleswaram-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Death ==
Raghupati died on 18 June 2022, at the age of 81 at his residence in [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru|Malleswaram]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghupathy, M}}

[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]

Poladpur Mahad Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:26:20Z

SolomonL12: creating a post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Poladpur Mahad
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 43,892
| mla = Purohit Digambar Vinayak
| party = {{Party index link|Samajwadi Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Poladpur Mahad Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Purohit Digambar Vinayak || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Poladpur Mahad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Purohit Digambar Vinayak |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 13,597 |percentage = 68.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Pandurang Khashaba |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,214 |percentage = 31.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,383 |percentage = 37.27% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,811 |percentage = 45.14% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,811}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,892 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

D. N. Ghosh

2026-04-09T02:41:14Z

SolomonL12: Adding Pg - done

{{Short description|Indian career bureaucrat and civil servant}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=July 2021}}
{{Like resume|date=July 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhruba Narayan Ghosh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 6 August 1928
| birth_place = [[Cooch Behar]]
| death_date = 7 November 2023
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| office = 12th [[Chairman of State Bank of India]]
| predecessor = [[Vishwanath N. Nadkarni]]
| successor = Atal V.
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| networth =
}}

'''Dhruba Narayan Ghosh''' was an Indian career bureaucrat and civil servant who served as the twelfth [[Chairman of State Bank of India]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|last=Hazari|first=Hemindra|date=3 Feb 2002|title=A Question of Leadership|url=https://hemindrahazari.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SBI-BUY-3-Feb-2000.pdf|url-status=live|website=hemindrahazari(.)com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414044425/https://hemindrahazari.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SBI-BUY-3-Feb-2000.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2021 }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://edifying.in/state-bank-of-india-story-of-the-largest-bank-in-india/|title="State Bank of India- Story of the Largest Bank in India"|date=27 May 2021|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215009/https://edifying.in/state-bank-of-india-story-of-the-largest-bank-in-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also the founder and first chairman of the [[ICRA Limited]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://rupapublications.co.in/authors/d-n-ghosh/|title=D.N. Ghosh | Authors | Rupa Publications}}</ref>

== Life ==

He was born on 6 August 1928 in [[Cooch Behar]], [[India]].<ref>[https://www.epw.in/journal/2023/47/commentary/remarkable-life.html]</ref>

He died on 07 November 2023 in [[Kolkata]], [[India]].<ref>[https://www.epw.in/journal/2023/47/commentary/remarkable-life.html]</ref>

Most of the details about his early life are known from his autobiography ''No Regrets'' published by [[Rupa Publications]] on 1 August 2015.<ref name="auto2"/> The book was released by [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]], the then [[Chairman of State Bank of India]] and [[Deepak Parekh]], chairman of the [[Housing Development Finance Corporation]] on 27 August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bankingfrontiers.com/no-regrets-launched/|title='No Regrets' launched|date=27 August 2015}}</ref>

== Education ==

He spent his formative years in Presidency College, Calcutta, where he completed his BA and MA degrees in economics.<ref>[https://www.epw.in/journal/2023/47/commentary/remarkable-life.html]</ref>

He holds a Master's degree in Economics from the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebillionpress.org/person/dn-ghosh|title=DN Ghosh | The Billion Press|website=www.thebillionpress.org|date=11 October 2017 }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early career ===

He joined the [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service]] in 1952 and worked in a number of roles. He played a key role in the nationalization of Indian banks.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/from-civil-servant-to-corporate-warrior-115111201305_1.html|title=From civil servant to corporate warrior|first=Subir|last=Roy|date=12 November 2015|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

{{Quote
|text= A large chunk of his civil service years were spent in the banking division (later department) of the Union finance ministry as a key official who helped draft laws that led up to bank nationalisation and thereafter to a supervisory structure for public sector banks.
|author= [[Business Standard]]<ref name="auto"/>
}}

=== Banking career ===

He served as the twelfth [[Chairman of State Bank of India]] from 13 May 1985 until 12 May 1989.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/>

After his retirement from the [[State Bank of India]] in 1989, he was succeeded by Atal V. as the [[Chairman of State Bank of India]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/>

It was during his time at the [[State Bank of India]], that the drive towards computerization of branches was begun. The [[State Bank of India]] was also rated by the international rating agency the [[Standard and Poor's|S&P Global Ratings]] for the first time during his tenure.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Later career ===

After having retired from the [[State Bank of India]] in 1989, he held a number of executive posts in the private sector which included:<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHAIRMAN EMERITUS - Mr. D. N. Ghosh|url=https://www.icra.in/Home/ChairmanEmeritus|url-status=live|website=ICRA India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225150206/https://www.icra.in/Home/ChairmanEmeritus |archive-date=25 February 2020 }}</ref>

* Member of Board of Directors of [[Philips]] company<ref name="auto4"/>
* Member of Board of Directors of [[Larsen & Toubro]] company<ref name="auto4"/>
* Chairman of the Board of Governors of the [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]]<ref name="auto4"/>
* Chairman of the board of Sundaram BNP Paribas Asset Management Company Limited<ref name="auto4"/>
* Chairman of the board of Gerdau Steel India Limited<ref name="auto4"/>
* Chairman of the [[Management Development Institute]], [[Gurgaon]]<ref name="auto2"/>
* Chairman and Director of The Peerless General Finance and Investment Company Limited<ref name="auto4"/>
* Managing Director of Damodar Cement and Slag Limited<ref name="auto4"/>
* Independent Non-Executive Director of Birla Corporation Limited<ref name="auto4"/>
* Independent Director of [[Housing Development Finance Corporation]].<ref name="auto4"/>
* Director of Tata Global Beverages Limited.<ref name="auto4"/>

He has also served as the president of the Society for the Preservation of Satyajit Ray Archives.<ref name="auto2"/>

In 1991, he became the Managing Trustee of the Sameeksha Trust, which is the publisher of [[Economic and Political Weekly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2015/09/no-regrets-only-looking-back/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314212523/http://thekashmirwalla.com/2015/09/no-regrets-only-looking-back/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 March 2016|title=No regrets, only looking back|date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.icra.in/Home/ChairmanEmeritus Official Website]
* [https://hemindrahazari.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SBI-BUY-3-Feb-2000.pdf SBI chairmen]
* [https://edifying.in/state-bank-of-india-story-of-the-largest-bank-in-india/ SBI history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215009/https://edifying.in/state-bank-of-india-story-of-the-largest-bank-in-india/ |date=2 June 2021 }}

{{SBI}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhruba Narayan Ghosh}}
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:State Bank of India]]
[[Category:Chairmen of the State Bank of India]]
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]

Dilip Singh

2026-04-04T20:27:05Z

SolomonL12: Adding Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Dilip Singh''' was an Indian politician and former Minister in [[Government of Bihar]]. He represented [[Mokama Assembly constituency]] as an M.L.A. two terms from. He was the leader of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. His younger brother [[Anant Kumar Singh]] also represents [[Mokama Assembly constituency]] many times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/dilip-singh-brother-of-anant-singh-political-career-bihar-vidhan-sabha-chunav-2020-tstb-1135537-2020-09-26|title= दिलीप सिंह: जिस मंत्री के लिए की बूथ कैप्चरिंग, उसे ही हराकर बने थे विधायक|newspaper= Aaj Tak|date= 26 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cd-episode-embarrasses-govt/articleshow/1509832.cms|title= Dilip Singh's CD episode embarrasses govt|newspaper= Times of India|date= 29 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cms-kin-ex-dgp-lose-council-polls/articleshow/73227.cms|title= CM's kin, ex-DGP lose council polls|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 13 July 2003}}</ref> He died in Patna on 1 October 2006, the cause of death was chest pain and cardiac arrest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bihar-mlc-dilip-singh-is-dead/story-RWCjJZvt7K1vKujuwsf3DM.html|title= Bihar MLC Dilip Singh is dead|newspaper= Hindustan Times|date= 1 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar-election/news/bihar-election-2020-patna-mokama-bahubali-mla-from-anant-kumar-singh-to-dilip-singh-surajbhan-singh-127788699.html|title= 30 साल से 3 बाहुबलियों का राज, दिलीप सिंह से लेकर अनंत सिंह तक|newspaper= Dainik bhaskar}}</ref>
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dilip Kumar Singh
| image = Dileep singh mokama.jpg
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Council|Member of Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 2003
| term_end = 2006
| office2 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| office1 = [[Government of Bihar|Minister of State Government of Bihar]]
| successor1 =
| predecessor1 =
| term_start1 = 1995
| term_end1 = 2000
| term_start2 = 1990
| term_end2 = 2000
| successor2 = [[Surajbhan Singh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Shyam Sunder Singh Dheeraj]]
| constituency2 = [[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]]
| constituency1 =
| birth_date = 12 June 1950
| birth_place = [[Nadwan, Patna|Nadwan]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date = 1 October 2006 (aged 56)
| death_place = [[Patna]], [[India]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| relations = [[Anant Kumar Singh|Anant Singh]] (younger brother)
| parents = Chandradeep Singh (father)
| nickname = Bade Sarkar
| caption = Dilip Singh (Bade Sarkar) sitting in centre
| constituency = ''Patna Local Authorities''
| 1blankname1 = [[List of Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry & Department's
| 1namedata1 = *[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
*[[Rabri Devi]]
| 2namedata1 = *Relief
*Rehabilitation
| other_party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
[[Janata Dal]]
}}

==Personal life==
Dileep singh was born on 12 June 1950 in Nadawan village of Barh cd block. His father Chandradeep Singh was a farmer in village. He had four brothers of which two brothers, Fajo Singh and Viranchi Singh, were murdered by local criminals. His younger brother [[Anant Kumar Singh]] was also an M.L.A. from Mokama.
[[File:Dilip singh.jpg|alt=Anant Singh with elder brother Dilip Singh|left|thumb|MLC Dilip Singh (left) with Younger brother MLA Anant Singh (white shirt on right)]]

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dilip}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Jinder (writer)

2026-04-03T23:57:15Z

SolomonL12: Done

{{Short description|Punjabi writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Jinder
| image = Jinder.jpg
| caption = Jinder in 2024
| birth_name = Harjinder Pal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|02|02}}
| birth_place = [[Ladhran]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| occupation = Writer
| notable_works = ''Safety Kit''
| awards = Sahitya Akademi Award (2025)
}}
'''Harjinder Pal''' (born 2 February 1954), known by his pen name '''Jinder''', is an Indian writer. He won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi|Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2025 for his short story collection ''Safety Kit''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjabi short-story writer Jinder’s ‘Safety Kit’ wins Sahitya Akademi Award 2025 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/punjabi-short-story-writer-jinders-safety-kit-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-2025/ |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He also won CAD $25,000 at the 11th annual Dhahan Prize for the same collection.<ref name=":0" />

== Biography ==
Jinder was born on 2 February 1954 in the village of [[Ladhran]], [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-18 |title=Jalandhar writer Jinder wins Sahitya Akademi Award for women-centric literary work ‘Safety Kit’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/jalandhar-writer-jinder-sahitya-akademi-award-safety-kit-10588025/ |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He completed his Master of Arts in [[English literature]] from DAV College, Jalandhar, in 1977.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=From kerosene lamps to global acclaim: Punjabi writer Jinder’s literary journey |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/from-kerosene-lamps-to-global-acclaim-jinders-literary-journey/ |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

He had to struggle to find a job after completing his education. He first worked as an auction recorder in the market committee of [[Nakodar]]. He then worked as a clerk in a farm company. He then worked as a proofreader with the MBD Press, Jalandhar for four years. He then got a job at the Punjab Transport Department as an auditor<ref name=":1" />, where he worked until his retirement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Charlie |date=2024-11-15 |title=Dhahan Prize for Punjabi Literature goes to Jalandhar writer Jinder for Safety Kit |url=https://pancouver.ca/dhahan-prize-for-punjabi-literature-goes-to-jalandhar-writer-jinder-for-safety-kit/ |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=Pancouver |language=en-US}}</ref>

He began writing in 1992 and he has written eight short story collections, two travelogues, and an autobiography.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jinder Archives |url=https://dhahanprize.com/book-author/jinder/ |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=The Dhahan Prize For Punjabi Literature |language=en-US}}</ref> His stories are included in the syllabus of many universities and colleges in India, such as Guru Nanak Dev University (Amritsar), Punjabi University (Patiala), Maharaja Ganga Singh University (Bikaner), and other colleges. Much of his literary work has been translated into many Indian and Pakistani languages including Urdu and Sindhi.

== Awards ==

* 2024 – [[The Dhahan Prize]] for ''Safety Kit''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-15 |title=Jalandhar’s Jinder wins Dhahan Prize for Punjabi literature |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jalandhars-jinder-wins-dhahan-prize-for-punjabi-literature-101731657048133.html |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* 2025 – Sahitya Akademi Award for ''Safety Kit''
* Gurdev Singh Birha, Bhathal Kahani Award<ref name=":1" />
* Translation Award of Sahitya Academy Delhi<ref name=":1" />
* Harbhajan Singh Halwarvi Yadgar Award<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jinder}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Khalsa Akhbar

2026-03-31T17:40:12Z

SolomonL12: Page

{{short description|Weekly newspaper published from Lahore}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox newspaper
| image = Khalsa Akhbar Lahore, 15 May 1893.JPG
| caption = Khalsa Akhbar Lahore, 15 May 1893. Digitized by Panjab Digital Library.
| type = Weekly newspaper
| owners = Giani Ditt Singh
| founder = Gurmukh Singh
| publisher = Lahore Khalsa Diwan
| editor = Jhanda Singh Basant Singh Maeeya Singh Ahluwalia
| founded = 1883 or 13 June 1886
| ceased_publication = 1889 (temporary) 1905 (permanent)
| relaunched = 1 May 1893
}}
{{Sikh literature}}

The '''''Khalsa Akhbar''''' ({{langx|pa|ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਅਖ਼ਬਾਰ}} ([[Gurmukhi]]), {{Nastaliq|خالصہ اخبار}} ([[Shahmukhi]])), [[Lahore]], was a [[weekly newspaper]] and the organ of the Lahore Khalsa Diwan, a [[Sikh]] society.<ref name="Singh">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagjit |editor1-last=Siṅgh |editor1-first=Harbans |title=Khālsā Dīwān Lahore |date=1995 |publisher=Punjab University, Patiala, 2011 |location=Patiala, Punjab, India |isbn=9788173805301 |pages=481–482 |edition=3rd |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n495/ |accessdate=15 February 2020 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Barrier |first=N. G. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Patiala Punjabi University |year=2004 |isbn=817380530X |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=2nd |volume=4: S–Z |pages=161–166 |chapter=Sikh Journalism}}</ref> Published from [[Lahore]] in the [[Punjabi language]] (Gurmukhi script), the newspaper was established in 1886 and functioned sporadically till 1905.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u_AMX5RI_YUC&dq=Khalsa+Akhbar+Lahore&pg=PA72 Khalsa Akhbar, Lahore] ''Religion and Nationalism in India: the case of the Punjab'', by Harnik Deol. Routledge, 2000, p. 72. {{ISBN|0-415-20108-X}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.sikhcybermuseum.org.uk/history/SikhJournalism.htm Sikh Journalism:From 1800s to 1900s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719174747/http://www.sikhcybermuseum.org.uk/history/SikhJournalism.htm |date=19 July 2011 }} sikhcybermuseum.org.uk.</ref> Founded by Bhai Gurmukh Singh, a professor of Punjabi at the [[Oriental College, Lahore]], who also established the ''Khalsa Press'' in Lahore, the paper was taken over by [[Giani Ditt Singh]], a scholar and a poet.<ref>[http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/00june20/edit.htm History of Punjabi Journalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619054930/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/00june20/edit.htm |date=19 June 2007 }} By Harpreet Singh, ''[[Daily Excelsior]]'', 20 June 2000.</ref> It was one of the most prominent and influential Sikh periodicals prior to 1920.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=Master Tara Singh in Indian History: Colonialism, Nationalism, and the Politics of Sikh Identity |date=March 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199089840 |edition=Online |pages= |chapter=2 - Colonial Rule and the Sikhs: (1849–1919) |quote=The most important Sikh periodicals were the ''Khālsā Akhbār'' in Punjabi and the ''Khalsa'' in English, both of which were brought out from Lahore. The ''Nirguṇiārā'' and the ''Khālsā Samāchār'' in Punjabi and the ''Khalsa Advocate'' in English were published from Amritsar.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barrier |first=Norman Gerald |title=Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages |date=3 January 1992 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791408285 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Kenneth W. |edition=Illustrated |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |pages=226 |quote=Also important in focusing the issues and personalities involved in Sikh pamphleteering are articles and correspondence in the three primary Sikh newspapers prior to 1920, ''The Khalsa Akhbar'' (Punjabi, c. 1889–1905), the ''Khalsa Samachar'' (Punjabi, 1899 to the present), and the ''Khalsa Advocate'' (1903–23, then becoming the Punjabi ''Khalsa Te Khalsa Advocate'').}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Photograph of Prof. Gurmukh Singh, founder of the Khalsa Akhbar Lahore and one of the founders of the Singh Sabha movement.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Prof. Gurmukh Singh (1849–1898). He was a professor of Punjabi at Oriental College Lahore, and was the founder of the Khalsa Akhbar Lahore. He also was one of the founders of Singh Sabha Lehar (Singh Sabha movement).]]
The newspaper was published with effect from 13 June 1886 through the efforts of Bhai Gurmukh Singh from Lahore.<ref name="Singh"/> However, [[Norman G. Barrier]] claims the paper was established in 1883.<ref name=":0" /> The newspaper was founded through the joint-efforts of Gurmukh Singh, Jhanda Singh, and Ditt Singh, after the three had established the Khalsa Press in 1883.<ref name=":0" /> Maharaja [[Hira Singh Nabha|Hira Singh]] of [[Nabha State]] aided with the establishment of the Khalsa Press.<ref name=":0224">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=Master Tara Singh in Indian History: Colonialism, Nationalism, and the Politics of Sikh Identity |date=March 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199089840 |edition=Online |pages=36–61 |chapter=2 - Colonial Rule and the Sikhs: (1849–1919) |quote=}}</ref>

It was a weekly [[newspaper]] of the Khalsa Diwan society being published in [[lithography]] and in [[Gurmukhi script]]. Its first two editors were Giani Jhanda Singh [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]] and Sardar Basant Singh. Another editor who worked on the paper was Mayya Singh.<ref name=":0" /> Later on, it was handed over to [[Giani Ditt Singh]]. The newspaper became a champion of the reformist elements of the contemporary Sikh society.<ref name=":0" />

In the 1 January 1887 new-year issue of the newspaper, it stated the following regarding the management situation of the Golden Temple in Amritsar, being one of the earliest precursory voices of the [[Akali movement|Gurdwara Reform movement]]:<ref name=":02232">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=Master Tara Singh in Indian History: Colonialism, Nationalism, and the Politics of Sikh Identity |date=March 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199089840 |edition=Online |pages=86–103 |chapter=4 - Master Tara Singh in the Akali Movement: (1920–3) |quote=}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=We appeal before the Khalsa community and the Government ... that the present committee for the management of the Golden Temple is neither based on the principles of the Khalsa Panth nor on Government legislation ... The administration is not supposed to interfere in religious matters.|title=Khalsa Akhbar|source=1 January 1887 issue}}

The newspaper continued to be published until 1889. After this, its publication stopped for sometime due to a legal libel suit filed by the [[Amritsar]]i party regarding the publication of a play called ''Swapan''.<ref>[http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/literature/dittsingh.html Biography of Giani Ditt Singh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202203143/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/literature/dittsingh.html |date=2 February 2019 }} sikh-history.com</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20091003215302/http://www.esikhs.com/articles/giani_ditt_singh.htm Giani Ditt Singh Biography]}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

It resumed publication again on 1 May 1893 with [[Giani Ditt Singh]] as its editor. An experienced scholar and an expert in debates and discussions, he entered into many heated debates with representatives of [[Arya Samaj]]. The revived paper had around 1,000 subscribers.<ref name=":0" />

Giani Ditt Singh was an excellent writer of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] prose and poetry and wrote many of his editorials in verse. He was the right-hand man of Bhai Gurmukh Singh and one of the pillars of [[Singh Sabha]] Lahore. He died in 1901. After him, Sardar Maeeya Singh Ahluwalia became the editor of ''Khalsa Akhbar'' and continued until 1905. The newspaper ceased publication in 1905 after the dissolution of Singh Sabha [[Lahore]] and due to some other reasons.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/mainpage.jsp?CategoryID=5&Searched=Khalsa+Akhbar&typebox=1 Issues preserved and available for online viewing by the Panjab Digital Library]

[[Category:Defunct weekly newspapers]]
[[Category:History of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Sikhism in Lahore]]
[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Lahore]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1886]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1905]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in India]]

Sister Abhaya murder case

2026-03-29T01:52:04Z

SolomonL12: creating stub

{{Short description|1992 death in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Sister Abhaya
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Sister Abhaya.jpg
| caption = Sr Abhaya in 1991
| birth_name = Beena Thomas
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1971|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1992|03|27|1971|02|26}}
| death_place = Kottayam, Kerala, India
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| religion = [[Christians|Christian - Knanaya Catholic]]
| death_cause = [[Murdered]] using axe.
| occupation = [[Nun#Catholicism|Nun]]
}}

'''Sister Abhaya''' (born '''Beena Thomas'''; {{Birth date|df=yes|1971|02|26}} {{snd}} {{Death date|df=yes|1992|03|27}}), a [[Knanaya Catholic]] [[Religious Sister|sister]], was found dead in a well filled with water in [[Pope Pius X|St Pius X]] [[Convent]] in [[Kottayam]] on 27 March 1992.<ref name="manorama-father-died">[http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/father-of-sister-abhaya-passes-away.html Father of Sister Abhaya passes away]</ref><ref name="toi-confession">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Abhaya-case-narco-tests-show-confession-of-priests-and-nun/articleshow/5011421.cms Abhaya case narco tests show confession of priests and nun]</ref> Investigation into this death is by far the longest running murder investigation in the [[State of Kerala]].

Abhaya was a member of [[St. Joseph]]'s Congregation for [[Religious Sisters|religious sisters]] under the Knanaya Catholic [[Archeparchy of Kottayam]], a Knanaya metropolitan archeparchy of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]] in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kottayamad.org/sjc-congregation/|title=THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community {{!}} SJC Congregation|website=kottayamad.org|date=December 2012|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-16}}</ref> The [[Kerala Police|local police]] which investigated the case initially closed it with a theory of [[suicide]]. A case of unnatural death was registered based on a statement given by Sister Leissue, Mother Superior of the Convent.<ref name="Abhaya case: Probe Agency">[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/abhaya-case-explained-cbi-court-verdict-thomas-kottoor-sephy-guilty-7114774/lite/ Abhaya case: Probe Agency]</ref> On 13 April, the [[Crime Branch]] wing of state police took over the probe, and, on 30 January 1993, submitted a final report which tried to strengthen the suicide theory, with claims of psychological illness of the deceased.<ref name="Abhaya case: Probe Agency"/> Following popular pressure and a legal battle launched by Jomon Puthenpurackal, a human-rights activist who established and led the "Sister Abhaya Case Action Council," the [[High Court of Kerala]] transferred the investigation to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)]] in 1993. The first team CBI failed to find the reason for the death. Upon the instruction of the court, a second-team was set up, which concluded that it was indeed a murder, but there was not enough evidence leading to the murderer(s). The conclusion of "homicide" was reached mainly based on the medical opinion given by three doctors, as against the opinion given by Dr C Radhakrishnan, who conducted an autopsy on the body of Abhaya. This report was also not accepted by the court.

As the court rejected the second final report, the CBI continued the probe under another officer, R R Sahay. In another final report on 25 August 2005, the CBI stated that "further investigation conducted, at the behest of the court, has not indicated involvement of any person in the death of Sister Abhaya" and a request was made that the "case be treated as closed as untraced." The court did not accept the probe and the investigation continued.

On 4 September 2008, the High Court handed over the investigation to the CBI's Kerala unit in Kochi. By then, the CBI had approached the judiciary to close the case four times for want of evidence. In early November 2008, the HC handed over the case to the state unit of CBI, and gave a three-month period to complete the probe. The new team, led by Dy SP Nandakumaran Nair, had recorded the statement of Sanju P Mathew, who had been residing next to the convent when Abhaya died. Sanju, in his statement as per Section 164 of CrPC, said he had seen Kottoor in the convent hostel campus on the night of 26 March 1992, a day before Abhaya was found dead. Based on this statement, the CBI on 19 November 2008, arrested Kottoor, Puthrikkayl and Sephy.<ref name="Abhaya case: Probe Agency"/>
On 22 December 2020, a special CBI court in Kerala's [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] delivered its verdict in the 28-year-old murder case as it held Father Thomas Kottoor and Sister Sephy guilty.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web|title=Sister Abhaya Murder: 28 Years On, Kerala Catholic Priest, Nun Convicted|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sister-abhaya-murder-case-two-found-guilty-by-kerala-court-28-years-after-crime-2341922|access-date=2020-12-22|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> They were sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] on 23 December 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sister Abhaya case: Father Thomas Kottoor, Sister Sephy sentenced to life imprisonment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sister-abhaya-case-father-thomas-kottoor-sister-sephy-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment/article33400112.ece |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 December 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
In June 2022, both of them were granted bail and their life sentences were suspended by the High court till the disposal of their petition challenging the verdict of the trial court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=Sister Abhaya murder case: Kerala HC suspends life term, grants bail to convicted priest, nun |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/sister-abhaya-murder-case-kerala-high-court-grants-bail-to-convicted-priest-nun-7985974/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Sequence of events ==
[[File:St Pius Xth Convent Hostel Kottayam.jpg|400px|right|St Pius Xth Convent Hostel]]
{{more citations needed|date=November 2010}}
Sister Abhaya was reported missing on the morning of 27 March 1992. She had woken at 4:00 am to study for exams, and was last known to have gone to the kitchen for a drink. The refrigerator door was left open, a bottle of water was spilt on the floor and a single slipper sat under the fridge – its pair was found beside the convent hostel's well. After a brief search, Sister Abhaya's body was found in the convent hostel's well in the early hours of the same day. Kottayam West Police Station upgraded their investigation to that of unnatural death.
At 10:00 am the deceased was removed from the well by the fire department and an inquest was drawn up. A [[post-mortem]] conducted on the body by Dr Radhakrishnan of Kottayam Medical College found abrasions on the right shoulder and hip and two small lacerations above the right ear. There was no sign of sexual assault. Despite the potentially significant injuries, the death was ruled a [[drowning]].

The series of inquiries by various investigating bodies that followed was lengthy, convoluted and unsatisfactory, plagued by internal conflict, bitter rivalries and allegations of corruption and bias, compounded by pressure from many quarters to bring the case to conclusion. In April 1992 the Crime Branch of the Criminal Investigation Department took up the case, and months later ruled Sister Abhaya's death a suicide. However, the Crime Branch was alleged to have destroyed crucial material evidence potentially implicating homicide as a cause of death.

In April 1995, forensic medical experts Dr S K Pathak, Dr Mahesh Verma and Dr S R Singh conducted dummy experiments leading them to conclude cause of death to be [[homicide]]. Nevertheless, no arrests were made until November 2008. After years of failed investigations and internal struggles, two priests – Thomas Kottur, Jose Puthurukkayil and a nun – Sister Sephy – were arrested by the CBI under Nandan Kumar Nair on 19 November 2008. All three suspects were granted [[bail]] in early January 2009. On 17 July 2009, the three were charged with [[murder]], [[defamation]] and [[destruction of evidence]]. Prosecutors alleged that Sister Abhaya had stumbled upon the two priests and one sister in a "compromising position" and had subsequently been attacked with an axe and dumped in the well.

After a 28-year-long investigation, on 22 December 2020, the CBI court found Fr. Kottoor and Sr. Sephy to be guilty of the murder of Sr. Abhaya.<ref name="ndtv.com"/> They were sentenced to life imprisonment on 23 December 2020.

== Investigations ==

=== Action council ===
An Action Council was convened by [[Jomon Puthenpurackal]] in 1992 demanding prosecution of those responsible for the murder of Abhaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/oct/26keral.htm |title=CBI bites dust in Sister Abhaya case |work=Redcliff on the Net |date=26 October 1998 |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/13keral.htm?zcc=rl |title=CBI seeks closure of unresolved Sister Abhaya case |work=Redcliff on the Net |date=13 July 1999 |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref>

67 nuns belonging to Abhaya's congregation petitioned the Chief Minister of the Kerala State Government to investigate the case as a homicide.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 34">Hema Order (2009), para. 34</ref> On 7 April 1992, the Director General of Police of Kerala directed the [[Crime Branch]] of the [[Kerala Police]] to take over the investigation from the local police. The Kerala Government, on the basis of the petition, recommended a CBI enquiry. On 29 March 1993, CBI began a new investigation.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 34"/>

=== Kerala Police ===
On 27 March 1992, Kottayam West Police Station ASI V V Augustine visited the crime scene and called the fire force to search for Abhaya's body in the well in the compound. The fire force removed the body from the well. An [[inquest]] was prepared by ASI Augustine. Photographs of the body were also taken. Clothing of Abhaya was taken into custody. Later these items of physical evidence were destroyed. The post-mortem report indicated death by drowning but also reported on the possibility of homicide based on head injuries.

On 7 April 1992, the [[Director General of Police]] of Kerala directed the [[Crime Branch]] section of the Kerala police to take up the investigation. The Crime Branch submitted its report before the Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO) on 30 January 1993. The Crime Branch concluded that Abhaya had committed suicide.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} According to the post mortem report, she had died from drowning.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Though there were allegations that the Crime Branch had procured the evidence in the case from the court and destroyed it, this was subsequently disproved by the CBI.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

=== CBI ===
On 29 March 1993, the [[First Information Report|FIR]] in the case was registered by the CBI.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 34"/> The CBI started investigating the death of Sister Abhaya under the direct supervision of its officer Varghese P. Thomas.

On 29 November 1996, the CBI issued the first final report.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 16">Hema Order (2009), para. 16</ref> The author of the report, A.K. Ohri, stated that he could not determine whether Abhaya's death was suicide or homicide.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 16"/> The report was not accepted by the Chief Judicial Magistrate's Court.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 16"/> On 9 July 1999, the CBI issued a second final report authored by Surinder Paul.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 17">Hema Order (2009), para. 17</ref> Paul concluded that Abahya's death was a homicide, but he could not establish the identity of the perpetrators.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 17"/> Paul's report was also not accepted by the court.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 17"/> On 25 August 2005, the CBI issued yet another report, authored by R.R. Sahay.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 18">Hema Order (2009), para. 18</ref> Sahay concluded that there was no indication that anyone was involved in Abhaya's death.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 18"/> The report was again not accepted.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 18"/> On 4 September 2008, the court turned the investigation over to the Kerala branch of the CBI.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 18"/>

Some of the initial manipulations in the case by the local police and crime branch, alleged by CBI are: 
-''The inquest report did not indicate the homicidal injuries on the body of Abhaya.'' 
-''The material evidence in the case was destroyed and the clothes were not subject to forensic examination'' 
-''The photographs showing injuries on the body were removed''. 
-''The crime scene was tampered with or material physical evidence was not collected from the crime scene.'' 
During the initial inquiry, the post-mortem, chemical examination and [[laboratory]] report also had been erased and then rewritten due to other influence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Aug172007/national2007081619572.asp |title=Nun murder case: Narco tests in Blore |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/ar_showdetails.asp?id=710191062&cat=&n_date=20071019 |title=Plea on narco-analysis test report in Sister Abhaya case |publisher=WebIndia123.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://andhracafe.com/index.php?m=show&id=21887 |title=Mystery over Kerala nun's death |publisher=Andhracafe |access-date=4 January 2008 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707141456/http://andhracafe.com/index.php?m=show&id=21887 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/070413/43/6ejev.html |title=Suicide or murder? Kerala nun's death in spotlight again |publisher=Yahoo! India}}</ref>

On 30 December 1993, Varghese P. Thomas resigned from the service of CBI and from the investigation of Abhaya's death. He had seven more years in service to retire. He had arrived at the conclusion that Abhaya's death was a case of murder and he had recorded it as such in the Case Diary. Subsequently, on 19 January 1994, he called a special press conference in [[Cochin]] and announced that he had resigned from CBI as his conscience did not permit him to comply with a strong directive given by his superior officer, V. Thyagarajan, the then Superintendent of CBI Cochin Unit, who had asked Varghese P. Thomas to record the death of Abhaya as suicide in the Case Diary. With this press conference, the case of Sr. Abhaya caught media attention all over [[India]] and the matter was strongly debated in the [[Parliament of India|parliament]] as well as in the Kerala state assembly on several occasions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/oct/26keral.htm |title=CBI bites dust in Sister Abhaya case |publisher=Rediff}}</ref>

=== Writ Petition to Kerala High Court ===
The Action Council filed another Writ petition in the [[Kerala High Court]] asking the court to remove V. Thyagarajan from Cochin Unit of the CBI as well as from the investigation. Further on 3 June 1994 all the [[Member of Parliament|MP]]'s from Kerala State jointly submitted a passionate petition to K. Vijaya Rama Rao, the Director of the CBI requesting him to disallow Thyagarajan to continue in the Abhaya's murder case. As a result, M.L. Sharma, the Joint Director of the CBI, was given charge of the investigation into Abhaya's death.

== Cause of death ==
Dr C Radhakrishnan, the forensic surgeon and former Principal of Kottayam Medical College, who conducted the post-mortem on the body of the deceased Abhaya, had given the report as death by drowning. He later made a statement before the Magistrate on 1 January 2009. The crime branch did not allow him to visit the crime scene to form a definite opinion as to the cause of death. The explanation of the crime branch is that the case had been handed over to the state forensic chief Dr.B.Umadathan.
Dr. Radhakrishnan noted six homicidal injuries on the body of the deceased. 
 
Sr. Abhaya had the following ante-mortem injuries as per the post-mortem certificate issued by Dr. Radhakrishnan: 
1. Lacerated wound 1.8x0.5x0.2 cm., oblique, on the right side of the back of head, the upper end being 3 cm above end 3 cm behind the top of ear. 
2. Lacerated wound 1.5x0.5x0.3 cm, oblique, on the head 2.5 cm behind injury No.1. 
3. Graze abrasion 4 x 3 cm., oblique on the right side of the back of trunk, 9 cm below the lower end of shoulder blade with an upward and inward direction. 
4. Abrasion 1.5x1 cm., 2 cm below injury No.3. 
5. Multiple graze abrasions over an area 12 x 6 cm on the outer aspect of right buttock, the upper border being 4 cm below iliac crest. The direction of the grazes were upwards and inwards. 
6. On dissection the scalp tissues over an area 2 x2 cm on middle of the top of head were found contused. The scalp tissues over an area 7 x 5 cm around injuries Nos.1 and 2 were also found contused. 
The skull was intact. '''Brain showed localised sub-arachnoid haemorrhage underneath these contused regions.''' No sign of increased intra-cranial tension.'''''"'''''

=== CBI's dummy test ===
On 7 April 1995, using a full-sized dummy of Sister Abhaya, the CBI made some experimental tests in the well where her corpse was found. Based on the post mortem report, On 17 April 1995 Dr. S.K. Pathak, the chief of the Forensic Department of [[SMS Medical College|Sawai Man Singh Medical college]], [[Jaipur]] and Dr. Mahesh Varma, former chairperson of Anatomy Section submitted their formal [[expert report]] to the CBI investigation team to the effect that homicide could not be ruled out. Subsequently, the CBI declared that the killers would soon be arrested.

=== Protests ===
After the dummy test, no arrests were made. The Action Council staged a protest in front of the CBI office at [[Cochin]] on 27 November 1995. Later, on 18 March 1996, another big rally was organised under the leadership of former chief minister of the state, [[E.K. Nayanar]], in front of the state secretariat at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the state capital. Again, on 1 July 1996, the Action Council filed a petition in the High Court challenging the inaction of the CBI. On 20 August 1996, the High Court directed the CBI to complete its investigation in three months. In the meantime, the CBI advertised an award of {{INRConvert|3|l|year=1996|lk=r}} to anyone who could give dependable evidence in the case.

On 12 October 1996, all the [[Member of Parliament#India|MPs]] from Kerala visited the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and pleaded with him to expedite the CBI investigation. However, on 6 December 1996 the CBI filed a petition in the Chief Judicial Magistrate's court [[Ernakulam]] seeking to wind up its investigation in the matter for lack of evidence. The court rejected the request and directed the CBI to continue the investigation.

=== Court criticizing CBI ===
The Chief Judicial [[Magistrate]] (CJM) directed the CBI in its order dated 20 March 1997 to re-investigate the case. The court in its order strongly criticized the CBI for its loyalty and complicity to certain vested interests to defeat the ends of justice and the court observed that the CBI had not made party some very significant persons who otherwise emerged in the facts of the case quite evidently. The court also asserted its belief that the case could have easily been established had there been an honest and proper investigation. Further the court after seeing the video cassette of an Asianet interview, mentioned K.T. Michael by name for "influencing" the course of the investigation. This remark was later expunged by the High Court, after considering the reasons for the statements made during the interview. The CJM court observed that certain "invisible hands" were still trying to scuttle the Sister Abhaya murder case observing that these forces were trying to influence the investigating agencies and the government officials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indlawnews.com/086ad4df3b4246ac9ba123a7c60bb154 |title="Invisible hands" involved in Sister Abhaya Case: Court |publisher=IndLawNews}}</ref>

=== High Court's new intervention ===
The Action Council, again on 30 May 1997 filed a [[Public Interest Litigation]] in the High Court of Kerala against the non-compliance of the CJM's directive for re-investigation. The High Court in its order directed the CBI to report back to the court the progress it had made in the investigation in ten days from the date of the order.

Having had enough of the failure and lack of interest on the part of the CBI, the High Court directed [[suo moto]] the Director of the CBI to appoint a special team from New Delhi to investigate the matter. Thus P.D. Meena, the Superintendent of the CBI from New Delhi and his team undertook a month-long investigation and reported to the High Court. The CBI was convinced that the death of Abhaya was in fact murder. However, the CBI report said that due to lack of evidence it was not possible to go further into the matter. The High Court again on 28 September 1998 directed the CBI to file its final report of the re-investigation on or before 12 October 1998.

The magistrate court later affirmed that there was clear evidence to show that some officers who took part in the investigation conducted by the local police and Crime Branch wanted to refer this case as a case of suicide. The remarks were later expunged by the High Court.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/08/22/stories/2006082210610500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021062301/http://hinduonnet.com/2006/08/22/stories/2006082210610500.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 October 2007 |title=Court rejects CBI's final report in Abhaya case |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Developments since 2007 ===
A report by B. Sreejan, senior reporter with the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] bureau of [[The New Indian Express]] (12 April 2007), stated that the original chemical examination report of the [[vaginal]] swab and vaginal smear of sister Sephy has been found to have been tampered with. The manuscript of the workbook report from the Chemical Examination Laboratory shows over-writing in four places. Using a whitener and a different ink, the word ''not'' has been added to the word ''detected''. The lab explained that it was quite normal to make corrections in the manuscript. Even Varghese P Thomas, the first investigating officer, said the post mortem and lab reports had ruled out rape, leaving no scope for suspicions on the veracity of the report.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=India&month=April2007&file=World_News200704139595.xml |title=New twist in 15-year mystery over death of Kerala nun |publisher=The Peninsula}}</ref>

=== Narco analysis tests ===

As part of its investigation in August 2007, the CBI conducted [[Narcosynthesis]] tests on Fr. [[Thomas Kottoor]], Fr. [[Jose Poothrikkayil]], Sr. Sephy and some others who they believed had knowledge about the case.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/070714/43/6i1rt.html |title=CBI questions Christian priest to unravel murder mystery |publisher=Yahoo! India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/070707/43/6hsv9.html |title=CBI to conduct 'truth tests' in nun murder case |publisher=Yahoo! India}}</ref> Narco Analysis test report and CD were sent to the Chief Judicial Magistrate Court and to the High Court.

There were allegations that the CDs relating to the narco analysis tests were manipulated. Justice Ramkumar of the Kerala High Court sent questionnaires to Dr. Malini, assistant director of the Bangalore centre where the narco analysis was conducted. The lab denied any manipulation. But Justice Hema, who heard the bail petition of the accused, based on Case Diaries, mentioned that the narco analysis CDs might have been manipulated and wanted the originals to be produced in court.
Dr. Malini has since been dismissed from service on the charge of forging her birth certificates.
CDAC Trivandrum, ordered by the Ernakulam CJM court to verify the Narco CDS submits that they are not equipped for the tests. CDs given to CDIT for tests. CDIT submits the finding that the CDs have been doctored more than 30 times. Court orders CBI to find out the original CDs. within 10 days. CBI questions the forensic lab officials including Dr. Malini. CBI makes a volte face and submits that the CDs were not edited. CDIT challenges the submission by CBI. Abhaya's father files contempt of court petition against CBI for not producing original CDs.

=== 2008 ===
On 11 January 2008, the Kerala High Court directed the CBI to produce the result of the Narco-analysis test conducted on the suspects in the case in a sealed cover before the court within two weeks. The court further directed that no third person had any right of disclosure of the content of the results till the appropriate stage, other than the High Court. In this regard, the CBI submitted it before the court on 21 January 2008. The results were submitted in a sealed cover as directed by the court.

==== Allegations regarding community leaders trying to sabotage the case ====
There was speculation that an influential Christian political leader from Central Kerala tried to sabotage the case by influencing the then Congress government in the centre.{{original research inline|date=December 2013}} Other allegations included the Catholic Church Council trying to influence the outcome of the investigations. Others also alleged that due to the constant pressure that the action council and their convener and his secret financial backers that a lot of real good leads were never followed up on or investigated.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==== Arrests ====
[[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] arrested two Catholic priests, Thomas Kottur (spelled Kottoor in another publication) and Jose Puthurukkayil, and a sister, Sister Sephy, on 19 November 2008.<ref name="hindu081120">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/20/stories/2008112050270100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215035540/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/20/stories/2008112050270100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2009|title=Abhaya case: 2 priests, nun held |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 November 2008|access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref>

On 22 November 2008 Archbishop [[Kuriakose Kunnacherry]], former head of the Archdiocese of Kottayam, was summoned for questioning.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121103140118/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/24/stories/2008112454630400.htm Church head to be questioned-The Hindu]</ref> The CBI questioned Kottayam Archbishop [[Mathew Moolakkattu|Mathew Moolekkatt]] at its office in [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] on 24 November 2008.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206154255/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14804684 Sify News]</ref>

On 25 November 2008 V.V. Augustine, the Assistant Sub Inspector who prepared the [[First Information Report]] during the initial case investigation, was found dead. Police said he committed suicide by cutting the artery on his wrist and taking poison. A suicide note cited mental torture by the CBI. The CBI had alleged that Augustine had destroyed evidence and closed the case as a suicide, but the case diary revealed it was Augustine who pointed to the possibility of homicide. He had recorded that Abhaya could have seen something objectionable in the dining room and could have been silenced.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121103140106/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/26/stories/2008112661281000.htm Former Police Officer Dead-The Hindu]</ref> In his personal diary, Augustine wrote about how he was pressured by CBI to say that senior police officers tried to influence him.

On 02 and 29 29 December 2008, the CBI made a statement before P. D. Soman, Chief Judicial Magistrate Ernakulam. According to the CBI, their brain-mapping{{Clarify|date=November 2009}} and narco analysis investigations revealed that Abhaya woke up on 27 March 1992, early in the morning, descended the staircase and went to the hostel kitchen to get a drink of water from the refrigerator. Sephy hit Abhaya with an [[axe]] ('kodali') thrice on the back of the head. She then collapsed. Thinking that Abhaya was dead, Kottoor and Poothrikkayil, assisted by Sephy, lifted Abhaya's body, took it out of the kitchen and dumped it in a well behind the building.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081203191815/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/03/stories/2008120350080100.htm Sr Abhaya hit with an axe.] The Hindu</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206052903/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/04/stories/2008120450060100.htm All accused admits to crime:CBI] The Hindu</ref>

=== 2009 ===
On 1 January 2009, [[Kerala High Court]] Justice K. Hema granted conditional bail to Catholic priests Thomas Kootoor and Jose Puthrukakyil and Sister Sephy.<ref name="bail">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hc-grants-bail-to-abhaya-case-accused-raps-cbi/405532|title=HC grants bail to Abhaya case accused, raps CBI|date=2 January 2009|work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref><ref>Hema Order (2009)</ref> The CBI had pleaded with the Chief Justice that the bail application should be moved out of Hema's court as she was "prejudiced towards the case."<ref name="bail" />

Hema found that the arguments of the CBI counsel were based on the stories appearing in the media rather than on the case diary.<ref>Hema Order (2009), para. 19-21</ref> Counsel responded that the arguments had been accepted by the earlier courts.<ref>Hema Order (2009), para. 26</ref> Based on the case diary, Hema found that the CBI investigation was "only a chase for the shadow rather the object in this case. This chase is only a futile exercise. Investigation means to carefully examine the facts of a situation, an event, a crime, etc., to find out the truth about it or how it happened. It is not to fix the target first, without any evidence and then make a hunt for evidence."<ref>Hema Order (2009), para. 89</ref>

Hema also criticised the media and the public, which pronounced the verdict knowing very little about the facts of the case, including the 24 volumes of case diary, the medical reports and the statements from the doctors.<ref>Hema Order (2009), para. 93-95</ref> Hema also mentioned the accusations propagated by the media, public and the CBI against officers of the local police and crime branch without any incriminating evidence.<ref>Hema Order (2009), para. 94</ref>

Hema refuted the argument that ASI Augustine tried to suppress facts.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 24-25">Hema Order (2009), para. 24-25</ref> The case diary indicates that it was Augustine, who was in charge of the case for only two days, recorded the possibility of murder.<ref name="Hema Order 2009, para. 24-25" /> Hema also observed that nowhere in the case diary is there any mention that the church had tried to influence the investigation.<ref>Hema Order (2009), para. 32</ref> Hema also made observations on the reliability of the narco analysis CDs and ordered production of the original CDs.<ref>Hema Order (2009), para. 54-56</ref>

On 18 December 2008, [[Kerala Kaumudi]] wrote an editorial criticizing Hema's conduct during the bail hearing. A Division Bench of the High Court initiated criminal [[contempt of court]] proceedings against the newspaper on the basis of the editorial.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/Jan/15/criminal-contempt-case-against-kerala-kaumudi-18083.html |title=Criminal contempt case against Kerala Kaumudi|date=15 January 2009 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> Subsequently, Kerala High Court dropped the proceedings against Kerala Kaumudi, noting there was no instance of any violation/contempt of court in whatsoever manner.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/04/stories/2009030455401000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310175327/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/04/stories/2009030455401000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2009|title=Order reserved in SME ragging case|date=4 March 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/26/stories/2009032660000400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108105230/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/26/stories/2009032660000400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|title=Bench disapproves of talk shows on its orders|date=26 March 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref>

==== CBI filed chargesheet ====
On 17 July 2009, the CBI DySP Nandakumar Nair filed a chargesheet in the Court of Chief Judicial Magistrate Ernakulam, charging Fathers Kottoor and Poothrikkayil and Sister Sephy with murder, destruction of evidence, and defamation.<ref name="ie090717">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sister-abhaya-case-cbi-files-chargesheet-ag/490774|title=Sister Abhaya case: CBI files chargesheet against three|date=17 July 2009|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref>

==== Alleged confession ====
In September 2009, the tapes, which were claimed to be recordings of the narco tests conducted by CBI agents on the three accused were leaked to [[Kairali TV]], a local television station. These revealed the alleged confessions of Father Jose Poothrikkayil, Father Thomas M. Kottur and Sister Sephy, who were all in the state of sedation.<ref name="toi-confession" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/cpm-mouthpiece-airs-doubts-on-narco-test/|title=CPM mouthpiece airs doubts on narco test|date=2009-10-07|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref> The videos, which have been uploaded to YouTube,<ref>{{Citation|last=9999mig|title=Abhaya Case - Sister Sephy confessing at Narco Test - Part1|date=2009-09-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1ZyrhhgUWo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/D1ZyrhhgUWo |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-08-15}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=DAILY INDIAN HERALD|title=Abhaya Case Sister Sephy confessing at Narco Test Part2|date=2017-03-26|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUEpXJeHvlU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715193522/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUEpXJeHvlU |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> showed the suspects detailing what happened during the night of the murder after having been injected with the truth serum. It was not clear whether the tapes were authentic or if it were accepted as evidence by the court.

==== 2018 developments ====
In January 2018, reports indicated that former superintendent of the police, K.T. Michael, was included in the list of the accused in the case based on an order of a special CBI court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://india.ucanews.com/news/new-twist-to-26yearold-sister-abhaya-case-in-kerala/36427/daily|title=New twist to 26-year-old Sister Abhaya case in Kerala {{!}} UCAN India|website=india.ucanews.com|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164520/http://india.ucanews.com/news/new-twist-to-26yearold-sister-abhaya-case-in-kerala/36427/daily|url-status=dead}}</ref> Michael, who was part of the preliminary police investigation, was charged for allegedly destroying evidence such as the victim's robe and diary.<ref name=":0" /> His name was removed following a case filed at the High Court against the charges.

In March 2018, Father Jose Poothrukkayil was acquitted by the special CBI court, which cited a failure on the part of the prosecutors to find substantial evidence that proves the accused visited the convent on the day of the murder.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/mar/07/sister-abhaya-murder-case-fr-jose-poothrukkayil-acquitted-1783445.html|title=Sister Abhaya murder case: Fr Jose Poothrukkayil acquitted|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> The discharge petitions of the other two were rejected.

== Trial Court verdict ==
On 22 December 2020, after 28 years of investigation, the CBI Court found Father Kottoor and Sister Sephy to be guilty of the murder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sister Abhaya case: CBI court finds Father Thomas Kottoor, Sister Sephy guilty of murder |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sister-abhaya-case-cbi-court-finds-father-thomas-kottoor-sister-sephy-guilty/article33392574.ece |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 December 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The verdict is attributed to the key witness, Adakka Raju who stumbled upon the scene of murder while on a robbery. The witness' evidence proved crucial in the trial as the many of other witnesses reneged on their testimony and he was the only one who did not surrender to the threats and bribes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title='So happy, I will drink tonight': Former thief who became key witness in Sister Abhaya murder case|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/so-happy-i-will-drink-tonight-former-thief-who-became-key-witness-in-sister-abhaya-murder-case-7115498/|access-date=2020-12-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> On 23 December 2020, CBI court sentenced both to life imprisonment and imposed a fine of 5 lakh each.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Sister Abhaya murder case: Father Thomas Kottoor, Sister Sephy get life term, fined Rs 5 lakh each |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/sister-abhaya-murder-case-father-thomas-kottoor-sister-sephy-get-life-term-fined-rs-5-lakh-each |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=[[National Herald]] |date=23 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The first ever response from the church about the case came just after the verdict and it said that the verdict is unbelievable and both the culprits have right to prove their innocence in higher courts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/sr-abhaya-case-charges-against-priest-nun-unbelievable-says-church-7117210/|title=Sr Abhaya case: charges against priest and nun unbelievable, says church|website=Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Details of Trial Court sentence ===
(1) Accused Father Thomas Kottoor and Sister Sephy are sentenced to undergo imprisonment for life and a fine of {{INRConvert|5|l|year=2020|lk=r}} is imposed on each of them for the offence u/s 302 r/w 34 of the Indian Penal Code, in default of payment of fine, he / she shall undergo simple imprisonment for a period of two years.

(2) Father Thomas Kottoor and Sister Sephy shall undergo rigorous imprisonment for seven years and a fine of {{INRConvert|50|k|year=2020|lk=r}} is imposed on each of them for the offence u/s 201 r/w 34 of the Indian Penal Code, in default of payment of fine, the convicts shall undergo simple imprisonment for a period of one year.

(3) Accused Father Thomas Kottoor is also sentenced to undergo life imprisonment and a fine of {{INRConvert|1|l|year=2020|lk=r}} is imposed on him for the offence u/s 449 of the Indian Penal Code, in default of payment of fine, he shall undergo simple imprisonment for a period of one year.

The sentences of Father Thomas Kottoor and Sister Sephy shall run concurrently. The accused Father Thomas Kottoor is committed to the Central Prison, Thiruvananthapuram and accused Sister Sephy is committed to Women's Prison, Thiruvananthapuram, to serve the sentence imposed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-386325.pdf|title=Sr Abhaya case: Trial Court Sentence|website=Live law}}</ref>

=== Motives ===
The CBI informed the Kerala High Court in late November 2008 and early December 2008 that Sister Abhaya had accidentally intruded upon Sister Sephy and the other two accused priests in a "compromising position." Sister Sephy panicked and, on the spur of the moment, Sephy hit Abhaya with an axe meant for chopping firewood. The three accused together dumped Abhaya's body into the well.{{fact|date=March 2026}}

CBI also informed the High Court about the remarkable degree of care the accused took to hide the crime. This included hymen-restoration ([[hymenoplasty]] or [[hymenorrhaphy]]) procedure Sister Sephy underwent allegedly in the church's hospital, which was discovered through gynaecological tests conducted on her in late 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marunadanmalayali.com/news/special-report/abhaya-case-sister-sephy-hymenoplasty-153316|title = അഭയ കേസിൽ നിർണായകമായത് സിസ്റ്റർ സെഫിയുടെ വൈദ്യപരിശോധനാ ഫലങ്ങൾ തന്നെ; ഫാദർ കോട്ടൂരുമായ}}</ref> Further her pendulous breasts were also counted as a result of regular sexual relations. This was strongly refuted by the accused. The counsel for the accused dared CBI to prove that such an operation has ever been conducted in India. Moreover, the building where the crime was committed was extensively remodeled under the guise of restoration work to allegedly deface the scene.{{fact|date=March 2026}}

==In popular culture==

The 1999 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Crime File]]'' starring [[Suresh Gopi]] directed by K Madhu Nair in the lead role was inspired by Sister Abhaya's murder. After on its release, the climax was reshot and altered from its original version after protest from Catholics in Kerala.{{fact|date=March 2026}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://judis.nic.in/kerala/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=85452 Hema Order (2009)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120350/http://www.judis.nic.in/kerala/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=85452 |date=27 April 2018 }}
* [https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-386325.pdf CBI Special Court, Thiruvananthapuram - Judgement (2020) 229 pages]

{{SACC}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhaya}}
[[Category:Axe murder]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Christianity in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Knanaya Community]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Sexual abuse of women in the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Sexual abuse cover-ups]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic nuns]]
[[Category:1992 scandals]]
[[Category:1992 murders in India]]

Kunjochhaya

2026-03-28T17:25:20Z

SolomonL12: Put up

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kunjochaya SJ.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = 
| native_name =
| genre = [[Family]]
| creator = Susanta Das
| based_on =
| developer = Sushanta Das
| story = Star Jalsha
| screenplay = Lovely Mukherjee '''Dialogues''' Sourav Sengupta
| director = Pijush Ghosh
| creative_director = Nafisa Susmita
| presenter = Bright Advertising Pvt. Ltd.
| starring = [[Pallavi Dey]] [[Somraj Maity]] [[Shankar Chakraborty]]
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = Debjit Roy
| open_theme = " Kunjo Chaya"
| end_theme =
| composer = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 101
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Reshmi, Shaoni ([[Star Jalsha]])
| producer = Susanta Das Anandmohan Dassani
| editor = Shubhajit
| cinematography = Ashok Shantanu
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes (approx.)
| company = Tent Family Dassani Team
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2019|8|26}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2020|1|11}}
| related =
}}
'''''Kunjo Chaya''''' <ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-television-show-kunjachaya-to-launch-soon-pallavi-dey-bags-the-lead-role/articleshow/70259781.cms
|title= New television show 'Kunjachaya' to launch soon; Pallavi Dey bags the lead role
| website=Times Of India.com|date= 17 July 2019}}</ref> is an Indian Bengali television soap opera that premiered on 26 August 2019 and was broadcast on [[Bengali language|Bengali]] General Entertainment Channel [[Star Jalsha]] and is also available on the digital platform [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-news/a-fight-to-reawaken-the-core-values-kunjo-chaya-upcoming-bengali-serial-at-star-jalsha/articleshow/70679821.cms
|title=কড়া মাস্টারমশাই কি নিজের বাড়িতেই ব্রাত্য? উত্তর মিলবে কুঞ্জছায়ায়
|newspaper=Eisamay.Indiatimes.com
|date=14 August 2019
|accessdate=23 August 2019
|archive-date=24 August 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824012640/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-news/a-fight-to-reawaken-the-core-values-kunjo-chaya-upcoming-bengali-serial-at-star-jalsha/articleshow/70679821.cms
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The show stars [[Pallavi Dey]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://movies.ndtv.com/bengali/kunjo-chaya-is-all-geared-up-to-impress-the-importance-of-family-values-and-traditions-2087548
|title=শালিক কি পারবে দাদুর স্বপ্নের 'কুঞ্জছায়া' ফিরিয়ে দিতে?
|website=Movies.ndtv.com|date=20 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Somraj Maity]] in lead roles with [[Shankar Chakraborty]] in a pivotal role.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/somraj-maity-to-play-a-cricketer-in-upcoming-show-kunjachhaya/articleshow/70568574.cms|title=Somraj Maity to play a cricketer in upcoming show Kunjochhaya
|website=Times Of India.com|date= 7 August 2019}}</ref> It marks the return of [[Somraj Maity]] into Bengali television. The show is produced by Tent Family Dassani Team.

==Premise==
The show revolves around Subhash Sanyal and Shalik. Subhash Sanyal is a revered figure in the village. He is aged, but stout. He is known as Masterdadu. Masterdadu's right hand is Shalik. Subhash, aka Masterdadu, never compromises when it comes to others' wrongdoings. But that's his public image.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Pallavi Dey]] as Shalik
*[[Somraj Maity]] as Ishaan -Subhash's grandson
*[[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Subash Sanyal - A retired teacher, who spent his life in a village. He is a man of principles.

===Supporting===
*Subrata Guha Roy as Arun Sanyal - Ishan's elder paternal uncle, Mala's husband
*Animesh Bhaduri as Tarun Sanyal - Sejhuti and Ishan's father
*Jayati Chakraborty as Madhuri Sanyal - Sejhuti and Ishan's mother
*Tanuka Chatterjee as Mala Sanyal
*Rajib Bose as Ayan Sanyal - Mala elder son, Papri's husband
*Manasi Sengupta as Papri - Ayan's wife
*Chandranibha Mukherjee as Srijon Sanyal- Mala's younger son
*Arpita Mondal as Rina Sanyal - Rony's sister, Srijon's wife
*Kinni Modak as Sejhuti - Ishaan's sister
*Sree Basu as Anuradha Maitra aka Anu - Subhash's daughter
*Sanjoy Basu as Ardhendu Maitra - Anu's husband
*Buddhadeb Bhattacharya as Sandipan Sen - Rony and Rina's father
*Ayush Mukherjee / Arindya Banerjee as Rony Sen - Rina's brother, Ishaan's rival
*Aritram Mukherjee as Anuttam Basu aka Vicky
*Fahim Mirza as Debottam Basu aka Rick
*Jayanta Banerjee as Sonailal Maitra

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt10875812}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunjochaya}}
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]

Representative Assembly of French India

2026-03-17T22:49:28Z

SolomonL12: creating a details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Representative Assembly of French India
| native_name = {{lang|fr|Assemblée représentative de l'Inde française}}
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Armoiries république française.svg
| coa_res = 100px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Unicameral
| body =
| houses =
| term_limits = 5 years
| foundation = 1946
| preceded_by = French India General Council (Conseil général de l'Inde française)
| disbanded = 1955
|succeeded_by = [[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]]
| leader1_type = President
| leader1 =
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| members = 44 (25 December 1946 – 1 May 1951) 39 (1 May 1951 – 11 Jun 1955)
| political_groups1 =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| first_election1 = 1946
| last_election1 = 1951
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Puducherry (city)|Pondichéry]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

In 1946, [[French India]] (''Inde française'') became [[Overseas territory (France)|Overseas territory]] (''[[Territoire d'outre-mer]]'') of France.
Then, in the same year on 25 October, the '''Representative Assembly of French India''' (''Assemblée représentative de l'Inde française'') of 44 members has been created that replaced the general council (''conseil général'') of 30 members.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZZYDwAAQBAJ|title=Les établissements français en Inde au XIXe siècle, 1816–1914 (4)|work= Jacques Weber|publisher=FeniXX|year=1988|isbn=9782402119122}}</ref><ref name="Geetha2008">{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=S. |first=Geetha|date=2008 |title=Society and politics in French India: merger and anti-merger alignments in the Mid-Twentieth century|publisher=Pondicherry University|hdl=10603/5417 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/5417}}</ref>{{rp|99}}

==Formation==
During the start of [[Fourth Republic (France)|Fourth Republic]], by decree nº 46–2381, dated 25 October 1946, passed by the [[Government of France]] instituted a ''Representative Assembly in the French India''.<ref name="joefi46">Journal Officiel des établissements français dans l'Inde, 1946.</ref>{{rp|1027–1041}} People of both genders have been allowed to vote. This assembly had 44 seats in total.<ref name=ChandernagorSeats/>{{rp|48}} A member of this assembly was referred as ''Councillor''. The seat of the representative assembly is assigned at Pondichéry and the tenure is fixed to be 5 years.

==Commune-wise allocation of seats==
French India consisted of five ''establishments'', namely, '''Pondichéry, Chandernagore, Karikal, Mahé and [[Yanaon]]'''. The allocation of 44 seats of the Assemblée Représentative of [[French India]] for the 17 communes of French India. Établissements de [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]] and [[Karikal]] had eight and six electoral constituencies (''circonscription électorales''), respectively. While, [[Chandernagore]], [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] and [[Yanaon]] had one electoral constituency, respectively.<ref name="joefi46"/>{{rp|1044–1046}}

As per Article 2 of the decree, the composition of the assembly is determined as below<ref name="joefi46"/>{{rp|1028}}
*'''Établissement de [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]]''' (total 22 seats)
**[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondichéry]]: 6
**[[Ariancoupom]]: 2
**Bahour: 2
**Modéliarpeth: 2
**Oulgaret: 4
**Nettapacom: 2
**Tiroubouvané: 2
**Villenour: 2
*'''Établissement de [[Karikal]]''' (total 12 seats)
**[[Karaikal]] Ville: 4
**Cotchéry: 2
**Grand'Aldée: 2
**Neravy: 1
**Nédouncadou: 1
**Tirnoular: 2
*'''Établissement de [[Chandernagore]]''' (total 5 seats)<ref name="ChandernagorSeats">{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Chandernagore: From Bondage to Freedom, 1900-1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjAweaCPLD0C|year=2012|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607238 }}</ref>{{rp|99}}
** Centre-ville
** Nord-est
** Nord-ouest
** Sud-ouest
** Sud-est
*'''Établissement de [[Mahé, India|Mahé]]''' (total 3 seats)
**[[Mahé, India|Mahé]]: 3
*'''Établissement de [[Yanam, French India|Yanaon]]''' (total 2 seats)
**[[Yanam Municipality|Yanaon]]: 2

==List of Seats==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Constituencies of French India Representative Assembly
|-
!Settlements (''Établissements'')!!Seats (''sièges'')!!Constituencies (''circonscriptions'')
|-
|[[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]]
|22
|
'''Pondicherry (6)''': [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Mouttalpeth]], [[Couroussoucoupom Assembly constituency|Couroussoucoupom]], Cassicade, Pondicherry, [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy Street]], [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Ouppalam]]
 '''Ariancoupom (3)''': ''[[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Archivak–Ariancoupom]], Tavalacoupom''
 '''Bahour (2)''': ''Bahour, Courouvinatam–Karaiamputtur''
 '''Modéliarpeth (2)''': ''Mouroungapacom, Nellitope''
 '''Oulgaret (4)''': ''Oulgaret, Calapeth, Saram–Lawspet, Rettiarpaleom''
 '''Nettapacom (2)''': ''Nettapacom, Embalam''
 '''Tiroubouvané (2)''': ''Sellipet–Suthukeni, Mannadipet''
 '''Villenour (2)''': ''Villenour, Oussoudou''
|-
|[[Karikal district|Karikal]]
|12
|'''Cotchery (2)''': ''Cotchery-Mada Kovil, Thirumeniyazhagar'' '''Karikal (4)''': ''Karikal Nord, Karikal Centre, Karikal Sud, Karaikovilpattu'' '''Tirnoular (2)''': ''Tirnoular-Tharparinswarar Kovil, Tirounalar-Padhrakaliamman Kovil'' '''Neravy (1)''': ''Neravy'' '''Neduncadou (1)''': ''Neduncadou'' '''Grand Aldée (2)''': ''Grand Aldée-Nord, Grand Aldée-Sud''
|-
|[[Mahe district|Mahe]]
|3
|'''Mahé (3)''':''Mahé (Ville), Pallor, Pandakkal''
|-
|[[Yanaon]]
|2
|'''Yanaon (2)''':''Cancalapeth, Adi Andhrapeth''
|-
|[[Chandernagore]]<ref name=ChandernagorSeats/>{{rp|218}}
|5
|'''Ville (1)''': ''Part of Ourdibazar Lalbagan, Bagbazar Hattekola'' '''Nord-est (1)''': ''Boro and Part of Sarisapara, Bibirhatte and Part of Kholchiny'' '''Nord-ouest (1)''': ''Naroua, Horidradanga, Part of Bibirhatte and Part of Kholchiny'' '''Sud-ouest (1)''': ''Jouguipoucour, Haldarpara, Part of Kholchiny and part of Barasette'' '''Sud-est (1)''': ''Gondolpara, Dinomardanga and Goretty''
|}

==Functioning of the assembly==
This Assembly met twice in ordinary sessions of 30 days duration and twice in extraordinary sessions of 15 days. It was called either by the Governor or by two-thirds of the members, if necessary on the prerequisite. The ''President of the Assembly'' was selected on the basis of seniority by age. The Assembly was permitted to deliberate and give its opinion on matters referred to it. The Governor or head of the French Indian administration assured the implementation of the decisions or opinions of the Assembly. The budget prepared by the Governor and his council was discussed and it was implemented by his order. In fact the Assembly and the Governor shared the initiative of incurring state expenditure. In short, the Assembly was nothing more than an approving body as the Head of French India was endowed with the power of overriding the decision or opinion of the Assembly. In reality, it could not take up or discuss matters which were not submitted before it, and from that point of view its scope was very restricted.<ref name="Geetha2008"/>{{rp|99–101}}

==Impact of Chandernagore merger into Indian Union==
Chandernagore has been merged into Indian Union by a referendum held on 19 June 1949, where its people overwhelmingly voted for merger with India. The de facto transfer of Chandernagore to the Indian Union took place on 2 May 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3216|title=Gazetteers of India, Union Territory of Pondicherry|work=Government of Pondicherry|volume=1|page=10|publisher=Directorate of Printing|year=1982}}</ref> This changed the strength of the representative assembly to 39 seats.

==1946 French India Representative Assembly election==
{{further|1946 French India Representative Assembly election}}
The first election to the Representative Assembly was held on 15 December 1946.<ref name=a/><ref name="BonnichonGény2012">{{cite book|first1=Philippe|last1=Bonnichon|first2=Pierre|last2=Gény|title=Présences françaises outre-mer, XVIe-XXIe siècles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSSFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA659|year=2012|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0737-6|page=659}}</ref> The election was won by the [[National Democratic Front (French India)|National Democratic Front]] of [[Deiva Zivarattinam]], that won 30 out of 44 seats.<ref name=a>Moutoussamy, Ernest. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IE1uAAAAMAAJ Les députés de l'Inde française à l'Assemblée Nationale sous la VIe République]''. Paris [u.a.]: Harmattan, 2003. p. 28</ref><ref name="BonnichonGény2012"/> The assembly session first met on 6 January 1947.<ref name="CriminalJustice2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Axfuc5A8mxMC|title=Criminal Justice India Series: Pondicherry|work= D.Banerjea|volume=20|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=2005|isbn=9788177648713}}</ref>{{rp|35}} As of June 1959, the president of the assembly (equivalent to speaker in Indian assemblies) was M. Balasubramanian and the Finance minister was Karunendra Mudaliar.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=S.|first=Geetha|type=Doctoral thesis|language=English|chapter=V. Political Manoeuvres and the Barren Years of Indo-French Relations|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/5417/11/11_chapter%205.pdf|title=Society and politics in French India: merger and anti-merger alignments in the Mid-Twentieth century|publisher= Pondicherry University|year=2008|page=200|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>

==1951 French India Representative Assembly election==
{{further|1951 French India Representative Assembly election}}
The second election to the Representative Assembly was held on 16 December 1951.<ref name=a/><ref>{{cite book|author=J. B. Prashant More|title=The Telugus of Yanam and Masulipatnam: from French rule to integration with India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQ1uAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=M.S.|page=251}}</ref>

==Impact of merger of French India into Indian Union==
The ''de facto transfer'' of [[French India|French settlements in India]] has happened on 1 November 1954. These four French settlements were organized as State of Pondicherry.

==Dissolution==
On 11 June 1955, The Government of India has dissolved the Representative Assembly of the State of Pondicherry via ''State of Pondicherry (Representative Assembly Decree Amendment) Order''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.e.1955.468|title=Extraordinary Gazette of India, 1955, No. 468|work=Government of India|publisher=Directorate of Printing|year=1955}}</ref> Later, [[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]] has been created that functioned until 1964. After the de facto merger and before the legal integration (i.e. de jure transfer) with the Indian Union on 16 August 1962, general elections to the assembly were held in 1955 and 1959. The French settlements in India were de jure transferred on 16 August 1962.

==See also==
* [[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]]
* [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Municipal Administration in French India]]
* [[List of consuls general of India in the French India]]
* [[French colonial empire]]
* [[French India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:Puducherry Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:20th century in French India]]
[[Category:Colonial India]]
[[Category:Yanam]]
[[Category:Puducherry]]
[[Category:Karaikal]]
[[Category:French colonial empire]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1955 disestablishments in India]]

Abelisauridae

2026-03-17T22:17:43Z

SolomonL12:

{{Short description|Extinct family of dinosaurs}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{good article}}
{{automatic taxobox
| name = Abelisaurids
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Cretaceous|earliest=Toarcian}}Possibly present since [[Jurassic]] based on ''[[Eoabelisaurus]]'' and indeterminate fossils 
| image = Majungasaurus SBU right.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Majungasaurus crenatissimus]]'' skeleton, [[Stony Brook University]]
| taxon = Abelisauridae
| authority = [[Jose Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] & [[Fernando Novas|Novas]], 1985
| type_species = {{extinct}}''[[Abelisaurus comahuensis]]''
| type_species_authority = Bonaparte & Novas, 1985
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = *{{extinct}}''[[Betasuchus]]''?
*{{extinct}}''[[Chenanisaurus]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Dahalokely]]''?
*{{extinct}}''[[Eoabelisaurus]]''?
*{{extinct}}''[[Genusaurus]]''?
*{{extinct}}''[[Indosuchus]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Kryptops]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Kurupi itaata|Kurupi]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Rugops]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Spectrovenator]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Tarascosaurus]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Tralkasaurus]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Vitosaura]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Xenotarsosaurus]]''
*{{extinct}}'''[[Brachyrostra]]'''
*{{extinct}}'''[[Majungasaurinae]]'''
}}

'''Abelisauridae''' (meaning "Abel's lizards") is a [[family (biology)|family]] (or [[clade]]) of [[ceratosauria]]n [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]]s. Abelisaurids thrived during the [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|period]], mainly on the ancient southern [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]], and today their [[fossil]] remains are found on the modern [[continent]]s of [[Africa]], [[South America]], and (western) [[Europe]], as well as on the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the island of [[Madagascar]].<ref name="tortosa2014">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2013.10.003 |title=A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=100 |pages=63–86 |year=2014 |last1=Tortosa |first1=Thierry |last2=Buffetaut |first2=Eric |last3=Vialle |first3=Nicolas |last4=Dutour |first4=Yves |last5=Turini |first5=Eric |last6=Cheylan |first6=Gilles |bibcode=2014AnPal.100...63T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Buffetaut| first1=E. |last2=Tong |first2=H. |last3=Girard |first3=J. |last4=Hoyez |first4=B. |last5=Párraga |first5=J. |date=2024 |title=''Caletodraco cottardi'': A New Furileusaurian Abelisaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian Chalk of Normandy (North-Western France). |journal=Fossil Studies | volume=2 | issue=3 |language=en |pages=177–195 |doi=10.3390/fossils2030009 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Abelisaurids possibly first appeared during the [[Middle Jurassic]] based on isolated teeth,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Hendrickx |first1=C. |last2=Soto Núñez |first2=M. |last3=Araújo |first3=R. |last4=Meso |first4=J. G. |last5=Maganuco |first5=S. |last6=Ben-Salahuddin |first6=A. |year=2025 |title=Isolated abelisaurid teeth from Gondwana and dental evolution in Abelisauridae |url=https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/libraryFiles/downloadPublic/145 |journal=Ameghiniana |doi=10.5710/AMGH.17.09.2025.3654}}</ref> and some genera survived until the end of the [[Mesozoic]] era, around {{Ma|66}}.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2017.03.021 |title=An abelisaurid from the latest Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) of Morocco, North Africa |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=76 |pages=40–52 |year=2017 |last1=Longrich |first1=Nicholas R. |last2=Pereda-Suberbiola |first2=Xabier |last3=Jalil |first3=Nour-Eddine |last4=Khaldoune |first4=Fatima |last5=Jourani |first5=Essaid |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017CrRes..76...40L }}</ref>

Like most theropods, abelisaurids were [[carnivore|carnivorous]] [[biped]]s. They were characterized by stocky hind limbs and extensive ornamentation of the [[skull]] bones, with grooves and pits. In many abelisaurids, such as ''[[Carnotaurus]]'', the forelimbs are [[vestigial]], the skull is shorter, and bony crests grow above the eyes. Most of the known abelisaurids would have been between 5 and 9 m (17 to 30 ft) in length, from snout to tip of tail, with a new and as yet unnamed specimen from northwestern Turkana in Kenya, Africa reaching a possible length of 11–12 m (36 to 39 ft).<ref name=bonapartetal1990>{{cite web|url=http://vertpaleo.org/PDFS/0d/0d20d609-f7e6-4bb3-a0c4-765fcffde49b.pdf|title=October/November 2013, Abstracts Of Papers, 73rd Annual Meeting|publisher=[[Society of Vertebrate Paleontology]]|year=2013|access-date=2013-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193314/http://vertpaleo.org/PDFS/0d/0d20d609-f7e6-4bb3-a0c4-765fcffde49b.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-29}}</ref> Before becoming well known, fragmentary abelisaurid remains were occasionally misidentified as possible South American [[tyrannosaurid]]s.<ref name="ageofdinosaursabelisaurus">"Abelisaurus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. ''The Age of Dinosaurs''. Publications International, LTD. p. 105. {{ISBN|0-7853-0443-6}}.</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Abelisauridae_Scale.svg|thumb|left|Size comparison of five abelisaurids; ''Carnotaurus'', ''Ekrixinatosaurus'', ''Skorpiovenator'', ''Aucasaurus'', and ''Majungasaurus'']]
Abelisaurid hind limbs were more typical of ceratosaurs, with the [[talus bone|astragalus]] and [[calcaneum]] (upper ankle bones) fused to each other and to the [[tibia]], forming a tibiotarsus. The tibia was shorter than the [[femur]], giving the hind limb stocky proportions. Three functional digits were on the foot (the second, third, and fourth), while the first digit, or [[hallux]], did not contact the ground.<ref name="tykoskirowe2004"/>

===Skull===
[[File:Abelisaurus comahuensis.JPG|thumb|Skull of ''[[Abelisaurus]]''.]]
Although skull proportions varied, abelisaurid skulls were generally very tall and very short in length. In ''Carnotaurus'', for example, the skull was nearly as tall as it was long. The [[premaxilla]] in abelisaurids was very tall, so the front of the snout was blunt, not tapered as seen in many other theropods.<ref name=bonapartetal1990/>

Two skull bones, the [[lacrimal bone|lacrimal]] and [[postorbital]] bones, projected into the [[Orbit (anatomy)|eye socket]] from the front and back, nearly dividing it into two compartments. The eye would have been located in the upper compartment, which was tilted slightly outwards in ''Carnotaurus'', perhaps providing some degree of [[binocular vision]]. The lacrimal and postorbital also met above the eye socket, to form a ridge or brow above the eye.<ref name=bonapartetal1990/>

Sculpturing is seen on many of the skull bones, in the form of long grooves, pits, and protrusions. Like other [[Ceratosauridae|ceratosaurs]], the [[frontal bone]]s of the skull roof were fused together. Carnotaurines commonly had bony projections from the skull. ''Carnotaurus'' had two pronounced horns, projecting outward above the eyes, while its close relative ''Aucasaurus'' had smaller projections in the same area. ''[[Majungasaurus]]'' and ''[[Rajasaurus]]'' had a single bony horn or dome, projecting upwards from the skull. These projections, like the horns of many modern animals, might have been [[display (zoology)|display]]ed for species recognition or intimidation.<ref name="tykoskirowe2004"/><ref name="bonaparteetal1990">{{cite journal | last1 = Bonaparte | first1 = J.F. | last2 = Novas | first2 = F.E. | last3 = Coria | first3 = R.A. | year = 1990 | title = ''Carnotaurus sastrei'' Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the middle Cretaceous of Patagonia | journal = Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County | volume = 416 | pages = 1–42 }}</ref><ref name="wilsonetal2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Wilson | first1 = J.A. | last2 = Sereno | first2 = P.C. | last3 = Srivastava | first3 = S. | last4 = Bhatt | first4 = D.K. | last5 = Khosla | first5 = A. | last6 = Sahni | first6 = A. | year = 2003 | title = A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India | journal = Contributions of the Museum of Palaeontology of the University of Michigan | volume = 31 | pages = 1–42 }}</ref> In ''[[Arcovenator]]'', the dorsal margin of the postorbital (and probably also the lacrimal) is thickened dorsolaterally, forming a strong and rugose bony brow ridge rising above the level of the skull roof.<ref name="tortosa2014"/> Possibly, this rugose brow ridge supported a keratinous or scaly structure for displays.

===Fore limbs and hands===
[[File:Carnotaurus manus.svg|thumb|alt=Drawing of the hand bones of ''Carnotaurus''|Hand bones of ''[[Carnotaurus]]'', as interpreted by Ruiz and colleagues (2011)<ref name="ruiz2011">{{cite journal |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1271–1277 |last=Ruiz |first=Javier |author2=Torices, Angélica |author3=Serrano, Humberto |author4=López, Valle |title=The hand structure of ''Carnotaurus sastrei'' (Theropoda, Abelisauridae): implications for hand diversity and evolution in abelisaurids |journal=Palaeontology |year=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01091.x |bibcode=2011Palgy..54.1271R |s2cid=43168700 |url=http://eprints.ucm.es/16940/1/38-Carnotauro_1.pdf |access-date=2019-07-12 |archive-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051617/http://eprints.ucm.es/16940/1/38-Carnotauro_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Data for the abelisaurid fore limbs are known from ''[[Eoabelisaurus]]'' and the carnotaurines ''Aucasaurus'', ''Carnotaurus'', and ''Majungasaurus''. All had small fore limbs, which seem to have been vestigial.<ref name=senter2010>{{cite journal | last1 = Senter | first1 = P. | year = 2010 | title = Vestigial skeletal structures in dinosaurs | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 280 | issue = 1| pages = 60–71 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00640.x }}</ref> The bones of the forearm ([[Radius (bone)|radius]] and [[ulna]]) were extremely short, only 25% of the length of the upper arm ([[humerus]]) in ''Carnotaurus'' and 33% in ''Aucasaurus''. The entire arm was held straight, and the elbow joint was immobile.<ref name=senter2010/>

As is typical for ceratosaurs, the abelisaurid [[Manus (zoology)|hand]] had four basic digits, but any similarity ends there. No [[carpal|wrist]] bones existed, with the four palm bones ([[metacarpal]]s) attaching directly to the forearm. No [[phalanx bone|phalanges]] (finger bones) were on the first or fourth digits, only one on the second digit and two on the third digit. These two external fingers were extremely short and immobile. Manual claws were very small in ''Eoabelisaurus'', and totally absent in carnotaurines.<ref name=senter2010/>

More primitive relatives such as ''[[Noasaurus]]'' and ''Ceratosaurus'' had longer, mobile arms with fingers and claws.<ref name=agnolin&chiarelli2009>{{cite journal | last1 = Agnolin | first1 = Federico L. | last2 = Chiarelli | first2 = Pablo | title = The position of the claws in Noasauridae (Dinosauria: Abelisauroidea) and its implications for abelisauroid manus evolution | journal = Paläontologische Zeitschrift | volume = 84 | issue = 2 | page = 293 | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1007/s12542-009-0044-2 | s2cid = 84491924 }}</ref> Paleobiologist Alexander O. Vargas suggested a major reason for the evolution towards vestigial fore limbs in the group was because of a genetic defect; the loss of function in'' HOXA11'' and ''HOXD11'', two genes that regulate the fore limbs' development.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/need-a-hand-dont-ask-an-abelisaurid-88125248/ |title=Need a Hand? Don't Ask an Abelisaurid |newspaper=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=2015-07-23 |archive-date=2015-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723080436/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/need-a-hand-dont-ask-an-abelisaurid-88125248/ |url-status=live |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian }}</ref>

==Distribution==
[[File:Abelisaurus comahuensis jmallon.jpg|thumb|Illustration of ''[[Abelisaurus]]'']]
Abelisaurids are typically regarded as a Cretaceous period group. The earliest possible abelisaurid taxon is ''[[Eoabelisaurus mefi]]'' from the [[Jurassic]] period of Argentina,<ref name=eoabelisaurus>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0660 |pmid=22628475 |title=A Middle Jurassic abelisaurid from Patagonia and the early diversification of theropod dinosaurs |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=279 |issue=1741 |pages=3170–5 |year=2012 |last1=Pol |first1=D. |last2=Rauhut |first2=O. W. M. |pmc=3385738 }}</ref> though other researchers either consider it as a ceratosaurid, an abelisauroid or its sister taxon outside abelisaurids.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Delcourt|first=Rafael|date=2018-06-27|title=Ceratosaur palaeobiology: new insights on evolution and ecology of the southern rulers|url= |journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|page=9730|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-28154-x|issn=2045-2322|pmc=6021374|pmid=29950661|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.9730D }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agnolín|first1=Federico L.|last2=Cerroni|first2=Mauricio A.|last3=Scanferla|first3=Agustín|last4=Goswami|first4=Anjali|last5=Paulina-Carabajal|first5=Ariana|last6=Halliday|first6=Thomas|last7=Cuff|first7=Andrew R.|last8=Reuil|first8=Santiago|date=2022-02-10|title=First definitive abelisaurid theropod from the Late Cretaceous of Northwestern Argentina|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=41|issue=4|article-number=e2002348|doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.2002348|s2cid=246766133|issn=0272-4634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aranciaga Rolando|first1=Mauro|last2=Cerroni|first2=Mauricio A.|last3=Garcia Marsà|first3=Jordi A.|last4=Agnolín|first4=Federico l.|last5=Motta|first5=Matías J.|last6=Rozadilla|first6=Sebastián|last7=Brisson Eglí|first7=Federico|last8=Novas|first8=Fernando E.|date=2020-10-14|title=A new medium-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Allen Formation of Northern Patagonia, Argentina|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981120304582|journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences|volume=105|language=en|article-number=102915|doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102915|hdl=11336/150468 |s2cid=225123133 |issn=0895-9811|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Indeterminate remains are also known from the [[Jurassic]] period of Madagascar and [[Tanzania]].<ref name="maganucoetal2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Maganuco | first1 = S. | last2 = Cau | first2 = A. | last3 = Pasini | first3 = G. | year = 2005 | title = First description of theropod remains from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Madagascar | journal = Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano | volume = 146 | issue = 2| pages = 165–202 | title-link = Bathonian }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rauhut |first=Oliver W. M. |year=2011 |title=Theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania) |journal=Special Papers in Palaeontology |volume=86 |pages=195–239 |url=https://www.palass.org/publications/special-papers-palaeontology/archive/86/article_pp195-239 |access-date=2020-02-01 |archive-date=2020-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201075035/https://www.palass.org/publications/special-papers-palaeontology/archive/86/article_pp195-239 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hendrickx |first1=C. |last2=Soto Núñez |first2=M. |last3=Araújo |first3=R. |last4=Meso |first4=J. G. |last5=Maganuco |first5=S. |last6=Ben-Salahuddin |first6=A. |year=2025 |title=Isolated abelisaurid teeth from Gondwana and dental evolution in Abelisauridae |url=https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/libraryFiles/downloadPublic/145 |journal=Ameghiniana |doi=10.5710/AMGH.17.09.2025.3654}}</ref> Abelisaurid remains are mainly known in the southern continents, which once made up the [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]]. When first described in 1985, only ''Carnotaurus'' and ''Abelisaurus'' were known, both from the [[Late Cretaceous]] of [[South America]]. Abelisaurids were then located in Late [[Cretaceous]] [[India]] (''Indosuchus'' and ''Rajasaurus'') and [[Madagascar]] (''Majungasaurus''), which were closely connected for much of the Cretaceous. It was thought that the absence of abelisaurids from continental [[Africa]] indicated that the group [[evolution|evolved]] after the separation of Africa from Gondwana, around 100 [[million years ago]].<ref name="sampsonetal1998">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.280.5366.1048 | last1 = Sampson | first1 = S.D. | last2 = Witmer | first2 = L.M. | last3 = Forster | first3 = C.A. | last4 = Krause | first4 = D.A. | last5 = O'Connor | first5 = P.M. | last6 = Dodson | first6 = P. | last7 = Ravoavy | first7 = F. | year = 1998 | title = Predatory dinosaur remains from Madagascar: implications for the Cretaceous biogeography of Gondwana | journal = Science | volume = 280 | issue = 5366| pages = 1048–1051 | pmid = 9582112 | bibcode = 1998Sci...280.1048S }}</ref> However, the discovery of ''Rugops'' and other abelisaurid material from the middle of the Cretaceous in northern Africa disproved this hypothesis.<ref name="serenoetal2004">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2004.2692 | last1 = Sereno | first1 = P.C. | last2 = Wilson | first2 = J.A. | last3 = Conrad | first3 = J.L. | year = 2004 | title = New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the mid-Cretaceous | journal = [[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] | volume = 271 | issue = 1546| pages = 1325–1330 | pmid=15306329 | pmc=1691741}}</ref><ref name="mahler2005">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0236:ROADTF]2.0.CO;2 | last1 = Mahler | first1 = L. | year = 2005 | title = Record of Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Morocco | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 25 | issue = 1| pages = 236–239 | s2cid = 4974444 }}</ref> Mid-Cretaceous abelisaurids are now known from South America as well, showing that the group existed prior to the breakup of Gondwana.<ref name="coriasalgado1998"/><ref name="calvoetal2004"/><ref name="lamannaetal2002">{{cite journal |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0058:ADATDF]2.0.CO;2 |last1=Lamanna |first1=M.C. |last2=Martinez |first2=R.D. |last3=Smith |first3=J.B. |year=2002 |title=A definitive abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=58–69|s2cid=86153297 }}</ref> In 2014, the description of ''[[Arcovenator escotae]]'' from southern [[France]] provided the first indisputable evidence of the presence of Abelisaurids in [[Europe]]. ''Arcovenator'' presents strong similarities with the Madagascan ''Majungasaurus'' and Indian abelisaurids, but not with the South American forms. ''Arcovenator'', ''Majungasaurus'', and Indian forms are united in the new clade [[Majungasaurinae]].<ref name="tortosa2014"/>

==Classification==
[[File:Carnotaurus DB 2.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of ''[[Carnotaurus]]'']]
[[Paleontologist]]s [[Jose Bonaparte]] and [[Fernando Novas]] coined the name Abelisauridae in 1985 when they described the eponymous ''Abelisaurus''. The name is formed from the family name of Roberto Abel, who discovered ''Abelisaurus'', and from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word {{lang|grc|σαυρος}} (''{{lang|grc-Latn|sauros}}'') meaning lizard. The very common suffix ''-idae'' is usually applied to [[zoology|zoological]] [[family (biology)|family]] names and is derived from the Greek suffix -ιδαι (''-{{lang|grc-Latn|idai}}'') meaning 'descendants'.<ref name="bonapartenovas1985">Bonaparte, J.F. & Novas, F.E. (1985). ["Abelisaurus comahuensis, n.g., n.sp., Carnosauria of the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia".] ''Ameghiniana''. 21: 259–265. [In Spanish]</ref>

Abelisauridae is a family in rank-based [[Linnaean taxonomy]], within the [[infraorder]] '''Ceratosauria''' and the superfamily '''[[Abelisauroidea]]''', which also contains the family '''[[Noasauridae]]'''. It has had several definitions in [[phylogenetic taxonomy]]. It was originally defined as a node-based [[taxon]] including ''Abelisaurus'', ''Carnotaurus'', their common ancestor, and all of its descendants.<ref name="novas1997">Novas, F.E. (1997). "Abelisauridae". In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K.P. ''Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs''. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 1–2 {{ISBN|0-12-226810-5}}.</ref><ref name="sereno1998">{{cite journal | last1 = Sereno | first1 = P.C. | year = 1998 | title = A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with applications to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria | journal = Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen | volume = 210 | pages = 41–83 | doi=10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41}}</ref>

Later, it was redefined as a stem-based taxon, including all animals more closely related to ''Abelisaurus'' (or the more complete ''Carnotaurus'') than to ''Noasaurus''.<ref name="wilsonetal2003"/> The node-based definition would not include animals such as ''[[Rugops]]'' or ''[[Ilokelesia]]'', which are thought to be more [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] than ''Abelisaurus'' and would be included by a stem-based definition.<ref name="taxonsearch">Sereno, P.C. (2005). [http://www.taxonsearch.org/dev/taxon_edit.php?Action=View&tax_id=6 Abelisauridae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023221352/http://www.taxonsearch.org/dev/taxon_edit.php?Action=View&tax_id=6 |date=2007-10-23 }}. TaxonSearch. 7 November 2005. Retrieved 19 September 2006.</ref> Within the Abelisauridae is the subgroup '''Carnotaurinae''', and among carnotaurines, ''Aucasaurus'' and ''Carnotaurus'' are united in '''Carnotaurini'''.<ref name="serenoetal2004"/>

===Shared characteristics===
[[File:Carnotaurus reconstruction Headden.jpg|thumb|right|Skeletal diagram of the known material of ''Carnotaurus'']]
Complete skeletons have been described only for the most advanced abelisaurids (such as ''Carnotaurus'' and ''[[Aucasaurus]]''), making establishment of [[synapomorphy|defining features]] of the skeleton for the family as a whole more difficult. However, most are known from at least some skull bones, so known shared features come mainly from the skull.<ref name="tykoskirowe2004">Tykoski, R.S. & Rowe, T. (2004). "Ceratosauria". In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., & Osmolska, H. (Eds.) ''The Dinosauria'' (2nd edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 47–70 {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}</ref> Many abelisaurid skull features are shared with [[carcharodontosaurid]]s. These shared features, along with the fact that abelisaurids seem to have replaced carcharodontosaurids in South America, have led to suggestions that the two groups were related.<ref name="novas1997"/> However, no [[cladistic]] analysis has ever found such a relationship, and aside from the skull, abelisaurids and carcharodontosaurids are very different, more similar to ceratosaurs and [[Allosauroidea|allosauroids]], respectively.<ref name="tykoskirowe2004"/>

===Phylogeny===
[[File:Majungasaurus crenatissimus skeleton.jpg|thumb|Known material of ''[[Majungasaurus]]'']]
Below is a cladogram generated by Tortosa ''et al.'' (2014) in the description of ''[[Arcovenator]]'' and creation of a new subfamily Majungasaurinae.<ref name="tortosa2014"/>

{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1=Abelisauridae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Kryptops]]''
|2=''[[Rugops]]''
|3=''[[Genusaurus ]]''
|4=MCF-PVPH-237 abelisaurid
|5=''[[Xenotarsosaurus]]''
|6=''[[Tarascosaurus]]''
|7=La Boucharde abelisaurid
|label8=
|8={{clade
|label1=[[Majungasaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=Pourcieux abelisaurid
|2=''[[Arcovenator]]'' [[File:Arcovenator.jpg|80 px]]
|3=''[[Majungasaurus]]'' [[File:Majungasaurus BW (flipped).jpg|80 px]]
|4=''[[Indosaurus]]''
|5=''[[Rahiolisaurus]]''
|6=''[[Rajasaurus]]'' [[File:Rajasaurus restoration.jpg|80 px]]}}
|label2=[[Brachyrostra]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ilokelesia]]'' [[File:Ilokelesia (flipped).jpg|80 px]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ekrixinatosaurus]]'' [[File:Ekrixinatosaurus novasi by Henrique Paes.png|80 px]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Skorpiovenator]]'' [[File:Skorpiovenator bustingorryi.jpg|80 px]]
|label2=
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Carnotaurini]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Abelisaurus]]''
|2=''[[Aucasaurus]]'' [[File:Aucasaurus garridoi by Paleocolour.jpg|80 px]]
|3=''[[Pycnonemosaurus]]''
|4=''[[Quilmesaurus]]'' [[File:Quilmesaurus curriei.jpg|80px]]
|5=''[[Carnotaurus]]'' [[File:Carnotaurus DB 2 white background.jpg|80 px]]}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}

''Ilokelesia'' was originally described as a sister group to the Abelisauroidea.<ref name="coriasalgado1998">Coria, R.A. & Salgado, L. "A basal Abelisauria Novas 1992 (Theropoda-
Ceratosauria) from the Cretaceous Period of Patagonia, Argentina". In: Perez-Moreno, B, Holtz, T.R., Sanz, J.L., & Moratalla, J. (Eds.). ''Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology''. ''Gaia'' 15:89–102. [not printed until 2000]</ref> However, Sereno tentatively places it closer to ''Abelisaurus'' than to noasaurids, a result which agrees with several other recent analyses.<ref name="tykoskirowe2004"/><ref name="calvoetal2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Calvo | first1 = J.O. | last2 = Rubilar-Rogers | first2 = D. | last3 = Moreno | first3 = K. | year = 2004 | title = A new Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from northwest Patagonia | journal = Ameghiniana | volume = 41 | issue = 4| pages = 555–563 }}</ref><ref name="coriaetal2002">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0460:ANCROC]2.0.CO;2 | last1 = Coria | first1 = R.A. | last2 = Chiappe | first2 = L.M. | last3 = Dingus | first3 = L. | year = 2002 | title = A close relative of ''Carnotaurus sastrei'' Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 22 | issue = 2| pages = 460–465 | s2cid = 131148538 }}</ref> If a stem-based definition is used, ''Ilokelesia'' and ''Rugops'' are therefore basal abelisaurids. However, as they are more basal than ''Abelisaurus'', they are outside of the Abelisauridae if the node-based definition is adopted. ''Ekrixinatosaurus'' was also published in 2004, so it was not included in Sereno's analysis. However, an independent analysis, performed by Jorge Calvo and colleagues, shows it to be an abelisaurid.<ref name="calvoetal2004"/>

Some scientists include ''[[Xenotarsosaurus]]'' from Argentina and ''[[Compsosuchus]]'' from India as basal abelisaurids,<ref name="novasetal2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Novas | first1 = F.E. | last2 = Agnolin | first2 = F.L. | last3 = Bandyopadhyay | first3 = S. | year = 2004 | title = Cretaceous theropods from India: a review of specimens described by Huene and Matley (1933)" | journal = Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales | volume = 6 | issue = 1| pages = 67–103 | doi = 10.22179/REVMACN.6.74 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Rauhut">{{cite journal | last1 = Rauhut | first1 = O.W.M. | year = 2003 | title = The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs | journal = Special Papers in Palaeontology | volume = 69 | pages = 1–213 }}</ref> while others consider them to be outside the Abelisauroidea.<ref name="MartinezNovas">Martínez, R.D. and Novas, F.E. (2006). "''Aniksosaurus darwini gen. et sp. nov''., a new coelurosaurian theropod from the early Late Cretaceous of central Patagonia, Argentina". ''Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales'', nuevo serie 8(2):243-259</ref> The [[France|French]] ''[[Genusaurus]]'' and ''[[Tarascosaurus]]'' have also been called abelisaurids but both are fragmentary and may be more basal ceratosaurians,<ref name="tykoskirowe2004"/> though Tortosa ''et al.'' (2014) considered both to be distinct abelisaurids.<ref name="tortosa2014"/> Subsequent phylogenetic analyses recover ''Xenotarsosaurus'' and ''Tarascosaurus'' as an abelisaurid,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salem |first1=Belal S. |last2=Lamanna |first2=Matthew C. |last3=O'Connor |first3=Patrick M. |last4=El-Qot |first4=Gamal M. |last5=Shaker |first5=Fatma |last6=Thabet |first6=Wael A. |last7=El-Sayed |first7=Sanaa |last8=Sallam |first8=Hesham M. |year=2022 |title=First definitive record of Abelisauridae (Theropoda:Ceratosauria) from the Cretaceous Bahariya Formation, Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=9 |issue=6 |page= |bibcode=2022RSOS....920106S |doi=10.1098/rsos.220106 |doi-access=free|pmc=9174736 |pmid=35706658 |article-number=220106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Malafaia |first1=Elisabete |last2=Escaso |first2=Fernando |last3=Coria |first3=Rodolfo A. |last4=Ortega |first4=Francisco |date=2023-01-19 |title=An Eudromaeosaurian Theropod from Lo Hueco (Upper Cretaceous. Central Spain) |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=141 |doi=10.3390/d15020141 |issn=1424-2818|doi-access=free }}</ref> but ''Genusaurus'' as either a noasaurid or an abelisaurid.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = S. | last1 = Wang | first2 = J. | last2 = Stiegler | first3 = R. | last3 = Amiot | first4 = X. | last4 = Wang | first5 = G.-H. | last5 = Du | first6 = J.M. | last6 = Clark | first7 = X. | last7 = Xu | title = Extreme Ontogenetic Changes in a Ceratosaurian Theropod | journal = Current Biology| volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 144–148 | date = 2017 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.043 | pmid = 28017609 | url = http://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(16)31269-6.pdf| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2017CBio...27..144W }}</ref><ref name="filippi">{{cite journal |author1=Leonardo S. Filippi |author2=Ariel H. Méndez |author3=Rubén D. Juárez Valieri |author4=Alberto C. Garrido |year=2016 |title=A new brachyrostran with hypertrophied axial structures reveals an unexpected radiation of latest Cretaceous abelisaurids |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=61 |pages=209–219 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.018 |bibcode=2016CrRes..61..209F |hdl=11336/149906 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baiano |first1=M. A. |last2=Coria |first2=R. |last3=Chiappe |first3=L. M. |last4=Zurriaguz |first4=V. |last5=Coria |first5=L. |year=2023 |title=Osteology of the axial skeleton of ''Aucasaurus garridoi'': phylogenetic and paleobiological inferences |journal=PeerJ |volume=11 |at=e16236 |doi=10.7717/peerj.16236 |pmc=10655716 |doi-access=free |pmid=38025666 }}</ref>
[[File:MEF Eoabelisaurus.jpg|thumb|Skeleton of ''[[Eoabelisaurus]]'', a close relative of the Abelisauridae]]
With the description of ''[[Skorpiovenator]]'' in 2008, Canale ''et al.'' published another phylogenetic analysis focusing on the South American abelisaurids. In their results, they found that all South American forms, including ''[[Ilokelesia]]'' (except ''Abelisaurus''), grouped together as a subclade of carnotaurines, which they named the [[Brachyrostra]].<ref name="canaleetal2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Canale | first1 = Juan I. | last2 = Scanferla | first2 = Carlos A. | last3 = Agnolin | first3 = Federico L. | last4 = Novas | first4 = Fernando E. | title = New carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the evolution of abelisaurid theropods | journal = [[Naturwissenschaften]] | volume = 96 | issue = 3 | pages = 409–14 | year = 2008 | pmid = 19057888 | doi = 10.1007/s00114-008-0487-4 | bibcode = 2009NW.....96..409C | hdl = 11336/52024 | s2cid = 23619863 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> In the same year Matthew T. Carrano and Scott D. Sampson published new large phylogenetic analysis of ceratosaurian.<ref name=C&S08>{{Cite journal | volume = 6 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1017/S1477201907002246 | journal = [[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] | title = The Phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda) | first1 = M. T. | last1 = Carrano | last2 = Sampson | first2 = S. D. | issue = 2 | page = 183 | bibcode = 2008JSPal...6..183C | s2cid = 30068953 | url = https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/7641/paleo_Carrano_Sampson_08a.pdf | access-date = 2018-08-06 | archive-date = 2018-07-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180720095334/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/7641/paleo_Carrano_Sampson_08a.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> With the description of ''[[Eoabelisaurus]]'', Diego Pol and Oliver W. M. Rauhut (2012) combined these analyses and added 10n new characters. The following [[cladogram]] follows their analysis.<ref name=Eoabelisaurus>{{cite journal | author = Diego Pol & Oliver W. M. Rauhut | year = 2012 | title = A Middle Jurassic abelisaurid from Patagonia and the early diversification of theropod dinosaurs | journal = [[Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] | volume = 279 | issue = 1804 | pages = 3170–5 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2012.0660 | pmid=22628475 | pmc=3385738}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Ceratosauria]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Berberosaurus]]''
|2=''[[Deltadromeus]]''
|3={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Spinostropheus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Limusaurus]]'' [[File:Limusaurus runner (flipped).jpg|80 px]]
|2=''[[Elaphrosaurus]]'' [[File:Elaphrosaurus (flipped).jpg|80 px]] }} }}
|label2=[[Neoceratosauria]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Ceratosauridae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ceratosaurus]]'' [[File:Ceratosaurus nasicornis DB.jpg|80 px]]
|2=''[[Genyodectes]]'' }}
|label2=[[Abelisauroidea]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Noasauridae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Laevisuchus]]''
|2=''[[Masiakasaurus]]'' [[File:Masiakasaurus LMR.png|80 px]]
|3=''[[Noasaurus]]''
|4=''[[Velocisaurus]]'' }}
|label2='''Abelisauridae'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eoabelisaurus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rugops]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abelisaurus]]''
|label2=[[Carnotaurinae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Majungasaurus]]'' [[File:Majungasaurus BW (flipped).jpg|80 px]]
|2=''[[Indosaurus]]''
|3=''[[Rajasaurus]]'' [[File:Rajasaurus restoration.jpg|80 px]]}}
|label2=[[Brachyrostra]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ilokelesia]]'' [[File:Ilokelesia (flipped).jpg|80 px]]
|2=''[[Ekrixinatosaurus]]'' [[File:Ekrixinatosaurus novasi by Henrique Paes.png|80 px]]
|3=''[[Skorpiovenator]]'' [[File:Skorpiovenator bustingorryi by D-Juan.jpg|80 px]]}}
|label2=[[Carnotaurini]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Carnotaurus]]'' [[File:Carnotaurus DB 2 white background.jpg|80 px]]
|2=''[[Aucasaurus]]'' [[File:Aucasaurus garridoi by Paleocolour.jpg|80 px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}In the 2021 description of ''[[Llukalkan]]'', the following consensus tree was recovered.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gianechini |first1=Federico A. |last2=Méndez |first2=Ariel H. |last3=Filippi |first3=Leonardo S. |last4=Paulina-Carabajal |first4=Ariana |last5=Juárez-Valieri |first5=Rubén D. |last6=Garrido |first6=Alberto C. |date=2020-12-10 |title=A new furileusaurian abelisaurid from La Invernada (Upper Cretaceous, Santonian, Bajo de la Carpa Formation), northern Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1877151 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=6 |article-number=e1877151 |bibcode=2020JVPal..40E7151G |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1877151 |issn=0272-4634 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2024-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613061213/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1877151 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Clade|{{clade
|1=''[[Kryptops]]'' [[File:Cartography of Africa.svg|15px]] [[File:Kryptops life restoration.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rugops]]'' [[File:Cartography of Africa.svg|15px]] <div style="{{mirrorH}}">[[File:Rugops (cropped).png|70px]]</div>

|2={{clade
|label1=[[Majungasaurinae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Genusaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of Europe.svg|15px]]
|2=''[[Arcovenator]]'' [[File:Cartography of Europe.svg|15px]] }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rajasaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of Asia.svg|15px]] [[File:Rajasaurus restoration.jpg|70px]]
|2=''[[Indosaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of Asia.svg|15px]]
|3=''[[Majungasaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of Africa.svg|15px]] [[File:Majungasaurus size reference.png|70px]]}} }}
|label2= [[Brachyrostra]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Xenotarsosaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of South_America.svg|15px]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dahalokely]]'' [[File:Cartography of Africa.svg|15px]]
|2=''[[Rahiolisaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of Asia.svg|15px ]]}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ilokelesia]]'' [[File:Cartography of South_America.svg|15px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ekrixinatosaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of South_America.svg|15px]] [[File:Ekrixinatosaurus novasi by Henrique Paes.png|70px]]
|2=''[[Skorpiovenator]]'' [[File:Cartography of South_America.svg|15px]] [[File:Skorpiovenator bustingorryi by D-Juan.jpg|70px]]}} }}
|label2=Furileusauria
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Llukalkan]]'' [[File:Cartography of South_America.svg|15px]]
|2=''[[Pycnonemosaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of South_America.svg|15px]]
|3=''[[Quilmesaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of South_America.svg|15px]] [[File:Quilmesaurus curriei.jpg|70px]]
|4=''[[Viavenator]]'' [[File:Cartography of South_America.svg|15px]] [[File:Viavenator.jpg|70px]]
|label5=Carnotaurini
|5={{clade
|1=''[[Carnotaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of South_America.svg|15px]] [[File:Carnotaurus Reconstruction (2022).png|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Aucasaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of South_America.svg|15px]] [[File:Aucasaurus garridoi by Paleocolour.jpg|70px]]
|2=''[[Abelisaurus]]'' [[File:Cartography of South_America.svg|15px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|label1=Abelisauridae}}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! Timeline of genera
|-
|
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from: 1930 till: 1940 color:1900syears text:[[1930s in paleontology|30s]]
from: 1940 till: 1950 color:1900syears text:[[1940s in paleontology|40s]]
from: 1950 till: 1960 color:1900syears text:[[1950s in paleontology|50s]]
from: 1960 till: 1970 color:1900syears text:[[1960s in paleontology|60s]]
from: 1970 till: 1980 color:1900syears text:[[1970s in paleontology|70s]]
from: 1980 till: 1990 color:1900syears text:[[1980s in paleontology|80s]]
from: 1990 till: 2000 color:1900syears text:[[1990s in paleontology|90s]]
from: 2000 till: 2010 color:2000syears text:[[2000s in paleontology|00s]]
from: 2010 till: 2020 color:2000syears text:[[2010s in paleontology|10s]]
from: 2020 till: 2030 color:2000syears text:[[2020s in paleontology|20s]]
from: 2030 till: 2040 color:2000syears text:[[2030s in paleontology|30s]]
from: 2040 till: 2050 color:2000syears text:[[2040s in paleontology|40s]]
from: 2050 till: 2060 color:2000syears text:[[2050s in paleontology|50s]]
from: 2060 till: 2070 color:2000syears text:[[2060s in paleontology|60s]]
from: 2070 till: 2080 color:2000syears text:[[2070s in paleontology|70s]]
from: 2080 till: 2090 color:2000syears text:[[2080s in paleontology|80s]]
from: 2090 till: 2100 color:2000syears text:[[2090s in paleontology|90s]]

bar:eratop
from: 1930 till: 2000 color:1900s text:[[20th century in paleontology|20th]]
from: 2000 till: 2100 color:2000s text:[[21st century in paleontology|21st]]

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color:1900s bar:NAM1 at:1933 mark:(line,black) text:[[Indosaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM2 at:1933 mark:(line,black) text:[[Indosuchus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM1 at:1955 mark:(line,black) text:[[Majungasaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM1 at:1985 mark:(line,black) text:[[Abelisaurus]]
color:1800s bar:NAM2 at:1985 mark:(line,black) text:[[Carnotaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM3 at:1986 mark:(line,black) text:[[Xenotarsosaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM4 at:1991 mark:(line,black) text:[[Tarascosaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM5 at:1998 mark:(line,black) text:[[Ilokelesia]]
color:1900s bar:NAM1 at:2001 mark:(line,black) text:[[Quilmesaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM2 at:2002 mark:(line,black) text:[[Pycnonemosaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM6 at:2002 mark:(line,black) text:[[Aucasaurus]]
color:1800s bar:NAM7 at:2003 mark:(line,black) text:[[Rajasaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM8 at:2004 mark:(line,black) text:[[Rugops]]
color:1900s bar:NAM9 at:2004 mark:(line,black) text:[[Ekrixinatosaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM3 at:2008 mark:(line,black) text:[[Kryptops]]
color:1800s bar:NAM10 at:2009 mark:(line,black) text:[[Skorpiovenator]]
color:1900s bar:NAM4 at:2010 mark:(line,black) text:[[Rahiolisaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM5 at:2013 mark:(line,black) text:[[Arcovenator]]
color:1900s bar:NAM6 at:2018 mark:(line,black) text:[[Thanos simonattoi|Thanos]]
color:1900s bar:NAM7 at:2020 mark:(line,black) text:[[Tralkasaurus]]
color:1900s bar:NAM8 at:2020 mark:(line,black) text:[[Spectrovenator]]
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from: 1930 till: 1940 color:1900syears text:[[1930s in paleontology|30s]]
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from: 1950 till: 1960 color:1900syears text:[[1950s in paleontology|50s]]
from: 1960 till: 1970 color:1900syears text:[[1960s in paleontology|60s]]
from: 1970 till: 1980 color:1900syears text:[[1970s in paleontology|70s]]
from: 1980 till: 1990 color:1900syears text:[[1980s in paleontology|80s]]
from: 1990 till: 2000 color:1900syears text:[[1990s in paleontology|90s]]
from: 2000 till: 2010 color:2000syears text:[[2000s in paleontology|00s]]
from: 2010 till: 2020 color:2000syears text:[[2010s in paleontology|10s]]
from: 2020 till: 2030 color:2000syears text:[[2020s in paleontology|20s]]
from: 2030 till: 2040 color:2000syears text:[[2030s in paleontology|30s]]
from: 2040 till: 2050 color:2000syears text:[[2040s in paleontology|40s]]
from: 2050 till: 2060 color:2000syears text:[[2050s in paleontology|50s]]
from: 2060 till: 2070 color:2000syears text:[[2060s in paleontology|60s]]
from: 2070 till: 2080 color:2000syears text:[[2070s in paleontology|70s]]
from: 2080 till: 2090 color:2000syears text:[[2080s in paleontology|80s]]
from: 2090 till: 2100 color:2000syears text:[[2090s in paleontology|90s]]

bar:era
from: 1930 till: 2000 color:1900s text:[[20th century in paleontology|20th]]
from: 2000 till: 2100 color:2000s text:[[21st century in paleontology|21st]]
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|-
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align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

color:jurassic bar:NAM1 from:-179 till:-177 text:[[Eoabelisaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-125.5 till:-125 text:[[Spectrovenator]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM2 from:-110.5 till:-110 text:[[Kryptops]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM3 from:-95.5 till:-95 text:[[Rugops]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM8 from:-97 till:-93 text:[[Tralkasaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM9 from:-96 till:-95 text:[[Xenotarsosaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM5 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Indosuchus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM6 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Kurupi]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM4 from:-68 till:-66 text:[[Chenanisaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM10 from:-80 till:-70 text:[[Tarascosaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM11 from:-94.3 till:-89.3 text:[[Dahalokely]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM16 from:-74.5 till:-74 text:[[Arcovenator]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM12 from:-72.1 till:-66 text:[[Rahiolisaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM13 from:-70 till:-66 text:[[Majungasaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM14 from:-69 till:-66 text:[[Indosaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM15 from:-67.5 till:-67 text:[[Rajasaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM17 from:-66.5 till:-66 text:[[Betasuchus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM18 from:-86 till:-83 text:[[Thanos simonattoi|Thanos]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM19 from:-95.5 till:-95 text:[[Ilokelesia]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM20 from:-98.5 till:-98 text:[[Ekrixinatosaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM21 from:-95.5 till:-95 text:[[Skorpiovenator]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM23 from:-86 till:-83 text:[[Llukalkan]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM24 from:-86 till:-83 text:[[Viavenator]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM22 from:-72 till:-66 text:[[Niebla]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM25 from:-70.5 till:-70 text:[[Pycnonemosaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM26 from:-75 till:-66 text:[[Quilmesaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM27 from:-71.5 till:-71 text:[[Carnotaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM28 from:-85 till:-80 text:[[Aucasaurus]]
color:cretaceous bar:NAM29 from:-80.5 till:-80 text:[[Abelisaurus]]

PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

bar:period
from: -201 till: -174 color:earlyjurassic text:[[Early Jurassic|Early]]
from: -174 till: -163 color:middlejurassic text:[[Middle Jurassic|Middle]]
from: -163 till: -145 color:latejurassic text:[[Late Jurassic|Late]]
from: -145 till: -100 color:earlycretaceous text:[[Early Cretaceous|Early]]
from: -100 till: -66 color:latecretaceous text:[[Late Cretaceous|Late]]

bar:era
from: -201 till: -145 color:jurassic text:[[Jurassic]]
from: -145 till: -66 color:cretaceous text:[[Cretaceous]]

</timeline>
|-
|}

==Paleobiology==

===Feeding===
[[Dental microwear]] features of abelisaurid teeth from the [[Marília Formation]] of Brazil indicate that they predated heavily on large prey.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Tooth wear and microwear of theropods from the Late Maastrichtian Marília Formation (Bauru Group), Minas Gerais State, Brazil |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/tooth-wear-and-microwear-of-theropods-from-the-late-maastrichtian-marilia-formation-bauru-group-minas-gerais-state-brazil/DF0F1434CC7D0DA8DA95BF2A8FD45B9A |journal=[[Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]] |date=December 2015 |issn=1755-6910 |pages=229–233 |volume=106 |issue=4 |doi=10.1017/S175569101600013X |language=en |first1=Carlos Roberto A. |last1=Candeiro |first2=Philip John |last2=Currie |first3=Caio L. |last3=Candeiro |first4=Lílian P.|last4=Bergqvist |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref> Fossil teeth found amid the bones of a titanosaur from the [[Allen Formation]] of Argentina suggest that abelisaurids preyed upon or at least scavenged titanosaurs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://app.pan.pl/article/item/app008472020.html |title=Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609070508/http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app008472020.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ontogeny and growth===
Studies of the abelisaurid ''Majungasaurus'' indicate that it was a much slower-growing dinosaur than other theropods, taking nearly 20 years to reach adult size.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.livescience.com/56897-slow-growing-theropod-dinosaur.html | title=Fearsome Malagasy Dinosaur Remained a Pipsqueak Most of Its Life | website=[[Live Science]] | date=16 November 2016 | access-date=22 November 2016 | archive-date=22 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122082140/http://www.livescience.com/56897-slow-growing-theropod-dinosaur.html | url-status=live }}</ref> However, other mature abelisaurid specimens indicate that they generally reached a faster rate of maturation. The holotype of ''[[Aucasaurus]]'' had a minimum age of 11 years,<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Baiano MA, Cerda IA |title=Osteohistology of ''Aucasaurus garridoi'' (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Abelisauridae): inferences on lifestyle and growth strategy |journal=[[Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology]] |year=2022 |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=693–704 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2063052 |s2cid=248288065 }}</ref> the holotype of ''[[Niebla antiqua|Niebla]]'' had a minimum age of 9 years,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aranciaga Rolando|first1=Mauro|last2=Cerroni|first2=Mauricio A.|last3=Garcia Marsà|first3=Jordi A.|last4=Agnolín|first4=Federico L.|last5=Motta|first5=Matías J.|last6=Rozadilla|first6=Sebastián|last7=Brisson Eglí|first7=Federico|last8=Novas|first8=Fernando E.|date=2020-10-14|title=A new medium-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the late cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Allen Formation of Northern Patagonia, Argentina|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981120304582|journal=[[Journal of South American Earth Sciences]]|volume=105|language=en|article-number=102915|doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102915|s2cid=225123133|issn=0895-9811|hdl=11336/150468|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and MMCh-PV 69 had a minimum age of 14 years.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=J.I. |last1=Canale |first2=I. |last2=Cerda |first3=F.E. |last3=Novas |first4=A. |last4=Haluza |title=Small-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) remains from the Upper Cretaceous of northwest Patagonia, Argentina |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=62 |year=2016 |pages=18–28 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.001|bibcode=2016CrRes..62...18C |hdl=11336/59930 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
* [[Timeline of ceratosaur research]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130929072019/http://archosaur.us/theropoddatabase/Ceratosauria.htm#Abelisauridae Abelisauridae at The Theropod Database]

{{Theropoda|B.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q134184}}

|}

[[Category:Abelisauridae| *]]
[[Category:Dinosaur families]]
[[Category:Cretaceous dinosaurs]]

General Post Office, New Delhi

2026-03-16T05:19:11Z

SolomonL12: Adding A Article

{{Short description|Post office building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = General Post Office, New Delhi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| former_names =
| alternate_names = New Delhi GPO
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_size =
| caption =
| location = [[Gole Market]], [[New Delhi]]
| address =
| location_town = [[New Delhi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28|37|35.8|N|77|12|23.9|E|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}}
| status = complete
| years_built =
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date = 1929
| completion_date = 1931
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date =
| architect = [[Robert Tor Russell]]
| owner =
| floor_area =
| top_floor =
| floor_count =
| parking =
| public_transit =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_mark =
| building_type = [[Post office]]
| architectural_style = [[British colonial architecture]]
| structural_system =
| client =
| current_tenants =
| diameter =
| circumference =
| facilities =
| website =
}}

The '''New Delhi General Post Office''' (also known as '''Gole Dak Khana''') is the central post office in [[New Delhi]]. The GPO is situated in the [[Gole Market]] area, within a [[roundabout]] formerly known as Alexandra Place.<ref name="express08">{{Cite news |date=9 October 2008 |title=On World Post Day, 'lady postman' recalls old days and ways |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/on-world-post-day--lady-postman--recalls-old-days-and-ways/371513/0 |access-date=28 June 2013 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref> Its octagonal shape and low height were intentional design choices to ensure a clear view of the nearby [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi|Sacred Heart Cathedral]].<ref name="hto">{{cite news |date=20 July 2011 |title=Imperial Impressions |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Impe,rial-Impressions/Article1-723461.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140228024024/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Impe,rial-Impressions/Article1-723461.aspx |archive-date=28 February 2014 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The GPO was one of the first few public buildings in New Delhi built after the city became the new capital in 1911.

The New Delhi GPO received the [[Sevottam]] IS:15700-2005 certification from the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-10 |title=Postal Inspector M.P. Circle - निरीक्षक दर्पण - IP ASP MP: ‘Sevottam IS:15700-2005”Award’ by BIS to New Delhi GPO (Gole Dak Khana) |url=https://mpipasp.blogspot.com/2011/08/sevottam-is15700-2005award-by-bis-to.html |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Postal Inspector M.P. Circle - निरीक्षक दर्पण - IP ASP MP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2011 |title=Certification of ‘Sevottam IS:15700-2005”Award’ by BIS to New Delhi GPO (Gole Dak Khana) |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=74209 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== The building ==
It is in octagonal in shape, designed to harmonize with the circular layout of Gole Market, where it is located. Its unique octagonal architecture sets it apart from typical post office designs, making it a landmark.

== See also ==

* [[General Post Office, Chennai]]
* [[General Post Office, Old Delhi]]
* [[General Post Office, Kolkata]]
* [[General Post Office, Mumbai]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Post office buildings in India|N ]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1931]]

Malwai dialect

2026-03-08T12:53:07Z

SolomonL12: slightly corrected citations as per guidelines additionally and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|Dialect of Punjabi}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Malvi language]] of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Malwai
| pronunciation = {{small|Standard:}} {{IPA|pa|məlʋəi|}}{{break}}{{small|Malwai:}} {{IPA|pa|məlˈʋi|}}
| nativename = ਮਲਵਈ • {{Uninastaliq|مَلۡوَئی}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Malwa (Punjab)]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
| fam5 = [[Punjabi dialects|Punjabi]]
| fam6 = [[Eastern Punjabi dialects|Eastern Punjabi]]
| ancestor = [[wikt:Old Punjabi|Old Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Gopal |title=Languages of India |date=2000 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123729367 |page=149 |quote=The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |title=Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781136894602 |page=XXV |edition=Reprint |quote=As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781136451089 |edition=First |chapter=0.2.1 – Form |quote=Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195139778 |page=423 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520255609 |page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139465502 |page=411}}</ref>
| script = [[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurmukhī]] [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]
| isoexception = dialect
| map = {{maplink
|frame=yes
|frame-align=center
|stroke-width=0.5
|type=shape
|id=Q2353293
|title=Barnala district
|fill=#FF9933
|type2=shape
|stroke-width2=0.5
|id2=Q172488
|title2=Bathinda district
|fill2=#FF9933
|type3=shape
|stroke-width3=0.5
|id3=Q172494
|title3=Faridkot district
|fill3=#FF9933
|type5=shape
|stroke-width5=0.5
|id5=Q188702
|title5=Fazilka district
|fill5=#FF9933
|type6=shape
|stroke-width6=0.5
|id6=
|title6=Fazilka district
|fill6=#FF9933
|type7=shape
|id7=Q172385
|stroke-width7=0.5
|title7=Firozpur district
|fill7=#FF9933
|type8=shape
|id8=Q172482
|stroke-width8=0.5
|title8=Ludhiana district
|fill8=#FF9933
|type9=shape
|id9=
|stroke-width9=0.5
|title9=Fatehabad district
|fill9=#FF9933
|type10=shape
|id10=Q107016021
|stroke-width10=0.5
|title10=Malerkotla district
|fill10=#FF9933
|type11=shape
|id11=Q172387
|stroke-width11=0.5
|title11=Mansa district, India
|fill11=#FF9933
|type12=shape
|id12=Q1946896
|title12=Moga district
|stroke-width12=0.5
|fill12=#FF9933
|type14=shape
|id14=Q1945515
|title14=Sangrur district
|stroke-width14=0.5
|fill14=#FF9933
|type16=shape
|id16=Q1947359
|title16=Sri Muktsar Sahib district
|stroke-width16=0.5
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|map_caption=Geographical extent of Malwa (Punjab)
}}
| mapcaption = Malwa Region of Punjab
}}
{{Punjabis}}
'''Malwai''' ({{small|Standard:}} {{IPA|pa|məlʋəi|}}; {{small|Malwai:}} {{IPA|pa|məlˈʋi|}}) is an [[Eastern Punjabi dialects|eastern dialect]] of the [[Punjabi language]], spoken in the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] region of [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Jamshid Ali |title=Politics of Coalition Governments in Punjab |publisher=Madaan Publications |year=2006 |pages=32 |quote=Malwa region lies in the southern side of Satluj river. It includes the largest of all the three regions of the state. The dialects of Punjabi language define regional identities. Malwa is defined by Malwai, Majha by Majhai and ...}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mandeep |title=Punjab Today |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |others=Harvinder Kaur |year=2005 |isbn=81-7629-702-X |location=New Delhi |pages=11 |oclc=62536488 |quote=The people of the region speak the Malwa dialect, which is similar to Punjabi. Malwa is surrounded by the river Sutlej in the north, the river Ghaggar in the south, the Shivalik Hills in the east and Pakistan in the west.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Worldmark encyclopedia of cultures and daily life |date=2009 |publisher=Gale |others=Jeneen Hobby, Timothy L. Gall, Gale |isbn=978-1-4144-4893-0 |edition=2nd |location=Farmington Hills, Mich. |pages=808 |oclc=388481759 |quote=The other important Punjabi dialects are Malwa, Doabi, Powadhi, Dogri, and Bhattiani.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Kartar Singh |title=Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism |date=1988 |publisher=Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy of the U.S.A |isbn=0-89389-109-6 |location=Honesdale, Pa. |pages=77 |oclc=21934816 |quote=According to the renowned Sikh Scholar, the late Principal Teja Singh, Punjabi is the language that the people of the Punjab have spoken from time immemorial. A living language keeps on changing its complexion. During the course of history, this change in complexion may result in the language being transformed beyond recognition. Punjabi has undergone this metamorphosis time and again and yet it remains Punjabi, the language to which the people in this part of the country belong. Even today the language spoken by the people living in Pothoar is different in flavor from the one spoken in Malwa, as much as the language spoken in Malwa is different in taste from that of Majha. It is said that the dialects in India start changing about every 30 kilometers. Like all other Indian languages, Punjabi, too, has a number of dialects. They can be as diverse as Pahari, spoken in the north, and Lehndi, prevalent in the south.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Munday |first=Jeremy |authorlink=Jeremy Munday |title=Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=9781135198190 |edition=2nd |pages=138 |quote=A further factor is added by the setting of the novel in an isolated village in the Malwa region of Punjab. The poorly educated characters converse with each other in the local Malwai dialect of Punjabi. Their colloquial dialogue constitutes a crucial element of the fictional discourse, with the third person narrator portraying characters and situations through the character's speech rhythms and the cultural environment they evoke.}}</ref>

== Distribution ==

=== India ===

==== Punjab ====
Major Malwai speaking centers are [[Ferozepur district|Ferozepur]], [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]], [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]], [[Muktsar district|Muktsar]],<ref group="note">The language spoken in some southern villages of Fazilka, Muktsar and Bahawalnagar districts forms a dialect continuum with [[Bagri language]], which is classified as a dialect of [[Rajasthani language]].</ref> [[Moga district|Moga]], [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]], [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]], [[Patiala district|Patiala]], [[Barnala district|Barnala]], [[Mansa district, India|Mansa]] districts and [[Jagraon]], [[Raikot]] and Ludhiana (West) tehsils of [[Ludhiana district]].<ref group="note">The Punjabi spoken in eastern tehsils of Ludhiana district (Ludhiana (East), Payal, Khanna and Samrala) forms a dialect continuum with [[Puadhi dialect|Pwadhi dialect]].</ref>

==== Haryana ====
Many Malwai speakers also live in [[Dabwali]], [[Kalanwali]] and [[Rania, Sirsa|Rania]] tehsils of [[Sirsa district]] and [[kaithal district]] of [[Haryana]], [[India]]; the [[Jakhal]] and [[Ratia]] tehsils of [[Fatehabad district]] of [[Haryana]], [[India]].

==== Rajasthan ====
The dialect is also found spoken in [[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]] and [[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]] districts of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].

=== Pakistan ===
In [[Pakistan]], it is spoken in [[Vehari district|Vehari]] district of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] by the communities migrated from [[Indian Punjab]] after Partition 1947. It is also spoken in Bahawalnagar and Nankana Sahib districts.

== Characteristics ==
Although the characteristic distinction among the various dialects of [[Punjabi language]] lies in the speech pattern, the Malwai dialect most notably differs from the other dialects through its distinctive '''<nowiki/>'ū'''' (ਊ) sound in all future-tense verb endings.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Verb Conjugation Differences
!Standard Punjabi
!Malwai Dialect
|-
|āvegā
|āūgā
|-
|āvegī
|āūgī
|-
|āvoge
|āūŋge
|-
|pīvegā
|pīūgā
|-
|pīvegī
|pīūgī
|-
|pīvoge
|pīūŋge
|}
Another notable difference is that where other Punjabi dialects have {{IPA|/l/|lang=pa}} (ਲ) in Malwai many of those words are pronounced with an {{IPA|/r/|lang=pa}} (ਰ) or {{IPA|[ɭ̆]|lang=pa}} (ਲ਼) instead.

The following peculiarities in vocabulary are also observed:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! rowspan="2" | English
! colspan="2" | Standard Punjabi
! colspan="2" | Malwai
|-
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
|-
! He will come.
| ਉਹ ਆਵੇਗਾ
|اوہ آویگا
| ਉਹ ਆਊਗਾ
|اوہ آؤگا
|-
! I am coming.
| ਮੈਂ ਆ ਰਿਹਾ ਹਾਂ
|میں آ رہا آں
| ਮੈਂ ਆਈ ਜਾਨਾਂ।
|میں آئی جاناں۔
|-
! He is coming.
| ਉਹ ਆ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ
|اوہ آ رہا اے
| ਉਹ ਆਈ ਜਾਂਦੈ।
|اوہ آئی جاندَے۔
|-
! To lift/to pick (up)
| ਚੁੱਕਣਾ
|چُکنا
| ਚੱਕਣਾ
|چَکنا
|-
! To uproot/to dig (out)
| ਪੁੱਟਣਾ
|پُٹنا
| ਪੱਟਣਾ
|پَٹنا
|-
! Your
| ਤੁਹਾਡਾ
|تَہاڈا
| ਥੋਡਾ/ਸੋਡਾ
|تُہاڈا
|-
! (My/your/his/her) own
| ਆਪਣਾ
|اپنا
| ਆਵਦਾ
|آودا
|-
! By me/from me
| ਮੇਰੇ ਤੋਂ/ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲੋਂ
|میرے توں/میرے کولوں
| ਮੈਥੋਂ
|میتھوں
|-
! By you/from you
| ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਤੋਂ/ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਕੋਲੋਂ/ਤਾਡਾ
|تہاڈے توں/تہاڈے کولوں/تاڈا
| ਥੋਤੋਂ
|تُہاتھوں
|-
! Camel
| ਊਠ
|اُوٹھ
| ਬੋਤਾ
|اُٹھ
|-
! Son
| ਪੁੱਤਰ
|پُتر
| ਪੁੱਤ
|پُت
|-
! Friend
| ਮਿੱਤਰ
|یار/مِتر
| ਮਿੱਤ
|بیلی
|-
! Urine
| ਮੂਤਰ
|مُوتَر
| ਮੂਤ
|مُوت
|-
! Dew drop
| ਤ੍ਰੇਲ਼
|تریل
| ਤੇਲ਼
|تیل
|}

Also, in contrast with [[Majhi dialect]], 'ਹ' is not tonal. Exceptions are encountered when 'ਹ'/'ہ' is not followed by a schwa ending or a vowel sound, as in, ਕਹਿਣਾ, ਰਹਿ, ਘਾਹ / ۔کہنا، رہِ، گھاہ

==See also==
* [[Punjabi dialects]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[List of Indian languages by total speakers]]
* [[List of Punjabi television channels]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Manmandar |title=Malwai Shabad Kosh |publisher=Language Department, Punjabi University |location=Patiala |language=pa |script-title=pa:ਮਲਵਈ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਕੋਸ਼ |trans-title=Malwai Dictionary}}
{{Punjabi dialects}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi language in Pakistan]]

Gunsundari (1934 film)

2026-03-07T07:04:56Z

SolomonL12: Adding Details - done

{{Other uses|Gunsundari (disambiguation){{!}}Gunsundari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gunsundari
| image = Gunsundari 1934 film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Chandulal Shah]]
| producer =
| writer = Chandulal Shah
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Gohar Mamajiwala|Gohar]]
* E. Bilimoria
}}
| music = Rewashankar Marwadi, Gangaprasad Pathak<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| cinematography = Pandurang Naik<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| editing =
| studio = [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Movietone]]<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| runtime = 185 minutes<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| country = India
| language = Hindi<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| released = {{Film date|1934}}
| based_on =
| distributor =
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gunsundari''''' is 1934 Indian Hindi social drama film directed by [[Chandulal Shah]]. The film was a remake of [[Gunsundari (1927 film)|1927 film of same name]] and was remade again in 1948. It was successful.

==Plot==
Shyamaldas has two sons Chandrakant and Vinu, and a daughter Kusum. Due to his alcoholic father's behaviour, Chandrakant is disheartened as falls for schemes of Madanrai and prostitute Bansari who are plotting to get her property. Sushila, a sister-in-law of Chandrakant's wife Gunsundari, has troubled relationship with his husband Vasantrai who takes away her necklace. Gunsundari helps her by giving her some money which she can not reveal to other due to promise of secrecy. She gets into trouble for it later. Gunsundari tries to save his husband by seducing him back to his family but was cast out to streets. She eventually meets her husband Chandrakant who has been to streets now. At the end, it is found that dead Shyamaldas has left all his property to Chandrakant.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>

==Cast==
The cast is as follows:<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/><ref name=":0"/>
* [[Gohar Mamajiwala|Gohar]] as Gunsundari
* Keki Bawa as Shyamaldas
* E. Bilimoria as Chandrakant
* Ram Apte as Vinu
* Shanta as Kusum
* Gangaprasad Pathak as Madanrai
* Rampiyari as Bansari
* Ghory as Vasantrai
* [[Kamlabai Gokhale]] as Sushila
Other cast include Charubala and Dixit.

==Production==
After advent of talkies, Chandulal Shah remade his 1927 silent film ''[[Gunsundari (1927 film)|Gunsundari]]'' in Hindi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ushakant |first=Mehta |date=2011-02-01 |title=ગુણસુંદરી |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%e0%aa%97%e0%ab%81%e0%aa%a3%e0%aa%b8%e0%ab%81%e0%aa%82%e0%aa%a6%e0%aa%b0%e0%ab%80/ |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |language=gu}}</ref>

== Music ==
Rewashankar Marwadi and Gangaprasad Pathak gave music for the film.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" />

The songs were as follows:
* Gagari Chhalak Na Jaay Gori Gagari
* Mujhe Mat Chhedo Baar Baar
* Tumhen Ye To Soojhi Nayi Tadbeer
* Jal Bharne Ko Main Gayi Thi Sanwariya
* Piya Man Bas Gayi Kya Koi Baala
* Parde Mein Muskura Kar Bijli Se Ye Gira Kar
* Mora Saiyan Sautaniya Ke Dwar Gayo Re
* Kahan Le Jayen Is Dil Ko
* Jiya Dharat Naahi Dheer Dheer Re
* Chalo Patjhad Rut Beet Gayi

==Reception==
The film ran for 14 weeks and was commercially successful.<ref name=":0"/>

==Remake==
It was [[Gunsundari (1948 film)|remade again in 1948]] under Ajit Pictures and directed by Shah's nephew Ratilal Punatar and starred [[Nirupa Roy]]. However, this version include some changes to reflect their times.<ref name="Ro2013">{{cite book |last1=Gangar |first1=Amrit |url=http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz375710701inh.htm |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Moti |first2=Gokulsing K. |last3=Dissanayake |first3=Wimal |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=88–99 |chapter=Gujarati Cinema: Stories of sant, sati, shethani and sparks so few |doi=10.4324/9780203556054 |author-link1=Amrit Gangar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA99 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106080734/https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA99 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |edition=Revised |pages=259}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1934 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1934 drama films]]
[[Category:1934 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of silent films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

Nallakalam

2026-03-04T05:06:20Z

SolomonL12: started

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nallakalam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. Vembu J. Sinha
| story = J. Sinha
| starring = [[M. K. Radha]] [[N. S. Krishnan]] [[Pandari Bai]] [[T. A. Mathuram]]
| cinematography = K. Prabhakar
| editing = C. Rajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Jaishakthi Films
| distributor = Subbu & Co
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1954|5|21|ref1=}}
| runtime = 176 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Nallakalam''''' ({{translation|Favourable Time}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by K. Vembu and Jyotish Sinha. The film stars [[M. K. Radha]] and [[Pandari Bai]]. It was released on 21 May 1954.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=September 2024}}

== Cast ==
The list was compiled from the database of [[Film News Anandan]]<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and from ''Thiraikalanjiyam''<ref name="neelamegam" />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
;Male cast
*[[M. K. Radha]]
*[[T. S. Balaiah]]
*[[N. S. Krishnan]]
*[[Kuladeivam Rajagopal]]
*M. L. Pathy
*T. S. Natarajan
;Female Cast
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[T. A. Mathuram]]
*K. Varalakshmi
*K. Lakshmikantham
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
K. Prabhakar was in charge of Cinematography while the editing was done by C. Rajan. Choreography was by Sohanlal. Nallakalam was filmed at Film Centre, Madras and the stills were taken by Gnanam.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref name="neelamegam" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Summa Irukkaadhunga" || N. S. Krishnan || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]|| 02:33
|-
| "Vaazhvu Malarndhu" || rowspan=2|R. Balasaraswathi Devi || rowspan=5|[[M. P. Sivam]]|| 03:04
|-
| "Maname Un Vaazhvil" || 03:03
|-
| "Kannaale Kaanbadhum" || N. L. Ganasaraswathi || 02:55
|-
| "Kaandham Pol Paayum" || K. Rani || 03:20
|-
| "Kolaagalamaaga" || rowspan=2|[[Andal (singer)|A. Andal]] and group ||
|-
| "Vaazhvin Kadamaiyai" || Puratchidasan ||
|-
| "Bharatha Naattin Kangal" || T. A. Mathuram || || 02:24
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Nallakalam'' was released on 21 May 1954,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 1954 |title=Nallakalam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19540521&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 October 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and distributed by Subbu & Co.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=23 May 1954 |title=நல்லகாலம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1954-05-23/page/n29/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240905131007/https://archive.org/details/kalki1954-05-23/page/n29/mode/2up |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=28 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it an "above-average picture", although the critic said Radha and Pandari Bai "give efficient delineations of their roles".<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 1954 |title=Nallakalam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19540529&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1954 – நல்லகாலம் – ஜெய்சக்தி பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1954 – Nallakalam – ஜெய்சக்தி பிக்சர்ஸ் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails15.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170523011321/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails15.asp |archive-date=23 May 2017 |access-date=23 May 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="neelamegam">{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=74 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:1954 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1954 drama films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Do Musafir

2026-03-03T23:28:31Z

SolomonL12: enhance formatting based on references for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Do Musafir
| image = Do Musafir.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Devendra Goel]]
| producer = Rabindranath Kumar
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ashok Kumar]]|[[Shashi Kapoor]]|[[Rekha]]|[[Prem Chopra]]|[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]}}
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Do Musafir''''' is a 1978 [[Bollywood]] [[film]] directed by [[Devendra Goel]]. The film stars [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Rekha]], along with [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] & [[Prem Chopra]]. The music of the film was composed by [[Kalyanji-Anandji]].

==Cast==
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Kailashnath
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Raju / Vicky
*[[Rekha]] as Bijli
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Avinash Kumar
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Shambhu Chaudhary
*[[Jagdeep]] as Murli
*[[Meena T.]] as Bela
*[[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Girdhari
*[[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] as Maya (Bela's Aunty)
*[[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Bholi
*[[Shivraj]] as Bansi
*[[Chaman Puri]] as Bhavani Singh

==Music==
[[Kalyanji-Anandji]] have composed all songs from the film. The song "Hum Hain Pyar Ki Dagar Ke Do Musafir" by [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]] was a romantic and popular song, picturised on [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Rekha]]. Lyrics were written by [[Indeevar]].

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Tere Jaisa Sagar Mein Moti Nahin" (Happy)
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| "Tere Jaisa Sagar Mein Moti Nahin" (Sad)
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Kaise Raat Beeti"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "More Saiyan Bhaye Kotwal"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Hum Hain Pyar Ki Dagar Ke Do Musafir" (Happy)
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Hum Hain Pyar Ki Dagar Ke Do Musafir" (Sad)
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0214635|title=Do Musafir}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Films directed by Devendra Goel]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Amrit Kaur of Mandi

2026-03-03T22:53:43Z

SolomonL12: new new article

{{Short description|Indian princess}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Queen Amrit Kaur
| title = Queen Consort of Mandi Princess of Kapurthala
| titletext =
| more =
| image = Maharani Amrit Kaur of Mandi.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Queen Amrit Kaur in 1924

| succession = Queen Consort of Mandi
| reign = 8 February 1923 – 15 April 1948

| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1904
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1948|11|19|1904|||df=yes}}
| death_place = No. 42 [[Kensington Palace Gardens]], [[Kensington]], London
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| spouse = [[Joginder Sen|Joginder Sen I of Mandi]] (m. 1923, sep. 1933 – 1948; her death)
| issue = Yashodan Singh, Crown Prince of Mandi Princess Nirvana Devi, Princess of Bilkha
| full name =
| native_lang1 = 
| native_lang1_name1 = 
| house =
| house-type =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = [[Jagatjit Singh|Jagatjit Singh I of Kapurthala]]
| mother = Kanari Kaur
| religion =
| occupation =
| signature_type =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| module =
}}
[[Rani]] [[Shri]] '''Amrit Kaur''' [[Sahib]]a of [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] (1904–1948)<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/12/books/review/livia-manera-sambuy-in-search-of-amrit-kaur.html |title=The Life of an Indian Princess, Cloaked in Mystery|author=Akemi Johnson|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=2023-03-12 |access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref> was the only daughter of [[Jagatjit Singh]] Sahib Bahadur and his fourth wife, Rani Kanari Sahiba. Jagatjit reigned as [[maharaja]] between 1890 and 1947 in [[Kapurthala]], northern [[Punjab]].

Amrit received her education at a progressive girls' boarding school in [[Eastbourne#Education|Eastbourne]], England, where she played tennis, led a five-piece jazz band and acted in plays. She was then sent to Paris. Amrit was given away in marriage in 1923 to the [[Raja]] of Mandi [[Joginder Sen]] Bahadur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lafayette.org.uk/man8269.html |title=Rani of Mandi, 1924|publisher=The [[James Lafayette|Lafayette]] Negative Archive|date=1924-06-24 |access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref> The couple toured Europe soon after their wedding, and were received in London by King [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]. After five months, they returned to [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], India, and the couple had a son and a daughter, Tikka Yashodan Singh (born 1923) and Princess Nirvana Devi (born 1929).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.pinterest.com/pin/293367363217960948/|title=Rani Amrit Kaur Sahib of Mandi with her two children|access-date=2013-03-19|website=in.pinterest.com|author=Ray Steward}}</ref> In an interview by the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' in 1927, Amrit expressed determination to fight for the poorest and most marginalised women.<ref name=WSJ /> When her husband took a second wife, Amrit left India and her children for Paris in 1933 and never returned.<ref name=NYT />

Kaur spent some time in the United States before returning to Paris just as [[World War II]] broke out.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://thewire.in/books/the-indian-princess-who-was-captured-by-the-germans-during-world-war-ii|title=The Indian Princess Who Was Captured by the Germans During World War II|author=Butool Jamal|magazine=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|location=India|date=9 March 2023|access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> She was arrested on 8 December 1940 by the [[Gestapo]] in [[Paris in World War II|occupied Paris]] "on the accusation of having sold her jewelry to help [[Jews]] leave" France and imprisoned in the [[Ilag#Besançon|internment camp Besançon]].<ref name=WSJ>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-search-of-amrit-kaur-review-portrait-of-a-doomed-princess-1ed1891b|url-access=subscription|title=''In Search of Amrit Kaur'' Review: Portrait of a Doomed Princess|author=[[Tunku Varadarajan]]|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=2023-03-17|access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref> Amrit's father wrote to the [[British Foreign Office]] and to [[Marshal Pétain]], asking for help in obtaining her release. The Germans offered to exchange Amrit for one of their spies imprisoned in India, but a British official decided that her repatriation was "not of sufficient political importance" to justify such a deal.<ref name=WSJ /> Kaur died in London in 1948.<ref name=NYT /> The first female Indian cabinet minister, [[Amrit Kaur]], was her father's cousin.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

== Legacy ==
In 2022, an Italian journalist for the ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', Livia Manera Sambuy, wrote a biography, ''Il segreto di Amrit Kaur'', that was published in English as ''[[In Search of Amrit Kaur]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{cite book|last=Manera Sambuy|first=Livia|title=In Search of Amrit Kaur: A Lost Princess and Her Vanished World|translator=Todd Portnowitz|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2023|isbn=9780374715724}} Originally {{cite book|last=Manera Sambuy|first=Livia|author-mask=0|title=Il segreto di Amrit Kaur|language=it|year=2022|publisher=Feltrinelli|isbn=9788807035128}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|z-ni0WUHyTo|The Mystery of an Indian Princess in Nazi-Occupied France}}, interview with Livia Manera Sambuy (in English)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Amrit}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Expatriates from British India]]
[[Category:Expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Women in war 1900–1945]]
[[Category:Indian women in World War II]]

No. 20 Madras Mail

2026-03-03T21:24:37Z

SolomonL12: creating a info...

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = No. 20 Madras Mail
| image = No.20 Madras Mail.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster designed by [[Gayathri Ashokan]]
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| producer = D. Sasi
| screenplay = [[Dennis Joseph]]
| story = Harikumar
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Sumalatha]] [[M. G. Soman]] [[Jagadish]] [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[S. P. Venkatesh]] (score)
* [[Ouseppachan]] (songs)
}}
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]] [[Anandakuttan]] [[Santosh Sivan]] (second unit)
| editing = K. Sankunny
| studio = Tharangini Films
| distributor = Tharangini Release
| released = {{Film date|1990|02|16|df=yes}}
| runtime = 177 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''No. 20 Madras Mail''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by [[Joshiy]] and written by [[Dennis Joseph]] from a story by Harikumar. The film features [[Mohanlal]], [[Jagadish]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[M. G. Soman]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], and [[Suchitra Murali]]. The film features [[Mammooty ]] too, as himself, in an extended cameo appearance.The [[background score]] was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]] while the song was composed by [[Ouseppachan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2352|title=No.20 Madras Mail Film Details|publisher=malayalachalachithram|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> The plot follows three youngsters who are embroiled in the murder mystery of a young woman in a train journey from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to [[Madras]].
''No.20 Madras Mail'' was released on 16 February 1990 and received positive reviews. Almost half of the film was shot inside a train. Four years later, the film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Teesra Kaun]]'' by [[Partho Ghosh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Teesra+Kaun+%281994%29|title=Teesra Kaun Film Details|publisher=IBOS|access-date=16 October 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Plot ==

The train [[Trivandrum Mail|No.20 Madras Mail]] to [[Chennai Central|Madras]] starts from [[Trivandrum Central railway station]]. R. K. Nair, a [[Kollam]]-based businessman takes the first class coach to Madras with his wife Geetha and daughter Devi from [[Kollam Junction]]. Tony Kurishingal, along with his friends Hitchcock Kanjikkuzhi and Kumbalam Hari boards the same coach from [[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]]. Tony is the son of a wealthy businessman, Kurishinkal Kariyachan, Kanjikuzhi is a [[detective novel]]ist and Hari is a young politician. Three of them are going to Madras to see a test [[cricket]] match, a [[cabaret]], and to make attempts to make Kanjikuzhi's novel ''Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam'' a movie. All three are drunkards.From [[Ernakulam Town]] station, another passenger Sunil boards the train at the last moment.

After seeing Devi, Tony and friends make several attempts in getting a seat for Tony in the same coach of Devi, with the help of ticket inspector Nadar, but with little success. While doing so, Tony gets into heated arguments with Nair and Sunil, who shares the same coach. Film actor [[Mammootty]] himself boards the train from [[Thrissur railway station|Thrissur]] and gets into the same coach. Nadar leaves the train at [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad]] after giving company with Tony and gang and the new TTE Chokalingam / Choki assumes duty. Tony and his friends visit Mammootty and become friends with him. Meanwhile, Tony tries to flirt with Devi while she returns from the restroom, which causes Tony to land in trouble with Nair, but on Mammootty's intervention the matter is settled.

In the morning, as the train reaches [[Chennai Central railway station|Madras]], Devi is found murdered in the toilet. Suspicion lands on Tony and friends and they run away from the spot in fear. The investigation is carried out by police officer DySP Murthy who learns from Chokalingam that Mammootty had taken photos of Tony and friends while in the train. He gets the photo from him and are publicly displayed. Mammootty helps Tony and friends to return to Kerala secretly as he believes they are innocent.

Back in Kerala, they are confronted by Sunil. Sunil sneaks upon Tony holding a [[switchblade]] at the lake where Tony, Hari and Kanjikkuzhi were bathing. Sunil attempts to murder Tony, Hari and Kanjikkuzhi, thinking they murdered Devi. Tony defeats and subdue Sunil in the fight that ensued. Tony orders Sunil to spill information about Devi's killer. Sunil was actually the lover of Devi and both had planned to elope from the train at [[Erode]], but failed as Sunil could not get out off the train in time during the halt. Devi, with the help of the station master takes a taxi to the next station, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and get back to train.

Sunil makes amends with Tony, Hari
and Kanjikkuzhi and becomes their new friend. Also, from Sunil, they learn about Sr. Gloria, who tells that Devi gave her a [[personal diary|diary]] before leaving for Madras. After acquiring the diary from the convent, they come to know that Nair is not Devi's father, but only a stepfather and that he killed her father in her childhood. On learning that Nair might be the murderer, Tony calls Nair by phone impersonating Mammootty's voice and says that he has got the diary and [[blackmails]] him to give ₹20 lakh in return for the diary. Tony informs Mammootty and convinces him to proceed with the play. Mammootty and Nair meets and agree to fix the deal on the same train on a Wednesday. Mammootty boards the train at [[Palakkad]] on which Nair has already booked an entire bogie. He informs that the diary is not present with him and would hand it over at Salem when Tony joins the train.

Nair leaves the train at [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]] railway station and goes to Salem station via taxi to find Tony, but Tony and Sunil enter the train in between, they along with Mammootty overpower Nair's henchmen. Meanwhile, Nair reenters the train at Salem Jn. and finds that Tony has already entered. Tony and Mammootty attack Nair and make him confess the truth. Nair reveals that he killed Devi after she caught up the train at Salem, fearing that Devi would inform the police about her father's murder. The next morning, when the train arrives Madras, DySP Murthy, who had already been informed of everything by Hari and Kanjikkuzhi, arrests Nair and his goons.

Tony, Hari, and Kanjikkuzhi has proved their innocence. On another day, while boarding the No.19 [[Trivandrum Mail]] to return home, they find Mammootty again in the same train, who tries to leave the train after seeing them, but only to be stopped by Tony and friends who promises a happy and safe journey back home.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as Tony Kurishingal
* [[Jagadish]] as Kumbalam Hari, Tony's friend and Politician
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as [[Hitchcock]] Kanjikkuzhi, Tony's friend and Detective Novelist
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Sunil / Suresh, Tony's friend
* [[Suchitra (actress)|Suchitra]] as Devi, Sunil's girlfriend
* [[M. G. Soman]] as R. K. Nair, Devi's stepfather
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Tony's clubmate and Friend
* [[Sumalatha]] as Sister Gloria, Devi's teacher
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as DYSP Moorthy
* [[Jayabharathi]] as Geetha, Devi's Mother
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Nadar (TTE), Tony's friend
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Chokkalingam / Chokki (TTE), Nadar's friend
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Adv. Thomas Mathew, R. K. Nair's Friend
* [[Janagaraj]] as Murukesan, Hari's Friend
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] as Kurishingal Kariyachan, Tony's Father
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Mariyamma, Tony's Stepmother
* [[Santha Devi]] as Mother Superior
* [[K. P. A. C. Sunny]] as Sreedhara Menon, Devi's father
* [[K. P. A. C. Azeez]] as Station Master, [[Erode Junction railway station]]
* [[Shyama (Malayalam actress)|Shyama]] as Mollykutty, Tony's Sister
* [[Kollam Ajith]] as Goonda
* [[Thalapathi Dinesh]] as Goonda
* Vinod Kozhikode as Goonda
* Baby Ambili as Young Devi
{{colend}}
;Cameo appearances
* [[Mammootty]] as a fictionalized version of himself (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Thiagarajan]] as Himself
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Himself
* [[Captain Raju]] as Himself
* [[Priyadarshan]] as Himself
* [[Rajeev Nath]] as Himself
* [[G. Suresh Kumar]] as Himself

==Production==
[[Dennis Joseph]] got the plot idea from a friend of his named Harikumar, who is also actor [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]'s brother. Initially, [[Joshiy]] and Joseph thought about casting newcomers in the principal roles. However, Joshiy later decided it to be a [[Mohanlal]]-starrer. Subsequently, the age of the characters were increased to make them youngsters rather than teenagers; [[Jagadish]] and [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] were added as Mohanlal's buddies. Some of the scenes were based on Joseph's own experience from his train journeys. Originally, [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] was fixed in the role of the actor the youngsters meet on their train journey. But a day before the filming began, Mohanlal suggested to cast [[Mammootty]] in the actor's role and to swap Sreekumar to one of the [[Conductor (rail)|TTE]]'s roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-no-20-madras-mail-reveals-mammootty-was-not-part-original-cast-134684|title=Director of 'No. 20 Madras Mail' reveals Mammootty was not part of original cast|date=6 October 2020 |publisher= The News Minute}}</ref> Joseph and Joshiy liked the idea but was skeptical whether Mammootty would agree to do a supporting role in a film with Mohanlal in the leading role, since mid-1980s both the actors have attained stardom and have been appearing only in equally important roles or otherwise cameos, nevertheless, Joseph asked Mammootty who immediately agreed without hesitation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph|first=Dennis|author-link=Dennis Joseph|title={{!}} Dennis Joseph 22 {{!}} Charithram Enniloode {{!}} Safari TV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yZWCgP1kD8|publisher=[[Safari TV]]|access-date=18 July 2020|language=ml|date=3 January 2019}}</ref> The interior scenes of the train was shot inside an original moving train to avoid artificial feeling of using sets. For that, they bought a [[Nilambur–Shoranur line|Nilambur–Shoranur]] route train for rent and drove it to places to and fro for filming.<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph|first=Dennis|author-link=Dennis Joseph|title={{!}} Dennis Joseph 23 {{!}} Charithram Enniloode {{!}} Safari TV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fNURe9pK3I|publisher=[[Safari TV]]|access-date=18 July 2020|language=ml|date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

==Music==
The film score was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]]. The single song "Pichakappoonkaavukal" featured in the film was composed by [[Ouseppachan]] and sung by [[M. G. Sreekumar]], lyrics were by [[Shibu Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/no-20-madras-mail-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1445423512|title=No: 20 Madras Mail (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)-Single by Ouseppachan|website=Apple Music}}</ref> This song was later reused in the film ''[[Husbands in Goa]]'' (2012). [[A. R. Rahman]] who was then yet to debut as a film composer, did the keyboard and synth programming whereas [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] assisted Ouseppachan in the recording of the song "Pichakappoonkaavukal". The chorus portions of the song were done by the above three along with the singer [[M. G. Sreekumar]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Pichakappoomkavukal
| extra1 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| length1 = 3:39

| title2 = Charumandasmitham
| extra2 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| length2 = 3:24

| title3 = Pichakappoomkavukal
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 =
}}

==Release and reception ==
The film was a commercial success,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/May/10/iconic-malayalam-scriptwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-2300914.html|title=Iconic Malayalam scriptwriter Dennis Joseph passes away|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/malayalam-film-scriptwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-mammootty-mohanlal-tweet-condolences-9610261.html/amp|title=Malayalam film scriptwriter Dennis Joseph passes away; Mammootty, Mohanlal tweet condolences|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=11 May 2021}}</ref> it ran for over 125 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://s737.photobucket.com/user/kkvinposter/media/Snehasallapam/Boxoffice/1990_Nana/Nana_1990-Boxoffice_03W.jpg.html?src=pb|title=Photo by kkvinposter|website=Photobucket}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2017}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0271678}}

{{Joshiy}}
{{Dennis Joseph}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:1990 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1990 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:1990s comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:1990s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Films set on trains]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Dennis Joseph]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]

Agni Poolu (film)

2026-03-03T19:02:23Z

SolomonL12: General improvements to article content

{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agni Poolu
| image = Agni Poolu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Bapayya]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Agni Poolu''|[[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]}}
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Jayasudha]] [[Jaya Prada]]
| cinematography = A. Venkat
| editing = K. A. Marthand
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1981|3|12|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Agni Poolu''''' ({{translation|[[Butea]]}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[K. Bapayya]] and produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]]. The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] and [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]. It was based on [[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]'s 1971 novel of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2022 |title=When Jaya Prada was made to stand on one leg in high fever after reporting 5 minutes late for shoot: 'I started crying' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-jaya-prada-was-made-to-stand-on-one-leg-in-high-fever-after-reporting-5-minutes-late-for-shoot-7844531/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=17 November 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715230607/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-jaya-prada-was-made-to-stand-on-one-leg-in-high-fever-after-reporting-5-minutes-late-for-shoot-7844531/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Krishnam Raju]] as Virupaksha Raja & Krishna Chaitanya (Dual role)
* [[Jayasudha]] as Janaki "Jany"
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Rukmini
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Rajeshwari
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanayana]] as Vishwam
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Rajeshwari's father
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Annapurna
* [[Sreedhar]] as Prasad
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Rahul
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Bobby Shivam
* [[Sumalatha]] as Bhavani "Beena"
* [[Subhashini]] as Neeli
* [[R. Narayana Murthy]] as Raju
* [[Anju (actress)|Baby Anju]]
* [[Allu Rama Lingaiah]]

== Soundtrack ==
K. V Mahadevan
Singers: S. P. Balasubrahmanyan, P. Susheela
1
"Abbai Abbai Nuvventha"
2
"Priyudaa Paraaka
3
"Vayasu Kothi Vantidi"
4
"Idi Whisky-Adi Brandy

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|0154119}}

{{Kovelamudi Bapayya}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Telugu novels]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bapayya]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films based on novels by Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:1981 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 drama films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Padikkadha Pannaiyar

2026-03-03T05:21:46Z

SolomonL12: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Padikkadha Pannaiyar.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| producer = G. Sulochana
| writer = K. S. Gopalakrishnan
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Dutt
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Karpaga Lakshmi Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1985|03|23|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Padikkadha Pannaiyar''''' ({{translation|Uneducated Landlord}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] and produced by G. Sulochana. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Y. G. Mahendra]] and [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=251-260 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp26.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628052232/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp26.htm |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> It is a remake of the director's 1967 film ''[[Kan Kanda Deivam]]'', and was Vijaya's 200th film as an actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=கே.ஆர்.விஜயா நடித்த 'படிக்காத பண்ணையார்' படம் வெளியாகி 38 ஆண்டுகள் நிறைவு |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/38-year_release_kr-vijaya-starrer_padikatha-parmaniyar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028165343/https://cinema.dinakaran.com/38-year_release_kr-vijaya-starrer_padikatha-parmaniyar/ |archive-date=28 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=October 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]]
*[[K. R. Vijaya]]
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]]
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
*[[R. Dilip (Tamil actor)|Dilip]]
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]]
*[[Jaimala (actress)|Jayamala]]
*[[N. Viswanathan|Culcutta Viswanathan]]
*[[V. S. Raghavan]]
*[[Achamillai Gopi]]
*[[Venu Aravind]]
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
*[[Shanmugasundaram]]
*[[Pasi Sathya]]
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
*[[Ennatha Kannaiya]]
}}
==Production==
The film was launched on 2 July 1984.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 July 1984 |title=படிக்காத பண்ணையார் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_256/4.jp2/full/1000,1384/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628111811/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_256/4.jp2/full/1000,1384/0/default.jpg |archive-date=28 June 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1985 |title=Padikkadha Pannaiyar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://music.apple.com/br/album/padikkadha-pannaiyar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1605123186?l=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005073608/https://music.apple.com/br/album/padikkadha-pannaiyar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1605123186?l=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padikkatha Pannaiyar Tamil Film Super 7 EP Vinyl Record by Ilaiyaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/padikkatha-pannaiyar-tamil-film-super-7-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilaiyaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005073607/https://mossymart.com/product/padikkatha-pannaiyar-tamil-film-super-7-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilaiyaraja/ |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Song title
!Singers
!Lyricist
|-
|"Savari Kaaru Savari"
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Deepan Chakravarthy
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
|"Konatha Sengarumbu"
|Deepan Chakravarthy, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|"Sangeetham Kettukunga"
|[[Vani Jairam]], Chorus
|-
|"Onnum Theriyatha"
|Malaysia Vasudevan, S. P. Sailaja
|[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
|}

== Reception ==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the title of the film itself suggests that the story is about twenty years back.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=28 April 1985 |title=படிக்காத பண்ணையார் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-04-28/page/n62/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230622071505/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-04-28/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=61 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}

[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 drama films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Arab News

2026-02-27T18:47:33Z

SolomonL12: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Saudi Arabian English-language daily newspaper}}
{{For|the Arab news satellite channel in London|Arab News Network}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Arab News
| motto = ''The Voice of a Changing Region''
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| logo = Arab News (2019-07-27).svg
| image = Arab-News-6-May-2018.jpg
| caption = ''Arab News'' (6 May 2018)
| founder = [[Hisham Hafiz]] Mohammad Ali Hafiz
| publisher = [[Saudi Research and Marketing Group]]
| editor = Faisal J. Abbas
| publishing_country = [[Saudi Arabia]]
| headquarters = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| founded = {{Plainlist|
* 20 April 1975
* {{Start date and age|2018|04|04|df=yes}} (Relaunch)
}}
| sister_newspapers = ''[[Al Eqtisadiah]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=Al Fayez Appointed Al Eqtisadiah Editor |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=29055&d=19&m=7&y=2003 |access-date=10 May 2012 |newspaper=Arab News |date=19 July 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616061137/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1 |archive-date=16 June 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> ''[[Asharq al Awsat]]''
| circulation = 51,481<ref name=pr>{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia|url=http://www.pressreference.com/Sa-Sw/Saudi-Arabia.html|work=Press References|access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref>
| ISSN = 0254-833X
| oclc = 4574467
| website = {{URL|https://arabnews.com/}}
}}
[[File:Arab News (sa) (2011-05-03).svg|thumb|right|240px|''Arab News'' logo from 20 April 1975 until 3 April 2018]]
'''''Arab News''''' is an [[English-language]] [[daily newspaper]] published in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. The target audiences of the paper, which is published in [[broadsheet]] format, are businesspeople, executives and diplomats.<ref name=sppc/><ref name=khas>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Khashoggi, Jamal|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2830800168.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105192013/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2830800168.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|encyclopedia=Biographical Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa|access-date=15 October 2013|date=1 January 2008}}</ref>

At least as of May 2019, ''Arab News'' was owned by Prince [[Turki bin Salman Al Saud]], the brother of the ruling [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia]] [[Muhammad bin Salman]]. The newspaper promotes the Saudi government.<ref name="AP-haaretz-16-5-2019" />

==History==
''Arab News'' was founded in [[Jeddah]] on 20 April 1975 by [[Hisham Hafiz]] and his brother Mohammad Hafiz.<ref name=hisham>{{cite web|title=Biography |url=http://www.hishamalihafiz.com/bio.htm |publisher=Hisham Ali Hafiz |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722005217/http://www.hishamalihafiz.com/bio.htm |archive-date=22 July 2012 }}</ref><ref name=numu>{{cite web|title=Arab News Website|url=http://www.numumultimedia.com/portfolio/arab-news-website/|work=Numu Multimedia|access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=alt1998>{{cite journal|last=Alterman |first=Jon B. |title=New Media New Politics? |journal=The Washington Institute |year=1998 |volume=48 |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyPaper48.pdf |access-date=7 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513133813/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyPaper48.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> It was the first English-language daily newspaper published in Saudi Arabia.<ref name=ram>{{cite news|last=Ramnarayan |first=L. |title=Phases, faces and paces |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=9&section=0&article=62527&d=22&m=4&y=2005&pix=community.jpg&category=Features |access-date=12 May 2012 |newspaper=Arab News |date=22 April 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119104139/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=9&section=0&article=62527&d=22&m=4&y=2005&pix=community.jpg&category=Features |archive-date=19 November 2011 }}</ref> ''Arab News'' is also the first publication of SRPC.<ref name=publications>{{cite web|title=Publications |url=http://www.srpc.com/en/publications |publisher=Saudi Research and Publishing Company |access-date=1 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430170624/http://www.srpc.com/en/publications |archive-date=30 April 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> The daily was jointly named by [[Kamal Adham]], Hisham Hafiz and [[Turki bin Faisal Al Saud|Turki bin Faisal]].<ref name=turki20apr>{{cite news|last=Al Faisal|first=Turki|title=Arab News: Mother of all SRMG publications|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/342797|access-date=7 April 2013|newspaper=Arab News|date=20 April 2010}}</ref>

The paper is one of twenty-nine publications published by Saudi Research and Publishing Company (SRPC), a subsidiary of [[Saudi Research and Marketing Group]] (SRMG).<ref>{{cite news|last=Rajasingham|first=K.T.|title=Khaled A. Almaeena – The bastion of modern Saudi Arabia|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/10/10/khaled-almaeena-bastion-modern-saudi-arabia|access-date=24 May 2020|newspaper=Asian Tribune|date=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012013350/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/10/10/khaled-almaeena-bastion-modern-saudi-arabia|archive-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> The former chairman of SRMG and therefore, ''Arab News'' is [[Turki bin Salman Al Saud]].<ref name=alarab10213>{{cite news|title=Saudi Research and Marketing Group appoints new chairman|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/10/265556.html|access-date=12 February 2013|work=Al Arabiya|date=10 February 2013}}</ref> He was succeeded by Prince Bader Al Farhan who went on to become Cultural Minister. SRMG's current chairman is Engineer Abdulrahman bin Ibrahim Rwaita.

===Relaunch===
On 4 April 2018, ''Arab News'' changed its 43-year-old logo with a new one as well as its motto of "The Middle East's Leading English Language Daily" to "The Voice of a Changing Region" (referring to the reforms made by [[Muhammad bin Salman|Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman]]). In April 2018, it announced moving its headquarters from [[Jeddah]] to [[Riyadh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1287956/media|title=Arab News moves editorial headquarters to Riyadh|date=19 April 2018|website=Arab News}}</ref>

==Chief editors and staff==
Jihad Khazen, who later went on to establish ''Asharq Al Awsat'', was the first editor-in-chief of the paper; however, because Saudi laws at the time prevented a non-Saudi from being in this position, he was given the title General Manager and editorial role was assigned to Ahmad Mahmoud who served in that role from 20 April 1975 to October 1, 1977.<ref name=alt1998 /><ref name=turki20apr /> Mohammad Ali Hafiz, who was the co-founder of the newspaper, took on the role of Editor-in-Chief between 1 October 1977 until 1 October 1979. He was followed by Mohammad Shibani between 1 October 1979 – 30 April 1982.<ref name="arabnews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1088031/saudi-arabia|title=The men who have been at the helm of Arab News|date=19 April 2017|website=Arab News}}</ref>

[[Khaled al-Maeena]] became Editor in Chief on 1 May 1982 and remained at the helm until 20 February 1993. Farouq Luqman followed between 25 February 1993 and 1 June 1993. Then, it was Abdulqader Tash's time to lead the newspaper, which he did until 28 February 1998. Khaled al-Maeena returned to Arab News for another term, serving as Editor in Chief between 1 March 1998 and 8 October 2011. Abdulwahab al-Faiz came next for a brief period (9 October 2011 – 4 January 2013), and then came Mohammad Fahad al-Harthi, who was at the time also the editor of Sayidatti (the group's women weekly), and he served in that role until 26 September 2017<ref name="arabnews.com" />

On 27 September 2016, Faisal J. Abbas was appointed as Editor-in-Chief following an announcement by SRMG's new chairman, Prince Badr bin Abdullah bin Farhan al-Saud. Having previously re-launched and served as Editor-in-Chief at [[Al Arabiya English]], Abbas's declared mandate was to make ''Arab News'' "more global, more digital".<ref>{{cite web|title=Faisal J. Abbas appointed editor-in-chief of Arab News|work=Arab News|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/990076/saudi-arabia |date=2016-09-26 |access-date=2016-10-10}}</ref>

==Notable staff==
Among the newspaper's notable staff are/were [[Somayya Jabarti|Somaya Jabarti]] who went on to become the first female Editor-in-Chief in the kingdom's history when she took the top job at the paper's rival, ''[[Saudi Gazette]]'', in 2014; [[Hana Hajjar]], the only female political cartoonist in Saudi Arabia;<ref>Sterns, Olivia.[http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/10/27/hajjar.female.cartoonist/index.html Female cartoonist's provocative work challenges Saudi society]. CNN. 27 October 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2009.</ref> Siraj Wahab, the paper's longtime deputy managing editor; and Rasheed Abousamah, who now serves as the paper's Latin America correspondent. In 2017, the paper announced the establishment of a London bureau and an Asian bureau headed by veteran journalist Baker Atyani. It also has a regional bureau in Dubai.

Under Faisal J. Abbas, Arab News relaunched with a new design announced at the 2018 Arab Media Forum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.communicateonline.me/media/exclusive-as-a-journalist-i-dont-think-there-is-any-place-more-interesting-in-the-region-than-saudi-faisal-j-abbas/|title=EXCLUSIVE: "As a journalist, I don't think there is any place more interesting in the region than Saudi."|first=Communicate|last=Staff|date=27 April 2018}}</ref> This saw the masthead and slogan change for the first time in 43 years. It also witnessed an expanded the op-ed and analysis section with high-profile contributors such as former Saudi intelligence chief Prince Turki al-Faisal, former Turkish FM Yassar Yakis, US–Arab affairs expert Dr. Amal Mudallali, Chatham House's Yossi Mekelberg, Chris Doyle from CAABU and senior business journalist Frank Kane who left the UAE's ''The National'' to join ''Arab News'' in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1087407/saudi-arabia|title=Op-Ed and analysis: An expanding stable of global thought leaders|date=20 April 2017|website=Arab News}}</ref>

==Content==
[[File:First Issue of Arab News (April 20, 1975).jpg|240px|thumbnail|The front page of the first issue of ''Arab News'' on 20 April 1975]]
''Arab News'' offers a variety of news ranging from politics and finance to sports and social events.<ref name=sppc>{{cite web|title=Publications of SPPC |url=http://www.sppc.com.sa/Templates/SRMG/InternalTemplate.aspx?PostingId=276 |publisher=Saudi Research and Marketing Group |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116083752/http://www.sppc.com.sa/Templates/SRMG/InternalTemplate.aspx?PostingId=276 |archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref> It published an op-ed written on the first anniversary of the [[9/11|September 11]] attacks by Rasheed Abu Alsamh who commented:
<blockquote>First, we must stop denying that any of the hijackers were Saudis or even Arab. We must also stop saying that the September 11 attacks were a CIA-Zionist plot to make the Arabs and Islam look bad. That is utter nonsense. We must be mature and responsible enough to admit that these sick minds that hatched and perpetrated these dastardly attacks, were, sadly, a product of a twisted viewpoint of our society and our religion...We must stop the hatred being taught to our children in schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/224168 |title=The good that's coming from Sept. 11 |access-date=May 24, 2020 |last=Abu Alsamh |first=Rasheed |date=September 13, 2002 |work=Arab News |publisher=Saudi Research and Publishing Company |location=Riyadh }}</ref></blockquote>

On 8 May 2011, Hassan bin Youssef Yassin, a longtime aide to Foreign Minister [[Saud bin Faisal bin Abdul Aziz|Saud bin Faisal]], wrote in ''Arab News'' that the Arab countries had all failed miserably to offer either democracy or economic well-being.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ottoway |first=David B. |title=Saudi Arabia in the Shadow of the Arab Revolt |journal=Middle East Program |year=2011 |series=Occasional Papers Series |pages=1–20 |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Saudi%20Arabia%20in%20the%20Shadow%20of%20the%20Arab%20Revolt.pdf |access-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116073513/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Saudi%20Arabia%20in%20the%20Shadow%20of%20the%20Arab%20Revolt.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |df=dmy }} ()</ref>

In May 2017, ''Arab News'' entered a media partnership with British online polling experts, [[YouGov]]. The regional exclusive deal was announced at the 16th annual Arab Media Forum (AMF) during a special gala for international journalists. According to a [https://mena.yougov.com/en/news/2017/04/20/arab-news-partners-yougov-survey-hearts-and-minds-/ joint press release], the partnership aims to "survey the hearts and minds of the public in the Middle East and beyond". Stephan Shakespeare, chief executive of YouGov, said that the partnership would result in valuable research on public opinion in a part of the world where such information is rare. Announcing the deal, Arab News Editor in Chief Faisal J. Abbas said: “In an era of fast-moving news cycles, information overload and ‘fake news’, there could be no better time for a media brand to invest in quality, credible research such as that produced by YouGov.".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mena.yougov.com/en/news/2017/04/20/arab-news-partners-yougov-survey-hearts-and-minds-/|title=YouGov - Arab News partners with YouGov to survey hearts and minds of public in Middle East and beyond|website=YouGov: What the world thinks}}</ref> Some of the studies that were produced as a result of this partnership showed that [http://www.arabnews.com/node/1093246/middle-east 81 percent of Americans can't locate the Arab World on a map] and that the majority of Saudis [https://mena.yougov.com/en/news/2017/10/14/eight-10-saudis-agree-women-should-drive/ supported the decision] to allow women to drive.

== Criticism ==
The newspaper has been described as "a mouthpiece for the Saudi regime" by [[Qatar|Qatari]]-owned ''[[The New Arab]]'',<ref name="Al Arabi 16 May 2019">{{cite news |date=16 May 2019 |title=MbS-aligned Saudi newspaper urges 'surgical strikes' on Iran |agency=Al Arabi |url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/5/16/mbs-aligned-saudi-newspaper-urges-surgical-strikes-on-iran |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> and regarded as "reflecting official [[Government of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian government]] position" by the [[Associated Press]] and ''[[Haaretz]]''.<ref name="AP-haaretz-16-5-2019">{{cite news |date=16 May 2019 |title=Saudi Newspaper, Owned by MBS' Brother, Urges U.S. 'Surgical Strikes' on Iran |agency=The Associated Press and Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/saudi-state-aligned-paper-urges-u-s-surgical-strikes-on-iran-1.7249133 |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Although the paper is owned by SRMG, which is close to the Saudi government, there are some incidents in which the government dismisses journalists of the paper. In March 1992, the editor-in-chief of the ''Arab News'', Khalid Almeena, was briefly dismissed for reprinting an interview with the Egyptian Muslim leader Sheikh [[Omar Abdul-Rahman]] published in a US daily.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Affendi|first=Abdelwahab|title=Eclipse of Reason: The Media in the Muslim World|journal=[[Journal of International Affairs]]|date=Summer 1993|volume=47|issue=1|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-14469404/eclipse-of-reason-the-media-in-the-muslim-world|access-date=|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043005/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-14469404/eclipse-of-reason-the-media-in-the-muslim-world|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In April 2007, another controversial incident occurred in which Saudi journalist Fawaz Turki was dismissed for publishing a column on the atrocities of [[Indonesia]] during its 1975–1999 [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|occupation of East Timor]].<ref name="KarlekarMarchant2008">{{cite book|author1=Karin Deutsch Karlekar|author2=Eleanor Marchant|title=Freedom of the Press 2007: A Global Survey of Media Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ba65SKN2I_UC&pg=PA263|access-date=26 January 2014|year=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-5582-2|page=263}}</ref> It was also reported that Turki had been previously warned by related Saudi authorities to stop his criticisms about Egyptian President [[Hosni Mubarak]].<ref name=Rwb2007>{{cite web|title=2007 Annual Report. Middle East and North Africa |url=http://arabia.reporters-sans-frontieres.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_en_me-2.pdf |publisher=Reporters without borders |access-date=19 May 2012 |year=2007}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Distribution and international editions==
In addition to its domestic distribution in [[Saudi Arabia]], ''Arab News'' is planning wide range of international distribution, including [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[Pakistan]], [[Oman]], [[Near East]], [[North Africa]], [[Europe]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=adl>{{cite web|title=Arab Media Review: Anti-semitism and other trends|url=http://archive.adl.org/anti_semitism/arab/arab-media-review-july-december2010.pdf|work=Anti-Defamation League (ADL)|access-date=16 May 2012|date=July–December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094337/http://archive.adl.org/Anti_semitism/arab/arab-media-review-July-December2010.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2013|df=dmy}} ()</ref><ref name=sppc/>

In February 2018, Arab News launched a digital Pakistani edition, called ''Arab News Pakistan'', headquartered in [[Islamabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journalismpakistan.com/arab-news-launches-pakistan-online-edition|title=Arab News launches Pakistan online edition - Journalism Pakistan|website=www.journalismpakistan.com}}</ref>

In October 2019, Arab News launched a digital Japanese edition, called ''Arab News Japan'', publishing in [[English language|English]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]] languages as the first middle east media outlet in [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1572161/media|title=Arab News launches Japanese-language online edition|date=2019-10-21|website=Arab News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref>

This was followed by a [[French language]] digital edition, ''Arab News en Francais'', on 14 July 2020, which was launched virtually via Zoom due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [[Ismail Omar Guelleh]], [[President of Djibouti|president]] of the French-speaking Republic of [[Djibouti]], was the guest of honor and gave a keynote speech. At the same time, the inauguration was done by [[François Gouyette]], who was then the [[Ambassador of France to Saudi Arabia|French ambassador to Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-14 |title=Against all odds: Arab News en Français launches virtually despite coronavirus challenges |url=https://arab.news/8dhhy |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Saudi Arabia|Journalism}}
* [[List of newspapers in Saudi Arabia]]
* [[The Arab American News]]
* [[The Jordan Times]]
* [[El Watan]]
* [[Asharq Al-Awsat]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=33em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|}}
* {{Newseum front page|SAU_AN}}
* [http://www.arabnews.pk ''{{visible anchor|Arab News Pakistan}}'']
* [https://www.arabnews.jp/en ''{{visible anchor|Arab News Japan}}'']
* [https://www.arabnews.fr/ ''{{visible anchor|Arab News en Francais}}'']

[[Category:1975 establishments in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in Arab countries]]
[[Category:Mass media in Jeddah]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1975]]

Chavviram Singh Yadav

2026-02-24T07:50:48Z

SolomonL12: Adding New Bio - done

{{Short description|Indian bandit (1940–1982)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=November 2021}}
{{One source|date=November 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chhavviram Singh Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1940}}
| birth_place = Harnagarpur [[Mainpuri district]], [[United Province]], [[India]]
| death_date =3 March 1982
| death_place = [[Aliganj]] [[Etah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| occupation = [[Dacoit]]
}}
'''CH.Chhavviram Singh Yadav''' was a dacoit{{Definition needed|date=December 2025}} from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. One of his most trusted fellows was CH. Udaiveer Singh from the village Harnagarpur, Ghiror, UP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मुलायम भी तंग थे डाकू छविराम से |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/baghpat/Baghpat-54798-51 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Neta ji Chaudhary Chhavviram Singh was a resident of Harnagarpur village in [[Mainpuri]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. At the age of twenty, he became a dacoit. Gradually his terror increased. He had spread panic in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]] by dacoity and murder. People trembled with fear of him. Even the police did not dare to confront him. Around 1978, Chhaviram had become another name for the terrorist. He was one of the biggest dacoits India ever had. His gang was accused of killing an MLA and burying the dead body in the ground. He projected himself as the messiah of the people. [[VP Singh]] became the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] in June 1980. At that time, dacoits were dominant in Uttar Pradesh. Chhaviram's terror was also on its peak. Then [[VP Singh]] along with the government of MP had launched a big campaign of eradication of bandits in Uttar Pradesh. The government announced a reward of five lakh rupees for the capture of Chhaviram. But the police could not catch him. Dacoit Chhavi Ram had become synonymous with terror in the entire state. District Etah was considered as the place of refuge of Dasyu Chhaviram Singh. Police forces were setting up camps in Aliganj area. 7 August 1981 became the day of call for [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]. Then the Police Station inspector of Aliganj, Rajpal Singh was eagerly waiting for this day. On the information of the informer, Inspector Rajpal Singh reached Nathuapur village along with his companions. Where 60-70 crooks were gathered. But Inspector Rajpal was not scared and got crowded with him. In this encounter that lasted for hours, the bullets fell short with the police. Due to which the dacoit Chhaviram brutally killed fifteen policemen including Inspector Rajpal Singh by laying siege from all sides. Three villagers also died in this. in early 1982, Chhaviram kidnapped the circle officer of Aliganj tehsil of Etah district. He suspected that the administration was torturing his supporters to get his clue. Chhaviram had challenged the government in a way by kidnapping the Circle Officer of Police. Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister at that time. The incident brought a blow to the image of the government. [[Indira Gandhi]] is said to have given tacit consent to VP Singh to kill Chhaviram. At the behest of Indira Gandhi, the governments of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]] issued warrants. Considering this incident of 1981 as a challenge, the then Chief Minister [[VP Singh]] made a plan to eliminate the dacoit Chhaviram and after two years, the Uttar Pradesh Police made the state fear-free by encountering the dacoit Chhaviram.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhartiya|first=Santosh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_VJQhPM1jEC&dq=Chhaviram&pg=PA176|title=Patrakarita : Naye Daur, Naye Pratiman|date=2005-09-01|publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7119-986-0|language=hi}}</ref> During this, SSP [[Vikram Singh (police officer)|Vikram Singh]] took over in Etah, Uttar Pradesh. Who later became the [[Director General of Police]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 18, 2013|first=Asoka|last=Raina|title=UP's most wanted dacoit Chhabiram killed after seven-and-a-half hour battle|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19820331-uttar-pradesh-most-wanted-dacoit-chhabiram-killed-after-seven-and-a-half-hour-battle-771625-2013-10-18|access-date=2021-12-06|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=डाकू छविराम के एनकाउंटर का किस्सा सीधे एटा से |url=https://m.thelallantop.com/article/news-detail/625cf6a876d88f88e1b913d7 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=m.thelallantop.com}}</ref>

== Family after encounter ==
After Encounter of dacoit Chavviram in 1982, his wife Dhan Devi got her children educated in her maternal home village, Nagla District [[Kannauj]] they have three sons – Shyam Singh Yadav, Sarvesh Kumar Yadav and Ajay Pal Singh Yadav. Two elder sons are farmers, younger son Ajay Pal Singh Yadav is [[Sub-Inspector]] in [[Uttar Pradesh Police]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 12, 2013|first=Rajat|last=Rai|title=Son of alleged dacoit defies odds, becomes sub-inspector in UP Police|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/son-of-alleged-dacoit-defies-odds-becomes-sub-inspector-up-police-india-today-158632-2013-04-12|access-date=2021-12-06|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19820331-uttar-pradesh-most-wanted-dacoit-chhabiram-killed-after-seven-and-a-half-hour-battle-771625-2013-10-18

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Chavviram Singh}}
[[Category:Criminals from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
{{improve categories|date=December 2021}}

Bimal Kumar Roy

2026-02-19T23:23:37Z

SolomonL12: fixed page also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian cryptologist, former director of the Indian Statistical Institute}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}

'''Bimal Kumar Roy''' is a former director of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]]. He is a [[cryptologist]] from the Cryptology Research Group of the Applied Statistics Unit of ISI, Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.isical.ac.in/~asu/faculty.html | title=ASU Faculty List | publisher = Indian Statistical Institute |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> He received a Ph.D. in [[Combinatorics]] and [[Optimization (mathematics)|Optimization]] in 1982 from the [[University of Waterloo]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/co/graduate-students/phd-recipients | title=Ph.D. Recipients | publisher=Combinatorics and Optimization Unit, University of Waterloo | access-date=12 February 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103224651/http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/co/graduate-students/phd-recipients | archive-date=3 January 2012}}</ref> under the joint supervision of [[Ronald C. Mullin]] and [[Paul Jacob Schellenberg]].<ref>{{MathGenealogy|id=35320|title=Bimal Kumar Roy}}</ref>

In June 2015 Roy was removed from his post of director of ISI, just one month before the end of his appointment.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bimal-roy-indian-statistical-institute-chief-removed-from-his-post/ | title=Indian Statistical Institute chief Bimal Roy removed from his post | date=13 June 2015 | work = The Indian Express |access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> This action was harshly criticised by the international academic community.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.iacr.org/misc/statement-bimalroy.html | title=Open Letter to the Hon'ble President of India | publisher = IACR |access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref>

Currently, he is working on Combinatorics, and application of Statistics in Cryptology and Design of Experiments.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.isical.ac.in/~bimal/research.html| title= Research interests| publisher= [[Indian Statistical Institute]]| access-date= 2013-09-26| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130927224526/http://www.isical.ac.in/~bimal/research.html| archive-date= 27 September 2013}}</ref>
In 2015, Roy was awarded [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–19)|Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour, recognizing his accomplishments and contribution to education. In 2019, Roy was appointed as the chairperson of the National Statistical Commission, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://mospi.gov.in/present-composition-nsc| title= Present Composition of NSC| publisher= [[Government of India]]| access-date= 2020-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bimal-kumar-roy-to-be-new-chairman-of-national-statistical-commission-2065033| title= Bimal Kumar Roy To Be New Chairman of National Statistical Commission| publisher= [[NDTV]]| access-date= 2020-04-20}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of University of Waterloo people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Bimal Kumar}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cryptographers]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission schools alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian statisticians]]
{{India-scientist-stub}}

Sita Soren v. Union of India

2026-02-18T01:22:31Z

SolomonL12: creating post

{{Short description|Indian Supreme Court ruling on legislative immunity}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = ''Sita Soren v. Union of India''
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| image = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India 2025.svg
| imagesize =
| imagealt = Emblem of India
| date_decided = 4 March 2024
| citations = 2024 INSC 161
| prior_actions = Criminal Appeal No. 451 of 2019; appeal from Jharkhand High Court decision refusing to quash bribery charges
| holding = Members of Parliament and State Legislatures do not enjoy immunity under Articles 105(2) and 194(2) of the Constitution for acts of bribery
| opinions = Unanimous
| judges = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]] (CJI), A.S. Bopanna, M.M. Sundresh, P.S. Narasimha, J.B. Pardiwala, P.V. Sanjay Kumar, Manoj Misra
| number of judges = 7
| Overturned previous case = ''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao v. State (1998)]]''
| keywords = Legislative immunity, bribery, parliamentary privilege
}}

'''''Sita Soren v. Union of India,''''' 2024 INSC 161, is a judgement by [[Supreme Court of India]] that ruled that a lawmaker, such as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], does not enjoy immunity under the Articles 105(2) and 194(2) of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] against ordinary criminal charges such as bribery.

The landmark ruling upheld a lower court decision while overruling its own precedent in [[P. V. Narasimha Rao v. State|''P. V. Narasimha Rao v. State (1988)'']] and established a twofold test for immunity – that the claim is tethered to the collective functioning of the House and that it is necessary to the discharge of the essential duties of a legislator.{{Sfn|2024 INSC 161|2024|loc=[https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2014/10177/10177_2014_1_1501_51211_Judgement_04-Mar-2024.pdf Supreme Court of India]}}

== Background ==
[[Sita Soren]], a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] (JMM), was accused of accepting a bribe to cast her vote for an independent candidate in the Rajya Sabha elections of 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-11 |title=JMM MLA Sita Soren gets bail in Rajya Sabha horse trading case |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jmm-mla-sita-soren-gets-bail-in-rajya-sabha-horse-trading-case/articleshow/42262527.cms |access-date=2025-11-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In the open-ballot system, however, she cast her final vote for a different candidate. Upon complaint by the [[Election Commission of India]], the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) opened an investigation and filed charges of criminal conspiracy and criminal misconduct under Sections 120B, 171E of the [[Indian Penal Code]], 1860; and Section 13(1)(d) of The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Bhaumik |first=Aaratrika |date=2024-03-04 |title=Supreme Court’s ruling on immunity for legislators facing bribery charges {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-courts-ruling-on-immunity-for-legislators-facing-bribery-charges-explained/article67912483.ece |access-date=2025-08-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Sita Soren sought to quash the proceedings and challenged the criminal charges in [[Jharkhand High Court]] claiming [[legal immunity]] under the Article 194(2) of the Indian Constitution. Articles 105(2) and 194(2) of the Constitution of India describe the powers and privileges of the members of parliament and state legislatures, stipulating that no member "shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in the Legislature or any committee thereof."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 194: Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-194-powers-privileges-etc-of-the-houses-of-legislatures-and-of-the-members-and-committees-thereof/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref> The petition specifically relied on ''State v. Rao,'' a ruling by the Supreme Court of India, that upheld a lawmaker's immunity for their speech and votes as part of the parliamentary privileges.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=MLA Bribery: Special Leave Petition Summary (Sita Soren) |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/sita-soren-union-india-mla-bribery-special-leave-petition-summary/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Legislative Immunity for Lawmakers Facing Bribery Charges |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/sita-soren-union-of-india-mla-bribery-case-background/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Judgment by Jharkhand High Court ===
Jharkhand High Court, however, interpreted the ''Rao v. State'' ruling to mean that "not voting at all, and not voting per the condition of the bribe," were both instances that would not qualify for the privilege. So the fact that Soren cast her final vote for a different candidate, contrary to the terms of the bribe, led the court to conclude that she would not be protected under Article 194(2).<ref name=":0" />

On 26 March 2014, Soren appealed the judgement to the Supreme Court of India through a Special Leave petition. While the case was pending before Supreme Court, Soren had surrendered to the lower court and was in jail for seven months before being granted bail in September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2014-09-16 |title=JMM MLA Sita Soren Released from Prison |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/Sep/16/jmm-mla-sita-soren-released-from-prison-660927.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Judgement ==
The case was heard by a seven-judge bench of the Supreme Court which unanimously ruled that Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) do not enjoy immunity under Articles 105(2) and 194(2) of the Indian Constitution in cases of bribery.<ref name=":1" /> Thus the Court overruled the majority opinion and precedent in ''P. V. Narasimha Rao v. State (1988)'' which provided broader protections for lawmakers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V.Venkatesan |date=2024-03-06 |title=LEGAL ACUMEN {{!}} Supreme Court corrects course, ends immunity for bribe-taking legislators |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/legal-acumen-supreme-court-corrects-course-ends-immunity-for-bribe-taking-legislators/article67919924.ece |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamane |first=Sara Sundaram, Kritika Angirish, Soham |date=2024-04-24 |title=Sita Soren vs. Union of India: The Interplay between Anti-Corruption Laws and Legislative Immunity |url=https://disputeresolution.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2024/04/sita-soren-vs-union-of-india-the-interplay-between-anti-corruption-laws-and-legislative-immunity/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Dispute Resolution Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Significance ==
The decision effectively constrained the parliamentary privileges of lawmakers, strictly limiting the immunity to their parliamentary functions, and therefore subject to the criminal law concerning allegations of bribery.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kalra |first=Kartik |date=2024-03-13 |title=Privileges Constrained |url=https://verfassungsblog.de/privileges-constrained/ |journal=Verfassungsblog |doi=10.59704/240cf5e205bd12a9 |issn=2366-7044|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== See also ==

* [[Corruption in India]]
* [[List of landmark court decisions in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* Full text judgement of ''Sita Soren v. Union of India,'' 2024 INSC 161, is available at: [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/193599726/ India Kanoon]

{{SCI-cases}}

[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2024]]
[[Category:Indian case law]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Legal immunity]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Legislative immunity]]

Skanda Ashok

2026-02-12T02:47:18Z

SolomonL12: creating a post

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Skanda Ashok
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|04|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]], [[Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater =
| years_active = 2006 – present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Shikha Prasad|2018}}
| website =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
}}

'''Skanda Ashok''' (born 26 April 1986) is an Indian [[actor]] who has appeared in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. He made his breakthrough playing Sooraj Menon in the coming-of-age Malayalam film, ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'' (2006), before gaining critical acclaim for his performances in the thriller films ''[[Elektra (2010 film)|Elektra]]'' (2010) and the bilingual horror ''[[Chaarulatha]]'' (2012).

==Film career==
Skanda made his acting debut in the coming-of-age Malayalam film, ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'' (2006), after being spotted by director [[Rosshan Andrews]] in commercials. The film featured him alongside actresses [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]], [[Roma (actress)|Roma]] and [[Mariya Roy]], with Skanda appearing as the boyfriend of Mariya's character. ''Notebook'' performed well at the box office, and the success of the film saw Skanda alternatively credited as Sooraj, his character's name, for his following Malayalam films. He then moved on to feature in a secondary lead role in the Malayalam film ''[[Positive (2008 film)|Positive]]'' (2008), before playing the lead role in ''[[Malli Malli]]'' (2009), a Telugu romantic film co-starring [[Poornitha|Kalyani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mallimalli.html|title=Malli Malli review - Telugu cinema Review - Skanda & Kalyanee|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> However both films did not perform well at the box office, while another Tamil film titled ''Sandrom'' was shelved after it shoot.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-just-happen-to-look-like-a-malayali-skanda-ashok/articleshow/15362765.cms|title=I just happen to look like a Malayali: Skanda Ashok|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Skanda then made a comeback by featuring in the critically acclaimed horror film ''[[Elektra (2010 film)|Elektra]]'' (2010), featuring alongside [[Prakash Raj]], [[Manisha Koirala]] and [[Nayanthara]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Unconventional-actor/article15675546.ece|title=Unconventional actor|first=Liza|last=George|newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 November 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He has since worked on films including the bilingual horror film ''[[Chaarulatha]]'' (2012), the Kannada thriller film ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]'' (2016) and as the second lead actor in ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' (2017).<ref name = ti>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/skanda-ashok-on-his-television-debut/articleshow/56564715.cms|title=Skanda Ashok on his television debut|website=The Times of India|last1=Daithota |first1=Madhu }}</ref>

In 2017, he moved onto work in television serials, first appearing in ''Radha Ramana''.<ref name = ti/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
|rowspan="1" |2006 || ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'' || Sooraj Menon || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] || Asianet Film Award for Best New Face of the Year (Male)
|-
|rowspan="1" |2008 || ''[[Positive (2008 film)|Positive]]'' || Raju ||
|-
|rowspan="1" |2009 || ''[[Malli Malli]]'' || Nandu || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] ||
|-
|rowspan="1" |2010 || ''[[Elektra (2010 film)|Elektra]]'' || Edwin || Malayalam ||
|-
|rowspan="1" |2012 || ''[[Chaarulatha]]'' || Ravi || [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] ||
|-
|rowspan="1" |2014 ||''Angusam'' || Shiva || Tamil || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/may/12/one-mans-fight-against-the-system-611607.html | title=One man's fight against the system | date=12 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" |2016 || ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]'' || Ritesh || Kannada ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' ||Santosh || Tamil ||
|-
| 2018||'' Kaanoorayana'' || || rowspan="5" | Kannada ||
|-
|2021
|''Jigri Dost''
|
|-
|2022
|''Flat #9''
|Yashwanth
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2024
|''Barbarika''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhairadevi]]''
|
|
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Program
!Role
!Language
!Channel
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"|2009||''Super Dancer Jn''||celebrity Judge||Malayalam||[[Amrita TV]]||Reality Show
|-
|rowspan="1"|2016||''[[Agnisakshi (Kannada serial)|Agnisakshi]] ''||Raman 
(Sidharth's friend)
||Kannada||[[Colors Kannada]]||Serial (Cameo)
|-
|rowspan="1"|2017|| '' [[Lakshmi Baramma]] ''||Raman (Chandan's friend) ||Kannada|| [[Colors Kannada]] || Serial (Cameo)
|-
|rowspan="1"|2017 – 2019||''[[Radha Ramana]]''||Raman||Kannada||[[Colors Kannada]]||Serial,
Won 2017 Colors Kannada Anubandha Awards
1)Jana mechchida Jodi with Shwetha R Prasad(Popular television couple)
2)Mane mechchida maga(Best Son on screen)
|-
|2020- 2021|| ''Sarasu ''|| Dr. Aravind || Kannada|| [[Star Suvarna]] || Serial
|-
|2021 ||''Satya'' || ||Kannada ||[[Zee Kannada]] ||Serial
|-
|2021||''Radhe Shyama''||Ashok||Kannada||[[Star Suvarna]]||Serial
|-
|2023|| ''Avanu Matte Shravani''|| Abhimanyu "Abhi"|| Kannada||[[Star Suvarna]]||Serial
|}

==Awards==
'''[[Asianet Film Awards]]'''
* 2006 - [[Asianet Film Awards#Best New Face of the Year (Male)|Asianet Award for Best Male New Face of the Year]] - ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]''

'''Colors TV Anubandha Awards'''
* 2017 - Jana Mecchinda Jodi with Shwetha R Prasad - ''Radha Ramana''
* 2017 - Mane Mecchinda Maga(Best Son on screen) - ''Radha Ramana''
* 2019 - Jana Mecchinda Nayaka Award - ''Radha Ramana''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/skanda-ashok-wins-jana-mecchida-nayaka-award/articleshow/71370097.cms|title=Skanda Ashok wins Jana Mecchida Nayaka award|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5901489}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashok, Skanda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

I. Periyasamy

2026-02-09T05:24:38Z

SolomonL12: updated details

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| office = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| minister = Minister of Rural Development and Panchayats
| term_start = 14 December 2022
| term_end =
| governor = [[R. N. Ravi]]
| predecessor = [[K. R. Periyakaruppan]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| minister1 = Minister for Co-operatives
| term_start1 = 7 May 2021
| term_end1 = 14 December 2022
| governor1 = [[R. N. Revi]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| minister2 = Minister for Revenue and Housing
| term_start2 = 13 May 2006
| term_end2 = 15 May 2011
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| governor2 = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| minister3 = Minister for Small Industries and Noon Meal
| term_start3 = 13 May 1996
| term_end3 = 13 May 2001
| governor3 = *[[Marri Channa Reddy]] (''until December 1996'')
*[[Krishan Kant]] (1996-1997)
*[[Fathima Beevi]] (1997-2001)
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| office4 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 11 May 2006
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = P. K. T. Natarajaan
| successor4 =
| constituency4 = [[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
| term_start5 = 10 May 1996
| term_end5 = 14 May 2001
| predecessor5 = S. M. Durai
| successor5 = P. K. T. Natarajaan
| constituency5 = [[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
| term_start6 = 6 February 1989
| term_end6 = 30 January 1991
| predecessor6 = [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
| successor6 = S. M. Durai
| constituency6 = [[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
| office7 = Deputy General Secretary of DMK
| term_start7 = 9 January 2015
| term_end7 =
| predecessor7 = [[Durai Murugan]]
| successor7 =
| name = I. Periyasamy
| caption = I.Periysamy in 2016
| party = [[File:Flag DMK.svg|20px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|father = Irulappan
| children = [[I. P. Senthilkumar]] (son)
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|6 January 1953}}
| birth_place = [[Batlagundu, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu]], India
}}
'''I. Periyasamy''' is an Indian politician who serves as the Rural Development Minister of [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/m-k-stalin-cabinet-in-tamil-nadu-raj-bhavan-releases-list-of-ministers/articleshow/82430341.cms | title=DMK govt in Tamil Nadu: Names of MK Stalin’s cabinet colleagues revealed | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Julie Mariappan | date=6 May 2021 | accessdate=6 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/05/04042814/1291986/DMKs-I-Periyasamy-records-highest-victory-margin-in-.vpf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205841/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/05/04042814/1291986/DMKs-I-Periyasamy-records-highest-victory-margin-in-.vpf | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 May 2021 | title=DMK’s I Periyasamy records highest victory margin in Assembly polls | publisher=Daily Thanthi | date=4 May 2021 | accessdate=6 May 2021}}</ref> and the former minister for [[revenue|Co-Operation]] from 2021 to 2022; [[housing|Revenue and Housing]] under the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] regime from 2006 to 2011. He was born in [[Batlagundu]] on 6 January 1953.<ref>[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=196 Periyasamy profile in TN government website]</ref> His son [[I. P. Senthil Kumar]] is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Palani (state assembly constituency)|Palani constituency]] in Tamil nadu.

==Elections contested and results==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote %
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Opposition vote %
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]]||[[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}|| 32.22||N Abdul Kadhar||[[Ijaw National Congress|INC]]||29.01<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly election 1989|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf|year=1989|page=254|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]||[[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Lost}}|| 29.81||S M Durai||[[AIADMK]]||68.74<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly election 1991|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf|year=1991|page=27|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]||[[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}|| 64.09||C Chinnamuthu||[[AIADMK]]||24.92<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly election 1996|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf|year=1996|page=261|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]||[[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Lost}}|| 46.36||P K T Natarajaan||[[AIADMK]]||49.13<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly election 2001|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|year=2001|page=257|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]||[[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}|| 53.2||C Sreenivasan||[[AIADMK]]||34.68<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly election 2006|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/May2006/index_st.htm|year=2006|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]||[[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}|| 59.58||S Balasubramani||[[DMDK]]||31.08<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly election 2001|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_TN_May2011.pdf|year=2011|page=36|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016]]||[[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}|| 53.10||Natham R Viswanathan||[[AIADMK]]||41.26<ref>{{cite news|title=The verdict 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|page=6|date=19 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Green cover|page=2|newspaper=The Times of India|location=Chennai|date=19 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2021]]||[[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Won}}||72.11||Thilagabama M||[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]||13.15
|-
|}

== Political career ==
*1986-1991 Chairman, Batlagundu Union
*1989-1991 member of Tamilnadu legislative assembly
*1996-2001 Minister for small industries and noon meal in Tamil nadu government
*From 2006 to 2011 Minister for Revenue and Housing in [[Tamil Nadu]] government.
*Elected in 2011 Legislative Assembly election From Athoor. 2011-2016 Member, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in opposition party
*Elected in 2016 Legislative Assembly election From Athoor.
*From 2016 Member, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
*From 2021 Minister of Co-operation, Government of Tamilnadu.

==Ministerial positions==
Periyasamy has held several key ministerial positions in the Tamil Nadu government:

As Minister for Small Industries and Noon Meal from 1996 to 2001, he oversaw initiatives to promote small-scale industries and strengthen the state's midday meal program for school children.<ref>{{cite web |title=TAMIL NADU LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (ELEVENTH ASSEMBLY) |url=https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/11th_1996/Review-1996.pdf}}</ref>

During his tenure as Minister for Revenue and Housing from 2006 to 2011, he played a significant role in modernizing the state's land revenue administration system and implementing housing projects for economically disadvantaged sections of society.<ref>{{cite web |title=TAMIL NADU LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (THIRTEENTH ASSEMBLY) |url=https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/13th_2006/13threview.pdf}}</ref>

He served as Minister for Co-operatives from 2021 to 2022, where he focused on implementing policies to enhance the performance and outreach of cooperative societies across the state.

Since 2022, he has held the position of Minister of Rural Development and Panchayats, overseeing rural infrastructure development initiatives and village-level empowerment programs.<ref>{{cite web |title=COUNCIL OF MINISTERS WITH THEIR PORTFOLIOS AS ON 17.03.2025 |url=https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/ministers.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Council Of Ministers |url=https://www.tn.gov.in/minister_list.php}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Periyasamy, I.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

Banarhat railway station

2026-02-09T01:52:52Z

SolomonL12:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Banarhat Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = NH 31C , banarhat , Doors , Dist - Jalpaiguri
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.78814|89.0408|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|161|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 3 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BNQ
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Banarhat Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}
'''Banarhat railway station''' is the railway station which serves the town of [[Banarhat]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Departures from Banarhat Railway Station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/banarhat-bnq/7169|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It lies in the [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone, [[Alipurduar railway division]]. This railway station also serves the town of [[Samtse]], [[Bhutan]] which is around 18 kilometres away by road from Banarhat railway station.

==Trains==
Major trains running from Banarhat Railway Station are as follows:

*[[Kanchan Kanya Express|Sealdah-Alipurduar Kanchan Kanya Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo4">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kanchan-kanya-express-13149/909/325/449|title=13149/Kanchan Kanya Express (PT) - Sealdah to Alipur Duar ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Express]]
*[[Siliguri Bamanhat Intercity Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Bamanhat Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-bamanhat-express-15467/17335/445/7550|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo7">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-alipur-duar-intercity-express-15767/18647/445/449|title=15767/Siliguri - Alipur Duar Intercity Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri–Dhubri Intercity Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Dhubri Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dhubri-intercity-express-15765xx/13867/445/449|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Tom George Kolath

2026-02-04T21:33:35Z

SolomonL12: creating a entry

{{Short description|Indian actor, film producer and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tom George Kolath
| image = Tom George Kolath.jpeg
| caption = Tom George Kolath
| birth_date =
| yearsactive = 2002–present
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Film Producer, Director, Actor, Scriptwriter, Business Executive
| awards = National Award of India for his feature film Akale
| website = www.tomgeorge.com
}}

'''Tom George Kolath,''' better known as '''Tom George''', is a film producer, director, actor and scriptwriter in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam Film Industry]]. He first came to attention for his performance in mini-screen ''Anna'' television serial (based on Tolstoy's ''Anna Karenina'') directed by [[Alagappan N.|Alagappan]]. ''[[Akale]]'', a film produced by him won the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]<ref>{{cite web|title=60th National Film Awards for the year 2012|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/nationalawards.htm|publisher=www.prd.kerala.gov.in|accessdate=15 August 2016|archive-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708222648/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/nationalawards.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Kerala State Film Award|Kerala State Film Award for best Malayalam feature film]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State Film Awards by Kerala Chalachitra Academy|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|publisher=www.prd.kerala.gov.in|accessdate=15 August 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|archivedate=7 July 2015}}</ref>

==Film career==
Tom George Kolath started his film career in 2004 as the producer of the Malayalam feature film ''[[Akale]]'', directed by [[Shyamaprasad]]; the film won 6 Kerala State Film Awards and 2 National Film Awards including the award for the best feature film in Malayalam. ''[[Akale]]'' was selected at film festivals around the world including 'Fukuoka Focus-on-Asia International Festival' in Japan, 'Foyle International Film Festival' in Northern Ireland, 'River To River Festival' in Florence, Italy, 'Indo-German International Film Festival' in Bangalore, IFFK in Kerala, and Tehran International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/390410/ |title=ആര്‍ട്ടിസ്റ്റ് യൂത്ത് മൂവി , Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912013851/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/390410/ |archive-date=2013-09-12}} </ref>

In addition to his production credit on ''Akale'', he produced the feature film ''[[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]].''

He directed and co-wrote the yet to be-released Hollywood movie ''GandhiPark''.<ref name="hindu" />

He has also acted in the Malayalam feature films ''Black'', ''Finger Print'' and ''Out of Syllabus''.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Malayalam Movies acted by Tom George|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?a=7276&ln=ml|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com|accessdate=15 August 2016}}</ref>

===Filmography===

*''[[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum [2003]|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?4224|publisher=en.msidb.org|accessdate=15 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prithviraj|url=http://www.malayalamcinemahistory.com/sf/Prithviraj.htm#0006|publisher=malayalamcinemahistory.com|accessdate=15 August 2016|archive-date=18 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118072239/http://www.malayalamcinemahistory.com/sf/Prithviraj.htm#0006|url-status=dead}}</ref> - producer
*''[[Akale]]'' - producer, actor
*''[[Black (2004 film)|Black]]'' - Malayalam feature film - actor
*''[[Finger Print]]'' - actor
*''[[Out of Syllabus]]'' - actor
*''Gandhi Park''<ref>{{cite web|title=George Kolath makes H'wood debut|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/hollywood/news/2006/george-kolath-debut-270906.html|publisher=One India|access-date=15 August 2016|date=27 September 2006|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233716/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/hollywood/news/2006/george-kolath-debut-270906.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite web|title=Across cultures|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/12/03/stories/2006120300200500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061220003738/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/12/03/stories/2006120300200500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=15 August 2016|language=en-IN|date=3 December 2006}}</ref> - [[Independent film]] director, co-writer<ref>{{cite web|title=Sneha in Gandhi Park|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060813/asp/look/story_6599490.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140607092913/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060813/asp/look/story_6599490.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2014|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] | location=Calcutta|accessdate=15 August 2016}}</ref>
* ''Ullurukkam'' <ref>{{cite web|title=Malayalam documentaries|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/documentary_inner.html|accessdate=26 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618083541/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/documentary_inner.html|archivedate=18 June 2006}}</ref> - tele film - actor
* ''Lessons'' - Tele Film - director, writer<ref>{{cite web|last1=MANMADHAN|first1=PREMA|title=A lesson for society|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/30/stories/2005093000890100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230901/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/30/stories/2005093000890100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=15 August 2016|date=2005-09-30|pages=01}}</ref>
* ''Anna'' - TV Serial - actor, producer
* ''Summer in America'' - actor
* [[Folklore (video game)]] ("FolksSoul: Ushinawareta Denshou") – voice
* ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]'' - actor
* ''[[India Gate (film)|India Gate]]'' - actor

===Music videos===

* En Jeevane – director and actor - 2005
* Dance With My Father – director - 2006
* Nee EnnArike – direction and lyrics - 2009
* Manoharam – lyrics and actor - 2009
* Athirillatha Sneham – actor - 2008
* Kumaran Asan's Chandala-bikshuki – actor - 2008

===Commercials===

* Coral Group - 2008
* Casadel Fauno Resorts - 2009
* Keltron USA, Ltd - 2010

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1643039}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolath, Tom George}}
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Palakkad district]]

Dandi Mal railway station

2026-02-04T04:08:12Z

SolomonL12:

{{Short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Dandi Mal
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Sadasivapur, Kankadobala, [[Dhenkanal district]], [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| elevation = {{convert|70|m|ft}}
| coordinates = {{coord|20.715235|85.53418|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| opened = 1998
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DNDL
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Khurda Road}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Odisha
| map_dot_label =
| map_size = 300
| services= {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Sadashibapur|right=Dhenkanal|type=[[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]]}}
}}

'''Dandi Mal railway station''' is a railway station on [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]] under the [[Khurda Road railway division]] of the [[East Coast Railway zone]]. The railway station is situated at Sadasivapur, Kankadobala in [[Dhenkanal district]] of the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=afraaz|title=Dandi Mal PH Railway Station Map/Atlas ECoR/East Coast Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/dandi-mal-ph-dndl/5816|access-date=2021-05-28|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dandi Mal Railway Station (DNDL) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/dandi-mal-dndl-station|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Railway stations in Odisha}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1998]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Khurda Road railway division]]

{{Odisha-railstation-stub}}

Rajyotsava Awards (2013)

2026-01-30T12:46:27Z

SolomonL12: creating new post

{{Short description|Awards given by the government of Karnataka, India}}
{{context|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 2013 Rajyotsava Awards
| date = 1 November 2013
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| host =
| winner =
| website =
| previous = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2012)|2012]]
| main = [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]
| next = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2014)|2014]]
}}

The list of Karnataka Rajyotsava Award recipients for the year 2013 is below.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ko Channabasappa among 58 Rajyotsava awardees|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/366272/ko-channabasappa-among-58-rajyotsava.html|accessdate=20 July 2015|work=Deccan Herald|date=30 October 2013}}</ref>

==List of awardees==
[[File:Sulagitti_Narasamma.jpg|upright|thumb|Sulagitti Narasamma]]
[[File:KPRao01.jpg|upright|thumbnail|K. P. Rao]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Field
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ko Channabasappa|Ko. Channabasappa]]
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Chandrakanth Kusanur
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Mallika Ghanti
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | [[K. B. Siddaiah]]
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Srikantha Koodige
|Literature
|-
! scope="row" | Gajanan Harimahale
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | H. V. Venkatasubbaiah
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | N. Rathna
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | Florina Bai
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | [[Shashidhar Adapa]]
|Theatre
|-
! scope="row" | Sohan Kumari
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | Fayaz Khan
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | Basavaraj Thirakappa Bhajantri
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | Hanumantha Rao Gonavar
|Music
|-
! scope="row" | M. Shakuntala Hanumanthappa
|Dance
|-
! scope="row" | Shanthi Nayak
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Elisappa Madara
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Bannur Kempamma
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Mahadevappa Monappa Badiger
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | Sharanappa Vadigeri
|Folklore
|-
! scope="row" | K. M. Raghava Nambiar
|Yakshagana
|-
! scope="row" | Narayana Hasyagara Nellikatte
|Yakshagana
|-
! scope="row" | Rayappa Sangappa Kumbar
|Yakshagana
|-
! scope="row" | Lakshmi Bai Salahalli
|Yakshagana
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sulagitti Narasamma]]
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | Kondajji B. Shanumkhappa
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | Myna Gopalakrishna
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | T. Raja
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | Basavalingappa S. Jamakhandi
|Social Work
|-
! scope="row" | Aarathi Krishna
|Overseas Kannadiga
|-
! scope="row" | [[Harekala Hajabba]]
|Others
|-
! scope="row" | Eshwar Chandra Chintamani
|Others
|-
! scope="row" | Soogaiah Hiremath
|Others
|-
! scope="row" | Shaheen Educational Association
|Institution
|-
! scope="row" | B. B. Bannada Janapada Kalamela
|Institution
|-
! scope="row" | [[K. P. Rao]]
|Science
|-
! scope="row" | S. Aiyappan
|Science
|-
! scope="row" | K. Narayana Swamy
|Agriculture
|-
! scope="row" | M. D. Subhash Chandra
|Agriculture
|-
! scope="row" | Anasuyamma
|Agriculture
|-
! scope="row" | Vasanth Kumar Thimakapur
|Agriculture
|-
! scope="row" | C. M. Mutthiah
|Sports
|-
! scope="row" | G. H. Thulasidhar
|Sports
|-
! scope="row" | Sadashiva Saliyan
|Sports
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sheela Gowda]]
|Fine Arts
|-
! scope="row" | Alibaba S. Nadaf
|Fine Arts
|-
! scope="row" | T. M. Mayachar
|Fine Arts
|-
! scope="row" | Vijay Hagargundgi
|Fine Arts
|-
! scope="row" | V. Lakshmi Narayana
|Medicine
|-
! scope="row" | K. Sundaranath Suvarna
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | [[R. Rathna]]
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lokanath]]
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | [[Girija Lokesh]]
|Cinema
|-
! scope="row" | Gudihalli Nagaraj
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | C. G. Manjula
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | R. P. Venkatesha Murthy
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | P. Mohammed
|Media
|-
! scope="row" | S. R. Venkatesh Prasad
|Media
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajyotsava Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2013]]

Thondur mandal

2026-01-23T13:29:18Z

SolomonL12: creating post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thondur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[YSR Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Thondur
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08568
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thondur''' is a [[mandal]] in [[YSR Kadapa district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of the [[Pulivendula revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Revenue Divisions and Mandals |url=http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm |website=Official website of YSR Kadapa District |publisher=National Informatics Centre- Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kadapa-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Mandals in Kadapa district]]

Government Museum, Salem

2026-01-21T04:19:56Z

SolomonL12: Adding New Data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Government Museum, Salem
| native_name = அரசு அருங்காட்சியகம், சேலம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = A depiction of signboard of Government Museum in Salem.JPG
| imagesize = 250
| caption = A depiction of signboard of Government Museum in Salem
| alt =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| map_relief =
| established = {{Start date and age|1976|df=y}}
| dissolved = 
| location = Saradha College Road, Fairlands, [[Alagapuram, Salem|Alagapuram]], [[Salem, Tamilnadu|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Postal Index Code|PIN]] - 636 016
| coordinates = {{coord|11.677156|78.144522|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Heritage centre]]
| accreditation = [[Ministry of Culture (India)]]
| key_holdings =
| collections = [[Stone Age]]
| collection_size = 2000
| visitors =
| director = Principal Secretary & Commissioner of Museums<ref name=comm>{{cite web|title=About the Department|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/inftour/handbook_museums.pdf|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|publisher=Department of Museums|accessdate=23 February 2014|pages=4, 5}}</ref>
| president =
| curator =
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| publictransit = [[Bharat Ratna Dr. M.G.R. Central Bus Stand]] {{rail-interchange|bus}} [[Alagapuram, Salem|Alagapuram]] {{rail-interchange|bus}} [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Junction]] {{rail-interchange|rail}}
| car_park = On site
| website = {{URL|https://govtmuseumchennai.org/district-museum/salem}}
| network =
}}

The '''Salem Government Museum''', located in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], is a prominent museum dedicated to preserving and showcasing the rich cultural, historical, and artistic heritage of the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salem |url=https://govtmuseumchennai.org/district-museum/salem |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=govtmuseumchennai.org |language=en}}</ref> Established in 1976, the museum serves as an educational and cultural resource for both locals and visitors. Also this is first district museum in Tamilnadu which is established by peoples.<ref>{{Cite web |last=g |first=eisha |date=16 September 2024 |title=Guide To Salem In Tamil Nadu: What To Do, Where To Go And More |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/destinations/india/guide-to-salem-tamil-nadu-what-to-do-there-where-to-go-and-more |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salem Government Museum |url=https://salem.nic.in/museums/ |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=salem.nic.in}}</ref>

== History ==
The Government Museum was established by then District Collector Thiru A.M. Swaminathan, I.A.S., with support from the Contemporary Writers and Painters Association, a local artist group. It was officially opened to the public in 1976. Initially, from 1976 to 1979, the museum operated under the District Administration. In 1979, it came under the Department of [[Museum|Museums]]. From 1979 to 1996, the museum was located at Three Bungalow, and from 1996 to January 2007, it was housed in the Court building. This museum was notable as the first district museum created by and for the people, setting a precedent for the establishment of other district museums.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2011 |title=Salem Government Museum in a state of neglect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/salem-government-museum-in-a-state-of-neglect/article2035843.ece |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salem |url=https://govtmuseumchennai.org/district-museum/salem |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=govtmuseumchennai.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Exhibits and collections ==
This museum is home for things used by [[Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai|Namakkal Kavignar V.Ramalingam]], Ancient Tamil Coins, Pre-Independence Coins of Indian Union, Dutch, French Coins, Carved Animals, Birds, Inscriptions, Stone Idols, Wood Sculptures, Metal Sculptures, Artifacts, Ancient Tamil Items, ''Mudhumakkal Thazhi'', Nadukal (Veerakal), stone carvings and flint fossils.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=1200 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முந்தைய வட்டெழுத்து கல்வெட்டு கண்டுபிடிப்பு |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/salem-district-mettur-teacher |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=கே.ரமேஷ் |first=வீ |date=15 May 2019 |title=2,500 ஆண்டு பழங்கால 200 கல் படுக்கைகள் கண்டுபிடிப்பு!- தொல்லியல் துறை ஆய்வு செய்யக் கோரிக்கை |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/157495-about-2500-year-old-stone-beds-found |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref>

This museum exhibits collection of various archeological sculptures from Salem region including [[Salem district|Salem]], [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]], [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]] and [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]] districts.

== New building ==
Since from establishment of museum in Salem, it is functioning in temporary and rental building, in this case TamilNadu government announced, that permanent own building for Salem government museum will built. A new building is coming up in [[Hastampatti]] near [[Salem taluk]] office at the cost of ₹3.40 crores. This new building for government museum will have ground floor, first floor and second floor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சேலம் அஸ்தம்பட்டியில் அமைகிறது ₹3.40 கோடியில் புதிய அரசு அருங்காட்சியகம்-தொன்மை பொக்கிஷங்களை பாதுகாக்க ஏற்பாடு |url=https://m.dinakaran.com/article/news-detail/815292 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=www.dinakaran.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:1965th year Salem district map.JPG|Salem district in 1965
File:A Hero Stoen excavated at Reddypatty.JPG|Hero stone
File:A Bull baiting inscription 1.JPG|Bull baiting
File:A exhibit-Salem museum.JPG|Inscription
A display on wood carvings.JPG|A display on wood carvings
File:13th century-A Chieftain,Mohanur, A.D.JPG|13th century-A Chieftain
File:A aesthetic terracotta.JPG|A aesthetic terracotta
File:A aldermen earthen vessel 1.JPG|A aldermen earthen vessel
File:A Art gallery.JPG|Art gallery
File:A closeup of Water dog.JPG|closeup of Water dog
File:A depiction of processed skin of Tiger.JPG|A depiction of processed skin of Tiger
File:A board of Coins of Kongu Nadu.JPG|A board of Coins of Kongu Nadu
File:A closeup of flute.JPG|A closeup of flute
File:A closeup of Kalyaana Murungai wood sample.JPG|Kalyaana Murungai wood sample
File:A depiction of Kilukiluppai.JPG|A depiction of Kilukiluppai
File:A board on development of Tamil script.JPG|A board on development of Tamil scrip
File:A closeup of Belongings of Namakkal V Ramalingam 2.JPG|Belongings of Namakkal V Ramalingam
File:A British Period Cannon.JPG|British Period Cannon
File:A closeup of hoe.JPG|closeup of hoe
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}

* [[Government Museum, Chennai]]
* [[Government Museum, Tiruchirappalli]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Police Museum, Chennai|Tamil Nadu Police Museum]]
* [[List of Tamil Nadu Government Estates, Complexes, Buildings and Structures]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://govtmuseumchennai.org/district-museum/salem|Official website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Museums in Salem]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1976]]
[[Category:Natural history museums in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in India]]
[[Category:Numismatic museums in India]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:State museums in India]]
[[Category:Children's museums in India]]

List of Telugu films of 1987

2026-01-18T09:12:56Z

SolomonL12: added info

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Tollywood films}}
This is a list of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language films released in the year [[1987 in film|1987]].

==Top Grossing films==
* ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]''
* ''Dongamogudu''
* [[Aha Naa-Pellanta! (1987 film)|''Aha Naa Pellanta'']]
* ''[[Muvva Gopaludu]]''
* ''Majnu''
* ''Swayam Krushi''
* ''Srinivasa Kalyanam''
* ''Bhale Mogudu''
* ''Makutemleni Maharaju''
* ''Shrutilayalu''
* ''Pushpaka Vimana''

==List of released films==
=== January - March ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:13%;"| Title
! Director !! Cast !! Production !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"| '''J A N'''
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| ''[[America Abbayi]]''|| [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] || [[Master Shravan Shankar]],
[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana Kaikala]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
| Annapurna Pictures ||
|-
| ''[[Aatma Bandhuvulu]]''||[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jayasudha]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Dabbevariki Chedu]]''|| Relangi Narasimha Rao || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''9'''
|''[[Donga Mogudu]] ''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Thandri Kodukula Challenge]]''||M. Mallikarjuna Rao||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Sumalatha]]|| Vijaya Padmalaya Pictures ||
|-
| ''[[Majnu (1987 film)|Majnu]]''|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]], [[Moon Moon Sen]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] || Taraka Prabhu Films ||
|-
| ''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || ||
|-
|''[[Samsaram Oka Chadarangam]]''||[[S. P. Muthuraman]]||[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]|| [[AVM Productions]] ||
|-
|- February!
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:thistle; textcolor:#000;"| '''F E B'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''26'''
|''[[Allari Krishnayya]]''
| Nandamuri Ramesh
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Bhanupriya]]
| Vanitha Arts
|
|- March!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A R'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Lawyer Suhasini]]''||[[Vamsy]]||[[Bhanu Chander]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Maniratnam]]|| ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''13'''
|''[[Makutamleni Maharaju]]''||[[K. Bapayya]]||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Sridevi]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]|| ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''19'''
| ''[[Chinnari Devatha]]'' || [[L. Raja]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Rajani (actress)|Sasikala]], [[Shalini (actress)|Baby Shalini]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''20'''
| ''[[Sankeertana]]'' || Geetha Krishna || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Sharath Babu]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Sardar Dharmanna]]''||[[Barisetty Bhaskara Rao]]||[[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jayasudha]]|| ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| ''Nakoo Pellam Kavali'' || Vijaya Bapineedu || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Nirmalamma]], [[Nutan Prasad]] || Vasu Rao||
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| '''27'''
| ''[[Aradhana (1987 film)|Aradhana]]''|| [[Bharathiraja]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] || [[Geetha Arts]]||
|-
| ''[[Kaboye Alludu]]''||[[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]]|| ||
|-
|}

===April—June===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- April!
| rowspan="6" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFDEAD;" | '''A P R'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''8'''
| ''[[Collector Gari Abbai]]'' || B. Gopal || [[Akkineni Nageshwara Rao]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''11'''
| ''[[Padamati Sandhya Ragam]]'' || [[Jandhyala]]
| [[Vijayashanti]], [[Thomas Jane]] || ||
|-
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''13'''
|''[[Sahasa Samrat]]''||[[K. Raghavendra Rao]]||[[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]], [[Vijayashanti]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''24'''
| ''[[Thene Manasulu (1987 film)|Thene Manasulu]]''||[[Rajendra Singh Babu]]||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''30'''
| ''[[Sruthilayalu]]'' || [[K. Vishwanath]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Sumalatha]], [[Satyanarayana Kaikala]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] || ||
|-
| ''Lawyer Bharathi Devi''
|K. Rama Mohan Rao
|[[Sharada (actress)|Sarada]], Kalyan Chakravarty, [[Monisha Unni]]
|
|
|-
|- May!
| rowspan="5" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#edafaf;" | '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''1'''
|''[[Dharmapatni (1987 film)|Dharmapatni]]''||[[T. L. V. Prasad]]||[[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''8'''
|''[[Ajeyudu]]''||G. Ram Mohan Rao||[[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Shobana]]|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center" | '''12'''
| ''[[President Gari Abbai]]'' || [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''19'''
|''[[Muvva Gopaludu]]''||[[Kodi Ramakrishna]]||[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Vijayashanti]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''29'''
|''[[Bharatamlo Arjunudu]]''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]|| [[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]|| [[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|- June!
| rowspan="5" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#d9c1b0;" | '''J U N'''
| rowspan="1" align="center"|'''4'''
| ''[[Chakravarthy (1987 film)|Chakravarthy]]''|| Raviraja Pinisetty || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[J. V. Somayajulu|Somayajulu]] || [[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"|'''5'''
|''[[Brahma Nayudu (1987 film)|Brahma Nayudu]]''||[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]||[[Krishnam Raju]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''11'''
|''[[Sardar Krishnama Naidu]]''||A. Kodandarami Reddy||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''23'''
| ''[[Prema Samrat]]'' || Mohan Gandhi || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Bhanupriya]] || [[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''24'''
|''[[Trimurtulu]]''||[[K. Murali Mohan Rao]]||[[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Shobana]]|| ||
|-
|}

===July—September===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''J U L'''
|'''3'''
|''[[Muddayi]]''||[[K. S. R. Das]]||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"|'''8'''
|''[[Maa Ooru]]''|| [[B. Narsing Rao]]|| || ||
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''16'''
| ''[[Sankharavam (1987 film)|Sankharavam]]''||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]||Krishna, [[Bhanupriya]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]], [[Mahesh Babu]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Gandhinagar Rendava Veedhi]]''||[[P. N. Ramachandra Rao]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Gautami]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"|'''23'''
| ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]'' || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Sumalatha]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"|'''31'''
| ''[[Ramu (1987 film)|Ramu]]'' || Y. Nageshwara Rao || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || ||
|-
|- August!
| rowspan="6" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#C2B280;" | '''A U G'''
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''6'''
| ''[[Gundamma Gari Krishnulu]]'' || Relangi Narasimha Rao || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''14'''
|''[[Agni Putrudu]]''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Akkineni Nageshwara Rao]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]] || [[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
| ''[[Brahma Nayudu (1987 film)|Brahma Nayudu]]''||[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]||[[Krishnam Raju]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Vijetha Vikram]]''||[[S. S. Ravichandra]]||[[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Farah (actress)|Farah]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Viswanatha Nayakudu]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jaya Pradha]], [[K. R. Vijaya]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''21'''
| ''[[Manmadha Leela Kamaraju Gola]]''||[[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Kalpana (Tamil actress)|Kalpana]]|| ||
|-
|- September!
| rowspan="5" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#F5DEB3; textcolor:#000;" | '''S E P'''
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''3'''
| ''[[Swayamkrushi]]'' || [[K. Vishwanath]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sumalatha]], [[Vijayashanti]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''11'''
|''[[Dammit Katha Addam Thirigindi]]''||[[K. Vasu]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Jeevitha]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''16'''
|''[[Madana Gopaludu]]''||P. S. Krishna Mohan Reddy||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Ramya Krishna]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''24'''
| ''[[Bhale Mogudu]]''||[[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]], [[Ramya Krishna]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | '''25''' || ''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]''|| [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]|| [[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Gautami]], [[Bhanupriya]]||
|-
|}

===October—December===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- October!
| rowspan="2" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFB7C5;" | '''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''23'''
| ''[[Srimathi Oka Bahumathi]]'' || [[Visu]] || [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Jayasudha]] || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || <ref>[https://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1988/Feb/19-feb-1988.pdf]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''30'''
| ''[[Maa Voori Magadu]] ''|| K. Bapaiah || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Sridevi]] || ||
|-
|- November!
| rowspan="4" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#ACE1AF;" | '''N O V'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''12'''
|''[[Kirai Dada]]''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Vanisri]], [[Nutan Prasad]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''18'''
|''[[Bhanumati Gari Mogudu]]''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] ||[[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]], [[Vijayashanti]], Ashwini, [[Giribabu]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''27'''
| ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimanam]]''|| [[Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Tinnu Anand]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Aha Naa-Pellanta! (1987 film)|Aha Naa-Pellanta!]]''|| [[Jandhyala]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Nutan Prasad]], [[Brahmanandam]] || || <ref>[http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1987/Dec/4-dec-1987.pdf]</ref>
|- December!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#B8860B;" | '''D E C'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''3'''
| ''[[Aahuthi]]'' || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''4'''
| ''[[Muddu Bidda (1987 film)|Muddu Bidda]]''||P. Chandrasekhara Reddy||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], Rajani|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''25'''
| ''[[Jebu Donga (1987 film)|Jebu Donga]]'' || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''31'''
|''[[Donga Garu Swagatham]]''||G. Ram Mohana Rao||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Jaggayya]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Maharshi (1987 film)|Maharshi]]''||[[Vamsy]]||[[Shantipriya]], [[Krishna Bhagavan]]|| ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Telugu cinema|horiz}}
{{1987 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1987]]
[[Category:Lists of 1987 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:1987 in Indian cinema|Telugu films]]

Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I

2025-12-31T14:29:52Z

SolomonL12: updated formatting per standard format and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Hyderabad (1829–1883)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals = [[His Excellency]] Mukhtar-ul-Mulk, Shuja ud-Daula, [[Nawab]] Sir
| name = Mir Turab Ali Khan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| honorific-suffix = Salar Jung I, [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]]
| image = Sir Salar Jung.jpg
| caption = Jung in an undated photo
| birth_date = {{birth date|1829|01|21}}
| birth_place = [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1883|02|08|1829|01|21}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British India]]
| burial_place = [[Daira Mir Momin]], [[Hyderabad]]{{sfn|Law, 1914|pp=36-37}}
| family = [[Salar Jung family]]
| module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| office = [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]]
| term_start = 1853
| term_end = 1883
| monarch = [[Asaf Jah IV]] [[Asaf Jah V]] [[Asaf Jah VI]]
| predecessor = Siraj ul-Mulk
| successor = [[Salar Jung II]]
}}
}}

'''Sir Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI}} (21 January 1829 – 8 February 1883), known simply as '''Salar Jung I''', was an Indian nobleman who served as [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad|Prime Minister]] of [[Hyderabad State]] from 1853 until his death in 1883. He also served as regent for the sixth [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]], [[Mahboob Ali Khan|Asaf Jah VI]] between 1869 and 1883.{{sfn|Law, 1914|pp=31-37}}<ref name="narendraluther.hyderabadi.in">{{cite web|url=http://narendraluther.hyderabadi.in/?p=251|title=The First Salar Jung|last=Luther|first=Narendra|date=June 1, 1996|website=Narendra Luther Archives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215235530/http://narendraluther.hyderabadi.in/?p=251|archive-date=15 December 2007|access-date=2007-10-26|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

His tenure is known for administrative reforms, which included a reorganization of the revenue and judicial systems, the division of [[Hyderabad State]] into districts, institution of a postal service, establishment of the first modern educational institutions, and construction of the first rail and telegraph networks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kamraju|first=M.|title=Evolution of Administrative Reforms in Hyderabad State|url=https://www.academia.edu/38042481|url-status=live|journal=International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts|date=January 2018 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908071611/https://www.academia.edu/38042481/Evolution_of_Administrative_Reforms_in_Hyderabad_State|archive-date=2019-09-08|access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref> A small offshoot of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] took place in [[Hyderabad State]] during his tenure, and he was partly responsible for quelling it.

He was one of the five Prime Ministers from the [[Salar Jung family]], one of the most prominent families of the state. His daughter Amat-uz-Zehra married [[Mahboob Ali Khan|Asaf Jah VI]], and he was the maternal grandfather of the last Nizam, [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]].

[[File:Salar Jung Vanity Fair 14 October 1876.jpg|thumb|[[Vanity Fair (UK magazine)|Vanity Fair]] caricature by Spy ([[Leslie Ward]]), c. 1876. The caption reads "An Indian Statesman"|alt=]]

==Early life==
Khan was born in [[Bijapur]] in 1829. He was a descendant of a family which had held various appointments, first under the [[Adil Shahi]] dynasty of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], then under the [[Mughal Empire]], and lastly under the [[Nizam]]s. His father was Muhammad Ali Khan, the eldest son of [[Mir Alam]], and his mother was the daughter of Saiad Kazim Ali Khan.{{sfn|Bilgrami, 1883|pp=13}} He was educated privately.

==Career==
He was appointed the [[Taluqdar|talukdar]] of Khammam in 1847. He held the position for 8 months.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=A. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.venugopal.416 |title=Glimpses of the Nizams Dominions |date=1898 |language=English}}</ref>

=== Prime Minister of Hyderabad ===
[[File:The_Young_Nizam_Mehboob_Ali_Khan_of_Hyderabad,_With_Attendants,_1870s.jpg|thumb|Salar Jung I (seated, third from left) with [[Mahboob Ali Khan|Asaf Jah VI]] (seated, center) and shams-ul-Umra II (seated, third from right), c. 1870s.]]
He succeeded his uncle Siraj-ul-Mulk as the prime minister in 1853 at the age of 23.{{sfn|Law, 1914|pp=33}} During this time, the administration of the Hyderabad State was infused with corruption, and there was no systematic form of government.

{{Blockquote|text=Before the administration of H. E. the Nawab Salar Jung I there was no regular or systematic form of government, nor were there any separate departments of administration. Everything was in the hands of the Diwan or Minister, without any regular form of administration. It was altogether a new idea, an element foreign to the conservative mind of Hyderabad to have anything like an organised system of government.|sign=[[Chiragh Ali]]{{sfn|Law, 1914|pp=31-37}}|source=}}

His early reforms included constitution of courts of justice at Hyderabad, organization of the police force, construction and reparation of irrigation works, and establishment of schools.{{sfn|Law, 1914|pp=33}}{{sfn|McAuliffe, 1904|pp=53-55}} In 1854, the first modern educational institution in Hyderabad was established by the name, ''Dar-ul-Ulum''.{{sfn|Leonard, 2007|pp=19-20}}

On the outbreak of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]], he supported the British, and although unable to hinder an attack on the [[British Residency, Hyderabad|British Residency]], he warned the British minister that it was in contemplation.{{sfn|Ali, 1883|pp=235}} The attack was repulsed; the [[Nizam's Contingent|Hyderabad contingent]] remained loyal, and their loyalty served to ensure the tranquility of the region. Salar Jung took advantage of the preoccupation of the British government with the rebellion to push his reforms more boldly, and when the [[Calcutta]] authorities were again at liberty to consider the condition of affairs his work had been carried far towards completion.{{sfn|Law, 1914|pp=31-37}}

In 1867, the State was divided into five Divisions (''[[subah]]s'') — namely Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, Aurangabad, and Hyderabad,{{sfn|Ali, 1884|pp=26}} and seventeen Districts, and ''[[subedar]]s'', or governors, were appointed for the five Divisions and ''[[Taluqdar|talukdars]]'' and ''[[tehsildar]]s'' for the districts.{{sfn|Law, 1914|pp=35}}<ref name=":0" />

The other important reform introduced by Salar Jung was the stabilization of currency. A [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|central mint]] was established at Hyderabad and the district mints were abolished. He issued ''Hali Sikka'' rupees and this became the standard currency for all monetary transactions. A government treasury was established in the city, and the customs department brought directly under the government.<ref name=":0" />

===As Regent===
On 26 February 1869, [[Asaf Jah V]] died, and his eldest son [[Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]], a boy of two, was crowned as the sixth [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]. Salar Jung, at the insistence of the British government, was associated in the [[Regent|regency]] along with the principal noble of the state, Shams-ul-Umara. In 1881, Shams-ul-Umara died and Salar Jung remained as the sole regent.{{sfn|Bilgrami, 1883|pp=115}} During the lifetime of the [[Asaf Jah V]], Salar Jung was considerably hampered by the Nizam's supervision, but during his tenure as regent, he enjoyed greater authority.{{sfn|Law, 1914|pp=35}} Salar Jung also personally tutored the Nizam on matters of the state.{{sfn|Lynton, 1987|pp=32-34}}

In 1868, an attempt was made on Salar Jung's life, on the day of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid ul-Fitr]] as he was proceeding towards the Nizam's court. Two pistol-shots were fired, of which one injured his attendant, while the other grazed his turban.{{Sfn|Bilgrami, 1883|p=73-74}} The assassin was immediately captured, and would have been lynched by the crowd, however, Salar Jung forbade any further violence, and asked that he be handed over to the police. He sentenced to death by [[Decapitation|beheading]], although Salar Jung himself had appealed for the sentence to be commuted to imprisonment.{{Sfn|Bilgrami, 1883|p=73-74}} The motive for the crime remains unknown as the assassin never made a confession.{{sfn|Ali, 1883|pp=236}}

Sir Salar was created [[Order of the Star of India|G.C.S.I.]] on 28 May 1870. In 1876, he visited [[England]] with the object of obtaining the restoration of [[Berar Province|Berar]].{{sfn|McAuliffe, 1904|pp=54}} Although he was unsuccessful, his personal merits met with full recognition. A [[London]] journal remarked - "Our guest is the man who, when [[Siege of Delhi|Delhi had fallen]] and our power was, for the moment, in the balance, saved Southern India for England". He received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the [[University of Oxford]] on 21 June 1876.

== Art collection ==
[[File:Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|The Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad (India)]]
In 1876 on a trip to France the unique "double sculpture " [[Mephistopheles & Margaretta]] sculpture was acquired by Khan. He also traveled to Rome where he purchased a marble statue called [[Veiled Rebecca]].<ref name="Salar">{{Cite web |title=salar jung museum |url=https://salarjungmuseum.in/History-of-SJM.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=salarjungmuseum.in}}</ref>

The Salar Jung family had a history of collecting art, and eventually the collection of art from Salar Jung I, II and III all ended up in the [[Salar Jung Museum]].<ref name="Ians">{{cite news |last1=Ians |title=Salar Jung museum: How one man's art collection became a national treasure |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/salar-jung-museum-how-one-man-s-art-collection-became-a-national-treasure-119012000161_1.html |access-date=11 February 2022 |publisher=Business Standard |date=20 January 2019}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He had two sons and two daughters. His daughter Amat-uz-Zehra married [[Mahboob Ali Khan|Asaf Jah VI]], and he was therefore the maternal grandfather of the last Nizam, [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]].

==Death and legacy==
He died of [[cholera]] at Hyderabad on 8 February 1883, and was buried at the [[Daira Mir Momin]]. A three-day mourning period was declared for all of Hyderabad State.{{sfn|Bilgrami, 1883|pp=126-136}} His son [[Mir Laiq Ali Khan, Salar Jung II|Salar Jung II]] succeeded him as Prime Minister. His grandson enjoyed an estate of 1486 sq. miles, yielding an income of nearly £60,000.

==See also==
*[[Salar Jung Museum]]
*[[Salar Jung family]]
*[[Hyderabad State]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===

* {{citation |last1=Lynton |first1=Harriet Ronken |last2=Rajan |first2=Mohini |title=Days of the Beloved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5w9_mkaCYkC |year=1987 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0863112690 |ref={{sfnref|Lynton, 1987}}}}
*{{citation |last=Law |first=John |title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan) |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan) |year=1914 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company |ref={{sfnref|Law, 1914}}}}
*{{citation |last=McAuliffe |first=R. Paton |title=The Nizam; the origin and future of the Hyderabad state, being the Le Bas Prize essay in the University of Cambridge |url=https://archive.org/details/nizamoriginfutur00mcauuoft/page/n7 |year=1904 |publisher= London C.J. Clay |ref={{sfnref|McAuliffe, 1904}}}}
*{{citation |last=Ali |first=Moulavi Cheragh |title=Hyderabad (Deccan) under Sir Salar Jung |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.109863/page/n1 |year=1884 |publisher= Education Society's Press, Byculla |ref={{sfnref|Ali, 1884}}|volume=1}}
* {{citation |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Husain |title=A memoir of Sir Salar Jung, G.C.S.I. |url=https://archive.org/details/amemoirsirsalar00bilggoog/page/n1 |year=1883 |publisher=Printed at the Times of India Steam Press |ref={{sfnref|Bilgrami, 1883}}}}
* {{citation |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC |year=2007 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804754422 |ref={{sfnref|Leonard, 2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Ali |first=Moulvie Syed Mahdi |title=Hyderabad Affairs (Volume 3) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32070/page/n3 |year=1883 |publisher=The Times of India Steam Press, Bombay |ref={{sfnref|Ali, 1883}}}}
* {{EB1911 |wstitle=Salar Jung, Sir |volume=24 |page=60}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071215235530/http://narendraluther.hyderabadi.in/?p=251 The First Salar Jung By Narendra Luther]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060629084434/http://www.aptimes.com/Hyderabad/salar_jungs.htm The Salar Jungs]

{{S-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{Succession box |
before=Siraj ul-Mulk|
title=[[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]] |
years=1853–1883|
after=[[Mir Laiq Ali Khan, Salar Jung II]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Hyderabad state}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mir Turab Ali, Salar Jung I}}
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India|Jung, Salar]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Salar Jung family]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India|Jung, Salar]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Deaths from cholera]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Hyderabad State]]

Great Indian bustard

2025-12-20T08:18:33Z

SolomonL12: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Great Indian bustard
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Ardeotis nigriceps'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |article-number=e.T22691932A134188105 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691932A134188105.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| image = Ardeotis nigriceps, Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India 1.jpg
| image_caption = At [[Desert National Park]]
| image2= Great Indian Bustard call recorded at Nanaj, Maharashtra.ogg
| image2_caption = Breeding call recorded in [[Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary]]
| taxon = Ardeotis nigriceps
| display_parents = 3
| authority = ([[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1831)
| range_map = Ardeotis_nigriceps_map.png
| range_map_caption = Points where the species has been recorded. Once widespread, the species is today found mainly in central and western India.
| synonyms = ''Choriotis nigriceps'', ''Eupodotis edwardsi'', ''Otis nigriceps''
}}

The '''great Indian bustard''' ('''''Ardeotis nigriceps''''') or '''Indian bustard''' is a [[bustard]] occurring on the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is a large bird with a horizontal body, long bare legs and is among the heaviest of the flying birds. Once common on the dry grasslands and shrubland in India, as few as 150 individuals were estimated to survive as of 2018, reduced from an estimated 250 individuals in 2011. It is critically endangered due to hunting and [[habitat loss]]. It is protected under the Indian [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]].

==Description==
The great Indian bustard is a large ground bird with a height of about one metre. It is unmistakable with its black cap contrasting with the pale head and neck. The body is brownish with a black patch spotted in white. The male is deep sandy buff coloured and during the breeding season has a black breast band. The crown of the head is black and crested and is puffed up by displaying males. In the female which is smaller than the male, the head and neck are not pure white and the breast band is either rudimentary, broken or absent.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, P.C. |author2=Anderton, J.C. | year=2005 |title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide |volume=2 |page=148|publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions}}</ref>
{{birdbox|collapsible=yes|state=collapsed
|pop1=All populations<ref name=pcr/><ref name=hbk/>
|data1={{birdbox/population
|unit=mm
| massunit=kg
|lengthm=1000-1070
|lengthf=760-830
| headm=170-180
| headf=145-155
|culmen=85-95
|wingm=614-762
|wingf=460-540
|tailm=330-380
|tailf=245-270
|footm=275-300
|footf=225-245
| weightm=8-14.5 |weightf=2.5-6.75}}}}

Among bustards, this species is smaller only than the [[Kori bustard]] and the [[great bustard]] in size. It is also the largest land bird in its native range. The great Indian bustard stands at about {{cvt|1|m}} tall, having a somewhat long neck and quite long legs.<ref name=hbk/> The female as in most members of the bustard family are typically considerably smaller.<ref name=fbi/>

Males have a well-developed [[gular pouch]] which is inflated when calling during display and helps produce the deep resonant calls.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author1=Ali, S. |author2=Ripley, S.D. | pages=188–191|title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=Second |place=Oxford |year=1980|isbn=0-19-565935-X}}</ref><ref name=hume>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/GameBirdsOfIndia1/HumeGameBirds1#page/n29/mode/1up|author1=Hume, A.O. |author2=Marshall, C.H.T. |pages=7–11|year=1879|title=Game birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon|volume=1}}</ref>

Abnormally [[leucism|leucistic]] or near albino birds have been reported.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Vijayarajji |year=1926 |title=An albino bustard (''Eupoditis edwarsi'')|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=526 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47947217}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:EupodotisEdwardsiBaker.jpg|Illustration by [[Henrik Grönvold]] from [[E. C. Stuart Baker]]'s ''Game-birds of India, Burma and Ceylon''
File:GIBustard_DSC0851.jpg|Male and female in display, Rajasthan
File:GreatIndianBustardHardwicke.jpg|From [[Thomas Hardwicke]]'s ''Illustrations of Indian Zoology'' (1830–1835)
File:BustardEggsFinn.jpg|Eggs of the species in comparison to the smaller ones of the [[lesser florican]]
</gallery>

==Distribution and habitat==
The great Indian bustard was formerly widespread in India and Pakistan.<ref name=fbi/> In India, it historically occurred in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Today the bustard is restricted to isolated pockets in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (shared with Pakistan).<ref name=DuttaRahmaniJhala2010>{{cite journal |author1=Dutta, S. |author2=Rahmani, A.R. |author3=Jhala, Y.V. |author3-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |title=Running out of time? The great Indian bustard ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' — status, viability, and conservation strategies| journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research| doi=10.1007/s10344-010-0472-z |date=2010 |url=http://www.conservationindia.org/wp-content/files_mf/Running-Out-of-Time.pdf| access-date=13 Jan 2014 |pages=615–625 |volume=57 |issue=3 |s2cid=31604255 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

Today, the great Indian bustard occurs in [[Rajasthan]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]] states of India. [[Desert National Park]], near [[Jaisalmer]] and coastal grasslands of the [[Abdasa Taluka|Abdasa]] and Mandvi talukas of [[Kutch District]] of Gujarat support some populations.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Munjpara, S. B. |author2=Jethva, B. |author3=Pandey, C.N. |title= Distribution of the Indian Bustard ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' (Gruiformes: Otididae) in Gujarat State, India| journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa| year=2011| pages=2090–2094 |volume=3 |issue=9| doi=10.11609/jott.o2756.2090-4 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ghatigaon Sanctuary|Ghatigaon]] and [[Karera]] sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh once held sizeable populations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kasambe, R.|author2=Pimplapure, A. |author3=Thosar, G. |author4=Shad, M.S.R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265652027 |title=Sighting records of Great Indian Bustards ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' in Vidarbha |journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages= 88–90}}</ref> Other sanctuaries with the species include [[Kutch Bustard Sanctuary]] of [[Naliya]] in Kutch,<ref name=DuttaRahmaniJhala2010/> [[Karera Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Shivpuri]] district; [[Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary]] near [[Nannaj]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kulkarni, B.S. |year=1981 |title=Ecology and behavior of Great Indian Bustard |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=375–377 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48228903}}</ref>
It was also sighted near [[Solapur]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[Shrigonda]] taluka in [[Ahmednagar]] district, near Nagpur and near Warora in Chandrapur district in Maharashtra and [[Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary]], and near [[Kurnool]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=rollapadu>{{cite journal |author1=Manakadan, R. |author2=Rahmani, A.R. |year=1989| title= Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary, with special reference to the Great Indian Bustard ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' (Vigors) |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=369–380 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48710764}}</ref> A few birds were detected in a September 2013 survey of the [[Cholistan Desert]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Houbara Foundation conducts survey for Great Indian Bustard |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/09/17/city/lahore/houbara-foundation-conducts-survey-for-great-indian-bustard/ |work=Pakistan Today |date=2013| access-date=13 Jan 2014}}</ref>

The great Indian bustard lives in arid, semi-arid grasslands, open country with thorn scrub, and tall grass interspersed with cultivation. It avoids irrigated areas.<ref name=pcr/> The major areas where it is known to breed are in central and western India and eastern Pakistan. The dry semi-desert regions of parts of Rajasthan have been transformed by irrigation canals into an intensively farmed area.<ref name=pak>{{cite journal|title=Status, threats and conservation of the Great Indian Bustard ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' (Vigors) in Pakistan |author=Khan, A.A. |author2=Khaliq, I. |author3=Choudhry, M.J.I. |author4=Farooq, A. |author5=Hussain, N. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Current Science |volume=95 |issue=8 |year=2008 |pages=1079–1082 |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252008/1079.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605032723/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252008/1079.pdf}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
The great Indian bustard is [[omnivorous]]. It prefers [[insect]]s, consisting mainly of [[Orthoptera]], but also beetles including ''[[Mylabris]]'' species.<ref name="fbi" /> It also consumes [[grass seed]]s, [[berries]], largely of the genera ''[[Ziziphus]]'' and ''[[Eruca]]'', [[rodent]]s and [[reptile]]s; in Rajasthan, it also hunts Indian spiny-tailed lizards ''[[Uromastyx hardwickii]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gupta, P.D. |year=1975 |title=Stomach contents of the Great Indian Bustard ''Choriotis nigriceps'' (Vigors) |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=71|issue=2| pages=303–304 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48286502}}</ref> In cultivated areas, it feeds on crops such as exposed groundnut, millets and pods of legumes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Food and feeding behaviour of the Great Indian Bustard ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' (Vigors) |author1=Bhushan, B. |author2=Rahmani, A.R. |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |year=1992|volume=89| issue=1 |pages=27–40|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48732480}}</ref>
It drinks water if available and sometimes sits down to drink or suck water followed by raising up its heads at an angle.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Wilson Bulletin |volume=106 |issue=4| year=1994 |pages=763–764 |title=Drinking methods in two species of bustards |author=Hallager, S.L. |hdl=10088/4338}}</ref> When threatened, hens are said to carry young chicks under the wing.<ref>{{cite journal |title=First Observations of Chick Carrying Behavior by the Buff-Crested Bustard |author=Falzone, C.K. |journal=The Wilson Bulletin |volume=104 |issue=1| year=1992|pages=190–192 |jstor=4163135 }}</ref> Young birds have been recorded to dust-bathe frequently.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1963 |title=Rearing Great Indian Bustards (''Choriotis nigriceps'') |journal=Avicultural Magazine |issue=2 |pages=45–48 |volume=69 |author=Dharmakumarsinhji, K.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/aviculturalmaga691963asco/page/n74/mode/1up}}</ref>

The male is [[polygamous]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rahmani, A.R. |year=1991 |title=Flocking behaviour of a resident population of the great Indian bustard ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' (Vigors) |journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie) |volume=46 |issue=1|pages=53–64 |doi=10.3406/revec.1991.2019 |hdl=2042/54637 |s2cid=191995652 |url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/54637/RevuedEcologie_1991_46_1_53.pdf}}</ref> During the breeding season, it is solitary, but congregates to small flocks in winter.<ref>{{cite book |title=Game birds of India, Burma and Ceylon |volume=2|author=Stuart Baker, E.C. |year=1921 |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |pages=164–185 |url=https://archive.org/stream/gamebirdsofindia02bake#page/n213/mode/2up}}</ref> It is thought to use a mating system that has been termed as an "exploded or dispersed [[Lek (mating arena)|lek]]".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Ardeola| volume=48| issue=1| year=2001 |pages=85–98 |title=Exploded leks: What bustards can teach us |author1=Morales, M.B. |author2=Jiguet, F. |author3=Arroyo, B. |url=https://www.ardeola.org/uploads/articles/docs/474.pdf}}</ref>

Great Indian bustards make local movements but these are not well understood; flocks disperse after the [[monsoon]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rahmani, A. R. |author2=Manakadan, R.|title= Movement and flock composition of the Great Indian Bustard ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' (Vigors) at Nanaj, Solapur district, Maharashtra, India |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |year=1986 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=17–31|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48760985}}</ref>

Breeding occurs between March and September, when the inflated fluffy white feathers of the male are inflated and displayed. Territorial fights between males may involve strutting next to each other, leaping against each other with legs against each other and landing down to lock the opponent's head under their neck.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Territorial fighting behaviour of Great Indian Bustard ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' |author1=Joshua, J. |author2=Gokula, V. |author3=Sunderraj, S.F.W. |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | year=2005 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=114–115|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48378797}}</ref> During courtship display, the male inflates the gular sac which opens under the tongue, inflating it so that a large wobbly bag appears to hang down from the neck. The tail is held cocked up over the body. The male also raises the tail and folds it on its back. The male periodically produces a resonant deep, booming call that may be heard for nearly 500m.<ref name=pcr/><ref name=hbk/> The female lays a single egg in an unlined scrape on the ground.<ref name=fbi/><ref>{{cite book |pages=375–378 |title=The nests and eggs of the birds of India|author=Hume, A.O.|publisher=R. H. Porter |volume=3 |year=1890|url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia03humerich#page/374/mode/1up}}</ref> Only the females are involved in incubation and care of the young. The eggs are at risk of destruction from other animals particularly ungulates and crows.<ref name=hbk/> Females may use a [[distraction display]] that involves flying zigzag with dangling legs.<ref name=hbk/>

== Threats ==
The great Indian bustard is listed as [[Critically Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2011.<ref name=iucn/> It has been extirpated in 90% of its former range, and the population was estimated at perhaps fewer than 250 individuals in 2008.<ref name=iucn/> The main threats are hunting and habitat loss. In the past they were heavily hunted for their meat and for sport and, today, [[poaching]] of the species may continue. In some places, such as [[Rajasthan]], increased irrigation by the Indira Gandhi canal has led to increased agriculture and the altered habitat has led to the disappearance of the species from these regions.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rahmani A.R. |author2=Soni, R.G. |year=1997| title=Avifaunal changes in the Indian Thar Desert|journal=Journal of Arid Environments |volume=36|pages=687–703 |doi=10.1006/jare.1996.0242|issue=4|bibcode=1997JArEn..36..687R }}</ref> Current threats to the species include the development of [[linear infrastructure intrusions]] such as [[roads]] and [[electric power transmission]] lines in the desert that lead to collision-related mortality.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Current ecological concerns in the power sector: options to avoid or minimise impacts |last1=Raman|first1=T. R.S. |last2=Madhusudan|first2=M.D.|date=2015 |url=http://ncf-india.org/publications/684|editor-last=Goswami|editor-first=M. N.|editor2-last=Chaudhry|editor2-first=P. |publisher=An Epochal Shift in the Idea of India-Meeting aspirations? IPPAI Knowledge Report, Independent Power Producers Association of India, New Delhi |pages=89–100}}</ref> Proposed expansion of renewable energy infrastructure, which may involve deploying solar panels over large areas of desert and grasslands is another threat to the bird's habitat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rural-development-wildlife-protection-encroachment-great-indian-bustard-3023034/ |title=Bijli, sadak, paani and bustard|last=Dutta|first=Sutirtha|date=2016 |publisher=Indian Express|access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref> Some populations migrate into Pakistan where hunting pressure is high.<ref name=pak/> The great Indian bustard is critically endangered in Pakistan primarily due to lack of protection and rampant hunting.<ref name="Khanetal2008">{{cite journal|author=Khan, A.A. |author2=Khaliq, I. |author3=Choudhry, M.J. I. |author4=Farooq, A. |author5=Hussain, N. |name-list-style=amp|title=Status, threats and conservation of the Great Indian Bustard ''Ardeotis nigriceps'' (Vigors) in Pakistan (1079)| journal=Current Science |volume=95 |issue=8 |date=2008 |pages=1079–1082 |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_095_08_1079_1082_0.pdf}}</ref>

At [[Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary]], habitat changes have affected wildlife populations. In the 1950s, the scrub forest was replaced with ''Eucalyptus'' plantations. These helped wildlife when the trees were short but after their extensive growth they made the adjoining grassland less favourable for bustards.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Neginhal, S.G.|year=1980| title=Ecological impact of afforestation at the Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume =75| pages=1254–1258 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48297499}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kumara, H.N. |author2=Raj, V.V.M. |year=2007|title=The Great Indian Bustard ''Ardeotis nigriceps''" Are they disappearing in Karnataka |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=104| issue=2|pages=211–212 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48380964}}</ref>

Attempts to breed them in captivity in the 1970s failed.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sankhala, K. S. |year=1977| title=Captive breeding, reintroduction and nature protection: the Indian experience |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=17|pages=98–101 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1977.tb00874.x}}</ref>

==Conservation==
The state of Rajasthan initiated "Project Great Indian Bustard" on [[World Environment Day]] 2013, identifying and fencing off bustard breeding grounds in existing protected areas as well as provide secure breeding enclosures outside protected areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan announces Project Great Indian Bustard |author=Shrivastava, K.S. |work=Down To Earth |date=2013 |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/rajasthan-announces-project-great-indian-bustard|access-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>
In 2020, nine chicks were incubated successfully creating a world record.<ref>{{cite news |title=India Succeeds in Breeding the 'Critically Endangered' Great Indian Bustard; Creates World Record |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2020-01-02-india-succeeds-breeding-critically-endangered-great-indian-bustard |access-date=5 January 2020 |work=The Weather Channel |date=1 January 2020}}</ref>
In 2024, a chick was hatched following [[artificial insemination]] of a female with sperm collected from a male 200 km away.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Mollan, C. |title=Great Indian Bustard: Experts hail breakthrough in bid to save native bird |work=BBC |date=2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62jv09249do |access-date=8 November 2024}}</ref>
In March and April 2025, in the [[Jaiselmer district]] of [[Rajasthan]], at the Sam Bustard conservation and breeding centre and the Ramdevra breeding centre, total of 8 chicks hatched out.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=India-Pakistan Conflict Forces Relocation of 9 Endangered Great Indian Bustard Chicks |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/planet/climate/india-pakistan-conflict-relocation-great-indian-bustard-chicks |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref>

== Evolution ==
The variability in mitochondrial DNA of the great Indian bustard showed low genetic diversity in 63 samples collected in five Indian states. This indicates a historical population reduction estimated to have happened about 20–40,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ishtiaq F. |author2=Dutta, S. |author3=Yumnan, B. |author4=Jhala, Y. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225627074 |title=Low genetic diversity in the endangered great Indian bustard (''Ardeotis nigriceps'') across India and implications for conservation |journal=Conservation Genetics |year=2011 |volume=12|issue=3 |pages=857–863 |doi=10.1007/s10592-011-0206-0|bibcode=2011ConG...12..857I |s2cid=43230093 }}</ref>

==In culture==
The Mughal emperor [[Babur]] noted that "[while] the flesh of the leg of some fowls, and of the breast of others is excellent; the flesh of every part of the ''Kharchal'' is delicious".<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |title=The Moghul emperors of India as naturalists and sportsmen. Part 2|author=Ali, S. |pages=34–63 |volume=32 |issue=1 |year=1927 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47859192}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|volume=2|title=The Babur-nama in English|author=Beveridge, A.S. |year=1922 |page=498 |url=https://archive.org/stream/baburnamainengli02babuuoft#page/498/mode/1up/}}</ref> The great Indian bustard was however a cryptic and wary bird making it a challenge for sportsmen, who had to stalk carefully (sometimes using covered bullock carts<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletshotinindi00russiala#page/380/mode/2up/|pages=381–382|title=Bullet and shot in Indian forest, plain and hill|author=Russell, C.E.M. |year=1900|publisher=W. Thacker and Co, London}}</ref>) to get within range.<ref>{{cite book|pages=33–34|title=Shikar sketches|author=Brown, J.M. |year=1887|publisher=Hurst and Blackett |url=https://archive.org/stream/shikarsketcheswi00browrich#page/32/mode/2up/search/eupodotis}}</ref> British soldiers in India considered it a delicacy and the species was among the top game-birds. [[William Henry Sykes]] notes that they were common in the Deccan region where a "gentleman" had shot a thousand birds.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pictorial Family Encyclopaedia of History, Biography and Travels|author=Frost, J. |year=1854| publisher=Miller Orton and Mulligan|pages=95–96 |url=https://archive.org/stream/pictorialfamily00frosgoog#page/n103/mode/1up/search/nigriceps}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofzoo01zool#page/149/mode/1up|title=Catalogue of Birds of the Rasorial, Grallatorial and Natatorial Orders, observed in the Dukhun |author=Sykes, W.H. |year=1832|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |issue=Part 2 |pages=149–172}}</ref> Stuart Baker however noted that this may have been an exaggeration.<ref name=fbi/> Jerdon noted that subadults and females had tastier flesh than males while [[Salim Ali]] notes that feeding on ''Mylabris'' (now ''[[Hycleus]]'') tainted their flesh.<ref name=hbk/><ref>{{cite book|pages=607–611|title=The birds of India|author=Jerdon, T.C. |year=1864|publisher=George Wyman & Co. |volume=3 |url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsofindiabein03jerd#page/607/mode/1up/search/eupodotis}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/manualofgamebird01oaterich#page/398/mode/2up/ |pages=399–404|title=A manual of the game birds of India. Part 1.|author=Oates, E.W. |year=1898 |publisher=A. J. Combridge & Co}}</ref>

Tribal [[Bhils]] are claimed to have used a technique for trapping females that involves setting twigs on fire around the nest containing an egg or chick. The female was then said to run to the nest and singe its wings upon which the tribals captured it.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Simcox, A.H.A. |year=1913| title= The Great Indian Bustard ''Eupodotis edwardsi''| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=22|issue=1|page=201|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30155114}}</ref> Other trapping methods involving the use of nooses are described by [[Allan Octavian Hume|Hume]] in his "Game Birds of India".<ref name=hume/> The invention of the Jeep changed the method of hunting and it became extremely easy for hunters to chase bustards down in their open semi-desert habitats.<ref name=hbk/>

The name ''hoom'' is used in parts of Maharashtra and is derived from the low booming call. The sharp barking alarm call leads to its name of ''hookna'' in some parts of northern India.<ref name=fbi>{{cite book|author=Baker, E.C.S.|year=1929|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma |volume=6|edition=Second|pages=64–66 |url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds6/BakerFBI6#page/n99/mode/1up}}</ref> It is known in some other parts as ''Gaganbher'' or ''Gurayin'' for the resemblance of other calls to thunder or the roar of a tiger.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Elliot, W.|author-link=Walter Elliot (ICS)|year=1880| title=Notes on the Indian Bustard (''Eupodotis edwardsi''), with especial reference to its gular pouch|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |pages=486–489|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen80zool#page/486/mode/2up}}</ref>

When the "national bird" of India was under consideration, the great Indian bustard was a proposed candidate (strongly supported by the Indian ornithologist [[Salim Ali (ornithologist)|Salim Ali]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW1#page/n14/mode/1up|volume=1|issue=4|year=1961|author=Ali, S. |title=Our national bird|pages=3–4 |journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |volume=1|issue=6|page=4|title=National bird|author=Ali, S. |year=1962 |url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW1#page/n23/mode/1up |journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] }}</ref>), but dropped in favour of the [[Indian peafowl]] with at least one reason being the potential for being misspelt.<ref>{{cite journal |title=On the brink|journal=Tehelka Magazine|author=Bindra, P.S. |year=2009|volume=6|issue=16 |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=hub250409extinction.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131120617/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=hub250409extinction.asp |archive-date=2010-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= The Peacock Cult in Asia|author= Nair, P. T. |journal= Asian Folklore Studies|volume= 33|issue= 2|year= 1974|pages= 93–170|url= http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a272.pdf |doi= 10.2307/1177550|jstor= 1177550|access-date= 2010-02-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090205195010/http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a272.pdf|archive-date= 2009-02-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ardeotis nigriceps}}
{{Wikispecies|Ardeotis nigriceps}}
* [https://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/great-indian-bustard-ardeotis-nigriceps Videos and photographs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502070753/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Ardeotis_nigriceps/ Arkive - images and movies]
* [http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/great-indian-bustard-ardeotis-nigriceps BirdLife Species Factsheet]

{{Otididae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q864359}}

[[Category:Ardeotis|great Indian bustard]]
[[Category:Birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Asia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1831|great Indian bustard]]
[[Category:Symbols of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Thar Desert]]