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M. Sudhakar (politician)

2026-05-07T19:21:10Z

SoftifyInsights:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. M. Sudhakar
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 6 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[Duraimurugan]]
| successor =
}}

'''M. Sudhakar''' (born 1974) is an Indian physician and politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr M Sudhakar, KATPADI constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/dr-m-sudhakar-799/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Katpadi Assembly constituency in [[Vellore district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sudhakar is from [[Katpadi]], Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. He is the son of Manogaran. He completed his M.B.B.S. at [[Bangalore University]] in 1999 and later did his specialisation in Diabetology at Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia, in 2004. he declared assets worth Rs.7 crore in his affidavit to the Election Commission of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr M Sudhakar(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- KATPADI(VELLORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=799 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sudhakar became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from Katpadi Assembly constituency representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. He polled 69,868 votes and defeated his nearest opponent, V. Ramu of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 5,870 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=Katpadi election results 2026: TVK’s Dr M Sudhakar wins Katpadi by 5,870 votes, defeats AIADMK and DMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/katpadi-election-results-2026/articleshow/130578139.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Katpadi Election Result 2026 Highlights: TVK's M. Sudhakar wins Katpadi with 69868 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/katpadi-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905784-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhakar, M.}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]

Islam in Assam

2026-05-04T21:24:55Z

SoftifyInsights: creating basic data added tags.

{{short description|Islam in the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|partial=y|reason=2024 edits such as [[Special:Diff/1196642803|this]] and likely others by user at this time, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on symbolism, vocab distro typical of 2023-24 LLMs etc}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Assamese Muslims
| population = {{Circa|'''10.68 million''' (2011 census) (34.22% of the state people) {{increase}}|lk=yes}}
| image =File:Hajo Powa Mecca Inscription.jpg
| caption = Stone Inscription inside {{ill|Poa Mecca|as|পোৱামক্কা}}, [[Hajo]], [[Assam]].
| regions = '''Majority''' -: [[South Salmara district|South Salmara]] - 95.2%, [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]] - 79.67%, [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]] - 57.52%, [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]] - 50.22%, [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]] - 70.74%, [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]] - 52.56%, [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]] - 55.36%, [[Darrang district|Darrang]] - 64.34%, [[Hojai district|Hojai]] - 53.65%, [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]] - 60.31% and [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]] - 56.36%. 
'''Significant''' -: [[Cachar district|Cachar]] - 37.71%, [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]] - 35.96%, [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]] - 28.44%, [[Chirang district|Chirang]] - 22.66% and [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] - 39.66%.
| languages = '''Majority''':- {{plainlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]] • '''Minority''':- [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Urdu]]}}}}

'''Islam''' is the second largest and fastest-growing religion in [[Assam]]. The [[Muslim]] population was approximately 10.68 million, constituting over 34.22% of the total population of the state as of the 2011 census, giving [[Assam]], the second-largest [[Islam in India|Muslim]] percentage in the country after [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50757093|title = Why has India's Assam erupted over an 'anti-Muslim' law?|work = BBC News|date = 13 December 2019}}</ref> After [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir became Union Territory]], [[Assam]] became the [[Indian states|state]] with largest [[Islam in India|Muslim]] percentage in the [[India|country]]. Islam reached the region in the 13th century and Muslims are a majority in almost eleven [[districts of Assam]] and highly concentrated in four districts.<ref name="census_2011">{{Cite web |title=Assam Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/18-assam.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="census-numbers">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece|title=India's religions by numbers|date=26 August 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 January 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="statista-numbers">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/616679/muslim-population-by-state-and-union-territory-india/|title=India - Muslim population 2011|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref>

In 2021, estimations have predicted that the Muslim population in the state has reached 40%, numbering 14 million, out of total population of 35 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/online-census-of-assamese-muslims-launched/article34325747.ece|title= The JSPA claims Assam today has about 1.4 crore Muslims as of 2021|website=The Hindu|date= 15 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=The politics behind Himanta Biswa Sarma's love for Assam's 'indigenous' Muslims |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/politics-behind-himanta-biswa-sarmas-love-assams-indigenous-muslims-422086-2022-07-07 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/can-bjp-survive-the-demographic-disadvantage-in-assam-1784851-2021-03-29|title= Assam muslim population have increased from 35% in 2011 to 40% in 2021|website=India today|date= 29 March 2021}}</ref> [[Assam Government]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=assam: Assam cabinet approves identification of five indigenous Assamese Muslim communities - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/assam-cabinet-approves-identification-of-five-indigenous-assamese-muslim-communities/articleshow/92685132.cms |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=The Economic Times| date=5 July 2022 | last1=Singh | first1=Bikash }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Assam Cabinet approves 'indigenous' status for five Muslim communities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-cabinet-indigenous-status-muslim-communities-8011601/ |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> recognises five groups of indigenous Assamese Muslims were recognised, namely Goria, Moria, Deshi ([[Koch people|Koch community]]), Juluha ([[Tea-garden community|Tea Tribals]]) and Syed <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=6 July 2022 |title=Assam Cabinet Approves 'Indigenous' Status for 5 Assamese Muslim Communities |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/assam-muslim-communities-indigenous-status-assamese-cabinet-minority-cm-himanta-biswa |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Five Muslim sub-groups in Assam get "indigenous status" |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/07/06/five-muslim-sub-groups-in-assam-get-indigenous-status/ |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=29 April 2022 |title=Why Indigenous Assamese Muslims seek separate identity cards, census? |url=https://theprint.in/india/why-indigenous-assamese-muslims-seek-separate-identity-cards-census/935592/ |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=5 Muslim Communities Get 'Indigenous' Status In Assam |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-muslim-communities-get-indigenous-status-in-assam-3131172 |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> other Muslims include various groups, such as [[Bengali Muslim]]s, [[Afghani Muslims]], [[Bihari Muslims]], [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Hindustani Musalman]] and [[Manipuri Muslim]]s. Some of these groups are affiliated and representatives of multiparty [[deobandi movement|wahabi movements]] influenced like [[Nadwatul Ulama]], [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], [[Tablighi Jamaat]] and other related parties, while others are [[non-denominational Muslims]].

== History ==
{{Main article|Islamic Invasions of Assam}}
{{Moresources|section|date=April 2025}}
One of the most important factors contributing to the arrival and spread of Islam in Assam in the pre-colonial times was repeated invasions by Muslim rulers and generals.<ref>"Of these the most important was a series of Muslim invasions on this region beginning with the first decade of the 13th century and ending by the later part of the 17th century." {{harvcol|Baruah|1978|p=570}}</ref> Though none of these invasions succeeded in establishing a rule it created a small but thriving Muslim population, aided by local rulers. Later [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] kings encouraged a small Muslim immigration and even introduced Islamic prayers in court. In the colonial and post-colonial period, the Muslim population exploded in Assam primarily due to immigration.

===Early history===
One of the first conversions in Assam to Islam was [[Ali Mech]], a [[Mech people|Mech]] chieftain. A [[Delhi Sultanate]] general [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] appeared on the borders of Assam in 1206 and converted Ali Mech who guided him<ref>"The first invasion was guided by Ali Mech whom Muhammad had converted to Islam. This was perhaps the earliest instance of proselytization which synchronized with their appearance on the border of Assam." {{harvcol|Kar|1980|p=68}}</ref> on his expedition to [[Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign|capture Tibet]]. Khalji had arrived with a force of 10–12,000 horsemen at the [[Kamrup region]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bayur|first=Yusuf Hikmet|title=Hindistan tarihı ... |date=1946–1947|publisher=Türk tarih kurumu basımevi|pages=273|language=tr|oclc=458672248}}</ref> but he was defeated at the [[Chumbi Valley]] and was forced to retreat back to [[Bengal]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal |author=Muhammad Mojlum Khan |page=18 |publisher=Kube |year=2013 |isbn=9781847740625 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC&pg=PA9 |title=History of the Koch Kingdom, c. 1515 – 1615 |page=9 |author=D. Nath |publisher=Mittal |year=1989 |isbn=9788170991090 }}</ref> with his army annihilated, where he died in the same year.<ref>"Most of his followers had drowned. Bakhtyar himself crossed the [[Karatoya River|Karatoya river]] with a few hundreds only. Befriended by the Mech chief he could reach Devkot south of Dinajpur and then return to Gaur, dying there grief stricken, in 1206." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992b|p=37}}</ref> This expedition resulted in Assam's first Muslim population.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992b|p=37}}</ref>

The first immigrant settlement occurred in the middle of the 13th century when [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak]] in 1257 occupied some regions of Assam briefly. He introduced ''[[khutbah]]'' and Friday services.<ref>"The first wave of infiltration flowed in the mid 13th century (1257 A.D.) when this region was for the first time, occupied by the Bengal Sultan Malik Ikhtiyar-ud-din Yuzbag Tughril Khan, "who introduced the reading of the khutbah and Friday religious services." {{harvcol|Baruah|1978|p=570}}</ref> However he was soon defeated by Sandhya, the [[Rai (title)|Rai]] of Kamarupa, who captured and executed him.<ref name=sarkar/>{{rp|39–40}} In circa 1360, the [[Sultan of Bengal]] [[Sikandar Shah]] raided the [[Kamata kingdom]] and heavily weakened King Indranarayan's authority. However, Sikandar was forced to retreat to Bengal, in order to suppress the invasion of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Baruah |first=S L |title=A Comprehensive History of Assam |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|place=New Delhi |year=1986|pages=178–179}}</ref>

===Sultanate period===
[[File:Rangamati Mosque.jpg|thumb|left|[[Panbari Mosque]], one of the oldest mosque in Assam located at Dhubri]]
In 1498, Sultan [[Alauddin Husain Shah]] dispatched military general [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]] with 24,000 soldiers and a [[flotilla]] to conquer [[Kamata Kingdom|Kamata]].<ref name=r1>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.215-20</ref> The conquest was instigated by Sachipatra, a [[Brahmin]] whose son was executed by Nilambar for his promiscuity with the queen.<ref name=nath>{{cite book|last=Nath|first=D.|title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615|place=Delhi|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1989|isbn=8170991099|page=70}}</ref> Successfully imprisoning King [[Nilambar]] of the [[Khen dynasty]],<ref name=sarkar>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=J N|contribution=Chapter IV: Early Rulers of Koch Bihar|editor-last=Barpujari|editor-first=H. K.|title=The Comprehensive History of Assam|volume=2|publisher=Assam Publication Board|place=Guwahati|year=1992|page=46}}</ref> the [[Bengal Sultanate]] began issuing coins bearing the Sultan as the "''Conqueror of Kamru and Kamta''" and publicly inscribed the victory at a stone in [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sircar|first=D. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA21|title=Studies in Indian Coins|date=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-2973-2|language=en}}</ref> The Sultan appointed his son, Prince Daniyal,<ref>{{cite book|last=Desai|first=Ziyaud-Din A.|author-link=Z. A. Desai|title=Purā-prakāśa: Recent Researches in Epigraphy, Numismatics, Manuscriptology, Persian Literature, Art, Architecture, Archaeology, History and Conservation : Dr. Z.A. Desai Commemoration Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKDpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tn+the+third+year+of+Husain+Shah%27s+occupation+of+the+throne,+Daniyal+probably+his+eldest+son,+acted+as+his+deputy+in+negotiations+with+Sultan+Sikandar+Lodi%22|year=2003|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8090-007-5|page=244}}</ref> as the governor of the newly conquered region; that reached up to [[Hajo]] and intended to expand to Central Assam.
Ghiasuddin Aulia was a [[Sufi]] from [[Baghdad]] who arrived after the conquest of [[Kamata kingdom]] by [[Alauddin Husain Shah]]. He established a [[khanqah]] atop the Garurachala Hills in [[Hajo]]. Claiming to have brought a lump of soil from [[Makkah]] with him, the building came to be known as the Barmaqam Powa-Makkah. Ghiyathuddin died and a [[mazar (mausoleum)]] was built there.<ref name="AMU">{{cite book|title=SUFIS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE CULTURAL LIFE OF MEDIEVAL ASSAM IN 16-17"' CENTURY |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]]| author=Mumtaz, Nahida| year=2020| location=[[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]|pages=83–88}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=47–48}}</ref>

A [[Baro-Bhuyan#The Later group|Baro-Bhuyan confederation]] led by Gandharva Rai's descendant Harup Narayan was successful in removing the Sultanate influence, but the Baro-Bhuyans themselves were removed by [[Vishwa Singha]] who established the [[Koch dynasty]] in 1515.<ref name=nath/><ref name="Montebello1982">{{cite book|last=De Montebello|first=Philippe|author-link=Philippe De Montebello|title=Notable Acquisitions, 1981-1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXFgCsFyPDQC&pg=PA13|year=1982|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-87099-328-2|page=13}}</ref><ref name="Sarkar1985">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jagadish Narayan|title=Hindu-Muslim relations in Bengal: medieval period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JopuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Husain+Shah%27s+daughter+and+Kandarpadeva,+son+of+Brahman+Madan+Bhaduri+of+Bhaturia;+(e)+Husain+Shah%27s+eleventh+daughter+and+eleventh+son+of+Madan+Bhaduri.%22|year=1985|publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i-Delli|location=Delhi|page=52|isbn=9780836418026}}</ref> The Sultanate rule lasted for about 15 years.
[[File:Panchpeer1 Dhubri.JPG|thumb|left|The [[dargah]] housing the Panch Pir collective, a group of five [[Pir (Sufism)|mystics]] that had joined [[Ram Singh I]] in the Mughal invasion of Assam.]]

===Mughal period===
[[File:Hajarat Ajan Pir Dargaah, Horaguri Chapori, Sivasagar..jpg|thumb|The [[dargah]] of [[Azan Faqir]], a Sufi saint who helped spread Islam in the region.]]
[[File:Hajo Powa Mecca.jpg|thumb|Even after the state-sponsored expulsion of [[Mughals]] in 1682, King [[Sukhrungphaa]] of the [[Tungkhungia dynasty]] was said to have continued to pay great attention to the Powa-Makkah Mosque in [[Hajo]].]]
In 1613, the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir]] appointed Muhammad Zaman Karori of [[Tehran]] as the Amil of [[Sylhet region|Sylhet]]. Zaman took part in [[Islam Khan I]]'s Assam expedition and was instrumental to the capture of [[Koch Hajo]].<ref name=proceed>{{cite book|title=The Proceedings Of The All Pakistan History Conference|volume=1|chapter=A chronology of Muslim faujdars of Sylhet|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|location=[[Karachi]]|author=Syed Mohammad Ali|author-link=Syed Mohammad Ali|pages=275–284}}</ref> The Mughals also ruled [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]] (as a part of their [[Bengal Subah]]), but could not subdue the other parts of Assam.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8k-irMMTnywC&pg=PA24 |title=India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality |page=24 |author=Sanjib Baruah |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780812234916 }}</ref> The Mughals established four [[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]s in the newly acquired land---among which were Dhekeri (between [[Sankosh River|Sankosh]] and [[Manas River|Manas]]) and Kamrup (between Manas and [[Barnadi River|Barnadi]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Jahnabi |date=2002 |title=Agrarian System Of Medieval Assam |location=New Delhi |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=99}}</ref> Kamrup was also renamed as Shujabad, after [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], the [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tripurachronicle.in/ArticleDetails.aspx?WhatId=60|last=Balakrishnan|first=Srinivasan|title=The Masjid atop the mountain|publisher=Tripura Chronicle|access-date=26 May 2021|archive-date=5 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905200258/https://tripurachronicle.in/ArticleDetails.aspx?WhatId=60|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1630, a Muslim saint from [[Baghdad]] popularly known as [[Azan Faqir]] settled in [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]. He preached to the local population about [[Islam]] and as a result, many converted and became his disciples.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} His mausoleum is present in Saraguri Chapori.

There were a number of Muslim rulers of Kamrup during this period and they were referred to as the ''Faujdars of Shujabad''.<ref name=back>{{cite book|first=Rajmohan|last=Nath|title=The back-ground of Assamese culture|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984/page/n16 3]|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984|year=1948|publisher=A. K. Nath|chapter=Appendix}}</ref> The sixth faujdar, [[Lutfullah Shirazi]], built a hilltop [[mosque]] in [[Koch Hajo]] in 1657. The mosque contained the [[mazar (mausoleum)]] of Prince Ghiyath ad-Din Awliya of [[Iraq]], who is commonly credited for introducing Islam to the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Unfinished Autobiography|last=Goswami|first=Māmaṇi Raẏachama|page=67|year=2002|chapter=Down Memory Lane}}</ref> The Mughals lost Kamrup forever in 1682 after the [[Battle of Itakhuli]].
Incomplete list of Faujdars of Guahati:
#Makram Khan (1612-1614)
#Mir Sufi (1614-1616)
#Shaykh Kamal (1616-1632)
#Abd as-Salam (1632-1638)
#Noorullah Khan Herati (1638-1656)
#[[Lutfullah Shirazi]] (1656-1658), built a hilltop [[mosque]] in [[Hajo]] in 1657.<ref name=proceed/>

===British Raj===
[[File:Muslim children playing outside the mosque.jpg|thumb|left|Muslim children playing outside the Moran Khatkhati Jame Mosque (est. 1892)]]
When Assam came under [[Colonial Assam|colonial rule]], the British brought with them a number of immigrant Bengali settlers (mostly [[Bengali Muslims]] from Eastern Bengal region, now [[Bangladesh]]). These immigrants encouraged other Bengalis to settle in Assam for economic and social reasons.<ref name="JR_2003">{{cite book |author=Jayashree Roy |title=Decentralisation Of Primary Education in the Autonomous District Council of Karbi Anglong - Assam |url=http://www.nuepa.org/libdoc/e-library/res_studies/2003jrjalali.pdf |year=2003 |publisher=National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration |page=10 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070018/http://www.nuepa.org/libdoc/e-library/res_studies/2003jrjalali.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The fertile land of Assam and its vast expanse was inhabited by indigenous populace at that time( that is, vast lands and forests were present but fewer people) which then attracted a large number of landless immigrant peasants from [[East Bengal|Bengal presidency]], nearly 85% of whom were Muslims. The [[Assam tea|tea]] planters and immigrant [[Marwari people|Marwari]] businessmen, who needed workers, also welcomed the migrants.<ref name="NSS_1985"/>

Early establishments of these immigrant Bengalis were in the Goalpara district, mostly in the ''char'' (riverine) lands and reserved forests.<ref name="JR_2003"/> Most of these Muslim immigrants were known as "Miyas". Since many of them came from the Northeast part of [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] and very few of them came from [[Mymensingh]], they were sometimes referred to as [[Bongal]] meaning Outsider.<ref name="AssamGov_Religion">{{cite web |url=http://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest%20/people?webContentId=174793 |title=Assam: Religion and Caste |access-date=28 August 2015 |publisher=Government of Assam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831132114/http://online.assam.gov.in/web/guest%20/people?webContentId=174793 |archive-date=31 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After the [[Government of India Act 1935]], a Legislative Assembly was established in Assam in 1937. The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], led by [[Muhammed Saadulah]], formed a minority government in the state and he again encouraged large scale immigration from then Bengal.<ref name="NSS_1985">{{cite book |author=N. S. Saksena |title=Terrorism History and Facets: In the World and in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdamAi5UpQQC&pg=PA165 |year=1985 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-201-7 |page=165 }}</ref>

In [[World War II]], [[Nawab Sahidur Rahman]] of [[Azad Hind]] was the only [[Assamese people|Assamese]] martyr of [[Azad Hind Fauj]] during [[Burma Campaign]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indigenous Assamese Muslims|url=https://minorities.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/wmd_uneecopscloud_com_oid_3/menu/document/cultural_identity.pdf}}</ref>

===Independence===
[[File:Jayantipur Mosque.jpg|thumb|The Jayantipur Bor Masjid near [[Kuwarital]] was constructed in 1570.]]
[[File:Chanmaguri Mosque.jpg|thumb|The [[Chanmaguri]] Mosque near [[Rangiya]], Kamrup.]]
[[File:Burha Jame Masjid.jpg|thumb|Burah Jame Masjid, one of the largest and most iconics mosques in [[Guwahati]]]]
After the [[1947 Sylhet referendum|Sylhet referendum]] in 1947, the Muslim-majority [[Sylhet region]] went to [[East Pakistan]] while some Muslim-majority areas such as the [[Karimganj district]] went to Assam, India.<ref name="qaty">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sylhet_Referendum,_1947|title=Sylhet Referendum, 1947|website=en.banglapedia.org|publisher=Banglapedia|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Dewan Nurul Anwar Husain|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://himalmag.com/recovering-sylhet/|title=Recovering Sylhet - Himal Southasian|date=22 November 2012|website=himalmag.com|publisher=Himal Southasian|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref>

Assam has some indigenous Muslims like the Gauria, Maria and Deshi, though they are very few as compared to the large-scale Bengal-originating immigrants. Thus, there have been concerns that [[Illegal immigration in India|illegal immigration]] from neighbouring [[East Pakistan]] in India has contributed to a sharp rise in the Muslim population of Assam and has slowly destabilised the native inhabitants of Assam. This fear of "demographic invasion" by East Pakistani has been a political issue in Assam since the days of the [[Assam Movement]] (1979–1985).<ref name="HT_fear_2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/census-2011-religion-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/article1-1384347.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826125655/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/census-2011-religion-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/article1-1384347.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2015 |title=Census 2011 data rekindles 'demographic invasion' fear in Assam|publisher=hindustantimes.com|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> In 2001, there were 6 Muslim-majority districts in the state of Assam. By 2011, this number had increased to 9.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-majority-districts-in-Assam-up/articleshow/48682463.cms|title=Muslim majority districts in Assam up|work=The Times of India|date=26 August 2015 |access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> However, some have stated these numbers have declined in recent years, though there is no concrete proof.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|last1=Roy|first1=Sandip|title=The illegal Bangladeshi immigrant: Do the bogeyman numbers add up|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/the-illegal-bangladeshi-immigrant-do-the-bogeyman-numbers-add-up-419971.html|access-date=14 February 2016|agency=Firstpost|issue=1|publisher=Firstpost|date=16 August 2012}}</ref>

====Assam Movement and accord====
The Assam Movement or the Assam Agitation (1979-1985) led by [[All Assam Students' Union|All Assam Students Union]] (AASU) and the 'All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad' (AAGSP) was a popular uprising to drive out the illegal immigrants from Bengal/Bihar etc. The movement ended with the signing of the [[Assam Accord]] by leaders of AASU-AAGSP and the Government of India under PM [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. During this period of six long years of the historic movement, reportedly, 855 people (later on 860 according to AASU reports) sacrificed their lives in the hope of an "infiltration free Assam" in the 1979-1985 Assam agitation. In addition, the infamous [[Nellie massacre|Nellie]] and [[Khoirabari massacre]]s took place during this time claiming the lives of 2,191 and 100-500 respectively.

==Demographics==
[[File:Lakhimpur Jama Mosque - Assam.jpg|thumb|Largest and oldest mosque in [[North Lakhimpur]].]]
[[File:Mosque is the religious place of Muslims.jpg|thumb|Moran Khatkhati Jame Mosque (1892) in [[Charaideo district]].]]
{{Historical populations
|title = Decadal presence of Muslims in Assam
|type =
|footnote =
|align = left
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source = [[Census of India]]
|1901 | 303,170
|1911 | 634,101
|1921 | 880,426
|1931 | 1,279,388
|1941 | 1,696,978
|1951 | 1,995,936
|1961 | 2,765,509
|1971 | 3,594,006
|1981 | 4,722,467
|1991 | 6,373,204
|2001 | 8,240,611
|2011 | 10,679,345
|2021 | 14,012,874
}}
[[File:Dr Ilias Ali on a journey to propagate family planning among the riverine people of Kamrup (Rural) district of Assam.jpg|thumb|[[Ilias Ali (surgeon)|Ilias Ali]] on a journey to propagate family planning among the riverine people of [[Kamrup Rural district|Rural Kamrup]].]]

[[Assamese language|Assamese]] is the official language of the state and the most widely spoken, and so it serves as a [[lingua franca]] for inter-ethnic communications. [[Bengali language|Bengali]], which is an official language in Assam's [[Barak Valley]], is also a popular common language among certain communities.

The Assamese Muslims are often divided into four subgroups; ''Deshi'', ''Maria'', ''Gauria'' and Syeds. Some of these people are descendants of defeated [[Mughals|Mughal soldiers]], captured in [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]], who eventually married native Assamese women and adopted Assamese language and culture. Their population totals to roughly 4 million, comprising 12.8% of state population. The [[Syeds]] claim to be descendants of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Singh">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Bikash|title=Assam BJP banks on its schemes to make inroads into minority areas|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-bjp-banks-on-its-schemes-to-make-inroads-into-minority-areas/articleshow/78484667.cms|access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 April 2016|title=The politics around the two ends of Assam's complex Muslim spectrum|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/assam-elections-2016-bjp-congress-the-politics-around-the-two-ends-of-assams-complex-muslim-spectrum/|access-date=2 September 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kalita|first1=Prabin|date=12 February 2020|first2=Kangkan |last2=Kalita |title=Assam news: 40 lakh Assamese-speaking Muslims may get 'ethnic tribe' tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assamese-speaking-muslims-likely-to-get-ethnic-tribe-tag/articleshow/74092041.cms|access-date=2 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The ''[[Deshi people|Deshi]]'' are descendants of indigenous [[Conversion to Islam|converts to Islam]] from the [[Koch people|Koch]], [[Mech people|Mech]], [[Rabha people|Rabha]], [[Boro people|Boro]]. They consider [[Ali Mech]], the 13th-century chief, as their founding father.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/deshi-muslims-seek-obc-tag/cid/1438936|title=Deshi Muslims seek OBC tag|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> This group mainly converses in [[Goalpariya dialects|Goalpariya]] and [[Rajbanshi language|Rajbanshi]], as opposed to [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] and [[Rabha language|Rabha]]. They are mainly found in the western districts of [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]] and [[South Salmara-Mankachar district|South Salmara-Mankachar]] (i.e. [[Lower Assam]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saikia|first=Arunabh|title='We don't want to be identified on the basis of our religion,' say Assam's indigenous Desi Muslims|url=https://scroll.in/article/864299/we-dont-want-to-be-identified-in-the-name-of-our-religion-say-assams-indigenous-desi-muslims|access-date=2 September 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=10 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The ''[[Moria people|Maria]]'' are descended from captured Muslim soldiers who were part of [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]]'s army in 1206. They are named as such because they were engaged in the bell-metal and smithy industry, the word ''Maria'' meaning ''one who hits metals''. On the other hand, the ''[[Goria People|Gauria]]'' are descendants of Muslim soldiers who accompanied Turbak Khan during his conquest of Assam in 1532. This army hailed from [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] in [[Bengal]], so are referred to as ''Gauria''. The ''Mariya'' and ''Gauria'' are minority groups and can be found in [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] and some other districts in Assam. They speak [[Assamese language]] as their own mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Shantanu Nandan|title=Looking for the Islamic factor in Assam polls|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/looking-for-the-islamic-factor-in-assam-polls/articleshow/51270724.cms|access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref>

The Muslim of [[Barak Valley]] adapt Sylheti language for speak consists of 3 districts namely [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]. Karimganj was known as a sub division of Sylhet district before 1947 which also part of [[Akhand Bharat]] or [[Ancient India]]. However, the Radcliffe Boundary Commission separated Karimganj from Sylhet. In Past, the district of Hailakandi and Cachar were under [[Twipra Kingdom]] and subsequently under [[Koch Kingdom]] from 16th-18th century A.D, followed by [[Kachari Kingdom]] from 18th-19th century A D. The Sylheti Muslims are living and controlling local governancy were there before the Kacharis. There were no natural boundaries between Karimganj and Cachar to happen.The inhabitant Muslims in Barak Valley (comprising districts of Cachar, Hailakandi and Karimganj) bear surnames at present (starting from British era but not before) like Khan, Choudhury (adopted by most everyone's), Mazumdar, [[Laskar (disambiguation)|Laskar]] (used by most landlords), Barlaskar (mix of barbhuiya and Laskar), Barbhuiya (used by most of landlords), Mazarbhuiya (associate with Barbhuiyas), Talukdar, and Hazari and other regular titles or Surnames mostly bought from Kachari kings Krishan Chandra and Govinda Chandra but some not use any surnames or titles. Besides them, [[Manipuri Pangals|Manipuri]], Mizo Muslims are also believed to have settled in Barak Valley. So they can be said to have technically existed in Assam even before the Ahoms.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The Bengali-speaking [[Miya people]] are descended of Muslim from the modern-day [[Bangladesh]]i and Assamese Muslim descendent at divisions of [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] and [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]]. They are concentrated in the central and lower Assam districts such as [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]], [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[South Salmara district]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]] and [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]] region. Their population is around 10.49 million, comprising about 30% of the state population, out of 40% of the Assam's total Muslim population as of 2021 year estimation report.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=23 July 2013 |title=Land pressure likely to lead to hostility between Assamese, Bengalis and tribals|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19830315-land-pressure-likely-to-lead-to-hostility-between-assamese-bengalis-and-tribals-770526-2013-07-23|access-date=2 September 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/can-bjp-survive-the-demographic-disadvantage-in-assam-1784851-2021-03-29|title= Assam muslim population have increased from 35% in 2011 to 40% in 2021|website=India today|date= 29 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Singh" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Bikash|title=Assam's indigenous Muslims may soon get a development board|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assams-indigenous-muslims-may-soon-get-a-development-board/articleshow/79596591.cms|access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref>

The third group are the descendants of Muslim migrants from [[Hindi belt]] various parts of North-West- Central-Southe India, who speak [[Hindi-Urdu|Hindustani]]. Their population is about 1.25 lakhs in Assam, comprising 0.4% of state population as of 2011. They are mainly found in [[Brahmaputra Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/counting-muslims-in-assam-6266987/|title=Explained: Why Assam is proposing a census of some Muslim groups|date=14 February 2020}}</ref>

== Population ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''Percentage and population of Islamic religion followers in Assam by decades''
|-
! Year
! Percentage (%)
! Muslim Population
([[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]])
! Total population
|-
| '''1901'''
| 9.22%
| 303,170
| 3,289,680
|-
| '''1911'''
| 16.48%
| 634,101
| 3,848,617
|-
| '''1921'''
| 18.99%
| 880,426
| 4,636,980
|-
| '''1931'''
| 23.01%
| 1,279,388
| 5,560,371
|-
| '''1941'''
| 25.35%
| 1,696,978
| 6,694,790
|-
| '''1951'''
| 24.86%
| 1,995,936
| 8,028,856
|-
| '''1961'''
| 25.52%
| 2,765,509
| 10,837,329
|-
| '''1971'''
| 24.57%
| 3,594,006
| 14,625,152
|-
| '''1981'''
| 26.18%
| 4,722,467
| 18,041,248
|-
| '''1991'''
| 28.43%
| 6,373,204
| 22,414,322
|-
| '''2001'''
| 30.92%
| 8,240,611
| 26,655,528
|-
| '''2011'''
| 34.22%
| 10,679,345
| 31,205,576
|}
''Source: (Census of India) 1901-2011<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130619082926/http://ijedr.org/] › papersPDF
Fertility and Population Growth in Assam - IJEDR</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Population of Assam - StatisticsTimes.com|url=https://m.statisticstimes.com/demographics/india/assam-population.php|access-date=2 September 2021|website=m.statisticstimes.com}}</ref>''

<nowiki>•</nowiki> Variation for two decades (1971–1991). In 1981, census was not conducted in Assam due to disturbed conditions resulting from insurgency. Muslims in Assam have recorded the most dramatic decline in fertility since NFHS-3, which was conducted 14 years earlier. The number of children who would be born per woman — or the total fertility rate (TFR) — of the Muslim community in Assam is at 2.4 which is higher than the 1.6 for Hindus as of 2019-20 research by the fifth [[National Family Health Survey]]. The reduction in fertility among Muslims has been from 3.6 in 2005–06 to 2.4 in 2019–20, a drop of 1.3 compared to 0.4 among Hindus in the same period, although from a lower base.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rema Nagarajan|date=12 June 2021|title=Assam Muslims have recorded sharpest fall in fertility since 2005-06: Govt data {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/assam-muslims-have-recorded-sharpest-fall-in-fertility-since-2005-06-govt-data/articleshow/83450140.cms|access-date=2 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Muslim percentage have increased from 9.22% in 1901 to 34.22% in 2011 (which is a sharp rise of 21.82% for past 120 years). In 2021, some estimates have placed Assam's Muslim population at about 14 million, out of 35 million total population, thus making up 40% of the state population.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/online-census-of-assamese-muslims-launched/article34325747.ece|title= The JSPA claims Assam today has about 1.4 crore Muslims as of 2021|website=The Hindu|date= 15 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/can-bjp-survive-the-demographic-disadvantage-in-assam-1784851-2021-03-29|title= Assam muslim population have increased from 35% in 2011 to 40% in 2021|website=India today|date= 29 March 2021}}</ref><ref>Assam Population Sex Ratio in Assam Literacy rate data 2011-2021</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://assam.gov.in/about-us/393#:~:text=The%20total%20population%20of%20the,and%2035.60%20million%20by%202026 | title=Assam at a Glance | Assam State Portal }}</ref>

=== Population by district (2011 year)===

Below is a breakdown of the [[Muslim]] population by district in the Indian state of [[Assam]] according to the 2011 [[Census of India]]:
<ref name="census_of_india_2011">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS 2011 Census Data: Assam].</ref> Muslims are majority in eleven districts out of thirty-three in Assam. Muslims are majority in [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]], [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]], [[South Salmara district]], [[Hojai district|Hojai]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]] and [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]. Highest concentration in [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]], [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]] and [[Chirang district|Chirang]].

{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"

! District !! Total population !! Muslim population !! Percentage
|-
| [[Baksa district|Baksa]] || 950,075 || 135,750 || 14.29%
|-
| [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]] || 1,693,622 || 1,198,036 || 70.74%
|-
| [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]] || 738,804 || 371,033 || 50.22%
|-
| [[Cachar district|Cachar]] || 1,736,617 || 654,816 || 37.71%
|-
| [[Chirang district|Chirang]] || 482,162 || 109,248 || 22.66%
|-
| [[Darrang district|Darrang]] || 928,500 || 597,392 || 64.34%
|-
| [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]] || 686,133 || 13,475 || 1.96%
|-
| [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]] || 1,949,258 || 1,553,023 || 79.67%
|-
| [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] || 1,326,335 || 64,526 || 4.86%
|-
| [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]] || 214,102 || 4,358 || 2.04%
|-
| [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]] || 1,008,183 || 579,929 || 57.52%
|-
| [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]] || 1,066,888 || 90,312 || 8.46%
|-
| [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]] || 659,296 || 397,653 || 60.31%
|-
| [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]] || 1,092,256 || 54,684 || 5.01%
|-
| [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] || 1,517,542 || 601,784 || 39.66%
|-
| [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]] || 1,253,938 || 151,071 || 12.05%
|-
| [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] || 956,313 || 20,290 || 2.12%
|-
| [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]] || 1,228,686 || 692,489 || 57.36%
|-
| [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]] || 887,142 || 252,271 || 28.44%
|-
| [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] || 1,042,137 || 193,476 || 19.57%
|-
| [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]] || 957,423 || 503,257 || 52.56%
|-
| [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]] || 2,823,768 || 1,563,203 || 55.36%
|-
| [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]] || 771,639 || 277,488 || 35.96%
|-
| [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]] || 1,151,050 || 95,553 || 9.30%
|-
| [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]] || 1,924,110 || 350,536 || 17.22%
|-
| [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]] || 1,327,929 || 48,373 || 3.64%
|-
| [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]] || 831,668 || 105,319 || 12.66%
|-
| [[Hojai district|Hojai]] || 931,218 || 499,565 || 53.65%
|-
| [[South Salmara district]] || 249,508 || 244,590 || 98.03%
|-
| [[Majuli district]] || 167,304 || 592 || 0.35%
|-
|'''Assam''' (Total) || 31,205,576 || 10,679,345 || 34.22%
|}

===Population by Tribes===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Muslim population in Assam by Tribes (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Table ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Assam - 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11906|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en}}</ref>
! Tribe Name !! Muslims
|-
| All Schedule Tribes || 13,188
|-
| Chakma || 743
|-
| Dimasa, Kachari || 126
|-
| Garo || 532
|-
| Hajong || 0
|-
| Hmar || 281
|-
| Khasi, Jaintia, Synteng, Pnar, War, Bhoi, Lyngngam || 512
|-
| Any Kuki Tribes including || 115
|-
| Lakher || 0
|-
| Man Tai speaking tribes || 110
|-
| Any Mizo (Lushai) tribes || 10
|-
| Karbi || 1,109
|-
| Any Naga tribes || 753
|-
| Pawi || 0
|-
| Others and Generic Tribes || 4,676
|}

==Indigenous Muslims==
[[File:Hajarat Ajan Pir Dargaah, Horaguri Chapori, Sivasagar..jpg|thumb|Sacred mausoleum of [[Azan Faqir]] at [[Sivasagar]], he was an important historical figure in the formation of the indigenous Assamese Muslim community.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government of Assam - Ajan Peer Dargah|url=https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/401}}</ref>]]
Assamese Muslim community is composed of two main groups:

* Muslim-Axamia:
The Muslim-Axamia community represents a significant indigenous Muslim population in Assam. Known by various names such as {{Ill|Goriya People|as|গৰীয়া}}, Tholua, or Khilonjia, they have been an integral part of [[Assam]]'s cultural landscape for centuries. Their distinct identity adds to the intricate tapestry of Assamese culture.<ref name="Who Are The Muslims Of Assam">{{cite web|title=Who Are The Muslims Of Assam?|date=22 April 2016 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/who-are-the-muslims-of-assam/296831}}</ref>

The lineage of [[Deshi people|Deshi's (Desi Community)]], believed to be among the first batch of people in [[Assam]] to have embraced [[Islam]], is traced back to [[Ali Mech]], a [[Rajbanshi people|Koch-Rajbongshi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assam's Muslims: why some have been declared 'indigenous' and some left out|date=13 July 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-assam-indigenous-muslims-8022121/}}</ref>

* Juluha Muslims:
The Julhas (also called Jolha or Jolaha) are a small Assamese Muslim community found in some parts of [[Upper Assam]]. The Julhas were originally from undivided [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], and [[West Bengal]] and are believed to be converts from [[Adivasis]]. There were two phases of migration of the community to Assam. First, during the time of the [[Ahom Kingdom|Ahom kings]], who brought them to work as weavers; and the other towards the end of the 19th century, when a large number of Julhas were brought by [[British people|British]] tea planters to work in the [[Tea garden|tea gardens]].{{fcn|date=July 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2022 |title=Report on Population Matters of Indigenous Muslims |url=https://minorities.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/wmd_uneecopscloud_com_oid_3/menu/document/population.pdf |website=Government of Assam |publisher=Minorities and Development Department, Government of Assam}}</ref>

In the 1891 Census Report, Julhas were described as Muslim weavers. According to the Report, there were 2180 Julhas in Assam, of which 624 were in Cachar, 558 in Sylhet, and 252 in Sivasagar. The descendants of these migrants now form the Julha community and can be found in certain localities of Eastern Assam. For example, the Julha community formed during the Ahom rule can be seen in Moran, Nazira, and Dimow areas of Sivasagar. Those brought by the British have a small concentration in Balibat, near Dergaon (Jorhat district), and Misamura in Golaghat District. In Assam, they are listed as More Other Backward Classes (MOBC) and part of the [[tea-garden community]]. Most of the customs of the Julhas are similar to the Tea Tribe community of Assam. Jhumur, the traditional dance of the Tea Tribe Community, is also popular among the Julhas. The dialect they speak too is similar to the one used by the Tea Tribe Community. <ref>{{cite web|title=Indigenous Assamese Muslims|url=https://minorities.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/wmd_uneecopscloud_com_oid_3/menu/document/cultural_identity.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Who Are The Muslims Of Assam"/>

On 5 June 2022, by cabinet decision of the [[Assam Government]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=assam: Assam cabinet approves identification of five indigenous Assamese Muslim communities - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/assam-cabinet-approves-identification-of-five-indigenous-assamese-muslim-communities/articleshow/92685132.cms |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=The Economic Times| date=5 July 2022 | last1=Singh | first1=Bikash }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Assam Cabinet approves 'indigenous' status for five Muslim communities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-cabinet-indigenous-status-muslim-communities-8011601/ |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> five groups of indigenous Assamese Muslims were recognised, namely Goria, Moria, Deshi, Jalah (Juluha) and Syed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=6 July 2022 |title=Assam Cabinet Approves 'Indigenous' Status for 5 Assamese Muslim Communities |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/assam-muslim-communities-indigenous-status-assamese-cabinet-minority-cm-himanta-biswa |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Five Muslim sub-groups in Assam get "indigenous status" |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/07/06/five-muslim-sub-groups-in-assam-get-indigenous-status/ |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=29 April 2022 |title=Why Indigenous Assamese Muslims seek separate identity cards, census? |url=https://theprint.in/india/why-indigenous-assamese-muslims-seek-separate-identity-cards-census/935592/ |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=5 Muslim Communities Get 'Indigenous' Status In Assam |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-muslim-communities-get-indigenous-status-in-assam-3131172 |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On 3 October 2023, the [[Assam Government]] announced its intention to conduct a survey aimed at assessing the socio-economic status of indigenous Muslims in Assam. Some observers considered this an attempt to differentiate between the Bengali-speaking [[Miya people|'Miya' Muslims]] and the state's native Muslim population.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web|title=The 'Miya' question and the dilemma of Assam's Muslims|date=8 October 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sunday-special/story/predicament-of-assam-indigenous-muslims-miya-bangladeshi-origin-himanta-biswa-sarma-bjp-2445973-2023-10-08}}</ref> The [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF Party]] spokesperson accused the [[BJP]] of employing a '[[divide and rule]]' strategy in [[Assam]], emphasising their alleged focus on creating divisions within the [[Muslims in India|Muslim population]] by exploiting differences between indigenous and non-indigenous groups for political gains.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/> The exact population or proportion of indigenous Assamese Muslims within the overall Muslim population of Assam is currently not conclusively known, as official census data has historically not distinguished between different Muslim groups based on indigenous status.{{Dubious|date=January 2026|reason=The ST Assam Census of 2011 includes Muslims, hindu, Christian etc, so so claiming that a data on indigenous Muslim population not available is false/wrong.}} On 5 June 2025, [[Chief Minister of Assam |Assam Chief Minister]] [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] stated that a [[caste census]] would help identify and document Assam’s indigenous Muslim communities. He said the exercise would be incorporated into the [[2027 census of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Caste census to benefit Assam's indigenous Muslim community: Assam CM Himanta|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/assam/caste-census-to-benefit-assams-indigenous-muslim-community-assam-cm-himanta-3572787}}</ref>

==Miya Marginalisation==
Bengali-speaking Muslims, also known as [[Miya people]], who initially migrated from [[Bengal|Northeast and East Bengal]] during the [[British Raj]], hold significant numerical influence, determining the outcomes of approximately 30 assembly seats out of [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam's 126 constituencies]].<ref name="indiatoday.in"/> They in Assam have faced repeated and increased attacks.<ref name=":02">{{cite news |last1=Andre |first1=Aletta |last2=Kumar |first2=Abhimanyu |date=23 December 2016 |title=Protest poetry: Assam's Bengali Muslims take a stand |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]] |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]] |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html |access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> In 1983, around 3000 Bengali Muslims were killed in the [[Nellie massacre]], (unofficial figures run at more than 10,000).<ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/umain30/genesis-of-nellie-massacre-and-assam-agitation Genesis of nellie massacre and assam agitation], Indilens news team, Retrieved 10 November 2015.</ref><ref name="livemint2">{{cite web |date=21 August 2015 |title=Memory and forgetting in Nellie - Livemint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/FNCcEiDMP2U6faWs1mfPcI/Memory-and-forgetting-in-Nellie.html |access-date=30 May 2016 |publisher=livemint.com}}</ref>

During the [[2012 Assam violence]] there was communal riot between [[Bengalis|Bengali]]-origin Muslims and the indigenous Bodo people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Timeline - Year 2014 |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/timeline/2014.htm |access-date=12 October 2018 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref> Almost 80 people were killed, most of whom were Bengali Muslims and some Bodos. Nearly, 400,000 people were displaced to migrant camps, most being Muslims.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Killing for a homeland |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/08/ethnic-fissures-assam |access-date=19 April 2016 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Indian [[nationalist]] politicians have accused Bangladesh of trying to expand its territory by ostensibly promoting illegal immigration. However, Indian government census reports note a decline in immigration from Bangladesh between 1971 and 2011.<ref name=":12">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Sandip |date=16 August 2012 |title=The illegal Bangladeshi immigrant: Do the bogeyman numbers add up |publisher=Firstpost |agency=Firstpost |issue=1 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/the-illegal-bangladeshi-immigrant-do-the-bogeyman-numbers-add-up-419971.html |access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deka |first1=Kaustubh |date=3 June 2014 |title=BJP leaders warn illegal Bangladeshis to leave, but census figures refute the myth of large-scale infiltration Rate of growth of Assam's population has been declining since 1971 |publisher=Scroll.in |agency=Scroll.in |issue=1 |url=http://scroll.in/article/664215/bjp-leaders-warn-illegal-bangladeshis-to-leave-but-census-figures-refute-the-myth-of-large-scale-infiltration |access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref>

In [[Baksa district|Baksa]], from the night of 1 May 2014 until the early morning hours of 3 May a series of attacks occurred on [[Bengali Muslims]] in [[Assam]]. The perpetrator is unknown, but is suspected to be the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]]'s [[I K Songbijit|Songbijit]] faction.<ref name="fplive2">{{cite web |date=3 May 2014 |title=Assam live: 30, including children, killed in fresh attacks |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/assam-live-30-including-children-killed-in-fresh-attacks-1506649.html |access-date=3 May 2014 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> Speculated to be revenge for not voting for the National Democratic Front in the [[2014 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections]],<ref name="toi12">{{cite news |date=8 September 2010 |title=Communal clash near Bangla border, Army deployed |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Communal-clash-near-Bangla-border-Army-deployed/articleshow/6516123.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093628/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-08/india/28230267_1_communal-clash-indo-bangla-deganga |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> the death toll reached 32, mostly Muslims.<ref name="dna12">{{cite news |date=3 May 2014 |title=Death toll up to 32 in Assam |work=DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-death-toll-up-to-32-in-assam-1984510 |access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref>

On 7 June 2019, 82 families comprising more than 1,000 people — all Muslims — were evicted from the Rajanikhal forest village under the Haiwaithang range.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Eviction Leaves over 1,000 Muslims Homeless in Barak Valley |work=NewsClick |url=https://www.newsclick.in/eviction-leaves-over-1000-muslims-homeless-barak-valley}}</ref> On 10 June 2021, nearly 100 families of about 500 Bengali-speaking Muslims were rendered homeless through land eviction, leaving them with no option but to take shelter near a road. A similar drive was also carried out on 17 May at Jamugurihat in North Assam's [[Sonitpur district]] which have evicted 25 Muslim families, all belonging to the Bengali speaking groups. The district administration officials said they had illegally occupied government land and did not vacate it despite several warnings in the past.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2021 |title=Nearly 100 families evicted from govt land in Assam, many call it 'anti-Muslim' drive |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/nearly-100-families-evicted-from-govt-land-in-assam-many-call-it-anti-muslim-drive-995998.html |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2021 |title=Muslims in Assam asked to control population amid eviction of nearly 100 families from 'Govt land' |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/06/11/muslims-in-assam-asked-to-control-population-amid-eviction-of-nearly-100-families-from-government-land/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=freepresskashmir.news |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Many Bengali-speaking Muslims in Assam claim the [[National Register of Citizens of India|NRC]] directly declared them under [[D voter]] category. Citing the statistics, the letter alleged that the numbers suggest there was pressure from State authorities to declare more persons as foreigners as far as possible. Between 1985 and 2016, out of 468,934 referrals, 80,194 Bengali speaking Muslims were declared as foreigners. In 2017, 13,434 persons from the same community were declared foreigners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=Assam's NRC: Bengali Muslims may face discrimination, say UN officials |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/assams-nrc-bengali-muslims-may-face-discrimination-say-un-officials-1372855/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |title=Bengali-speaking Muslims in Assam thought NRC would be their shot at dignity. They were wrong |url=https://scroll.in/article/971245/bengali-speaking-muslims-in-assam-thought-nrc-would-be-their-shot-at-dignity-they-were-wrong |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=Scroll.in |date=29 August 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> Assam last [[National Register of Citizens of India|NRC]] which was conducted on 2019 year, have found that 1.9 million people names were out of the list, of which nearly around 5 lakhs Bengali speaking Muslims names were excluded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2019 |title=As per as Statistics, there are over 5 lakh Muslims among those excluded from the NRC, leaked data suggests |url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/over-7-lakh-hindus-among-those-excluded-nrc-leaked-data-suggests |website=Sabrang}}</ref>

On 21 September 2021, the government of Assam evicted around 5,000 Bengali-speaking Muslims in Darrang district and the claimed reason for their eviction was that they had allegedly illegally encroached upon government lands. It has been also reported that two mosques and a Madrassa were also demolished during the drive, however, no evidence had been shown for the allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Evicted from government land, over 5,000 Muslims in Assam termed 'illegal settlers' become homeless |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/evicted-from-government-land-over-5000-muslims-in-assam-termed-illegal-settlers-become-homeless-1032861.html}}</ref> As per as media report, two Muslims (including a kid) were shot to death by the police firing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2021 |title=Assam: Muslim Peasants Cultivating Land for Decades Evicted in Darrang Dist, 2 Killed in Firing |work=NewsClick|url=https://www.newsclick.in/assam-muslim-peasants-cultivating-land-decades-evicted-darrang-dis-3-reportedly-killed-firing}}</ref>

On first week of January 2023, Eviction Drive were again carried out by Assam government in [[Lakhimpur district]], where around 300 Bengali Muslim Families homes and occupation were destroyed permanently, thus making them homeless and jobless.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/eviction-drive-continues-in-assam-s-lakhimpur-rendering-299-families-homeless-news-252742/amp | title=Eviction Drive Continues in Assam's Lakhimpur Rendering 299 Families Homeless | date=11 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/hundreds-go-homeless-during-second-day-of-eviction-drive-in-assams-lakhimpur/articleshow/96917262.cms | title=Hundreds go homeless during second day of eviction drive in Assam's Lakhimpur | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=11 January 2023 }}</ref>

In August 2024, after a rape case in Dihing by where convicts were from [[Miya people|Miya Community]], various organisations, including the All Tai Ahom Students Union (ATASU), Asomiya Yuva Manch, Bir Lachit Sena, Garia Maria Desi Jatiya Parishad (representing [[Islam in Assam#Indigenous Assamese Muslims|Indigenous Assamese Muslims]]), and others, issued an ultimatum for the [[Miya people|"Miya" people]] to leave [[Upper Assam]]. Assam CM [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] sparked controversy by stating in the Assembly that he wouldn't be able to maintain law and order if people from [[Lower Assam]] moved to [[Upper Assam]] against the wishes of the indigenous population, highlighting ethnic tensions rather than religious ones.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/no-security-if-you-go-to-upper-assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-sets-boundaries-for-miya-muslims/cid/2044037 | title=No security if you go to Upper Assam: Himanta Biswa Sarma sets boundaries for Miya Muslims }}</ref> On 3 September 2024, approximately 28 Miya Muslims were placed in a detention camp in Assam.<ref>[https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/around-28-muslims-sent-into-detention-camp-in-assam-2787308.html "Around 28 Muslims sent into detention camp in Assam"], ZeeNews.india.com. 3 September 2024.</ref>

In July 2025, approximately 1,400 Bengali Muslims were forcibly evicted in Dhubai.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Rokibuz Zaman |title=Assam: Homes of 1,400 Bengali-origin Muslim families bulldozed in Dhubri eviction drive |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1084333/assam-homes-of-1400-bengali-origin-muslim-families-bulldozed-in-dhubri |website=Scroll |access-date=10 July 2025 |language=en-in |date=8 July 2025}}</ref>

==Illegal immigration==
Census of India between (2001-2011) have shown that Bengali Muslim population grows 15-17% in Assam specially in the bordering districts over the past decade.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Manan|date=1 September 2014|title=Bangladeshi Muslim population grows 15-17% in Assam and West Bengal|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bangladeshi-muslim-population-grows-15-17-in-assam-and-west-bengal-2015180|access-date=2 September 2021|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> In February 2020, the Assam Minority Development Board announced plans to segregate illegal Bengali Muslim immigrants from the indigenous Muslims of the state, though some have expressed problems in identifying an indigenous Muslim person. According to the board, there are 1.4 [[crore]] (14 million) Muslims in the state, of which 10 million are of Bengali origin, and rest are Indian origin indigenous Assamese.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 April 2021|title=Janagosthiya Samannay Parishad Asom starts census of indigenous Assamese Muslims - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/janagosthiya-samannay-parishad-asom-starts-census-of-indigenous-assamese-muslims-534146|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP wants to segregate Assamese Muslims from Bangladeshi Muslims, but some ask how|url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-wants-to-segregate-assamese-muslims-from-bangladeshi-muslims-but-some-ask-how/363736/?amp |first=Mytithili |last=Hazarika|access-date=30 January 2021 |work=The Print |date=12 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam plans survey to identify indigenous Muslim population |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam-plans-survey-to-identify-indigenous-muslim-population/article30780667.ece |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=10 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Allegedly that the number of 'illegal Bangladeshis' in Assam of all religions is about 1 crore (10 million) and are scattered across the length and breadth of the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=TIME8 News {{!}} 1 Crore Illegal Bangladeshis Name Included In Assam NRC: Shiladitya Dev |url=https://www.time8.in/1-crore-illegal-bangladeshis-name-included-in-assam-nrc-shiladitya-dev/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=TIME8 News |date=31 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=1 Crore Illegal Bangladeshis Residing In Assam: Dipanka Nath |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/1-crore-illegal-bangladeshis-residing-in-assam-dipanka-nath/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=Pratidin Time |date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203095359/https://www.pratidintime.com/1-crore-illegal-bangladeshis-residing-in-assam-dipanka-nath/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A report reveals that out of total 33 districts in Assam, Bangladeshis dominate almost 15 districts of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hari Shankar Brahma report reveals illegal Bangladeshis dominates 15 out of 33 Assam districts, massive threats to indigenous people |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/34467/hari-shankar-brahma-report-reveals-illegal-bangladeshis-dominates-15-out-of-33-assam-districts-massive-threats-to-indigenous-people.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=Indiablooms.com|date=20 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bharti Jain|date=26 August 2015|title=Muslim majority districts in Assam up {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/muslim-majority-districts-in-assam-up/articleshow/48682463.cms|access-date=2 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam Elections 2021 {{!}} How Muslims Of The State, One-third Of Electorate, Voted In 2016 And 2019|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/assam-elections-2021-how-muslims-of-the-state-one-third-of-electorate-voted-in-2016-and-2019-6714131.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=Moneycontrol|date=31 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Several people reveal that ''Bangladeshi roumers'' made them specially Muslims victimised of "D" voters. This is even more problematic when names have been left out even after included on draft NRC by providing proper legacy papers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/nrc-may-be-religion-blind-but-muslims-in-assam-feel-they-are-being-singled-out-and-persecuted|title=NRC may be religion-blind but Muslims in Assam feel they are being singled out and persecuted|date=7 September 2019}}</ref>

== Notable Muslims from Assam==


* [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]], first Muslim [[President of India]] from Assam
* [[Hafiz Ahmed]] writer
* [[Mofida Ahmed]], Assam's first women MP (elected From [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)]], 1957)
* [[Badruddin Ajmal]], [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] from [[Dhubri]] Lok Sabha constituency, [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] of [[Ajmal Foundation]]; founder of the [[Assam United Democratic Front]] (AUDF)
* [[Ayesha Hazarika, Baroness Hazarika|Ayesha Hazarika]], journalist
* [[Bagh Hazarika]], Assamese Muslim warrior served in [[Ahom Kingdom]]
* [[Elvis Ali Hazarika]], swimmer
* [[Mafizuddin Ahmed Hazarika]], writer
* [[Adil Hussain]], actor
* [[Rakibul Hussain]], [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition Assam Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Wasbir Hussain]], journalist
* [[Baharul Islam]], Justice of the Supreme Court of India
* [[Syed Abdul Malik]], writer
* [[Abdul Matlib Mazumdar]], Indian [[freedom fighter]] and [[political leader]] based in [[undivided Assam]] State. An [[Opposition to the partition of India|opponent]] of the partition of India
* [[Ali Mech]], considered the first Muslim convert of Assam
* [[Abu Nechim]], the first Muslim [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] cricketer from Assam
* [[Muhammed Saadulah]], first [[Prime Minister of Assam]], the only Assamese Muslim member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|drafting committee of the constituent assembly]] of India
* [[Imran Shah (writer)|Imran Shah]], writer
* [[Parween Sultana]], [[Padma Bhushan]] vocalist
* [[Anwara Taimur]], the only woman [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|chief minister of Assam]] (She was the first Muslim woman Chief Minister of any state in India).
* [[Zerifa Wahid]], actress



== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam|India}}
* [[Islam in West Bengal]]
* [[Christianity in Assam]]
*[[Hinduism in Assam]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |last=Baruah |first=S L |title=The Muslim Population of Pre-British Assam: Their Social Status and Role in Cultural History |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Historical Congress |volume=39 |year=1978 |pages=570–580 |jstor=44139398}}
*{{cite journal |last=Kar |first=M |title=Muslim Immigration to Assam |journal=Social Scientist |volume=8 |number=7 |year=1980 |pages=67–75 |doi=10.2307/3516659 |jstor=3516659}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=35–48 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992b}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Ahmed |first1=Syed |title=Islam in North-East India: 17th to the 19th Century |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/16737 |hdl=10603/16737 |year=2003 |language=English |degree=Ph.D. |type=Ph.D. thesis |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |publication-place=Delhi |department=School of Social Sciences |others=Supervisor: Yogesh Sharma |format=PDF |pages=237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118095749/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16737 |archive-date=2025-11-18 |url-status=live |access-date=2025-11-18}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Common}}

{{Islam in India by region}}

[[Category:Islam in Assam| ]]
[[Category:Islam in India| ]]
[[Category:Religion in Assam]]

Bahawal Victoria Hospital

2026-04-30T02:30:49Z

SoftifyInsights: added some article w/ infobox...

{{For|other hospitals with the same name|Victoria Hospital (disambiguation){{!}}Victoria Hospital}}
{{Infobox hospital



| name = Bahawal Victoria Hospital {{nq|بہاول وکٹوریہ سپتال}}
| org_group = 
| image = BahawalVictoriaHospital.JPG
| image_alt =
| caption = 
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| logo = 
| logo_size = 
| location =
| region = [[Bahawalpur]]
| state = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| country = Pakistan
| coordinates = {{Coord|29|23|22|N|71|40|51|E|type:landmark_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| address =
| healthcare = 
| funding = 
| type = Teaching
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency = Yes
| helipad = 
| affiliation = [[Quaid-e-Azam Medical College]]
| patron = 
| network = 
| beds =
| founded = 
| closed = 
| website =
| other_links = 
}}
[[File:White and Yellow - Bahawal Victoria Hospital.jpg|alt=MS Office BVH|thumb|MS Office Bahawal Victoria Hospital]]
'''Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH)''' ({{langx|ur|بہاول وکٹوریہ سپتال}}) is a hospital located in [[Bahawalpur]], [[Pakistan]]. It is named after [[Nawab of Bahawalpur]]'s British wife, Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2345492/bahawalpur-cemetery-a-royal-remembrance|title=Bahawalpur cemetery: A royal remembrance |date=February 27, 2022|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

== History ==
It started as a [[Civil Hospital]] with an outdoor department, a [[dispensary]], and an [[operating theatre]] in 1876. In 1906, this health unit was named Bahawal Victoria Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/200511|title=BVH centenary slips unnoticed|last=Gill|first=Majeed|date=2006-07-08|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> Now, it is a hub of clinical expertise both in specialties and sub-specialties with a multitude of patients visiting the hospital. In 1952, a benevolent extension of Nursing School was brought about to offer prompt basic health amenities. Classes leading to L.S.M.F were also started in 1956.<ref>{{Citation|last=Chaudhry|first=Ammar|title=Bahawal Victoria Hospital|date=2009-08-08|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ammarkh/3804464335/|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hospital.move.pk/about.php|title=Bahawal Victoria Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drnajeeblectures.com/qaid-e-azam-medical-college/|title=QAMC - Quaid e Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur.|website=Dr. Najeeb Lectures|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1549247/1-deplorable-condition-bahawal-victoria-hospital-royal-mess/|title=Bahawal Victoria Hospital is a 'royal mess'|last=Tribune.com.pk|date=2017-11-04|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> Its nexus with [[Quaid-e-Azam Medical College]] ([[QAMC]]) in 1970 has transformed it into one of the largest [[tertiary care]] facilities in the province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].

It is now a 2200-bed, fully equipped, [[Tertiary Care Hospital|tertiary-care hospital]] with all medical and surgical specialities, serving large number of patients in [[Punjab (region)|south Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Atif|first1=Muhammad|last2=Azeem|first2=Muhammad|last3=Sarwar|first3=Muhammad Rehan|last4=Shahid|first4=Samia|last5=Javaid|first5=Sidra|last6=Ikram|first6=Huria|last7=Baig|first7=Uzma|last8=Scahill|first8=Shane|date=2016-11-08|title=WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators and prescribing trends of antibiotics in the Accident and Emergency Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Pakistan|journal=SpringerPlus|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=1928|doi=10.1186/s40064-016-3615-1|pmid=27933228|issn=2193-1801|pmc=5099312 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-17|title=No general health care yet at Bahawal Victoria Hospital-II, dedicated for Covid-19 patients|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1574806|access-date=2022-02-25|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> It facilitates undergraduate medical students of [[Quaid-e-Azam Medical College]], nursing students of allied [[nursing school]], [[paramedic]]s and many post-graduate trainees.<ref>{{citation |title=Bahawalpur: Area and Population |url=http://www.bahawalpur.gov.pk/area.htm |publisher=Official Bahawalpur Government Website |accessdate=2010-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109084354/http://www.bahawalpur.gov.pk/area.htm |archive-date=2010-11-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Units and departments ==

* Department of Medicine (consists of four wards/units)
* Department of Surgery (consists of four wards/units)
* Department of [[Obstetrics]] and [[Gynaecology]] (consists of two wards/units)
* Department of [[Paediatrics]] (consists of two wards/units)
* Department of Allied Medicine
** [[Cardiology]]/CCU unit
** [[Nephrology]]/[[Kidney dialysis|Dialysis]] unit
** [[Pulmonology]]/Chest Diseases unit
** [[Dermatology]] unit
** [[Psychiatry]]/[[Behavioural sciences|Behavioural Sciences]] unit
* Department of Allied Surgery (consists of two units of each of
** [[Otolaryngology]] (two units)
** [[Ophthalmology]] (two units)
** [[Plastic surgery|Plastic]]/[[Reconstructive surgery|Reconstructive Surgery]]
** [[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedic Surgery]]
** [[Urology]]
** [[Neurosurgery]]
** Accidents and [[Emergency department|Emergency Department]]
** [[Pediatric surgery|Paediatric Surgery]]
* Department of [[Radiology]] and Medical Imaging
* Department of [[Pathology]]/Medical Laboratory Sciences
** [[Histopathology]] section
** [[Haematology]] section
** [[Microbiology]] section
** Chemical Pathology section
** Molecular Biology/PCR section
** [[Endocrinology]] section
* Department of [[Physiotherapy]]
* Department of [[Public health|Public Health]]/[[Public health|Community Medicine]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bahawalpur}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bahawalpur]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1876]]

Mizo chieftainship

2026-04-27T09:59:27Z

SoftifyInsights: new.

{{Short description|System of indigenous cultural administration of the Mizo people}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

{{Infobox former country
|native_name = {{lang|lus|Mizo}}
|conventional_long_name = Lushai Chiefdoms
|common_name = Lushai Hills
|iso3166code = omit
|status = [[Tribe|Tribal]] [[Chiefdom]]s
|era = {{hlist|Precolonial era|[[Western imperialism in Asia|Colonial era]]}}
|event_start = Immigration from [[Kabaw Valley#History|Kabaw Valley]]{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=77}}
|year_start = ca. 1540
|event2 = Settlement in [[Lushai Hills]]{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=77}}
|date_event2 = 1724
|event3 = [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|Establishment of British Lushai Hills]]
|date_event3 = 1888-1889
|event_end = Abolishment of Chieftainship
|year_end = 1954
|p1 = Zo Tribes
|s1 = British rule in the Lushai Hills
|flag_s1 = Flag of United Kingdom.svg
|image_map = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Mizoram historical distribution of tribes clans.png
| caption1 = Map of Lushai Tribes distributed in Mizoram
| image2 = Lushai chieftain map.png
| caption2 = Map of settlements of Lushai chiefs 1890
}}
|capital = None [[Aizawl|Aijal(Aizawl)]]
|common_languages = [[Mizo language|Mizo ṭawng]]
|government_type = Independent Tribes and Clans
|title_leader = [[Tribal Chief|''Lal'']]
|leader1 = Various chiefs
|year_leader1 = ??–1954
|religion = [[Mizo religion]] [[Christianity]]
|currency = {{hlist|[[gaur|mithun]]|[[rupee]]}}
|footnotes = Aizawl became a capital under British rule. Christianity came under the continuation of Chieftainship under British rule.
|today = [[Mizoram]] [[file:Flag of India.svg|20px]]
}}
{{History of Mizoram}}

'''Mizo chieftainship''' refers to the system of [[Tribal chief|chieftainship]] used by the [[Mizo people]], which historically operated as a [[gerontocracy]]. The chieftain system persisted among the various clans and tribes from the precolonial era through to the [[British colonial period]] and [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] briefly. The [[Mizo Union]] advocated for abolishing chieftainship in [[Mizoram]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas|date=1994 |title=Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga |location=new Delhi |publisher=M D Publications |isbn=81-85880-38-7|page=93|quote=In Short, the Mizo Union demanded the abolition of the Chief system.}}</ref> The chieftainships of Mizoram were eventually disbanded with the Assam-Lushai District ("Acquisition of Chief's Rights") Act in 1954.

==Society of Mizo Chiefdoms==
[[File:Plate 25 Folk-Lore, vol. 20.jpg|thumb|Fanai Chief [[Zakapa]] depicted by [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]].]]
In the administration, the chief would cooperate with various individuals to achieve his duties. Among the most important of these individuals were the chief's elders, also known as {{lang|lus|Lal upate}} or {{lang|lus|upa}}. The chief could choose who to appoint to this position and how many individuals could fit this capacity. The elders did not possess the ability to question decisions or criticise the chief and typically held meetings at the Chief's house while drinking ''[[Zu (beverage)|{{lang|lus|zû|cat=no}}]]'' ({{translation|[[rice beer]]}}).<ref name="CFM">{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B |date=2005 |title=Culture and folklore of Mizoram |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2658-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of88DwAAQBAJ&q=chief&pg=PT13}}</ref><ref name="LC">{{cite book |last=Parry |first=N.E |date=1928 |title= Lushai Custom: A monograph on Lushai Customs and Ceremonies |url=https://archive.org/details/lushaicustommono00parr/mode/2up |location=Shillong |publisher=Assam Government Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=John| date=1912|title=The Lushei and Kuki Clans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNUKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan and Co., Limited |page=44}}</ref> An {{lang|lus|upa}} who became favoured by the chief for their conduct would be granted permission to set up a hamlet near the village known as a {{lang|lus|khawper}}. {{lang|lus|Upa}} who are given headmen positions act as lesser chiefs known as {{lang|lus|Belrawh mualkil}} and if they're granted privileges like {{lang|lus|sachhiah}} ({{translation|meat tax}}), they are known as {{lang|lus|sangal khawnghrang}}. The most important {{lang|lus|upa}} is known as {{lang|lus|upamin}} and is perceived as the chief's deputy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vanlaldika |first=Andrew H. |date=2014 |title=Social Stratification in Mizo Society |location=New Delhi |lccn=2014360094 |oclc=893890029 |ol=31127060M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-475-6}}</ref> The {{lang|lus|upas}} would also help the chief to adjudicate cases in which they would receive a portion of the {{lang|lus|salam}} ({{translation|fine of the losing party}}).{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=18}}

The brothers of the chief would also enjoy prestige by association if they did not rule any village. They were exempted from paying the rice paddy tax known as {{lang|lus|fathang}}. They would be given the first choice on choosing plots for jhumming and cultivation.{{sfn |Lalthangliana|2005|loc=3.The Chief and His Subjects}}
[[File:Lushai and Poi path to Jhum.jpg|thumb|350px|Lushai and Poi villagers on the path to the Jhum field.]]
Influential cultivators known as {{lang|lus|ramhuals}} would also get the right to choose cultivation plots before other people, although they would have to give double fathang. These individuals were appointed by the chief on account of their agricultural output in order to collect larger paddy tributes.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|loc=3.The Chief and His Subjects}}{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=91}} {{lang|lus|Ramhuals}} would select a hill suitable for [[jhum]]ming ([[Slash-and-burn|slash-and-burn cultivation]]) in the year. This process allows the chief to make the first choice over his jhum plot. {{lang|lus|Ramhuals}} were second in the privilege to choose their jhum plots, often reserving the best and paying a larger paddy tax.{{sfn |Parry|1928|p=7}} {{lang|lus|Zalen}} were families exempted from paying the paddy-tribute due to their specific obligation to help the chief if the food supply declined.{{sfn |Parry|1928|p=8}}{{sfn |Zorema|2007|p=16}}

The village blacksmith was known as {{lang|lus|thirdeng}}. This craft and skillset would be passed down hereditarily. One of the village blacksmiths would be chosen by the chief to as a personal blacksmith. The chief's blacksmith would take part in the administration with the chief and elders. Their responsibilities would include repairing tools for agriculture and other daily work.{{sfn |Lalthangliana|2005|loc=3.The Chief and His Subjects}} Due to this, they could also claim {{lang|lus|Thirdengsa}}, which is a small share of any wild animal killed by the village hunting party.{{sfn |Parry|1928|p=7}}{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=90}} The {{lang|lus|thirdeng}} would get remuneration by being given a basket of paddy from each household in the village.{{sfn |Zorema|2007|p=15,16}} The {{lang|lus|thirdeng}} would also have a separate workshop known as a {{lang|lus|pum}}. A unique social function of the {{lang|lus|pum}} outside of blacksmithing was the storing of heads of enemies brought from war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Samuelson |first=Rami Sena|date=1991 |title=The Mizo people: Cultural analysis of life in a Mizo village in the 1890's|location=San Francisco |publisher=University of San Francisco|page=90}}</ref>

The {{lang|lus|puithiam}} was the priest of the village and had authority over rituals and spiritual matters.{{sfn |Parry|1928|p=7}} A {{lang|lus|sadawt}} was a private priest for the chief and was granted the ability to be shared by multiple chiefs of the same clan.{{sfn |Zorema|2007|p=16}}{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=95}} The sadawts were in charge of festivals and ceremonies with knowledge of the practice of [[witchcraft]].{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|loc=3.The Chief and His Subjects}} The sadawt typically has an assistant known as a {{lang|lus|Tlahpawi}}. A {{lang|lus|Tlahpawi}} was typically a friend of the chief. Their most common task would be scraping the skin of pigs with bamboo to file off the hair.{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=95}} A {{lang|lus|bawlpu}} was assigned to cure sicknesses and procure medicine. The {{lang|lus|bawlpu}} would typically prescribe animal sacrifice, which would be brought with debt or offered if already owned.{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=93,94}} The incantations used by {{lang|lus|bawlpu}} were closely guarded and were only imparted to the next prospective bawlpu either due to their inability to carry out their tasks or being close to death.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|loc=3.The Chief and His Subjects}}

The {{lang|lus|val upa}} played an important role in traditional Mizo society. They were not appointed by the chief but elected by people based on reputation and merit towards community contribution. Their powers included managing all matters with children and young men. They operated as spokesmen to the chief on matters pertaining to bachelors in the [[zawlbuk|{{lang|lus|zawlbûk}}]]. They also regulated and assented to decisions made by young men and opinionated common policy.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|loc=3.The Chief and His Subjects}}

The {{lang|lus|Tlangau}} was a village crier. Their responsibility was to proclaim the chief's orders and assign what tasks or work were to be done the next day. The crier was repaid with a basket of rice from each family.{{sfn |Parry|1928|p=6}}{{sfn |Zorema|2007|p=15}} The crier would often essentially function as a servant of the chief with little status in the chiefdom. While assault was punished in Mizo chiefdoms, hitting the crier for bearing bad news or tedious work was an exception with no fines.{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=89}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|loc=3.The Chief and His Subjects}}

The {{lang|lus|bawis}} were slaves in Mizo society under the [[Bawi system]]. There were typically four categories of slaves: {{lang|lus|Inpui Chhung Bawi}}, {{lang|lus|Inhrang Bawi}}, {{lang|lus|Chemsen Bawi}} and {{lang|lus|Tukluh Bawi}}. {{lang|lus|Inpui Chhung Bawi}} means a slave within a big house. This term was applied to individuals in poverty, sickness or distress who sought protection under the chief. An {{lang|lus|Inpui Chhung Bawi}} was expected to work within their physical capacity but would gain privileges under the chief regarding food, rice-beer and meat taxes.{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=92}} After being married for three years, a bawi would be considered an {{lang|lus|Inhrang Bawi}} ({{translation|separate house slave}}). A {{lang|lus|Chemsen Bawi}}, which means a red knife slave, was anyone who had killed someone in a village and had sought sanctuary under the chief.{{sfn |Shakespear|1912|p=48}}{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=92}} A {{lang|lus|Chemsen Bawi}} was not obligated to work under the chief but the chief would assume paternal responsibility for the murderer's children as punishment for the criminal. {{lang|lus|Tukluh Bawi}} were slaves captured from war with neighbouring tribes through raids and battles. These slaves were relatively free and were allowed to live in separate houses. Mizo customs provided that these {{lang|lus|Tukluh Bawi}} would purchase their freedom by paying the chief a Mithun or an equivalent.{{sfn |Shakespear|1912|p=49}}{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=93}}

The {{lang|lus|khawchhiar}} is the village writer. This occupation emerged under the British administration and the influence of literacy with Christian missionaries' efforts. The {{lang|lus|khawchhiar}} is appointed by the superintendent and represents the British administration. Their responsibilities typically consisted of statistic registers, listing of village houses, rostering of coolie labour and supervising the list of guns in the village. All {{lang|lus|khawchhiar}} were exempt from coolie labour and house tax.{{sfn |Parry|1928|p=7}}

A {{lang|lus|Thangchhuahpa}} was a privileged status in the Lushai chiefdoms.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=122}} To attain this status there were two distinct ways. One way was an individual was expected to throw numerous feasts known as {{lang|lus|khuangchawi}} for the whole community, which would make them known as {{lang|lus|Inlama Thangchhuahpa}}.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=124}} Another way is to hunt and kill a specific number of wild animals according to customs and practice to become known as a {{lang|lus|ramlama thangchhuahpa}}. The animals typically required include a [[gaur|wild mithun]], [[barking deer]], [[bear]], [[wild boar]] and an [[indian elephant|elephant]].{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=125}} The killing of the animal was accompanied with an {{lang|lus|Ai}} ceremony (with the {{lang|lus|puithiam}}) to accompany him in death one day. The {{lang|lus|ramlama thangchhuahpa}} did not have all the privileges such as windows and shelves or the special cloth.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=126}} For their prestige, these individuals would be appointed as {{lang|lus|upas}}, the elders who would guide the chiefs. Privileges of being a {{lang|lus|thangchhuah}} include a special pattern of striped clothes to denote their status, the right to build a window in their house, erect a shelf by their bed and a beam on their veranda. These privileges extended to a thangchhuah's wife and their children, who had the right to wear a thangchhuah cloth. In [[Mizo religion|Lushai animism]], a {{lang|lus|thangchhuah}} was believed to enter [[pialral|{{lang|lus|pialrâl|nocat=yes}}]] or heaven straightaway.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=122}}

A ''[[Pasalṭha|{{lang|lus|Pasalṭha|cat=no}}]]'' was known as a hunter or warrior in Mizo society. Their roles were significant and central to the security of the village. Villages with many {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} held more privilege and power, which would also deter raids. A {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} held privilege in Mizo society and were typically granted the first sips of [[Zu (beverage)|{{lang|lus|zû|cat=no}}]] during a drinking ceremony with the chief.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=126-127}} Under Chief [[Vanhnuailiana]], his famous settlement of Tualte consisted of 12 famous {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}}. These were [[Vana Pa]], Chawngduma, Keihawla, Tawkthiala, [[Zampuimanga]], Chhunkeuva, Darbuta, Chalkhenga, Darruma, Darphawka, Darkuala and Zabiaka.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}} Another famous Pasalṭha was [[Khuangchera]] who participated in the [[Lushai Rising]].{{cn|date=August 2025}}

===Village Layout===
[[File:Mizo-Village-on-Hilltop.jpg|thumb|Mizo village built on hillside and hilltops|270x270px]]
Mizo villages were typically built on hills for fortification purposes from other warring tribes. To protect from high winds, many structures would be built on a slope on the hill as protection. Houses would not be built in a valley or the base of a hill, but raised three-four feet off the ground as protection from wild animals and draining of water. A house would be built of materials such as timber for walls, bamboo matting for floor and thatched grass for roofing.{{sfn|Samuelson|1991|p=73}} Each village was surrounded with a line of stockades consisting of wood and bamboo spikes on the outside. The village would have two-three principal gates made of large slabs of timbers. A block house would be built at each gateway and other locations to spot enemy parties. The village youth and men of the [[zawlbuk]] would be responsible for upkeep and repair of the stockade. Villages widely varied in sizes with the smaller villages reaching 300 households and bigger villages having as much as 3000 houses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lalrimawia |title=Mizoram - History and Cultural Identity (1890-1947) |date=1995 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Houses would be arranged in rows along the ridges or facing each other with streets running between them. The chief's house was traditionally built in the centre of the village with a zawlbuk to be constructed nearby. Another house for the ''upas'' was made close to the chief's house. No person in a village was permitted to build a house higher than the chief's.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=22}}

A standard house was traditionally not built to last due to the Mizos being a migratory tribe for their jhumming practices. A house was raised 3–4 feet off the ground and held with bamboo or saplings as posts. For the roof they used leaves of local trees known ''di'', ''thilsek'', ''siallu'', ''laisua''. Walls would be made of timber and bamboo would be used for floor matting.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=23}} Outside of the house was a platform known as {{lang|lus|leikapui}} which was treated as a resort for the family. Sometimes a screen will be added for shade so that women can weave and stitch.{{sfn|Hluna|1985|p=6}}

A standard house would have decks with hollow basins designed for rice husking at the front, which would be worked with long wooden pestles. At the back of the house was a small enclosed deck serving as a storeroom. Interiors were fitted with a hearth fitted with mud or flat stones. Above this hearth was a suspended larger wooden square of grains, herbs, jerky and cured bacon. Next to the hearth was the main bed known as a ''Khumpui'' where the parents of the household sleep. This was respected and only the parents could sit or lie on it. Young unmarried men would typically sleep in the ''zawlbuk'', a bachelor's barrack. A final section was also cleared to store water with bamboo pipes and pots, where individuals could take a bath behind a bamboo wall in a corner of the house. Windows were not built unless an individual had performed the ''khuangchawi'' ceremony, a public feast given by chiefs to well-to-do Mizos, or it was believed to bring bad fortune.{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=73}}

====Chief's House====
[[File:Mizo-Village-Zawlbuk.jpg|thumb|Mizo villagers sitting in the ''lal mual'' outside a [[Zawlbuk]].|300x300px]]
[[File:Chief's House in Lushai Village.jpg|thumb|Chief's House in a Lushai Village|350x350px]]
The chief's house is generally situated in the heart of the village. A large space in front of the house was the village square known as ''Lal mual''.
The chief's house was built to accommodate various resources and activities, often with a community effort. The chief's house would consist of a front verandah with a wooden mortar for husking rice known as a ''sumhmun''. Several rooms known as ''vanlung'' were established as slave quarters for families captured during raids. Through the ''vanlung'' you would enter the spacious area known as ''dawvan''. The ''dawvan'' held a fireplace and was known to be the meeting room for discussion, dispute settlement and administrative work.{{sfn |Lalthangliana|2005|loc=3.The Chief and His Subjects}}

====Zawlbuk====
{{main| Zawlbuk}}
[[File:Plate 22 Folk-Lore, vol. 20.jpg|thumb|A [[Zawlbuk]] to be used by the village's young men.|270x270px]]
A dormitory for bachelors known as a ''[[zawlbuk]]'' would be provided to the young men of the village. The zawlbuk would have young men concentrated in a single building for emergencies and quick decisions. Responsibilities of the men in zawlbuks could include organising hunting parties, warfare and raiding missions, or cohesive policies decided by the chief. The boys would be divided into two groups based on age. The young men were known as ''tlangvals'' while the boys were known as ''Thingfawm Naupang''. The boys typically did the firewood duties alongside washing clothes, doing errands and carrying materials for grave preparations.{{sfn |Parry|1928|p=8-12}}

A zawlbuk was built and operated by the village community. To access the zawlbuk, which was a raised building, there were logs on the uphill end. The zawlbuk would have a large fireplace or hearth in the centre, which would be continually lit throughout the night and day. Beside the hearth was a large open space for wrestling and dancing.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=22}}

Villages that were larger or more diverse in terms of clans would possess multiple zawlbuks in subdivisions known as ''veng''. Each veng would possess one zawlbuk.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=22}}

===Legal system===
Before the arrival of British legal doctrine and laws handling offences under the superintendent, the Mizo people operated under a separate, unfixed legal system. The chiefs would have customary practices and rules.

In the case of murder, the family of the victim has the liberty to take revenge and kill the murderer. This led to a practice in which a murderer would run to the Chief's house for protection. By clinging to the foundation post of the Chief's house, the perpetrator achieves '''Lal sutpui pawm'' which binds a chief to protect the murderer. This protection would ward away revenge-seekers due to fears of confronting the chief. If the perpetrator seeks out the chief, they become a lifetime slave to the chief.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|loc=3.The Chief and His Subjects}}<ref name=AJM/><ref name = PIC>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=RN |date=1996 |title=Traditional Political Institution of Chieftainship in Mizoram: Powers, Functions, Position and Privileges |url=https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:dpa&volume=1&issue=1&article=005&type=pdf |journal=Dynamics of Public Administration|access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref> For other serious crimes such as rape, the offender would have a portion of nose and ear cut off. This disfigurement would become an emblem to the offender's crime allowing the villagers to treat them as an outcast.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=18}}

A special procedure for the chief was available known as '''kut silna''' which means the ''washing of hands''. This would allow a chief to take revenge on any individual who captured or detained them during war or a raid. This was a customary practice approved by all the chiefs and no higher authority held them questionable by it.<ref name=AJM/>

Due to lack of locks and other features of security, traditional homes were unguarded and a wooden pole was placed at the door to show the home was empty. Punishment for theft led to punishments known as '''sial''' and '''salam'''. '''Sial''' was a fine of the biggest domestic animal known as ''[[Gaur|Mithun]]'', while a '''salam''' was a swine. Both of these would go to the chief and other elders for a feast.<ref name=AJM/>

The punishments for crimes were expressed through the ornamentation of the chief's spear. A piece of red cloth on the spear signified "blood", while a cane attached signifies "beating". A capsicum on the spear indicates the punishment will be hot and pungent. Two pieces of bamboo tied crosswise is a demand for blackmail with the number of [[gayal|mithuns]] demanded counted on the bends of the bamboo. If the cross is charred or burned, great urgency or danger is denoted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas|date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopedia |location=Bombay |publisher=Jaico Publishing House|page=178}}</ref>

===Economy===
Historically, Mizo chiefdoms were based on subsistence, with very few economic activities outside of this range. However, historically the tribes and chiefdoms had been linked to ancient trade routes connecting [[Yunnan]] with the [[Bay of Bengal]], which passed close to the mountain ranges of [[Mizoram]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bin |first1=Yang|date=September 2004 |title=Horses, Silver and Cowries: Yunnan in Global Perspective |journal=Journal of World History|volume=15|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/225236916 |issue=3 |pages=281–322|doi=10.1353/jwh.2004.0039 |access-date=25 October 2024|id={{ProQuest|225236916}} |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy|last2=Schendel|first2=Willem Van|date=2015 |title=The Camera as Witness: A social history of Mizoram, Northeast India|location=India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=168 |isbn=978-1-107-07339-5}}</ref> Later on, chiefs would utilize tributes from subjects of neighbouring kingdoms in the plains through force and demand regular payments.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Seshan|editor1-first=Radhika|editor2-last=Kumbhojkar|editor2-first=Shraddha|last=Nag |first=Sajal|date=2018 |title=Re-searching Transitions in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOlgDwAAQBAJ |location=New York |publisher=Routeledge |page=204 |isbn=978-1-138-22187-1|chapter=Shaming the self, negating history: Advent of evangelicals and transformation of a community in colonial North East India}}</ref> They would also have traders known as ''karbari''.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=64}} ''Karbari'', meaning 'men of business' , typically were associated with Mizo chiefs in south Mizoram. They functioned as a bridge between foreigners and the chiefs in procuring goods. They were skilled in jungle routes, customs of the clans and knew a bit of Mizo or communicated in Bengali as a ''lingua franca''.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=20-21}} Under the British, the chiefs traded and established bazaars normally in agreement to protect the business interests of the merchants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=S. Thangboi |date=2019 |title=Riverine bazaars, trade and chiefs in the colonial Lushai Hills |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2019.1687284 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=22|issue=4 |pages=563–582 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2019.1687284 |access-date=13 November 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Taxation====
Regular payment by villagers would typically be made with a share of their harvest known as a ''fathang'' or paddy tribute. Animals procured through hunting were bound to a due known as ''sachhiah,'' which was the animal's left foreleg. If the animal was already dead upon collection, it was exempt from ''sachhiah''. Failure to pay the ''sachhiah'' would lead to a fine.{{sfn |Lalthangliana|2005|loc=3.The Chief and His Subjects}} Procurement of [[brine spring|salt springs]] would have an entitlement known as ''chikhurchhiah'' if it fell within his territory. ''Khuaichhiah'' is the collection of portions of honey collected by villagers of the chief's land and territory. If the honey was collected by one person the chief would claim half, for any other group, the honey was divided with the chief in count.{{sfn |Lalthangliana|2005|loc=3.The Chief and His Subjects}}{{sfn |Zorema|2007|p=16}}<ref name=PIC/><ref name = MCC>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Subhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PP17 |location=New Delhi |publisher=M D Publications PVT LTD |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}</ref> If a villager sold a [[gayal|mithun]] or disposed of it to a person in another village then a tax known as ''Sechhiah'' would be in effect. ''Sechhiah'' consisted of paying a young pig to the chief. This was argued to show the chief's possession of all village assets and property. ''Lal Insak'' is less of a tax but a labour quota used by chiefs. It consists of exacting free labour form the villagers to construct the chief's house. Chiefs also held the authority to demand property from their villagers without backlash. The only resolution for such an injustice would be for a villager to move to another village. Mizo people were traditionally allowed to freely migrate to other villages, which Parry argued was a check on the arbitrary powers of a cruel chief.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=116}}{{sfn|Parry|1928|p=3}} In reality the lack of roads, rough terrain, and the chief's seizure of property for anyone who was migrating made it difficult for individuals to make on foot journeys to other villages. Another risk is that neighbouring villages may reject him even another chief if they hold good relations with the former chief. [[Anthony Gilchrist McCall|A.G McCall]] describes that many items and other treasures "often found their way to the chief's house by shameless [[distraint]]".{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=117}}{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=96}} The complete seizure of all property of a misbehaving subject was known as ''ram'' which forced a family to migrate to another village known as ''pem''. Vanlaldika argues that ''pem'' functions less on people's choices but the chief's choices.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=117}}

====Land====
Land or ''ram'' was controlled by the chief. It operated both as communal ownership and private peasant ownership. It was unlike other forms of land ownership in that there was no right to ownership or right to transfer. The chief would claim his own land known as ''Keimahi ram'' and entitle himself to economic privileges. These privileges would also be distributed to blacksmiths, headsmen and priests as a feudal resembling system.<ref name=PIC/>

The chiefdoms in the central Chin Hills had a two-category land classification system. Namely ''Bul ram'' (private land) and ''Kland ram'' (community land). ''Bul ram'' gave the individual the right to cultivate, forage, hunt, and customary law of a right to inheritance.<ref name=MCC/>

====Currency====
[[File:Lushai-Hills-Livestock.jpg|thumb|The [[Gaur|mithun]] of the Lushai Hills villagers.]]
Mizo chiefdoms and villages engaged in the [[barter system]]. Larger transactions required a medium of exchange known as '''mithun'' ([[Gaur|tame bison]]). ''Mithun'' would function as a measure of wealth for the chiefs. In the legal system of Mizo chiefdoms, ''mithun'' would also function as the currency of compensation or fines for offences.<ref name=MCC/> Elephant tusks were also an acceptable chiefdom currency. While using a barter system, the Mizo chiefs possessed a [[system of units]] of sorting by weight. The number of buckets varied in size and shape for commodities such as rice. There were ''fawng'' (U-shaped), ''Dawran'' (lengthy), ''tam em'' (big) and ''empai'' (medium). {{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=17}}

====Raiding and slavery====
{{see also|Bawi system}}
Raiding formed an important part of the economy regarding trade and financing. Raids were formed with a coalition of chiefs against a more prosperous chief. Guns were highly valued in raids and held as trophies by chiefs. Raids, in general, were associated with a chief's funeral custom or the marriage of his daughters. A successful raid would oversee the looting of valuables, men and women. Individuals taken during raids would become slaves of the chief and traded for profits.<ref name=MCC/> Reasons for raiding have been varied. In certain cases it would be a form of enrichment to take resources from the plains or other chiefs. At certain times, a chief may conduct raids to collect tributes from neighbouring entities and establish influence around them. The nature of Mizo chiefdoms also relied heavily on manpower, which meant that procuring more labour could be achieved with the capturing of individuals. Women and concubines were also signs of prestige for a chief and his influence.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=59}} Raids were also a way for the Lushais to procure rare resources such as steel. The practice of headhunting is attributed to burial traditions associated with chiefs.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=60}}

Men would be valued upon their age and physical qualities, usually amounting to three ''mithuns''. Female slaves were valued depending on age, beauty and physical fitness, usually amounting to five ''mithuns''. Good-looking female slaves would typically become concubines to chiefs. Chiefs were also responsible for the marriage of their slaves, which increased demand for female slaves. Tribal women would not only meet this demand but also Bengali women working on tea estates.<ref name=MCC/>

Raiding would typically not consist of open formations. Most Lushai war parties functioned on a code of ambushing. Auspicious times would be selected for good luck in their operation. An example is if the crescent moon has a star on its left side it was regarded a constellation of a head being carried. Upon killing of their enemies and targets the victor had to put his feet on the corpse or stand near it with a victory shout. The victor repeats their own name three times and sings a ''bawhhla'' (battle song). This was due to the belief that the spirit of the slain would become a servant in the afterlife upon doing so.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=285}}

After the proceedings of victory, the heads would be collected, if the journey back home was considered too far then the scalp of the head was taken instead with the hair attached.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=286}} The war party were not allowed to return with the heads in daytime as it was considered a taboo. After dusk when courtship would occur the war party would enter the village and celebrate with ''bawhhla'' and firing shots to announce their victory and procured heads. The village maidens also would make ''Arkeziak'' a white spun cotton yarn not boiled with rice and hence tied around the neck, ankle or wrists of the warriors.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=287}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Tribal Research Institute |date=1993 |title=Objects of Mizo Antiquity |url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/16/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.467497/2015.467497.objects-Of_text.pdf |location=Aizawl |publisher=J & J Press}}</ref> The wealthy elites of the chiefdoms would give rewards of precious stones instead. Looted objects could also be purchased by family members and relatives.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=288}} After the welcoming ceremony the heads would be kept in the ''thirdengsa'' (blacksmiths forge).{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=289}}

====Riverine trade and bazaar====
The forest offered resources that Lushai chiefdoms took advantage of in trading. Elephant hides and bones, which were available in the Lushai Hills, fetched demand from Sylhet merchants under the [[Mughal Empire]]. This was due to the hide being used in making shields for infantry and cavalry of local kingdoms and Mughal officials. The Elephant bones were used in making luxury goods or parts of swords. For this reason, Lushai chiefdoms used ivory as their treasury measurement.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=17}}

[[Lalchukla]] is the first recorded chief to come into contact with Bengali merchants in Sylhet who sold goods such as rice, salt, rubber, sulphur and [[flint glass]] in 1838.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=17}} Lalchukla also raided Kachu Bari, which was attributed to a headhunting tradition for his father's funeral. However, British inquiry revealed that Lalchukla took revenge with a raid on the plains merchants who had 'cheated and beaten up' Lushai traders.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=567}} An issue with the proliferation of tea estates led to a conflict with elephant hunting traditions and subsequent trading of the Lushai chiefdoms with the plains. Furthermore, the British Raj's policy to establish elephant ''kheda'' competed with and declined the value of Lushai ivory. This would become a motivator for raiding of tea estates aside from a fear of British encroachment.The chiefdoms would typically begin to sell products such as rubber, ginger, ivory and elephant bones and purchase newer products such as tobacco and clothes.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=17}}

Mizo chiefs also cooperated in the Bepari Bazaar on Sylhet and Kassalong. Bengali traders set up a marketplace in Changsil on the [[Tlawng|Tlawng River]].{{sfn|Pachuau|Schendel|2015|p=169}} In the winter months, the Lushai tribes sold jhum products such as big fish and crude rubber. Certain merchants were also allowed to operate in Lushai chieftain territory by offering protection. These merchants offered rent as a permanent income for chieftains. T.H Lewin, superintendent of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, supported the development of trade marts and bazaars along the Lushai frontier.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=18}}

The Lushai Hills possessed naturally occurring forests of rubber trees. This was attributed to the heavy rainfall and soil salubrity that helped the rubber species' vegetation. The rubber trade flourished as Lushai chiefdoms tapped rubber from the trees, providing it to increasing demands. This Indian rubber was used for products such as wire, pencil, and sulphur and for critical infrastructure purposes.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=574}} Government markets to handle the rubber market were established in 1868, with regular markets following along British outposts in 1871–1872.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=18}} The Mizos failed to realize the market price of rubber. Any Mizo could tap rubber with the permission of their chief. Due to frequent migrations under the practice of [[jhum]]ming, rubber trees were not replanted.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=21}} Global rubber prices fell in April 1876 which affected the profit margins of merchants purchasing rubber from the Lushai chiefdoms. Rubber was traded directly for one mound to a quarter mound of salt. Later on Lushai traders travelled beyond bazaars in Lushai territory to Cachar and sell rubber at more competitive prices. Rubber was ultimately depleted due to lack of management and wasteful overlapping coinciding with desperate trading for famine relief.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=575}}{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=84}} The British recorded that in 1898, there was no trace of rubber forests in the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=85}}

The increase in trade in Anglo-Lushai relations led to the adoption of currency in rupees. Lushai villagers no longer converted excess crops into rice beer and sold them to generate a profit. Three bazaars were established at Tipaimukh, Sonai, Sairang and Changsil after the Lushai expedition. Traders from Sylhet and [[Chakma people|Chakma]] investors provided capital for the marketplaces and bazaars in Lushai territory. The increase in markets led to fewer hostile actions, such as raiding and plundering. The Mizos used their coins and savings to purchase cattle from the plains during the winter months.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=20}}

The Sonai and Changsil bazaars were within the territory of Suikpuilal, who taxed the bazaar unfavourably before readjusting with the advice of the Deputy Commissioner of Cachar.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=23}} The Sonai bazaar provided [[market access]] for the western chiefs and was patronised by Khalkam. The Changsil bazaar was patronised mainly by Suikpilal. The Tipaimukh bazaar was within the territory of Poiboi. It was located in the eastern Lushai Hills and was accessed by southern chiefs as well.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=569}} However, Suikpilal also wished to move the Changsil bazaar with the intention of depriving southern chiefs of market access.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=571}} In 1875, Changsil oversaw 18 shops, with three shops at Tipaimukh and two shops at Tuirial.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=23}}

The bazaars were opened with the approval of the chiefs, who permitted Bengali traders and merchants to open their own shops. The chiefs were obligated to protect the traders from any threat and collect rent money from the traders. Establishing inner-Lushai marketplaces alleviated British fears of the uncertainty of Lushai traders or raiders arriving on British land. The rules around the riverine bazaars stated that subjects of Lushai chiefs could not trade with the markets of another chief' or beyond their chief's assigned market.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=570}}

Each bazaar had its own issues that wouldn't allow it to last through to British annexation. Southern chiefs threatened the Changsil bazaar due to Suikpilal's gatekeeping of access. The Sonai bazaar was threatened by Eastern chiefs. The Tipaimukh bazaar was threatened by Paite and Sukte chiefs in Manipur and the Chin Hills. Poiboi failed to protect Tipaimukh from raiding chiefs such as Lengkam and Chunglena, leading to merchants closing their businesses for a whole year. Poiboi took the initiative in making deals to share rent revenue with the eastern chiefs and made the offending chiefs apologize to the British for the misbehaviour. The elders of the Lushai chiefs gathered and pleaded for merchants to return to Tipaimukh bazaar, which was granted after they paid a fine to compensate the traders.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=571}}

Poiboi looted the Sonai bazaar, and the salt held by the merchants was confiscated by force. The British temporarily stationed a guard of twelve sepoys, after which the merchants closed their shops and left on withdrawal of the force. On the other hand, the Changsil bazaar was looted by their patron chief, Suikpilal. The looting of goods and cash held by merchants led to merchants closing shop and leaving the Lushai Hills. The British punished Suikpilal with a large fine for his misconduct. After the death of Suikpilal, his descendants charged excessive rental rates and extortion. Tipaimukh bazaar under Chief Khalkam had no fixed rent rate, which led to frequent disagreements.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=572}} Merchants frequently closed shops in the bazaar to the point that only two shops remained open in 1884. British officials attempted numerous times to fix new contracts between the two parties. The deputy commissioner of Cachar even suggested a subsidy system which would be deducted and penalized for misconduct with the bazaars. The government rejected this idea, citing it was unsuccessful with other tribes such as [[Aka (tribe)|Aka]], [[Bhutia]] and [[Dafla]].{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=573}}

Tipaimukh bazaar continued to be threatened by Sukte raids from the Chin and Manipur hills. Poiboi rejected the British's effort to provide security to the bazaar by citing that the action didn't represent his sovereignty. The withdrawal of the force led to the complete abandonment of the bazaar. Sonai bazaar had merchants return in 1889, but the interests of both Khalkam and Poiboi to collect rent frustrated merchants who left the Sonai bazaar permanently despite the profitable rubber trade. Changsil Bazaar survived the longest with no British security force stationed, as Suikpilal and his descendants prevented foreign raids. The closure is attributed to the fact that the Changsil bazaar declined due to the depletion of rubber from overlapping. The merchants found more profit in Silchar and British territories, which led to its closure in 1890.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=577}}

===Socio-Cultural Traditions===
====Tlawmngaihna====
{{main|Tlâwmngaihna}}
Due to [[mautam]] and recurring famines, a communitarian philosophy known as ''tlawmngaihna'' emerged in the Mizo tribes.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=87}} Ideals of honesty, courage, self-discipline, mutual help, and readiness to organize were stipulated in this philosophy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Meirion |first=J |date=1991 |title=History of the Church in Mizoram (Harvest in the Hills)|location=Aizawl |publisher=Synod |page=4}}</ref>

====Sa Aih Ceremony====
The Mizos also had a ceremony related to the remains of hunted animals. Whether these animals were hunted in self-defense or to procure meat a ceremony was done over them. This ceremony was compulsory if a [[Pasalṭha]] managed to kill a ''sa hrang'' (a large animal) such as an elephant, a tiger or a wild boar. While a [[barking deer]] was smaller it was considered auspicious to perform the ceremony. The ceremony had no time limit and could be done immediately or delayed for several days. The ceremony required the [[gayal|mithun]] or [[boar]] to be killed and feasted upon by the village. If the ''Pasalṭha'' couldn't afford to undertake such an expense, then the ceremony was excused.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=175}}

The ceremony consisted of drinking ''zu'' ([[rice beer]]) all day with music and dance. The mithun or boar would be killed in the evening. There were no special rites except an uttering of an incantation by an elder. The hunter would have ''Thing-sia'' ([[castanopsis tribuloides]]) planted in front of their house.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=175}} If the hunter had performed the ceremony several times with many boughs planted then the boughs would be tied together and attached with creeper plants. The skulls of their animals would also be displayed on their verandah and posts along their house.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=176}}
These skulls would also be decorated on the graves of the hunters which were turned into monuments dedicated to their successful prestige.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=177}}
[[File:Lushai Ai Ceremony after Tiger hunt.jpg|thumb|The performance of an Ai ceremony after successfully hunting a tiger for it to serve the hunter in the afterlife.]]

The tiger Sa Aih ceremony was considered the most sacred. A tiger was known as ''sakei'' but it was taboo and inauspicious to utter the true name out loud. A tiger was considered a ''khuavang'' a guardian spirit. A tiger would know all the sins of an individual and upon its judgement choose to harm or spare an individual. A tiger was not allowed to be hunted due to its status as a guardian spirit.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=177}} For this reason, Mizo culture did not allow individuals to admit they killed a tiger but lie that it had been struck by lightning moving horizontally. A lion's carcass was never taken home. Among the [[Lai people|Lai tribes]], the death of a tiger was mourned.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=179}}

On the Sa Aih ceremony of a tiger, the killer of the tiger was not allowed to sleep. On the day of the ceremony no activities such as farming and hunting were permitted. It was believed that other tigers would attack and maul anyone who ventured into the jungle.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=180}} The hunter would hold a cotton spindle to twist threads together; it would be rubbed and spun to swing and hit the tiger's corpse.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=181}} This would occur three times. The man would also carry a pipe full of ash and blow hard to spill the ashes on the tiger. The tiger would then be mocked and scoffed at by being fed a pebble and the hunter eating a boiled egg. The tiger's head would be struck with his sword and the tiger would be shot at point blank. This was believed to scare other tigers who would see the bravery of the hunter mistreating the tiger.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=182}} If the tiger had mauled or wounded a human before its eyes were gouged out with a stick. The hunters would then end the ceremony and retired to the chiefs house as the carcass was thrown out.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=183}}

====Nula-rim (Traditional Courtship)====
In traditional Mizo custom, young men would leave around 6-7pm to the house of the girl they were courting to sit down and talk. Commitment would entail the young man suggesting to help each other more in farm work of jhumming to prepare for marriage. Cooperating with farm work would allow the girl to accept or reject her suitor based on their conduct and work ethic. To guard against false defamation, a boy known as a ''puarak'' observes the couple's courting as a definitive witness for sexual relations. On the ''puarak's'' testimony, if sexual relations were declared, then the girl can't claim compensation for defamation if it has been publicized.{{sfn |Parry|1928|p=21-23}} The nature of courting in general did not hold penalties for sexual relations unless the girl got pregnant. In the case of pregnancy during courtship the man responsible pays a ''sawn man''.While men sneak to meet their courtships at the girl's house, they will have to avoid being caught by their parents, or else they will be forced to pay ''khumpuikaiman'' or marry the woman.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hlondo |first=Lalmalsawmi |author-link= |date=2021 |editor-last1=Lepcha|editor-first1=Charisma K.|editor-last2=Lal|editor-first2=Uttam|title=Communities, Institutions and Histories of India's Northeast |location=London |publisher=Routledge |chapter=Marriage Rituals and Customs in Mizo society|page=166}}</ref>

Once successful and committed, a ''palai'' would be sent to work out marriage terms. A ''palai'' is an envoy typically selected from the boy's family for the purpose of marriage discussion. The discussion would entail the bride price and the date of marriage. Unlike a [[dowry system]]; a bride price would simply be paid to sell the girl into the boy's family. Traditionally a bride price would be placed at two mithuns, while a chief's daughter would demand or fetch as high as ten mithuns. Physical intimacy was permitted upon marriage agreement in a tradition known as ''zawl-puan-phah'' which means preparing the lover's bed. If the marriage does not take place after the consummation of the relationship, then the boy is fined four mithuns. Typical marriage age did not have much age difference with men at 22 and women at 19.{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=101}}

====Marriage====
Marriage typically entailed a feast where the bride's father would slaughter a mithun, and half were given to the groom's family. The bride would redistribute a portion of the bride price, and a special sum known as ''pusum'' was given to the bride's favourite uncle. The uncle receiving the ''pusum'' was placed under the responsibility of caring for the family of the newly married couple. All others who received a portion would give a hen in return which would contribute to the settling of the couple. After the feast the bride would return to her house and is returned to her husband's house in an act known as ''Lawi That'' (permanent entry). Divorce for marriage was equally available for men and women and provided on the grounds of physical cruelty and unfaithfulness. In certain circumstances portion of the bride price would be refunded or given up.{{sfn |Samuelson|1991|p=102}} Chiefs practiced clan endogamy for the purpose of maintaining their dignity and social status by not marrying the commoner class known as ''hnamchawm''. Marriage alliances were a common relationship between chiefs. If a member of the chief's family married a commoner then that individual would lose all privilege and status. The children of these marriages are also not considered part of the chief's clan nor worthy of retaining chieftainship. In some cases if a poor man were to pursue the daughter of a chief then the murder of the said man would not considered an act of cruelty. Such an example is made of [[Laltheri]], the sister of [[Vanhnuailiana]] and daughter of [[Lalsavunga]]. Her lover Chalthanga was executed and the incident was immortalized as a song.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=117}}

There are five types of marriage in Mizo society. ''Lungvar'' is marriage through negotiation and is the most common type. After paying the bride price the bride goes to the groom's house which is called ''lawi''. ''Fan'' is when a man goes and lives in a girl's house as her husband. This practice is considered disgraceful for the man. ''Luhkung'' is the practice of a girl living in the man's house as a wife before marriage and this is also disgraceful. ''Sazumeidawh'' is a marriage without bride price. This agreement is made with both parties consent and allows the man to leave and divorce her at any time without penalties. These marriages are rare but common for daughters of widows and this custom does not require a palai.{{sfn|Hlondo|2021|p=169}}

====Inheritance====
[[File:Plate 23 Folk-Lore, vol. 20.jpg|thumb|Fânai chieftainess [[Darbilhi]], depicted by [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]].]]
Traditionally, a chief would have a wife and concubines.{{sfn|Parry|1928|p=4}} The wife of a chief was granted privileges such as immunity from punishments and often treated with semi-divine status. However, she was still expected to take on the roles and work like other women. The wife of a chief also had little to no political influence on their decisions.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=179}} The concubines are known as ''hmei'' and their children ''hmeifa'' are considered illegitimate for inheritance.{{sfn|Dev|Lahiri|1983|p=4}} The oldest sons would typically be granted a village as a headsman and answer to the decision of their chief father. The youngest son would stay with the chief and inherit the chiefdom as a result. With the arrival of British administrations, the superintendent approved who would inherit chieftainship and typically awarded it to the eldest sons. The chief also had power to set up new villages under his administration and influence, but this power was restrained with British oversight of the Lushai Hills.{{sfn |Parry|1928|p=4}} The oldest sons would shift a fraction of the settlement's population with him to a new location. The son was not expected to pay any tribute or tax to his father, who was chief. The older sons were left to themselves to secure and consolidate authority as a chief in their own right. The older sons were still morally obligated to aid their father in terms of hardship and distress. In cases where a father chief lived long, and their older sons gained power and prestige, the decision to abandon loyalty was also able to be pursued. Lewin argues that the right to succession of the chief was limited to sons who were potent and gifted with capacity.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=111}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewin |first=Thomas Herbert |date=1874 |title=Progressive Colloquial Exercixes in the Lushai Dialect of the 'Dzo' or Kuki Language with vocabularies and popular tales (Notated) |url=https://archive.org/details/progressivecoll00lewigoog |location=Calcutta |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company}}</ref> In the case of the son being a minor, the wife of the chief was permitted to act as regent and possess the powers of chieftainship.

====Funerals====
Upon the death of a chief, a ceremonial announcement is made to the village through the ''tlangau'' of the chief's death and the successor to the chiefdom.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=46}} The wives of the chiefs would observe a widow's penance for three months to a year to appease the soul of the deceased. The penance period did not permit any fun activities, meeting new people or travelling to a new place. The chief's corpse was laid to rest on a platform in the courtyard of the chief's house. To prevent the decay of the body, the body was placed in smoke for a whole year before the final burial. Customary Lushai tradition also preferred a chief to be buried in prestige. This was done by burying the chief with the heads of enemies to work as slaves for the chiefs in the afterlife. The highest status chiefs would be accompanied by up to 100 slaves. Other objects buried alongside chiefs would include food and drink, weapons such as their favourite gun, human heads of animals and slaves. Many of the raids before the British annexation were considered to be caused by this practice of headhunting. After the British annexation and halting of raiding traditions, the chiefs were buried with the heads of animals.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=47}}
[[File:Vonolel tomb- illustrated history.jpg|thumb|[[Vonolel]]'s Tomb illustrated in James Grant's "Cassell's Illustrated History of India, Volume 2"]]

The smoking process would consist of a wooden coffin placed near a wall in the chief's house with a hearth built near it. A bamboo tube is run up through the floor of the house and it is fixed through a hold underneath the coffin. The hearth is lit on fire and the corpse slowly dries as a result. The coffin is opened monthly to check the drying process and turned around to spread the effect evenly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dev |first1=Bimal J| last2=Lahiri|first2=Dilip Kumar|date=1983 |title=Lushai customs and ceremonies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilRuAAAAMAAJ|location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}</ref>

The chief's body would be taken in a procession to the monument site. All the relatives of the chiefs would follow while singing ''hla'' ([[ballads]]) praising the chief.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=47}} The puithiam would chant charms and offer the final prayer for the chief. The ceremony would end with a beating of drums and shooting of muskets before reconvening in the chief's house.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=48}}
[[File:Illustration of Vonolel's tomb - Lushai Expedition.jpg|thumb|Illustration of Chief [[Vonolel]]'s tomb.]]
The graves were built as monuments, which were also decorated with the skulls of [[gayal|mithun]]. The monument would consist of mud, bamboo, stones and logs of wood. Spikes would be planet around the monument with animal and human heads implanted at the tips. The site of these monuments were selected by the ''upas'' and preferably placed on the hilltops or the slope of a hill. Some monuments would be made in the courtyard of the chief's house to protect desecration by enemies.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=47}}

==Precolonial chieftainship==
===Origins of chieftainship===
One account discusses the origins of chieftainship among the Mizos through the Lusei clan. The earliest records of chieftainship among the Mizo tribes are dated to [[Zahmuaka]] and his six sons in the 16th century.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=110}} Zahmuaka was the descendent of Chhualawma, who was adopted after being captured in a raid from the Mizo Tedim wars in the late 16th century. After the death of Chief Chhanpiala of the smaller tribes living in Khawrua and Tlang died, Zahmuaka was nominated by the people to become their chief.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lalthangliana |first1=B. |title=History of Mizo In Burma |date=1975 |publisher=Arts and Science University Mandalay |location=Mandalay |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14107/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> His wife, Lawileri played a role in this acceptance.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=110}} After accepting the role, Zahmuaka became fedup with the chief and attempted to return to his old life as a commoner. The villagers persuaded him to remain chief by offering a basket of paddy annually from each house under his rule. This was the establishment of ''fathang''. ''Fathang'' remained as an institution of chieftainship until being abolished in the 1950s.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=16}}<ref name=MSP/> The six sons of Zahmuaka are known as Zadenga, Thangluaha, Thangura, Paliana, Rivunga and Rokhuma.<ref name=MSP>{{cite book |last=Nunthara |first=C |date=1996 |title=Mizoram: Society and Polity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PA24 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |page=42 |isbn=81-7387-059-4}}</ref><ref name=AJM>{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=R N |last2=Chakraborty|first2=P|last3=Sailo|first3=Michael Lalrinsanga|date=2006 |title=Administration of Justice in Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-llviDkGAAC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PA13 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=15 |isbn=81-8324-059-3}}</ref>

The sons of Zahmuaka established themselves between the Manipur and Tiau rivers in the early 17th century. Thangur's dynasty became the most well known to the point that the other chief dynasties identified themselves as being related to Thangur.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=18}} By the 18th century, chieftainship was established into a consistent form which would last till the British annexation of their territories. Originally chieftainship was fought for, but the institution became hereditary<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Daman |date=1996 |title=The Last Frontier: people and forests in Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXuCEAAAQBAJ&q=mizo+history |location=India |publisher=Tata Energy Research Institute|isbn=81-85419-17-5}}</ref> through the youngest son, who would remain with the chief while the elder sons would gain their own villages.

While living between the two rivers, the cultivation of crops was not easy. The land on the Chin Hills were not productive as the soil wasn't fertile, and the slopes were too steep. Crops grown during this time were millet, wheat, arum and sweet potato. Lalthangliana argues that poor cultivation of crops was one of the factors responsible for the migration of the Mizos into the Lushai Hills in the 17th century. The agricultural tools were also not efficient. Lalthangliana recognises poems from oral history describing the use of deer horns as hoes for fieldwork. For this reason, it is speculated that iron tools were rare or expensive. In terms of dress, men wore Hnawkhal, which was made of hemp. Women wore similar attire known as Siapsup.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=20}}

When the Mizos moved west to the Len range and the Tiau Valley on the modern international border, there were changes to living conditions. The Mizos developed knowledge of weaving with hand looms and developed cloth and attire. The pattern of the cloth was white and black stripes. Men and women wore big iron pins, sometimes with ivory beads or accessories. This fashion remained until the 1890s with the British annexation. In terms of weapons, wooden clubs were used traditionally with rare iron swords. The longsword was introduced by the Burmese during the Kabaw Valley settlement era. The bow and arrow were widely used and adopted upon migration to the Len range and Tiau Valley.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=20}} Early warfare was conducted with duels of the champions of the settlements. When the best warrior was defeated in the duel, it was considered a defeat for the parties. With the introduction and adoption of the bow and arrow, the duels of champions became obsolete. For armour, the Mizos sometimes used copper helmets with goat hair dyed red fixed as an accessory and a cloth wrapped around them called ''Tawllohpuan'' (no retreat). A typical [[Pasalṭha]] carried a quiver, a staff and a sword.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=21}}

===Scholastic Interpretation of chieftainship===
The social system during the Mizos inhabitation in the Chin Hills was of an egalitarian nature. There were no chiefs to rule a particular clan or group at the time as the population was scattered across well defendable landscapes. However, despite such a social nature, the villages continued to fight for supremacy but only through their best warrior or champion. A duel would take place between the strongest of the warriors of each party and the winning champion would see proclaim victory for his party and their interests. The evolution of warfare coincided with the introduction of bows and arrows among the tribes. As a result, there was an endless struggle for supremacy in the Mizo tribes between the Run and Tlang rivers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Chitta Ranjan |date=1998 |title= Mizo Polity and Political MNodernisation (Pre-colonial & Colonial institutions)|location=New Delhi |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn= }}</ref> After the rise of [[Zahmuaka]] the egalitarian system of the Mizo tribes began to decline. The right of chieftainship originated via the strongest individual in the art of warfare who could declare himself as a leader. The right of chieftainship was acquired by might or force before becoming hereditary with the Sailo dynasty.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=12}} With the proliferation of chiefs a desire for supremacy led to the origination of politics regarding chieftainship. Nag argues that chieftainship emerged in the application of force for power which is almost akin to the force theory of the origin of the state.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=16}}

===Migration of the Clans===

Zahmuaka's son, Thangura, became the most powerful chief among the six sons and was the last to migrate into present day Mizoram. Population increases and increase of chiefs, many smaller and weaker chiefs originally began to migrate west. The descendants of Zadenga were the first to migrate and managed to reach as far as the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=42}} Migration was followed starting with Palian and continuing with Rokhum, Rivung, Chenkual and Thangluah descendants. Thangur's grandson Sailova was a famous chief whose name became eponymous to the Sailo clans. Sailo clans also oversaw cooperation with the Ralte, Fanai and Lushai clans.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=44}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=24-25}}

====Zadeng chiefs====
The Zadeng chiefs originally settled in the Champhai area and cooperated with the Ralte chief Mangkhaia's father, Mangthawnga and his brother Thawnglura. Thawnglura guided the Zadengs towards Tualbungah and Zampui. The Zadeng had a chieftainess known as Pidari who ruled the Kawrthah mountain. The Zadengs declined under Lalchungnunga in Mualthuam and Juahzawl. When Lallula's son, Vuta, was captured by the Pawi. The Sailos collected ransom to free him, but Lalchungnunga and the Zadengs refused to pay. The Sailo chiefs [[Mângpawrha]], Lallianvunga and [[Lalsavunga]] jointly attacked Lalchungnunga and captured his son Ngura as a hostage.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=87}} Lalsavunga took the [[bawi system|bawis]], guns and weapons of the Zadeng chiefs. Lalchungnunga and his chiefs provided their property to ransom Ngura and were forced to migrate westwards into [[Hill Tipperah]].{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=132}}

====Palian chiefs====
Palian's son, Lianpuia established himself in Khuanglenga in the northern Lushai Hills. The area was occupied by Hmar tribes and chiefs who had established several areas. The Palians gathered in Dungtlang under the chiefs Pu Buara and Bulpuia.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=85}} Dungtlang was situated in northeast Mizoram near the current border of Myanmar. Dungtlang existed between 1670-1680 with as many as three thousand homes. When the Sailo chiefs migrated west, Pu Buara moved to the southwest as far as modern day Bangladesh.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=6}} Dungtlang was prestigious that chief Lallula had initially thought to join it before being convinced by Laltuaka to establish their own coalition.{{sfn|Zawla|1989|p=182}}

Buluia's son Huliana migrated to Thinglian, Sialhauvah and Arthlawah before settling in Chipui. Chief [[Sibuta]] was known as a prominent Palian chief who erected a large stone for his grave.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=85}} The Palian chiefs were defeated by Lalpuithanga, the southern Sailos who pressed them.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=101}} Sibuta's descendant [[Lalchukla|Lalsuthlaha]] was arrested by the British in the Blackwood expedition in 1844 after a raid.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=85}}

====Distribution upon British annexation====

[[File:Map of Lushai Tribes.jpg|thumb|Map of distribution of Lushai-Kuki Clans|350x350px]] By the time of British annexation, the chieftains of Rokhuma were largely integrated and left no traces of their settlements apart from oral history. The chiefs descending from Zadenga, Thangluaha, and Paliana had been severely weakened and had ruled a few petty settlements that were protected by the British. Rivung chiefs settled in [[Hill Tipperah]] and were one of the earliest kukis to be recorded by the chief of Chittagong in 1777. The Sailo family under Sailova, son of Thangura, became the predominant tribe in the Lushai Hills. The arrival saw the non-integrating tribes such as ''Khawtlang'' and ''Khawchhak'' flee to Thadou chieftains in Manipur.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shakespear |first1=John |date=1909 |title=The Kuki-Lushai Clans |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843210 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=39|pages=371–385 |doi=10.2307/2843210|jstor=2843210 |access-date=22 November 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Clans that were not part of the Lusheis, saw their languages lost in favour of [[Mizo language|Duhlien]]. Apart from the [[Hmar people|Hmar]] and [[Paite people|Paite]] who managed to preserve their dialects, the Vanchia, Kohlring, Nennte, Powtu and others eventually adopted Duhlien.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shakespear |first1=John |last2=M |first2=J.L |date= 1900|title=Note on Some Tribal and Family Names Employed in Speaking of the Inhabitants of the Lushai Hills |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=30 |issue=1 |page=68 |doi=10.2307/2842701 |jstor=2842701 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Sailo migration===
The Mizo tribes also migrated into the Lushai Hills due to Chin aggression. The chins were known to the Lushei as ''poi'' or ''pawi''. A long-term feud led to a great war that led to the defeat of the Lushei tribes.{{sfn|Shakespear|Stanton|1895|p=171}} The large battle between the Mizos and Pawi led to a victory for the Mizos initially. However, during a celebration of Chapchar Kut the Pawi staged an ambush which lead to the destruction of Suaipui inhabited by the Ralte. The event was immortalized in a ''hla'' (poem).{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=21}} The chiefs evacuated their villages and settlements to the east of the Tyao river. In 1883, the Lushei attempted another attack against the ''poi'' but failed once more by over extending themselves in enemy territory. Up to 40 men were lost in the ambush and the remaining survivors were chased and escaped through the dense jungles back to their homes.{{sfn|Shakespear|Stanton|1895|p=171}}

After crossing the [[Tyao River|Tiau river]], the two sons of Sailova, namely Chungnunga and Lianlula established themselves and their sons under Pu Kawlha's village of [[Selesih]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Liangkhaia|date=1938 |title=Mizo Chanchin (Mizo History) |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP454-13-11#4 |location=Aizawl|page=56|language=Mizo}}</ref> Sailova had died before the migration while the Mizos lived east of the Tiau river. Chungnunga and Lianlula migrated sometime in the early 18th century.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=25}} Selesih was the largest mizo settlement at the time and was functionally a confederation of chiefs and tribes. It consisted of multiple tribes and clans and petty chiefs ranging from the five major tribes and the 12 minor tribes without feuds.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Singha|editor1-first=Komol|editor2-last=Singh|editor2-first=M. Amarjeet|last=Lalrintluanga|date=2016 |title=Identity, Contestation and Development in Northeast India |location=New York |publisher=Routeledge |page=136 |isbn=978-1-315-66703-4}}</ref> Chungnunga's sons, Lalhluma, Rona and lalchera cooperated with Lianlula's sons, Pu Kawlha, Darliankuala and Darpuiliana. The main purpose of Selesih was to deter attackers such as the ''Poi'' in the east. The prestige and attractiveness of the settlement drew many settlers. Both Chungnunga and Lianlula died in Selesih. Eventually Rona's son, [[Lallula]] would leave Selesih and spread out across the northern Lushai Hills. His descendants would establish themselves as the dominant power and clan.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=56}} Selesih eventually dispersed due to the fact that jhumming requires regular migration in order to feed the population.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Krishna|editor-first=Sumi|last1=Laldinpuii |first1=Audrey|last2=Laithangpuii |date=2013 |title=Agriculture and a Changing Environment in Northeastern India |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/34913114/Sumi_Krishna_FINAL.pdf#page=230 |location=London |publisher=Routeledge India|isbn=9780367818388|chapter=Mizoram's Rice Economy and Gender Relations|page=218|doi=10.4324/9781315667034}}</ref>
{{Mizo chief family tree}}

Lallula established the settlement of Zopui upon leaving Selesih and wished to expand it. As a result, {{circa|1754}} Lallula approached the village of Siakeng under Chief Mangngula. An ultimatum was given to surrender and join his village but Mangngula refused. As a result, Lallula raided the village and took the captives to settle in Zopui. With the growth of Zopui, Lallula turned his focus to the Thlanrawn in the east, who were demanding tributes and threatening raids. Lallula invited Chief Thanchhuma of the Thlanrawn under the false promise of tributes with their delegates and champion warriors. Under the hospitality of [[Zu (beverage)|zu]], the Thlanrawn chief and delegates were intoxicated and asleep. At midnight, Lallula sounded the gong and massacred the defenceless, drunk Thlanrawn warriors. He captured Thanchhuma and his ''upa'' Phunthanga, paraded them in shame and humiliated them. The Thlanrawn massacre was immortalized in song by Lallula, who composed it himself. However, the event led Lallula to fear reprisal from the Thlanrawn, and he migrated west. Migrating west, Lallula placed his adopted brother [[Rorehlova]] as a buffer chief between the Pawi and him, who was a Fanai. Lallula eventually, during migration, joined his uncle Laltuaka in his village of Sabualah. The settlement grew with 10 chiefs of 3 families. Lallula organized a raid on the Pawi. However, Laltuaka and his family objected, and the raid failed. Lallula returned north and fought with the Zadeng chiefs. His rule was expanded, and the Zadengs were severely weakened as Sailo rule emerged in the north and central Lushai hills. As a result, the Lusei dialect of Duhlien became standardized in the Lushai Hills.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Lalthangliana |editor-first=B. |date=1989 |title=Mizo Lal Ropuite (Mizo Chiefs)|chapter=Lallula|last1=Chuaudaia|last2=Chhuanvawra|first2=C.|last3=Zachhunga|first3=C.|last4=Tlanglawma|first4=C.|last5=Pachuau|first5=C. Thangvunga|last6=Remtluanga|first6=J.|last7=Sailo|first7=Laltluanga|last8=Muanpuii|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467582/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=R.T.M Press|language=Mizo}}</ref>

Hmar groups established in Eastern Mizoram were pushed Northwards by the Palian and Sailo chiefs who migrated away from Chin aggression. Other established clans, such as the Pangs, Dawlawng, and Mirawngs, were scattered. The legacy of Hmar settlements is seen in eastern Mizoram, where villages are named after groups such as the Biate, Zote, Dawngawn, Khawbung, Vangchhia, Khawzawl and Thiak.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=44}} The Lushai clans managed to assimilate smaller clans such as the Chawte, Chongthu, Hnamte, Khiangte and Ngente while other clans like the Fanai, Ralte, Paite and Rangte maintained individualities.{{sfnm|Singh|1996|p=6}} Other groups such as the [[Thadou people|Thadou]] were forced to migrate north to [[Cachar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Hargovind |date= 2005|title=Mizoram:Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtX52F_qcWgC&dq=K.S.Latourette+mizo&pg=PR7|location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-7099-997-9}}</ref>
One reason the Lushai Hills area was easy to settle for the Mizo tribes is attributed to the cyclical phenomenon of mautam. By the 18th century, when Mizo tribes migrated into the Lushai Hills, previous settlers had moved on due to the bamboo flowering famines.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |author-link=Sajal Nag |date=2008 |title=Pied Pipers in North-East India: Bamboo-flowers, Rat-famine and the Politics of Philanthropy. (1881-2007)=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-311-6}}</ref>

===Internal Conflicts of the Chiefs===

Lalulla was purported by deputy commissioner Sir [[John Ware Edgar|John Edgar]] to be the first Sailo chief to live in Mizoram despite the Sailos entering Mizoram half a century before.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=3-4}} Yet, Lalulla was the first Lushei chief to be known to foreign administrations. He led a migration from Myanmar into the western hills.{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=12}} Lalulla's descendants moved westwards and became neighbours to the Zadeng chiefs who considered themselves strong enough to wage war. However, the Zadengs faced defeat and were forced to accept seek alliances with southern chiefs. Lalulla's descendants consolidated their control over northern Mizoram eventually with the absorption of petty chiefs.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=48}} By 1840, Lallula's son Manga had expanded towards Chatterchoora and had expelled the Paite chief that had previously occupied the hills on each side of the valley of the Gootur. Lallula's other son, Lallianvunga, was situated east of the Tlawng and had pushed the Thado tribes out. Lalsavunga, the grandson of Lallula and son of Lalpuiliana, pushed further east and struggled against the Singsol Thado tribes to conquer the Champhai valley and the hills north of it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Suhas |title=Frontier Officers in Colonial Northeast India |date=2009 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |location=Delhi}}</ref>

====Expansion under Lallula's lineages====
The eastern chiefs, Lalsavunga, Lallianvunga and [[Vanhnuailiana]] prospered as the non-Lusei chiefs were pushed out of the Champhai valley and occupied the northern ranges. After the death of Lalsavunga, Lalpong became chief of Sellam with smaller villages placed under his son Poiboi. Vanhnuailiana became the most powerful chief in the eastern Lushai Hills and made Poiboi subordinate to his domain. Vanhnuailiana was described in British reports as waging constant battles and wars and for the most part winning them successfully. He was known for fighting against the Pawi and Sukte, who upon being defeated, he would resettle them across his chiefdoms and villages. The British discovered hundreds of Sukte families resettled among the Lusei tribes. Vanhnuailiana had captured them from the Kamhow chief of Molbehm. Lallianvunga was the second most influential chief in the eastern Lushai Hills. He pushed out the Thado chiefs from the Rengti and Noongari hill ranges. He settled his own capital village near Peak Z. The village was larger than Vanhnuailia's village reportedly. Lallialvunga prepared to occupy thee sites from the northern Thado villages before his death in approximately 1849. The death of Lallianvunga saw his son Ngura (recorded as Mora/Mullah) wage battles against the Thados of Kaimong.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=223}}

====Lister Expedition====
{{main|Lister Expedition}}
However, an issue was raised when it was discovered the Thados had retreated to Cachar, which was now British territory. Two gongs were stolen from them during the raid, as claimed by the Lushais. The British assigned Lieutenant Colonel [[Frederick George Lister]] to investigate the incident and the boundary of British sovereignty. After deliberation the [[Lister Expedition]] was arranged under F.G. Lister. He utilised Kuki guides and crossed the terrain into the Lushai Hills. He surprised Ngura's village whose fighting men had gone on another mission. Lister and his men burnt down Ngura's village but retreated out of the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=224}}

====Post Lister Expedition====
Ngura would die shortly after the Lister Expedition. He would be succeeded by his infant son [[Vanpuilala]] whose mother Lalhlupuii would become regent. Lalhlupuii moved Lallianvunga's original village from Peak Z to a site named "old Kholil". The original intention to settle the northern Thado villages was abandoned. Instead, the Lushais established frontier villages to control the entry of woodcutters and traders. This would, in a British report, be recorded as a mistake as for years after Lister's Expedition, there would be little to no intelligence gained on the Lushai Hills and their inhabitants.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=225}}

Suakpuilala (recorded as Sukpilal) ascended as chief of the western Lushai Hills. He cooperated with Lalhlupuii who granted consent to Suakpuilala to expand towards the Sonai. When Lalhlupuii's son Vanpuilala came of age, he couldn't assert his claim to the Sonai any longer as he was surrounded by the Suktê, Pawi and Haulawng tribes.
{{Vonolel Family tree}}

====North-South Wars====

Further developments saw a north–south war between Sailo chiefs in the 1850s. Vuta in the north was in a dispute with Lalpuithanga, Thangdula and Thuama in the south. The possession of land was in dispute, and the composition of a mocking song. Vuta had defeated the Zadeng tribe and had established many villages before deciding to settle further south in Buanhmun. Vuta claimed the land by building a temporary hut to develop a village around. Lalpuithanga, in the agitation against Vuta's encroachment, moved in and settled the land instead. Vuta, in retaliation, deliberately led his people to migrate to Buanhum. Lalpuithanga conceded and migrated back to his hometown of Vanchengte.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=48}} Vuta then composed a song mocking lalpuithnga for backing away from Buanhmun. This was the foundation for the divide between the North and South chieftains.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|}}

Before Lalpuithanga moved out of Buanhmun, he took a gun which belonged to Vuta's village. Vuta brought his nephew Thawmvunga, a renowned ''pasaltha'', to a meeting with Lalpuithanga. Lalpuithanga's ''upas,'' who mostly consisted of Zadeng tribesmen wanting revenge, had planned to ambush Vuta during the meeting. Each of them concealed a stick. When confronted about the mocking song, Vuta became fearful. However, Thawmvunga waved his ''dao'' around in anger. This subdued the ''upas'' of Lalpuithanga, and Thawmvunga was able to take the gun back unceremoniously.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}}{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=48}}

Lalpuithanga's ''upas'' then further chased Thawmvunga and attempted to take the gun back. In the ensuing struggle, Thawmvunga sawed off the barrel of the rifle with his ''dao''. When Vuta and Thawmvunga ran off, Lalpuithanga's ''upa'' fired a volley after them and missed. This signalled a declaration of war. This led to incessant raids on each other.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}}

Vuta had allied with Chief Khawtindala (Son of [[Rorehlova]]) of Khuanglum against Chief Thuama (Son of Lalpuithanga) of Khawlung. Vuta's son accompanied the Fanai of Khawtindala and planned to raid Khawlung. The bridge to access Khawlung was left assembled allowing the party to reach the village in secret during the night. The party killed all the men in the Zawlbuk as they woke up. With no defense, the raiding party massacred Khawlung and killed many individuals. Many women and children were taken captive. The massacre was ingrained and immortalized as a song. The original North-South War lasted six years. The south managed more successful raids but the raid of Khawlung cemented the victory into northern hands. However, no peace settlement was reached and hostilies finally ceased with mautam famine.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}}

According to the British, such as [[John Shakespeare (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]], the north–south war concerned the descendants of [[Lallula]] in the North, who were embroiled in a fight with the family of Rolura in the South in 1856. The north–south war occurred between the chiefs who belonged to the same family and had settled their villages closely. The point of contention concerned the territory of Piler Hill.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=7}} It was so close that their jhum cultivation lands would also touch each other. Due to this, the chiefs agreed not to ambush cultivation of their jhums as opposed to traditional warfare.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shakespear |first1=John |last2=Stanton |first2=A.G |date=25 January 1895 |title=The Lushais and the land they live in |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41334168 |journal=The Journal of the Society of Arts |volume=43 |issue=2201 |pages=167–206|jstor=41334168 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> After the Khawnglung massacre, the war practically ended in the capture of Thuama's wife and son. Thuama's wife was ransomed for necklaces by the Pawi who were allied with Vuta. Meanwhile, Thuama's son, Lalhleia, was raised by Vuta. After the war chiefs united against ''Poi'' and Sukte aggression. Due to this ''Pois'' failed to maintain a permanent settlement in Sailo territory.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=48}}

====East-West Wars====

The Sailo chiefs lost unity once more as Sukpilal, the head of the western Sailo chiefs, and Lalsavunga, the head of the Eastern Sailo chiefs, grew tensions. This was due to the lack of help to the eastern chiefs in migrating east against the Chin. The western chiefs preferred to strengthen and defend their own dominion and expand west and north instead. War emerged between the east and west chiefs after a dispute over a marriage candidate of a fallen chieftain's daughter. The Lushai expedition eventually cooled the internal tensions of the Sailo chiefs.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=49}} Khalkam, the son of [[Sukpilal]], wanted to marry an Eastern Lushai woman named Tuali. Tuali was already settled to be betrothed to an eastern chief named Lenkhama. Upon her marriage, Khalkam sought help of his grandmother Pibuk. Pibuk and her son Sukpilal waged war on Lenkhama. Another eastern chief, Laljeeka, who was refused betrothal to Sukpilal's sister Banaitangi, joined Lenkhama in exacting revenge. The war continued from 1864 to 1867.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=142}}

A second east–west war formed due to a dispute over the jhum land. In 1876–1877, Sukpilal's son, Lengpunga and Savunga's son, Laljeeka, undertook an expedition against the Sailo village of Pugrying. The village was plundered and the inhabitants were taken captive. Similarly, Khalkam began a quarrel with Poiboi because he was cultivating crops on jhums claimed by Poiboi. A coalition of chiefs formed in the west consisting of [[Sukpilal]], [[Khalkam]] and Lengpunga against the coalition of eastern chiefs consisting of Lemkam, Lalbura, Chungleng and Bungtey. Sukpilal attempted to involve British authorities against the Eastern chiefs which was refused. In November 1877, Sookpilal sent his ''upas'' to request the British to mediate peace. In January 1878, Lengkam's upas compensated traders of the Tipaimukh bazaar and requested the British for peace mediation. The British offered Cachar as a meeting place.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=321}} ''Upas'' from western and eastern chiefs met up on the 8th of December. They expressed the unpopular nature of the war and how shameful it is to express peace first. The deputy commissioner recommended simultaneous advances based on his advice. However, this did not lead anywhere.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=322}}

In April 1879, Sukpilal's sons Labruma and Lengpung planned an attack on the villages of Poiboi, Lemkam and Chungleng in retaliation for the burning of jhum huts. However, on the way, they encountered Poiboi's grandmother in her village between each of them, who turned them away with friendly overtures. In July 1879, new plans were made for a raid on Poiboi but were abandoned after they were leaked. The onset of the [[mautam]] famine began to make Lushai individuals come to the British in want of food.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=323}} Around the onset of the famine, Sookpilal died unrelated to it from his own illnesses. This doused hopes for a peaceful resolution in the east–west war. In early 1881, the eastern chiefs began to increase the raiding of villages such as Chief Thangula's. The unpopularity of a war during famine times saw up to 400 people leave Khalkam for Cachar. The pressure of famine led the chiefs Poiboi, Khalkam, and Lalhai to meet and agree to cease hostilities and obtain food together from Cachar.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=325}}

===Famine===
{{main| Mautam}}
The synchronous bamboo flowering in the ecological cycle has been recorded as a cause of famines in Mizo history. In 1860, oral history records a mautam famine. This phenomenon extended beyond the Lushai Hills to [[Cachar]] and southern Manipur, recorded by British administrators like Colonel McCulloch, purporting how a flowering of bamboo had led to a boom in the rat population and social chaos.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=62}}

The following 1881 famine led to an estimated 15,000 deaths in the Lushai Hills. This weakening of the tribal economy, which relied on manpower, headhunting, and slavery, weakened the chiefs. Some chiefs turned to cooperation with the British or sold their weapons in return for food relief. It also showed an intensification of attacks and raiding as other chiefs began to take food by force from the [[Brahmaputra valley|plains]], up to 500 people were also taken captive to supplement their lost labour and manpower or simply killed during raids.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=64}}

Labour had to be conserved and was stretched thin, which would mean hunting parties could not be established because traditionally, hunting parties would deprive the villages' ability to defend against a raid if a neighbouring village were to take their resources during the famine.{{sfn| Nag|2008|p=79}} The most common way of dealing with an incoming famine was to save rice from previous years with ''kaka'' which consisted of crop millet that can be preserved in the long term. In the western Lushai Hills, the villages would practice wet rice cultivation if they had land in the plains region. The western Lushai Hills had access to the knowledge of wet rice cultivation and this would drown the rats or deter them from eating the paddies.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=81}} Crops such as [[tapioca]] and [[Colocasia]] were harvested as the rats did not consume them.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=80}} In terms of foraging, the rats tended to spare the [[sago]] in [[sago palm]] and [[Dioscorea japonica|wild yam]].{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=83}} Cotton seeds were devoured by rats, so the economic opportunity to import food was also impacted as no goods could be produced to effectively trade, such as Lushai cloth and handicrafts.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=102}} Another traditional solution was to consume the rats by drying them over a fire; however, the large supply of rat meat made it aversive.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=83}} Individuals from the tribes also left the chiefs and became refugees to the British for food and shelter. The refugees explained the situation of the mautam famine, which was corroborated by ''karbaris'' who validated the claim.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=64}} Mass migrations of Lushai tribespeople caused fear in plains workers who saw the people as fierce and savage raiders. Migration were seen in bordering frontiers such as Cachar, [[Tipaimukh]] and Jalnacherra.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=102}}

The British provided famine relief by sending 18,000 maunds of rice and 2000 maunds of paddy from Cachar and local traders. As the famine didn't intensify many Lushai refugees returned to their villages and distressed refugee seekers ceased by June–September 1882.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elly |first=E.B |date=1893 |title=Military Report on the Chin-Lushai Country |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.17151/page/n3/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM |pages=14–15}}</ref> The chiefs would also sell their ivory jewellery and valuables to raise money for food. Economic developments such as rubber tapping became overtapped to fund their food supply.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kabra |first=K.C|date=2008 |title=Economic Growth of Mizoram:Role of Business and Industry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PcdaYllHNUC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=21 |isbn=978-81-8069-518-6}}</ref> The willingness to trade their guns and rifles for food signalled to the British a weakness and imminent capitulation. The chiefs also urged the establishment of trading posts that can supply grain and agreed to pay out loans with their jhum harvests.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=105}}

===Foreign Relations===
====Tripura====
The Lushai clans held relations with [[Hill Tipperah]] as mercenaries and vassals. Lushai chiefs would supply warriors in exchange for goods or money. [[Achyut Charan Choudhury]] in his works covered how the Radharam, a ruler in the [[pratapgarh Kingdom]], staged the [[revolt of Radharam]] with aid from Kuki and Lushai mercenaries.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=67}}

In the mythology of Tripura's adoption of [[Hinduism]] concerning [[Shiva]], the chronicles detail how the Kukis stirred trouble in the celestial realm. The mythology details how Shiva fell into passion for a Kuki woman in the king's retinue when he visited the realm. As a result, Shiva's consort [[Parvati]] was said to have broke the woman's neck via a divine kick.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=270}}

Kishen Manik, the last Tripura king appointed by the [[Mughals]] died in 1780 and was succeeded by Rajendar Manik. The Mizo tribes raided the territory of Tripura but was punished by Rajendar Manik who successfully made an inroad towards the hill territories.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=273}} However, Rajendar Manik created a succession dispute through his two sons, the crown prince Durgamoni and the second in line Ramgunga. Ramgunga seized the throne on Rajdenar's death and propelled Durgamoni to gather forces to expel him. The British intervened to stop the outbreak of violence allowing Ramgunga to remain in power. Ramgunga's oppression of the Poitoo Mizos enabled several of the chiefdoms to readily join the side of Durgamoni to attack him in 1808. Durgamoni retook the throne with British recognition in 1809.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=274}}

In 1808, the British conducted investigation of the Tripura economy by the Special Commissioner. It divided the demographic into an asian descended Hindu population and the Kukis. The Kukis of Tripura were categorized into ranks. The chief men among the Kuki tribes were called Roys, Senaputty, Chuppiahs and Gaboors. 3000 Kukis armed with spears and bows served their chiefs answering to the kingdom alongside 1000 Hindu Tripuris armed with matchlock rifles.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=275}} Throughout the history of Tripura, the British recorded that many of its kings expanded their borders aggressively towards the Kuki tribes. The Tripura kings would conduct "desultory warfare" against the tribes and reduce villages to subjection and vassalage. Tripura historically did not admit any definite limit to its territory to the eastern Lushai Hills. The invasions of Mizo chiefdoms would emboril conflicts with deeper tribes raiding British assets.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=276}}

The Tripura Kingdom also held a dispute with Manipur regarding the territory of the Khongjai Kukis residing in Cachar. The king claimed Thanghum in order to establish a thanna. This was motivated by fear of the Poitoo Kukis, who numbered 50,000-60,000 and were reputed to be formidable and turbulent. Many roads connecting Tripura with Manipur and other princely kingdoms would be longer than needed in an effort to avoid Kuki territory and the hills. The king attempted to invade the Thanghum despite a Manipur chief establishing a Thanna there. The British refused to let the king march and retake the settlement.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=277}}

The Kuki and Mizo tribes would visit the plains in Tripura to trade and barter resources. The British recognised the King's claim to the east but assumed that the king was too weak to force any tribes to pay tributes. The zamindars and merchants of Tripura would annually gift the tribes several gifts as an appeasement or to encourage trade of forest products. Woodcutters would pay passage tax to chiefs when procuring timber. In 1826, a party of woodcutters were massacred by a Mizo chief known as Buntye. The magistrate sent messengers to visit the village and discovered that Zamindars had withheld annual presents and tributes. Two of the messengers were detained by Buntye and one was sent back with the head of a woodcutter to induce the zamindar to comply with the demands. The government authorised payment but also closed all markets and trade with the Kukis.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=279}}

The Tripura king, in reporting to the British, also claimed sovereignty in the eastern territories extending towards the Lushai Hills. The British assumed that the Tripura King could not derive any profit from the tribes.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=272}} After the raid by [[Lalchukla|Lalasuthlaha]], the British demanded that King Krishna Kishore Manikya hold his subjects accountable, as the chief was a tributary to Tripura by offering of elephant tusks and other commodities like other Mizo chiefs.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=14}} The British assumed that the king enabled Lalsuthlaha to raid to settle a territorial dispute.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=289}} After failing to enforce his authority over the tribes, the British participated in the Blackwood Expedition and declared the Mizo tribes as de facto independent of the King.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=15}}

====Manipur====
Another instance was when two fugitive Manipuri princes, Ram Singh and Tribonjit Singh, requested the aid of Chief Laroo to capture the throne of Manipur. Laroo declined because the king of Manipur at the time was the father-in-law of the King of Hill Tipperah. In due time, Lushai chiefdoms in Manipur faced rigid political control, while in Hill Tipperah, the gradual decline and political vacuum made the frontiers of the British East India Company insecure.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=67}}

[[William McCulloch (political officer)|Willaim McCulloch]] in a report in 1861 stated that the Lushais were considered powerful to the south of Manipur but were on friendly relations. McCulloch established Kuki villages in southern Manipur and armed them in a policy he termed as Sepoy villages. The purpose was to allow the kukis unrestricted cultivation in return for scouting the movements of raiding parties of Mizos.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=157}}

In the succession disputes for the throne of Manipur, various raids by royal family members were made up until 1866, when they ceased. The raids were attributed to the cooperation of the Mizos. The Manipuris further participated in punitive expeditions such as the [[Lushai Expedition]].{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=160}} In 1870, the British established the policy of dealing with the Mizo tribes, which followed appeasement by restraining the Manipur King and Kuki subjects in Manipur to refrain from unprovoked aggression.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=161}}

In 1873, the Mizo chief Damboom settled his chiefdom into the territory of Manipur. The Manipuri authorities kept it a secret until the British summoned him on realization. The political agent Dr. Brown inquired the interest of the British and Manipur to remain at peace and to encourage trade and free communication. Dr. Brown considered a tour of the Lushai Hills and was supported by Damboon. Damboom ventured to inquire with Mizo chiefs but was detained in the Lushai Hills and unable to return. Dr Brown was informed to require permission to make any journey into the Lushai Hills with the express invitation of the chiefs to do so.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=161}}

In 1877, the Mizo chiefs, [[Lalbura|Lalburha]], [[Pawibawia]] and Liankhama, repeatedly raided the villages of Nagas in Manipur territory. The Manipuri guards were overrun in the raids and unable to protect the Nagas. As a result, the villages were evacuated with the Nagas resettling in Cachar or further north. The Manipur king sent a deputation to the three chiefs to conciliate them. The Manipur king offered gifts and tributes to Liankhama and Pawibawia via deputations at Tipaimukh. The deputations ventured further in defiance of official orders and were received well by Pawibawia. However, Pawibawia dissuaded them from going further to meet with Liankhama despite providing men to escort them which offended Liankhama. However, the presents led to an agreement to maintain a truce with the Nagas.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=162}}

In the case of Manipur and Tripura, the Lushai chiefs would see the surrounding kingdoms as powerful chiefs. For the British, the Lushai chiefs referred to them as white chiefs. [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]], superintendent of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, was named ''Thangliana'' as an exonym and recognition as a chief. Lushai chiefs would cross boundaries and appeal to British authorities for protection at times and even offer gifts and tributes, which were declined.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=68}}
====Chin Hills====
Chieftains would also give tribute to other chiefdoms. This was recorded in 1895-1986 when the British realized that the chief of Falam were taking tribute and making demands of the Lushai chiefs such as Kairuma and some nearer to [[Aizawl]]. The political officer of the North Lushai Hills made notices to not pay these tributes anymore.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goswami |first=B.B. |date=1979 |title=The Mizo unrest |location=Jaipur |publisher=Aalekh Publishers}}</ref>

===British Appeasement===
After the [[Lister Expedition]], the chiefs began to understand the true capacity of the British on their frontier. Captain Stewart, the deputy Commissioner of Cachar held a meeting with [[Sukpilal|Suakpuilala]] to open up relations between the Lushais and British. Using bags of rice, Captain Stewart succeeded in bringing more chiefs to meet with him. These were namely, the delegates of [[Vanhnuailiana]], [[Vuta]] and Vanhnuailiana's brother, Lalphunga. They met in Silchar and discussed the possibility of becoming ''ryots'' to the British. This was due to the pressure of the Chins and the Burmese who were heavily armed with firearms. The chiefs were willing to pay tribute to the British for protection from the Chins instead of paying tribute to the Chins directly. The meeting revealed that the raids were a result of a need of [[Bawi system|bawis]] to trade to the Chins for firearms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L.|title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

In December 1850, Suakpuilala met with the divisional commander of Cachar with his followers.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=177|loc=Volume 1}} Suakpuilala's two Pawi followers held firearms which were examined to be of American origin named G. Alton. Suakpuilala would send apologies to Stewart in Cachar for his participation in the Adampore raids as he needed ''bawis'' to buy muskets. Stewart offered Suakpuilala to meet with him personally to swear friendship and that he had his word that he would not be harmed or detained. Suakpuilala himself was under pressure from his brother-in-law Ngrusailova (son of [[Lalchukla|Lalsuthlaha]]). Suakpuilala's sister, [[Banaitangi]] left Ngursailova and thus he demanded bawis as compensation. Ngursailova was an enemy of the British due to the fate of his father, [[Lalchukla|Lalsuthlaha]], and thus wished to take revenge via raiding.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=178|loc=Volume 1}}

During negotiations, the new ruler of Tripura offered to cooperate in attacking Suakpuilala and Ngursailova, but the British declined due to their policy of appeasement. However, the negotiations did not gain progress. Suakpuilala offered tribute via elephant tusks which Stewart offered woolen cloth in return. The tribute was made to request the British to declare war on the Pawi tribes but the British refused to intervene. During this meeting Suakpuilala also informed Stewart of the lack of trusts chief's had in the British after the injustice of the Blackwood Expedition and Lalsuthlaha's fate.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=178|loc=Volume 1}}

Stewart was soon succeeded by Sir [[John Ware Edgar]]. Edgar formed a successful treaty with Vanlalpuia, the son of Ngura whom Lister targeted. Vanlalpuia agreed to commit no more raids nor cooperate with chiefs intending to raid.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=179|loc=Volume 1}}

===Anglo-Lushai relations===
Before the British, the only records of the Mizo tribes were from local merchants who would enter the Lushai Hills, known as ''karbaris''. They would subsequently provide information and insight into the nature of the Lushai chiefs, their language, and the privilege of accessing their territory.{{sfn| Nag|2008|p=64}} Amidst the internal conflicts, the chiefs also engaged in raiding, headhunting and kidnapping of British subjects working in tea plantations. The Lushai chiefs attacked and raided Sylhet in 1844, Hill Tipperah in 1847, and Sylhet and Cachar in 1849, continuing sporadically to 1862 and 1868.{{sfn|Singh|1996|p=22}} The British sent their first expeditionary force in December 1844 against these raids. A chief named Lalsuktla had raided Kochabari, a Manipuri settlement in Sylhet, to collect heads to commemorate the passing of the previous chief, Lalrinha. Twenty people were killed, and six were captured. Lalsuktla was defeated and apprehended, but this didn't stop further raids. Another expedition was prepared in 1850 to strike against Chief Mulla who had razed a Kuki village in Silchar tolling twenty-nine deaths and forty-two captives. Mulla's village was burnt down but was forced to retreat against a bigger force of 5000-7000 being mobilized.{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=14}} The 1849 raid in Cachar saw a despatch of Frederick Lister with Sylhet light infantry. His report advocated for an expedition of 3,000 men to control the roads and depots of trade. The Bengal government rejected the offer, preferring military outposts and Kuki mercenaries to counter Mizo aggression.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=97}}

The British employed a Policy of Conciliation for Northeastern chiefs between 1850 and 1870. This oversaw chiefs releasing captives and participating in exchange for gifts. Some chiefs allied with the British due to these advancements.{{sfn|Singh|1996|p=24}} One of the expeditions against a chief called Suikpilal was put off in favour of a declaration of friendship. The expansion of tea estates however remained to threaten the sovereignty of chieftains. This led Chief Vonpilal and other chiefs to launch an official complaint and objection to British encroachment. Captain Steward, the superintendent of Cachar, attempted negotiations and assured that tea estates were beneficial. This failed to reassure the chiefs who united to jointly resist the British encroachment.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=98}}

In 1850, Chief Suikpilal cooperated with the British by sending an emissary to Cachar about the fear of Pawi attacks in the South. The British assured non-interference if British borders were respected in return. During this period, some Lushai labourers left the hills and worked in tea gardens and timber industries. The British authorities such as the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal decided on a policy of leaving chiefs undisturbed in the administration of their territory. Relations soured in 1860, after Chief Rothangpuia razed a village in Tipperah.{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=14}} The tensions lead to chiefs withholding their men and labourers from working on British tea estates. Suikpilal also participated in a raid in 1862. The deputy commissioner of Cachar negotiated terms for tribute to the British in return for payment. Proposals for a punitive expedition were rejected because of the failure of attempts before and the expenses required. A policy of obtaining political control was preferable.{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=15}}
[[File:First Shell Fired At Howsatta's Village - ILN 1889.jpg|thumb|First Shell Fired At Howsatta's Village - ILN 1889]]
The British tried another agreement between chiefs to agree on the border of Cachar and their territories. A deputation of chiefs with Deputy Commissioner Edgar met to renew amicable relationships. Edgar took a tour of the Lushai Hills and granted the chiefs charters defining their duties and terms of relations with the government as well as defining a fixed border. The chief's rights to toll traders in their territory and settling of new villages would not be opposed.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=99}} However, the kidnapping of [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)|Mary Winchester]] by Chief Bengkhuaia led to the British intervening in the [[Lushai Expedition]].{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=53}} The incident was followed by other chiefs, such as Lalbura attacking the Monierkhal outpost and Thanranga raiding Nugdigram.{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=17}} The British replaced their Policy of Conciliation with the Forward Policy. Some Chiefs began to cooperate with the British and participated in their markets.{{sfn|Singh|1996|p=24}} Lalbura surrendered in his village when expeditionary forces reached Champhai. He was forced to grant the British their peace demands. The demands included granting free access to his village, providing three hostages to the force, seizure of arms and heavy fines. The fines consisted of elephant tusks, a necklace, a war gong and several animals. The force then recovered Mary Winchester and subdued numerous chiefs.{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=18}} Peace was established with the chiefs until 1888 when large-scale raiding resumed.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=54}} The results of the Lushai expedition saw administrators like Edgar prefer a humanitarian approach of trade, barter and education versus [[T.H Lewin]], who advocated complete subjugation of the tribes. The government's policy of non-intervention decided to ban British subjects from entering the Lushai Hills to potentially agitate raiders and chieftains.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=100}}

===Anti-Sailo rebellion (Lal Sawi)===
{{main|Lal Sawi}}
In the 1880s, the Mizo people began to dethrone their chiefs and their ''upas''. The rebellion began in 1885 in the village of Lalkhama, the son of Vuta.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=54}} It spread further to the village of Hmawngkawn under [[Vanphunga]]. The villagers rounded up the chief and upas and made them hold burning firebrands in their hands. They brought the chiefs and upas to a trough of water and forced the chief to immerse the burning end of the firebrand and repeat a vow stating: "Just as this firebrand is extinguished, so let my chieftainship be extinguished". The upas were made to recite a similar oath: "If I back up, align myself, or side with the chief again, I will be doused and extinguished like this!".{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=82}}

The rebellion continued and many more villages followed suit in dethroning their chiefs. Many of Vuta's sons were stripped of their authority, power and chieftainship in an overthrow. Vanphunga fled to [[Lianphunga]]'s village of Lungtian and requested him to take anything from his village to restore order. Lianphunga arrived to Hmawngkawn with Lalhluma. The villagers had placed a bamboo at the entrance and were armed with guns. They threatened to shoot anyone who would try to enter. Lalhluma declared his name and stepped over the bamboo line in defiance. No one shot at Lalhlume except for Luahmanga who missed Lalhluma. The individuals hence surrendered and accepted chieftainship once more. Lalhluma and Lianphunga confiscated whatever they wanted from Vanphunga and allowed the bad chiefs to restore their rule over the villages once more.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=83}}

===Chin-Lushai expedition===
Within the peaceful years between the Mizo and the British, bazaars were established on the borders to encourage trade. The Lushai chiefs would barter rubber, ivory, and forest produce in return for salt, iron utensils, and tobacco.{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=19}} Internally, the Sailo chiefs engaged in the east–west war and encountered an anti-Sailo rebellion aimed at dethroning the chiefs, which was crushed.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=54}} Depite the policy of non-interference, the British did intervene in the internal conflicts of the Lushai Hills. The British supplied help to Chief Lalngura against his enemy, the Howlong Chief Bengkhuaia. Help was provided to the Eastern chiefs conflict between Laljeika and Lalngura in 1881. After the death of Suikpilal, a close cooperator and prestigious chief, the succession wars over his descendants began, intensifying the anarchy in the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=100}} The [[mautam]] famine also occurred in the 1880s; due to this, traders were encouraged to provide aid in rice under police protection.{{sfn|Singh|1996|p=24}}
[[File:Mompunga, a Lushai chief, and Mr. Murray, Political Agent, taking the oath of friendship - ILN 1890.jpg|thumb|Mompunga, a Lushai chief, and [[Charles Stewart Murray|Mr. Murray]], Political Agent, taking the oath of friendship - ILN 1890|280x280px]]
By 1888, Sailo chiefs and a Pawi chief began to resume raiding British plantations and killing British subjects. Two expeditions were held in close succession in 1889. The first 1888 expedition oversaw exacting punishment to chiefs responsible for raiding in the south. A fort was established at Lunglei, and the force burnt down the offender, Housata's village.{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=19}} The second expedition, known as the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889–90]], did not meet resistance from Mizo chiefs and saw the establishment of Fort Aijal. [[Herbert Richard Browne|Captain Browne]] of the North Lushai Hills was responsible for disarming the tribes of guns but was ambushed fatally. The British eventually burned down several villages of the western chiefs who tried to attack Aijal. {{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=55}} The eastern Sailo chiefs did not resist the British.{{sfn|Singh|1996}}

===Lushai Rising===
{{main|Lushai Rising}}
The chiefs continued to resist after establishing the North and South Lushai Hills. This was exacerbated by the policies of a house tax and coolie labour quotas. By 1895 the situation became stable in the Lushai Hills and chiefs no longer resisted the British militarily.{{sfn|Singh|1996|p=25}}

====Ropuiliani====
Ropuiliani was a Mizo chieftainess. She was the wife of a prestigious chief, Vandula in the South Lushai Hills.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant)|date=1942 |title=The Lushai Hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883-1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM |page=49}}</ref> When her eldest son Dotawna died with only minor sons, Ropuiliani took over as regent and chieftainess. She continued her husband's policies of non-cooperation and resistance to British power. Negotiations were rejected, and taxes, labour levies, and rice demands were all withheld from the British. The settlement of the British at Lunglei led to Ropuiliani instigating her allies Zakapa and Dokapa to confront the British, attempting to disarm the chiefs. This is what led to the killing of H.R Browne.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robin |first1=K|date=June 2008 |title=Imperial Hegemony and Subaltern Resistance in Mizoram |url=https://www.pondiuni.edu.in/files/publications/IJSAS/sasvol21_2009.pdf#page=86 |journal=International Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=2 |issue=1|pages=170–176 |doi= }}</ref> Ropuiliani and her son Lalthuama did not attend the Chief's Durbar held in 1890. She refused to attend all three durbars. The British efforts to let Ropuiliani's brothers Seipuia and Lalluava convince her also failed. The British even sent an interpreter known as a ''Rashi'', which frustrated her to the point a warrior named Hnawncheuva executed the interpreter.{{sfn|Robin|2008|p=174}}

The British decided to raid Ropuiliani's village upon hearing of the execution. The raid was organized under Captain John Shakespeare and R.H.S Hutchinson and Pugh. It was discovered that Ropuiliani, Lalthuama and a northern chief, Doakoma, planned an uprising against the British.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=L.W|date=1929 |title=History of the Assam Rifles |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461654 |location=Aizawl |publisher=Firma KLM |page=}}</ref> An ultimatum was given to pay a fine of several guns, pigs, fowls and rice. After some resistance, the British captured Ropuiliani and her son Lalthuama, which left the settlement leaderless. Ropuiliani was carried in a palanquin claiming she was unable to walk with her captors. In jail she was offered the opportunity for peace and freedom if she submitted to British rule which was rejected once again. Ropuiliani and her son were eventually moved to a prison in Chittagong Hill Tracts out of fear of her influence.{{sfn|Robin|2008|p=175}}

Ropuiliani's old age and health was reason of concern to free her from jail. Before she could be released, she died in confinement on 6 January 1895. Her death ultimately decentralized coordinate efforts to resist British takeover of the Lushai Hills. Guns amounting up to 100 in Ropuiliani's village and 500 in allies settlements were seized subsequently.{{sfn|Robin|2008|p=176}}

==Mizo chiefdom in modern history==
===Chieftainship during British Rule===
{{further|British rule in the Lushai Hills}}
{{see also|Lushai Rising}}
The first political officer of the North Lushai Hills, [[Herbert Richard Browne|H.R Browne]], was killed by resisting chiefs in 1890. The succeeding officer [[Robert Blair McCabe|R.B. McCabe]] took action to punish the chiefs by burning down villages in the eastern hills and destroying crops. Rebellious chiefs such as Kalkhama, Lianphinga and Thanghula were deported. Another uprising in the South Lushai Hills was also crushed in 1891 led by [[Zakapa]]. Chiefs that resisted militarily to the new policies of house tax and coolie labour quotas had the villages burnt down subsequently. By 1895, Shakespeare of the South Lushai Hills decided that gentle civilian rule could be established rather than constant military responses. Outposts and forts were decommissioned for financial and budget reasons, and the British let the chiefs manage the internal administration of the villages.{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=24-27}}

During the British colonial era of Mizoram, the British pursued a gradual policy of weakening the power of the chiefs. The British allowed the chiefs to continue their rule in accordance with aligning to British interests and authorities such as the superintendent and administrators. A number of rights and privileges exercised by the chiefs were permitted to remain unaltered. This paled in comparison to the erosion of the prestige of chieftains and their traditional roles. In 1901 the British introduced the circle system administered by chiefs. The circle system would see regulations on the practice of jhumming by restricting it to the circle administered by the particular chief. British interest in cash crops such as coffee, cotton, potatoes and oranges was also introduced under private ownership policies, further changing the traditional doctrines of land distribution under chieftainships.<ref name=JCV>{{cite journal |last1=Leblhuber |first1=Shahnaz Kimi |last2=Vanlalhruaia |first2=H |date=2012 |title=Jhum Cultivation versus the New Land Use Policy: Agrarian Change and Transformation in Mizoram |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/30876967/1205_fences_web_color.pdf#page=85|journal=RCC Perspectives|pages=83–89|access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref name=PDM>
{{cite journal |last1=Mahapatra |first1= Padmalaya|last2=Zote |first2=lalngaihmawia |date=September 2008 |title=Political Development in Mizoram: Focus on the Post-Accord Scenario |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856452 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=69 |issue=3|pages= 643–660|jstor= 41856452|access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> Around this time the British also began to offer chieftainship to non-noble persons. The earliest and most prominent example being Chief [[Dâra]] of Pukpui.{{sfn|Zorema|2021|p=68}}

The changes in chieftainship under British intervention can be seen as standardizing indirect rule of the Lushai tribes by limiting the power of the chiefs but granting autonomy in standard administration and chieftain rights. The land was under the government but effectively treated as a hereditary possession of chiefs who could exercise reasonable rights on it. The British also diluted the power of traditional chiefs by proclaiming and granting chieftainship on individuals who would not ordinarily be granted such a right under the traditional system. The British also extinguished certain rights of chiefs such as:<ref>{{cite book |last=McCall |first=Anthony Gilchrist| date=1949 |title=Lushai Chrysalis |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/page/202/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM |page=202}}</ref>
{{bulleted list|
The right to order capital punishment.|
Right to seize food stores and property of villagers who wishes to transfer allegiance to another chief.|
Right to tax traders doing business in the jurisdiction of the Chief.|
Right to freedom of action in making their son's chief of their territory or jurisdiction.|
Right to attach the property of their villagers when they wished or deemed fit with or without fault of the villager.|
Right to freedom of action in decisions involving bawis (slaves).}}

Customary Mizo law continued to be exercised by chiefs but serious crimes such as murder, rape and sodomy were to be put under British jurisdiction in courts at Aizawl and Lunglei. Novel responsibilities for chiefs included maintaining routes between villages, reporting epidemics, heinous crimes, serious accidents, and the presence of foreigners.{{sfn|Singh|1996|p=35}}

During this era a new privileged class began to emerge with British modernisation and Christianity. This privileged class would challenge the power of chieftainship in the Lushai Hills. The increase of employment in government jobs and rise of salaried employment allowed for the cultivation of material wealth which would afford social mobility. This increased opportunities for education beyond the free primary course which would require extensive agricultural cultivation to afford for traditional communities. This privileged class was described as an intelligentsia that did not belong to indigenous Lushai society. It dominated in fields of medicine as doctors, agriculture as experts and nurses which was increasingly pushed back upon and unappreciated.{{sfn |McCall|1949|p=206}}

The British also employed a policy known as non-interference. Non-interference saw that the British would rule and administrate the lands of the Lushai Hills through the Chief's and their existing institutions. The British tended to also confer chieftainship to anyone they felt that would be helpful as a collaborator, hence increasing the number of chiefs drastically through the years of administration. The British policy of sanctioning Chiefs to carry out administrative duties led to a pattern of autocratic tendencies in tribal leadership. The British also enabled the system of Bawis and headhunting, as these two factors determined the power of a chief and did not wish to curb these privileges. Tribal groups requested for a new administration and policy through democratic representation in a memorandum submitted to the Governor of Assam in December 1933. However, the memorandum was rejected by the governor on suspicions of conspiracy and objection to increasing representation for scheduled tribes.<ref name=TU>{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal|date=April 2016 |title=The Uprising: Colonial State, Christian Missionaries and Anti-Slavery Movement in North-East India (1908-1954) |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10383 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-946089-2}}</ref>

In 1935, the [[Young Mizo Association]] (YMA) formed and voiced their issues during the latter era of the British colonial period. Their concerns particularly focussed on the lack of democratic institutions in Mizoram and the privileged positions of chiefs and their councils. R. Vanlawma, a member of the YMA, founded the [[Mizo Union|Mizo Commoner's Union]] to oppose and abolish chiefly rule. Its leadership and political direction was to emerge in union with India as this would entail the disbandment of the institution of chieftainship. The party split into left-wing and right-wing factions. The right wing was dominated by chiefs who rejected the union with India. Some members of the Mizo Union right wing supported a union with Burma to form a separate province in Burma. This led to the establishment of the [[United Mizo Freedom Organization]]. However, with little time to campaign and having a reputation as privileged elite chiefs, support for the party was small and ineffective to secure any political goals.<ref name=TU/>

In 1937 under Superintendent [[Anthony Gilchrist McCall]], a new set of rules regulating the power and rights of the chiefs were standardised:{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=26}}
#A chief was responsible for control of all villages under him in all respects.
#A chief should know his subjects personally, understand their difficulties, their living conditions and should encourage them in all ways.
#It was his duty to allot lands for cultivation to his subjects to ensure self-sufficiency in his subjects.
#A Chief should decide all cases of civil and criminals disputes of his village in accordance with the district rules.
#It was the duty of every chief got supervise the works of the ''khawchhiar'' of their respective village.
#The Chiefs should act on and comply with the orders communicated to him.
#It was the duty of Chiefs to maintain inter-village paths properly. They should also see the areas under the jurisidction were kept clean throughout the year.
#The Chiefs must sign the House Tax Assessment Register maintained by the circle interpreters of the government.
#The Chiefs should report to the Headquarters of all incidents of epidemics, crimes, violent deaths etc. within their respective jurisdiction.
#Every chief should see that a list of all gun-holders of his village was properly maintained by his ''khawchhiar''.
#It was also the duty of the chief to see that no foreigners stayed or halted in his village without a pass issued by the superintendent.
#No Chief should accept ''dawvankaina'', a gift from his subject with the expectation of carrying out a favour.
#The Chiefs in no case should raise subscriptions from the villagers to build corrugated iron roofed houses for their own use. Making of Chief's house should be according to custom.
#A Chief and his subjects might collect funds for constructions of public importance such as bridges, schools, etc. This fund should be kept on record by the Chief of his ''khawchhiar''. Works to be done in collecting funds on such projects must be on a voluntary basis.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=27}}

Superintendent A.G. McCall also introduced the new policy of a chief's Durbar or council in 1939. It was a representative body of three chiefs from each circled consisting of 10-20 chiefs to be elected via private ballot. Nag argues this led to the decline of the power and prestige of the chiefs. In 1947 under Superintendent A.R.H. MacDonald, the Chief's durbar was expanded into the Mizo district council with commoners allowed to participate.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=28}}

===Chieftainship during Indian Rule===
{{further|Mizo District}}
After Indian independence, the Indian constitutions permitted autonomy at both regional and local levels for chieftainships to manage their natural resources. The pre-independence superintendent of the Lushai Hills, L.L Peters, remained in position after the declaration of Indian independence. The policy of chiefly privilege was perpetuated with corruption, and his policies would safeguard the chiefs and their interests. The superintendent also allowed chiefs to report misbehaving subjects for punishment; this led to many members of the Mizo Union becoming targeted by chiefs and being arrested subsequently.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=357}} Peters directly involved himself in the early period of Mizo politics by siding with the UMFO. Chatterjee argues that this is due to a support of the proposed crown colony scheme for the excluded areas to be possible with UMFO rule.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=110}} Due to this Peters continued a policy of persecution of the Mizo Union similar to his predecessor A.R.H MacDonald who was transferred on the efforts of Saprawnga.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=111}}

The Mizo Union organised an ultimatum of non-cooperation if Superintendent Peters was not removed from his post. Upon submitting a memorandum to the Government of Assam, the leaders of the Mizo Union were arrested. After the deadline for the ultimatum passed, supporters of the Mizo Union stopped obeying orders of the superintendent, stopped supplying taxation to their chiefs and halted all supply of labour as coolies to the administration. A massive crackdown with large-scale arrests and fines was imposed in retaliation for the protest.<ref name=TU/> However, in the end, their boycott movement against Peters was successful and he was transferred out of Aizawl.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=133}}

After the passing of the Assam Autonomous District Council Act 1951, the Lushai Hills district possessed more political agency in its domestic affairs. The Mizo Union secured dominance in the Lushai Hills Autonomous District. The superintendent positions was abolished and replaced with a weaker deputy commissioner role that would affect the chieftain's leverage with political policies.{{sfn |Zorema|2007|p=166,167}}

===Abolishment of chieftainship===
The onset of Christianity saw a change in the traditional institutions of Mizo society, such as slavery and chieftainship. As more individuals and chiefs converted to Christianity, they released the ''Bawis'' or slaves held under their possession. However poorer, rural and destitute areas continued the tradition of maintaining bawis under their possession. One of the central figures to protest chieftainship and the ''bawi'' system was Hmar Khawbung Bawichuaka. The influence of Christianity made it so that the slave system of Mizo society was obsolete. However, this further stratified Mizo society as commoners were now bound in virtual serfdom to the chief.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=173-174}}{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=346}}

The Mizo union would win all three seats to the Assam assembly in the 1952 general election. The following election in the same year saw the Mizo Union win all 3 of the seats in the Assam assembly and 15 districts secured out of 18.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=134}} The first bill passed by the Mizo Union was the Lushai Hills (Chieftain Abolition) Act, 1952. It suspended the powers and rights afford by chiefs while allowing the continuation of their office and political structure. On the 1st of June 1953, the district council passed an act abolishing the taxations of thirdengsa, khuaichhiah and chikhuchhiah. The coolie system was also abolished on 1 January 1953. The Lushai Hills District Act no.III reduced the fathang (paddy tax) from six tins to 3 tins.{{sfn |Zorema|2007|p=167,168}} The Lushai Hills Act (Acquisition of Chief's Rights) 1954 abolished chieftainship. The final legislation was the Lushai Hills Reorganisation of Chiefs' Rights Act 1954 which abolished the powers and privileges that chiefs held onto.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=137}} The LHA came into force in 1958 while the RCRA came into effect April 1956, 259 Lushai chiefs and 50 Pawi-Lakher chiefs were affected by the act and village councils were established instead.<ref name=TU/><ref name=JCV/>

==See also==
*[[Mizo Culture]]
*[[Bawi system]]
*[[Mizo religion]]
*[[History of Christianity in Mizoram]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=Mizoram under British Rule |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}
*{{cite book |last=Hluna |first=John Vanlal |date=1985 |title=Church and political upheaval in Mizoram|location=Aizawl |publisher=Mizoram History Association}}
*{{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander |date=1884 |title=History Of The Relations Of The Government With The Hill Tribes Of The North-east Frontier Of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501684/mode/1up?q=Lalchokla |location=Calcutta |publisher=Home Department Press }}
*{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J. |date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram: 1890-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&dq=bawi+lushai&pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=271837683 |ol=48056042M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zorema |first1=James |title=The South Lushai Hills |date=2021 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=Delhi}}
{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:History of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mizo chiefs| ]]

Aam Aadmi Party – Punjab

2026-04-25T11:39:24Z

SoftifyInsights: added basic article needs work

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Aam Aadmi Party, Punjab
|party_logo = Aam Aadmi Party logo (English).svg
|abbreviation = AAP
|colorcode = {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| leader = [[Bhagwant Mann]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|CM of Punjab]])}}
| headquarters = [[Chandigarh]]
|ideology=[[Punjabiyat]] [[Secularism]] [[Socialism]] [[Developmentalism]]
| chairperson =
| leader1_title =
| leader1_name =
| loksabha_leader =
| spokesperson =
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|National Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/aap-sprints-to-national-party-status-what-will-change-now-2306753-2022-12-08|title=AAP sprints to national party status. What will change now? }}</ref>
|national_convener = Arvind Kejriwal
|youth = AAP Youth Wing (AYW)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/aap-to-launch-youth-wing-on-sept-27/article6409885.ece|title=AAP to launch youth wing on Sept 27|author=Our Bureau|work=Business Line}}</ref>
|students = [[Chhatra Yuva Sangharsh Samiti]] (CYSS)
|women = AAP Mahila Shakti (AMS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aamaadmiparty.org/teams/richa-pandey-mishra/|title=Richa Pandey Mishra, President, AAP Mahila Shakti|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805052455/http://aamaadmiparty.org/teams/richa-pandey-mishra/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|labour = [[Shramik Vikas Sangathan]] (SVS)
|peasants =
|website = {{URL|aamaadmiparty.org}}
|symbol = Broom [[File:AAP Symbol.png|150px]]
|flag = File:AAP FLAG.jpg
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|13|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|7|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|state_seats_name = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|95|117|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|international =
|colours = {{color box|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}} [[Blue]]
|president=[[Aman Arora]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Ruchika |title=Aman Arora made Punjab AAP president, replaces Bhagwant Mann |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aman-arora-made-punjab-aap-president-replaces-bhagwant-mann/amp |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en |quote=Senior Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) leader Aman Arora has been named the new president the party's Punjab unit, replacing Chief Bhagwant Mann on the post. Amansher Singh Sherry Kalsi has been announced the state working president.}}</ref>}}

The '''Aam Aadmi Party Punjab''' or '''AAP Punjab''' is the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state wing of [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and a recognised State party in Punjab. Currently, it is the governing party in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] and has significant representation of the state in [[Rajya Sabha]] and [[Lok Sabha]].

The AAP fielded 434 candidates in the [[2014 Indian general election]]. In its debut in Punjab, four AAP candidates from Punjab won the election out of 13. Consequently, the AAP became a recognised state party in Punjab.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/elections-2014-aap-eats-into-sad-congress-vote-share-in-punjab/articleshow/35220150.cms AAP eats into SAD and INC vote share in Punjab]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140602/nation-politics/article/aam-aadmi-party-recognised-state-party-punjab|title=Aam Aadmi Party recognised as state party in Punjab|date=3 June 2014|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=30 July 2018|language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017 Punjab assembly election]], the party formed an alliance with the [[Lok Insaaf Party]] giving it five seats.<ref name="oneindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/bains-brothers-forge-alliance-with-aap-2268506.html|title=Bains brothers forge alliance with AAP|date=21 November 2016|website=oneindia.com}}</ref> No CM candidate was declared before the elections.<ref name="HT March 2017">{{cite news |title=Punjab poll results: No CM face, 'radical link' did AAP in |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/punjab-poll-results-no-cm-face-radical-link-did-aap-in/story-gwGvacxnchW9iJV1V1DniL.html |access-date=19 January 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref> This ''AAP Alliance'' won 22 seats in total, two of which were won by the Lok Insaaf Party.<ref name="High on hype, how AAP got it wrong">{{citation |title=High on hype, how AAP got it wrong |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/punjab/high-on-hype-how-aap-got-it-wrong/376185.html |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=12 March 2017 |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813180630/https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/punjab/high-on-hype-how-aap-got-it-wrong/376185.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> AAP won 20 seats in the Punjab Assembly in its debut in the 2017 Punjab elections.

The AAP contested on all 117 seats in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] and won 92 seats, giving it a large majority. AAP MP Bhagwant Mann became the [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]].

==2022 Rajya Sabha election==
{{See|List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab}}
Former cricketer [[Harbhajan Singh]], IIT professor [[Sandeep Pathak]], educationist [[Ashok Kumar Mittal]], industrialist [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]] and Delhi MLA [[Raghav Chadha]] were nominated by AAP for a six year term in Rajya Sabha starting 2022.<ref name="Rajya Sabha 21 March 2022">{{cite news |title=AAP's Rajya Sabha List: Ex Cricketer, IIT Professor, Raghav Chadha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aap-nominates-ex-cricketer-harbhajan-singh-raghav-chadha-ashok-kumar-mittal-sandeep-pathak-for-rajya-sabha-from-punjab-2833521 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ludhiana businessman-philanthropist Sanjeev Arora is AAP's choice for Rajya Sabha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/political-pulse/ludhiana-businessman-philanthropist-sanjeev-arora-aap-rajya-sabha-7829362/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Six of its seven [[Rajya Sabha]] members joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2026..<ref name="AAP RS 24 March 2022">{{cite news |title=All five nominees of AAP from Punjab elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=All-five-nominees-of-AAP-from-Punjab-elected-unopposed-to-Rajya-Sabha&id=437831 |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=newsonair.gov.in |date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Raghav Chadha, Sandeep Pathak, Ashok Mittal join BJP after quitting AAP">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=24 April 2026 |title=Raghav Chadha, Sandeep Pathak, Ashok Mittal join BJP after quitting AAP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/raghav-chadha-sandeep-pathak-ashok-mittal-join-bjp-after-quitting-aap-4-more-mps-to-follow-2901107-2026-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260424144033/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/raghav-chadha-sandeep-pathak-ashok-mittal-join-bjp-after-quitting-aap-4-more-mps-to-follow-2901107-2026-04-24 |archive-date=24 April 2026 |access-date=24 April 2026 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election==
In January 2021 Arvind Kejriwal announced that AAP would be contesting in [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="6 States HT 28 Jan 2021">{{cite news |title=AAP to contest polls in 6 states, including Himachal Pradesh, UP, Gujarat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aap-to-contest-polls-in-6-states-including-himachal-pradesh-up-gujarat-101611814372385.html |access-date=30 December 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> [[Raghav Chadha]] was appointed AAP Punjab co-in-charge for the Punjab election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jalandhar/unhappy-over-ticket-distribution-raghav-chadha-shown-black-flags-7712388/|title=Punjab: Unhappy over ticket distribution, Raghav Chadha shown black flags|date=8 January 2022|website=India Today|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> On 18 January 2022 [[Bhagwant Mann]] was chosen as AAP's candidate for the post of [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] for the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. The selection was done by polling from the public.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2022|title=Bhagwant Mann's remarkable journey: From comedian 'Jugnu' to AAP CM face|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bhagwant-manns-remarkable-journey-from-comedian-jugnu-to-aap-cm-face-7730359/|access-date=19 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> AAP did not have any alliance partner in this election.

In March 2021, [[Delhi]] CM [[Arvind Kejriwal]] held a Kisaan Mahapanchayat at [[Bagha Purana]] in [[Moga district|Moga]] district and began campaigning for elections.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sethi|first=Chitleen K.|date=29 March 2021|title=AAP sounds poll bugle in Punjab, but dissent, leadership crisis cloud 2022 hopes|url=https://theprint.in/politics/aap-sounds-poll-bugle-in-punjab-but-dissent-leadership-crisis-cloud-2022-hopes/629904/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> On 28 June 2021, Kejriwal announced in a speech in [[Chandigarh]] that 300 units of free electricity would be provided to all Punjabis if the party wins the election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 June 2021|first=Ashutosh|last=Mishra|title=Arvind Kejriwal says free electricity for all in Punjab if AAP wins 2022 assembly election|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/punjab/story/arvind-kejriwal-free-electricity-punjab-aap-wins-2022-assembly-election-government-1820287-2021-06-28|access-date=30 June 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> On 30 September 2021, Kejriwal also announced that if AAP wins the election, his government would build [[Mohalla Clinics]] in Punjab that would provide free healthcare facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=1 October 2021|title=Free treatment, medicines at govt hospitals if AAP voted to power in Punjab: Arvind Kejriwal - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/free-treatment-medicines-at-govt-hospitals-if-aap-voted-to-power-in-punjab-arvind-kejriwal/articleshow/86670509.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2 October 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001050125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/free-treatment-medicines-at-govt-hospitals-if-aap-voted-to-power-in-punjab-arvind-kejriwal/articleshow/86670509.cms |archive-date=1 October 2021 }}</ref> On 22 November 2021, Arvind Kejriwal announced that if AAP wins Punjab then 1,000 rupees will be given to every women above 18 years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 November 2021|title=Punjab polls: Kejriwal promises Rs 1,000 per month to every woman|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/arvind-kejriwal-rs-1000-woman-aap-punjab-7635386/|access-date=21 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In the 2022 elections AAP registered a landslide victory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/live-news-coverage-from-india-today/ar-AAmNIGL?ocid=msedgntp|title = Live news coverage from India Today|website = [[MSN]]}}</ref> AAP contested on all 117 seats in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] and won 92 seats, giving it a large majority. AAP MP Bhagwant Mann became the [[Mann ministry|CM of Punjab]].<ref name="Indian Express 13 March 2022">{{cite news |title=In 57 seats, AAP saw victory margins between 20k and 75k |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/in-57-seats-aap-saw-victory-margins-between-20k-and-75k-7817336/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Candidates ===
CM candidate [[Bhagwant Mann]] contested from the [[Dhuri Assembly Constituency]].<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates" /> Below is the full list of AAP candidates with the successful candidates marked in blue.<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Punjab Election 2022: Complete List of AAP Candidates, Check Names HERE|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2022|website=www.india.com|date=21 January 2022|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122030948/https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/ |archive-date=22 January 2022 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! District
! No.
!Constituency
![[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP Candidate]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | Pathankot
| 1
|[[Sujanpur (Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]]
| Amit Singh Manto
|-
| 2
|[[Bhoa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhoa]]
| [[Lal Chand Kataruchakk]]
|-
| 3
|[[Pathankot Assembly Constituency|Pathankot]]
| Vibhuti Sharma
|-
| rowspan="7" |Gurdaspur
| 4
|[[Gurudaspur Assembly Constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| Raman Bahel
|-
| 5
|[[Dina Nagar Assembly Constituency|Dina Nagar]]
| Shamsher Singh
|-
| 6
|[[Qadian Assembly Constituency|Qadian]]
| Jagroop Singh Shekhwan
|-
| 7
|[[Batala Assembly Constituency|Batala]]
| [[Amansher Singh|Amansher Singh (Shery Kalsi)]]
|-
| 8
|[[Sri Hargobindpur Assembly Constituency|Sri Hargobindpur]]
| [[Amarpal Singh]]
|-
| 9
|[[Fatehgarh Churian Assembly Constituency|Fatehgarh Churian]]
| Balbir Singh Pannu
|-
| 10
|[[Dera Baba Nanak Assembly Constituency|Dera Baba Nanak]]
| Gurdeep Singh Randhawa
|-
| rowspan="10" |Amritsar
| 11
|[[Ajnala Assembly Constituency|Ajnala]]
| [[Kuldeep Singh Dhaliwal|Kuldeep Dingh Dhaliwal]]
|-
| 12
|[[Raja Sansi Assembly Constituency|Rajasansi]]
| Baldev Singh Meadian
|-
| 13
|[[Majitha Assembly Constituency|Majitha]]
| Sukhjinder Singh Lalli Majithia
|-
| 14
|[[Jandiala Assembly Constituency|Jandiala Guru]]
| [[Harbhajan Singh E.T.O.]]
|-
| 15
|[[Amritsar North Assembly Constituency|Amritsar North]]
| [[Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh]]
|-
| 16
|[[Amritsar West Assembly Constituency|Amritsar West]]
|| [[Jasbir Singh Sandhu|Dr Jasbir Singh]]
|-
| 17
|[[Amritsar Central Assembly Constituency|Amritsar Central]]
| [[Ajay Gupta]]
|-
| 18
|[[Amritsar East (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Amritsar East]]
| [[Jeevan Jyot Kaur|Jeevanjot Kaur]]
|-
| 19
|[[Amritsar South Assembly Constituency|Amritsar South]]
| [[Inderbir Singh Nijjar|Dr. Inderbir Singh Nijjar]]
|-
| 20
|[[Attari Assembly Constituency|Attari]]
| [[Jaswinder Singh (politician)|ADC Jaswinder Singh]]
|-

| rowspan="5" |Tarn Taran
| 21
|[[Tarn Taran Assembly Constituency|Tarn Taran]]
| [[Kashmir Singh Sohal]]
|-
| 22
|[[Khemkaran South Assembly Constituency|Khem Karan]]
| [[Sarvan Singh Dhun|Sarwan Singh Dhun]]
|-
| 23
|[[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]]
| [[Laljit Singh Bhullar]]
|-
| 24
| [[Khadoor Sahib Assembly Constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
| [[Manjinder Singh Lalpura]]
|-
| 25
|[[Baba Bakala Assembly Constituency|Baba Bakala]]
| [[Dalbir Singh Tong]]
|-

| rowspan="4" |Kapurthala
| 26
|[[Bholath Assembly Constituency|Bholath]]
| Ranjeet Singh Rana
|-
| 27
|[[Kapurthala Assembly Constituency|Kapurthala]]
| Manju Rana
|-
| 28
|[[Sultanpur Lodhi Assembly Constituency|Sultanpur Lodhi]]
| [[Sajjan Singh Cheema]]
|-
| 29
|[[Phagwara Assembly Constituency|Phagwara]]
| Joginder Singh Maan
|-

| rowspan="9" |Jalandhar
| 30
|[[Phillaur Assembly Constituency|Phillaur]]
| Prem Kumar
|-
| 31
|[[Nakodar Assembly Constituency|Nakodar]]
| [[Inderjit Kaur Mann]]
|-
| 32
|[[Shahkot Assembly Constituency|Shahkot]]
| Rattan Singh Kakarkalan
|-
| 33
|[[Kartarpur Assembly Constituency|Kartarpur]]
| [[Balkar Singh|DCP Balkar Singh]]
|-
| 34
|[[Jalandhar West Assembly Constituency|Jalandhar West]]
| [[Sheetal Angural]]
|-
| 35
|[[Jalandhar Central Assembly Constituency|Jalandhar Central]]
| [[Raman Arora]]
|-
| 36
|[[Jalandhar North Assembly Constituency|Jalandhar North]]
| Dinesh Dhal
|-
| 37
|[[Jalandhar Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Jalandhar Cantonment]]
| [[Surinder Singh Sodhi (field hockey)|Surinder Singh Sodhi]]
|-
| 38
|[[Adampur, Punjab Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
| Jeet Lal Bhaati
|-

| rowspan="7" |Hoshiarpur
| 39
|[[Mukerian Assembly Constituency|Mukerian]]
| Gurdhian Singh Multani
|-
| 40
|[[Dasuya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dasuya]]
| [[Karamvir Singh Ghumman]]
|-
| 41
|[[Urmar Assembly Constituency|Urmar]]
| [[Jasvir Singh Raja Gill]]
|-
| 42
|[[Sham Chaurasi Assembly Constituency|Sham Chaurasi]]
| [[Ravjot Singh|Dr. Ravjot Singh]]
|-
| 43
|[[Hoshiarpur Assembly Constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
| [[Brahm Shankar Jimpa|Pandit Brahm Shankar Jimpa]]
|-
| 44
|[[Chabbewal Assembly Constituency|Chabbewal]]
| Harminder Singh Sandhu
|-
| 45
|[[Garhshankar Assembly Constituency|Garhshankar]]
|[[Jai Krishan Singh|Jai Kishan Singh Rori]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |S.B.S Nagar
| 46
|[[Banga Assembly Constituency|Banga]]
| Kuljit Singh Sarghal
|-
| 47.
|[[Nawan Shahr Assembly Constituency|Nawan Shahr]]
| Lalit Mohan Pathak
|-
| 48.
|[[Balachaur Assembly Constituency|Balachaur]]
| [[Santosh Kataria]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |Rupnagar
| 49
|[[Ananadpur Sahib Assembly Constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
| [[Harjot Singh Bains]]
|-
|50
|[[Rupnagar Assembly Constituency|Rupnagar]]
| [[Dinesh Chadha]]
|-
| 51
|[[Chamkaur Sahib Assembly Constituency|Chamkaur sahib]]
| [[Charanjit Singh (politician)|Dr Charanjit Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |S.A.S Nagar
| 52.
|[[Kharar Assembly Constituency|Kharar]]
| [[Anmol Gagan Maan|Anmol Gagan Mann]]
|-
| 53.
|[[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly Constituency|S.A.S. Nagar]]
|[[Kulwant Singh (politician)|Kulwant Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |Fatehgarh
| 54.
|[[Bassi Pathana Assembly Constituency|Bassi Pathana]]
| [[Rupinder Singh Happy]]
|-
| 55.
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly Constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| [[Lakhbir Singh Rai]]
|-
| 56.
|[[Amloh Assembly Constituency|Amloh]]
| [[Gurinder Singh Garry|Gurinder Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="14" |Ludhiana
| 57.
|[[Khanna Assembly Constituency|Khanna]]
| [[Tarunpreet Singh Sondh]]
|-
| 58.
|[[Samrala Assembly Constituency|Samrala]]
| [[Jagtar Singh]]
|-
| 59.
|[[Sahnewal Assembly Constituency|Sahnewal]]
| [[Hardeep Singh Mundian]]
|-
| 60.
|[[Ludhiana East Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana East]]
| [[Daljit Singh Grewal]]
|-
| 61.
|[[Ludhiana South Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana South]]
| [[Rajinder Pal Kaur Chhina]]
|-
| 62.
|[[Atam Nagar Assembly Constituency|Atam Nagar]]
| [[Kulwant Singh Sidhu]]
|-
| 63.
|[[Ludhiana Central Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana Central]]
| [[Ashok Prashar Pappi|Ashok Prashar (Pappi)]]
|-
| 64.
|[[Ludhiana West Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana West]]
| [[Gurpreet Singh Gogi]]
|-
| 65.
|[[Ludhiana North Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana North]]
| [[Madan Lal Bagga]]
|-
| 66.
|[[Gill Assembly Constituency|Gill]]
| [[Jiwan Singh Sangowal]]
|-
| 67.
|[[Payal Assembly Constituency|Payal]]
| [[Manwinder Singh Gyaspura]]
|-
| 68.
|[[Dakha Assembly Constituency|Dakha]]
| KNS Kang
|-
| 69.
|[[Raikot Assembly Constituency|Raikot]]
| [[Hakam Singh Thekedar]]
|-
| 70.
|[[Jagraon Assembly Constituency|Jagraon]]
|[[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |Moga
| 71.
|[[Nihal Singh Wala Assembly Constituency|Nihal Singh Wala]]
| [[Manjit Singh Bilaspur]]
|-
| 72.
|[[Bhagha Purana Assembly Constituency|Bhagha Purana]]
| [[Amritpal Singh Sukhanand]]
|-
| 73.
|[[Moga Assembly Constituency|Moga]]
| [[Dr. Amandeep Kaur Arora]]
|-
| 74.
|[[Dharamkot Assembly Constituency|Dharamkot]]
| [[Devinder Singh Laddi Dhos]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |Ferozpur
| 75.
|[[Zira Assembly Constituency|Zira]]
| [[Naresh Kataria]]
|-
| 76.
|[[Firozpur City Assembly Constituency|Firozpur City]]
| [[Ranbir Bhullar]]
|-
| 77.
|[[Firozpur Rural Assembly Constituency|Firozpur Rural]]
| [[Rajnish Dahiya]]
|-
| 78.
|[[Guru Har Sahai Assembly Constituency|Guru Har Sahai]]
| [[Fauja Singh Srari]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |Fazilka
| 79.
|[[Jalalabad (Punjab Assembly constituency)|Jalalabad]]
| [[Jagdeep Kamboj Goldy|Jagdeep 'Goldy' Kamboj]]
|-
| 80.
|[[Fazilka Assembly Constituency|Fazilka]]
| [[Narinderpal Singh Sawna]]
|-
| 81.
|[[Abohar Assembly Constituency|Abohar]]
| Deep Kamboj
|-
| 82.
|[[Balluana Assembly Constituency|Balluana]]
| [[Amandeep Singh Musafir|Amandeep Singh ‘Goldy’ Musafir]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |Sri Muktsar Sahib
| 83.
|[[Lambi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lambi]]
| [[Gurmeet Singh Khudian]]
|-
| 84.
|[[Gidderbaha Assembly Constituency|Gidderbaha]]
| Preetpal Sharma
|-
| 85.
|[[Malout Assembly Constituency|Malout]]
| [[Baljit Kaur|Dr. Baljit Kaur]]
|-
| 86.
|[[Muktsar Assembly Constituency|Muktsar]]
| [[Jagdeep Singh Brar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |Faridkot
| 87.
|[[Faridkot Assembly Constituency|Faridkot]]
| [[Gurdit Singh Sekhon]]
|-
| 88.
|[[Kotkapura Assembly Constituency|Kotkapura]]
| [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]]
|-
| 89.
|[[Jaitu Assembly Constituency|Jaitu]]
| [[Amolak Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |Bathinda
| 90.
|[[Rampura Phul Assembly Constituency|Rampura Phul]]
| [[Balkar Singh Sidhu]]
|-
| 91.
|[[Bhucho Mandi Assembly Constituency|Bhucho Mandi]]
| [[Master Jagsir Singh]]
|-
| 92.
|[[Bathinda Urban Assembly Constituency|Bathinda Urban]]
| [[Jagroop Singh Gill]]
|-
| 93.
|[[Bathinda Rural Assembly Constituency|Bathinda Rural]]
| [[Amit Rattan Kotfatta]]
|-
| 94.
|[[Talwandi Sabo Assembly Constituency|Talwandi Sabo]]
|[[Baljinder Kaur (Punjab politician)|Baljinder Kaur]]
|-
| 95.
|[[Maur Assembly Constituency|Maur]]
| [[Sukhvir Maiser Khana]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |Mansa
| 96.
|[[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
| [[Dr Vijay Singla|Vijay Singla]]
|-
| 97.
|[[Sardulgarh Assembly Constituency|Sardulgarh]]
| [[Gurpreet Singh Banawali]]
|-
| 98.
|[[Budhalada Assembly Constituency|Budhlada]]
| [[Budhram Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |Sangrur
| 99.
|[[Lehra Assembly Constituency|Lehragaga]]
| [[Barinder Kumar Goyal]]
|-
| 100.
|[[Dirba Assembly Constituency|Dirba]]
|[[Harpal Singh Cheema]]
|-
| 101.
|[[Sunam Assembly Constituency|Sunam]]
|[[Aman Arora]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |Barnala
| 102.
|[[Bhadaur Assembly Constituency|Bhadaur]]
| [[Labh Singh Ugoke]]
|-
| 103.
|[[Barnala Assembly Constituency|Barnala]]
|[[Meet Hayer|Gurmeet Singh Hayer]]
|-
| 104.
|[[Mehal Kalan Assembly Constituency|Mehal Kalan]]
|[[Kulwant Singh Pandori]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Malerkotla
| 105.
|[[Malerkotla Assembly Constituency|Malerkotla]]
| [[Mohammad Jamil Ur Rehman|Dr Mohd. Zamil-Ur-Rehman]]
|-
| 106.
|[[Amargarh Assembly Constituency|Amargarh]]
| [[Jaswant Singh Gajjanmajra]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Sangrur
| 107.
|[[Dhuri Assembly Constituency|Dhuri]]
|[[Bhagwant Mann|Bhagwant Singh Mann]]
|-
| 108.
|[[Sangrur Assembly Constituency|Sangrur]]
| [[Narinder Kaur Bharaj]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |Patiala
| 109.
|[[Nabha Assembly Constituency|Nabha]]
| [[Gurdev Singh Dev Mann]]
|-
| 110.
|[[Patiala Rural Assembly Constituency|Patiala Rural]]
| [[Dr. Balbir Singh]]
|-
| 111.
|[[Rajpura Assembly Constituency|Rajpura]]
| [[Neena Mittal]]
|-
|S.A.S Nagar
| 112.
|[[Dera Bassi Assembly Constituency|Dera Bassi]]
| [[Kuljit Singh Randhawa]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |Patiala
| 113.
|[[Ghanaur Assembly Constituency|Ghanaur]]
| [[Gurlal Ghanaur]]
|-
| 114.
|[[Sanour Assembly Constituency|Sanour]]
| [[Harmeet Singh Pathanmajra]]
|-
| 115.
|[[Patiala Urban (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]
| [[Ajitpal Singh Kohli]]
|-
| 116.
|[[Samana Assembly Constituency|Samana]]
| [[Chetan Singh Jormajra]]
|-
| 117.
|[[Shutrana Assembly Constituency|Shutrana]]
| [[Kulwant Singh Bazigar]]
|}

===Leader in Legislative Houses===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"; rowspan=2 | House
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"; rowspan=2 | Leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"; rowspan=2 | Portrait
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"; colspan=2 | Elected constituency
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Constituency
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | State
|-
|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
|
|[[Dhuri Assembly Constituency|Dhuri]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|}

== 2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election ==
In December 2015, Aam Aadmi Party declared that it would contest the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aap-to-contest-in-punjab-polls-in-2017-2564364.html |title=AAP to contest in Punjab polls in 2017 |date=29 December 2015 |access-date=30 May 2016 |publisher=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> AAP which did not participate in the 2012 assembly election, but had fought 2014 Lok Sabha elections. Their 2014 General election performance translates to 33 assembly seats out of 117.<ref>{{cite news | access-date=30 December 2016 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/aap-won-33-of-117-assembly-seats/story-ojX3q1noE7FfZrfyJI15rJ.html | title=AAP won 33 of 117 assembly seats | date=18 May 2014 | newspaper=hindustantimes.com/}}</ref>

=== Alliance Partners ===
In the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017 Punjab assembly election]], the party formed a coalition with the [[Lok Insaaf Party]] and gave it five seats to contest.<ref name="oneindia.com"/> No CM candidate was declared before the elections.<ref name="HT March 2017"/> This alliance was called the ''AAP Alliance'' and was represented on news channels as ''AAP+''. The alliance won 22 seats in total, two of which were won by the Lok Insaaf Party.<ref name="High on hype, how AAP got it wrong"/> AAP won 20 seats in the Punjab Assembly in its debut in the 2017 Punjab elections. In March 2018, the Lok Insaaf Party broke the coalition due to differences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170318/after-kejriwals-apology-punjabs-lok-insaf-party-snaps-ties-with-aap.html|title=After Kejriwal's apology, Punjab's Lok Insaf Party snaps ties with AAP|date=17 March 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

===List of winning candidates and runner up candidates===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
|-
!District
!AC No.
!Constituency
!Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!Runners-up
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!Margin<ref>Source: [http://eciresults.nic.in Election Commission of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160549/http://eciresults.nic.in/ |date=18 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Amritsar district]]
|19
|[[Amritsar South Assembly Constituency|Amritsar South]]
|[[Inderbir Singh Bolaria]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|47581
|Inderbir Singh Nijjar
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|24923
|22658
|-
|[[Tarn Taran district]]
|25
|[[Baba Bakala Assembly Constituency|Baba Bakala]] (SC)
|Santokh Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|45965
|Dalbir Singh Tong
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|39378
|6587
|-
|[[Kapurthala district]]
|26
|[[Bholath Assembly Constituency|Bholath]]
|[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|48873
|Yuvraj Bhupinder Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9900 |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|40671
|8202
|-
|[[Jalandhar district]]
|31
|[[Nakodar Assembly Constituency|Nakodar]]
|[[Gurpartap Singh Wadala|Gurpratap Singh Wadala]]
| bgcolor=#FF9900 |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|56241
|Sarwan Singh Hayer
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|37834
|18407
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Hoshiarpur district]]
|42
|[[Sham Chaurasi Assembly Constituency|Sham Chaurasi]] (SC)
|Pawan Kumar Adia
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|46612
|Dr. Ravjot Singh
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|42797
|3815
|-
|45
|[[Garhshankar Assembly Constituency|Garhshankar]]
|Jai Krishan
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|41720
|Surinder Singh Heer
| bgcolor=#FF9900 |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|40070
|1650
|-
|[[Nawanshahr District]]
|46
|[[Banga Assembly Constituency|Banga]] (SC)
|Sukhwinder Kumar
| bgcolor=#FF9900 |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|45256
|[[Harjot Singh Bains]]
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|43363
|1893
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Rupnagar district]]
|50
|[[Rupnagar Assembly Constituency|Rupnagar]]
|Amarjit Singh Sandoa
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|58994
|Brinder Singh Dhillon
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|35287
|23707
|-
|51
|[[Chamkaur Sahib Assembly Constituency|Chamkaur Sahib]] (SC)
|[[Charanjit Singh Channi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|61060
|Charanjit Singh
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|48752
|12308
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohali district]]
|52
|[[Kharar Assembly Constituency|Kharar]]
|Kanwar Sandhu
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|54171
|[[Jagmohan Singh Kang]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|52159
|2012
|-
|53
|[[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly Constituency|S.A.S.Nagar]]
|[[Balbir Singh Sidhu (politician)|Balbir Singh Sidhu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|66844
|Narinder Singh
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|38971
|27873
|-
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
|54
|[[Bassi Pathana Assembly Constituency|Bassi Pathana]] (SC)
|Gurpreet Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|47319
|Santokh Singh
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|37273
|10046
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Ludhiana district]]
|57
|[[Khanna Assembly Constituency|Khanna]]
|Gurkirat Singh Kotli
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|55690
|Anil Dutt Phally
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|35099
|20591
|-
|58
|[[Samrala Assembly Constituency|Samrala]]
|[[Amrik Singh Dhillon]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|51930
|Sarbans Singh Manki
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|40925
|11005
|-
|60
|[[Ludhiana East Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana East]]
|Sanjeev Talwar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|43010
|Daljit Singh Grewal (Bhola)
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|41429
|1581
|-
|61
|[[Ludhiana South Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana South]]
|[[Balwinder Singh Bains|Balvinder Singh Bains]]
| bgcolor=#800000 |
|[[Lok Insaaf Party|LIP]]
|53955
|Bhupinder Singh Sidhu
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|23038
|30917
|-
|62
|[[Atam Nagar Assembly Constituency|Atam Nagar]]
|Simarjeet Singh Bains
| bgcolor=#800000 |
|[[Lok Insaaf Party|LIP]]
|53421
|Kamal Jit Singh Karwal
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|36508
|16913
|-
|64
|[[Ludhiana West Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana West]]
|[[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|66627
|Ahbaab Singh Grewal
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|30106
|36521
|-
|66
|[[Gill Assembly Constituency|Gill]] (SC)
|[[Kuldeep Singh Vaid]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|67927
|Jiwan Singh Sangowal
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|59286
|8641
|-
|67
|[[Payal Assembly Constituency|Payal]] (SC)
|Lakhvir Singh Lakha
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|57776
|Gurpreet Singh Lapran
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|36280
|21496
|-
|68
|[[Dakha Assembly Constituency|Dakha]]
|[[H. S. Phoolka|Harvinder Singh Phoolka]]
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|58923
|[[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
| bgcolor=#FF9900 |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|54754
|4169
|-
|69
|[[Raikot Assembly Constituency|Raikot]] (SC)
|[[Jagtar Singh Jagga Hissowal]]
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|48245
|[[Amar Singh (Punjab politician)|Amar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|37631
|10614
|-
|70
|[[Jagraon Assembly Constituency|Jagraon]] (SC)
|[[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]]
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|61521
|Malkit Singh Dakha
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|35945
|25576
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Moga district]]
|71
|[[Nihal Singh Wala Assembly Constituency|Nihal Singhwala]] (SC)
|Manjit Singh
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|67313
|Rajwinder Kaur
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|39739
|27574
|-
|72
|[[Bhagha Purana Assembly Constituency|Bhagha Purana]]
|Darshan Singh Brar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|48668
|Gurbinder Singh Kang
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|41418
|7250
|-
|73
|[[Moga Assembly Constituency|Moga]]
|Harjot Kamal Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|52357
|Ramesh Grover
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|50593
|1764
|-
|[[Fazilka district]]
|79
|[[Jalalabad (Punjab Assembly constituency)|Jalalabad]]
|[[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9900 |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|75271
|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|56771
|18500
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Faridkot district]]
|87
|[[Faridkot Assembly Constituency|Faridkot]]
|Kusaldeep Singh Kiki Dhillon
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|51026
|Gurdit Singh Sekhon
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|39367
|11659
|-
|88
|[[Kotkapura Assembly Constituency|Kotkapura]]
|Kultar Singh Sandhwan
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|47401
|Bhai Harnirpal Singh Kukku
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|37326
|10075
|-
|89
|[[Jaitu Assembly Constituency|Jaitu]] (SC)
|Baldev Singh
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|45344
|Mohammad Sadique
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|35351
|9993
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Bathinda district]]
|91
|[[Bhucho Mandi Assembly Constituency|Bhucho Mandi]] (SC)
|Pritam Singh Kotbhai
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|51605
|Jagsir Singh
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|50960
|645
|-
|92
|[[Bathinda Urban Assembly Constituency|Bathinda Urban]]
|[[Manpreet Singh Badal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|63942
|Deepak Bansal
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|45462
|18480
|-
|93
|[[Bathinda Rural Assembly Constituency|Bathinda Rural]] (SC)
|Rupinder Kaur Ruby
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|51572
|Er. Amit Rattan Kotfatta
| bgcolor=#FF9900 |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|40794
|10778
|-
|94
|[[Talwandi Sabo Assembly Constituency|Talwandi Sabo]]
|Prof. Baljinder Kaur
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|54553
|Khushbaz Singh Jatana
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|35260
|19293
|-
|95
|[[Maur Assembly Constituency|Maur]]
|Jagdev Singh
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|62282
|[[Janmeja Singh Sekhon]]
| bgcolor=#FF9900 |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|47605
|14677
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mansa district, India|Mansa district]]
|96
|[[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
|Nazar Singh Manshahia
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|70586
|Manoj Bala
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|50117
|20469
|-
|98
|[[Budhalada Assembly Constituency|Budhalada]] (SC)
|Budh Ram
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|52265
|Ranjit Kaur Bhatti
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|50989
|1276
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sangrur district]]
|100
|[[Dirba Assembly Constituency|Dirba]] (SC)
|[[Harpal Singh Cheema]]
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|46434
|Ajaib Singh Ratolan
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|44789
|1645
|-
|101
|[[Sunam Assembly Constituency|Sunam]]
|[[Aman Arora]]
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|72815
|[[Gobind Singh Longowal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9900 |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|42508
|30307
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Barnala district]]
|102
|[[Bhadaur Assembly Constituency|Bhadaur]] (SC)
|Pirmal Singh Dhaula
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|57095
|Sant Balvir Singh Ghunas
| bgcolor=#FF9900 |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|36311
|20784
|-
|103
|[[Barnala Assembly Constituency|Barnala]]
|Gurmeet Singh Meet Haher
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|47606
|[[Kewal Singh Dhillon]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|45174
|2432
|-
|104
|[[Mehal Kalan Assembly Constituency|Mehal Kalan]] (SC)
|[[Kulwant Singh Pandori]]
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|57551
|Ajit Singh Shant
| bgcolor=#FF9900 |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|30487
|27064
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sangrur district]]
|107
|[[Dhuri Assembly Constituency|Dhuri]]
|Dalvir Singh Goldy
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|49347
|Jasvir Singh Jassi Sekhon
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|46536
|2811
|-
|108
|[[Sangrur Assembly Constituency|Sangrur]]
|[[Vijay Inder Singla]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|67310
|Dinesh Bansal
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|36498
|30812
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Patiala district]]
|109
|[[Nabha Assembly Constituency|Nabha]] (SC)
|[[Sadhu Singh Dharamsot]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|60861
|Gurdev Singh Dev Mann
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|41866
|18995
|-
|110
|[[Patiala Rural Assembly Constituency|Patiala Rural]]
|[[Brahm Mohindra]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|68891
|Karanvir Singh Tiwana
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|41662
|27229
|-
|111
|[[Rajpura Assembly Constituency|Rajpura]]
|Hardial Singh Kamboj
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|59107
|Ashutosh Joshi
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|26542
|32565
|-
|[[Patiala district]]
|115
|[[Patiala Assembly Constituency|Patiala]]
|[[Amarinder Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|72586
|Dr. Balbir Singh
| bgcolor=#0066A4 |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|20179
|52407
|}

== General election, 2014 ==
{{Main|2014 Indian general election|2014 Indian general election in Punjab}}
The AAP fielded 434 candidates in the [[2014 Indian general election]], in which it did not expect to do well. It recognised that its support was based primarily in urban areas and that different strategies might be required for different regions of the country. The party pointed out that its funding was limited and that there were too many demands for local visits from Kejriwal. The intention was to field candidates in large numbers to maximise the likelihood of recognition as a national party by the Election Commission.<ref name="IndExp20140105">{{cite news |title=AAP gears for Lok Sabha polls, to contest all seats in Gujarat, Haryana |publisher=Indian Express Portal |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/aap-gears-for-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-all-seats-in-gujarat-haryana/1215513/0 |date=28 December 2013 |access-date=4 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140204144711/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/aap-gears-for-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-all-seats-in-gujarat-haryana/1215513/0 |archive-date=4 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aam Aadmi Party seeks national role, names 426 candidates |first=Brajesh |last=Kumar |work=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/with-426-names-aap-leads-list-race/article1-1203578.aspx |date=3 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095621/http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/with-426-names-aap-leads-list-race/article1-1203578.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref> The outcome was that four AAP candidates won, all from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituency-wise Detailed Results – General Elections, 2014 – 16th Lok Sabha (page 258 of 492) |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf#page=258 |access-date=24 August 2016 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf#page=258 |archive-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref> Consequently, the AAP became a recognised state party in Punjab.<ref>{{cite news|title=AAP recognised state party in Punjab|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aap-recognised-state-party-in-punjab-1993078|access-date=2 February 2015|work=Daily News and Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223112756/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aap-recognised-state-party-in-punjab-1993078|archive-date=23 February 2015}}</ref>

===Elected MPs ===
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" style="text-align:center"
! No.
! Constituency
!Turnout%
! Name of elected M.P.
! colspan="2"|Party affiliation
!Margin
|-
! 8
| [[Fatehgarh Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehgarh Sahib]](SC)
|73.81 {{increase}}
| [[Harinder Singh Khalsa]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color: {{party color | Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
|rowspan=4|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|54,144
|-
! 9
| [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]](SC)
|70.95 {{decrease}}
| [[Sadhu Singh]]
|1,72,516
|-
! 12
| [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]]
|77.21 {{increase}}
| [[Bhagwant Mann]]
|2,11,721
|-
! 13
| [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]
|70.94 {{increase}}
| [[Dharam Vira Gandhi]]
|20,942
|-
|}

==Electoral Performance==
===Punjab Legislative Assembly elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:Logo of the Punjab Legislative Assembly (Vector).svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|50px]] [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] Elections
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|(+/-) in seats
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|% of votes
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[15th Punjab Assembly|15th]]
|112
|{{Composition bar|20|117|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 20
|23.70%
|{{Steady}}''New''
|36,62,665
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[16th Punjab Assembly|16th]]
|117
|{{Composition bar|92|117|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 72
|42.01%
|{{increase}} 18.31
|65,38,783
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|}
===General Elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:Lok Sabha.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|100px]] [[Lok Sabha]] Elections
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|(+/-) in seats
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|% of votes
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#0072B0;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|13
|{{Composition bar|4|13|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
|24.36%
|{{Steady}}''New''
|33,73,062
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|13
|{{Composition bar|1|13|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|7.38%
|{{decrease}} 16.98
|10,15,773
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|13
|{{Composition bar|3|13|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|26.02%
|{{increase}} 18.64
|35,06,939
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|}

==Organisation==
===Convener/President===
Convener (or chief/president) is a highest political post in the Punjab unit of Aam Aadmi Party, holds responsibilities for the success of Party in Punjab.

After [[2014 Indian general election in Punjab]] on 29 August 2014, [[Sucha Singh Chhotepur]] was appointed as first convener<ref>[https://youtube.com/watch?v=hheObtnkMYo YouTube video] ''ABP Sanjha''</ref> of [[Aam Aadmi Party]]'s [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] unit. He served till 24 August 2016.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aap-removes-its-punjab-convener-sucha-singh-chhotepur-after-bribe-video/articleshow/53876777.cms AAP removes its Punjab convener Sucha Singh Chhotepur after bribe video]</ref> After him [[Gurpreet Ghuggi|Gurpreet Singh Waraich]] appointed the new convener.<ref>{{cite web|title = Gurpreet Ghuggi appointed as the punjab state convener of the Aam Aadmi Party|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/aap-appoints-gurpreet-ghuggi-as-punjab-convener/290138.html|date = 4 September 2016|accessdate = 30 January 2020|archive-date = 6 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171006111940/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/aap-appoints-gurpreet-ghuggi-as-punjab-convener/290138.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>

In [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] party performed less than the expectations and got 20 seats in [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/punjab-assembly-election-results-how-kejriwal-lost-aap-s-winning-plot/story-heJhhZBsKODGKoytSocQiL.html How Kejriwal lost AAP's winning plot in Punjab]</ref> Due to this he was removed from the post and [[Bhagwant Mann]] appointed as new convener along with [[Aman Arora]].<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bhagwant-mann-appointed-aaps-punjab-unit-chief/articleshow/58581017.cms Bhagwant Mann and Aman Arora appointed convener of Punjab Aam Admi Party]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gurpreet Ghuggi quits AAP, questions Mann's appointment as party's Punjab chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gurpreet-ghuggi-quits-aap-questions-manns-appointment-as-partys-punjab-chief/articleshow/58615128.cms |accessdate=30 January 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=10 May 2017}}</ref> They resigned from the post on 17 March 2018 due to the apology by [[Arvind Kejriwal]] to [[Bikram Singh Majithia]].<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bhagwant-mann-resigns-as-aap-punjab-chief/articleshow/63328216.cms Bhagwant Mann resigned from AAP Punjab chief]</ref> After Maan and Arora's resignation Balbir Singh was appointed co-convener (caretaker) of Punjab's unit on 21 March 2018.<ref>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/aap-appoints-dr-balbir-singh-as-punjab-units-second-co-president.html AAP appoints Dr. Balbir Singh aa Punjab Units Co-President]</ref>

On 31 January 2019 before [[2019 Indian general election|General election]] Maan was appointed as the Punjab convener.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019: A Year After Exit, Bhagwant Mann Re-Appointed Punjab Aam Aadmi Party Chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2019-a-year-after-exit-bhagwant-mann-re-appointed-punjab-aam-aadmi-party-chief-1985819 |access-date=25 January 2022 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> After [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] assembly election in Punjab, AAP won majority under the leadership of Bhagwant Mann and he became the Chief Minister of Punjab. To look after party's programs, AAP appointed [[Budh Ram]] acting president of party in Punjab.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mla-budh-ram-appointed-as-working-president-of-punjab-unit-of-aap/article66959954.ece</ref> On 22 November 2024, AAP appointed [[Aman Arora]] as president and [[Amansher Singh]] as vice-president.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab/aap-appoints-aman-arora-as-its-new-punjab-unit-president/article68898944.ece</ref>

===List of Conveners===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Name
!Portrait
!colspan=3|Tenure
!Co-convener
!National Convener
|-
!1
|[[Sucha Singh Chhotepur]]
|[[File:Sucha Singh Chhotepur.jpg|75px]]
|29 August 2014
|24 August 2016
|{{age in years and days|2014|08|29|2016|08|24}}
|rowspan=2| None
|rowspan=7| [[Arvind Kejriwal]] {{small|(2012-present)}}
|-
!2
|[[Gurpreet Ghuggi|Gurpreet Singh Waraich]]
|[[File:ਗੁਰਪ੍ਰੀਤ ਘੁੱਗੀ.jpg|75px]]
|4 September 2016
|8 May 2017
|{{age in years and days|2016|09|04|2017|05|08}}
|-
!3
|[[Bhagwant Singh Mann]]
|[[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|75px]]
|10 May 2017
|17 March 2018
| {{age in years and days|2017|05|10|2018|03|17}}
|[[Aman Arora]]
|-
! -
|[[Dr. Balbir Singh|Balbir Singh]] {{small|(caretaker)}}
|[[File:Noimage.png|75px]]
|21 March 2018
|31 January 2019
| {{age in years and days|2018|03|21|2019|01|31}}
|Himself
|-
!(3)
|[[Bhagwant Singh Mann]]
|[[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|75px]]
|31 January 2019
|rowspan=2|22 November 2024
| {{age in years and days|2019|01|31|2024|11|22}}
|rowspan=2|[[Aman Arora]]
|-
! -
|[[Budh Ram|Budh Ram Singh]] {{small|(caretaker)}}{{efn|Served as caretaker president to look after party work along with Bhagwant Mann after Mann was appointed as Chief Minister of Punjab until Aman Arora succeeded him as AAP president in Punjab.}}
|[[File:Noimage.png|75px]]
|12 June 2023
| {{age in years and days|2023|06|12|2024|11|22}}
|-
!4
|[[Aman Arora]]
|[[File:Aman Arora.png|75px]]
|22 November 2024
|Incumbent
| {{age in years and days|2024|11|21}}
|[[Amansher Singh]]
|}

===Legislative Party leader===
Legislative Party leader is a person who leads the elected members of the party in [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. On 11 March 2022, Bhagwant Mann was elected as the leader of the AAP legislative party.<ref name="CM-elect 11 March 2022">{{cite news |title="Spend Time In Your Constituencies, Not...": AAP's Bhagwant Mann To MLAs |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cabinet-can-have-17-ministers-nobody-should-be-upset-bhagwant-mann-to-mlas-2817872 |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
!{{small|No.}}
!Name {{small|(constituency)}}
!Portrait
!colspan=2|Tenure
!Other designation
!Assembly
|-
!1
|[[H. S. Phoolka|Harvinder Singh Phoolka]] {{small|(Dakha)}}
|[[File:H. S. Phoolka.jpg|75px]]
|16 March 2017
|9 July 2017
|rowspan=3|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
|rowspan=3|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|15th]]
|-
!2
|[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]] {{small|(Bholath)}}
| [[File:Sukhpalsingh.jpeg|75px]]
|9 July 2017
|26 July 2018
|-
!3
|[[Harpal Singh Cheema]] {{small|(Dirba)}}
| [[File:H. S. Cheema.png|75px]]
|27 July 2018
|11 March 2022
|-
!4
|[[Bhagwant Mann]] {{small|(Dhuri)}}
| [[File:A delegation of Aam Aadmi Party leaders, - MP (Lok Sabha), Shri Bhagwant Mann, Shri Sanjay Singh and Shri Ashutosh, calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on October 22, 2015 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|11 March 2022
|Incumbent
|[[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister]]
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|16th]]
|}
'''Deputy leader'''
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
!{{small|No.}}
!Name {{small|(constituency)}}
!Portrait
!colspan=2|Tenure
!Other designation
!Assembly
|-
!1
|[[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]] {{small|(Jagraon)}}
|
|16 March 2017
|11 March 2022
|Deputy Leader of Opposition
|15th
|-
!2
|[[Harpal Singh Cheema]] {{small|(Dirba)}}
|
|19 March 2022
|Incumbent
|Minister of Finance
|16th
|}

== List of Current Rajya Sabha MPs from Punjab ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Seat No.
!Elected MP
!'''M.P.s Portrait'''
|-
|1
|[[Balbir Singh Seechewal]]
|[[File:Balbir Singh Seechewal.jpeg|75px]]
|}

==Activities==
In June 2021, MLA and deputy leader of the opposition in Punjab assembly, [[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]] held hunger strike along with AAP activists to protest against the inaction of the Punjab government in the payment of post-matric scholarship amount of Dalit students. AAP convener Bhagwant Mann said that the protest by AAP members had forced the Punjab government then led by CM [[Amarinder Singh]] to release the funds amounting to 200 crore as 40% share of the amount that Punjab government had to pay.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP's dharna forced CM to release funds, says Mann |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/aaps-dharna-forced-cm-to-release-funds-says-mann-271121 |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315105035/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/aaps-dharna-forced-cm-to-release-funds-says-mann-271121 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Politics of Punjab, India|Politics of Punjab]]
*[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
*[[Aam Aadmi Party, Delhi]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aam Aadmi Party|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party]]
[[Category:Political parties in Punjab, India]]

Aam Aadmi Party – Delhi

2026-04-25T11:31:54Z

SoftifyInsights:

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name=Aam Aadmi Party, Delhi
|party_logo=Aam Aadmi Party logo (English).svg
|abbreviation=AAP
|colorcode={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|leader=[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|president=[[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]<ref name="2025 President"/>|eci=[[List of political parties in India#National parties|National Party]]
|youth = AAP Youth Wing (AYW)
|students = [[Chhatra Yuva Sangharsh Samiti]] (CYSS)
|women = AAP Mahila Shakti (AMS)
|labour = [[Shramik Vikas Sangathan]] (SVS)
|headquarters = 1, Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla Lane, (1 – Canning Lane) New Delhi – 110001<ref>{{cite web|title=Party's Address on Website|url=http://aamaadmiparty.org/}}</ref>
|website={{URL|aamaadmiparty.org}}
|symbol=Broom [[File:AAP Symbol.png|150px]]
|loksabha_seats={{Composition bar|0|7|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|state_seats_name=[[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]
|state_seats={{Composition bar|22|70|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}([[Delhi Legislative Assembly]])
|colours={{color box|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}} [[Blue]]
| flag = [[File:Aam Aadmi Party flag (2).svg|frameless|200px]]
|rajyasabha_seats={{Composition bar|2|3|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}}}

'''Aam Aadmi Party Delhi''' or '''AAP Delhi''' is a state wing of [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. AAP became a state party in Delhi in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balaji |first=J. |date=2013-12-08 |title=EC to recognise Aam Aadmi Party as State party in Delhi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national//article60358776.ece |access-date=2022-03-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
The party contested its first election in Delhi in [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]] and was successful in winning 28 seats in a hung assembly. It got outside support from [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Arvind Kejriwal]] became the [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister of Delhi]] but he resigned after 49 days due to differences with INC.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barry |first=Ellen |last2=Vyawahare |first2=Malavika |date=2014-02-14 |title=Chief Minister of Delhi Resigns After 49 Days, Citing Resistance to Antigraft Bill |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/15/world/asia/delhis-newly-appointed-chief-minister-resigns.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|following 2015 elections]], AAP won 67 of the 70 seats in the assembly, limiting BJP at just 3 seats and INC with none and Kejriwal was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Delhi.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-elections-on-february-7/article6781169.ece|title=EC cracks whip as Delhi goes to polls|work=The Hindu|date=13 January 2015|access-date=13 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113004522/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-elections-on-february-7/article6781169.ece|archive-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> AAP formed the government again in the subsequent [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], winning 62 seats.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=12 February 2020 |title=Delhi Assembly election results 2020 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/delhi-assembly-election-results-2020/article62125517.ece |access-date=7 April 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The party was reduced to just 22 seats in [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] and was defeated by the BJP which secured 48.

== Electoral performances ==

=== 2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections ===
The 2013 Delhi state assembly elections were the party's first electoral contest. The Election Commission approved the symbol of a broom for use by the AAP in that campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-03 |title=Aam Aadmi Party gets broom as election symbol |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aam-aadmi-party-gets-broom-as-election-symbol/410942-37.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803083441/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aam-aadmi-party-gets-broom-as-election-symbol/410942-37.html |archive-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The party said that its candidates were honest and had been screened for potential criminal backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-21 |title=AAP picks candidates: Filmmaker, homemaker and loyalists |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/aap-picks-its-candidates-filmmaker-homemaker-and-loyalists-800919.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> It published its central manifesto on 20 November 2013, promising to implement the Jan Lokpal Bill within 15 days of coming to power.

In November 2013, a sting operation conducted by Media Sarkar alleged that several leaders of the AAP, including Kumar Vishwas and [[Shazia Ilmi]], had agreed to extend their support to some people seeking assistance with land deals and other financial arrangements in return for donations in cash to the AAP. Ilmi offered to withdraw her candidature as a result, but the party refused to accept her offer, describing the footage as fabricated and a violation of the Model Code of Conduct. The AAP emerged as the second-largest party in Delhi, winning 28 of the 70 Assembly seats; the Bharatiya Janata Party, as the largest party, won 31, while its ally [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], won 1; Indian National Congress won 8, and two were won by others. On 28 December 2013, the AAP formed a minority government in the hung Assembly, with what Sheila Dikshit describes as "not unconditional" support from Indian National Congress. Kejriwal became the second-youngest [[Chief Minister of Delhi]]. As a result of the Delhi elections, AAP became a recognised state party in Delhi.

=== 2014 Indian general election in Delhi ===
AAP lost on all 7 seats and came 2nd on each seat. Its vote share was 32%.

=== 2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly Elections ===
The Delhi state assembly elections for the [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]] were held on 7 February 2015, as declared by the Election Commission of India. The Aam Aadmi Party scored a landslide victory by winning a majority of 67 of the 70 seats. The BJP was able to win 3 seats and the Congress party saw all its candidates lose. Kejriwal became the Chief Minister for the second time. The AAP had started campaigning in Delhi in November 2014 and declared candidates for all 70 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-03 |title=Delhi: With new faces, AAP hits campaign trail - Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/with-new-faces-and-young-team-aap-hits-campaign-trail/article1-1303093.aspx |access-date=2022-03-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103213526/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/with-new-faces-and-young-team-aap-hits-campaign-trail/article1-1303093.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the campaign, Kejriwal claimed that the BJP had been trying to bribe AAP volunteers. He asked Delhi voters to not deny the bribes offered to them. He suggested that voters should accept the bribe from others and yet vote for AAP through the secret ballot in the election. The situation caused the Election Commission of India to instruct Kejriwal to desist from breaking laws governing the model code of conduct for elections in India, but the Delhi court then allowed Kejriwal to challenge this.

The President's Rule was subsequently rescinded and Kejriwal became the Chief Minister of Delhi with six cabinet ministers ([[Manish Sisodia]], [[Asim Ahmed Khan]], [[Sandeep Kumar (politician)|Sandeep Kumar]], [[Satyendar Jain]], [[Gopal Rai]], and [[Jitender Singh Tomar]]).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Arvind Kejriwal takes oath as the eighth Chief Minister of Delhi at Ramlila Maidan |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arvind-kejriwal-takes-oath-as-the-eighth-chief-minister-of-delhi-at-ramlila-maidan/articleshow/46242583.cms |access-date=2022-03-23}}</ref>

=== 2019 Indian general election in Delhi ===
AAP lost on all seats and lost deposits on 3 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-24 |title=Deposit lost in 3 seats, AAP leaders admit: Mistakes were made, need to introspect |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/deposit-lost-in-3-seats-delhi-aap-leaders-admit-mistakes-were-made-need-to-introspect-lok-sabha-election-results-5745416/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Its vote share was 18.11%.

=== 2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections ===
AAP contested 2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly Elections on all 70 seats and won 62 seats. Arvind Kejriwal took oath as CM for the 3rd time on 16 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2020 |title=Arvind Kejriwal sworn-in as chief minister of Delhi for 3rd time |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/arvind-kejriwal-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-delhi-for-3rd-time-250225-2020-02-16 |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> AAP secured 53.57% votes. Its main opponent BJP and Congress secured 38.51% and 4.26% votes respectively.

=== 2024 Indian general election in Delhi ===
AAP contested with an alliance with the Congress but still lost on all 4 seats it contested. Its vote share was 24%.

=== 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections ===
AAP contested on all 70 seats but it managed to win just 22 seats with several prominent leaders and cabinet ministers including national convener [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Manish Sisodia]], [[Somnath Bharti]], [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]] and [[Durgesh Pathak]] losing their seats. It's vote share reduced to 43.57%. It was ultimately defeated by the BJP, which secured the remaining 48 seats and 47.15% of the total votes.

== List of presidents ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Portrait
!President
|-
|[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:The Labour Minister of Delhi, Shri Gopal Rai meeting the Minister of State for Labour and Employment (Independent Charge), Shri Bandaru Dattatreya, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gopal Rai]]
|-
|[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|
|[[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]<ref name="2025 President">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-21 |title=Saurabh Bharadwaj appointed Delhi AAP chief, Sisodia to head Punjab unit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/saurabh-bharadwaj-appointed-delhi-aap-chief-sisodia-to-head-punjab-unit/article69357013.ece |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== List of AAP MLAs from Delhi ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
![[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]
![[8th Delhi Assembly]]
|-
!Constituency
!Name
|-
|[[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]]([[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition)]]
|[[Atishi]]
|-
|[[Sultan Pur Majra (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sultan Pur Majra]] (SC)([[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of Opposition]])
|[[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
|-
|[[Burari (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Burari]]([[Chief Whip]])
|[[Sanjeev Jha]]
|-
|[[Kirari (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kirari]]
|[[Anil Jha Vats]]
|-
|[[Sadar Bazar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sadar Bazar]]
|[[Som Dutt]]
|-
|[[Chandni Chowk (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
|[[Parlad Singh Sawhney]]
|-
|[[Matia Mahal (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matia Mahal]]
|[[Aaley Mohammad Iqbal]]
|-
|[[Ballimaran (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ballimaran]]
|[[Imran Hussain (Indian politician)|Imran Hussain]]
|-
|[[Karol Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Karol Bagh]] (SC)
|[[Vishesh Ravi]]
|-
|[[Patel Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patel Nagar]] (SC)
|[[Pravesh Ratn]]
|-
|[[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]]
|[[Jarnail Singh (born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
|-
|[[Delhi Cantt (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Delhi Cantonment]]
|[[Virender Singh Kadian]]
|-
|[[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli]] (SC)
|[[Prem Chauhan]]
|-
|[[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]] (SC)
|[[Ajay Dutt]]
|-
|[[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]]
|[[Sahi Ram]]
|-
|[[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
|[[Ram Singh Netaji]]
|-
|[[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Okhla]]
|[[Amanatullah Khan]]
|-
|[[Kondli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kondli]] (SC)
|[[Kuldeep Kumar]]
|-
|[[Seemapuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seemapuri]] (SC)
|[[Veer Singh Dhingan]]
|-
|[[Seelampur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seelampur]]
|[[Chaudhary Zubair Ahmad]]
|-
|[[Babarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Babarpur]]
|[[Gopal Rai]]
|-
|[[Gokalpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gokalpur]] (SC)
|[[Surendra Kumar (politician)|Surendra Kumar]]
|}

== List of AAP MPs from Delhi in Rajya Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" |[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi]]
|-
!No
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-29 |title=AAP enters Rajya Sabha as 3 of its MPs take oath |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aap-enters-rajya-sabha-as-3-of-its-mps-take-oath/story-4xJjhTeWmroIpd5nz0ueCO.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
!Date of
Appointment
!Date of
Retirement
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
|28-Jan-2018
|27-Jan-2024
|-
|27-Jan-2024
|Incumbent
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[N. D. Gupta|Narain Dass Gupta]]
|28-Jan-2018
|27-Jan-2024
|-
|27-Jan-2024
|Incumbent
|-
!3
|[[Sushil Gupta|Sushil Kumar Gupta]]
|28-Jan-2018
|27-Jan -2024
|-
!4
|[[Swati Maliwal]]
|27-Jan-2024
|24-Apr-2026{{efn|Defected to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 2026.}}
|}

== List of ministers (2013-2025) ==
=== Arvind Kejriwal's First Government ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |[[First Kejriwal ministry|First Kejriwal Ministry]](28 December 2013-14 February 2014)
|-
!S.No
!Name
!Constituency
!Chief Minister
!Constituency
|-
|1.
|'''[[Manish Sisodia]]''' '''([[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Dy.CM]]''')
|[[Patparganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patparganj]]
| rowspan="6" |[[File:Arvind kejriwal.jpg|thumb|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]]]
| rowspan="6" |[[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]
|-
|2.
|[[Satyendra Kumar Jain]]
|[[Shakur Basti (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shakur Basti]]
|-
|3.
|[[Somnath Bharti]]
|[[Malviya Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Malviya Nagar]]
|-
|4.
|[[Girish Soni]]
|[[Madipur Assembly constituency|Madipur]]
|-
|5.
|[[Rakhi Birla]]
|[[Mangolpuri Assembly constituency|Mangolpuri]]
|-
|6.
|[[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]
|[[Greater Kailash Assembly constituency|Greater Kailash]]
|}
=== Arvind Kejriwal's Second Government ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |[[Second Kejriwal ministry|Second Kejriwal Ministry]](14 February 2015-14 February 2020)
|-
!S.No
!Name
!Constituency
!Chief Minister
!Constituency
|-
|1.
|'''[[Manish Sisodia]]'''
'''([[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Dy.CM]]''')
|[[Patparganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patparganj]]
| rowspan="10" |[[File:Arvind Kejriwal September 02, 2017 crop.jpg|thumb|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]]]
| rowspan="10" |[[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]
|-
|2.
|[[Satyendra Kumar Jain]]
|[[Shakur Basti (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shakur Basti]]
|-
|3.
|[[Kapil Mishra]]
|[[Karawal Nagar Assembly constituency|Karawal Nagar]]
|-
|4.
|[[Kailash Gahlot]]
|[[Najafgarh Assembly constituency|Najafgarh]]
|-
|5.
|[[Gopal Rai]]
|[[Babarpur Assembly constituency|Babarpur]]
|-
|6.
|[[Imran Hussain (Indian politician)|Imran Hussain]]
|[[Ballimaran Assembly constituency|Ballimaran]]
|-
|7.
|[[Asim Ahmed Khan]]
|[[Matia Mahal Assembly constituency|Matia Mahal]]
|-
|8.
|[[Rajendra Pal Gautam]]
|[[Seemapuri Assembly constituency|Seemapuri]]
|-
|9.
|[[Sandeep Kumar (politician)|Sandeep Kumar]]
|[[Sultanpur Majra Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Majra]]
|-
|10.
|[[Jitender Singh Tomar]]
|[[Tri Nagar Assembly constituency|Tri Nagar]]
|}
=== Arvind Kejriwal's Third Government ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |[[Third Kejriwal ministry]](16 February 2020-17 September 2024)
|-
!S.No
!Name
!Constituency
!Chief Minister
!Constituency
|-
|1.
|'''[[Manish Sisodia]]'''
'''([[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Dy.CM]]''')
|[[Patparganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patparganj]]
| rowspan="7" |[[File:Arvind Kejriwal 2022 Official Portrail.jpg|thumb|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]]]
| rowspan="7" |[[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]
|-
|2.
|[[Satyendra Kumar Jain]]
|[[Shakur Basti (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shakur Basti]]
|-
|3.
|[[Rajendra Pal Gautam]]
|[[Seemapuri Assembly constituency|Seemapuri]]
|-
|4.
|[[Atishi Marlena]]
|[[Kalkaji Assembly constituency|Kalkaji]]
|-
|5.
|[[Raaj Kumar Anand]]
|[[Patel Nagar Assembly constituency|Patel Nagar]]
|-
|6.
|[[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]
|[[Greater Kailash Assembly constituency|Greater Kailash]]
|-
|7.
|[[Kailash Gahlot]]
|[[Najafgarh Assembly constituency|Najafgarh]]
|}
=== Atishi Marlena Singh's Government ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="5" |[[Atishi Marlena ministry|Atishi Marlena Ministry]](21 September 2024-20 February 2025)
|-
!S.No
!Name
!Constituency
!Chief Minister
!Constituency
|-
|1.
|[[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]
|[[Greater Kailash Assembly constituency|Greater Kailash]]
| rowspan="5" |[[File:Atishi.jpg|thumb|[[Atishi Marlena]]]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Kalkaji Assembly constituency|Kalkaji]]
|-
|2.
|[[Kailash Gahlot]]
|[[Najafgarh Assembly constituency|Najafgarh]]
|-
|3.
|[[Gopal Rai]]
|[[Babarpur Assembly constituency|Babarpur]]
|-
|4.
|[[Imran Hussain (Indian politician)|Imran Hussain]]
|[[Ballimaran Assembly constituency|Ballimaran]]
|-
|5.
|[[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
|[[Sultanpur Majra Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Majra]]
|}

== Other positions ==
=== Leaders of opposition ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Portrait
!LoP
! colspan="2" |Duration
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[File:Atishi.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Atishi Marlena]]
|23 January 2025
|Incumbent
|}
=== Deputy leaders of opposition ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Portrait
!LoP
! colspan="2" |Duration
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|
|[[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
|
|Incumbent
|}
=== Speakers of Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="7" |[[List of speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|List of Speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
|-
!Election
!Assembly
!Portrait
!Speakers
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Duration
|-
|[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[5th Delhi Assembly|5th]]
|
|[[Maninder Singh Dhir]]
|[[Jangpura Assembly constituency|Jangpura]]
|
|
|-
|[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[6th Delhi Assembly|6th]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Niwas Goel]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shahdara Assembly constituency|Shahdara]]
|
|
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[7th Delhi Assembly|7th]]
|
|
|}
=== Deputy speakers of Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="7" |[[List of speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|List of Deputy Speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
|-
!Election
!Assembly
!Portrait
!Speakers
!Constituencies
! colspan="2" |Duration
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[6th Delhi Assembly|6th]]
|
|[[Bandana Kumari]]
|[[Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Shalimar Bagh]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Rakhi Birla.jpg|thumb]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rakhi Birla]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mangolpuri Assembly constituency|Mangolpuri]]
|
|
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[7th Delhi Assembly|7th]]
|
|
|}
=== Chief whips ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Assembly
!Portrait
!Chief Whips
!Constituencies
! colspan="2" |Duration
|-
|[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[5th Delhi Assembly|5th]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[6th Delhi Assembly|6th]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[7th Delhi Assembly|7th]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[8th Delhi Assembly|8th]]
|[[File:Sanjeevjha.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Sanjeev Jha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP appoints MLA Sanjiv Jha as its chief whip in Delhi Assembly |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/delhi/aap-appoints-mla-sanjiv-jha-as-its-chief-whip-in-delhi-assembly-3463854 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Burari Assembly constituency|Burari]]
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}

[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party]]
[[Category:Political parties in Delhi]]

Tribal Museum Rourkela

2026-04-25T08:57:35Z

SoftifyInsights:

{{Short description|Tribal Museum in Rourkela, Odisha}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Tribal Research and Cultural Museum, Rourkela
| native_name = ରାଉରକେଲା ଆଦିବାସୀ ଗବେଷଣା ଓ ସାଂସ୍କୃତିକ ସଂଗ୍ରହାଳୟ
| native_name_lang= or
| image =
| caption =
| established = April 2026
| location = Rourkela, Odisha, India
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_relief = yes
| map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India
| map_dot_label = Tribal Museum, Rourkela
| mapframe = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|22.2604|N|84.8536|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = Tribal museum
| owner = Government of Odisha
| website =
}}
The '''Tribal Research and Cultural Museum''' ({{langx|ory|ରାଉରକେଲା ଆଦିବାସୀ ଗବେଷଣା ଓ ସାଂସ୍କୃତିକ ସଂଗ୍ରହାଳୟ}}; {{Indic Transl|or|Rāurakelā ādibāsī gabēṣaṇā o sāṁskr̥tika saṅgrahāḷaya}}), also referred to as the ''Tribal Museum'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=President of India inaugurates Planetarium and Science Centre, Nirmal Munda Parivesh Path, Tribal Museum and Integrated Command and Control Centre at Rourkela |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2254213&reg=3&lang=2 |date=21 April 2026 |access-date=22 April 2026 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |language=en}}</ref> is a cultural museum located in [[Rourkela]] city in the state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-13 |title=President to unveil multiple projects at Rourkela on April 21 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2026/Apr/13/president-to-unveil-multiple-projects-at-rourkela-on-april-21 |access-date=2026-04-22 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The museum is dedicated to the preservation, documentation, and exhibition of the state's cultural heritage of [[tribal communities]]. The Tribal Museum in Rourkela was conceptualized as part of broader efforts by the [[Government of Odisha]] to promote and preserve tribal heritage in the [[Western Odisha|western region]] of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahoo |first=Akshaya Kumar |date=2026-04-12 |title=President Droupadi Murmu To Visit Rourkela On April 21, Set To Inaugurate Key Civic And Cultural Projects |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/president-droupadi-murmu-to-visit-rourkela-on-april-21-set-to-inaugurate-key-civic-and-cultural-projects-1950033 |access-date=2026-04-22 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-12 |title=President Droupadi Murmu's Maiden Visit To Rourkela On April 21, Confirms Jual Oram |url=https://odishabytes.com/president-droupadi-murmus-maiden-visit-to-rourkela-on-april-21-confirms-jual-oram/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=OdishaBytes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadi Parv 2026: President Murmu Inaugurates Tribal Museum & Key Projects in Rourkela |url=https://www.nknewsodisha.in/2026/04/aadi-parv-2026-president-murmu.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=NK NEWS ODISHA- News and Current Affairs.}}</ref> It was formally inaugurated in April 2026 during the official visit of President [[Droupadi Murmu]] to Rourkela.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethy |first=Itishree |date=2026-04-21 |title=President Murmu Inaugurates Planetarium, Science Centre, and Tribal Museum in Rourkela |url=https://pragativadi.com/president-murmu-inaugurates-planetarium-science-centre-and-tribal-museum-in-rourkela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Pragativadi I Latest Odisha News in English I Breaking News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-21 |title=President Murmu inaugurates projects worth Rs 158 crore in Odisha's Rourkela |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/president-murmu-inaugurates-projects-worth-rs-158-crore-in-odishas-rourkela/articleshow/130412820.cms |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-21 |title=President Murmu on day-long Rourkela visit to inaugurate planetarium, museum |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/president-murmu-on-day-long-rourkela-odisha-visit-to-inaugurate-planetarium-museum/articleshow/130407101.cms |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=President Draupadi Murmu to inaugurate Tribal Museum in Rourkela - Prameya News |url=https://www.prameyanews.com/president-draupadi-murmu-to-inaugurate-tribal-museum-in-rourkela |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=Prameya News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-21 |title=President Murmu inaugurates projects worth Rs 158 cr in Rourkela - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/president-murmu-inaugurates-projects-worth-rs-158-cr-in-odishas-rourkela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |newspaper=Orissa Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-21 |title=President Murmu to inaugurate tribal museum in Odisha today |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/president-murmu-to-inaugurate-tribal-museum-in-odisha-today/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The establishment of the museum reflects increasing institutional focus on tribal studies and cultural preservation, particularly in Odisha, which as a significant tribal population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-21 |title=President Murmu Inaugurates Key Projects in Rourkela |url=https://globalgovernancenews.com/president-murmu-inaugurates-key-projects-in-rourkela/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=Global Governance News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-21 |title=Prez Murmu To Inaugurate Tribal Museum In Rourkela Today |url=https://ommcomnews.com/odisha-news/prez-murmu-to-inaugurate-tribal-museum-in-rourkela-today/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=Ommcom News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tribal Research Institute Museum]]
* [[Anthropology]]
* [[List of Museums in Odisha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://rmc.nic.in/sectionDept.html RMC Official Website]

[[Category:Museums in Odisha]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:2026 establishments]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2026]]
[[Category:Rourkela]]

{{Odisha-stub}}

V. Panneerselvam

2026-04-23T13:26:44Z

SoftifyInsights: Done

{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}{{Distinguish|text=politician [[V. Pannerselvam]]}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Panneerselvam
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1972|5|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bolur
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = சட்டமன்ற உறுப்பினர், தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றம்
| constituency1 = [[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Agri S. S. Krishnamurthy]]
| successor1 = [[P. S. T. Saravanan]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Business
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''V. Panneerselvam''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He belongs to the Polur area of [[Tiruvannamalai district]]. Panneerselvam, who has studied up to the 10th grade, is affiliated with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK). He contested and won the election for the [[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], thereby becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 197-198.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kalasapakkam-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency | title=Kalasapakkam Assembly Constituency Election Result | accessdate=4 November 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalasapakkam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Panneerselvam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,394 |percentage=45.41% |change=-13.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,980 |percentage=31.20% |change=-3.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kalidass |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=23,825 |percentage=12.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nehru |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,932 |percentage=5.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,510 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajaprabu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,387 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,047 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,414 |percentage=14.21% |change= -10.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=185,859 |percentage=84.75% |change= -1.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219,301 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.54% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panneerselvam, V.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Zafar Alam (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-23T01:23:24Z

SoftifyInsights: Page...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Zafar Alam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://samajwadipartyaligarh.blogspot.in/p/aligarh-mla.html|title = Aligarh Mla}}</ref>
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|12|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], [[United Provinces (1937-50)|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| office = Members of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2012
| constituency = [[Aligarh]]
| term_end = March 2017
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = Farida Zafar
}}

'''Zafar Alam''' is an Indian politician from the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He served as an MLA following the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012 Uttar Pradesh Assembly election]] from [[Aligarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aligarh]] constituency.

He lost his seat in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Assembly election]] to Sanjeev Raja of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/aligarh-mla-results|title=ALIGARH Election Result 2017, Winner, ALIGARH MLA, Uttar Pradesh}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alam, Zafar}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Aligarh]]

Kuldeep Singh Vaid

2026-04-19T23:33:33Z

SoftifyInsights: creating new bio w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Indian politician and civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kuldeep Singh Vaid
| year = 2020
| date = 18 October
| website =
| profession = PCS (1992-2007), IAS (2007–2016) and Politician
| relatives = [[Buta Singh]] (uncle) [[Arvinder Singh Lovely (Deoli MLA)|Arvinder Singh Lovely]] (cousin)
| children = 3 
| spouse = Kamaljit Kaur Vaid
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| image =
| successor = [[Incumbent]]
| predecessor = [[Darshan Singh Shivalik]]
| term_end = Feb 2022
| term_start = 2017
| office = Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gill Assembly Constituency|Gill]]
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]]
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|02|02|df=y}}
| source =
}}

'''Kuldeep Singh Vaid''' is an Indian politician and former IAS officer.

== Early life ==
K.S. Vaid was born to Sardar Gurcharan Singh Vaid and Surjit Kaur Vaid. He did his B.Com. and LLB from [[Panjab University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuldeep Singh Vaid(bulara)(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- GILL (SC)(LUDHIANA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=http://myneta.info/punjab2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=643|access-date=2020-10-17|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-16|title=As Dalit, Sikh issues take centrestage, in Punjab, parties question SC order|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-assembly-elections-2017/as-dalit-sikh-issues-take-centrestage-in-punjab-parties-question-sc-order-4476203/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

His son, Harkarandeep Singh Vaid is an elected member from Ward 44 in Ludhiana civic elections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-16|title=Ludhiana civic polls: Protest brews in Congress over tickets to leaders' kin|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/ludhiana-civic-polls-protest-brews-in-congress-over-tickets-to-leaders-kin-5066066/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He was married to Bhavdeep Kaur and his father-in-law, Jatinderpal Singh is also a PCS officer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-19|title=Amid lockdown, Cong MLA's son has a low-key gurdwara wedding|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/amid-lockdown-cong-mla-s-son-has-a-low-key-gurdwara-wedding/story-ZcJefxcOe9JBavtgPZz5nN.html|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

He is a 1992-batch PCS officer who got promoted as an I.A.S. in 2007. He served as D.C. of Moga and Additional Chief Administrator of Greater Ludhiana Area Development Authority (GLADA).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-30|title=Set to take poll plunge with Congress, Moga DC attends Sukhbir Singh Badal event as civil servant|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/set-to-take-poll-plunge-with-congress-moga-dc-attends-sukhbir-singh-badal-event-as-civil-servant-4402773/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-30|title=Moga DC quits, likely to contest on Congress ticket|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/moga-dc-quits-likely-to-contest-on-congress-ticket/story-AH11CF8SZvcoxDNLSsxSKJ.html|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Disproportionate Assets Charges==
In March 2023, the Punjab Vigilance Bureau (VB) launched a [[disproportionate assets]] (DA) investigation against Kuldeep Singh Vaid, suspecting that he possessed assets beyond what could be justified from his known income. As part of the inquiry, VB teams raided his residence in Sarabha Nagar, [[Ludhiana]], and a nearby café presumably linked to his family.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vigilance bureau raids ex-Congress MLA Kuldeep Singh Vaid's house in Ludhiana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/vigilance-bureau-raids-deputy-commissioner-turned-politician-ex-congress-mla-kuldeep-singh-vaids-house-in-ludhiana-punjab/articleshow/98602115.cms |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=13 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vigilance Bureau raids ex-Congress MLA Kuldeep Singh Vaids residence in disproportionate assets case |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/punjab-vigilance-bureau-raids-ex-congress-mla-kuldeep-singh-vaids-residence-in-disproportionate-assets-case-487687/ |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Following the raid, Vaid was summoned multiple times for questioning. He was grilled for several hours across multiple sessions throughout March and April 2023. VB demanded comprehensive documentation regarding his movable and immovable assets, including bank statements and property records.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assets case: Vaid quizzed for 6 hours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/assets-case-vaid-quizzed-for-6-hours/articleshow/99628322.cms |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=20 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DA case: Vigilance interrogates Congress ex-MLA Vaid again |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-vigilance-bureau-interrogates-ex-ias-officer-kuldeep-singh-vaid-for-fourth-time-in-da-case-asked-to-appear-again-on-april-26-101681929516074.html |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

During the investigation, authorities found that Vaid had exceeded the permissible limit of liquor bottles at his residence. Specifically, 73 to 90 bottles of Indian and imported [[liquor]] (including [[whiskey]], [[Scotch whisky|scotch]], [[wine]], [[champagne]]) were recovered, some intended for sale in Chandigarh only, and all exceeding legal allowances.<ref>{{cite news |title=Disproportionate Asset Case: Gurpreet Kangar & Ex-MLA Kuldeep Vaid Appear before Vigilance |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/news/punjab/200323/disproportionate-asset-case-gurpreet-kangar-ex-mla-kuldeep-vaid-app.html |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=Rozana Spokesman |date=20 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab VB grills ex-minister Gurpreet Singh Kangar for 7 hours in DA case |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/vb-grills-ex-minister-for-7-hours-in-da-case-489920/ |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Consequently, an FIR was registered against him under Sections 61, 1, and 14 of the Punjab Excise Act, citing possession of liquor beyond licensed limits. The incident also involved the VB and local Ludhiana police authorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former MLA Kuldeep Vaid booked under Excise Act |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/former-mla-kuldeep-vaid-booked-under-excise-act-101678812873809.html |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Positions held ==
He entered politics after resigning from civil services on 30 November 2016.

In [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly]] elections he fought from [[Gill Assembly Constituency|Gill]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members|url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/168|access-date=2020-10-17|website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

He held positions as:
*Member of Committee on Public Accounts and House Committee<ref>{{Cite web|title=COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ACCOUNTS|url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&Itemid=119&id=35|access-date=2020-10-17|website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member of Committee on Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions
*Member of Committee on Privileges<ref>{{Cite web|title=COMMITTEE OF PRIVILEGES|url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&Itemid=119&id=28|access-date=2020-10-17|website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaid, Kuldeep Singh}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]

Carlos Álvares Ferreira

2026-04-19T01:30:52Z

SoftifyInsights: New A Article Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian politician and advocate (born 1966)}}
{{Portuguese name|Ferreira|Alvares}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Carlos Álvares Ferreira
| birth_name = Carlos Álvares Ferreira
| caption = Ferreira in 2022
| image = Carlos Alvares Ferreira 2022 (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|6|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Margao, Goa]], India
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Aldona Assembly constituency|Aldona]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Glenn Ticlo]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (since 2022)
| spouse = {{marriage|Natasha Ferreira|1995}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[Bombay University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
* [[Goa University]] ([[LL.B]])}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|senior advocate}}
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/carlosalvaresferreira}}
}}

'''Carlos Álvares Ferreira''' (born 25 June 1966) is an Indian [[senior advocate]] and politician who has served as a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Aldona Assembly constituency]] since 2022. He is a former Assistant [[Solicitor General of India]], [[Public prosecutor]] and [[Advocate General]] of Goa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Former AG Ferreira is chief of Legal dept |url=https://www.thegoan.net//former-ag-ferreira-is-chief-of-legal-dept/48361.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> Ferreira contested on [[Indian National Congress]] ticket in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] and emerged victorious. He defeated two-term [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] MLA [[Glenn Ticlo]] by a margin of 1,823 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Adv. Carlos Alvares Ferreira, INC MLA from Aldona – Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/adv-carlos-alvares-ferreira/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ferreira is a senior lawyer<ref>{{Cite news |title=5 Goa advocates get senior status |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/5-goa-advocates-get-senior-status/articleshow/112252919.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> who practices in the [[Bombay High Court]] in Goa and [[The Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Ferreira profile |url=https://www.soolegal.com/ferreiracarlosalvaresassociatemember61 |website=Soolegal}}</ref> He has been one of the youngest serving Advocates General in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIZ GOENKAR |url=https://www.nizgoenkar.com/newsDetails.php?id=3011 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.nizgoenkar.com}}</ref> Ferreira has also held the positions of the [[State Public Prosecutor]] in the Bombay High Court in Goa and has also served as the Assistant Solicitor General of India under the Indian National Congress headed by the then India Prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] from 2004 to 2014.<ref name=":1" />

==Early and personal life==
Carlos Álvares Ferreira was born on 25 June 1966 in [[Margao, Goa]], India, to Charles Ferreira Alvares<ref>{{Cite web |title=CARLOS ALVARES FERREIRA(INC):Constituency- ALDONA(NORTH GOA) - Expense Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/expense.php?candidate_id=222 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> a [[banker]] who later chose to become a lawyer and a [[homeopathic doctor]].<ref name=":0" /> Ferreira is married to Natasha Da Costa, a [[social worker]] by profession in January 1995.<ref name=":0" /> In June 1996, the couple welcomed their first child, Armando followed by their second child, Daniel in 1997. Ferreira and his family currently reside at [[Aldona]], Goa, India.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
=== Lawyer (1987–present) ===
Ferreira began his career as a lawyer in 1987 after graduating from [[Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law]] in [[Margao]]. He started working under his father's firm first before starting his own practice in [[Panjim]]. He was also the youngest [[Advocate General]] in Goa being appointed by [[Luizinho Faleiro]], the then Goa Chief minister. He also served as the Legal Advisor to the then Governor of Goa and Maharastra, [[S.C. Jamir]].<ref name=":1" />

Ferreira was also the Public Prosecutor for Goa under the then Goa Chief minister, [[Digambar Kamat]] led government for the [[Indian National Congress]]. He currently is the [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] chairperson for the Legal Cell<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title='All not well in BJP,' says Congress on delay in govt formation in Goa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/all-not-well-in-bjp-says-congress-on-delay-in-govt-formation-in-goa-101647627335223.html |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> for the State of Goa.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferreira, Carlos Álvares}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Senior advocates in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Indian states]]

S. Senthilkumar (Dharmapuri politician)

2026-04-14T06:03:36Z

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{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Senthilkumar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name=
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|06|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Dharmapuri
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end= 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Anbumani Ramadoss]]
| successor = A. Mani
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| profession = Doctor, politician
| father = V. Selvaraj
| spouse = Shobana
| relations = DN Vadivelu (grand father)
| children =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''S. Senthilkumar''' (born 22 June 1977) is an Indian politician known. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in the [[2019 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name="myneta">{{cite web |title=DHARMAPURI→DNV SENTHILKUMAR.S(Criminal & Asset Declaration) |url=http://myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8566 |website=Myneta |accessdate=27 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="tindia">{{cite news |title=DMK's Senthil Kumar defeats Anbumani Ramadoss in Dharmapuri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/dmks-senthil-kumar-defeats-anbumani-in-dharmapuri/articleshow/69472610.cms |accessdate=27 May 2019 |agency=Times of India}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Known for referring to [[Hindi Belt|Hindi-Heartland states]] as '[[Cow urine|Gaumutra]] states' in a critical manner during discussions in the Lok Sabha, later he withdrew this comments and clarified that they were misinterpreted and taken out of context<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-12-05 |title=Senthilkumar of DMK clarifies ‘Gaumutra’ remark following controversy, says used it before |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/senthilkumar-of-dmk-clarifies-gaumutra-remark-following-controversy-says-used-it-before-11701791580139.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Family and education ==
He completed his MBBS from [[Annamalai University]], Chidambaram in January 2002. Then he completed his MD (RD) from [[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute]], Sri Ramachandra University in June 2016.<ref name="myneta"/> His grandfather DN Vadivelu Gounder was [[Indian National Congress|INC]] MLA in 1965.<ref>{{cite news |title=Breaking Dharmapuri's re-election jinx: PMK leader Anbumani's task cut out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/apr/05/breaking-dharmapuris-re-election-jinx-pmk-leader-anbumanis-task-cut-out-1960371.html |access-date=27 May 2019 |agency=New Indian Express}}</ref>

== 2019 Lok Sabha ==
He contested in [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Lok Sabha election]] from [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]] constituency and won with margin of 70,753 votes more than [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] candidate [[Anbumani Ramadoss]].<ref>{{cite web |title=GENERAL ELECTION TO LOK SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2210.htm?ac=10 |website=Election Commission |accessdate=27 May 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Senthilkumar, S.}}
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:People from Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian radiologists]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Tarunpreet Singh Sond

2026-04-12T14:48:42Z

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{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
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| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Khanna Assembly constituency|Khanna]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
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| order2 = 
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
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}}
'''Tarunpreet Singh Sond''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Khanna Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Khanna Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Privileges|Committee on Privileges]]<ref name="Committee on Privileges">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions|Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions]]<ref name="Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Khanna Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Khanna Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Khanna
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sond, Tarunpreet Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Ram Chandra Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-11T20:46:16Z

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{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Chandra Yadav
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|3|15}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = [[politician]]
| known_for =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_start1 = 2004
| term_end1 = 2007
| term_start2 = 1998
| term_end2 = 2002
| constituency1 = [[Milkipur Assembly constituency|Milkipur]]
| constituency = [[Rudauli Assembly constituency|Rudauli]]
| constituency2 = [[Milkipur Assembly constituency|Milkipur]]
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
[[Communist Party of India]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mitrasen Yadav]]
| predecessor2 = [[Anand Sen Yadav]]
| predecessor = Abbas Ali Zaidi
| successor1 = [[Anand Sen Yadav]]
| successor2 = [[Anand Sen Yadav]]
}}
'''Ram Chandra Yadav''' (born 1968) is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[politician]] and a [[member of legislative assembly|member]] of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rudauli]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/16th%20UP%20legislative%20Assembly-Notification.html | title=सरकारी गजट, उत्तर प्रदेश | publisher=Uplegisassembly.gov.in. [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] | date=8 March 2012 | accessdate=25 August 2013 | page=8 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927075943/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/16th%20UP%20legislative%20Assembly-Notification.html | archivedate=27 September 2013 }}</ref> He was arrested by the [[Uttar Pradesh police]] on 25 August 2013 during the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]]'s [[84 (number)|Chaurasi]] [[Kos (unit)|Kos]] [[Padayatra]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/VHP-Yatra-Ex-MP-Vedanti-MLA-Ram-Chandra-Yadav-held/articleshow/22042483.cms | title=VHP Yatra: Ex-MP Vedanti, MLA Ram Chandra Yadav held | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 August 2013 | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | accessdate=25 August 2013 | location=[[Ayodhya]]}}</ref>{{update inline|reason=and then what...?|date=May 2019}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Ram Chandra}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ayodhya district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Giant jars of Assam

2026-03-31T20:44:13Z

SoftifyInsights: New Some Details More To Come

{{Short description|Archaeological artifacts found in India}}{{Improve images|date=August 2025}}

The '''Giant jars of Assam''', is the name given to the several hundred large stone jars which have been unearthed across four sites in [[Assam]], India,<ref name="edu.au">{{cite web|url=https://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/mysterious-giant-stone-jars-found-in-india|title=Mysterious giant stone jars found in India {{pipe}} Australian National University|website=anu.edu.au|date=30 March 2022 |access-date=2024-04-27}}</ref> covering a {{convert|300|km2|sqmi}} swath of the state.<ref name="arstechnica">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/04/archaeologists-find-dozens-of-giant-stone-jars-on-indian-hillsides/|title=We don't know who made the giant stone jars found in northern India|website=Ars Technica|date=20 April 2022 |access-date=2024-04-27}}</ref> They range from {{convert|1|to|3|m|ftin}} tall.<ref name="edition">{{cite web |author=Megan Marples |title=Giant, mysterious megalithic jars were unearthed in northeastern India |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/07/world/megalithic-stone-jars-assam-india-scn/index.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=CNN |date=7 April 2022 }}</ref> Researchers believe they may have been used for ancient human burial practices.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60937348|title=Assam: 'Mysterious' giant stone jars found in India|website=BBC News|date=31 March 2022 |access-date=2024-04-27}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Stone vessel]]
* [[Plain of Jars]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* An archaeological survey of the Assam stone jar sites, Tilok Thakuria, Uttam Bathari, Nicholas Skopal, Asian Archaeology, 2022, No.1-2, pp. 41–50

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Assam]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments]]
[[Category:Stone sculptures in India]]

{{Asia-archaeology-stub}}

Gautam Sharma

2026-03-30T00:41:21Z

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{{short description|Indian television and film actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{BLP sources section|reason=Gautam Sharma is a famous actor but his early life and modeling days information are not mentioned in his biography & other articles but available in other forums like WWW.india-forums.com and wiki forum|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gautam Sharma
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| years active = 2009–Present
| occupation = [[Model (profession)|Model]], [[actor]]
}}

'''Gautam Sharma''' is an Indian [[television]] and [[film]] [[actor]].

Sharma was raised in [[Bangalore]]. His father is a businessman. He completed his high school education from [[Frank Anthony Public School]], Bangalore and graduated from [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore|St Joseph's]] [[College]] of [[Commerce]], Bangalore.{{citation needed|reason=His early life information are not mentioned in his biography but available in his official Facebook account|date=September 2014}}

He modelled before debuting with the show ''[[Grihasti]]'', where he played a cameo role. He played the lead role in the television series ''[[Shakuntala (TV series)|Shakuntala]]''.<ref name="DNA shakuntala">{{cite web|title=Says GAUTAM SHARMA who is in Gandhinagar shooting for his serial Shakuntala.TULI BANERJEE catches up with this charming actor|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNAHM15762|publisher=DNA Syndication|accessdate=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904021455/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNAHM15762|archive-date=4 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He played the role of [[Arjuna]] in ''[[Dwarkadheesh – Bhagwaan Shree Krishn|Dwarkadheesh- Bhagwan Shree Krishn]]''.{{citation needed|reason= he played the role of arjun in this show, but proper reference is not available|date=September 2014}} He then played the role of Bablu Patel on ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''.<ref name="zee"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Television shows
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Grihasti]]''
| Cameo
| Debut
|
|-
| ''[[Shakuntala (TV series)|Shakuntala]]''
| [[Dushyanta]]
|
| <ref name="DNA shakuntala"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
| ''[[Dwarkadheesh – Bhagwaan Shree Krishn]]''
| [[Arjuna]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2014
| ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
| Bablu Patel
|
| <ref name=zee>{{cite web|title=Jamai Raja Cast & Crew - Real names of Characters of Show|url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/jamai-raja/cast/|publisher=Zee TV|accessdate=3 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4949811}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood}}

{{authority control}}

* [https://currentserial.net/do-dooni-pyaar-serial-star-plus-cast/ Do Dooni Pyaar Serial Star Plus new serial] of Goutam Sharma

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Gautam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Maluti

2026-03-27T08:45:50Z

SoftifyInsights: new.

{{Other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maluti
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'''Maluti''' (also '''Malooti''') is a village in [[Shikaripara]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the Dumka subdivision of the [[Dumka district]] of [[Jharkhand]], India. It was built under the Baj Basanta dynasty. The area has 72 old temples, which are edifices to the kings of the Pala Dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.maluti.org/location.html|title=Maluti|website=maluti.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115084257/http://maluti.org/location.html|archive-date=2010-01-15|url-status=dead|access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref> They portray various scenes from Hindu mythology including the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]]. Maluti is known for the annual sacrifice of over 100 goats on [[Kali Puja]], besides one buffalo and a sheep. Animal activist groups have often strongly looked down at this activity. Today Maluti is endangered by insufficient management of the old temples, and threatened by natural disasters.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
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===Location===
Maluti is located at {{coord|24|09|40|N|87|40|29|E|display=inline,title}}
[[File:Terracotta_works_in_Temple.jpg|thumb|Maluti Temple terracotta works]]

Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked in the full screen map and one can easily move on to another page of his/her choice. Enlarge the full screen map to see what else is there – one gets railway connections, many more road connections and so on.

==Demographics==
According to census of 2011; the total number of Houses in Maluti is 325, and the total population is 1469 (male=761, female=708). The total number of children aged 0–6 is 163 (male=93, female=70). 363 people (male=189, female=174) belong to [[Schedule Caste]]s, and 52 (male=23, female=29) to [[Schedule Tribe]]s.

Maluti village has higher literacy rate compared to Jharkhand overall. In 2011, literacy rate of Maluti village was 75.42% compared to 66.41% in Jharkhand. In Maluti Male literacy stands at 81.29%, while the female literacy rate was 69.28%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/371073-maluti-jharkhand.html|title = Maluti Village Population - Shikaripara - Dumka, Jharkhand}}</ref>

==History==
'''Maluti''' village came into limelight in fifteenth century as the capital of nankar raj (tax-free kingdom). The kingdom was awarded to one Basanta Roy of village Katigram by [[Alauddin Husain Shah|Sultan Alauddin Hussan Shah]] of [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauḍa]] (1495–1525). Son of a poor Brahmin Basanta managed to catch the pet hawk of the sultan and gave it back to the sultan. In lieu of the hawk (Baj), Basanta was given the kingdom. Hence, the king was called Raja Baj Basanta. The capital of Baj Basanta dynasty was in Damra. Later it was shifted to Maluti. The royal family was very pious.

Basanta became a king in lieu of a baj (hawk) by the help of a Dandi Sanyasi of Sumeru Math, Kashi may be true to a great extent because the word Baj has been pre-fixed with the name of Basanta to commemorate the event. The name Baj Basanta is comparatively prominent because it can be found both in local history and government records. Swamiji, the head of Sumeru Math,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/adi-shankara-his-life-andamp-mutts_2033.html|title = Adi Shankara, his life & Mutts|date = 17 July 2008}}</ref> [[Varanasi]], was the preceptor of Basanta. Since then the head of Sumeru Math who is called Rajguru becomes the preceptor of descendants of king Baj Banata. Even today Rajguru from Sumeru Math Varanasi spends sometime at Maluti every year.

How Maluti — the capital of Baj Basanta dynasty — turn out to be a 'temple city' is also an interesting story. Instead of constructing palaces, the Rajas built temples. The dynasty was broken into parts (tarafs) but each taraf kept building temples, competing with the others. In the end, it turned out be a unique temple village. Inscriptions in Proto-Bengali on the temples show they were named after women.

In another opinion the name of the village Maluti probably comes from ''Mallahati'' of Malla Kings of Bankura, [[History of Bankura district#Bishnupur kingdom|Vishnupur]] had suzerainty over this area. That point of time this area ruled by Malla kings of Bankura was Damin-i-koh (present [[pakur]] in north. [[Burdwan]] in the east, [[Midnapore]] in south and some portion of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] in west) This vast land was called [[Mallabhum]]. The village might have been named in those days by prefixing 'Malla' in relevance with royal dynasty.<ref name=":0" />

Around 1857, [[Bamakhepa|Swami Bamdev]] (or ''Sadhak Bamakhyapa''), one of Bengal's greatest spiritual leaders, came here to be a priest but failed because he couldn't memorise Sanskrit mantras. He was made to cook food for the puja. During his 18-month stay in Maluti, Bamakhyapa used to spend most of his time at Mauliskshya temple. Here he was first blessed. Then, he moved to Tarapith. His trident is still preserved at Maluti.

But Maluti, may not be in this name, existed long before being the kingdom of the tax-exempted capital of Baj Basanta dynasty. It was once revered as a great seat of learning. Mention of Maluti — known as Gupta Kashi in ancient times — is found as early as the [[Shunga dynasty]] (185 BC - 75 BC), whose founder was [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] (185 BC - 151 BC). It was at Maluti that the king of [[Pataliputra]] performed [[Ashvamedha|Ashvamedh Yajna]]. Later [[Vajrayana|Vajrayani Buddhists]], followers of Tantrik rituals, settled here. So, Mauliksha Maa is the most ancient idol ever found in Maluti.

It is said that Adi Shankaracharya, on his way to Varanasi, had stopped over at Maluti. And it is here that he launched his mission against Buddhism. Some historians say Maluti is the first place where the Vedic upheaval started. Dandiswami of Varanasi's Sumeru Math still comes here once a year as part of the ritual that began with Adi Shankaracharya.

==The Pre-History==

Some pre-historic stone tools found in the river bed of Chila confirm that Maluti used to be inhabited by our pre-historic fore-fathers, though the area was never excavated.

The river Chila is flowing at the edge of the village and marks the boundary of Jharkhand and West Bengal. The river originated from Banspahari, a highland in the [[Dumka district]] and meet with [[Dwarka River]] in Bengal. Stone tools and primitive weapons are found on the river bed at different place.

The stone-tools found in the area are hand-axes, scrappers and blades. Plenty of waste materials are also found scattered everywhere on the river bed. These tools belonged to transit period from [[Early Stone Age]] to the [[Middle Stone Age]]. The working edge is scattered and is still sharp. Neolithic or Chaleolithic specimens are not found in the village or its vicinity as yet. According to archeologist Prof. Subrata Chakravorty of [[Visva-Bharati University]], the tools belonged to Paleolithic period.

Prof. Subrata Chakravorty divided the tools into two broader categories Acheulian and Middle Paleolithic. Some Mesolithic artefacts also are available in the site. Prof. Chakravorty detailed the Acheulian finds discovered from Chila, classification of such tools collected from the site and raw materials used to make those tools.

Acheulian found at Maluti Sadarghaton Chila, the river that flows in Birbhum – Jharkhand border land. Acheulian finds discovered from three localities one of them fossiliferous include hand axes, cleavers, choppers, scrappers and unqualified wastes, flakes, cores and chips are made of raw materials — traps, basalts, quartzites, charts, jasper. The assemblage of Maluti Sadarghat Acheulian sites show preponderance of various other tools such as retouched flakes, side scrappers, end scrappers, point borers and sundry light duty tools.

The tools bearing area extends from a point called Sadarghat to an up-stream point named Shirali. The distance between the two points is only a kilometer. The archeological remains of late medieval period inside the village Maluti and availability of pre-historic stone tools from the outskirt have made this village a treasure trove of archeology.

==Temples of Maluti==
[[File:Tepmles_in_maluti.jpg|thumb|Temples in Maluti, Jharkhand]]

Today, an important priority of the village Maluti is maintaining its 72 ancient temples. It is alleged that the king of Nankar state originally constructed 108 temples, but later generations could not maintain such a huge number of monuments, and most were left uncared for. With the passing of time, as many as 36 monuments deteriorated and finally crumbled completely.

In a 2010 report titled ''[[Saving Our Vanishing Heritage]]'', [[Global Heritage Fund]] identified Maluti's Temples as one of 12 worldwide sites nearest ("On the Verge") of irreparable loss and damage, citing insufficient management as primary cause.

With regards to the temples' architecture, it is noticed that in the existing temples no particular style, like Nagara, Vesar or Dravida, have been followed. The specialist artisans who were obviously from Bengal had given shape to numerous designs while constructing these temples. Their designs have been assigned to five categories.<ref name=":0" />

The main temple of [[Maluti temples|Maluti]] site is '''Ma Mauliksha''' Temple, which is the main deity of royal family of Baj Basanta Ray and Guardian Goddess of Maluti. Interestingly this goddess is not found in Hindu scripture but is found in [[Vajrayana Buddhism]] as the Goddess ''Pāndora''. Gradually the Buddhist influence of this region tempers down and become a Goddess of [[Hindu tantra]].

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110817054208/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.org/?id=1326 Explore Maluti Temples with Google Earth] on [[Global Heritage Network]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.maluti.org/ Maluti]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110817054208/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.org/?id=1326 Global Heritage Fund's page on Maluti]

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}
{{Temple towns in Jharkhand}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Terracotta]]

Indian Air Force

2026-03-18T19:25:13Z

SoftifyInsights:

{{Short description|Aerial service branch of the Indian Armed Forces}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Indian Air Force
| native_name = ''Bhāratīya Vāyu Senā''
| image = File:Indian Air Force Crest.png
| image_size = 230px
| caption = Emblem of the Indian Air Force
| start_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1950|01|26}} (''as current service'')<hr>{{Start date and age|df=yes|1932|10|08}} (''as [[Royal Indian Air Force]]'')
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type = [[Air force]]
| role = [[Aerial warfare]]
| size = 149,000 active personnel{{sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=251}} 
140,000 reserve personnel{{sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=251}} 
[[List of active Indian military aircraft#Air Force|1,750 aircraft]] (approx){{sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=256}}
| command_structure = {{armed forces|India}}
| garrison = Vayu Sena Bhawan, Motilal Nehru Marg, [[New Delhi]].
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto = {{transliteration|sa|ISO|Nabhaḥ Spr̥śaṁ Dīptam}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]) {{Translation|"Touch the Sky with Glory"}}<ref>{{cite web |title=About IAF |url=https://careerairforce.gov.in/about-iaf |website=Indian Air Force (DISHA) |access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref> (Taken from [[Bhagavad Gita]])<ref name="Mukundananda">{{cite web |last=Mukundananda |first=Swami |title=Chapter 11, Verse 24 – Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda |website=Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda |url=https://www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org/chapter/11/verse/24 |access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref>
| colours = {{legend2|#002654|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|#64b4e6|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|#ffffff|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
| colours_label =
| march = {{plainlist|
*Quick: ''Dēśa Pukārē Jaba Saba Kō'' (When the Country Calls Everyone)
*Slow: ''Vāyu Sēnā Niśāna'' (The Air Force Emblem)
}}
| mascot =
| anniversaries = Air Force Day: 8 October<ref>{{Cite web|title=IAF celebrates 87th Air Force Day – Abhinandan enthrals audience|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-celebrates-87th-air-force-day/history/slideshow/71488828.cms|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{Collapsible list
| framestyle = border:none; padding:0;
| title = Notable operations
| 1 =[[World War II]]|2 =[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]|3 = [[Congo Crisis]]|4 = [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]]|5 = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]|7 = [[Operation Cactus-Lilly]]|8=[[Battle of Boyra]]|9 = [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]|10 =[[Operation Meghdoot]]|11 =[[Operation Poomalai]]|12 =[[Operation Pawan]]|13 =[[Operation Cactus]]|14 =[[Kargil War]]| 15 =[[Pakistan Navy Atlantic shootdown]]| 16 = [[2019 Balakot airstrike]] |17 =[[India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2019)]] | 18 =[[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]]
|19 = [[Operation Ganga]]|20 = [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]
}}
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| flying_hours =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| commander1_label = [[Commander-in-chief#India|Commander-in-Chief]]
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Chief of Air Staff and Air Chief Marshal of the Indian Air Force.svg}} [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Amar Preet Singh]]
| commander2_label = [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff (CAS)]]
| commander3 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Air marshal (India).svg}} [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Nagesh Kapoor]]
| commander3_label = [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff (VCAS)]]
| commander4 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Air marshal (India).svg}} [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Awadhesh Kumar Bharti]]
| commander4_label = [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (DCAS)]]
| commander5 =
| commander5_label =
| notable_commanders = {{plainlist|
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Marshal of the Air Force (India).svg}} [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] [[Arjan Singh]]
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Chief of Air Staff and Air Chief Marshal of the Indian Air Force.svg}} [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Pratap Chandra Lal]]
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of Air marshal (India).svg}} [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Subroto Mukherjee]]}}
| identification_symbol = [[File:Roundel of India.svg|80px]]
| identification_symbol_label = [[Military aircraft insignia|Roundel]]
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Fin Flash of India.svg|80px]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = [[Fin flash]]
| identification_symbol_3 = [[File:Air Force Ensign of India (2023).svg|200px]]
| identification_symbol_3_label = [[Royal Air Force Ensign#Related ensigns|Flag]]
| identification_symbol_4 = [[File:President's Colour of Indian Air Forces.svg|150px]]
| identification_symbol_4_label = [[President's Colour Award|President's Colour]]
| aircraft_attack = [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]], [[IAI Eitan|Eitan]], [[IAI Harop|Harop]]
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic = [[EL/W-2090|A-50E/I]], [[DRDO AEW&CS]]
| aircraft_fighter = [[Rafale]], [[Su-30MKI]], [[HAL Tejas|Tejas]], [[Mirage 2000]], [[MiG-29]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]]
| aircraft_helicopter = [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|CH-47 Chinook]], [[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]], [[HAL Chetak|Chetak]], [[HAL Cheetah|Cheetah]], [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]], [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]], [[Mi-26]]
| aircraft_helicopter_attack = [[HAL Prachand|Prachand]], [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|Apache AH-64E]], [[Mil Mi-24|Mi-25/35]], [[HAL Rudra|Rudra]]
| aircraft_helicopter_cargo =
| aircraft_helicopter_multirole =
| aircraft_helicopter_observation =
| aircraft_helicopter_trainer =
| aircraft_helicopter_utility =
| aircraft_patrol =
| aircraft_recon = [[IAI Searcher|Searcher II]], [[IAI Heron|Heron]]
| aircraft_trainer = [[BAE Hawk|Hawk Mk 132]], [[HAL Kiran|HJT-16 Kiran]], [[Pilatus PC-7|Pilatus C-7 Mk II]]
| aircraft_transport = [[C-130J]], [[C-17 Globemaster III]], [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|CH-47F (I) Chinook]], [[Il-76]], [[An-32]], [[HS 748]], [[Do 228]], [[EADS CASA C-295]], [[Boeing 737]], [[Embraer ERJ 145 family|ERJ 135]], [[Boeing 777]]
| aircraft_tanker = [[Il-78|Il-78 MKI]]
| aircraft_general =
}}

The '''Indian Air Force''' ('''IAF''') ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{IAST|Bhāratīya Vāyu Senā}}) is the [[air force|air arm]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. Its primary mission is to secure Indian [[airspace]] and to conduct [[aerial warfare]] during armed conflicts. It was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of the [[British Raj|British India]] which honoured India's aviation service during [[World War II]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98|title=Indian Air Force|website=indianairforce.nic.in|access-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409235005/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98|archive-date=9 April 2009}}</ref>

Since 1950, the IAF has been involved in [[Indo-Pakistani Wars|four wars]] with neighbouring Pakistan. Other major operations undertaken by the IAF include [[Annexation of Goa|Operation Vijay]], [[Operation Meghdoot]], [[Operation Cactus]] and [[Operation Poomalai]]. The IAF's mission expands beyond engagement with hostile forces, with the IAF participating in [[History of United Nations peacekeeping|United Nations peacekeeping missions]].

The [[President of India]] holds the rank of Supreme Commander of the IAF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/about.htm|title=About – The President of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405170925/http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/about.htm|archive-date=5 April 2016|access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref> {{As of|2025|1|1}}, 135,000 personnel are in service with the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/20-sailor-shortage-in-navy-15-officer-posts-vacant-in-army-nirmala-sitharaman-tells-parliament-1616303.html|title=20% Sailor Shortage in Navy, 15% Officer Posts Vacant In Army, Nirmala Sitharaman Tells Parliament|work=News18|access-date=2017-12-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227162941/http://www.news18.com/news/india/20-sailor-shortage-in-navy-15-officer-posts-vacant-in-army-nirmala-sitharaman-tells-parliament-1616303.html|archive-date=27 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armed-forces-facing-shortage-of-nearly-60000-personnel-government/articleshow/62270482.cms|title=Armed forces facing shortage of nearly 60,000 personnel: Government|date=2017-12-27|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-12-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228202832/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armed-forces-facing-shortage-of-nearly-60000-personnel-government/articleshow/62270482.cms|archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> The [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]], an [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air chief marshal]], is a [[four-star rank|four-star]] officer and is responsible for the bulk of operational command of the Air Force. There is never more than one serving ACM at any given time in the IAF. The rank of [[Marshal of the Air Force]] has been conferred by the President of India on one occasion in history, to [[Arjan Singh]]. On 26 January 2002, Singh became the first and so far, only [[five-star rank]] officer of the IAF.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arjan Singh: IAF's 1965 war hero and the only five-star ranked officer|work=Hindustan Times |date=16 September 2017|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arjan-singh-iaf-s-1965-war-hero-marshal-and-the-only-five-star-ranked-officer/story-ivYKZLjoosj85xLLBZgB9J.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215742/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arjan-singh-iaf-s-1965-war-hero-marshal-and-the-only-five-star-ranked-officer/story-ivYKZLjoosj85xLLBZgB9J.html|archive-date=19 October 2017}}</ref>

==Mission==
[[File:IAF Roundels.gif|thumb|150px|Evolution of the IAF roundel over the years:<ref name="Heraldry">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/Heraldry.html |title=Indian Air For Heraldry (Badges and Insignia) |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128211632/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/Heraldry.html |archive-date=28 November 2011}}</ref> {{Ordered list|1933–1942|1942–1945|1947–1950|1950 – present}}]]

The IAF's mission is defined by the [[Armed Forces Act|Armed Forces Act of 1947]], the [[Constitution of India]], and the Air Force Act of 1950.<ref>{{cite book |title=Air Force Act, 1950 |publisher=Ministry of Law & Justice |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/rspaging.asp?tfnm=195045 |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112122336/http://indiacode.nic.in/rspaging.asp?tfnm=195045 |archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> It decrees that in the aerial [[battlespace]]:
<blockquote>Defence of India and every part there of including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation.</blockquote>

* The Primary objective of IAF is to defend the nation and its airspace against Air threats in coordination with Army and Navy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE INDIAN AIR FORCE |url=https://digital.nios.ac.in/content/375en/15.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730113056/https://digital.nios.ac.in/content/375en/15.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-30 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=digital.nios.ac.in}}</ref>
* The secondary purpose is to assist civil power during natural calamities and internal disturbances.
* The IAF provides close air support to the Indian Army troops in the battlefield and also provides strategic and tactical airlift capabilities.
* IAF also provides strategic air lift or secondary Airlift for the Indian Army.
* The IAF also operates the Integrated Space Cell together with the other two branches of the Indian Armed Forces, the Department of Space and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
* Rescue of civilians during natural disasters
* Evacuation of Indian nationals from foreign countries in case of instability or other problems

In practice, this is taken as a directive meaning the IAF bears the responsibility of safeguarding Indian airspace and thus furthering national interests in conjunction with the other branches of the armed forces. The IAF provides close air support to the [[Indian Army]] troops on the battlefield as well as strategic and tactical airlift capabilities. The [[Integrated Space Cell]] is operated by the [[Indian Armed Forces]], the civilian [[Department of Space]], and the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]. By uniting the civilian run space exploration organisations and the military faculty under a single Integrated Space Cell the military is able to efficiently benefit from innovation in the civilian sector of space exploration, and the civilian departments benefit as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/05/under-the-optimisation-plan-india-working-on-satellites-in-three-orbits|title=Under the optimisation plan India working on satellites in three orbits |date=5 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="India in aerospace defence plan">{{cite news |title=India in aerospace defence plan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6307875.stm |publisher=BBC |date=28 January 2011 |access-date=24 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929001552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6307875.stm |archive-date=29 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="SpaceDaily">{{cite web |title=India Begins Work On Space Weapons Command |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Begins_Work_On_Space_Weapons_Command.html |publisher=Indo-Asian News Service (IANS) |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070709071654/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Begins_Work_On_Space_Weapons_Command.html |archive-date=9 July 2007 |date=12 April 2006 |access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref>

The Indian Air Force, with highly trained crews, pilots, and access to modern military assets provides India with the capacity to provide rapid response evacuation, search-and-rescue (SAR) operations, and delivery of relief supplies to affected areas via cargo aircraft.<ref name="ATCP">{{cite web |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/iaf.php |title=Aid to Civil Power |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725024645/http://www.indianairforce.nic.in/iaf.php |archive-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> The IAF provided extensive assistance to relief operations during natural calamities such as the [[1998 Gujarat cyclone|cyclone in 1998]], the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami in 2004]], and the [[2013 North India floods|floods in 2013]].<ref name="ATCP" /> The IAF has also undertaken relief missions such as Operation Rainbow in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="ATCP" />

==History==
{{main|History of the Indian Air Force|Royal Indian Air Force}}

{{See also|List of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force}}

===Formation and early pilots===
[[File:IAF Wapiti K1260.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Westland Wapiti]], one of the first aircraft of the Indian Air Force]]
The Indian Air Force was established on 8 October 1932 in [[British India]] as an auxiliary air force<ref name="clause4">{{cite web|title=HC Deb 3 April 1933 vol 276 cc1473-501|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1933/apr/03/clause-4-relations-between-royal-air|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|access-date=8 April 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503154955/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1933/apr/03/clause-4-relations-between-royal-air|date=3 April 1933|archive-date=3 May 2009}}</ref> of the [[Royal Air Force]]. The enactment of the Indian Air Force Act 1932<ref name="IAF">{{cite web|title=History of the IAF|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98|work=Official Website|publisher=Webmaster IAF – Air Headquarters|access-date=7 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409235005/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98|archive-date=9 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="airpower3">{{cite journal |last=Bedi |first=Sanjeev |date=Summer 2008 |title=Strategic Role of Air Power |journal=Air Power Journal|volume=3|publisher=Center for Air Power Studies|issue=2 |pages=27–45 |url=http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723023345/http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-23 |url-status=usurped |access-date=8 April 2009}}</ref> stipulated out their auxiliary status and enforced the adoption of the Royal Air Force uniforms, badges, brevets and insignia.<ref name="Heraldry1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/Heraldry.html |title=INDIAN AIR FORCE MUSEUM – Heraldry (Badges and Insignia) |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329193739/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/Heraldry.html |archive-date=29 March 2010}}</ref> On 1 April 1933, the IAF commissioned its first squadron, No.1 Squadron, with four [[Westland Wapiti|Westland Wapiti biplanes]] and five Indian pilots. The Indian pilots were led by British [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] Commanding officer Flight Lieutenant (later Air Vice Marshal) [[Cecil Bouchier]].<ref name="Goyal">{{cite web|last=Goyal |first=S.N. |title=1939–45 Second World War: Air Force Reminiscences |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Goyal.html |work=Sainik Samachar |publisher=Indian Air Force |date=October 1993 |access-date=8 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006180501/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Goyal.html |archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref>

"A" flight of No 1. Squadron first saw action in April 1936, in [[Miranshah Airfield|Miranshah]], in North Waziristan, flying reconnaissance missions and providing ground support against tribal insurgents in the North-West Frontier. No 1. Squadron was expanded in April 1939 to from a "B" flight, also equipped with [[Westland Wapiti|Westland Wapiti biplanes]], and "C" flight, raised in June 1938 brought the squadron to full strength.<ref name=":0" />

===World War II (1939–1945)===
{{main|India in World War II}}

During [[World War II]], the IAF played an instrumental role in halting the advance of the [[Imperial Japan|Japanese army]] in [[Myanmar|Burma]], where the first IAF air strike was executed. The target for this first mission was the Japanese military base in [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], after which IAF strike missions continued against the Japanese airbases at [[Mae Hong Son]], [[Chiang Mai]] and [[Chiang Rai]] in northern [[Thailand]].

The IAF was mainly involved in [[Airstrike|strike]], [[close air support]], [[aerial reconnaissance]], [[bomber escort]] and pathfinding missions for RAF and [[China Burma India Theater#USAAF Order of Battle|USAAF]] heavy bombers. RAF and IAF pilots would train by flying with their non-native air wings to gain combat experience and communication proficiency. Besides operations in the [[Burma campaign|Burma Theatre]] IAF pilots participated in air operations in [[North African campaign|North Africa]] and [[European theatre of World War II|Europe]].<ref name=rafmuseum>{{cite web |url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/blog/royal-indian-air-force/|title=Royal Indian Air Force |publisher=RAF Museum |access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>

In addition to the IAF, many native Indians and some 200 Indians resident in Britain volunteered to join the [[RAF]] and [[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]]. One such volunteer was Sergeant Shailendra Eknath Sukthankar, who served as a navigator with No. 83 Squadron. Sukthankar was commissioned as an officer, and on 14 September 1943, received the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]]. Squadron Leader Sukthankar eventually completed 45 operations, 14 of them on board the [[List of surviving Avro Lancasters#Surviving aircraft 2|RAF Museum's Avro Lancaster R5868]]. Another volunteer was Assistant Section Officer [[Noor Inayat Khan]] a Muslim pacifist and Indian nationalist who joined the WAAF, in November 1940, to fight against Nazism. Noor Khan served bravely as a secret agent with the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) in France, but was eventually betrayed and captured.<ref name=rafmuseum /> Many of these Indian airmen were seconded or transferred to the expanding IAF such as Squadron Leader [[Mohinder Singh Pujji]] DFC who led [[No. 4 Squadron IAF]] in Burma.

During the war, the IAF experienced a phase of steady expansion. New aircraft added to the fleet included the US-built [[Vultee A-31 Vengeance|Vultee Vengeance]], [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas Dakota]], the British [[Hawker Hurricane]], [[Supermarine Spitfire]], and [[Westland Lysander]]. 22 [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Crosses]] were awarded to personnel of the IAF.

In recognition of the valiant service by the IAF, [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]] conferred the [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] "Royal" in 1945. Thereafter the IAF was referred to as the ''Royal Indian Air Force''. In 1950, when India became a republic, the prefix was dropped and it reverted to being the Indian Air Force.<ref name=Ahluwalia2012>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sabUQ7zKUvsC&pg=PA41|title=Airborne to Chairborne: Memoirs of a War Veteran Aviator-Lawyer of the Indian Air Force|last=Ahluwalia|first=A.|date=2012|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4691-9657-2|page=41|language=en}}</ref>

===First years of independence (1947–1950)===
{{See also|Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948}}
[[File:Air Ministry Second World War Official Collection CI75.jpg|thumb|[[World War II]] photo: [[Arjan Singh]] (middle) as Flight Lieutenant. He went on to become [[Marshal of the Air Force]]]]
After it became independent from the [[British Empire]] in 1947, [[British Raj|British India]] was [[partition of India|partitioned]] into the new states of the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. Along the lines of the geographical partition, the assets of the air force were divided between the new countries. India's air force retained the name of the Royal Indian Air Force, but three of the ten operational squadrons and facilities, located within the borders of Pakistan, were transferred to the [[Pakistan Air Force|Royal Pakistan Air Force]].<ref name="Engineer">{{cite web|last=Engineer |first=Aspy M. |author-link=Aspy Engineer|title=Air Marshal Aspy Engineer's Recollections |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Aspy01.html |date=February 1993 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=8 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230140314/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Aspy01.html |archive-date=30 December 2009}}</ref> The RIAF Roundel was changed to an interim 'Chakra' roundel derived from the [[Ashoka Chakra]].<ref name="Heraldry"/>

Around the same time, [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|war]] broke out between them over the control of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu & Kashmir]]. With Pakistani forces moving into the state, its Maharaja decided to accede to India in order to receive military help.<ref name=Lyon79>{{Harvnb|Lyon|2008|p=79|Ref=Lyon}}</ref> The day after, the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] was signed, the RIAF was called upon to transport troops into the war zone. And this was when a good management of logistics came into help.<ref name=Lyon79/> This led to the eruption of full-scale war between India and Pakistan, though there was no formal declaration of war.<ref>{{Harvnb|Massey|2005|p=97|Ref=Massey}}</ref> During the war, the RIAF did not engage the Pakistan Air Force in air-to-air combat; however, a couple of IAF [[Hawker Tempest]] fighters did intercept a [[Pakistan Air Force|Pakistani]] Douglas [[Douglas DC-3|DC-3]] transport aircraft & tried to shoot it down but the pilot of the DC-3 ([[Mukhtar Ahmad Dogar]]) managed to evade the fighters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fearlesswarriors.pk/ghazi/air-cdre-mukhtar-ahmad-dogar-sj-ghazi-of-1948-war/ |title=Air Cdre Mukhtar Ahmad Dogar SJ | Ghazi of 1948 War | FearlessWarriors.PK |work=Fearless Warriors of Pakistan | Har Waqt, Har Jagah, Har Dam Tayar |date=10 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125220610/https://fearlesswarriors.pk/ghazi/air-cdre-mukhtar-ahmad-dogar-sj-ghazi-of-1948-war/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other than that, it also provided effective transport and close air support to the Indian troops.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barua|2005|p=192|Ref=Barua}}</ref>

[[File:Consolidated-Vultee B-24 Liberator heavy bomber over the Deccan plateau in the early 1950s.jpg|thumb|An IAF [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]] heavy bomber over the [[Deccan Plateau]] in the early 1950s]]
When India became a republic in 1950, the prefix 'Royal' was dropped from the Indian Air Force.<ref name="airpower4">{{cite journal |last=Bedi |first=Sanjeev |date=Summer 2008 |title=Strategic Role of Air Power |journal=Air Power Journal|volume=3 |publisher=Center for Air Power Studies|issue=2 |pages=27–45 |url=http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723023345/http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> At the same time, the current IAF roundel was adopted.<ref name="Heraldry"/>

===Congo crisis and Annexation of Goa (1960–1961)===
The IAF saw significant conflict in 1960, when [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgium's 75-year rule]] over [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Congo]] ended abruptly, engulfing the nation in [[Congo Crisis|widespread violence and rebellion]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Congolese Rescue Operation|url=http://www.history.army.mil/documents/AbnOps/TABE.htm|publisher=US Army History|access-date=25 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507102048/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/AbnOps/TABE.htm|archive-date=7 May 2009}}</ref> The IAF activated [[No. 5 Squadron IAF|No. 5 Squadron]], equipped with [[English Electric Canberra]], to support the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]]. The squadron started undertaking operational missions in November.<ref name="airpower60">{{cite journal|last=Singh |first=Charanjit |title=The Congo Diary |journal=Air Power Journal |volume=2 |publisher=Center for Air Power Studies |issue=3 |pages=27–45 |url=http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Monsoon%202005/The%20Congo%20Diary.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710041049/http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Monsoon%202005/The%20Congo%20Diary.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2007}}</ref> The unit remained there until 1966, when the UN mission ended.<ref name="airpower60"/> Operating from [[Kinshasa|Leopoldville]] and [[Kamina]], the Canberras soon destroyed the rebel Air Force and provided the UN ground forces with its only long-range air support force.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

In late 1961, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] decided to attack the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colony of Goa]] after years of disagreement between [[New Delhi]] and [[Lisbon]].<ref name=brgoa1/> The Indian Air Force was requested to provide support elements to the ground force in what was called [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]]. Probing flights by some fighters and bombers were carried out from 8–18 December to draw out the [[Portuguese Air Force]], but to no avail.<ref name=brgoa1>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa01.html |title=The Liberation of Goa: 1961 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |author=Jagan Pillarisetti |access-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107025811/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa01.html |archive-date=7 January 2012}}</ref> On 18 December, two waves of [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra]] bombers bombed the runway of Dabolim airfield taking care not to bomb the Terminals and the ATC tower. Two Portuguese transport aircraft (a [[Super Constellation]] and a [[Douglas DC-6|DC-6]]) found on the airfield were left alone so that they could be captured intact. However the Portuguese pilots managed to take off the aircraft from the still damaged airfield and made their getaway to [[Portugal]].<ref name=brgoa1/> [[Hawker Hunter|Hunters]] attacked the wireless station at Bambolim. [[De Havilland Vampire|Vampires]] were used to provide air support to the ground forces.<ref name=brgoa1 /> In [[Daman, India|Daman]], [[Dassault Mystère IV|Mystères]] were used to strike Portuguese gun positions.<ref name=brgoa1 /> [[Dassault Ouragan|Ouragans]] (called Toofanis in the IAF) bombed the runways at [[Diu, India|Diu]] and destroyed the control tower, wireless station and the meteorological station. After the Portuguese surrendered the former colony was integrated into India.<ref name=brgoa1 />

===Border disputes and changes in the IAF (1962–1971)===
{{See also|Indo-Pakistani air war of 1965}}
[[File:IAF Hf24 flying in formation.jpg|thumb|left|[[HAL HF-24 Marut]]s flying in formation. These were the first indigenous fighter jet to enter service with the IAF]]
In 1962, border disagreements between China and India escalated to a war when China mobilised its troops across the Indian border.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Harvnb|Pradhan|2010|p=185|Ref=Pradhan}}</ref> During the [[Sino-Indian War]], India's military planners failed to deploy and effectively use the IAF against the invading Chinese forces. This resulted in India losing a significant amount of advantage to the Chinese; especially in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

On 24 April 1965, an Indian [[Dassault Ouragan|Ouragan]] strayed over the [[Pakistan]]i border and was forced to land by a Pakistani [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]], the pilot was returned to India; however, the captured aircraft would be kept by the [[Pakistan Air Force|Pakistan Air Force(PAF)]] and ended up being displayed at the PAF museum in [[Peshawar]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Paul|date=1988|title=Ouragon:Ancestor of Rafale|url=http://www.airenthusiast.com/|journal=Air Enthusiast|volume=37|page=78|issn=0143-5450|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=9 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509090039/http://www.airenthusiast.com/}}</ref>

Three years after the Sino-Indian conflict, in 1965, Pakistan launched [[Operation Gibraltar]], strategy of Pakistan to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir, and start a rebellion against Indian rule. This came to be known as the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Second Kashmir War]].<ref name="SKW">{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/08war1.htm|title=Operation Gibraltar: Battle that never was|first=Shaukat|last=Qadir|date=9 September 2005|work=The 1965 War, 40 Years On|publisher=Rediff News|access-date=17 January 2012|quote=Pakistan ... undertook a guerrilla operation inside Indian held Kashmir with a large number of regular soldiers ... expecting to be welcomed by the local population and raise them up in arms against the Indian government.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034815/http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/08war1.htm|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> This was the first time the IAF actively engaged an enemy air force.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pradhan|Chavan|2007|p=xiv|Ref=ybChavan}}</ref> However, instead of providing close air support to the [[Indian Army]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Thomas|1996|p=11|Ref=Raju}}</ref> the IAF carried out independent raids against [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] bases.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sisodia|Bhaskar|2005|p=82|Ref=Emerging}}</ref> These bases were situated deep inside Pakistani territory, making IAF fighters vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1997|p=43|Ref=Gupta}}</ref> During the course of the conflict, the PAF enjoyed technological superiority over the IAF and had achieved substantial strategic and tactical advantage due to the suddenness of the attack and advanced state of their air force.<ref name="SKW"/> The IAF was restrained by the government from retaliating to PAF attacks in the eastern sector while a substantive part of its combat force was deployed there and could not be transferred to the western sector, against the possibility of Chinese intervention. Moreover, international (UN) stipulations and norms did not permit military force to be introduced into the Indian state of J&K beyond what was agreed during the 1949 ceasefire.<ref name="SKW"/> Despite this, the IAF was able to prevent the PAF from gaining air superiority over conflict zones.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dixit|2002|p=149|Ref=Dixit}}</ref> The small and nimble IAF [[Folland Gnat]]s proved effective against the [[F-86 Sabre]]s of the PAF earning it the nickname "Sabre Slayers".{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} By the time the conflict had ended, the IAF lost 60–70 aircraft, while the PAF lost 43 aircraft.<ref name="SKW" /> More than 60% of IAF's aircraft losses took place in [[Close air support|ground attack]] missions to enemy ground-fire, since fighter-bomber aircraft would carry out repeated dive attacks on the same target. According to, [[Arjan Singh|Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh]] of the Indian Air Force, despite having been qualitatively inferior, IAF achieved air superiority in three days in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/1965-war-we-achieved-air-superiority-in-three-days-says-air-force-marshal-arjan-singh_1805797.html|title=1965 war: We achieved air superiority in three days, says Air Force Marshal Arjan Singh|date=4 October 2015|access-date=7 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614221636/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/1965-war-we-achieved-air-superiority-in-three-days-says-air-force-marshal-arjan-singh_1805797.html|archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref>

After the 1965 war, the IAF underwent a series of changes to improve its capabilities. In 1966, the [[Para Commandos (India)|Para Commandos]] regiment was created.<ref>{{Harvnb|Praval|1975|p=6|Ref=Praval}}</ref> To increase its logistics supply and rescue operations ability, the IAF inducted 72 [[HS 748]]s which were built by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) under licence from [[Avro]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|1985|p=78|Ref=Jones}}</ref> India started to put more stress on indigenous manufacture of [[fighter aircraft]]. As a result, [[HAL HF-24 Marut]], designed by the famed German [[aerospace engineer]] [[Kurt Tank]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Boyne|Fopp|2002|p=619|Ref=Boyne}}</ref> were inducted into the air force. HAL also started developing an improved version of the [[Folland Gnat]], known as [[HAL Ajeet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vectorsite.net/avgnat.html |title=The Folland Gnat / HAL Ajeet |date=1 December 2009 |access-date=7 July 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612133807/http://www.vectorsite.net/avgnat.html |archive-date=12 June 2010}}</ref> At the same time, the IAF also started inducting [[Mach speed|Mach 2]] capable Soviet [[MiG-21]] and [[Sukhoi Su-7]] fighters.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Whale of a Fighter: the Su-7 in IAF Service |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Aircraft/Su-7.html |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=5 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230183851/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Aircraft/Su-7.html |archive-date=30 December 2009}}</ref>

===Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)===
{{See also|Indo-Pakistani air war of 1971}}
[[File:Mig21 pair during 1971 war.jpg|thumb|A pair of [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21s]] during the 1971 war]]
By late 1971, the intensification of the independence movement in [[East Pakistan]] lead to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sisson|Rose|1991|p=229|Ref=SissonRose}}</ref> On 22 November 1971, 10 days before the start of a full-scale war, four [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] [[F-86 Sabre]] jets attacked Indian and [[Mukti Bahini]] positions at [[Battle of Garibpur|Garibpur]], near the international border, however, Two of the four PAF Sabres [[Battle of Boyra|were shot down]] and one damaged by the IAF's [[Folland Gnat]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Sabres.html |title=Boyra Encounter – 22nd November 1971 |author=Jagan Pillarisetti |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118130237/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Sabres.html |archive-date=18 November 2011}}</ref> On 3 December, India formally [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|declared war]] against Pakistan following massive [[Operation Chengiz Khan|preemptive strikes]] by the PAF against Indian Air Force installations in Srinagar, Ambala, Sirsa, Halwara and Jodhpur. However, the strikes failed, as the IAF did not suffer any significant damage because of advance intelligence, and the leadership had anticipated such a move and precautions were taken.<ref>{{cite journal |date=20 December 1971|title=Newsweek: the international newsmagazine: US edition |journal=Newsweek |page=34 |issn=0028-9604 |quote=Trying to catch the Indian Air Force napping, Yahya Khan, launched a Pakistani version of Israel's 1967 air blitz in hopes that one quick blow would cripple India's far superior air power. But India was alert and Yahya's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields failed!}}</ref> The Indian Air Force was quick to respond to Pakistani air strikes, following which the PAF carried out mostly defensive [[sorties]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kainikara|2011|p=195|Ref=Kainikara}}</ref>

Within the first two weeks, the IAF had carried out almost 12,000 sorties over East Pakistan and also provided [[East Pakistan Operations 1971|close air support]] to the advancing Indian Army.<ref name="IAF71">{{cite web |title=The War of December 1971 |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=71 |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=3 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410000055/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=71 |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref> IAF also assisted the [[Indian Navy]] in its operations against the [[Pakistani Navy]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Arabian Sea]]. On the western front, the IAF destroyed more than 20 Pakistani tanks,<ref>{{cite news|title=Years later, Longewala reminds the do-or-die battle|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Years-later-Longewala-reminds-the-do-or-die-battle/articleshow/27554710.cms|access-date=23 August 2015|work=The Times of India|agency=India Times|issue=18 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018220423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Years-later-Longewala-reminds-the-do-or-die-battle/articleshow/27554710.cms|archive-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> 4 [[Armoured personnel carrier|APCs]] and a supply train during the [[Battle of Longewala]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shorey |first=Anil |date=February 2005 |title=Battle of Longewala: Best of Braves |journal=Sainik Samachar |volume=52 |issue=4 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/History/1971War/Longewala.html |access-date=12 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318080515/http://bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/History/1971War/Longewala.html |archive-date=18 March 2009}}</ref> The IAF undertook strategic bombing of [[West Pakistan]] by carrying out raids on oil installations in [[Karachi]], the [[Mangla Dam]] and a gas plant in Sindh.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mohan |first=Jagan |title=When lightning strikes |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Lightning.html |publisher=[[Bharat Rakshak]] |access-date=12 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228075254/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Lightning.html |archive-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> Similar strategy was also deployed in East Pakistan and as the IAF achieved complete [[air superiority]] on the eastern front, the ordnance factories, runways, and other vital areas of East Pakistan were severely damaged.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh: Out of War, a Nation Is Born |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878969,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=Time Inc. |date=20 December 1971 |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523005106/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C878969%2C00.html |archive-date=23 May 2011}}</ref> By the time Pakistani forces surrendered, the IAF destroyed 94 PAF Aircraft<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6PLszPsPosC|title=The Sky was the Limit|first=Murkot|last=Ramunny|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-084-0}}</ref>
The IAF was able to conduct a wide range of missions – troop support; air combat; deep penetration strikes; para-dropping behind enemy lines; feints to draw enemy fighters away from the actual target; bombing; and reconnaissance. In contrast, the Pakistan Air Force, which was solely focused on air combat, was blown out of the subcontinent's skies within the first week of the war. Those PAF aircraft that survived took refuge at Iranian air bases or in concrete bunkers, refusing to offer a fight.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/blogs/2015/06/04/why_the_indian_air_force_has_a_high_crash_rate_43501|title=Why the Indian Air Force has a high crash rate|first=Rakesh Krishnan|last=Simha|date=4 June 2015|work=RBTH|access-date=25 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010083539/https://www.rbth.com/blogs/2015/06/04/why_the_indian_air_force_has_a_high_crash_rate_43501|archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> Hostilities officially ended at 14:30 GMT on 17 December, after the fall of Dacca on 15 December. India claimed large gains of territory in West Pakistan (although pre-war boundaries were recognised after the war), and the independence of Pakistan's East wing as Bangladesh was confirmed. The IAF had flown over 16,000 sorties<ref name="IAF71"/> on both East and West fronts; including sorties by transport aircraft and helicopters.<ref name="IAF71"/> while the PAF flew about 30 and 2,840. More than 80 per cent of the IAF's sorties were close-support and interdiction, and according to neutral assessments about 45 IAF Aircraft were lost while, [[Pakistan]] lost 75 aircraft.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Volume 3">{{cite book|last1=Leonard|first1=Thomas M.|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gc2NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA806|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-97664-0|page=806}}</ref> Not including any F-6s, Mirage IIIs, or the six Jordanian F-104s which failed to return to their donors. But the imbalance in air losses was explained by the IAF's considerably higher sortie rate, and its emphasis on ground-attack missions. On the ground Pakistan suffered most, with 9,000 killed and 25,000 wounded while India lost 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded. The loss of armoured vehicles was similarly imbalanced. This represented a major defeat for Pakistan.<ref name="Century Air Warfare 1997, pages 384">''The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare'', edited by Chris Bishop (Amber publishing 1997, republished 2004 pages 384–387 {{ISBN|1-904687-26-1}})</ref> Towards the end of the war, IAF's transport planes dropped leaflets over Dhaka urging the Pakistani forces to surrender, demoralising Pakistani troops in East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Ishfaq Ilahi |author-link=Ishfaq Ilahi Choudhury |title=Air aspect of the Liberation War 1971 |url=http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/ishfaq/air_aspect71.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322031554/http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/ishfaq/air_aspect71.htm |archive-date=22 March 2009 |access-date=8 April 2009 |newspaper=Daily Star}}</ref>

===Incidents before Kargil (1984–1988)===
[[File:Indian Air Force Antonov An-32.jpg|thumb|left|IAF [[An-32]]s were used to airdrop humanitarian supplies in [[Operation Poomalai]]]]
In 1984, India launched [[Operation Meghdoot]] to capture the [[Siachen Glacier]] in the contested [[Kashmir]] region.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ives|2004|p=186|Ref=Ives}}</ref> In Op Meghdoot, IAF's [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]], [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Chetak]] and [[Aerospatiale Lama|Cheetah]] helicopters airlifted hundreds of Indian troops to Siachen.<ref>{{Harvnb|Talbott|2006|p=164}}</ref> Launched on 13 April 1984, this military operation was unique because of Siachen's inhospitable terrain and climate. The military action was successful, given the fact that under a previous agreement, neither Pakistan nor India had stationed any personnel in the area. With India's successful [[Operation Meghdoot]], it gained control of the [[Siachen Glacier]]. India has established control over all of the {{convert|70|km|mi}} long [[Siachen Glacier]] and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Ridge]] immediately west of the glacier—[[Sia La]], [[Bilafond La]], and [[Gyong La]]. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge.<ref name=Wirsing>{{cite book |last=Wirsing |first=Robert |title=Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977–1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, 1991 |isbn=978-0-312-06067-1 |date=15 November 1991}}</ref><ref name=Child>{{cite book |last=Child |first=Greg |title=Thin air: encounters in the Himalayas |publisher=The Mountaineers Books, 1998 |isbn=978-0-89886-588-2 |year=1998 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/thinairencounter00chil}}</ref> According to the [[TIME magazine|''TIME'' magazine]], India gained more than {{convert|1000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1|order=flip}} of territory because of its military operations in Siachen.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World |date=31 July 1989 |first=Edward W. |last=Desmond|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html |archive-date=14 January 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Paradropped Supply.jpg|thumb|Relief supplies dropped by the IAF over [[Jaffna]] during [[Operation Poomalai]]]]
Following the inability to negotiate an end to the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]], and to provide humanitarian aid through an unarmed convoy of ships, the Indian Government decided to carry out an airdrop of the humanitarian supplies on the evening of 4 June 1987 designated [[Operation Poomalai]] ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: Garland) or Eagle Mission 4. Five [[An-32]]s escorted by four [[Mirage 2000]] of 7 Sqn AF, 'The Battleaxes', carried out the supply drop which faced no opposition from the Sri Lankan Armed Forces. Another [[Mirage 2000]] orbited 150 km away, acting as an airborne relay of messages to the entire fleet since they would be outside radio range once they descended to low levels. The Mirage 2000 escort formation was led by Wg Cdr Ajit Bhavnani, with Sqn Ldrs Bakshi, NA Moitra and JS Panesar as his team members and Sqn Ldr KG Bewoor as the relay pilot.<ref name=Poomalai>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/Chapter1.html |title=Operation Poomalai – The Jaffna Food drop |first=Jagan |last=Pillarisetti |work=The Indian Air Force in Sri Lanka – 1987–90 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609120451/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/Chapter1.html |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE0D8173FF936A35755C0A961948260|title=India Airlifts Aid to Tamil Rebels|work=The New York Times|date=5 June 1987|first=Steven R.|last=Weisman|access-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> Sri Lanka accused India of "blatant violation of sovereignty". India insisted that it was acting only on humanitarian grounds.<ref name=Poomalai />

In 1987, the IAF supported the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) in northern and eastern [[Sri Lanka]] in [[Operation Pawan]]. About 70,000 sorties were flown by the IAF's transport and helicopter force in support of nearly 100,000 troops and paramilitary forces without a single aircraft lost or mission aborted.<ref name=oppawan>{{cite web|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=108|title=OP Pwan|publisher=Indian Air Force|work=Know Us|access-date=24 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123060902/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=108|archive-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> IAF An-32s maintained a continuous air link between air bases in South India and Northern Sri Lanka transporting men, equipment, rations and evacuating casualties.<ref name=oppawan /> Mi-8s supported the ground forces and also provided air transportation to the Sri Lankan civil administration during the elections.<ref name=oppawan /> Mi-25s of No. 125 Helicopter Unit were utilised to provide suppressive fire against militant strong points and to interdict coastal and clandestine riverine traffic.<ref name=oppawan />

On the night of 3 November 1988, the Indian Air Force mounted special operations to airlift a parachute battalion group from [[Agra]], non-stop over {{convert|2000|km}} to the remote Indian Ocean archipelago of the Maldives in response to Maldivian president [[Gayoom]]'s request for military help against a mercenary invasion in [[Operation Cactus]]. The [[IL-76]]s of No. 44 Squadron landed at [[Hulhule]] at 0030 hours and the Indian paratroopers secured the airfield and restored Government rule at Male within hours.<ref name=iafo /> Four Mirage 2000 aircraft of 7 Sqn, led by Wg Cdr AV 'Doc' Vaidya, carried out a show of force early that morning, making low-level passes over the islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dnv.indiannavy.gov.in/sites/default/files/repository-document/Quarterdeck%202015.pdf|title=Quaterdeck 2015 Navy Magazine}}</ref>

===Kargil War (1999)===
{{main|Kargil War}}

On 11 May 1999, the Indian Air Force was called in to provide close air support to the Indian Army at the height of the ongoing [[Kargil conflict]] with the use of helicopters.<ref name=iafo>{{cite web|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/|title=Official website of Indian Air Force|access-date=28 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723110003/http://indianairforce.nic.in/|archive-date=23 July 2010}}</ref> The IAF strike was code named [[Operation Safed Sagar]].<ref name=iafo/> The first strikes were launched on 26 May, when the Indian Air Force struck infiltrator positions with fighter aircraft and [[helicopter gunship]]s.<ref name=BBC_kargil>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/352995.stm |title=India launches Kashmir air attack |work=BBC News |date=26 May 1999 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504075336/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/352995.stm |archive-date=4 May 2009}}</ref> The initial strikes saw MiG-27s carrying out offensive sorties, with [[MiG-21]]s and later [[MiG-29]]s providing fighter cover.<ref name=M2K_kargil>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Kargil/PCamp.html |title=The Mirage 2000 at Kargil |first=Philip |last=Camp |work=Kargil 1999 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084357/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Kargil/PCamp.html |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> The IAF also deployed its radars and the [[MiG-29]] fighters in vast numbers to keep check on Pakistani military movements across the border.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bammi|2002|p=|Ref=Bammi}}</ref> [[Srinagar]] Airport was at this time closed to civilian air-traffic and dedicated to the Indian Air Force.<ref name=BBC_kargil/>

On 27 May, the Indian Air Force suffered its first fatality when it lost a [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] and a [[MiG-27]] in quick succession.<ref name=BBC_shot>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/354120.stm |title=India loses two jets |work=BBC News |date=27 May 1999 |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101230237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/354120.stm |archive-date=1 January 2008}}</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060522/asp/frontpage/story_6254165.asp|title=Flyer pushes frontier again – Nachiketa returns to area where his plane was shot down|date=22 May 2006|access-date=17 January 2012|work=Telegraph India|location=Calcutta, India|first=Sujan|last=Dutta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605171247/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090212/120098967.html|archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> The following day, while on an offensive sortie, a Mi-17 was shot down by three [[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]] missiles and lost its entire crew of four.<ref name= M2K_kargil /> Following these losses the IAF immediately withdrew helicopters from offensive roles as a measure against the threat of [[Man-portable air-defence systems]] (MANPAD). On 30 May, the [[Mirage 2000]]s were introduced in offensive capability, as they were deemed better in performance under the high-altitude conditions of the conflict zone. Mirage 2000s were not only better equipped to counter the MANPAD threat compared to the MiGs, but also gave IAF the ability to carry out aerial raids at night.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sps-aviation.com/interviews/?id=48&h=20-years-after-Kargil-War-Man-who-bombed-Tiger-Hill-tells-how-the-War-was-won-from-the-air | title=20 years after Kargil War: Man who bombed Tiger Hill tells how the War was won from the air – SP's Aviation}}</ref> The MiG-29s were used extensively to provide fighter escort to the Mirage 2000.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Harvnb|Ganguly|Kapur|2008|p=105|Ref=Ganguly}}</ref> Radar transmissions of Pakistani F-16s were picked up repeatedly, but these aircraft stayed away. The Mirages successfully targeted enemy camps and logistic bases in Kargil and severely disrupted their supply lines.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|2003|p=97|Ref=OJones}}</ref> Mirage 2000s were used for strikes on Muntho Dhalo and the heavily defended [[Tiger Hill (Kargil)|Tiger Hill]] and paved the way for their early recapture.<ref name= M2K_kargil/> At the height of the conflict, the IAF was conducting over forty sorties daily over the Kargil region.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> By 26 July, the Indian forces had successfully repulsed the Pakistani forces from Kargil.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kapur|2007|p=122|Ref=Kapur}}</ref>

==== Post Kargil incidents ====
Since the late 1990s, the Indian Air Force has been modernising its fleet to counter challenges in the new century. The fleet size of the IAF has decreased to 33 squadrons during this period because of the retirement of older aircraft. Still, India maintains the fourth largest air force in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://afcat.cdac.in/AFCAT/iafHistory|title=History}}</ref> The IAF plans to raise its strength to 42 squadrons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iaf-to-have-42-combat-aircraft-squadrons/173078-3.html|title=IAF to have 42 combat aircraft squadrons|work=IBNLive|date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206192926/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iaf-to-have-42-combat-aircraft-squadrons/173078-3.html|archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> Self-reliance is the main aim that is being pursued by the defence research and manufacturing agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iadb.in/2022/06/12/in-iafs-push-towards-self-reliance-96-fighter-jets-to-be-produced-in-india/|title=In IAF's Push Towards Self-Reliance, 96 Fighter Jets To Be Produced In India |date=12 June 2022 }}</ref>

On 10 August 1999, IAF [[MiG-21]]s intercepted a [[Pakistan Navy]] [[Breguet Atlantique]] which was flying over [[Sir Creek]], a disputed territory. [[Atlantique Incident|The aircraft was shot down]] killing all 16 Pakistani Navy personnel on board.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAF Scores a Kill !!! Factual Account of Interception |url=http://armedforces.nic.in/airforce/fac.htm |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=12 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722043150/http://armedforces.nic.in/airforce/fac.htm |archive-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> India claimed that the Atlantic was on a mission to gather information on IAF air defence,<ref>{{cite web|title=IAF shoots down Pak intruder plane |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19990811/ige01049.html |work=The Indian Express |date=11 August 1999 |access-date=25 April 2009}} {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> a charge emphatically rejected by Pakistan which argued that the unarmed aircraft was on a training mission.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/16-dead-as-india-shoots-down-pakistani-naval-plane-1112052.html|title=16 dead as India shoots down Pakistani naval plane|author=Ian MacKinnon|date=11 August 1999|access-date=7 June 2009|location=London|work=The Independent|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118050838/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/16-dead-as-india-shoots-down-pakistani-naval-plane-1112052.html|archive-date=18 November 2010}}</ref>

On 7 June 2002, a PAF [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16B]] Block 15 (S. No. 82-605) shot down an IAF [[IAI Searcher|Searcher II]] reconnaissance drone, using an [[AIM-9 Sidewinder|AIM-9L Sidewinder]] missile, during a night interception near [[Lahore]].<ref name="Vaya-20020607">{{cite web |title=IAF's Searcher-II Loss on June 07, 2002 |url=http://vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com/other-Parakram-IAF-UAV-Wreckage.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123614/http://vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com/other-Parakram-IAF-UAV-Wreckage.html |archive-date=23 January 2009 |access-date=1 March 2012 |publisher=Vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com}}</ref>On 2 August 2002, the Indian Air Force bombed Pakistani posts along the [[Line of Control]] in the Kel sector, following inputs about Pakistani military buildup near the sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/in-a-first-iaf-acknowledges-its-jets-bombed-pakistani-posts-across-loc-in-2002-2213917.html|title=In a first, IAF acknowledges its jets bombed Pakistani posts across LoC in 2002|date=2019-06-24|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref>

On 20 August 2013, the Indian Air Force created a world record by performing the highest landing of a [[C-130J]] at the [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] airstrip in [[Ladakh]] at the height of {{convert|5065|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=IAF's C-130J transporter lands near India-China border|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/iaf-s-c-130j-transporter-lands-near-india-china-border-113082000835_1.html|access-date=20 August 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=20 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823072849/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/iaf-s-c-130j-transporter-lands-near-india-china-border-113082000835_1.html|archive-date=23 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=10 reasons why IAF's C-130J Super Hercules landing in Daulat Beg Oldie, Ladakh is important|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-air-force-super-hercules-c-103j-landing-daulat-beg-oldie-ladakh-china-174397-2013-08-19|access-date=20 August 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=20 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820145112/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-air-force-super-hercules-c-103j-landing-daulat-beg-oldie-ladakh-china/1/300410.html|archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> The medium-lift aircraft will be used to deliver troops, supplies and improve communication networks. The aircraft belonged to the ''Veiled Vipers'' squadron based at [[Hindon Air Force Station]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Air Force lands Super Hercules transport plane on airstrip near LAC|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indian-air-force-lands-super-hercules-transport-plane-on-airstrip-near-lac/1157640/|access-date=20 August 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=20 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820214154/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indian-air-force-lands-super-hercules-transport-plane-on-airstrip-near-lac/1157640/|archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref>

On 13 July 2014, two [[MiG-21]]s were sent from [[Jodhpur Airport#Jodhpur Air Force Station|Jodhpur Air Base]] to investigate a [[Turkish Airlines]] aircraft over [[Jaisalmer]] when it repeated an [[Aircraft registration|identification code]], provided by another commercial passenger plane that had already entered Indian airspace before it. The flights were on their way to Mumbai and Delhi, and the planes were later allowed to proceed after their credentials were verified.<ref>{{cite news|title=IAF scrambles fighter jets as Turkish plane sparks alert|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/iaf-scrambles-fighter-jets-as-turkish-plane-sparks-alert/1017662|access-date=14 July 2014|publisher=Patrika Group|date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135434/http://www.patrika.com/news/iaf-scrambles-fighter-jets-as-turkish-plane-sparks-alert/1017662|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

=== 2019 Balakot airstrike ===
{{main|2019 Balakot airstrike}}

Following heightened tensions between India and Pakistan after the [[2019 Pulwama attack]] that was carried out by [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM) which killed forty servicemen of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47366718 |title=India 'strikes Kashmir militants in Pakistani territory |date=26 February 2019 |website=BBC |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226193007/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47366718 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-15|title=India will 'completely isolate' Pakistan|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133|access-date=2020-06-16}}</ref> a group of twelve [[Mirage 2000]] fighter planes from the Indian Air Force carried out air strikes on alleged JeM bases in [[Chakothi]] and [[Muzaffarabad]] in the Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Furthermore, the Mirage 2000s targeted an alleged JeM training camp in [[Balakot]], a town in the Pakistani province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. Pakistan claimed that the Indian aircraft had only dropped bombs in the forest area demolishing pine trees near the Jaba village which is {{convert|19|km}} away from Balakot<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/security/balakot-airstrikes-india-pakistan-satellite-images|title=Did Balakot Airstrikes Hit Their Target? Satellite Imagery Raises Doubts|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302152240/https://thewire.in/security/balakot-airstrikes-india-pakistan-satellite-images|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
and Indian officials claimed to bomb and kill a large number of terrorists in the airstrike.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/the-inside-story-of-iaf-s-balakot-strike-1479311-2019-03-16 |title=The inside story of IAF's Balakot strike |date=16 March 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref>

====2019 India–Pakistan standoff====
{{main|2019 India–Pakistan standoff}}

On 27 February 2019, in retaliation for the IAF bombing of an alleged terrorist hideout in Balakot, a group of PAF [[Dassault Mirage 5|Mirage-5]] and [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] fighters allegedly conducted an airstrike against certain ground targets across the [[Line of Control]]. They were intercepted by a group of IAF fighters consisting of [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] jets. An ensuing dogfight began. According to India, one PAF F-16 was shot down by an IAF MiG-21 piloted by [[Abhinandan Varthaman]], while Pakistan denied use of F-16s in the operation. According to Pakistan, a MiG-21 and a Su-30MKI were shot down, while India claims that only the MiG-21 was shot down. Indian officials rejected Pakistani claims of shooting down an Su-30MKI stating that it's impossible to hide an aircraft crash as of now in a populated area like Kashmir and said it's a coverup for the loss of F16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/pakistans-su-30-story-a-cover-up-for-its-own-failure-says-india-2860595.html|title=Pakistan's Su-30 story a cover up for its own failure says India|date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-made-false-claims-of-shooting-down-sukhoi-30-fighter-jet-indian-air-force-1471065-2019-03-05|title = Pakistan made false claims of shooting down Sukhoi-30 fighter jet: Indian Air Force| date=5 March 2019}}</ref> While the downed MiG-21's pilot had ejected successfully, he landed in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and was captured by the Pakistan military. Before his capture he was assaulted by a few locals. After a couple of days of captivity, the captured pilot was released by Pakistan per [[Third Geneva Convention|Third Geneva convention]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pakistan-to-release-iaf-pilot-abhinandan-what-are-geneva-conventions/story/323292.html|title=Pakistan to release IAF pilot Abhinandan: What are Geneva Conventions?|website=businesstoday.in|date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301130217/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pakistan-to-release-iaf-pilot-abhinandan-what-are-geneva-conventions/story/323292.html|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> obligations. While Pakistan denied involvement of any of its F-16 aircraft in the strike, the IAF presented remnants of [[AIM-120 AMRAAM|AMRAAM missiles]] that are only carried by the F-16s within the PAF as proof of their involvement.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-shows-parts-of-amraam-missile-says-evidence-proves-mig-21-shot-down-pakistans-f-16/articleshow/68205140.cms |title=IAF shows parts of Amraam missile, says evidence confirms MiG 21 shot down Pakistan's F-16 | India News – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301025417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-shows-parts-of-amraam-missile-says-evidence-proves-mig-21-shot-down-pakistans-f-16/articleshow/68205140.cms |archive-date=1 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Unnamed US officials told ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine in April 2019 that an audit didn't find any Pakistani F-16s missing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|title=Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No.|first=Lara|last=Seligman|date=4 April 2019}}</ref> However, this was not confirmed by the United States, which cited it as bilateral matter between US and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/us-refuses-to-confirm-if-indian-mig-21-shot-down-pakistani-f-16-fighter-jet/|title=US Refuses To Confirm If Indian Mig 21 Shot-Down Pakistani F-16 Fighter Jet|date=29 April 2019|website=EurAsian Times}}</ref>

=== 2025 India-Pakistan conflict ===
{{Main|2025 India–Pakistan conflict}}

[[File:Satellite imagery of 9 of 12 Pakistan Air Force bases bombed by Indian Air Force during Op Sindoor.jpg|thumb|Satellite imagery of 9 out of 12 [[Pakistan Air Force]] bases neutralized by Indian Air Force led missile strikes during [[Operation Sindoor]] in 2025, making [[India]] the only nation in the world to have neutralized multiple airbases of a nuclear-armed country]]
On May 7, 2025, the Indian Air Force (IAF) launched Operation Sindoor,in response to the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam Attack]]. The operation was carefully orchestrated as a high-precision, intelligence-driven punitive strike targeting nine confirmed terrorist camps across the Line of Control and deeper within Pakistan. The IAF conducted coordinated attacks on critical targets, including the [[PAF Base Nur Khan|Nur Khan]] and Rahimyar Khan air bases, utilizing advanced indigenous platforms and the [[Air Force Network|Integrated Air Command and Control System]] (IACCS) for real-time, multi-domain coordination. Indian fighter aircraft and loitering munitions successfully penetrated and neutralized Chinese-origin Pakistani air defense systems through strategic jamming and evasion, completing the mission within just 23 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Jammed air defence, mission over in 23 minutes: How India struck Pak bases |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pak-bases-chinese-supplied-air-defence-systems-operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-2724799-2025-05-14 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The operation also highlighted the exemplary synergy between the three services, with the Indian Army and Navy providing essential support in air defense and maritime surveillance, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title=Operation Sindoor: How IAF bypassed Pakistan's China-supplied defence systems, destroyed military targets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-sindoor-how-iaf-bypassed-pakistans-china-supplied-defence-systems-destroyed-military-targets/articleshow/121166537.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation SINDOOR Marks a Defining Chapter in India's Integrated Military Strategy: Govt |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/operation-sindoor-marks-a-defining-chapter-in-indias-integrated-military-strategy-govt/121258676 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=ET Government |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Operation Sindoor: IAF 'bypassed and jammed' Chinese-supplied air defence systems during 23-minute strike |url=https://ground.news/article/the-abcd-of-op-sindoor-pakistan-needs-to-learn-and-recite |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Ground News |language=en}}</ref> While full details remain limited, reports indicate that the Indian Air Force employed a combination of decoy and anti-radiation drones, such as the [[IAI Harop]], alongside a range of long-range stand-off weapons. These included cruise missiles like the [[BrahMos]] and [[SCALP missile|SCALP]], as well as solid-propellant precision-guided munitions such as the Israeli-origin Crystal Maze and [[Rampage (missile)|Rampage]] missiles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Four Days in May: The India-Pakistan Crisis of 2025 |url=https://www.stimson.org/2025/four-days-in-may-the-india-pakistan-crisis-of-2025/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Indian Air Force's precision strikes not only reportedly "dismantled terrorist infrastructure", It delivered a "significant setback" to Pakistan's military capabilities, reportedly setting back its air power by "five years" through the destruction of radar coverage, command and control systems, and critical assets at multiple airbases.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-28 |title='Blinded, numbed, paralysed': How Operation Sindoor set Pakistan air force back by five years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/blinded-numbed-paralysed-how-operation-sindoor-set-pakistan-air-force-back-by-five-years/articleshow/121462969.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> According to India, more than 100 terrorists across 9 "terror hubs",<ref>{{Cite web |title="More Than 100 Terrorists Killed In 9 Terror Hubs," Says Army On Op Sindoor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/more-than-100-terrorists-killed-in-9-terror-hubs-army-on-operation-sindoor-8387838 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> including high-value targets, were neutralized, and key Pakistani military installations were rendered inoperable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minda |first=Paridhi |date=2025-05-12 |title=100 Terrorists Dead, Airbases Damaged: What India Achieved in Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-success-target-details-india-strikes-back-pakistan-terror-camps-air-force-navy-response-100-terrorists-killed-dgmo |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Operation SINDOOR: India's Strategic Clarity and Calculated Force | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128748 }}</ref> Throughout the campaign, Indian forces maintained strict rules of engagement, initially focusing exclusively on terrorist-linked infrastructure and avoiding escalation,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-07 |title=Operation Sindoor: No Pakistani civilian, economic or military targets have been hit, says Indian Embassy in Washington DC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-no-pakistani-civilian-economic-or-military-targets-have-been-hit-says-indian-embassy-in-washington-dc/articleshow/120943846.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> which underscored the nation's commitment to strategic restraint and professionalism. The operation was recognized as a demonstration of India's growing self-reliance in defense technology<ref>{{Cite web |work=OBSERVER RESEARCH FOUNDATION |title=Operation Sindoor: A Coming of Age for India's Defence Industry |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/operation-sindoor-a-coming-of-age-for-india-s-defence-industry |access-date=2025-07-04 |language=en}}</ref> and its ability to conduct complex, integrated military operations with precision and discipline, thereby altering the regional security landscape in India's favor.<ref name="rusi.orghttps">{{Cite web |title=Calibrated Force: Operation Sindoor and the Future of Indian Deterrence |url=https://www.rusi.orghttps//www.rusi.org |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Rusi |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901190943/https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russias-iranian-made-uavs-technical-profile |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Force's "Successfully Executed Tasks In Operation Sindoor" Post After India-Pak Ceasefire |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-sindoor-successfully-executed-assigned-tasks-says-indian-air-force-on-india-pakistan-ceasefire-8385741 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=India asserts regional air superiority with Operation Sindoor success |url=https://www.intellinews.com/india-asserts-regional-air-superiority-with-operation-sindoor-success-381438/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Intellinews|language=en}}</ref>

In the early hours of May 10, India carried out further coordinated airstrikes on at least eleven sites across Pakistan, beginning with airbases at [[PAF Base Nur Khan|Nur Khan]] (near Rawalpindi), [[PAF Base Rafiqui|Rafiqui]], Rahim Yar Khan, and Sukkur, followed by strikes on Sarghoda, [[PAF Base Bholari|Bholari]], and [[PAF Base Shahbaz|Jacobabad]] airbases, as well as command, control, and drone-related targets at [[PAF Base Murid|Murid]], and radar sites at Chunian, Arifwala, and Pasrur. At certain bases, including Sarghoda and Rahim Yar Khan, the Indian Air Force cratered runways to temporarily disable flight operations. The strikes were described by Indian officials as a swift and calibrated response to sustained Pakistani drone attacks.<ref name=":1" />

On 9 August, 2025, Indian Air Chief Marshal [[Amar Preet Singh]] stated that a large aircraft had been shot down at a distance of 300 km in May, along with five other fighter aircraft. He attributed most of these to the [[S-400 missile system]]. During a lecture in Bengaluru, he described the 300 km engagement as the "longest recorded surface-to-air kill" that could be publicly acknowledged. A senior IAF official noted that such long-range engagements are rarely confirmed due to classification and verification challenges, but in this instance, radar and electronic tracking reportedly confirmed the target's destruction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patel |first=Shivam |date=2025-08-09 |title=India shot down six Pakistani military aircraft in May, air force chief says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-shot-down-six-pakistani-military-aircraft-may-air-force-chief-says-2025-08-09/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-10 |title=Operation Sindoor's 300-km kill: How the Indian Air Force may have set a rare record |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/operation-sindoor-300-km-kill-indian-air-force-set-rare-record-10180497/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-09 |title=S-400 Missile recorded 'largest ever kill' during Ops Sindoor, says IAF Chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/s-400-missile-recorded-largest-ever-kill-during-ops-sindoor-says-iaf-chief/videoshow/123207396.cms |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> According to an Austrian aerial warfare analyst Tom Cooper, the aircraft destroyed in the process might have been a [[Saab 2000|SAAB 2000]], referring to its military variant with the [[Erieye]] system.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-14 |title=International experts back IAF chief's remark on downing of Pakistan jets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/international-experts-back-iaf-chiefs-remark-on-downing-of-pakistan-jets/articleshow/123290037.cms |access-date=2025-08-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Group Captain Animesh Patni was reportedly awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] for executing the 314-km surface-to-air missile strike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-18 |title=Meet the brave Indian Air Force captain who shot down a Pakistani aircraft from 314 km away |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/meet-the-brave-indian-air-force-captain-who-shot-down-a-pakistani-aircraft-from-314-km-away-2025-08-18-1004031 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Independence Day: Rare military honour for 7 top officers for Operation Sindoor; 9 Vir Chakra for IAF pilots |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/independence-day-rare-military-honour-for-7-top-officers-for-operation-sindoor-9-vir-chakra-for-iaf-pilots-3681435 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==== Expert Analyses ====
[[File:"Nurkhan Airbase in Pakistan, destroyed by the Indian Air Force".jpg|thumb|[[PAF Base Nur Khan|Nur Khan Airbase]] in Pakistan, Damaged by the Indian Air Force in 2025]]

Austrian air-warfare analyst Tom Cooper opined that India's Operation Sindoor gave it a clear military edge over Pakistan. He cited the May 10 airstrikes on the PAF Mushaf Airbase, which likely blocked access to a nuclear weapons facility, showcasing India's precision and exposing Pakistan's security gaps.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title='Pakistan couldn't protect its own nuclear weapons': Top air warfare historian Tom Cooper calls India the clear winner |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/pakistan-couldnt-protect-its-own-nuclear-weapons-top-air-warfare-historian-tom-cooper-calls-india-the-clear-winner/articleshow/121161557.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In another interview, he declared India as a "clear winner" in the air battle against Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Operation Sindoor: Aviation expert Tom Cooper hails Indian Air Force |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/operation-sindoor-aviation-expert-tom-cooper-hails-indian-air-force-2724376-2025-05-14 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Later in August, while he endorsed Air Chief Marshal Singh's claim that six Pakistani aircraft were shot down by the IAF, he added that even more aircraft were destroyed on the ground.<ref name=":4" />

Walter Ladwig of the [[Royal United Services Institute]] described the operation as a precise, disciplined strike on terrorist targets that avoided escalation. He noted it marked a shift toward expected cross-border retaliation and said restraint by both sides may signal more stable crisis management under nuclear conditions.<ref name="rusi.orghttps" />

Former US Air Force pilot Ryan Bodenheimer called the X-Guard decoy system used by India a major leap in electronic warfare, calling it "the best spoofing we’ve ever seen." Trailing Rafales, the AI-powered decoys reportedly confused Pakistani defenses. ''Business Today'', citing ''[[Jane's Defence Weekly|Jane’s Defence Weekly]]'', suggested some claimed Rafale kills may have actually been hits on these decoys.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-08 |title='Best deception ever seen': US F-16 pilot reveals how a 30 kg device fooled Pakistan into thinking it downed a Rafale |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/best-deception-ever-seen-us-f-16-pilot-reveals-how-a-30-kg-device-fooled-pakistan-into-thinking-it-downed-a-rafale/articleshow/122313728.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

India's defense attaché to Indonesia, Captain Shiva Kumar, said Indian forces shifted strategy after May 7 by targeting Pakistani military sites. He noted that suppression and destruction of enemy air defenses ([[SEAD]] and DEAD) enabled effective missile strikes, leading to "complete air superiority" from May 8 to 10. Tommy Tamtomo, vice chairman of the Indonesia Center of Air Power Studies, stated at a seminar in Jakarta that the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) had lost six fighter jets, two Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS) aircraft, and a military transport plane during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Won the 100-hour War? Pakistan or India? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/07/who-won-the-100-hour-war-pakistan-or-india/ |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

At a Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) conference, senior officials praised India's operations as a milestone in modern air warfare. RTAF Deputy Chief of Air Staff (Intelligence), Air Marshal Sommai Leelitham, highlighted the Indian Air Force's (IAF) precise, loss-free strikes on multiple Pakistani Air Force bases. The RTAF report noted India's three-phase approach using dummy aircraft, loitering munitions, and precision missile strikes from Rafale, Mirage 2000, and Su-30MKI jets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=Decoys, loitering drones, then BrahMos: Thai Air Force praises IAF's three-step Operation Sindoor tactic against Pakistan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/decoys-loitering-drones-then-brahmos-thai-air-force-praises-iafs-three-step-operation-sindoor-tactic-against-pakistan/articleshow/122181208.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thai Air Force Praises India's Air Strikes On PAF Bases, Highlights Pakistan Air Defense Failure |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/thai-air-force-praises-india-s-air-strikes-on-paf-bases-highlights-pakistan-air-defense-failure-2923668.html |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

==Structure==
The [[President of India]] is the [[Commander-in-chief#India|Supreme Commander]] of all [[Indian armed forces]] and by virtue of that fact is the national Commander-in-chief of the Air Force. The [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] with the rank of [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air chief marshal]] is the Commander {{Main|List of serving air marshals of the Indian Air Force}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Post
!Current Holder
|-
|[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]]
|Air Chief Marshal [[Amar Preet Singh]], PVSM, AVSM<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title=Vice Chief of the Air Staff Air Marshal Amar Preet Singh appointed as next Chief of the Air Staff |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2057269 |access-date= |website=PIB}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]]
|Air Marshal [[Nagesh Kapoor]], SYSM, PVSM, AVSM, VM<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF: Air Marshal Nagesh Kapoor Takes Charge as Vice Chief |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/air-marshal-nagesh-kapoor-takes-charge-as-iafs-vice-chief-of-air-staff-3848849 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]]
|Air Marshal [[Awadhesh Kumar Bharti]], SYSM, AVSM, VM<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-10 |title=Lt General Rajiv Ghai, Air Marshal Bharti take over as deputy chiefs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lt-general-rajiv-ghai-air-marshal-bharti-take-over-as-deputy-chiefs/articleshow/121737615.cms |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Air Officer in Charge Personnel
|Air Marshal Hardeep Bains, AVSM, VM<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2174437 |title=AIR MARSHAL HARDEEP BAINS, TAKES OVER AS AIR OFFICER-IN-CHARGE PERSONNEL, INDIAN AIR FORCE |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=1 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Air Officer in Charge of Administration|Air Officer in Charge Administration]]
|Air Marshal S Sivakumar, VSM<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2141043 |title=AIR MARSHAL S SIVAKUMAR VSM TAKES OVER AS AIR OFFICER-IN- CHARGE ADMINISTRATION (AOA) |publisher=PIB |date=2025-07-01}}</ref>
|-
|[[Inspector General of Flight Safety|Director General of Inspection and Flight Safety]]
|Air Marshal Tejbir Singh, AVSM, VM<ref name="PIB-011223">[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2197204&reg=3&lang=1 <nowiki>Air Marshal Tejbir Singh assumed the appointment of Director General (Inspection and Safety) [DG (I&S)] at Air HQ on 01 December 2025. Press Release:Press Information Bureau</nowiki>]</ref>
|-
|Air Officer in Charge Maintenance
|Air Marshal Sanjiv Ghuratia, AVSM, VSM<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2162736|title=Air Marshal SANJIV GHURATIA assumed the appointment of Air Officer-in-Charge Maintenance at Air Headquarters on 01 Feb 25 | publisher= Press Information Bureau |date=2025-09-01|website=PIB India)}}</ref>
|-
|Director General of Air Operations
|Air Marshal George Thomas, AVSM, VM<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1929067682562756648|title=On assuming the appointment of DG Air (Operations), Air Marshal George Thomas, AVSM, VM, paid homage to Bravehearts at Amar Jawan Jyoti |user=salute2soldier|date=2025-06-01}}</ref>
|-
|Director General of Medical Services (Air)
|Air Marshal Sandeep Thareja, SM, VSM<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-03 |title=Lt Gen Thareja to assume post of Director General Medical Services (Air) |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-thareja-to-assume-post-of-director-general-medical-services-air-9815390/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}
In January 2002, the [[Government of India|government]] conferred the rank of [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] on [[Arjan Singh]] making him the first and only ''[[five-star rank|Five-star]]'' officer with the Indian Air Force and ceremonial chief of the air force.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marshal of the Indian Air Force |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=14 |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=4 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605171247/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090212/120098967.html |archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref>

===Commands===
The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functional [[Command (military formation)|commands]]. Each Command is headed by an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief with the rank of Air Marshal. The purpose of an operational command is to conduct military operations using aircraft within its area of responsibility, whereas the responsibility of functional commands is to maintain [[combat readiness]]. Aside from the Training Command at Bangalore, the primary flight training is done at the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]] (located in [[Hyderabad]]), followed by operational training at various other schools. Advanced officer training for command positions is also conducted at the Defence Services Staff College; specialised advanced flight training schools are located at [[Bidar]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Hakimpet]], Telangana (also the location for helicopter training).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/institution#:~:text=Air%20Force%20Academy%20AFC%20Flying,branches%20in%20a%20single%20institution.|title=Air Force Academy}}</ref>
[[File:VayuBhawanDelhi.jpg|thumb|268x268px|Air Headquarters Vayu Bhawan, [[New Delhi]] ]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Headquarters !! Commander
|-
|[[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]] (CAC)||[[Prayagraj]], Uttar Pradesh
|Air Marshal [[Balakrishnan Manikantan]], PVSM, AVSM, VM<ref name="NIE-010525">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/30/armed-forces-up-for-major-rejig-as-new-northern-army-commander-iaf-vice-chief-appointed|title=Armed forces up for major rejig as new Northern Army Commander, IAF Vice Chief appointed|publisher=New Indian Express|date=2025-05-01}}</ref>
|-
|[[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] (EAC)||[[Shillong]], Meghalaya
|Air Marshal [[Inderpal Singh Walia]], AVSM, VM<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air Marshal Inderpal Singh Walia takes over as Eastern Air Command chief|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/air-marshal-inderpal-singh-walia-appointed-eastern-air-command-chief-air-force-2861426-2026-02-01|website=India Today|date=2026-02-01|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en|first=Shivani|last=Sharma}}</ref>
|-
|[[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] (SAC)||[[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala
|Air Marshal [[Manish Khanna (air marshal)|Manish Khanna]], UYSM, AVSM, VM<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-marshal-khanna-assumes-charge-as-aoc-in-c-of-southern-air-command/article69644746.ece|title= Air Marshal Khanna assumes charge as AOC-in-C of Southern Air Command |work=The Hindu|date=2025-06-01}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Western Air Command]] (SWAC)||[[Gandhinagar]], Gujarat
|Air Marshal [[Tejinder Singh (air marshal)|Tejinder Singh]], PVSM, AVSM, VM<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-02 |title=Air Marshal Tejinder Singh takes over as SWAC chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/air-marshal-tejinder-singh-takes-over-as-swac-chief/articleshow/126292932.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]] (WAC)||[[New Delhi]]
|Air Marshal [[Jeetendra Mishra]], SYSM, AVSM, VSM<ref name="aoc-wac">{{cite press release |title=AIR MARSHAL JEETENDRA MISHRA ASSUMES COMMAND OF IAF'S WESTERN AIR COMMAND |date=2025-01-01 |publisher=PIB |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2089242&reg=3&lang=1}}</ref>
|-
|[[Training Command (India)|Training Command]] (TC)+||[[Bengaluru]], Karnataka
|Air Marshal [[Seethepalli Shrinivas]], PVSM, AVSM, VSM<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-01 |title=Air Marshal Seethepalli Shrinivas assumes charge as AOC-in-C of IAF Training Command |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/air-marshal-seethepalli-shrinivas-assumes-charge-as-aoc-in-c-of-iaf-training-command/article70460453.ece |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maintenance Command]] (MC)+||[[Nagpur]], Maharashtra
|Air Marshal [[Yalla Umesh]], VSM<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://x.com/MC_IAF/status/1995393329878667775|title=Air Marshal Yalla Umesh has taken charge as the 39th AOC-in-C of Maintenance Command|date=1 December 2025|access-date=2 December 2025|website=x.com (formerly twitter)}}</ref>
|}
''Note: + = Functional Command''

===Wings===
A [[Wing (air force unit)|wing]] is a formation intermediate between a command and a squadron. It generally consists of two or three IAF squadrons and helicopter units, along with forward base support units (FBSU). FBSUs do not have or host any squadrons or helicopter units but act as transit airbases for routine operations. In times of war, they can become fully fledged air bases playing host to various squadrons. In all, about 47 wings and 19 FBSUs make up the IAF.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Webmaster |title=Air Force Wings, FBSUs and CMUs |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Bases/282-Wings.html |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=10 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611085119/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Bases/282-Wings.html |archive-date=11 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Webmaster |title=Air Force FBSUs and CMUs |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Bases/284-FBSUs.html |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=10 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611085146/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Bases/284-FBSUs.html |archive-date=11 June 2009}}</ref> Wings are typically commanded by an [[Air commodore (India)|air commodore]].<ref name="verma_hiranandani">{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Bharat |last2=Hiranandani |first2=GM |last3=Pandey |first3=BK |title=Indian Armed Forces |date=2009 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-73-2 |page=217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXCUeGUW3VQC&pg=PT217 |language=en}}</ref>

===Stations===
{{main|List of Indian Air Force stations}}

Within each operational command are anywhere from nine to sixteen [[Military air base|bases]] or stations. Smaller than wings, but similarly organised, stations are static units commanded by a [[Group captain (India)|group captain]].<ref name="verma_hiranandani"/> A station typically has one wing and one or two squadrons assigned to it.

===Squadrons and units===
{{Main|List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons}}

[[Squadron (aviation)|Squadrons]] are the field units and formations attached to static locations. Thus, a flying squadron or unit is a sub-unit of an air force station which carries out the primary task of the IAF. A fighter squadron consists of 18 aircraft; all fighter squadrons are headed by a [[commanding officer]] with the rank of [[Wing Commander (rank)|wing commander]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rawindia.com/?p=53 |title=Indian Air Force |date=10 August 2009 |access-date=7 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605171247/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090212/120098967.html |archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> Some transport squadrons and helicopter units are headed by a commanding officer with the rank of [[Group captain (India)|group captain]].

===Flights===
[[Flight (military unit)|Flights]] are sub-divisions of [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]], commanded by a [[squadron leader]]. Each flight consists of two sections.<ref name="careerairforce.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://careerairforce.nic.in/life_airforce/lifeair_cargraph_officers.html|title=Indian Air Force: Life in Air Force|website=webarchive.loc.gov|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409234320/http://careerairforce.nic.in/life_airforce/lifeair_cargraph_officers.html|archive-date=9 April 2009}}</ref>

===Sections===
The smallest unit is the section, led by a [[flight lieutenant]]. Each section consists of three aircraft.

Within this formation structure, IAF has several service branches for day-to-day operations. They are:<ref name="Career IAF">{{cite web |title=Indian Air Force: Career Opportunities |url=http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer_varientry.html |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409231138/http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer_varientry.html |archive-date=9 April 2009 |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=21 April 2009}}</ref>
{|style="border:1px solid #fff; background:#fff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
|-align="left;" style="vertical-align:top;"
||'''Flying Branch'''
* Flying
||
||'''Technical Branch'''
* Engineering
||
||'''Ground Branch'''
* Logistics
* Administration
* Accounts
* Education
* Medical & Dental
* Meteorological
|}

===Garud Commando Force===
{{main|Garud Commando Force}}

The Garud commandos are the special forces of the Indian Air Force (IAF). Their tasks include counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, providing security to IAF's vulnerably located assets and various air force-specific special operations. First conceived in 2002, this unit was officially established on 6 February 2004.<ref name="VK Bhatia">{{Cite web|author=V.K. Bhatia|date=October 2009|title=Special Forces – Garuds for All Reasons|url=http://www.sps-aviation.com/story/?id=363|access-date=2020-09-27|website=SP's Aviation|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Garud Commandos of Indian Air Force (cropped).jpg|thumb|Garud Commandos]]
[[File:IAF garud patch.svg|thumb|Garud [[Insignia]]]]

All Garuds are volunteers who are imparted a 52-week basic training, which includes a three-month probation followed by special operations training, basic airborne training and other warfare and survival skills. The last phase of basic training sees Garuds been deployed to get combat experience. Advanced training follows, which includes specialised weapons training.<ref name="VK Bhatia" /><ref name="garud">{{cite news|date=6 Feb 2004|title=Garud: IAF's commando force takes off|newspaper=[[Rediff]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/garud/20040206.htm|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref>

The mandated tasks of the Garuds include direct action, special reconnaissance, rescuing downed pilots in hostile territory, establishing airbases in hostile territory and providing air-traffic control to these airbases.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 November 2017|title=Indian Commandos Heads To Israel For 'Major' Military Drill|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/indian-commandos-in-israel-for-2-week-long-blue-flag-military-drills/304149|access-date=27 September 2020|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]]}}</ref> The Garuds also undertake [[suppression of enemy air defences]] and the destruction of other enemy assets such as radars, evaluation of the outcomes of Indian airstrikes and use [[laser designator]]s to guide Indian airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2017-10-11|title=Garud commandoes take first casualties after operating for 12 yrs in J&K|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/garud-commandoes-take-first-casualties-after-secretly-operating-for-12-yrs-117101101012_1.html|access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>

The security of IAF installations and assets are usually performed by the Air Force Police and the [[Defence Security Corps]] even though some critical assets are protected by the Garuds.<ref name="VK Bhatia" />

===Defence Space Agency===
{{Main|Defence Space Agency}}

[[File:Defence Space Agency India.png|thumb|Defence Space Agency Insignia|150px]]
The Defence Space Agency, an [[Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands|integrated tri-services agency]], which draws its personnel from all the three services of the Indian armed forces, is set up to operate the [[Space warfare|space-warfare]] and [[Geospatial intelligence|Satellite Intelligence]] assets of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-16 |title=Agencies take shape for special operations, space, cyber war |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-begins-setting-up-new-tri-service-agencies-to-handle-special-operations-space-and-cyberspace/articleshow/69346012.cms |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Unlike an aerospace command, where the air force controls most of its activities, the Defence Space Agency envisages co-operation and co-ordination between the three services as well as civilian agencies dealing with space.

India currently has 10<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satellite Database |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |language=en}}</ref> military satellites.

===Display teams===
{{main|Surya Kiran|Sarang display team{{!}}Sarang}}

[[File:SKAT123.jpg|thumb|The Suryakiran Aerobatic team in their Diamond Formation.]][[File:Sarang solo.jpg|thumb|A solo HAL Dhruv Mk.1 of the Sarang Helicopter Display team coming in for landing after a display.]]
{{Multiple image
| border =
| total_width = 250
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Suryakiran insignia.svg
| image2 = Sarang Helicopter Display Team insignia.png
}}
''The Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT)'' (''Surya Kiran'' is [[Sanskrit]] for ''Sun Rays'') is an [[aerobatics]] demonstration team of the Indian Air Force. They were formed in 1996 and are successors to the ''Thunderbolts''.<ref name="suryakirans">{{cite web|url=http://armedforces.nic.in/airforce/suryakirans.htm|title=SURYAKIRANS|publisher=armedforces.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519140500/http://armedforces.nic.in/airforce/suryakirans.htm|archive-date=19 May 2010}}</ref> The team has a total of 13 pilots (selected from the fighter stream of the IAF) and operate 9 [[BAE Hawk Mk.132|Bae Hawk mk.132]] painted in a "day-glo orange" and white [[Color scheme|colour scheme]]. The Surya Kiran team were conferred squadron status in 2006, and presently have the designation of 52 Squadron (''"The Sharks"'').<ref name="BR_SqU">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/292-Squadrons.html|title=Squadrons and Helicopter Units|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=17 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414024030/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/292-Squadrons.html|archive-date=14 April 2015}}</ref> The team is based at the Indian Air Force Station at [[Bidar]].<ref name="suryakirans"/> The team earlier used to fly [[HAL HJT-16 Kiran]].

''Sarang'' ([[Sanskrit]] for ''Peacock'') is the Helicopter Display Team of the Indian Air Force. The team was formed in October 2003 and their first public performance was at the [[Asian Aerospace]] Show, [[Singapore]], 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/05/27/224117/ila-2008-proud-as-peacocks.html |title=ILA 2008: Proud as Peacocks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526231539/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/05/27/224117/ila-2008-proud-as-peacocks.html |archive-date=26 May 2009}}</ref> The team earlier used to fly four [[HAL Dhruv]]s<ref name="thaindian.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/iafs-sarang-helicopter-display-team-adjudged-the-best-at-berlin-air-show_10059492.html|title=IAFs Sarang helicopter display team adjudged the best at Berlin air show|work=Thaindian News |date=12 June 2008|access-date=20 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322083951/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/iafs-sarang-helicopter-display-team-adjudged-the-best-at-berlin-air-show_10059492.html|archive-date=22 March 2012}}</ref> but that was upgraded to five on the 91st Air Force day held in [[Prayagraj]]. The choppers are painted in red and white with a peacock figure at each side of the fuselage. The team is based at the [[Sulur Air Force Station]], [[Coimbatore]].

==Personnel==
[[File:IAF Uniform.png|thumb|IAF officers in [[uniform]]]]

In 2017, there was a shortage of 15,503 personnel out of an authorized strength of 155,000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-27 |title=Armed forces facing shortage of nearly 60,000 personnel: Government |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armed-forces-facing-shortage-of-nearly-60000-personnel-government/articleshow/62270482.cms |work=The Economic Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228202832/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armed-forces-facing-shortage-of-nearly-60000-personnel-government/articleshow/62270482.cms|archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live |access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref>

In mid-2019, the air force had 12,142 officers out of an authorized strength of 12,625, and 129,094 enlisted personnel out of an authorized 142,917.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strength of Defence Forces |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192200 |date=24 July 2019 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Defence of the India |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

Personnel strength on 1 March 2022 was 138,994 enlisted and 12,143 officers.<ref name="Bhatt">{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Ajay |date=1 April 2022 |title=Unstarred Ques no. 4929, Lok Sabha |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/178/AU4929.pdf?source=pqals |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=[[Parliament of India|Sansad]]}}</ref>
{{div col}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ IAF officer strength on 1 March 2022 by rank (not including [[Armed Forces Medical Services]])<ref name="Bhatt"/>
! Pay level
! Rank
! Strength
|-
| 18
| Air Chief Marshal
| 1
|-
| 17/16/15
| Air Marshal
| 27
|-
| 14
| Air Vice Marshal
| 75
|-
| 13A
| Air Commodore
| 222
|-
| 13
| Group Captain
| 1019
|-
| 12A
| Wing Commander
| 4934
|-
| 11
| Squadron Leader
| 3822
|-
| 10B
| Flight Lieutenant
| 1258
|-
| 10
| Flying Officer
| 785
|-
! colspan="2"| Total
| 12143
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ IAF enlisted strength on 1 March 2022 by rank<ref name="Bhatt"/>
! Pay level
! Rank
! Strength
|-
| 8
| MWO
| 2698
|-
| 7
| WO
| 5420
|-
| 6
| JWO
| 9873
|-
| 5
| SGT
| 46037
|-
| 4
| CPL
| 49127
|-
| 3
| LAC
| 23134
|-
| 3
| AC
| 2705
|-
! colspan="2"| Total
| 138994
|}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| radius = 100
| caption= Strength of the Indian Air Force on 1 March 2022
| label1 = Officers
| value1 = 12143
| color1 = #5d8aa8
| label2 = Personnel below officer rank
| value2 = 138994
| color2 = #a9a9a9
}}
{{div col end}}

In 2025, the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS) listed active personnel strength at 149,900.{{sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=251}}

===Rank structure===
{{main|Air Force ranks and insignia of India}}

The rank structure of the Indian Air Force is based on that of the [[Royal Air Force]]. The highest rank attainable in the IAF is [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]], conferred by the President of India after exceptional service during wartime. MIAF [[Arjan Singh]] is the only officer to have achieved this rank. The head of the Indian Air Force is the [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]], who holds the rank of [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]].

====Officers====
Anyone holding Indian citizenship can apply to be an officer in the Air Force as long as they satisfy the eligibility criteria. There are four entry points to become an officer. Male applicants, who are between the ages of 16{{sfrac|1|2}} and 19 and have passed high school graduation, can apply at the ''Intermediate'' level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Career Opportunities as an Officer: Intermediate (10+2)|url=http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer_intermediate.html |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409231026/http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer_intermediate.html |archive-date=9 April 2009 |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=21 April 2009}}</ref> Men and women applicants, who have graduated from college (three-year course) and are between the ages of 18 and 28, can apply at the ''Graduate'' level entry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Career Opportunities as an Officer: Graduate|url=http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer_graduate.html|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409231100/http://careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer_graduate.html|archive-date=9 April 2009|publisher=Indian Air Force|access-date=21 April 2009}}</ref> Graduates of engineering colleges can apply at the ''Engineer'' level if they are between the ages of 18 and 28 years. The age limit for the flying and ground duty branch is 23 years of age and for technical branch is 28 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|title=Career Opportunities as an Officer: Engineer|url=http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer_engineer.html|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409230321/http://careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer_engineer.html|archive-date=9 April 2009|publisher=Indian Air Force|access-date=21 April 2009}}</ref> After completing a master's degree, men and women between the ages of 18 and 28 years can apply at the ''Post Graduate'' level. Post graduate applicants do not qualify for the flying branch. For the technical branch the age limit is 28 years and for the ground duty branch it is 25.<ref>{{cite web|title=Career Opportunities as an Officer: Post Graduate|url=http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer_postgraduate.html|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409231045/http://careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer_postgraduate.html|archive-date=9 April 2009|publisher=Indian Air Force|access-date=21 April 2009}}</ref> At the time of application, all applicants below 25 years of age must be single.<ref>{{cite web|title=Career Opportunities as an Officer|url=http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer.html|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409230753/http://careerairforce.nic.in/career_opp/caropp_officer.html|archive-date=9 April 2009|publisher=Indian Air Force|access-date=21 April 2009}}</ref> The IAF selects candidates for officer training from these applicants. After completion of training, a candidate is commissioned as a [[Flying Officer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Career Graph (for Officers)|url=http://careerairforce.nic.in/life_airforce/lifeair_cargraph_officers.html|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409234320/http://careerairforce.nic.in/life_airforce/lifeair_cargraph_officers.html|archive-date=9 April 2009|publisher=Indian Air Force|access-date=5 July 2010}}</ref>{{Equivalent ranks of Indian military}}

{|style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Indian Air Force Officer Ranks}}
|}

====Airmen====
[[File:Indian Air Force Soldier guarding India Gate.jpg|thumb|An IAF servicemember with uniform, shoulder rank patch and [[INSAS rifle]] standing guard at the [[India Gate]] memorial in New Delhi|upright]]
The duty of an airman is to make sure that all the air and ground operations run smoothly. From operating Air Defence systems to fitting missiles, they are involved in all activities of an air base and give support to various technical and non-technical jobs.<ref name="airmen">{{cite web|title=Central Airmen Selection Board|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=135|publisher=Indian Air Force|access-date=22 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430184520/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=135|archive-date=30 April 2009}}</ref> The airmen of Technical trades are responsible for maintenance, repair and prepare for use the propulsion system of aircraft and other airborne weapon delivery system, Radar, Voice/Data transmission and reception equipment, latest airborne weapon delivery systems, all types of light, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic systems of airborne missiles, aero engines, aircraft fuelling equipment and heavy duty mechanical vehicles, cranes and loading equipment etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=135|title=CASB|work=indianairforce.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430184520/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=135|archive-date=30 April 2009|access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref> The competent and qualified airmen from technical trades also participate in flying as flight engineers, Flight Signallers and Flight Gunners. The recruitment of personnel below officer rank is conducted through All India Selection Tests and Recruitment Rallies. All India Selection Tests are conducted among 15 Airmen Selection Centres (ASCs) located all over India. These centres are under the direct functional control of Central Airmen Selection Board (CASB), with administrative control and support by respective commands. The role of CASB is to carry out selection and enrolment of airmen from the Airmen Selection Centres for their respective commands.<ref name="airmen"/> Candidates initially take a written test at the time of application. Those passing the written test undergo a physical fitness test, an interview conducted in English, and medical examination. Candidates for training are selected from individuals passing the battery of tests, on the basis of their performance. Upon completion of training, an individual becomes an airman.<ref name="airmen"/> Some [[Master warrant officer|MWOs]] and [[Warrant officer|WOs]] are granted honorary commission in the last year of their service as an honorary Flying Officer or [[Flight Lieutenant]] before retiring from the service.<ref name="airmen"/>

{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! Rank group|| colspan=10| Junior commissioned officers || colspan=24| Non commissioned officer || colspan=2| Enlisted
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/India}}
|}

===Honorary officers===
[[Sachin Tendulkar]] was the first sportsperson and the first civilian without an [[aviation]] background to be awarded the honorary rank of [[group captain]] by the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/iaf-clips-sachin-tendulkar-m-s-dhoni-wings/1013630/|title=IAF clips Sachin Tendulkar, M S Dhoni wings|work=indianexpress.com|date=8 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408075627/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/iaf-clips-sachin-tendulkar-m-s-dhoni-wings/1013630/|archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>

===Non combatants enrolled and civilians===
Non combatants enrolled (NCs(E)) were established in British India as personal assistants to the officer class, and are equivalent to the ''orderly'' or ''sahayak'' of the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/soldier-or-servant-the-army-bipin-rawat-sahayak-buddy-system#:~:text=The%20Sahayak%20system%20was%20scrapped,Not%20officers'%20families.|title=Soldier or Servant? The Quint Exposes Army's Abused Sahayak System |date=24 February 2017 }}</ref>

Almost all the commands have some percentage of civilian strength which are central government employees. These are regular ranks which are prevalent in ministries. They are usually not posted outside their stations and are employed in administrative and non-technical work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Non Combatant(Enrolled) – Pension Chart| url=http://pcdapension.nic.in/govtOrders/Tables/table66.htm| publisher=Principal Controller of Defence Accounts |access-date=6 July 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010012952/http://pcdapension.nic.in/govtOrders/Tables/table66.htm |archive-date=10 October 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AFRO Career Planning |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=147 |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123090107/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=147 |archive-date=23 November 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Training and education===
{{Main|Military academies in India}}

The Indian Armed Forces have set up numerous military academies across India for training its personnel, such as the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA). Besides the tri-service institutions, the Indian Air Force has a [[Training Command, Indian Air Force|Training Command]] and several training establishments. While technical and other support staff are trained at various Ground Training Schools, the pilots are trained at the [[Air Force Academy, Dundigul]] (located in [[Hyderabad]]). The [[Basic Flying Training School (India)|Pilot Training Establishment]] at [[Allahabad]], the [[Air Force Administrative College]] at [[Coimbatore]], the [[Institute of Aerospace Medicine]] at [[Bangalore]], the [[Air Force Technical College, Bangalore]] at [[Jalahalli]], the [[Tactics and Air Combat and Defence Establishment]] at [[Gwalior]], and the Paratrooper's Training School at [[Agra]] are some of the other training establishments of the IAF.

== Aircraft inventory ==
{{Main|List of active Indian military aircraft}}
{{See also|List of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force}}

The Indian Air Force has aircraft and equipment of Russian (erstwhile Soviet Union), British, French, Israeli, US and Indian origins with Russian aircraft dominating its inventory. HAL produces some of the Russian and British aircraft in India under licence. The exact number of aircraft in service with the Indian Air Force cannot be determined with precision from open sources. Various reliable sources provide notably divergent estimates for a variety of high-visibility aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/indian-air-force-day/|title=93rd Indian Air Force Day 2025: India Salutes Its Sky Warriors at Hindon Air Base |date=6 October 2025 }}</ref> In 2025, IISS estimated that the IAF had approximately 1750 aircraft, including 721 combat capable fixed-wing aircraft.{{sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=256}}

===Multi-role fighters and strike aircraft===
[[File:IAF Tejas full size (32941198511).jpg|thumb|[[HAL Tejas]]]]
[[File:RB005 - Dassault Rafale - Indian Air Force - 50976863128.jpg|thumb|[[Dassault Rafale]]]]
[[File:Sukhoi Su 30 MKI.jpg|thumb|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]]]The Indian Air Force has been reported to have a shortage of combat aircraft count. As of December 2025, the IAF has 29 [[List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons#Combat|combat squadrons]] as against a sanctioned strength of 42 squadrons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Defence panel clears private sector entry to speed up fighter jet production |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-panel-suggests-induction-of-indigenous-light-fighter-jets-in-phases-2688636-2025-03-04 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> This strength is on par with the IAF's fighter fleet during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]. The squadron strength of the IAF had peaked in 1996 at 41 squadrons but dwindled gradually to 35 units in 2013 and to 31 in 2025. In response, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] appointed a five-member [[Future of the Indian Air Force#Parliamentary Panel report|Empowered Committee for Capability Enhancement of IAF]] which analysed and reported the "key thrust areas and recommendations" necessary for "achieving the desired capability enhancement goals" to the Ministry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2025-03-03 |title=Defence panel recommends DRDO, PSU, private sector collaboration for IAF's Atmanirbharta |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-panel-recommends-drdo-psu-private-sector-collaboration-for-iafs-atmanirbharta/articleshow/118690645.cms |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

*[[Dassault Rafale]]: the latest addition to India's aircraft arsenal; India has signed a deal for 36 Dassault Rafale [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]] [[fighter aircraft]]. As of June 2022, 36 Rafale fighters are in service with the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/delivery-of-rafale-jets-to-be-completed-by-apr-2022-french-envoy/articleshow/87785451.cms|title=Delivery of Rafale jets to be completed by April 2022: French envoy |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
*[[HAL Tejas]]: IAF MiG-21s are to be replaced by domestically built HAL Tejas.<ref name="toi_tejas">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/LCA-Tejas-makes-successful-flight/articleshow/5849706.cms|title=LCA Tejas makes successful flight|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603080418/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/LCA-Tejas-makes-successful-flight/articleshow/5849706.cms|archive-date=3 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="dna_tejas">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_light-combat-aircraft-flies-with-near-full-gear_1374851 |title=Light combat aircraft flies with near-full gear |work=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511182509/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_light-combat-aircraft-flies-with-near-full-gear_1374851 |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> The first Tejas IAF unit, [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] ''Flying Daggers'', was formed on 1 July 2016, followed by [[No. 18 Squadron IAF]] "Flying Bullets" on 27 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6xyh0CtO74 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/w6xyh0CtO74| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Watch: 'Flying Bullets' operationalised, IAF Chief flies Tejas aircraft|date=27 May 2020 |via=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Initially stationed at [[Bangalore]], the first squadron was then to be transferred to its home base in Sulur, Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/2/|title=Tejas: IAF inducts HAL's 'Made in India' Light Combat Aircraft – 10 special facts about the LCA|date=2016-07-01|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816033246/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/2/|archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> In February 2021, the Indian Air Force ordered 83 Tejas, including 40 Mark 1, 73 single-seat Mark 1As and 10 two-seat Mark 1 trainers.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI |date=2021-02-03 |title=Govt formally seals ₹48,000 crore deal to procure 83 Tejas LCA from HAL|language=en-IN|newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-formally-seals-48000-crore-deal-to-procure-83-tejas-lca-from-hal/article33737432.ece |access-date=2021-02-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Total 123 ordered.<ref name="Tejas Mk1a">{{cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=13 January 2021|title=India clears deal to manufacture LCA Mk1A 'Tejas' fighter jets for the air force|work=[[The Economic Times]]|publisher=The Times Group|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-clears-deal-to-manufacture-lca-mk1a-tejas-fighter-jets-for-the-air-force/articleshow/80251604.cms|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>
*[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]: the IAF's primary [[air superiority fighter]], with additional air-to-ground (strike) mission capability, is the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. 260 Su-30MKIs are in service.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hal-completes-licensed-production-of-final-two-of-222-su-30mki-fighters-for-iaf |title=HAL completes licensed production of final two of 222 Su-30MKI fighters for IAF |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203060039/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hal-completes-licensed-production-of-final-two-of-222-su-30mki-fighters-for-iaf |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
*[[Mikoyan MiG-29]]: the MiG-29, known as ''Baaz'' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]] for Hawk), is a dedicated air superiority fighter, constituting the IAF's second line of defence after the Su-30MKI. There are 69 MiG-29s in service, all of which have been recently upgraded to the MiG-29UPG standard, after the decision was made in 2016 to upgrade the remaining 21 MiG-29s to the UPG standard.<ref name="MiG29UPG">{{cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mig-29-combat-aircraft-upgradation-in-final-stage-at-11-brd-116092200679_1.html|title=Mig-29UPG modernization near completion at 11 BRD|publisher=Business-standard.com|date=22 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605171247/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090212/120098967.html|archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref>
*[[Dassault Mirage 2000]]: the Mirage 2000, known as ''Vajra'' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] for diamond or thunderbolt) in Indian service. The IAF currently operates 49 Mirage 2000Hs and 8 Mirage 2000 TH all of which are currently being upgraded to the Mirage 2000-5 MK2 standard with Indian specific modifications and 2 Mirage 2000-5 MK2 are in service {{as of|2015|March|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/two-iaf-mirage-aircraft-flown-to-france-for-upgradation/922632.html |title=Two IAF Mirage aircraft flown to France for upgradation |date=6 December 2011 |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202212452/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/two-iaf-mirage-aircraft-flown-to-france-for-upgradation/922632.html |archive-date=2 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/French-jet-Rafale-bags-20bn-IAF-fighter-order-India-briefs-losing-European-countries/articleshow/11706551.cms |title=French jet Rafale bags $20bn IAF fighter order; India 'briefs' losing European countries |date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504194205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-01/india/31012278_1_rafale-mmrca-project-french-air-force |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-date=4 May 2013}}</ref> The IAF's Mirage 2000 were scheduled to be phased out by 2030.<ref name="MiG">{{Cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/mig-21-a-relic-that-continues-to-fly/623650.html |title=MiG-21 a relic that continues to fly |work=Tribuneindia News Service |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222055629/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/mig-21-a-relic-that-continues-to-fly/623650.html |archive-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=live |date=20 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[SEPECAT Jaguar]]: the Jaguar, known as the ''Shamsher'', serves as the IAF's primary [[Attack aircraft|ground attack force]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Naik |first=V.P. |title=IAF aiming for Diverse Capabilities, says Vice Chief of Air Staff |url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories178.htm |date=26 September 2008 |work=Air Marshal P V Naik's Keynote Address on Fighter Technology and Advance Systems |publisher=India Strategic |access-date=22 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131093008/http://indiastrategic.in/topstories178.htm |archive-date=31 January 2009}}</ref> The IAF currently operates 139 Jaguars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiadefenceonline.com/1453/hal-to-tie-up-with-bae-systems-for-jaguar-upgrade/|title=HAL To Tie-Up With BAE Systems For Jaguar Upgrade|date=30 November 2009|access-date=23 July 2010|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101163225/http://indiadefenceonline.com/1453/hal-to-tie-up-with-bae-systems-for-jaguar-upgrade/|archive-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> The first batch of DARIN-1 Jaguars are now going through a DARIN-3 upgrade being equipped with EL/M-2052 AESA radars, and an improved jamming suite plus new avionics. These aircraft are scheduled to be phased out by 2030.<ref name="MiG" />

===Airborne early warning and control system===
[[File:DRDO AEW&C Embraer ERJ 145.JPG|thumb|right|An AEW&C Embraer ERJ 145]]
The IAF operates three [[DRDO AEW&CS|Netra]] [[Embraer ERJ 145|Embraer ERJ 145I]] aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Neelam |title=India Renews Indigenous AWACS Efforts |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-03-28/india-renews-indigenous-awacs-efforts |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Aviation International News |language=en}}</ref> The IAF also operates the [[EL/W-2090]] Phalcon [[AEW&C]] incorporated in a [[Beriev A-50]] platform. A total of three such systems are currently in service, with two further potential orders.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052655811000.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=First AWACS aircraft lands at Jamnagar air base in Gujarat |date=26 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104082405/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/26/stories/2009052655811000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-27 |title=India to procure two more Phalcon airborne warning and control systems |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-to-procure-two-more-phalcon-airborne-warning-and-control-systems-from-israel-11598532284956.html |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> India is also investing in a [[DRDO]] project to develop six new Airborne AEW&C aircraft, as an upgrade to the [[DRDO AEW&CS|Netra]] systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2021-09-09 |title=Modi govt okays 6 more 'eyes in the sky' for IAF, DRDO project to cost Rs 11,000 crore |url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-govt-okays-6-more-eyes-in-the-sky-for-iaf-drdo-project-to-cost-rs-11000-crore/730697/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Aerial refuelling===
The IAF currently operates six [[Ilyushin Il-78]]MKIs in the [[aerial refueling]] (tanker) role.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Amit|title=IAF to get 5th IL-78 refueller soon|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/IAF_to_get_5th_IL-78_refueller_soon/articleshow/msid-867031,curpg-2.cms|date=29 September 2004|work=The Times of India|access-date=22 April 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217030629/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/IAF_to_get_5th_IL-78_refueller_soon/articleshow/msid-867031%2Ccurpg-2.cms|archive-date=17 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="apa">{{cite journal |last=Kopp |first=Carlo |title=The PLA-AF's Aerial Refuelling Programmes |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Tanker-Programs.html |website=Air Power Australia |access-date=22 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623195205/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Tanker-Programs.html |archive-date=23 June 2009 |date=7 July 2007|pages=1}}</ref>

===Transport aircraft===
[[File:Boeing C-17A Globemaster III ‘CB-8010’.jpg|thumb|upright=1.02|[[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]]]]

For [[strategic airlift]] operations, the IAF uses the [[Ilyushin Il-76]], known as ''Gajraj'' (Hindi for King Elephant) in Indian service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Transports/Il-76/ |title=Illyushin Il-76MD [Candid] Gajraj |date=30 November 1999 |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526013545/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Transports/Il-76/ |archive-date=26 May 2010}}</ref> The IAF operated 17 Il-76s in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brahmand.com/news/C-17-Globemaster-IAFs-new-heavy-lift-transport-aircraft/3759/1/15.html|title=C-17 Globemaster: IAF's new heavy lift transport aircraft |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=2 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708091411/http://www.brahmand.com/news/C-17-Globemaster-IAFs-new-heavy-lift-transport-aircraft/3759/1/15.html|archive-date=8 July 2011}}</ref> which are in the process of being replaced by [[C-17 Globemaster III]]s.<ref name=janesil76>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw100705_1_n.shtml |title=IAF completes C-17 test-flight|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=5 July 2010|access-date=21 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605171247/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090212/120098967.html|archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Current) |first1=Transport (1985 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Aircraft/Specs/568-Il-76.html?start=1 |title=Indian Air Force :: Illyushin 76MD, 78MKI, A-50 – Serials |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221044624/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Aircraft/Specs/568-Il-76.html?start=1 |archive-date=21 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India set to decide big military aircraft deals |url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1068.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103181410/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1068.htm |archive-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=India Strategic}}</ref>

IAF [[C-130J]]s are used by special forces for combined Army-Air Force operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2441766.ece|title=Lockheed delivers fifth C130J to IAF|access-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801031642/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2441766.ece|archive-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> India purchased six C-130Js; however, one crashed at [[Gwalior]] on 28 March 2014 while on a training mission, killing all 5 on board and destroying the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAF Super Hercules Crash: 5 Air Force Personnel killed in Gwalior|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/iaf-super-hercules-crash-5-air-force-personnel-killed-in-gwalior/|work=IANS|date=28 March 2014|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=28 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331022314/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/iaf-super-hercules-crash-5-air-force-personnel-killed-in-gwalior/|archive-date=31 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="hercules">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=78237|title=Deals for Acquisition of C-130 J Super Hercules (Press Release)|date=7 December 2011|access-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502043826/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=78237|archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> The [[Antonov An-32]], known in Indian service as the ''Sutlej'' (named after [[Sutlej River]]), serves as a medium transport aircraft in the IAF. The aircraft is also used in bombing roles and paradropping operations.<ref name=iafan32>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/21/iaf-an-32-planes-in-ukraine-for-upgrades.htm|title=IAF An-32 planes in Ukraine for upgrades|date=21 March 2010|access-date=20 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508063341/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/21/iaf-an-32-planes-in-ukraine-for-upgrades.htm|archive-date=8 May 2010}}</ref> The IAF currently operates 105 An-32s, all of which are being upgraded.<ref name=iafan32/> The IAF operates 53 [[Dornier 228]] to fulfil its light transport duties.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Air Forces directory 2022|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/world-air-forces-directory-2022/146695.article|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Transports/Do228/ |title=Dornier 228 |access-date=10 July 2010 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420060049/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Transports/Do228 |archive-date=20 April 2010}}</ref> The IAF also operates [[Boeing 737]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Transports/Boeing737/ |title=Boeing 737 |access-date=10 July 2010 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420060619/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Transports/Boeing737 |archive-date=20 April 2010}}</ref> and Embraer ECJ-135 Legacy aircraft<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Transports/Embraer/ |title=Embraer EMB135 Legacy |access-date=10 July 2010 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414025410/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Transports/Embraer |archive-date=14 April 2010}}</ref> as [[Very important person|VIP]] transports and passenger airliners for troops. 2 specially modified [[Boeing 777]] are used for both the Indian [[President of India|President]] and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] under the [[call sign]] [[Air India One]].<ref name=zee>{{cite news|title=April 1 date for President with business jets |url=http://www.zeenews.com/nation/2009-03-16/515323news.html# |access-date=8 April 2011 |newspaper=Zee News |date=16 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507013949/http://www.zeenews.com/nation/2009-03-16/515323news.html |archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>

The [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748]] once formed the backbone of the IAF's transport fleet, but are now used mainly for training and communication duties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Transports/HS748/ |title=HAL HS 748M Avro |access-date=10 July 2010 |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420090252/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Transports/HS748 |archive-date=20 April 2010}}</ref> A replacement in the form of licence-built [[EADS CASA C-295|C-295]] is currently being commissioned into the Air Force.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-26 |title=IAF inducts C-295 tactical aircraft, first of 56 'Rhinos' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-inducts-c-295-tactical-aircraft-first-of-56-rhinos/articleshow/103945197.cms |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2023-07-24 |title=IAF gets ready with warehouse ahead of C-295 induction into IAF |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/iaf-gets-ready-with-warehouse-ahead-of-c-295-induction-into-iaf/article67116384.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

===Trainer aircraft===
The [[HAL HPT-32 Deepak|HPT-32]], the IAF's primary basic trainer has been phased out,<ref name="iafrev">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ravi |date=16 May 2010 |title=IAF gives nod for HPT-32 revival |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article431223.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011023614/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article431223.ece |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=17 May 2010 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> initially replaced by 75 [[Pilatus PC-7]] trainers, and followed by a planned 70 [[HTT-40]] trainers. 36 more HTT-40s are to be ordered once fleet is operational.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-10-20 |title=IAF-HAL conclude ₹6,800 crore contract for 70 HTT-40 trainer aircraft |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-hal-conclude-6800-crore-contract-for-70-htt-40-trainer-aircraft/article66037061.ece |access-date=2023-02-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The IAF uses the [[HAL HJT-16 Kiran|HAL HJT-16 Kiran mk.I]] for intermediate flight training of cadets, while the HJT-16 Kiran mk.II provides advanced flight and weapons training.<ref>{{cite web|title=HAL HJT-16 Kiran Mk.1/1A |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Trainers/Kiran1/ |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322155033/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Trainers/Kiran1 |archive-date=22 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=HAL HJT-16 Kiran Mk.II |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Trainers/Kiran2/ |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004072209/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Trainers/Kiran2/ |archive-date=4 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://armedforces.nic.in/airforce/suryakirans.htm|title=SURYAKIRANS|access-date=20 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519140500/http://armedforces.nic.in/airforce/suryakirans.htm|archive-date=19 May 2010}}</ref> The Kiran is to be replaced by the [[HAL HJT-36 Sitara|HAL HJT-36 Yashas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/hjttrainer/|title=HJT-36 Sitara Intermediate Jet Trainer, India|access-date=6 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413215338/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/hjttrainer/|archive-date=13 April 2010}}</ref> The [[BAE Hawk|BAE Hawk Mk 132]] serves as an advanced jet trainer in the IAF and is progressively replacing the Kiran Mk.II. The IAF has begun the process of converting the [[Surya Kiran]] display team to Hawks.<ref name="sk">{{cite web |date=10 October 2010 |title=IAF's Surya Kirans to fly Hawk's |url=http://frontierindia.net/iafs-surya-kirans-to-fly-hawks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011194010/http://frontierindia.net/iafs-surya-kirans-to-fly-hawks |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> A total of 106 BAE Hawk trainers have been ordered by the IAF of which 39 have entered service {{as of|2010|July|lc=y}}.<ref name=iafbae>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-inks-deal-with-BAE-for-57-Hawk-aircraft-/articleshow/6228851.cms|title=India inks deal with BAE for 57 Hawk aircraft|date=28 July 2010|access-date=31 July 2010|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801040359/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-inks-deal-with-BAE-for-57-Hawk-aircraft-/articleshow/6228851.cms|archive-date=1 August 2010}}</ref> IAF also ordered 72 [[Pipistrel Virus]] SW 80 microlight aircraft for basic training purpose.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.armingindia.com/India%20To%20Ink%20World's%20Largest%20Microlight%20Aircraft%20Deal%20With%20Slovenian%20Firm.htm|title=India Inks World's Largest Microlight Aircraft Deal With Slovenian Firm|publisher=Arming India|location=New Delhi|date=12 October 2015|access-date=7 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407083312/http://www.armingindia.com/India%20To%20Ink%20World%27s%20Largest%20Microlight%20Aircraft%20Deal%20With%20Slovenian%20Firm.htm|archive-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="IndiaInks">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/india-inks-rs-130-crore-deal-for-194-microlight-aircraft/150311/|title=India inks Rs 130-crore deal for 194 microlight aircraft|author=The Financial Express|date=12 October 2015|work=financialexpress.com|access-date=7 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817221541/http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/india-inks-rs-130-crore-deal-for-194-microlight-aircraft/150311/|archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref>

===Helicopters===

The [[HAL Dhruv]] serves primarily as a light utility helicopter in the IAF. In addition to transport and utility roles, newer Dhruvs are also used as [[attack helicopter]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Dhruv/ |title=HAL Dhruv |access-date=20 July 2010 |quote=IAF Dhruvs, can carry a 20mm gun plus eight anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) or four air-to-air missiles or four 68mm rocket pods on outriggers. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330153328/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Dhruv |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Four Dhruvs are also operated by the Indian Air Force [[Sarang (military)|Sarang]] Helicopter Display Team.<ref name="thaindian.com"/> The [[HAL Chetak]] is a light utility helicopter and is used primarily for training, rescue and light transport roles in the IAF.<ref name="Chetak">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Chetak/ |title=HAL Chetak (Alouette III) |access-date=20 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207181106/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Chetak/ |archive-date=7 February 2010}}</ref> The HAL Chetak is being gradually replaced by HAL Dhruv.<ref name="Chetak"/> The [[HAL Cheetah]] is a light utility helicopter used for high altitude operations. It is used for both transport and search-and-rescue missions in the IAF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Cheetah/ |title=HAL Cheetah (Alouette II) |access-date=20 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329175152/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Cheetah |archive-date=29 March 2010}}</ref>
[[File:IAF LCH-Image3.jpg|thumb|[[HAL Prachand]] armed with rockets and air to air missiles]]

The [[Mil Mi-8]] and the [[Mil Mi-17]], Mi-17 1V and Mi-17V 5 are operated by the IAF for medium lift strategic and utility roles. The Mi-8 is being progressively replaced by the Mi-17 series of helicopters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Mi8/ |title=Mil Mi-8 (Hip) Rana |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330151244/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Mi8 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Mi17/ |title=Mil Mi-17 (Hip) Pratap |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421025030/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Mi17/ |archive-date=21 April 2010}}</ref> The IAF has ordered 22 [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|Boeing AH-64E Apache]] attack helicopters, 68 HAL Light Combat Helicopters (LCH), 35 [[HAL Rudra]] attack helicopters, 15 CH-47F Chinook heavy lift helicopters and 150 Mi-17V-5s to replace and augment its existing fleet of Mi-8s, Mi-17s, and Mi-24s.<ref name="Mi-17">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories694.htm|title=Russia continues to dominate Indian military aviation|author=Gulshan Luthra and Air Marshal Ashok Goel (Retd)|publisher=India Strategic|date=August 2010|access-date=20 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822022445/http://indiastrategic.in/topstories694.htm|archive-date=22 August 2010}}</ref>

The [[Mil Mi-24|Mil Mi-35]] serves primarily as an attack helicopter in the IAF. The Mil Mi-35 can also act as a low-capacity troop transport. The IAF currently operates two squadrons ([[No. 104 Helicopter Squadron, IAF|No. 104 Firebirds]] and [[No. 125 Helicopter Squadron IAF|No. 125 Gladiators]]) of Mi-25/35s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Mi25/ |title=Mil Mi-25 / Mi-35 (Hind) Akbar |access-date=20 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329125300/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Helicopters/Mi25 |archive-date=29 March 2010}}</ref>

===Unmanned aerial vehicles===
The IAF currently uses the [[IAI Searcher|IAI Searcher II]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Searcher Mk II Delivered To India |url=http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/aircraft/uav/searcher2/Searcher2.html |publisher=israeli-weapons.com |access-date=22 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409165336/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/aircraft/uav/searcher2/Searcher2.html |archive-date=9 April 2009}}</ref> and [[IAI Heron]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Heron MALE System—Medium Altitude Long Endurance UAV |url=http://www.defense-update.com/products/h/Heron-UAV.htm |publisher=defence-update.com |access-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207024537/http://www.defense-update.com/products/h/Heron-UAV.htm |archive-date=7 February 2009}}</ref> for reconnaissance and surveillance purposes. The [[IAI Harpy]] serves as an Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) which is designed to attack radar systems.<ref name="IAF UAV hunt">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Air-Force-hunts-for-combat-drones/articleshow/6128265.cms |title=Air Force hunts for combat drones |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=5 July 2010 |access-date=14 July 2010 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605171247/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090212/120098967.html |archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> The IAF also operates the [[DRDO Lakshya]] which serves as realistic towed aerial sub-targets for live fire training.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=30907&kwd= |publisher=Government of India |access-date=22 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209121946/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=30907&kwd= |archive-date=9 December 2007}}</ref>

==Missile systems==

=== Anti-tank guided missiles ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
! style="width:13%;" |Name
!Image
! style="width:15%;" |Type
! style="width:5%;" |Quantity
! style="width:15%;" |Origin
!Notes
|-
|[[Spike (missile)#Spike NLOS|Spike NLOS]]
|[[File:SPIKE_ATGM.jpg|150x150px]]
| rowspan="5" |Air launched [[Anti-tank guided missile]]
|—
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|'''Status: In service.''' Indian Air Force procured Spike-NLOS for [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]] helicopters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=Army set to get its first consignment of Spike anti-tank guided missiles under emergency purchases |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/army-set-to-get-its-first-consignment-of-spike-anti-tank-guided-missiles-under-emergency-purchases/400825 |access-date=2019-04-20 |website=Times Now |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2020-12-31 |title=India stocks up missile arsenal as it prepares for another tense summer in Ladakh |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-stocks-up-missile-arsenal-as-it-prepares-for-another-tense-summer-in-ladakh/576386/ |access-date=2020-12-31 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[9M120 Ataka|9M120 Ataka-V (AT-9 Spiral-2)]]
|[[File:Engineering Technologies 2010 Part7 0032 copy.jpg|150px]]
|| —|| {{Flag|Russia}} ||'''Status: In service. ''' Operated from [[Mil Mi-35]]. 20 helicopters modified to deploy the missile as of July 2024.<ref name="firstpost.com2">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2019 |title=India signs Rs 200-crore deal with Russia to acquire 'Strum Ataka' anti-tank missile for its fleet of Mi-35 attack choppers |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-signs-rs-200-crore-deal-with-russia-to-acquire-strum-ataka-anti-tank-missile-for-its-fleet-of-mi-35-attack-choppers-6907151.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124618/https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-signs-rs-200-crore-deal-with-russia-to-acquire-strum-ataka-anti-tank-missile-for-its-fleet-of-mi-35-attack-choppers-6907151.html |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Kornet to Nag missiles: Army's anti-tank warfare capabilities have undergone paradigm shift |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-day-2024-indian-army-anti-tank-warfare-capabilities-nag-helina-missiles-2488905-2024-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[9K114 Shturm|9K114 Shturm (AT-6 Spiral)]]
|[[File:9M120 Ataka.jpg|150px]]|| 800 || {{Flag|Russia}} ||'''Status: In service.''' Operated from [[Mil Mi-35]]<ref name="firstpost.com2" />
|-
|[[Nag (missile)#HELINA, Dhruvastra|Dhruvastra]]
|[[File:ILA_Berlin_2012_PD_017.JPG|150x150px]]
|—
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: Completed user trials and Ready for Induction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=Anti-tank guided missile systems Helina, Dhruvastra clear user trials; ready for induction |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/helina-dhruvastra-user-trials-successful-anti-tank-guided-missile-systems-drdo-photos-videos-685963}}</ref>'''
|-
|[[Amogha missile]]
|
|—
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: Under development.''' To be integrated on [[HAL Rudra]] and [[HAL Prachand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Heavy Dynamics test fires indigenous anti-tank missile - The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bharat-heavy-dynamics-test-fires-indigenous-anti-tank-missile/articleshow/48975211.cms |accessdate=2015-11-18 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Heavy Dynamics Test Fires Indigenous Anti-tank Missile |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Bharat-Heavy-Dynamics-Test-Fires-Indigenous-Anti-tank-Missile/2015/09/15/article3029806.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195104/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Bharat-Heavy-Dynamics-Test-Fires-Indigenous-Anti-tank-Missile/2015/09/15/article3029806.ece |archive-date=23 September 2015 |accessdate=2015-12-01 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

===Ballistic and cruise missiles===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
!Name
!Image
!Type
!Quantity
!Origin
!Notes
|-
|[[BrahMos]]
|[[File:Su-30_MKI_firing_Brahmos-ER.jpg|center|frameless|131x131px]]
|[[Cruise missile|Supersonic]] [[Air-launched cruise missile|air launched cruise missile]]
|Unknown
|{{Flag|India}}
{{Flag|Russia}}
|'''Status: In service.''' 450 km range. To be increased to 800 km.
40 [[Su-30MKI]] modified to operate BrahMos. Further 84 aircraft to be modified.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Draft note' on Sukhoi upgrade project all set to head for PM-led panel's nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/india-finalizes-plan-to-upgrade-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jets-with-advanced-capabilities/articleshow/111910699.cms |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Storm Shadow]]
|[[File:London RAF Museum Hendon Storm Shadow 01.jpg|center|frameless|139x139px]]
|[[Air-launched cruise missile|Subsonic air launched cruise missile]]
|Unknown
|{{Flag|France}}
{{Flag|UK}}
|'''Status: In service.''' 550 km range<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Tarun |date=2016-09-23 |title=India signs $8.9 billion Rafale fighter jet deal with France |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/evf5K6CXgBWob80jHxbUgL/India-France-sign-89billion-dollar-Rafale-deal-for-36-fig.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113112953/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/evf5K6CXgBWob80jHxbUgL/India-France-sign-89billion-dollar-Rafale-deal-for-36-fig.html |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=2025-04-09 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kh-35]]
|[[File:Kh-35E fol maks2009.jpg|center|frameless|141x141px]]
|[[Air-launched cruise missile|Subsonic air launched cruise missile]]
|Unknown
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|'''Status: In service.''' 260 km range
|-
|[[Rampage (missile)|Rampage]]
|[[File:Ilham Aliyev viewed the 4th “ADEX” and 13th “Securex Caspian” exhibitions 38.jpg|center|frameless|146x146px]]
|[[Air-launched ballistic missile|Air launched ballistic missile]]
|Unknown
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|'''Status: In service.''' 150–250 km range.
|-
|[[Pralay (missile)|Pralay]]
|[[File:Launch_of_indigenously_developed_surface-to-surface_missile_Pralay_(cropped).jpg|center|186x186px]]
|[[Short-range ballistic missile|Short-range]] [[Quasi-ballistic missile|quasi ballistic missile]]
|120 on order
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: Trials.''' 150–500 km range.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |date=25 December 2022 |title=Amid conflict, India approves 120 Pralay missiles for armed forces along China border |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-approves-120-pralay-missiles-for-armed-forces-along-china-border-2313411-2022-12-25 |access-date=25 December 2022 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-17 |title=Defence Ministry clears proposal to buy 'Pralay' ballistic missiles for Indian Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-clears-proposal-to-buy-pralay-ballistic-missiles-for-indian-army/articleshow/103736449.cms |access-date=2023-11-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prithvi II missile|Prithvi II]]
|[[File:Prithvi-II_missile_launch_on_11_March_2011_(cropped).jpg|center|162x162px]]
|[[Short-range ballistic missile]]
|Unknown
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In service.''' 150–350 km range.
IAF-specific variant of the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] ballistic missile.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2002 |title=Prithvi |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/india/missile/prithvi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111072150/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/missile/prithvi.htm |archive-date=11 November 2010 |access-date=17 July 2010}}</ref>
|}

=== Air defence systems ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! class="unsortable" | Image
! Type
! Quantity
! Origin
! Notes
|-
! colspan="6" |Anti-Satellite Missile Systems
|-
|[[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2|Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) Mk-II]]
|[[File:Launch_of_DRDO's_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_interceptor_missile_for_an_ASAT_test_on_27_March_2019.jpg|179x179px]]
|Exo-atmospheric [[Anti-ballistic missile]] / [[Anti-satellite weapon]]
|Unknown
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service.''' Dual-stage solid-fueled missile with final kinetic-kill stage. Target speed: 10 km/s. Flight Altitude: 1,200 km<ref name="IB">{{Cite web |title=Explained: India's Ballistic Missile Defence programme, developed by DRDO |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/11/explained-indias-ballistic-missile-defence-programme-developed-by-drdo.html |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems
|-
|[[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV)|Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV)]]
|
|Exo-atmospheric [[Anti-ballistic missile]]
|Unknown
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service.''' Dual-stage solid-fueled missile. Flight Altitude: 150 km.<ref name="IB" />
|-
|[[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Advanced Air Defence (AAD)|Advanced Air Defence (AAD)]]
|[[File:The_Ballistic_Missile_Interceptor_Advanced_Area_Defence_(AAD)_flight_tested_from_Abdul_Kalam_Island,_Odisha_on_August_02,_2018.JPG|177x177px]]
|Endo-atmospheric [[Anti-ballistic missile]]
|Unknown
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service.<ref name="IB" />'''
|-
|[[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)|Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)]]
|[[File:A_modified_Prithvi_missile_as_the_enemy_target_lifting_off_from_the_integrated_test_range_at_Chandipur-on-sea_for_the_advanced_air_defence_missile_test_on_December_06,_2007.jpg|230x230px]]
|Exo-atmospheric [[Anti-ballistic missile]]
|Unknown
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: being replaced by Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV).''' Dual-stage liquid-fueled missile. It can intercept targets at 80 km altitude.<ref name="IB" />
|-
! colspan="6" |Air Defence Systems
|-
|[[S-400 missile system|S-400 Triumph]]
|[[File:С-400 «Триумф».JPG|frameless|155x155px]]
|Long-range [[surface-to-air missile]] system
|3 regiments
Total 48 launchers
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|'''Status: In service.''' 2 more regiments' delivery by 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India deploys first S-400 air defence system in Punjab sector, to take care of aerial threats from both China, Pak |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/india-deploys-first-s-400-air-defence-system-in-punjab-sector-to-take-care-of-aerial-threats-from-both-china-pak20211220222321/ |newspaper=ANI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Russia to deliver remaining 2 S-400 air defence missiles to India by Q3 of 2026: Sources |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/russia-to-deliver-remaining-2-s-400-air-defence-missiles-to-india-by-q3-of-2026-sources-422331-2024-03-21 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> 400 km operational range.
Each regiment will have two batteries with eight launchers each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How India Walked a Tightrope to Ink the S-400 Missiles Deal With Russia |url=https://thewire.in/security/india-s-400-missiles-deal-russia-us-caatsa |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
|-
|[[Barak 8|Barak-8 (MR-SAM)]]
|[[File:Medium_Range_Surface_to_Air_Missile_successfully_test_launched_on_December_23,_2020.jpg|225x225px]]
| rowspan="2" |Medium-range [[surface-to-air missile]]
|18 squadrons
|{{Flag|India}}
{{Flag|Israel}}
|'''Status: In service.''' MRSAM is a medium range air defence system with a max range of 70–80 km.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chacko |first=Joseph P. |date=2021-01-26 |title=Why Indian Air Force requires Akash NG SAM when it has MRSAM? |url=https://frontierindia.com/why-indian-air-force-requires-akash-ng-sam-when-it-has-mrsam/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Frontier India |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is used to counter aerial threats such as Fighter aircraft, helicopter, UAV etc.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2023-02-23 |title=First Medium Range Surface to Air Missile Regiment being raised in Eastern Theatre |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-medium-range-surface-to-air-missile-regiment-being-raised-in-eastern-theatre/articleshow/98187551.cms |access-date=2023-08-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> An Air Force Squadron consists of 3 [[Transporter erector launcher|TELs]] per Squadron.
|-
|[[Akash (missile)|Akash]]
|[[File:Akash_Prime_(1).jpg|150x150px]]
|15 squadrons (120 launchers)<ref name="SI">{{Cite web |last=Deb |first=Sheershoo |date=2020-08-23 |title=Full List of India's Air Defence System-Shield of India |url=https://www.defencexp.com/full-list-of-indian-air-defence-systems/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=DefenceXP - Indian Defence Network |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In service.'''
Akash 1S has 40 km operational range and flight ceiling of 20 km. 2 regiments of Akash Prime on order for Army.<ref name="PIB India">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2023 |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks over Rs 9,100 crore contracts for improved Akash Weapon System & 12 Weapon Locating Radars Swathi (Plains) for Indian Army |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1912309 |publisher=PIB India}}</ref> Akash NG with increased range of 70–80 km is being tested.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO conducts successful flight-test of New Generation AKASH missile off Odisha coast |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1995445 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[SPYDER]]
|[[File:IAF_SPYDER.jpg|150x150px]]
|Short and Medium range [[surface-to-air missile]]
|18 Systems (Batteries)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF plans to arm its Su-30MKI fleet with I-Derby ER BVRAAMs |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/iaf-plans-to-arm-its-su-30mki-fleet-with-i-derby-er-bvraams |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|'''Status: In service.'''<ref name="IS">{{Cite web |title=India prepares Israeli SPYDER air defence missile system for Pakistan border |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/india-pakistan-border-iaf-spyder-israel-air-defence-missile-system-963021-2017-02-27 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=India Today |date=28 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref> 18 SPYDER-SRs Systems (Batteries) along with 750 Python-5 surface to air missiles (SAMs) and 750 Derby SAMs has been delivered. 50 km operational range and flight ceiling of 16 km.
A typical battery consists one central command and control unit, six missile firing units, and a resupply vehicle.
|-
|[[SAMAR Air Defence System|SAMAR]]
|
| rowspan="3" |Short-range [[Surface-to-air missile]]
|Unknown
(On order)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aero India 2023: SAMAR air-defence system ready for induction into IAF service |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2023-samar-air-defence-system-ready-for-induction-into-iaf-service |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: On order.'''<ref name="IS" /> The system employs [[Vympel R-73]] and [[Vympel R-27]] air-to-air missiles, which are of Russian origin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Satam |first1=Parth |date=23 October 2022 |title=Indian 'Jugaad'! IAF Converts Obsolete Russian Air-To-Air Missiles Into Surface-To-Air Systems; Experts Perplexed |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/indian-jugaad-iaf-converts-obsolete-russian-air-to-air-missiles/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |publisher=The Eurasian Times}}</ref> User trials complete.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udoshi |first=Rahul |date=16 February 2023 |title=Aero India 2023: SAMAR air-defence system ready for induction into IAF service |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2023-samar-air-defence-system-ready-for-induction-into-iaf-service |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[S-125 Neva/Pechora|S-125 (SA-3 Goa)]]
|[[File:S125_Neva_250_brPVO_VS,_september_01,_2012.jpg|150x150px]]
|25 Squadrons for IAF
|{{Flag|USSR}}
|'''Status: Being replaced by [[Akash (missile)|Akash]]'''. Mainly used for point-defense of airbases.<ref name="SI" /> Will be completely replaced by Akash NG and MRSAM by 2030
|-
|[[9K33 Osa|9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko)]]
|[[File:The_OSA-AK_Weapons_System_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_60th_Republic_Day_Parade-2009,_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26,_2009.jpg|150x150px]]
|80
|{{Flag|USSR}}
|'''Status: In service (To be replaced by [[QRSAM]])<ref name="SI" />'''
|-
! colspan="6" |Man-portable air-defense systems
|-
|[[9K38 Igla|9K38 Igla (SA-18)]]
----[[9K38 Igla#9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch)|9K338 Igla-S]]
|[[File:SA-7.jpg|150x150px]]
|[[Man-portable air-defense system]]
|2500<ref>{{cite book |author=Small Arms Survey |author-link=Small Arms Survey |url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2004.html |title=Small Arms Survey 2004: Rights at Risk |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |pages=77–97 |chapter=Big Issue, Big Problem?: MANPADS |ref={{harvid|Small Arms Survey 2004}} |access-date=29 August 2018 |chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2004/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2004-Chapter-03-EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004903/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2004.html |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|87}}
----48 launchers
316 missiles<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=What is Igla-S, the Portable Air Defence System India is Procuring to Attack Low-flying Aircraft |url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/what-is-igla-s-the-portable-air-defence-system-india-is-procuring-to-attack-low-flying-aircraft-8662933.html |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="IR">{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2024-04-08 |title=India receives fresh batch of Igla-S air defence system from Russia, to be deployed at LAC |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-receives-fresh-batch-of-igla-s-air-defence-system-from-russia-to-be-deployed-at-lac/2031688/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|'''Status: In service.''' Igla-S deployed along [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]]. Additional 96 launchers, 300 missiles of Igla-S on order.<ref name="IR" />
|-
! colspan="6" |Air defence - anti-aircraft gun systems
|-
|Sudarshan CIWS
|
|[[Close-in weapon system]]
|240 (to be ordered)
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In Service.''' Advanced version of [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70|Bofors L/70]] manufactured by [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T Defence]]. System includes 3D [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radar and has a range of 3.5 km and firing rate of 300 rounds/min.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=IAF Likely To Procure L&T Defence's Sudarshan Close-in Weapon System, Indian Army May Follow Suit|work=Indian Aerospace and Defence Bulletin |url=https://www.iadb.in/2022/10/19/iaf-likely-to-procure-lt-defences-sudarshan-close-in-weapon-system-indian-army-may-follow-suit/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Made in India: L&T's Sudarshan SHORAD Gets Greenlight for Rs 7,000 Crore Deal |url=https://defence.in/threads/made-in-india-l-ts-sudarshan-shorad-gets-greenlight-for-rs-7-000-crore-deal.3878/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Two orders cleared:

* {{INRConvert|6000|c|lk=on|year=2021}} order cleared for Indian Army in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2021 |title=Purchase of indigenous air defence guns, ammunition worth Rs 6,000 crore cleared |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/purchase-of-indigenous-air-defence-guns-ammunition-worth-rs-6000-crore-cleared/articleshow/83234214.cms |publisher=Economic Times}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|7000|c|lk=on|year=2024}} order cleared for 240 guns by [[Cabinet Committee on Security|CCS]] for Indian Air Force in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Sarahbeth |date=2024-02-25 |title=Drones, Missiles, Radars, Fighter jets: Indian armed forces to get nearly 1 lakh crore infusion for game-changer tech |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drones-missiles-radars-fighter-jets-indian-armed-forces-to-get-nearly-1-lakh-crore-infusion-for-game-changer-tech/articleshow/107981352.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1760693464298373263 |user=NewsIADN |title=The clearance for IAF include the following ✅₹7000 crore worth contract for 240 units of Sudarshan... |date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref>
|}

==Future==

{{Main|Future of the Indian Air Force}}

The number of aircraft in the IAF has been decreasing from the late 1990s due to the retirement of older aircraft and several crashes. To deal with the depletion of force levels, the IAF has started to modernize its fleet. This includes both the upgrade of existing aircraft, equipment and infrastructure as well as induction of new aircraft and equipment, both indigenous and imported. As new aircraft enter service and numbers recover, the IAF plans to have a fleet of 42 squadrons.<ref name="42 Squad">{{cite news| title=IAF fighter squadrons to rise to 42 by 2022: Antony| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/IAF_fighter_squadrons_to_rise_to_42_by_2022_Antony/articleshow/4151093.cms| work=The Times of India| date=18 February 2009| access-date=24 April 2009| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221161515/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/IAF_fighter_squadrons_to_rise_to_42_by_2022_Antony/articleshow/4151093.cms| archive-date=21 February 2009| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Renaming===
IAF has sent a proposal to rename itself as Indian Air and Space Force (IASF). It has declared this as a part of its current drive to become a credible space power.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |title=IAF goes full throttle to turn into an 'aerospace power' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-goes-full-throttle-to-turn-into-an-aerospace-power/articleshow/105885149.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 January 2024 |language=English |date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

===Expected future acquisitions===
====Single-engined fighter====
On 3 January 2017, [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[Manohar Parrikar]] addressed a media conference and announced plans for a competition to select a Strategic Partner to deliver "... 200 new single engine fighters to be made in India, which will easily cost around ([[USD]])$45 million apiece without weaponry" with an expectation that [[Lockheed Martin]] (USA) and [[Saab Group|Saab]] (Sweden) will pitch the [[F-16]] Block 70 and [[Gripen]], respectively. An MoD official said that a global tender will be put to market in the first quarter of 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defproac.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/RFI-Fighter-Aircraft-For-The-Indian-Air-Force-Apr2018.pdf|title=Request for information for procurement of fighter aircraft for the Indian air force}}</ref> with a private company nominated as the strategic partners production agency followed by a two or more year process to evaluate technical and financial bids and conduct trials, before the final government-to-government deal in 2021. This represents 11 squadrons of aircraft plus several 'attrition' aircraft.<ref name="2017-01-03_DN">[http://www.defensenews.com/articles/parrikar-india-to-kick-off-competition-for-new-foreign-single-engine-fighters Parrikar: India to Kick Off Competition for New Foreign Single-Engine Fighters] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605171247/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090212/120098967.html |date=5 June 2011}}, Vivek Raghuvanshi, DefenseNews.com, 3 January 2017</ref> India is also planning to set up an assembly line of American [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon Block 70]] in Bengaluru. It is not yet confirmed whether IAF will induct these aircraft or not.

In 2018, the defence minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] gave the go ahead to scale up the manufacturing of Tejas at HAL and also to export Tejas. She is quoted saying "We are not ditching the LCA. We have not gone for anything instead of Tejas. We are very confident that Tejas Mark II will be a big leap forward to fulfil the single engine fighter requirement of the forces.".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/not-ditched-tejas-jet-looking-to-speed-up-production-nirmala/articleshow/63149772.cms|title=Not ditched Tejas jet, looking to speed up production: Nirmala – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612055219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/not-ditched-tejas-jet-looking-to-speed-up-production-nirmala/articleshow/63149772.cms|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> IAF committed to buy 201 Mark-II variant of the Tejas taking the total order of Tejas to 324.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-commits-to-324-tejas-fighters-provided-a-good-mark-2-jet-is-delivered/articleshow/63306776.cms|title=IAF commits to 324 Tejas fighters, provided a good Mark-II jet is delivered – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323063542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-commits-to-324-tejas-fighters-provided-a-good-mark-2-jet-is-delivered/articleshow/63306776.cms|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The government also scrapped the plan to import single engine fighters leading to reduction in reliance on imports thereby strengthening the domestic defence industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/govt-shelves-10-b-single-engine-fighter-jet-deal-to-push-for-tejas/article22859624.ece|title=Govt shelves $10-b single-engine fighter jet deal, to push for Tejas|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-03-23|language=en}}</ref>

The IAF also submitted a request for information to international suppliers for a stealth unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/07/07/344140/india-canvasses-global-suppliers-for-stealthy-ucav.html |title=India canvasses global suppliers for stealthy UCAV |date=7 July 2010 |access-date=12 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710130423/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/07/07/344140/india-canvasses-global-suppliers-for-stealthy-ucav.html |archive-date=10 July 2010}}</ref>

===Current acquisitions===
[[File:LUH AeroIndia 2025 (IAF Camo).jpg|thumb|[[HAL LUH]] in IAF colors, at [[Aero India|Aero India 2025]]]]
IAF's current orders include

* [[HAL Tejas]] - 141 Mk 1A, 10 Mk 1 trainers, 29 Mk 1A trainers on order<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=IAF chief receives 1st LCA trainer from HAL, 7 more to come by Mar '24 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-chief-receives-1st-lca-trainer-from-hal-7-more-to-come-by-mar-24-101696421772646.html |access-date=9 December 2023 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2021 |title=Contract signed for 83 LCA Tejas fighters, all eyes now on HAL delivery schedule |url=https://theprint.in/defence/contract-signed-for-83-lca-tejas-fighters-all-eyes-now-on-hal-delivery-schedule/597841/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |newspaper=Print}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2023 |title=Rs 2.23 lakh crore-deal: India approves purchase of 97 Tejas aircraft, 156 Prachanda helicopters, other defence equipment |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/defence-ministry-approves-purchase-of-97-tejas-aircraft-and-156-prachanda-helicopters-sources-11833571.html |access-date=30 November 2023 |newspaper=Money Control |language=en}}</ref>
* [[HAL HTT-40]]: 70 on order<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Cabinet approves procurement of 70 HTT-40 Basic Trainer Aircraft from HAL for Indian Air Force at a cost of over Rs 6,800 crore |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1903445 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-10-20 |title=IAF-HAL conclude ₹6,800 crore contract for 70 HTT-40 trainer aircraft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-hal-conclude-6800-crore-contract-for-70-htt-40-trainer-aircraft/article66037061.ece |access-date=2023-01-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter|HAL Prachand]]: 66 on order<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-28 |title=MoD inks two contracts worth Rs 62,700 crore with HAL for supply of 156 LCH, Prachand to the Armed Forces |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2116411 |access-date=2025-03-29 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
* [[HAL LUH|HAL Light Utility Helicopter (LUH)]]: 6 on order<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2021-03-23 |title=Indigenous light choppers get go-ahead, delivery in 2022 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-light-choppers-get-go-ahead-delivery-in-22/articleshow/81638498.cms |access-date=2024-03-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* [[EADS CASA C-295]]: 55 on order<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-to-sign-2-5-billion-contract-for-56-transport-planes-for-iaf/story-2wPztr38s2bNoQPhzTj2SJ_amp.html |title=India to sign $2.5-billion contract for 56 transport planes for IAF |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref>
* [[IAI Harop]] [[UCAV]]s<ref name="IAF UAV hunt" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/04/09/340351/indian-air-force-orders-harop-loitering-munitions.html |title=Indian air force orders Harop loitering munitions |last=Egozi |first=Arie |date=9 April 2010 |access-date=14 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504013019/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/04/09/340351/indian-air-force-orders-harop-loitering-munitions.html |archive-date=4 May 2010}}</ref>
* [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper|General Atomic MQ-9B Predator]]: 8 on order<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-28 |title=US to provide consultancy to India to build advanced UAVs under USD 3 billion 31 Predator drone deal |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/us-to-provide-consultancy-to-india-to-build-advanced-uavs-under-usd-3-billion-31-predator-drone-deal20240728200152/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref>

===DRDO and HAL projects===
[[File:Tejas MKII.jpg|thumb|[[HAL Tejas Mk2]], Medium Fighter Aircraft]]
Indian defence company [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] and Defense Research Organization [[DRDO]] are developing several aircraft for the IAF including:-

* [[HAL Tejas Mk2|HAL Tejas Mk 2]]<ref name="toi_tejas" /><ref name="dna_tejas" />
* [[Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft|HAL AMCA]] (5th generation aircraft)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/10/06/316782/india-reveals-plan-to-develop-indigenous-medium-fighter.html |title=India reveals plan to develop indigenous medium fighter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210035617/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/10/06/316782/india-reveals-plan-to-develop-indigenous-medium-fighter.html |archive-date=10 February 2009}}</ref>
* [[NAL Saras]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200806261402.htm |title=Lighter version of Saras aircraft to fly out next year |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |date=26 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002030927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200806261402.htm |archive-date=2 October 2008}}</ref>
* [[HAL HJT-36 Yashas]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/14/stories/2009051454651800.htm |title=HAL's intermediate jet trainer HJT-36 makes maiden flight with Russian engine |date=14 May 2009 |access-date=12 July 2010 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616152019/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/14/stories/2009051454651800.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Improper engine choice, planning delayed Intermediate Jet Trainer project: CAG |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/improper-engine-choice-planning-delayed-intermediate-jet-trainer-projectcag-101691692475652.html |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[DRDO Rustom]]<ref>{{cite news|title=India developing UAV similar to American Predator drone |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/india-developing-uav-similar-to-american-predator-drone/articleshow/10728979.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227123500/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/india-developing-uav-similar-to-american-predator-drone/articleshow/10728979.cms |archive-date=27 December 2011}}</ref>
* [[TAPAS-BH-201]]
* [[AURA UAV|DRDO Ghatak]] UCAV.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20120702-indian-unmanned-strike-air-vehicle-india-first-unmanned-combat-drone-758873-1999-11-30 |first=Shiv |last=Aroor |title=India's first ever advanced Indian Unmanned Strike Air Vehicle will be ready for Air Force operations |website=India Today |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>
* [[HAL Combat Air Teaming System|HAL CATS]]: DRDO and HAL has also engaged in the development of [[HAL Combat Air Teaming System|unmanned combat system]]. According to this, HAL will develop the whole family of unmanned aircraft by the end of 2024–25<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/leap-of-technology-hal-to-launch-unmanned-fighter-jet/articleshow/80686467.cms | title =Leap of technology: HAL to launch unmanned fighter jet |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 February 2021 |access-date =24 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/all-about-indias-new-warrior-drone-air-power-teaming-system-combat-air-teaming-system-explained-1612963591-1 |title=All about India's Warrior Drone: Air power teaming system explained |newspaper=Jagran Josh |date=10 February 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>
* [[Akash-NG]] to supplement [[Akash (missile)|Akash SAM]] & [[Barak 8 (missile)|Barak 8]].<ref name="maiden_test_hemant_rout">{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Hemant Kumar |title=Next-generation surface-to-air Akash missile successfully test-fired |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/25/next-generation-surface-to-air-akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-2254916.html |access-date=27 January 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Nirbhay]] long range nuclear capable cruise missile.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 May 2010 |title=IAF Sukhoi Fleet to be Equipped with Homemade Nirbhay Missiles |url=http://indiadefenceonline.com/1914/iaf-sukhoi-fleet-to-be-equipped-with-homemade-nirbhay-missiles/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525111015/http://indiadefenceonline.com/1914/iaf-sukhoi-fleet-to-be-equipped-with-homemade-nirbhay-missiles/ |archive-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=usurped |access-date=16 July 2010}}</ref>

===Network-centric warfare===
The [[Air Force Network]] (AFNET), a robust digital information grid that enabled quick and accurate threat responses, was launched in 2010, helping the IAF become a truly network-centric air force. AFNET is a secure communication network linking command and control centres with offensive aircraft, sensor platforms and ground missile batteries. Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS), an automated system for Air Defence operations will ride the AFNet backbone integrating ground and airborne sensors, weapon systems and command and control nodes. Subsequent integration with civil radar and other networks shall provide an integrated Air Situation Picture, and reportedly acts as a [[force multiplier]] for intelligence analysis, mission control, and support activities like maintenance and logistics. The design features multiple layers of security measures, including encryption and intrusion prevention technologies, to hinder and deter espionage efforts.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAF's AFNET NCW Backbone Goes Live Next Week|date=8 September 2010|url=http://www.livefistdefence.com/2010/09/iafs-afnet-goes-live-next-week.html|access-date=1 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235808/http://www.livefistdefence.com/2010/09/iafs-afnet-goes-live-next-week.html|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Air Force ranks and insignia]]
* [[List of Indian Air Force Gallantry Award winners]]
* [[List of active Indian military aircraft]]
* [[List of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force]]
* [[List of Indian military missiles]]
* [[List of Indian military radars]]
* [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force Football Team]]

== Media ==
In the year 2005, the [[National Geographic Channel]] created a 10 part documentary series detailing out all the branches of the Indian Air Force. It was titled ''Mission Udaan - Inside the Indian Air Force''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/nat-geos-mission-udaan-to-woo-indian-audiences-with-a-10-part-peek-into-the-iaf-17514.html|title=Nat Geo's 'Mission Udaan' to woo Indian audiences with a 10-part peek into the IAF|date=19 August 2005 |accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref>

In partnership with ''Threye'', a Delhi-based game developer, The IAF launched ''[[Guardians of the Skies]]'', a roleplaying combat game for mobile devices in 2014. The IAF would later also create a successor, titled ''[[Indian Air Force: A Cut Above]]'', in 2019.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C|edition=2, illustrated, revised|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-10147-8|page=328|ref=OJones}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kainikara|first1=Sanu|title=Red Air: Politics in Russian Air Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKSUKwBk5wIC|year=2007|publisher=Universal Publishers|isbn=978-1-58112-983-0|ref=Kainikara}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kapur|first1=S. Paul|title=Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Qbovlt-eZ4C|edition=Annotated|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5549-8|page=280|ref=Kapur}}
* {{cite book|last1=Karthikeyan|first1=K.R.|last2=Gupta|last3=Sendilkumar|first3=R.|last4=Jaganathan|first4=D.|title=A Textbook of Agricultural Extension Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vza8kSHGS90C|year=2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-269-0881-3|pages=v, 192|ref=Karthikeyan}}
* {{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=J.A. |title=Air Power and Challenges to IAF |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Na-V9H0dbrgC |year=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-593-7 |pages=xxxii, 361 |ref=Khan}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lyon|first1=Peter|title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC|edition=illustrated|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-712-2|ref=Lyon}}
* {{cite book|last1=Massey|first1=Reginald|title=Azaadi!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkWcmnro4fkC|year=2005|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-469-1|ref=Massey}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pradhan |first1=R.D. |title=Debacle to Revival: Y.B. Chavan as Defence Minister, 1962–65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vDvpB_sqB0C |year=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1477-5 |pages=xii, 316 |ref=Pradhan}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pradhan |first1=R. D. |last2=Chavan |first2=Yashwantrao Balwantrao |title=1965 War, the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan's Diary of India-Pakistan War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymYCJQjEGBUC |year=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-269-0762-5 |pages=xviii, 141 |ref=ybChavan}}
* {{cite book |last1=Praval|first1=Karam Chand|title=India's Paratroopers (A History of the Parachute Regiment of India)|year=1975 |publisher=Leo Cooper, London |isbn=978-0-85052-184-9 |ref=Praval}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Richard |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYdDnRN8QIoC |edition=revised |year=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07665-5 |ref=SissonRose}}
* {{cite book |last1=Talbott |first1=Strobe |title=Engaging India: diplomacy, democracy, and the bomb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z708iXbcrNkC |edition=Illustrated |year=2006 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-8301-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Raju G.C. |title=India's Security Environment: Towards the Year 2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYm0hnXJYmgC |year=1996 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-1389-9 |pages=iv, 33 |ref=Raju}}
* {{cite book |publisher=Lancer |last=Tiwary |first=AK, Air Vice Marshal |title=Indian Air Force in wars |location=New Delhi |year=2012
|isbn=978-1-935501-33-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Warikoo |first1=K. |title=Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvWp8_POzrEC |edition=Illustrated |year=2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-46839-8 |pages=xv, 240 |ref=Warikoo}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Stewart|title=North American F-86 SABRE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IcBAAAACAAJ|edition=Illustrated|year=2002|publisher=Wilson Media Pty, Limited|isbn=978-1-876722-05-0|page=64|ref=Wilson}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Air force of India|Indian Air Force}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Indian Air Force}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{India topics}}
{{Air forces}}
{{Portal bar|India|History}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force| ]]
[[Category:Defence agencies of India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1932]]
[[Category:1931 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military history of India during World War II]]

Canadian International School (Bengaluru)

2026-03-16T05:07:39Z

SoftifyInsights: New The Details W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|Private school in Bangalore, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Canadian International School
| image = Canadian International School Bangalore.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = Nurture, Challenge, and Empower<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadianinternationalschool.com/about-us/guiding-statements|title = Vision, Mission and Core Values}}</ref>
| address = No. 4&20 Manchenahalli Yelahanka
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| state =
| postal_code = 560064
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| established = 1996<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://canadianinternationalschool.com/brief-history/|title = History}}</ref>
| Religion =
| closed =
| type = [[Private school|Private]], [[University-preparatory school|College-prep]], Day & Boarding [[International school]]
| district =
| grades = [[Pre-kindergarten|PK]]–[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| superintendent =
| head_of_school = Ted Mockrish Ed. D <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadianinternationalschool.com/about-us/meet-the-leadership/ted-mockrish|title = Welcome note from HOS}}</ref>
| principal_label1 = Principals
| principal1 = Chris Mockrish <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadianinternationalschool.com/about-us/meet-the-leadership/chris-mockrish|title = Chris Mockrish}}</ref> ([[Elementary school|ES]]) Andrew Nicholson<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadianinternationalschool.com/about-us/meet-the-leadership/andrew-nicholson/|title = Andrew Nicholson}}</ref> ([[Middle school|MS]]) Kevin Thomas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadianinternationalschool.com/about-us/meet-the-leadership/kevin-thomas|title=Kevin Thomas}}</ref> ([[High school|HS]])
| enrollment =
| faculty =
| campus_type =
| campus_size =
| team_name =
| accreditation = [[International Baccalaureate Organisation|IBO]], [[New England Association of Schools and Colleges]], [[Cambridge International School, Cambridge]], [[European Council of International Schools|ECIS]], The Common Ground Collaborative, [[East Asia Regional Council of Overseas Schools]], Apple Distinguished School, [[FOBISIA]], [[International Schools Theatre Association|ISTA]], [[Association for Music in International Schools|AMIS]], [[College Board]],
| newspaper =
| colors =
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = {{URL|www.canadianinternationalschool.com}}
| footnotes =
}}


'''Canadian International School (Bangalore)''' (CIS) is a private [[co-educational]] school located in [[Yelahanka]], [[Bangalore|Bangalore North]], [[India]]. [[Yelahanka]] is close to [[Bangalore International Airport]]. CIS is certified by the Council of International Schools and New England Association of Schools and Colleges. It was the first school in [[Bangalore]] authorized by the IBO to offer [[International Baccalaureate Program]] for grades 11 and 12.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Boruah|first1=Maitreyee|title=Canadian International School is proud of its ethos -We live and breathe internationalism!'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/interview-canadian-international-school-is-proud-of-its-ethos-we-live-and-breathe-internationalism-1498417|accessdate=6 September 2018|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=24 January 2011}}</ref>

==History==
Canadian International School (CIS) was established in 1996 by two Canadian entrepreneurs under the name "Canadian School of India". It was started for students desiring an international education in an international environment. The school was taken over by a new board of directors in 2002 and was then renamed as the "Canadian International School". Canadian International School shifted its campus to a 15-acre purpose-built campus in 2006. It was the first school in [[Bangalore]] authorized to offer the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program in grades 11 and 12 and it received accreditation from Council of International Schools and [[New England Association of Schools and Colleges]]) in 2011.

== Recognition ==

* In 2016, to mark its 20th anniversary, CIS launched its solar power initiative. It became the first school in India to be 100% run on solar energy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arakal|first=Ralph Alex|date=2017-10-04|title=Bengaluru school now boasts of 100 per cent solar power|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/041017/bengaluru-school-now-boasts-of-100-per-cent-solar-power.html|access-date=2020-07-30|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 30, 2017|first=Aparajita|last=Ray |title=IT parks, schools, hospitals opt out of grid, embrace green energy for power |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/it-parks-schools-hospitals-opt-out-of-grid-embrace-green-energy-for-power/articleshow/56864014.cms|access-date=2020-07-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* In the year 2017, Canadian International School was recognized as India's first Apple Distinguished School.  Recognized by Apple Inc. for meaningful and effective use of technology in teaching and learning.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Implementing Technology In A School Is A Catalyst To Learning": Canadian International School|url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/-Implementing-Technology-In-A-School-Is-A-Catalyst-To-Learning-Canadian-International-School/13-12-2017-134519|access-date=2020-07-30|website=BW Education|language=en|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218223205/http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/-Implementing-Technology-In-A-School-Is-A-Catalyst-To-Learning-Canadian-International-School/13-12-2017-134519/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 2018, CIS was recognized by Commonsense.org, as a “Common Sense School” with regards to child protection and digital citizenship education.  Many CIS teachers are certified as “Common Sense Educators”.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 5, 2015|first=Sridhar |last=Vivan|title=International schools ask parents to sign no-FB undertaking|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/facebook-international-schools-colleges-bullying/articleshow/46808848.cms|access-date=2020-07-30|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref>
* In 2020, in response to the global pandemic, CIS was the first in India to host a Drive Through graduation ceremony to honor the accomplishments of its high school seniors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangalore School Arranges A Drive-Through-Graduation Ceremony For Its Students! How Cool!|url=https://www.whatshot.in/bangalore/bangalore-school-drive-trough-graduation-c-22691|access-date=2020-07-30|website=Whats Hot|language=en}}</ref>

==School curriculum and faculty ==
Canadian International School started in 1996 with 6 teachers, 13 students but 9 nationalities and over the years the student population has steadily grown. Currently, the school has around 700 students who represent 37 nationalities. The school is considered to have an exceptional student-teacher ratio and the teachers represent about 27 nationalities.

* Elementary School: students follow the Cambridge Primary curriculum in the elementary school.
* Middle School: students follow the Cambridge Secondary 1 curriculum in the middle school with the addition of the Contextual Learning program.  The CL activities connect students with local organisations, to develop common projects to impact the world positively and in accordance with the 2020 UN SDG’s.
* High School: the International General Certificate of Education program offered by the [[University of Cambridge International Examinations]][[Cambridge Assessment International Education|[15]]] is followed by students of grades 9 and 10. CIS offers the International Baccalaureate's Diploma Program for grades 11 and 12.

=== World language programme ===
As an English medium school, CIS offers world language options such as French, Spanish, Hindi, and Mandarin. In addition to world language options, CIS offers mother tongue language in both French and Japanese to those students who qualify. CIS also supports non-native speaks through their EAL (English as additional language) program.

== Affiliations ==
In 2019, CIS joined the Common Ground Collaborative as a member school. CIS is also a member of EARCOS, East Asia Regional Council of Schools. In 2019, CIS founded BAASC (Bangalore Activities and Athletics School Conference), with 4 member schools, to promote interschool athletics among students in of International Schools in Bangalore.

== Remote Learning ==
In March 2020, in response to the worldwide Covid-19 pandemic, CIS immediately moved from in-person classes to a complete remote learning platform<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schools raring to be back, govt yet to decide|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/may/17/schools-raring-to-be-back-govt-yet-to-decide-2144325.html|access-date=2020-07-30|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=As Blackboards Give Way To Screens, Best Ways To Ensure Online Learning|url=https://www.readersdigest.in/features/story-as-blackboards-give-way-to-screens-best-ways-to-ensure-online-learning-125889|access-date=2020-07-30|website=www.readersdigest.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=International Schools Reframe Learning In The Age Of COVID-19|url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/International-Schools-Reframe-Learning-In-The-Age-Of-COVID-19-/08-06-2020-194664|access-date=2020-07-30|website=BW Education|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=How blended learning pedagogy helped schools|url=https://www.educationtimes.com/article/editors-pick/75190765/how-blended-learning-pedagogy-helped-schools.html#gsc.tab=0|access-date=|website=}}</ref> to complete the academic year as well as equip students to effectively navigate the transition.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 19, 2020|title=5 effective ways to help children overcome anxiety during Covid-19 lockdown|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/5-effective-ways-to-help-children-overcome-anxiety-during-covid-19-lockdown-1679578-2020-05-19|access-date=2020-07-30|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-25|title=COVID-19: How to have reassuring conversations with kids|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/health-fitness/covid-19-with-children-6379089/|access-date=2020-07-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> CIS hosted India’s first drive through graduation for grade 12 grade students.

== Campus and facilities ==
The CIS campus is located outside of downtown Bangalore, in Yelahanka. The campus is located on the edge of Yelahanka lake and is surrounded by fruit and spice plantations. The campus houses three main academic wings for each of the elementary, middle, and high schools, a 25-meter swimming pool, a 500-seat-capacity state-of-the-art auditorium called the Odeum, three basketball courts, two tennis courts, a badminton court and more. CIS has separate boarding facilities for boys and girls.

== Boarding ==
Pupils in grades 6 to 12 can board at the school. A total of 112 students can be accommodated, boys and girls, in two separate wings. Boarding students share rooms in pairs of the same age/grade.

== Environmental interests ==
Apart from being run 100% on solar power, CIS practices many different conservation and preservation techniques such as rainwater harvesting, water conservation and recycling, a bio gas tank that provides piped gas to a few burners in the cafeteria, 4 food composting units along with an organic garden setup by the elementary school student council.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: This Bangalore school is South Asia's second fully-solar powered school|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/exclusive-this-bangalore-school-is-south-asias-second-fully-solar-powered-school/articleshow/56084228.cms|access-date=2020-07-30|website=Business Insider}}</ref> The elementary section implemented other initiatives such as a local clean-up: ‘The Garbage Challenge'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-05|title=CIS students take up 'The Garbage Challenge' on World Environment Day|url=https://www.educationworld.in/cis-students-take-up-the-garbage-challenge-on-world-environment-day/|access-date=2020-07-30|website=EducationWorld|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Terry Fox Run ==
CIS hosts the annual Terry Fox Run in Bangalore. The run is the legacy of Terry Fox, a Canadian athlete, humanitarian, and cancer research activist. CIS has been hosting a 5 km public run for the past 7 years with the aim to raise awareness and funds for cancer research.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=India Education Diary Bureau|date=2019-10-01|title=Canadian International School hosts 'The Terry Fox Run' : The Marathon of Hope for Cancer Research|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/canadian-international-school-hosts-the-terry-fox-run-the-marathon-of-hope-for-cancer-research/|access-date=2020-07-30|website=India Education Diary|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadian International School holds 'The Terry Fox Run' : The Marathon of Hope for Cancer Research|url=https://www.apnnews.com/canadian-international-school-holds-the-terry-fox-run-the-marathon-of-hope-for-cancer-research/|access-date=2020-07-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Extracurricular ==
Students have many avenues to explore extracurricular activities. They presented a choir and orchestra concert at RMZ Galleria Mall, Yelahanka, while performing under the guidance of the music faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadian International School presents Winter Music Concert at RMZ Galleria Mall as part of Christmas celebrations|url=https://www.apnnews.com/canadian-international-school-presents-winter-music-concert-at-rmz-galleria-mall-as-part-of-christmas-celebrations/|access-date=2020-07-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

Students in drama production have adapted and performed<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 20, 2020|title=Things to do today in Bengaluru|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/things-to-do-today-in-bengaluru/articleshow/74215893.cms|access-date=2020-07-30|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref> [[William Shakespeare|William Shakespeare’s]] ''[[Twelfth Night]]''. Middle school and high school students partake in a competitive inter-school sports tournament - Bangalore Activities and Athletics School Conference (BAASC) - such as the BAASC Swim Meet and the BAASC Girls’ High School Basketball Championships.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=India Education Diary Bureau|date=2020-02-21|title=International Schools Compete in the Bangalore Activities and Athletics Conference (BAASC) at Stonehill International School|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/international-schools-compete-in-the-bangalore-activities-and-athletics-conference-baasc-at-stonehill-international-school/|access-date=2020-07-30|website=India Education Diary|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Schools|Canada|Bangalore}}
* {{official website |http://www.canadianinternationalschool.com/}}

{{International schools in India}}
{{Canadian international schools}}

{{coord|13.1204|77.5937|type:edu_region:IN-KA|display=title}}


[[Category:International schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Cambridge schools in India]]
[[Category:International Baccalaureate schools in India]]
[[Category:Canadian international schools in India]]

Phyllocnistis hagnopa

2026-03-15T22:26:40Z

SoftifyInsights: New!

{{Short description|Species of moth}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Phyllocnistis hagnopa
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1920)<ref name="GTD">[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLHAGN Phyllocnistis hagnopa Meyrick, 1920] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Phyllocnistis hagnopa''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/> The hostplant for the species is ''[[Ailanthus excelsa]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7188715}}

[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1920]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}

Shailodbhava dynasty

2026-03-14T03:54:18Z

SoftifyInsights: Made

{{Short description|6th-8th century Indian dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Shailodbhava dynasty
| common_name = Shailodbhava dynasty
| era = [[Middle Kingdoms of India|Classical India]]
| year_start = c. 6th century CE
| year_end = c. 8th century CE
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| capital = [[Banapur]]
| common_languages =
| p1 = Gupta Empire
| p2 = Gauda Kingdom
| s1 = Bhauma-Kara dynasty
| image_map = {{South Asia in 600 CE|center|The Shailodbhavas and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 600 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=26,146 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112181611/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{Annotation|167|145|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|55px]]}}}}
}}
The '''Shailodbhava''' ([[IAST]]: Śailodbhava) dynasty ruled parts of eastern India during the 6th-8th centuries. Their core territory was known as Kongoda-mandala, and included parts of the present-day [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Khordha district|Khordha]] and [[Puri district|Puri]] districts in the [[Odisha]] state. Their capital was located at Kongoda, which is identified with modern [[Banapur]].

The early rulers of the dynasty were feudatories to the Guptas, Vigrahas, the Mudgalas, and [[Shashanka]]. The Shailodbhava ruler Madhavaraja II seems to have assumed sovereignty soon after 620 CE. The dynasty declined in the 8th century, and their territory came under the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Kara]] rule.

== Origin ==
[[File:Bhubaneshwar ei040.jpg|thumb|left|''Sahasralinga'', a [[shiva linga]] at the [[Parashurameshvara Temple]], carved with 1000 miniature representations of itself.]]
The word "Shailodbhava" literally means "born out of rocks".{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=68}} The Shailodbhava inscriptions narrate the following myth of the dynasty's origin: Pulindasena, a famous man of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], prayed the god [[Svayambhu]] to create a man capable of ruling the earth. The dynasty's founder Shailodbhava emerged from a rock as a result of this prayer. The god is identified as Hara ([[Shiva]]) in one inscription.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=567}}

Associating Pulindasena with the ancient [[Pulinda]] tribe, historians such as [[Upinder Singh]] believe that this myth reflects the [[Adivasi|tribal]] origins of the dynasty. The motif of emerging from a rock may suggest that the dynasty was initially based in a region featuring rocky terrain: the Shailodbhava inscriptions name the [[Mahendra Mountains|Mahendra mountain]] as the dynasty's ''kula-giri'' (tutelary mountain). The mention of Shiva shows that the rulers were [[Shaivite]]s.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=567}} Patit Paban Mishra also suggests that the Shailodbhavas were of tribal descent.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=58 |year=1997 |page=805 |publisher=Indian History Congress |title=Critique of Indianization Theory |first=Patit Paban |last=Mishra |jstor=44144025}}</ref>

== History ==

Much of the information about the dynasty comes from its sixteen [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscriptions]]. This information is corroborated by other sources, such as monuments and accounts of foreign travelers.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=61}}

=== As feudatories ===
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of the Shailodbhava inscriptions" width="250" height="250" zoom="6" longitude="85.03" latitude="19.68">
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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [85.8314655, 19.8133822] }
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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [84.8854545, 19.5233802] }
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ranpur" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [85.349617, 20.06497] }
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</mapframe>
The Shailodbhavas ruled a region centred around present-day [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]; this region came to be known as Kongoda-mandala during their reign.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=60, 72}} Earlier, around 570-71 CE (250 [[Gupta era]]), this region was controlled by Dharmaraja of Abhaya family, who ruled as a feudatory of Vigraha,{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=60}} who themselves were viceroy of Guptas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Snigdha |title=Early and Medieval Coins and Currency System of Orissa, Circa 300 B.C. to 1568 A.D. |year=1986 |pages=65}}</ref> It was later ruled by the semi-independent king Charamparaja.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=61}} The introductory part of a 620-21 CE inscription of the Shailodbhava ruler Madhavaraja II is similar to that of the 570-71 Sumandala inscription of Dharmaraja of Abhaya family.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=62}} Historian Snigdha Tripathy theorizes that Dharmaraja of Abhaya family and Charamparaja were members of the family that later came to be known as Shailodbhava. The rulers of this family acknowledged the suzerainty of the Vigraha and Mudgala dynasties, before the [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] king [[Shashanka]] conquered the region.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=61}}

The Shailodbhava inscriptions name the descendants of the mythical founder Shailodbhava as Aranabhita (alias Ranabhita), Sainyabhita I (alias Madhavaraja I), Yashobhita (alias Ayashobhita), and Madhavavarman (alias Madhavaraja II or Sainyabhita II).{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=65}} A 620-21 CE (300 [[Gupta era]]) inscription of Madhavaraja II shows that he was a feudatory of Shashanka.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=60}} His predecessors Madhavaraja I and Ayashobhita may have been feudatories of Shashanka as well, although this cannot be said with certainty.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=63}} Historian S. C. Behera attempted to identify Ayashobhita as Charamparaja.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=63}}

=== As sovereigns ===

The Shailodbhava territory was known as Kongoda-mandala. Historian Snigdha Tripathy theorizes that after conquering present-day Odisha, the Gauda king [[Shashanka]] created the Kongoda-mandala province, and appointed Madhavaraja II as his feudatory of the region.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=61}} This province was centred around the present-day [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Khordha district|Khordha]] and [[Puri district|Puri]] districts. Its capital was Kongoda, which was located on the banks of the Salima river according to the dynasty's inscriptions. The town has been identified with modern [[Banapur]], and the river with the modern Salia river.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=83}}

Madhavaraja II seems to have gained independence soon after 620 CE, as his [[Khordha]] inscription does not mention any overlord. It describes him as ''Sakala-Kalingadhipati'' (the lord of the entire [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]), although there is no evidence to prove that he actually conquered the whole of Kalinga (the contemporary [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Ganga]] king Indravarman also claimed to have conquered the whole of Kalinga).{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=64-65}} Madhavaraja II may have declared independence taking advantage of Shashanka's conflict with the kings [[Harsha]] and [[Bhaskaravarman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panigrahi |first=Krishna Chandra |title=History of Orissa |pages=52,53,54}}</ref> It is also possible that he annexed some part of the Ganga territory, although this success must have been temporary.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=65}} His inscriptions state that he performed the [[ashvamedha]] and other sacrifices, presumably to assert his independence.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=67}}

{{Wide image|Parasuramesvara Temple 07.jpg|1000px|[[Parashurameshvara Temple]] sculptures}}

The inscriptions issued by Madhavaraja II in the later part of reign feature the myth of origin of the Shailodbhava dynasty.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=65}} In accordance with the contemporary practices, this mythical origin may have been fabricated by a court poet after the dynasty became independent.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=68}} The introductory part of these inscriptions is in verse form (instead of the prose form featured in the previous inscriptions). The style of the verse is similar to the one that features in the [[Aihole inscriptions|Aihole inscription]] of [[Pulakeshin II]] (Harsha may have invaded the region after Shashanka's death, and Pulakeshin later defeated Harsha).{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=64-65}}

During the reign of Madhavaraja II, around 638 CE, the Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] visited Kongoda (which he calls Kong-u-T'o). He described it as follows:{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=72-73}}

{{cquote|Within the limits of this country there are several tens of small towns which border on the mountains and are built contiguous to the sea. The cities themselves are strong and high; the soldiers are brave and daring; they rule by force the neighbouring provinces, so that no one can resist them. This country, bordering on the sea, abounds in many rare and valuable articles. They use cowrie shells and pearls in commercial transactions.}}

Madhavaraja II was succeeded by his son Madhyamaraja (alias Ayashobhita II), whose inscriptions also credit him with the performance of [[ashvamedha]] and other sacrifices.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=74-75}} Epigraphic evidence suggests that he ruled for at least 26 years (up to the end of the 7th century), and his reign was peaceful and prosperous.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=75}}

Madhyamaraja was succeeded by his son Dharmaraja (alias Manabhita). According to Dharmaraja's inscriptions, he defeated his elder brother Madhava (Madhavaraja III) at Phasika to gain the throne. After his defeat, Madhava fled and took asylum with king Tivara, but Dharmaraja killed both Madhava and Tivara.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=76}} Dharmaraja was a strong ruler, and reigned for at least 30 years.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=77}} In his Nimina (Nivina) inscription, he assumed the royal titles ''Paramabhattaraka'', ''Maharajadhiraja'', and ''Parameshvara''.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=79}}

=== Decline ===

The disintegration of the Shailodbhava kingdom seems to have started during the last days of the Dharmaraja's reign. His successor was his son Madhyamaraja II (alias Ayashobhita III), who did not have an heir to succeed him. According to a later inscription issued by Madhyamaraja III, he had a paternal cousin named Allaparaja, presumably a son of Madhavaraja III. The inscription describes Allaparaja's son Tailapanibha as the [[crown prince]] (''yuvaraja'').{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=80}} It is not known if Allaparaja or Tailapanibha ever ascended the throne: they may have died a premature death.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=80-81}}

The last known member of the dynasty was Madhyamaraja III, who was probably a son of Tailapanibha.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=81}} The Shailodbhavas fell into obscurity in the 8th century. Their territory appears to have become part of the Gangas of Shvetaka, who were vassals of the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Kara]] king Unmattakesharin for some time. According to a 786-77 inscription, Ranaka Vishavarnava was appointed as a feudatory of the Kongoda-mandala, which was now a province of the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Kara]] kingdom.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=82}}

Some writers have attempted to connect the Shailodbhavas with the [[Shailendra dynasty]] of South-East Asia, and Shailavansha dynasty which ruled a kingdom in the present-day [[Balaghat district]]. However, these hypotheses are not supported by any concrete evidence.{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=85-86}}

== Religion ==

[[File:Parasurameswar temple with linga.jpg|thumb|[[Parashurameshvara Temple]]]]

The Shailodbhava rulers followed [[Shaivism]]. Their myth of origin attributes the emergence of the dynasty's founder to [[Shiva]]. In addition, the Shailodbhava inscriptions begin with an invocation of Shiva, feature the Shaiva bull motif on the seal, and describe the king as ''parama-maheshvara'' (devotee of Shiva).{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=567}}

The oldest surviving temple in [[Bhubaneswar]] — the [[Parashurameshvara Temple|Parashurameshvara Shiva Temple]] — was probably built during the reign of Madhavaraja II.{{sfn|Ravi Kalia|1994|p=21}}

== List of rulers ==

The Shailodbhava inscriptions provide the following genealogy (titles in italic, names in [[IAST]]):{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=62-82}}

* Shailodbhava (mythical founder)
* Raṇabhīta (alias Araṇabhīta), r. c. 6th century
* ''Mahārāja Mahāsāmanta'' Mādhavarāja I (alias Sainyabhīta I or Mādhavavarman I)
* ''Mahārāja'' Yaśhobhīta (alias Ayaśobhīta I); identified with Charamparāja by S. C. Behera
* ''Mahārāja Mahāsāmanta'' (later ''Sakala-Kalingadhipati'') Mādhavarāja II (alias Mādhavavarman II, Mādhavendra, and Sainyabhīta II), r. c. 620-21 to 670-71
* Madhyamarāja I (alias Ayaśobhīta II), c. 670-71 to end of the 7th century
* Mādhavavarman III (alias Mādhava)
* ''Paramabhattaraka - Maharajadhiraja - Parameshvara'' Dharmarāja II (alias Mānabhīta), ruled till c. 726-727
* Madhyamarāja II (alias Ayaśobhīta III and Raṇakṣobha)
* Allaparāja
* Tailapanibha
* Madhyamarāja III

== Inscriptions ==

The following inscriptions of the Shailodbhava dynasty have been discovered:{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|pp=xi-xii}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Find spot !! Issuer !! Date
|-
| [[Ganjam]] || Madhavaraja II || [[Gupta era]] 300 (620-21 CE)
|-
| [[Khordha]] || Madhavaraja II || Unknown
|-
| [[Buguda]] || Madhavavarman II || Unknown
|-
| [[Purusottampur]] || Madhavavarman II || Regnal Year 13
|-
| [[Puri]] || Madhavavarman II || Regnal Year 13
|-
| Unknown (Now in [[Cuttack]] Museum) || Madhavavarman II || Regnal Year 50
|-
| [[Banapur]] || Madhyamaraja I || Unknown
|-
| [[Parikud]] || Madhyamaraja I || Regnal Year 26
|-
| [[Raj-Ranpur, Odisha|Ranpur]] || Dharmaraja || Regnal Year 3
|-
| Nimina (Nivina) || Dharmaraja || Regnal Year 9(?)
|-
| [[Banapur]] || Dharmaraja || Unknown
|-
| [[Puri]] || Dharmaraja || Regnal Year 12
|-
| Chandeswar || Dharmaraja || Regnal Year 18
|-
| Unknown (issued at Kondedda) || Dharmaraja || Regnal Year 30
|-
| [[Tekkali]] || Madhyamaraja III || Unknown
|-
| [[Dharakote]] || Unknown || Unknown
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ravi Kalia |title=Bhubaneswar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC&pg=PA21 |year=1994 |publisher=SIU Press |isbn=978-0-8093-1876-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Snigdha Tripathy |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |volume=I - Circa 5th-8th centuries A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&pg=PR3 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] and [[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1077-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA567 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |page=567 }}
{{ref end}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Sarat Chandra Behera |title=Rise and fall of the Sailodbhavas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgHwoQEACAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |oclc= 17484355 }}

{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Kalinga (India)]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century]]

Bagurumba

2026-03-06T14:25:11Z

SoftifyInsights: corrected references based on references and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Main traditional dance of Bodo people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox dance
| title =
| name = Bagurumba
| image = Bodo dance.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bodo girls dancing the Bagurumba dance
| genre = [[Folk dance]]
| signature =
| inventor = Boro people
| year =
| origin = [[Bodoland]], [[Assam]] and [[Northeast India]]
}}

The '''Bagurumba''' is a traditional dance of the indigenous Boro people living in the State of [[Assam]] and [[North East India]]. It is also called <nowiki>'''butterfly dance''' because it'</nowiki>s personification of movements of butterflies and birds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture of Assam {{!}} Department of Cultural Affairs {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in/portlets/culture-of-assam |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In this occasion, only the Boro women perform the dance, wearing their colourful traditional attire ''dokhna'', ''jwmgra'' (''fasra'') and ''aronai''.<ref>{{harvcol|Bordoloi|1987|p=11}}</ref> The dance is accompanied by handmade percussion instruments such as 'kham' (a long cylindrical drum, made of wood and goat skin or other animal’s skin), ''sifung'' (flute, carved out of bamboo), jota (made of iron/tama), ''serja'' (a bowed instrument, made of wood and animals skin), and gongwna (made of bamboo), ''tharkha'' (a piece of split bamboo).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=T8 Digital |date=2020-02-07 |title=Things You Must Know About Bodo's Bagurumba Dance |url=https://www.time8.in/things-you-must-know-about-bodos-bagurumba-dance-new/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=TIME8 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Bodo people|Boro]] music may lack the sophistication of established schools and forms of music, however, the khams (a long cylindrical drum) provide the beats and the rhythm for the Bagurumba dance ensemble, while sifung (flute) and Serja provide melody, together used to 'invite' young people to the festivities or celebration. The Bagurumba dance resembles the gentle and poetic movements of the butterflies, is believed to be influenced/transpired by elements of the nature. The practice of this dance by the [[Boro people]] is over thousand years old. Usually, the Boro people live in peace and harmony with the green vegetation and the environment, and worship beauty of the nature. Boro people live and farm along the foothills of the eastern and southern Himalayas, which are evergreen forest. This traditional dance incorporates several symbolic elements, transpired by the natural surrounding environment. For example, dance of plants, dance of animals, birds, butterfly dance, wave of flowing river, wind etc.

Because Bagurumba is an energetic and beautifully choreographed youthful dance, Boro people are usually attracted or drawn to this ensemble. By watching this dance, most Boro people often sing along and dance, unknowingly. Suffice to say, Boro people love to live in peace with the environment and surrounding beautiful evergreen vegetation.

There are no certain days and times to perform this dance; this dance is performed on many occasions, such as festivals and cultural programmes. 
<blockquote></blockquote>

The origin and emergence of [Bagurumba] song remains unknown, likely written thousands of years ago. There are several competing interpretations, however, the common theme is that the Bagururmba song and dance signify mutual respect, to honour friendship, to honour relationship, and to live in peace with the environment. Bagurumba is a celebration of life, youthful expression of happiness and togetherness.

==Musical instruments==

Among many different musical instruments, the Bodos use for Bagurumba Dance:

'''[[Sifung]]''': This is a long bamboo flute having five holes rather than six as the north Indian [[Bansuri]] would have and is also much longer than it, producing a much lower tone.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Baruah | first1 = S. | title = 'Ethnic' Conflict as State—Society Struggle: The Poetics and Politics of Assamese Micro-Nationalism | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 649–671 | doi = 10.1017/S0026749X00011896 | year = 1994 | s2cid = 144065698 }}</ref>

* '''Serja''': a violin-like instrument. It has a round body and the scroll is bent forward.
* '''kham ''': a long drum made of wood and goat skin.
* '''Jota''': made of iron/tama.
* '''Gongwna''': made of bamboo.

==Composition==
Bagurumba uses F Major [[Pentatonic scale|Pentatonic Scale]], exactly similar to Chinese Traditional Music, an indication of the ancient Chinese influence.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Phukan, Mitra (2003) Musical Identity and being an Assamese}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Folk dances of Assam]]
* [[Bodo people]]
* [[Bathow Puja]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Books==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book| last=Bordoloi|first=B.N.|url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73786/1/AIRT_1987_0001_book.pdf|title=Tribes if Assam Part I|year=1987}}
*{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=Premalata|url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73841/1/AIRT_1994_0001_report.pdf|title=Social and Religious institutions of Boros|year=1994}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bagurumba}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQF2Hf6AfDU Bagurumba Bodo folk dace] Ministry of Culture GOI Youtube Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605221612/http://www.indiantraveldestinations.com/states-of-india/assam-travel/bodos-bagurumba.html Bodo's Bagurumba] at indiantraveldestinations.com

{{Dance in India}}

[[Category:Indian folk dances]]
[[Category:Bodo people]]
[[Category:Folk dances of Assam]]

Prem Bandhan (1941 film)

2026-03-06T03:40:36Z

SoftifyInsights: Made

{{short description|1941 film by Bhagwan Dada}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prem Bandhan
| image = Prem Bandhan (1941).jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bhagwan Dada|Bhagwan]]
| screenplay = S. G. Chellappa Iyer
| story = Padhuk Bhat
| starring = [[M. K. Radha]] T. Suryakumari [[R. B. Lakshmi Devi]] K. K. Swami
| music = [[Shanti Kumar Desai]]
| studio = Famous Films
| released = {{film date|1941|8|2|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Prem Bandhan''''' ({{translation|Bond of love}}) is a 1941 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Bhagwan Dada|Bhagwan]] and produced by Famous Films. The film stars [[M. K. Radha]], T. Suryakumari, [[R. B. Lakshmi Devi]] and K. K. Swami. It was released on 2 August 1941 and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
Ananthu falls in love with two women, Lalitha and Neela. Bhaskar, a wealthy man, is also in love with Neela and tries to end her romance with Ananthu. Neela meets with a car accident and, to the surprise of everyone, reveals in her dying breathing that she had planned the accident so that Lalitha could marry Ananthu.<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=24 January 2015 |title=Blast from the past: Prema Bandhan 1941 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-prema-bandhan-1941/article6818674.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111141106/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-prema-bandhan-1941/article6818674.ece |archive-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[M. K. Radha]] as Ananthu<ref name="BFTP" />
* T. Suryakumari as Lalitha<ref name="BFTP" />
* [[R. B. Lakshmi Devi]]<ref name="BFTP" />
* K. K. Swami as Bhaskar<ref name="BFTP" />}}

== Production ==
''Prem Bandhan'' was directed by [[Bhagwan Dada|Bhagwan]] and produced by the studio Famous Films. The story of the film was written by Padhuk Bhat, while the screenplay was written by S. G. Chellappa Iyer, the brother of actor [[S. G. Kittappa]]. P. Pullaiah supervised the making of ''Prem Bandhan''. Three of the lead actors (Radha, Suryakumari and Lakshmi Devi) were [[A-list]]ers in Tamil cinema at that time.<ref name="BFTP" />

== Music ==
The music of ''Prem Bandhan'' was composed by [[Shanti Kumar Desai]], while the lyrics were written by Kittappa.<ref name="BFTP" />

== Release and reception ==
''Prem Bandhan'' was released on 2 August 1941.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 1941 |title=Prem Bandhan |pages=2 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19410802&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=21 January 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kay Orr of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, "Most of the scenes are long-drawn out and tedious. The film also falls a prey to the usual contagion of Tamil songs set to [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] tunes. The sooner films escape from this evil, the better for the Film industry in this part of the country."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Orr |first=Kay |date=9 August 1941 |title=Prem Bandhan |pages=3 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IQFFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4121%2C5052702 |access-date=17 November 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was a commercial success.<ref name="BFTP" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0256281}}

[[Category:1941 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1941 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1941 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hudugaata

2026-03-04T07:30:58Z

SoftifyInsights: improved references further and improved wording after review

{{Short description|2007 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hudugaata
| image = Hudugaata.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sanjay. K
| producer = B.G. Babu Reddy
| screenplay = Sanjay. K
| starring = [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] [[Rekha Vedavyas]] [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] [[Komal Kumar]]
| music = [[Jassie Gift]]
| cinematography = [[Satya Hegde]]
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Nitin Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2007|06|08|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Hudugaata''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಹುಡುಗಾಟ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{Translation|Childish}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film. It features [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] and [[Rekha Vedavyas]] in the lead roles. It is based on the 1934 American film ''[[It Happened One Night]]''.

== Plot ==
Priya Rao is the daughter of a Bangalore-based [[business tycoon]], S. K. Ananth Rao. She is head-over-heels in love with [[tennis player]] Rahul, but Ananth Rao strongly disapproves of their courtship. One night, Priya escapes from her home and hops onto a bus to Kanyakumari to be with Rahul. Meanwhile, Ananth Rao, realizing his daughter has run away, dispatches [[private detective]]s to locate her.
Aboard the bus, Priya meets Balu Mahendar aka Balu, a loud-mouthed journalist who has just secured a job as a sports reporter. He heads to Kanyakumari to interview Rahul and offers to help Priya in exchange for an exclusive story on her. Priya is forced to agree to his demands, as he threatens to let her father know of her whereabouts should she not comply. After both of them happen to miss the bus, Balu and Priya go through various adventures together and find themselves falling in love with one another.

Balu falls for Priya, but knows that financially he is in no shape to do so. Priya also falls for Balu and decides to go with him, but a misunderstanding leads her to believe that Balu was just looking for a story and not her love. She quits on Balu, returns home and agrees to marry Rahul. However, Ananth Rao learns about Balu when he comes to him to take back the money, spent by Balu on Priya on his way to Kanyakumari. He realizes how Balu has taken care of Priya during the trip. Priya misunderstands Balu and believes that he might have arrived for the reward announced by Ananth Rao. Ananth Rao tells Priya that Balu is the right man for her and that he has not arrived for the reward. On the wedding day she realizes that Balu really loves her and then runs away from the [[Banquet hall|marriage hall]] to Balu with Ananth Rao's support.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] as Balu Mahendar
* [[Rekha Vedavyas]] as Priya Rao
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as S. K. Ananth Rao
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] as "Mathi" Madesha
* [[Karibasavaiah]] as Krishnappa, bus conductor
* [[Shobaraj]] as a goon who is in search of Priya.
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Subra Shastry
* Santhosh as Rahul, tennis player
* Vishwa
* Sunil
* Tumkur Mohan as truck driver
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Jassie Gift]], marking his Kannada debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hudugaata |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hudugaata/iEQHZSoSJS4_ |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120043809/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hudugaata/iEQHZSoSJS4_ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song "Mandakiniye" was the same composition as "Lajjavathiye" from the Malayalam film ''[[4 the People]]''.<ref name=rediff/> The song "Stylo Stylo" was the same composition as "Bomma Bomma" from the Malayalam film ''[[Shambu (2004 film)|Shambhu]]''.<ref name=rediff/> After the success of this film, Gift went on to do more Kannada films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/140118/jazz-it-up-jassie.html|title=Jazz it up, Jessie|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=14 January 2018|last=Manu|first=Meera|access-date=18 February 2023|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218224801/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/140118/jazz-it-up-jassie.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Hudugaata
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Jassie Gift]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">13 April 2007</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=34|s=32}}
| label = Anand Audio
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Balram vs. Tharadas]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Thee Nagar]]
| next_year = 2007
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 34:32
| title1 = Stylo Stylo
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra1 = [[Jassie Gift]], George Peter, [[Emil Mohammed|Emil]], Prasanna
| length1 = 4:39
| title2 = Mandakiniye
| lyrics2 = Kaviraj
| extra2 = Jassie Gift, [[Vasundhara Das]]
| length2 = 4:35
| title3 = Are Are Saaguthide
| lyrics3 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra3 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 5:28
| title4 = Ommomme Heegu
| lyrics4 = Kaviraj
| extra4 = [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Alisha Chinai]]
| length4 = 5:28
| title5 = Ishtu Jana
| lyrics5 = Kaviraj
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Saindhavi]], Jassie Gift, [[Chetan Sosca]]
| length5 = 5:00
| title6 = Yeno Onthara
| lyrics6 = Kaviraj
| extra6 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length6 = 4:57
| title7 = Nenapagade
| lyrics7 = Kaviraj
| extra7 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Rajalakshmi
| length7 = 5:36
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "If you want to see the film for Ganesh, then you will not be disappointed. But if you have seen the original, the film is sure to disappoint you".<ref name=rediff>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sshudu/20070611.htm|title=Hudugaata: Only for Ganesh fans|date=11 June 2007|work=[[Rediff]]|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125065806/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sshudu/20070611.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "The redeeming features of this film are less characters, excellent cinematography and editing. On the downside there are few unwanted scenes which come as speed breakers".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2007 |title=Hudugaata |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/hudugaata-review-kannada-pclwq2ehfedig.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809015957/https://www.sify.com/movies/hudugaata-review-kannada-pclwq2ehfedig.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=3171674}}

[[Category:2007 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:2007 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about buses]]
[[Category:Comedy of remarriage films]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films about runaways]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films about hitchhiking]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films based on American short stories]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Samuel Hopkins Adams]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{2000s-romantic-comedy-drama-film-stub}}

Velaikaran (1952 film)

2026-03-04T05:02:46Z

SoftifyInsights: Made...

{{No plot|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Velaikaran 1952.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = P. V. Krishnan
| writer = [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy|Sakthi Krishnasamy]] (Dialogues)
| story = [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]
| starring = [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] [[T. S. Balaiah]] Madhuridevi
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| studio = Sri Valli Productions
| released = {{film date|1952|5|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 171 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Velaikaran''''' ({{translation|Man-servant}}) is a 1952 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by P. V. Krishnan and produced by Sri Valli Productions. The film stars [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[S. Varalakshmi]] and Madhuridevi. It was released on 23 May 1952,<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1952 – வேலைக்காரன் – ஸ்ரீ வள்ளி புரொடக்சன்ஸ் |trans-title=1952 – Velaikaran – Sri Valli Productions |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1952-cinedetails29.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170601010140/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1952-cinedetails29.asp |archive-date=1 June 2017 |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> and became a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=38. சொந்தப்படம் எடுத்ததால் மகாலிங்கத்துக்கு ஏற்பட்ட சோதனை |trans-title=38. The problems faced by Mahalingam by producing films |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/06/11133007/If-you-own-Film-The-Problem-for-makalingam.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170601013256/http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/06/11133007/If-you-own-Film-The-Problem-for-makalingam.vpf |archive-date=1 June 2017 |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
The list is adapted from the book ''Thiraikalanjiyam''.<ref name="neelamegam">{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=44–45 |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]
*[[T. S. Balaiah]]
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]]
*[[Madhuri Devi]]
*[[S. Varalakshmi]]
*M. S. Draupathi

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]].<ref name="neelamegam" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| "Paadupadupavarke" || [[C. S. Jayaraman]] & group || [[Kavimani Desigavinayagam Pillai]]|| 03:06
|-
| "Paavathai Seydhavan Yaaro" || || rowspan=5|[[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]||
|-
| "Aasai Niraasai Thaano" || ||
|-
| "Maane Marikozhundhe" || T. S. Bhagavathi, M. S. Rajeswari, [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]|| 06:32
|-
| "Aanandame Aahaa Aanandame" || [[M. S. Rajeswari]]|| 02:20
|-
| "Arangkinil Aadavum Paadavum" || ||
|-
| "Enadhullam Neeyarindhe" || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]|| [[Papanasam Sivan]]|| 03:09
|-
| "Kaadhalum Poi Aagume" || T. R. Mahalingam & [[S. Varalakshmi]]|| [[K. D. Santhanam]]||
|-
| "Naane Raani En Maname" || rowspan=2|S. Varalakshmi || rowspan=4|K. P. Kamatchisundaram || 02:56
|-
| "Ezhil Vaan Mugam Thannaiye" ||
|-
| "Idhaya Veenaiyin Narambai Meetiye" || M. S. Rajeswari || 02:57
|-
| "Manidhaa Nee Seidha Vinaithaane" || C. S. Jayaraman ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1952 Indian films]]
[[Category:1952 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rajadhi Raja (1992 film)

2026-03-03T22:07:06Z

SoftifyInsights: add lead additionally and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajadhiraja
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[H. R. Bhargava]]
| producer = Sri Vaishnavi Internationals
| story = N. T. Jayarama Reddy
| writer = B. L. Venu
| screenplay = [[H. R. Bhargava]]
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Rupini]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] Shivaram
| music = [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijayanand]]
| cinematography = D V Rajaram
| editing = Victor Yadav
| studio = Sri Vaishnavi Internationals
| distributor = Sri Vaishnavi Internationals
| released = {{Film date|1992|03|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 min
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
}}

'''''Rajadhiraja''''' (Kannada: ರಾಜಾಧಿರಾಜ) is a [[Kannada films of 1992|1992]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film, directed by [[H. R. Bhargava]] and produced by Sri Vaishnavi Internationals. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Rupini]], [[K. S. Ashwath]] and Shivaram in lead roles. The film had musical score by Vijayanand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Rajadhiraja-1982/9219802294|title=Rajadhiraja|accessdate=2015-01-21|publisher=nthwall.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/rajadhiraja.htm|title=Rajadhiraja|accessdate=2015-01-21|publisher=bharatmovies.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
*[[Rupini]]
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[Soundarya]]
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Shivaram]]
*[[Rajanand]]
*[[Vajramuni]]
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
*[[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]]
*Bhavyashree Rai
*Shobha Raghavendra
{{div col end}}

==Music==
The music was composed by [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijayanand]].
*"Ninnalliro Anda" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
*"Daba Daba" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
*"Baa Priya Daamini" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
*"Rajadhiraja" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
*" Sambhanda Churaagi" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
*"Yerida Gunginalli" – Manjula Gururaj

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0391451}}

{{H. R. Bhargava}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by H. R. Bhargava]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Anand (composer)]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Aanandam Paramanandam

2026-03-03T09:41:22Z

SoftifyInsights: added first info more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anandam Paramanandam
| image = Aanandam Paramanandam.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]
| writer = M. Sindhu Raj
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer =
| starring = {{Plain list | *[[Sharafudheen]]
*[[Aju Varghese]]
*[[Indrans]]
*[[Baiju Santhosh]]}}
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai
| editing = V Sajan
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| studio = Saptha Tharang Creations Private Limited
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|12|23|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aanandam Paramanandam''''' ({{translation|Joy Bliss}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama film]] directed by Shafi and produced by Saptha Tharang Creations Private Limited. The film stars [[Sharafudheen]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Indrans]], and [[Baiju Santhosh]]. The film's story, screenplay, and dialogues are written by M. Sindhuraj. The film's music is composed by [[Shaan Rahman]] and the cinematography is handled by Manoj Pillai. it was final film of Shafi as director before his death.

== Cast ==
* [[Sharafudheen]] as Gireesh
* [[Indrans]] as Divakara Kurup
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Gopi
* [[Anagha Narayanan]] as Anupama
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Vimala Teacher
* [[Baiju Santhosh]] as Sudhan
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Security
* [[Harikrishnan (Malayalam actor)|Harikrishnan]] as Harikrishnan
* [[Nisha Sarang]] as Gireesh's mother
* [[Surjith Gopinath]]
*[[Sinoj Varghese]] as Joy

== Production ==
The first look poster of the film was released by [[Mammootty]] in September 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Mammootty Releases First Look Poster of Malayalam Movie Anandam Paramanandam |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mammootty-releases-first-look-poster-of-malayalam-movie-anandam-paramanandam-5870485.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518055344/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mammootty-releases-first-look-poster-of-malayalam-movie-anandam-paramanandam-5870485.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anandam Paramanandam: First look of Sharafudeen-Indrans' new film out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/aug/31/anandam-paramanandam-first-look-of-sharafudeen-indrans-new-filmout-34289.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=31 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518060846/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/aug/31/anandam-paramanandam-first-look-of-sharafudeen-indrans-new-filmout-34289.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic of ''[[ManoramaOnline]]'' wrote that "indhuraj and Shafie have come up with a very different narrative style this time, although many film."<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=പ്രേക്ഷകർക്കും പരമാനന്ദം; ആനന്ദം പരമാനന്ദം റിവ്യു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2022/12/23/aanandam-paramanandam-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517164344/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2022/12/23/aanandam-paramanandam-movie-review.html |archive-date=2023-05-17 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Aparna Prasanthi critic of ''[[Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Anand Bliss may entertain audiences who like movies that teach the audience lessons of goodness that convey messages".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=നന്മയുടെ അതിപ്രസരവുമായി ആനന്ദം പരമാനന്ദം |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/anandam-paramanandam-movie-review-rating-734549/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517165914/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/anandam-paramanandam-movie-review-rating-734549/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic of ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' gave mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-23 |title=ചിരിക്കിടയിൽ അല്പം കാര്യവും; പ്രേക്ഷകർക്ക് പകരുമിത് പരമാനന്ദം {{!}}Anandam Paramanandam Review |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/anandam-paramanandam-movie-review-sharafudheen-shafi-aju-varghese-anagha-narayanan-1.8158989 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517164434/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/anandam-paramanandam-movie-review-sharafudheen-shafi-aju-varghese-anagha-narayanan-1.8158989 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt21946198}}

[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]

Yogesh Shouche

2026-02-12T06:21:31Z

SoftifyInsights: Made...

{{BLP sources|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Yogesh S. Shouche
| image = File:YSS Working.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|10|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]] India
| field = [[Microbiology]]
| work_institution = [[National Centre for Cell Science]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nccs.res.in |title=National Centre For Cell Science, Pune |publisher=nccs.res.in |access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| known_for =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Yogesh S. Shouche''' is an Indian microbiologist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nccs.res.in/index.php/People/scientific|title=Scientific Staff|date=July 2017|website=NCCS|access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pollution-depleting-natural-microbes-in-ganga-research/articleshow/61059255.cms|title=Pollution depleting natural microbes in Ganga|date=2017-10-13|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lonar-lake-key-to-understanding-process-of-life-is-gradually-dying/articleshow/60405078.cms|title=Lonar Lake, key to understanding process of life, is gradually dying|last=Shouche|first=Yogesh|date=2017-09-07|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref> Currently, he is Principal Investigator of National Centre for Microbial Resource (formerly known as the [[Microbial Culture Collection]]) at the [[National Centre for Cell Science]], [[Pune]], [[India]].

==Career==

He did his masters' studies in [[Microbiology]], at the [[Garware College, affiliated to the University of Pune]] in 1982. He did his doctoral studies at the Molecular Biophysics Unit, [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]], [[India]] in 1989 on 'Mapping of B and non B Confirmations in form V [[DNA]]'. He then joined the [[Institute of Microbial Technology]], (Imtech), [[Chandigarh]], [[India]] in 1989. During the years 1993-94, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Department of Microbiology, [[Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research|GBF]] (National Research Center for Biotechnology),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.418123.d |title= GBF, National Research Center for Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref> [[Germany]].

He has served on the editorial boards of ''[[Current Science]]'', ''[[Scientific Reports]]'' and ''[[PLOS One]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/editorial_board.php|title=Current Science - Editorial Board|website=www.currentscience.ac.in|access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lE8DwAAQBAJ|title=Mining of Microbial Wealth and MetaGenomics|last1=Kalia|first1=Vipin Chandra|last2=Shouche|first2=Yogesh|last3=Purohit|first3=Hemant J.|last4=Rahi|first4=Praveen|date=2017-10-30|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789811057083|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-03-20|title=PLOS ONE 2016 Reviewer and Editorial Board Thank You|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|article-number=e0174259|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0174259|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5358840|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1274259.|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Publications==
*Complete list of [[Google Scholar]] list of publications, see {{cite news|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=jiwvEg4AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra|title=Google Scholar}}
*Complete list of [[PubMed]] list of publications, see {{cite news|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=SHouche+YS|title=PubMed}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shouche, Yogesh Y.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Indian microbiologists]]

Ramdev Mahato

2026-02-05T23:59:26Z

SoftifyInsights:

{{Short description|Former member of Bihar Legislative Assembly}}
{{Distinguish|Ramdeo Mahto}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramdev Mahato
| image = File:Ramdev Mahato.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| constituency = [[Madhubani Assembly constituency|Madhubani]]
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2000
| term_end = 2015
| predecessor = Raj Kumar Mahaseth
| successor = [[Samir Kumar Mahaseth]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| father =
| mother =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| otherparty =
| spouse =
| nationality = Indian
| children =
}}
'''Ramdev Mahato''' is an Indian politician and a former member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from the [[Madhubani Assembly constituency]]. He had been elected from the Madhubani constituency to the Bihar Legislative Assembly four times between 2000 and 2010. Mahato was associated with the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and recognised as an influential leader of the Mithilanchal region of Bihar. In the 2020 Bihar Assembly elections, he left the BJP and contested the elections of the Madhubani constituency as an independent candidate, as this constituency was allotted to [[Vikassheel Insaan Party]] in a seat sharing arrangement. He returned to the BJP in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/former-mla-ramdev-mahato-joined-bjp-in-patna/bh20220211134213901|title=पूर्व विधायक रामदेव महतो ने फिर से थामा बीजेपी का दामन, बोले- 'पार्टी के आदेशानुसार करूंगा काम'|website=etv Bharat|date=11 February 2022 |accessdate=20 August 2023|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820181613/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/former-mla-ramdev-mahato-joined-bjp-in-patna/bh20220211134213901|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-former-mla-ramdev-mahto-returns-to-bjp-5794727.html|title=पूर्व विधायक रामदेव महतो की भाजपा में हुई वापसी|website=live Hindustan|accessdate=20 August 2023|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820181627/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-bjp-made-hari-sahni-the-leader-of-the-opposition-due-to-fear-of-nishad-reservation-sankalp-yatra-mukesh-sahni-8600339.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
Mahato won Assembly elections of the Madhubani constituency in 2000, 2005, and 2010. In the 2015 election, Mahato finished second to [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] candidate Samir Kumar Mahaseth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-madhubani-assembly-seat-election-2020-1135744-2020-09-25|title=मधुबनी विधानसभा सीटः क्या आरजेडी की दोबारा होगी सत्ता में वापसी?|website=aajtak|date=25 September 2020 |accessdate=20 August 2023|archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027192647/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-madhubani-assembly-seat-election-2020-1135744-2020-09-25|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2020 Bihar Assembly elections, he left BJP and contested as an independent candidate from the Madhubani constituency, losing to Samir Kumar Mahaseth again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/assembly-election-2020/bihar-chunav/ramdeo-mahto-s04a036c10-independent-profile/|website=News18|title=Ramdev Mahato candidate profile|accessdate=20 August 2023|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820181647/https://hindi.news18.com/assembly-election-2020/bihar-chunav/ramdeo-mahto-s04a036c10-independent-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Mahato had accused BJP leaders of Bihar of not giving due importance to the ground level political workers and preferring candidates with money power over others in distribution of tickets to contest the elections. Consequently, he left BJP, but returned to it in 2022 once again after suffering a setback in the 2020 Assembly elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhubani/news/former-bjp-mla-ramdev-mahato-announced-to-contest-as-an-independent-127805989.html|title=चुनाव लड़ने की घोषणा:भाजपा के पूर्व विधायक रामदेव महतो ने निर्दलीय चुनाव लड़ने की घोषणा की|website=Bhaskar|accessdate=20 August 2023|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820181648/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhubani/news/former-bjp-mla-ramdev-mahato-announced-to-contest-as-an-independent-127805989.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahato, Ramdev}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani district]]

Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly

2026-02-01T10:07:46Z

SoftifyInsights:

{{Short description|Legislature of Arunachal Pradesh state in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
| legislature = [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly]]
| coa_pic = APLA logo 2024.png
| coa_res = 200px
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Arunachal Pradesh|Governor]]
| leader1 = '''[[Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik|K. T. Parnaik]]'''
| leader2_type = Speaker
| leader2 = '''[[Tesam Pongte]]'''
| party2 = '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| election2 = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|14 June 2024]]
| leader3_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader3 = '''[[Kardo Nyigyor]]'''
| party3 = '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| election3 = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|14 June 2024]]
| leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Arunachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader4 = '''[[Pema Khandu]]'''
| party4 = '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| election4 = [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|May 2019]]
| leader5_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]] (Deputy Leader of the House)
| leader5 = '''[[Chowna Mein]]'''
| party5 = '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| election5 = [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|May 2019]]
| leader6_type = Leader of the Opposition
| leader6 = '''Vacant'''
| party6 =
| leader7_type = Chief Whip
| leader7 =
| party7 =
| leader8_type = Deputy Leader of the Opposition
| leader8 =
| party8 =
| leader9_type = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| leader9 =
| party9 =
| members = '''60'''
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2025.svg|300px]]|Partywise|[[File:India Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Alliance Wise 2025.svg|300px]]|Alliance wise}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Arunachal Pradesh|Government]] (46)'''
:*{{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (46)
'''[[Confidence and supply]] (13)'''
:*{{Color box|#007400}} [[People's Party of Arunachal|PPA]] (6)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/video/mla-nabam-vivek-elected-as-new-president-of-peoples-party-of-arunachal-1134145-2024-12-07|title=MLA Nabam Vivek elected as new president of People’s Party of Arunachal|work=India Today NE|accessdate=7 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="4 NPP MLAs join PPA">{{cite web|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/06/17/4-npp-mlas-switch-allegiance-to-ppa/|title=4 NPP MLAs switch allegiance to PPA|work=The Arunachal Times|accessdate=17 June 2025}}</ref>
:*{{colorbox|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}}} [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (3)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arunachal-pradesh/ncp-mlas-extend-support-to-pema-khandu-government-in-arunachal/article68307348.ece|title=NCP MLAs extend support to Pema Khandu government in Arunachal Pradesh|work=NDTV|accessdate=19 June 2024}}</ref>
:*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-independents-extend-unconditional-support-to-bjp-government-in-arunachal-5909598|title=3 Independents Extend Unconditional Support To BJP Government In Arunachal|work=NDTV|accessdate=19 June 2024}}</ref>
:*{{colorbox|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}} [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] (1)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-assembly-elections-2024-npp-mlas-extend-support-to-pema-khandu-govt-3073853|title=Arunachal Assembly Elections 2024: NPP MLAs extend support to Pema Khandu govt|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=20 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="4 NPP MLAs join PPA"/>
'''Official Opposition'''
:''Vacant''{{efn|No party secured 10% of seats to form official opposition.}}
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Other Opposition]] (1)'''
:*{{colorbox|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] ([[Kumar Waii|1]])

| voting_system1 = [[First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|19 April 2024]]
| next_election1 = 2029
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Vidhan Bhavan, [[Itanagar]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| website = {{url|https://arla.neva.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly''' is the [[unicameral]] state legislature of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in [[Northeast India|north-eastern]] [[India]]. The seat of the [[Legislative Assembly]] is at [[Itanagar]], the capital of the state. The Legislative Assembly comprises 60 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/arunachal%20pradesh.html|publisher=Legislative Bodies in India website|access-date=29 January 2011}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> directly elected from single-seat constituencies.

==History==
On 29 December 1969, the Agency Council, an apex advisory body for the governance of the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (present-day Arunachal Pradesh), came into existence, with the [[Governor of Assam]] as its chairman. The Agency Council was replaced by the Pradesh Council on 2 October 1972. On 15 August 1975 the Pradesh Council was converted to the Provisional Legislative Assembly. Initially, the Legislative Assembly comprised 33 members, of which, 30 members were directly elected from single-seat constituencies and 3 members were nominated by the Union government. On attainment of the statehood on 20 February 1987, the number was raised to 60.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly-Introduction|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Arunachal/arunachal-w.pdf|publisher=Legislative Bodies in India website|access-date=29 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085441/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Arunachal/arunachal-w.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Designations and present members ==
The present assembly is the Tenth Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Designation !! Name
|-
| '''[[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh|Governor]]''' || '''[[Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik]]'''
|-
| Speaker ||[[Tesam Pongte]]
|-
| Deputy Speaker || [[Kardo Nyigyor]] 
|-
| Leader of the House (Chief Minister of State)||[[Pema Khandu]]
|-
| Deputy Chief Minister of State||[[Chowna Mein]]
|-
| Leader of the Opposition || Vacant
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{{transcluded section|source=11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of governors of Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/arunachal-pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Lok Sabha Elections 2019 Results Website]
*{{Official website|https://arla.neva.gov.in/}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures of country subdivisions]]
[[Category:Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]

Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Scientist

2026-01-24T19:16:44Z

SoftifyInsights: creating initial article basic info.

{{cleanup|date=May 2024|reason=External links should be removed; the criticism could go with the "Review & Comments" section, and the "Review & Comments" section could read well without being a numbered list. The said section could be renamed to "Reception" as well!}}
'''Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist''' (ISBN 9389136997) is a contemporary biography of the Indian polymath, [[Jagadish Chandra Bose|Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose]], modern India’s first scientist, an eclectic pioneer in [[radio]] science, and the father of [[Plant Neurobiology]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sudipto |title=Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist |date=2023-11-29 |publisher=Niyogi Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-89136-99-9 |language=English}}</ref> Written by the Indian author, [[Sudipto Das]], this marks Das's debut in non-fiction after three novels.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=From interaction between Shashi and Smita Tharoor to book launches and discussions, Bangalore Literature Festival ends on a high note |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bangalore-literature-festival-ends-shashi-tharoor-book-launches-discussion-9054394/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Published in November 2023 by Niyogi Books, it was launched in [[Bangalore]]<ref name=":1" /> at the Bangalore Literature Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schedule 2023 - Bangalore Literature Festival 2023 |url=https://bangaloreliteraturefestival.org/archives/year-2023/schedule/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=bangaloreliteraturefestival.org}}</ref> on December 3, 2023, and in [[Calcutta]] on January 11, 2024.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-12 |title=New book on Jagadish Chandra Bose looks beyond his scientific contribution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/new-book-on-jagadish-chandra-bose-looks-beyond-his-scientific-contribution/articleshow/106769683.cms |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Subhalakshmi |date=January 16, 2024 |title=Book launch of Sudipto Das's Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist at Quest |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/book-launch-of-sudipto-dass-jagadish-chandra-bose-the-reluctant-physicist-at-quest/cid/1994056 |access-date=April 26, 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>
[[File:Reluctant Physicist.jpg|thumb|Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist]]
The book poignantly chronicles Bose's championing of India’s self-reliance through scientific research<ref name=":9" /> despite British racism and prejudice against Indian science.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-13 |title=Book Review {{!}} 'Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist' who loved plants |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/book-review-jagadish-chandra-bose-the-reluctant-physicist-who-loved-plants-13759208.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Bose indigenously designed innovative instruments for his experiments, prioritising [[Open source|open sharing]] over [[patent]]s—a forerunner of today’s [[open innovation]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Already a poster boy of the [https://ism.gov.in/ India Semiconductor Mission], hailed as a trailblazer in the technology that was a precursor to [[semiconductor]]s,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmSDBhxvDHc |title=SemiconIndia 2022 Day 1 |language=en |access-date=2024-04-28 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Paving the Way for India's Semiconductor Future – ScienceIndiamag |url=https://www.scienceindiamag.in/paving-the-way-for-indias-semiconductor-future/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bose’s depiction in the book resonates well with the government’s emphasis on self-reliance in the [https://www.mygov.in/campaigns/stip-2020/ Science, Technology, and Innovation] (STI) ecosystems in the country.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Author ==
[[Sudipto Das]], an [[IIT Kharagpur]] alumnus and a veteran in the [[semiconductor industry]], is also an entrepreneur,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sudipto Das - Author Biography |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/author/sudipto-das |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref> musician,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-20 |title=Musically apt |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/200218/musically-apt.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> social worker,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Sravasti |date=2020-04-02 |title=An apartment in Bengaluru is distributing groceries to daily wage earners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/an-apartment-in-bengaluru-is-distributing-groceries-to-daily-wage-earners/article31237291.ece |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> columnist,<ref name=":4" /> and speaker at TED events.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MJvuYohS9M |title=How my passion guided me towards the road not taken {{!}} Sudipto Das {{!}} TEDxBMSCE |language=en |access-date=2024-04-28 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

Born in Calcutta in 1973 to a family that fled Bangladesh during the [[partition riots]] of 1947, Sudipto grew up listening to horrid stories of the partition, something he extensively used later in his debut novel, [[The Ekkos Clan]], published in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudipto Das: books, biography, latest update |url=https://www.amazon.in/stores/author/B00K7Y2ZWA/about |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Amazon.in |language=en-in}}</ref> A violinist trained in Western classical music, Sudipto debuted as a music composer in 2014 when he recreated Eastern European melodies of the 1940s for the war musical [[Schweik in the Second World War|Schweyk in the Second World War]] by [[Bertolt Brecht]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-25 |title=Stories of yore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Elements ==

=== Summary ===
A forgotten genius, Sir J. C. Bose defied norms in science and life. A co-inventor of radio and pioneer in semiconductors and wireless communication, he fascinated [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] yet faded from memory. Das's book delves into Bose's remarkable life, intertwined with [[Indian independence movement|India's struggle for freedom]], and explores his complex relationships, especially with [[Sister Nivedita]] and [[Sara Chapman Bull]], that defied easy definition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sudipto |url=https://www.amazon.in/Jagadish-Chandra-Bose-Reluctant-Physicist-ebook/dp/B0CPFXFB5P |title=Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist |date=2023-12-01 |publisher=Paper Missile |language=English}}</ref>

=== Narrative ===
Praised for its captivating narrative, the book transcends the boundaries of a conventional scientific chronicle by exploring India’s socio-political milieu.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Ashutosh Kumar |title=At the crossroads of science and philosophy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/books/at-the-crossroads-of-science-and-philosophy-2846435 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The poetic eloquence that makes the book read more like a novelistic story<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purkayastha |first=Samir K |date=2024-03-12 |title=How Jagadish Chandra Bose, an unsung genius, fell into obscurity as a scientist |url=https://thefederal.com/category/features/how-jagadish-chandra-bose-an-unsung-genius-fell-into-obscurity-as-a-scientist-113381 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Federal |language=en}}</ref> bridges the gap between science writing and a broader readership.<ref name=":11"/>
[[File:Calcutta Launch Reluctant Physicist.jpg|thumb|Calcutta launch of "The Reluctant Physicist"]]

=== Historical Context ===
Bose lived in the best of times and the worst of times, in many ways. It is the high noon of the [[British Empire]], a defining time for great science and innovation, yet major European powers battle for global dominance and hurtle unwittingly towards devastating wars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sudipto |title=Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist |date=December 1, 2023 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-9389136999 |pages=227–228, 345–346}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCk6fTW307o |title=Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist |language=en |access-date=2024-04-28 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYSy4oBpB4g |title=The Reluctant Physicist |language=en |access-date=2024-04-28 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Bose’s story unfurls against this and the rising ferment of [[Swadeshi movement|Indian nationalism]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sudipto |title=Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist |date=December 1, 2023 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-9389136999 |pages=277–278, 322–323}}</ref> On the one hand, we see glimpses of a young [[Rabindranath Tagore]] leading the first non-violent mass resistance against the imperial decree of [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partitioning Bengal]],<ref name=":7" /> and, on the other hand, the enigmatic figure of [[Sister Nivedita]], aka Margaret Noble, an Irish-Scottish who, inspired by the firebrand monk [[Swami Vivekananda]], converts to the cause of Hindu nationalism and sparks an armed revolution against [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sudipto |title=Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist |date=December 1, 2023 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-9389136999 |pages=292}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Devangshu |date=March 20, 2024 |title=The 'inner life' of a rational scientist |url=https://www.business-standard.com/book/the-inner-life-of-a-rational-scientist-124032001142_1.html |access-date=April 28, 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> At the same time, Nivedita is liaising with the [[Unitarian Universalism|unitarian]] and [[Pacifism|pacifist]] Bose, often acting as his scientific secretary and editing his papers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sudipto |title=Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist |date=December 1, 2023 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-9389136999 |pages=341}}</ref>

The book explores this odd partnership of very antipodal characters, collaborating and influencing each other in unseeming ways, not always in mutual agreement, yet in ways that, nevertheless, transcend their differences in a grand and unified vision to make India independent and self-reliant.

The book expertly contextualises Bose’s life within the broader canvas of India’s struggle for independence.<ref name=":5" />

=== Spirituality ===
The book is divided into four parts, each exploring the theme of unity.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Ashutosh Kumar |date=2024-03-15 |title='Jagadish Chandra Bose's pursuit of unity leads him to find a commonality in life in a plant and human' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/scientist-jagadish-chandra-bose-india-research-pursuit-of-unity/article67938871.ece |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Bose belonged to the Unitarian [[Brahmo]] fraternity, like Rabindranath Tagore, [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Rammohan Roy]], and other eminent [[Bengalis]]. [[Brahmoism]] was founded on the principles of [[Advaita Vedanta]], the genesis of which is in these words from a verse in the [[Rigveda|Rig Veda]]: "Ekam sat, vipra vahudha vadanti,” there exists only One, the wise call it variously. Das gives vivid records of how, driven by this idea of universal unity, Bose explored similarities in plant and human life. He even predicted plant sentience, paving the way for [[Plant perception (physiology)|plant neurobiology]] and [[Plant cognition|cognition]].<ref name=":9" />

=== "Boseian" Myth ===
Das delves deep into the controversy surrounding the invention of radio or wireless, which, for a very long time, was attributed solely to the genius of Marconi, but not any more. [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] has formally acknowledged that Bose is the father of wireless communication with millimetre-waves,<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1109/5.658778 | title=Sir J.C. Bose diode detector received Marconi's first transatlantic wireless signal of December 1901 (The "Italian Navy Coherer" Scandal Revisited) | date=1998 | last1=Bondyopadhyay | first1=P. K. | journal=Proceedings of the IEEE | volume=86 | pages=259–285 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232181 }}</ref> used again in [[5G]]. It is his work, done in the late 19th century, that forms the foundation of technologies that power devices ranging from cellphones to microwave ovens, radios to radar, satellite television to the world’s most powerful space telescopes.<ref name=":11"/>

=== Role in Bengal Renaissance ===
At a lit-fest,<ref name=":12" /> Das highlighted that Jagadish Bose embodied the pinnacle of [[Bengal Renaissance]], championing India's scientific revival and putting it on par with Western science. Culturally, the book suggests, Bose collaborated with [[Sister Nivedita]] in resurrecting ancient Indian art, organising the first [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta painting]] exhibition at his home.<ref name=":2" />

== Reception ==
“An insightful and illuminating exploration of the life and thought of one of the greatest scientific minds that India has ever produced,” said [[Jug Suraiya]], senior journalist, [[The Times of India|Times of India]].<ref name=":0" /> “Truly delighted that Sudipto has resurrected an amazing character—a scientist and maverick—who personifies an important turn in Indian history when the likes of Vivekananda and Tagore were laying the intellectual foundations of modern India,” said eminent economist and writer [[Sanjeev Sanyal]].<ref name=":0" />

“[The] book on Jagadish Chandra Bose looks beyond his scientific contribution, providing a vivid portraiture of the legend’s life. Jagadish Bose comes alive in flesh and blood. [...] Reads like a novel,” reported [[The Times of India]].<ref name=":10" /> "More interesting was [Bose’s] personal relationship with [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Sister Nivedita]], and how he helped resurrect literature and art while simultaneously indulging in science during the [[Bengal Renaissance]],” reported [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] (Calcutta).<ref name=":2" />

[Getting] under the skin of the person... naturally brought out [Bose's] multiple facades, from a hunter chasing tigers in the Terai jungles to sculling in the freezing waters of the Cam River in Cambridge, [from] writing the first Himalayan travelogue in any language, [to] influencing Tagore to write poems inspired by stories of love and sacrifice from Indian history and mythologies, or even surreptitiously keeping quiet when, he perhaps knew, lab aides planted by Sister Nivedita in Presidency College were regularly taking out explosive materials from the laboratory to make bombs,” Das informed in a conversation with [[The Hindu]].<ref name=":9" /> “In the riveting biography,... readers are treated to a comprehensive exploration of the life and times of a man who stood at the crossroads of science, philosophy, and India’s history,... favoured and disfavoured by the English, loved and hated by his peers, and mythified and forgotten by his compatriots. The scientist emerges as a contronym, a figure whose identity is paradoxical and enigmatic," observed the [[Deccan Herald]]<ref name=":5" /> in a critique.

"Bose, much before Gandhi, had his own moment of ‘Satyagraha,’” said the [[Press Trust of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/a-genius-bose-lived-life-blasting-through-cliches-sudipto-das-author-of-the-reluctant-physicist-/1324047 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref> “The book’s true worth lies in its exposition of Bose’s ‘inner life’," commented the [[Business Standard]]<ref name=":8" /> in a review of the book. “Sudipto Das bridges the gap between science writing and a broader readership to provide a very accessible story about one of the greatest sons of our nation," said the [[Firstpost]].<ref name=":11" /> "Sir JC Bose is being resurrected, [...] book after book," observed The Tribune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Backflap |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/book-reviews/backflap-589703 |date=February 11, 2024 |access-date=May 1, 2024 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> "When the British found the idea of Indians engaging in science unacceptable, Bose stood firm, advocating that both Indian and Western science should progress together," said the Bangladeshi newspaper ''[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 2024 |title=New book on Jagadish Chandra Bose looks beyond his scientific contribution |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/730792 |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref> "Das digs deep into Bose’s life to demystify the 'Boseian' myth," reported financialsamachar.com.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title='Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Reluctant Physicist' attempts to demystify the "Boseian" myth |url=https://financialsamachar.com/jagadish-chandra-bose-the-reluctant-physicist-attempts-to-demystify-the-boseian-myth/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Financial Samachar |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Scroll.in]] published an excerpt from the book with the title, "From the biography: When Jagadish Chandra Bose’s father put his young son under an ex-pirate’s care."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Sudipto |date=2024-01-12 |title=From the biography: When Jagadish Chandra Bose's father put his young son under an ex-pirate's care |url=https://scroll.in/article/1061860/from-the-biography-when-jagadish-chandra-boses-father-put-his-young-son-under-an-ex-pirates-care |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> [[ThePrint]] published another excerpt with the comment, "Sudipto... delves into the life of a reluctant, forgotten physicist."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Sudipto |date=2024-03-13 |title=JC Bose didn't invent the radio. But Bengalis think he did way before Marconi |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/jc-bose-didnt-invent-the-radio-but-bengalis-think-he-did-way-before-marconi/1997994/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> It had an ambiguous title, though: "JC Bose didn’t invent the radio. But Bengalis think he did, way before Marconi."

=== Criticism ===
Some readers critique factual liberties in the book in the form of creative licence.<ref name=":11" /> Academics wish for more scientific references.<ref name=":10" />

== References ==
<references />
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]

Nagpur metropolitan area

2026-01-22T16:48:43Z

SoftifyInsights: made.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagpur Metropolitan Area (Greater Nagpur)
| settlement_type = [[Metropolitan region]]
| image_skyline =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Talukas of Maharashtra|Talukas]]<ref name="nmrda.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nmrda.org/|title=Nagpur Metropolitan Region Development Authority - NMRDA|website=www.nmrda.org|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref>
| subdivision_name3 = {{flatlist|
* Nagpur (Rural)
* [[Kamptee taluka|Kamthi]]
* [[Hingna]]
* [[Parseoni]]
* [[Mauda]]
* [[Savner]] (Part)
* [[Umred]] (Part)
* [[Kalameshwar]] (Part)
* [[Kuhi]] (Part)
}}
| population_urban =
| population_metro =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_as_of =
| area_footnotes =
| area_metro_km2 = 3780
| area_urban_km2 =
| population_total =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| image_map =
| image_map1 =
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5.30
| blank_name_sec1 = Development Authority
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Nagpur Metropolitan Region Development Authority|NMRDA - Nagpur Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Chairman
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Eknath Shinde]], [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|CM]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Minister Responsible
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Metropolitan Commissioner
| blank3_info_sec1 = Shri. ManojKumar Suryawanshi ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| map_caption1 =
}}

The '''Nagpur metropolitan area''' or '''Greater Nagpur''' is a metropolitan area in Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].

== History ==
In 1999, a notification was sent out by the State of [[Maharashtra]] announced the Nagpur Metropolitan Area, comprising [[Nagpur]] [[City]], Nagpur Gramin, [[Hingna]], Parshivni, [[Mauda]], Kamptee taluka and parts of [[Savner]], [[Kalmeshwar]], [[Umred]] and [[Kuhi]] talukas. The boundaries of the metro region around the municipal corporation limits of the city were described, and the [[Mumbai]] metropolitan area and [[Pune]] metro areas were declared.

Later on a notification dt. 24 December 2002, the government extended the jurisdiction of NIT<ref name="NIT">{{cite web|url=http://www.nitnagpur.org|title=Nagpur Improvement Trust}}</ref> outside the NMC<ref name="NMC">{{cite web|url=http://59.90.39.15:8081/NMCEIP/index.jsp|title=Nagpur Municipal Corporation|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607103433/http://59.90.39.15:8081/NMCEIP/index.jsp|archivedate=7 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> limit under clause 1(2) of NIT Act-1936 as "Nagpur Metropolitan Area" <ref name="Metro Region">{{cite web|url=http://www.nitnagpur.org/metro.html|title=Nagpur Metropolitan Area|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217192006/http://nitnagpur.org/metro.html|archivedate=17 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in connection to notification of 1999 which ranges approximately 25 to 40 km area away from NMC limit.

==Objectives of metro region planning==

*Laying down broad policies and directions of growth in the principal zones
*Determining the hierarchy of roads and access ways in coordination with existing roads proposed D. P. roads
*Establishing the zoning of land use on the lands falling within 25 to 40 km are of the township
*Determining the standards for common facilities like education health and social facilities for the resident population
*Ensuring planned development in fringe areas

==Planning area under metro region==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Area of Nagpur district
|9810 km2
|-
|Area proposed for metro region
|25 to 40 km
|-
|Area under Nagpur municipal limit
|3780 km2
|-
|Area under Nagpur City municipal limit
|216 km2
|-
|}

==Two phases of proposed metro region==
NIT proposed the metro region plan in two phases:

*Phase I: Area - 1520 km2 (i.e. boundary of R. P.)
*Phase II: Area - 2260 km2

NIT is framing the policy for metro region planning and once the plan is finalised, different town planning schemes will be taken up for development.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India}}

[[Category:Nagpur]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of India]]

Srirangam Srimad Andavan Ashramam

2026-01-15T07:06:19Z

SoftifyInsights: Made

The '''Srirangam Srimad Andavan Ashramam''' is a Hindu institution of the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition dedicated to the propagation of [[Ramanuja]]'s and [[Vedanta Desika]]'s philosophy of [[Vishishtadvaita]]. The head of the institution is known as the "Andavan" or "Andavan Swamigal", a title that is believed to be given by the deity [[Ranganatha]] himself to the first seer.

It is often listed with other institutions of this tradition, such as the [[Parakala Mutt|Parakala Matha]], [[Ahobila Mutt|Ahobila Matha]] and the Poundarikapuram Andavan Ashramam.

The main activities of the institution include conducting the sacraments of [[samashrayana]] and bharanyasa, kalakshepams (higher spiritual lessons), and Vedic and Western education through schools and secular colleges, managing and funding various temples and [[Divya Desam|Divya Desams]], and spreading the teachings of Ramanuja through its various centres.

==Centres==
The headquarters of this [[Ashram|ashrama]] (hermitage) is in Srirangam, associated with its [[acharya]]s (preceptors). The institution has centres spread across India and the United States. Most centres have both temples and schools. Some cities that contain ashrams of this institution are Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore (two centres), Nellore, Kolkata, Chennai, Brindavan, Badrinath, Hyderabad (two centres), Aurangabad, and Tirupati. The institution also runs an Arts and Science college in [[Srirangam]].

==Worship==
The main symbol of worship and the central theme of the institution's philosophical approach is Ranganatha's [[paduka]]s (sandals). The deity venerated in this ashram is Venugopala, a form of [[Krishna]].

==Pontiff==
The current pontiff is Sri Varaha Mahadesikan (Andavan), a scholar (with traditional doctoral-equivalents) in [[nyaya]] and tarka (logic) and [[Vishishtadvaita]] Vedhanta.

==See also==

* [[Sri Vaishnavism]]
* [[Ramanuja]]
* [[Vedanta Desika]]
* [[Ahobila Mutt]]
* [[Parakala Mutt]]
----

==External links==
* http://www.ramanujamission.org/general1.php?id1=9&id2=0 - Lineage source: Sri Ramanuja Mission's Web Site
* https://www.pbase.com/svami/periyaashramam - Pictures of deities
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20031102194812/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2002/12/13/stories/2002121301430800.htm Article Title]}} Srimad - A sample story from The Hindu - 13 December 2002
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ashrams]]
[[Category:Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Sri Vaishnavism]]

Debagarh district

2026-01-07T03:30:23Z

SoftifyInsights:

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Debagarh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Debagarh district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Deogarh district
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]] of [[Odisha]]
| image_skyline = Deojharan water fall.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Deojharan waterfall
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Odisha
| coordinates = {{coord|21.533|N|84.733|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1 January 1994
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Debagarh|Deogarh]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[District collector|Collector]]
| leader_name1 = Somesh Kumar Upadhyay [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2781.66
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 312,520
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 30
| population_density_km2 = 106
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="districtcensus"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Mundari language|Munda]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 768108
| registration_plate = OD-28
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 976 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 73.07%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = 1, Deogarh
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Aw]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1014.2|mm|in}}
| website = {{URL|www.deogarh.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| area_land_km2 = 2150
}}
'''Debagarh district''', also known as '''Deogarh district''', is a district of [[Odisha]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]]. Located in the north-western part of the state, it is one of Odisha's 30 administrative districts and has its headquarters at [[Debagarh]] (Deogarh) town.

The district covers an area of 2781.66 km² and has a population of 312,520 (2011 Census). As of 2011, it is the least populous district of [[Odisha]] (out of [[List of districts of Odisha|30]]).<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Jharsuguda|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/928/download/36580/DH_2011_2104_PART_A_DCHB_DEBAGARH.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Bamra State}}
The district was created on 1 January 1994 by bifurcating the erstwhile [[Sambalpur district]]. It is domiciled by both tribal and non-tribal people in almost equal proportion.

[[Debagarh|Deogarh]] is the former capital of Bamanda or [[Bamra]] princely state of British India. The king of this princely state belongs to Ganga vamsi dynasty and one of the extended royal family of Gajapati emperor of Odisha.

Raja Shri Basudeb Sudhal Deb (1869–1903) was an enlightened ruler, he did much to further conditions in princely state and for the cause of Oriya nationalism. His contribution was more towards Literature, Education and Art. He established an educational institution, which is currently well known as [[Raja Basu Dev High School]]. His son had equally contributed to the social, cultural and scientific development of Deogarh. Bamanda was the first princely state to introduce postal, telegraph and electricity in India.

Bamanda is a citadel of creative artists which dates back to 5th century A.D. when [[Mathara dynasty|Mathara]] Royal Family was at the helm of the Administration. After this dynasty, Ganga Rulers came into power and established their capital at Deogarh. Deogarh attained all-round prosperity during the reign of Raja Basudev Sudhal Dev, the most enlightened rulers of this clan. A new horizon was innovated in the field of communication by the foundation of Jagannath Ballav press in 1886 and publication of a weekly magazine the "Sambalpur Hitaishini" in 1889. It was during his rule that the jail, police station, post offices, Dispensaries were established and irrigation system was introduced. He had a telephone line of 78 Miles connecting Bamara and Barkote in 1900 was the longest in India during that period. Bamanda's own postal system was very developed. It got affiliated to the British Postal system in 1895. Sir Sudhal Dev, the then King of Bamanda had coined and issued postage stamps in his own Kingdom. He had promulgated paper currency also in his state.

After him, his son Raja Sachidananda Tribhuban Dev undertook the improvement activities of the erstwhile estate. He introduced a hydro-electric system in Kodarkot Waterfall by which the palace, cloth loom, and sugar factory got power supply. During the reign of Bhanuganga Tribhuban Dev, the estate of Bamra was merged with Odisha i.e. on 1 January 1948 and it became a part of the District of Sambalpur.

==Geography==
{|class="wikitable"
|+Facts and Figures
|-
|Date of formation || 01-Jan-1994
|-
|Area ||2781.66 km2
|-
|Forest Land || 1560.22 km2
|-
|Population(2001)|| 2,74,095
|-
|Males || 1,38,913
|-
|Females || 1,35,182
|-
|Population density || 93 per km2
|-
|Sex Ratio || 980 females per 1000 males
|-
|Literacy Rate || 60.78%
|-
|No. of Sub-Division || 1
|-
|No. of Tehsil ||1
|-
|No. of Blocks|| 3
|-
|No. of Villages || 7744
|-
|Average rainfall ||1014.2 mm
|-
|Postal Code ||768108
|-
| STD Code || 06641
|}

The district consists mainly of hills. The hill system of Deogarh has been categorized mainly under four ranges:
# The Khajuria Range on the north running from west–east in Badbar-Pragana of Deogarh police station having a maximum height of 745 metres.
# The Pradhanpat and Kaidanta Ranges having maximum height of 743 metres and 816 metres on the North.
# The Pawri Range on the eastern side of the [[Brahmani River]] which is 678 Metres in height.
# The Ushakothi Range in Kansar & Reamal police stations. The hill ranges have elevation ranging from 610 metres to 762 metres from the mean sea level.

The soil groups of this district are mainly [[Loam|sandy, loamy soil]] and [[red soil]].

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Debagarh one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 19 districts in [[Odisha]] receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=September 8, 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=September 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2012 }}</ref>

As it is an industry less district the people depend solely upon agriculture. It is a part of the [[Red Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |title=83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme |publisher=IntelliBriefs |date=2009-12-11 |access-date=2011-09-17 |archive-date=2011-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027115807/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Tourism===
The government has undertaken a number of efforts to support tourism in the district, based on its natural environment and cultural heritage.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} There are a number of tourists places listed on the official district website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deogarh.nic.in/tourist-places/|title=Enchanting Tourist Places in Deogarh District|access-date=2011-09-17}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=59,882|13=1911|14=69,341|15=1921|16=72,488|17=1931|18=81,007|19=1941|20=91,241|21=1951|22=98,769|23=1961|24=1,22,634|25=1971|26=1,63,243|27=1981|28=1,97,671|29=1991|30=2,34,238|31=2001|32=2,74,108|33=2011|34=3,12,520|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Debagarh district (2011)<ref name="census2011-religion">{{cite web|title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Odisha|Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Odisha|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|4.65}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.64}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Debagarh district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 312,520,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Iceland]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population|url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = June 13, 2007|access-date=2011-10-01| quote =Iceland 311,058 July 2011 est.}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 571st in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|106|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.88%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Debagarh has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 976 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 73.07%. 7.16% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 16.67% and 35.33% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Debagarh district (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/>
| label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]] | value1 = 89.88 | color1 = saddlebrown
| label2 = [[Mundari language|Munda]] | value2 = 3.31 | color2 = teal
| label3 = [[Kurukh language|Kisan]] | value3 = 2.60 | color3 = limegreen
| label4 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] | value4 = 1.83 | color4 = burlywood
| label5 = Others | value5 = 2.38 | color5 = Grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 89.94% of the population in the district spoke [[Odia language|Odia]], 3.31% [[Mundari language|Mundari]], 2.6% [[Kurukh language|Kisan]], 1.83% [[Sadri language|Sadri]] and 0.91% [[Ho language|Ho]] as their first language.<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10217/download/13329/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX|website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Education==
There are a number of educational institutes present including [[Raja Basudev High School]]. In 2017 Govt. of Odisha established one Government Polytechnic at Purunagarh in Deogarh district.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Three engineering branches namely civil, electrical and mining are there .

== Transportation ==
Air: – The nearest airports for visiting places of interest in Deogarh District are at [[Jharsuguda]] (98 km), [[Bhubaneswar]] (265 km) and [[Raipur]] (376 km).

Rail: - The nearest rail heads for Deogarh are at Sambalpur (90 km), Bamra on the [[Tatanagar-Bilaspur section]] of [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]] (103 km), [[Jharsuguda]] (98 km) and Rourkela (115 km)

Road: - Deogarh is connected with [[National Highway 6 (India, old numbering)|NH6]] (Part of [[AH46]]) ([[Mumbai]]-[[Kolkata]]) and [[NH200]] ([[Raipur]]-[[Chandikhole]]).The city is 90 km from [[Sambalpur]], 115 km from [[Rourkela]] and 265 km from [[Bhubaneswar]].

==Politics==
===Vidhan sabha constituency===
{{main|List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha}}
Deogarh have only 1 [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan sabha]] constituency.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://deogarh.nic.in/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050312123907/http://www.orissagov.nic.in/panchayat/debagarh.htm Debagarh at a Glance]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Debagarh district
|North = [[Sundergarh district]]
|Northeast =
|East =
|Southeast = [[Anugul district]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Sambalpur district]]
|West =
|Northwest =
}}
{{Debagarh district}}
{{Western Odisha}}
{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Debagarh district| ]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1994]]
[[Category:Districts of Odisha]]

Punjab State Information Commission

2025-11-11T18:35:05Z

SoftifyInsights: New!

{{Short description|Statutory body in Punjab, India}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Punjab State Information Commission
|| native_name =
| established = 2 March 2006
| location = Red Cross Building, Near Rose Garden, Sector 16, Chandigarh
0172-2864105.Email ID-pcic20@punjabmail.gov.in.<ref name="pic ref1">{{cite web |title=Punjab State Information Commission |url=http://infocommpunjab.com/ContactUs.aspx |website=Punjab State Information Commission |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref>
| appeals =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of [[Ageing|age]] (whichever is earlier)
| website = http://infocommpunjab.com/
| motto = सूचना जनाधिकार:॥ ''(Soochna Janadhikaraha) Information is the right of the people.'' ([[Sanskrit]])
| authority = [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
| chiefjudgetitle = State Chief Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename = Sh. Inderpal Singh
| chiefjudgetitle2 =
| chiefjudgename2 =
}}
'''Punjab State Information Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] body constituted by the state government of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] through a notification in [[Government gazette|official Gazette]].

== History and Objective ==

Punjab State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

Punjab State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right To Information Act.<ref name="pic ref4">{{cite news |title=Curious case of lawyer who wants info his way |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/curious-case-of-lawyer-who-wants-info-his-way/ |access-date=20 January 2022 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CM office PIO pulled up for not pursuing RTI plea |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/cm-office-pio-pulled-up-for-not-pursuing-rti-plea/ |access-date=20 January 2022 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=3 May 2011}}</ref>
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right To Information Act.<ref name="pic ref2">{{cite news |title=Info panel tells 'unresponsive' official to reply to RTI request |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/info-panel-tells-unresponsive-official-to-reply-to-rti-request/ |access-date=20 January 2022 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="pic ref3">{{cite news |title=Fortis covered under RTI Act |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/fortis-covered-under-rti-act/ |access-date=20 January 2022 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=13 May 2011}}</ref>
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.

Punjab Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005 effectively by general public.

Punjab State Information Commission had started video-conferencing facility for resolving pleas received under Right To Information Act 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/video-conferencing-starts-with-cic-marking-probe-in-land-fraud-case/|title=Video conferencing starts with CIC marking probe in land fraud case|access-date=20 January 2022|publisher=indianexpress.com|date=4 March 2011}}</ref>

== Tenure and Service ==

Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

Punjab Chief Information Commissioner (CIC), Information Commissioner (IC) and State Information Commissioner's salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Powers and Functions ==

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.

The commission has civil judicial authority for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped [[affidavit]].

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

Punjab State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases, similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> A shortage of available staff has produced a backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh has the largest backlog as of October 2014. States like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints.<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, Assam State Information Commissions is critical in preserving public accountability in government and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://infocommpunjab.com/ Official website]


[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]

Gaurav Bhatt

2025-10-23T18:13:34Z

SoftifyInsights: New A Info Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian music director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gaurav Bhatt
| image = Gaurav Bhatt 1.jpg
| caption = Las Vegas, Nevada
| birth_name = Gaurav Bhatt
| occupation = Music director, singer
| homepage =
| relatives = [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]] [[Salil Bhatt]] (Uncle) [[Krishna Bhatt]] (Uncle)
}}

'''Gaurav Bhatt''' is a music director, singer, songwriter, and guitarist from [[Jaipur]], India. He has an Indian classical background and sings in the traditional Indian style. Known for his fine work in Fusion (Indian Classical + Jazz),<ref>{{cite news|title=Software engineers to make a music album|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Gaurav-Bhatt-Shikha-Charvi-Dutt-Gaurav-Gaur-Hiren-Pandya/articleshow/24803565.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 October 2013 | first=Richa | last=Shukla | accessdate=12 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Fusion|title=Mora Mann|date=7 November 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3a1tbrrqnY|publisher=Gaurav}}</ref> Romantic and Instrumentals melodies.

Gaurav's popular music videos "Sun Kabhi" (launched by actress [[Urvashi Rautela]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Coming soon 'sun kabhi'|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=i2psXvtrUDQ4Xh20at20OBiHM3dPulsncnXlEYH3dPulsRxLaS44s=}}</ref> "Katra Katra" and "Ye Faasley" are playing on [[MTV India]] in the [[Indie Pop]] category on national television in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pepsimtvindies.com/videos/music-videos/gaurav-bhatt-shikha-bhatt-sun-kabhi-100211818.html | publisher= MTV | title=Sun Kabhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pepsimtvindies.com/videos/music-videos/gaurav-bhatt-shikha-bhatt-katra-katra-sa-100211677.html | work= Pepsi MTV Indies | title=Katra Katra sa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPsDbmxOQCo | work= Unisys | title=Ye Faasley| date= 9 September 2015 }}</ref>
Composed songs for Kingfisher backstage<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gaurav|title=Kingfisher Artists|url=http://kingfisherworld.com/backstage/artist?name=Z2F1cmF2LWFuZC1zaGlraGEtYmhhdHQ=|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915121048/http://kingfisherworld.com/backstage/artist?name=Z2F1cmF2LWFuZC1zaGlraGEtYmhhdHQ=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kingfisfer|title=Saawariya|date=11 February 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDRxh2JWCes|publisher=King of Good Times / Kingfisher Premium Calendar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kingfisfer|title=More Piya Gaye|date=25 February 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zUiZ_MVpro|publisher=fridaymoviez}}</ref> and for various other channels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gaurav Bhatt|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/singer/gaurav-bhatt}}</ref> Accompanied Great maestros like Pt. [[Krishna Bhatt]], Ghazal Maestros [[Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain]], [[Shubha Mudgal]]. His band "Heat Strokes" was invited by [[Coke Studio (India)|Coke Studio]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Coke Studio|url=http://www.bluefrog.co.in/events/leapfrog-coke-studio-6|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917102218/http://www.bluefrog.co.in/events/leapfrog-coke-studio-6|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Background==

Gaurav was born in [[Bikaner]], Rajasthan. Gaurav is a MCA from the [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BITians are Rocking in the music Industry|url=http://www.bitosaglobal.org/news/13086}}</ref> He has worked with top IT companies like [[Mahindra Satyam|Satyam]], [[Wipro Infotech]] and [[Appirio]] to name some.

=== Discography ===
[[File:Gaurav bhatt sunkabhi shoot.jpg|thumb|Sun Kabhi song shoot]]
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Music director !! Singer !! Video Director
|-
| 2021
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PhwODBsJcE Ye Raat Atak Gayi]
| Gaurav Bhatt
| Gaurav Bhatt
| Satvik Bhatt
|-
| 2017
| [https://www.youtube.com/shared?ci=usz-dw3_vpE Aapse Mile Hue]
| Gaurav Bhatt & Shikha Bhatt
| Gaurav Bhatt
| [[Aditya J Patwardhan]]
|-
| 2016
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQkLuAZv1sU Sun Kabhi]
| Gaurav Bhatt
| Gaurav Bhatt
| Hiren Pandya Rahi
|-
| 2015
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPsDbmxOQCo Ye Faasley]
| Gaurav Bhatt
| Gaurav Bhatt
| Karan Raj Solanki
|-
| 2015
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7QRtwgnEYE Katra Katra]
| Gaurav Bhatt
| Gaurav Bhatt, Shikha Bhatt
| [[Aditya J Patwardhan]]
|-
| 2015
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDRxh2JWCes Saawariya]
| Gaurav Bhatt
| Gaurav Bhatt, Shikha Bhatt
| Twilight Entertainment Pvt Ltd
|-
| 2014
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SGSZNOf7oA Bheed mein tanha]
| Gaurav Bhatt
| Gaurav Bhatt
| Hiren Pandya Rahi
|-
| 2013
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3a1tbrrqnY Mora Mann]
| Gaurav Bhatt
| Gaurav Bhatt, Shikha Bhatt
| [[Aditya J Patwardhan]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5704943}}
* {{cite news | url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNJAI74290 | work=DNA news | title=Reviving Ghazal | date=25 January 2017}}
* {{cite news | url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/epapermain.aspx?pgNo=1&edcode=1310021&eddate=2016-7-15 | work=DNA news | title=Meera Bai's poetry to get a contemporary touch | date=15 July 2016}}
* {{cite news | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JAI-HMU-MAT-latest-jaipur-news-035003-533064-NOR.html | work=Dainik Bhasker | title= गौरव भट्ट के गीत 'सुन कभी' को तीन लाख लोगों ने सुना | date=11 July 2016}}
* {{cite news | url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=80632&boxid=339390&ed_date=2016-03-27&ed_code=1310021&ed_page=1 | work=DNA news | title=city-based singer and composer | date=27 March 2016}}
* {{cite news | url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=71110&boxid=93232&ed_date=2015-09-08&ed_code=1310021&ed_page=4 | work=DNA news | title=Love song to make your heart skip a beat! | date=8 September 2015}}
* {{cite news | url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=54365&boxid=15451&ed_date=2014-09-19&ed_code=1310021&ed_page=1 | work=DNA news | title=A zero-budget LA product | date=19 September 2014}}
* {{cite news | url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=51853&boxid=15592&ed_date=2014-7-11&ed_code=1310021&ed_page=1 | work=DNA news | title=A common thread | date=11 July 2014}}
* {{cite news | url=http://www.einnews.com/pr_news/291206074/polish-actress-diana-matlak-to-star-in-gaurav-bhatt-s-upcoming-music-video | title=Polish Actress Diana Matlak To Star in Gaurav Bhatt's Upcoming Music Video}}
* {{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Gaurav-Bhatt-Shikha-Charvi-Dutt-Gaurav-Gaur-Hiren-Pandya/articleshow/24803565.cms | title=Software engineers to make a music album | work=The Times of India | location=Jaipur | date=28 October 2013}}
* {{cite web|last1=Gaurav|title=Kingfisher Artists|url=http://kingfisherworld.com/backstage/artist?name=Z2F1cmF2LWFuZC1zaGlraGEtYmhhdHQ=|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915121048/http://kingfisherworld.com/backstage/artist?name=Z2F1cmF2LWFuZC1zaGlraGEtYmhhdHQ=|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-latest-hindi-song-music-video-ye-raat-atak-gayi-sung-by-gaurav-bhatt/videoshow/80650876.cms? | title=Check Out Latest Hindi Song Music Video - 'Ye Raat Atak Gayi' Sung By Gaurav Bhatt
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Gaurav}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Indian pop composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]

Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital

2025-10-15T08:05:19Z

SoftifyInsights:

{{Short description|Indian hospital chain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital Limited
| logo = Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital.svg
| image =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public limited company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|526783}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE934C01018}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1957}}
| founders = [[Jaiveer Agarwal]] Tahira Agarwal
| hq_location_city = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| industry = [[Healthcare]]
| products = [[Ophthalmology]]
| area_served = India, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
| key_people = [[Amar Agarwal|Dr. Amar Agarwal]] (MD)
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{URL|www.dragarwal.com}}
}}
'''Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital''' is a chain of eye specialty hospitals in India, headquartered in [[Chennai]]. It was founded by [[Jaiveer Agarwal|Dr. Jaiveer Agarwal]] and his wife Dr. Tahira Agarwal as an eye care centre in Chennai. It has grown to 180+ centres across India and 15 centres overseas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/200807/coverstory09.shtml|title= Insight into Healthcare - Dr Agarwal's Eye Hospital, Chennai|date=July 2008|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=Dr Agarwals acquires five eye hospitals in Pune |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/dr-agarwals-acquires-five-eye-hospitals-in-pune/article65732164.ece |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=110+ Eye Hospitals - Find Eye Hospitals Near You for Eye Check-up & Treatment Online |url=https://www.dragarwal.com/eye-hospitals/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Dr. Agarwals |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Amar Agarwal|Dr. Amar Agarwal]] is the chairman and managing director of Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitals/interview-dr-amar-agarwal-chairman-md-dr-agarwals-eye-hospital-chennai/49282756|title=Interview: Dr. Amar Agarwal, Chairman & MD, Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital, Chennai - ET HealthWorld|last=www.ETHealthworld.com|website=ETHealthworld.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>

==Founder==
[[Jaiveer Agarwal]] born on 24 September 1930 along with his family members lead this hospital. He was the founder and chairperson of this hospital and also the recipient of the national award [[Padma Bhushan]] from [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] in March, 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/padma-awards-presented/article3167353.ece|title= Padma Awards presented|date=21 March 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> His wife Tahira Agarwal and son [[Amar Agarwal]] are both ophthalmologists. Jaiveer Agarwal died on 16 November 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/200912/market41.shtml|title= Founder of Dr Agarwal's Eye Hospital Passes Away|date=November 2009|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Ophthalmologist-Jaiveer-Agarwal-passes-away/article16892538.ece|title=Ophthalmologist Jaiveer Agarwal passes away|date=16 November 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=Ramya|last=Kannan|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Services at Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital|url=http://www.dragarwal.com/services/services.php|publisher=Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221050010/http://www.dragarwal.com/services/services.php|archive-date=2014-02-21}}</ref>

==Centres==
===India===
[[File:Dr.Agarwal Eye Hospital.JPG|thumb|A branch of Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital in [[Chennai]].]]
Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital has 167 branches across 17 states in India. Some of the relevant are 18 each in [[Chennai]] and 20+ in rest of [[Tamil Nadu]], eleven branches in [[Bengaluru]], 10 branches in [[Hyderabad]] (Telangana - Dilsukhnagar, Gachibowli, Himayat Nagar, Madeenaguda, Mehdipatnam, Panjagutta, Santhosh Nagar, Secunderabad, Kukatpally & Uppal), 8 in Andhra Pradesh (Guntur, Nellore, Tirupati, Rajahmundry and Visakhapatnam (Main),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/dr-agarwals-eye-hospital-enters-ap/article3401314.ecep|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140219162216/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/dr-agarwals-eye-hospital-enters-ap/article3401314.ecep|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2014|title=Dr Agarwal's Eye Hospital entered Andhra Pradesh with five branches|date=9 May 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> one branch each in [[Jaipur]] (Rajasthan), [[Port Blair]], Two branches in Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram & Kottayam), two branches in [[Kolkata]], three branches in the rest of [[Karnataka]] (Hubli and Mysore), two branches in [[Odisha]] (Cuttack and Bhubaneswar), 20 branches in Maharashtra (Pune, Vashi, Tardeo, Chembur and many more), 3 branches in Madhya Pradesh (Palasia, Annapurna, Ashta and 6 branch in Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar, Surat
and Vapi).<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospitals Branches|url=http://www.dragarwal.com/branches.php|publisher=Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223100603/http://www.dragarwal.com/branches.php|archive-date=2014-02-23}}</ref>

On 6 November 2019, a new facility is launched at Raja Rajeshwari Nagar, Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Agarwal's eye hospital launches new facility at Raja Rajeswari Nagar|url=https://medicaldialogues.in/bengaluru-dr-agarwals-eye-hospital-launches-new-facility-at-raja-rajeswari-nagar/ |publisher= Medical Dialogues|date=2019-11-06}}</ref>

On 5 August 2022, it announced the [[Mergers and acquisitions|acquisition]] of five hospitals in Maharashtra.<ref name=":0" />

===Overseas===
Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital has one branch in [[Ghana]] ([[Accra]]), one branch in [[Kenya]] ([[Nairobi]]), one branch in [[Madagascar]] ([[Antananarivo|Anatananarivo]]), three branches in [[Mauritius]] ([[Ebene, Mauritius|Ebene]], [[Centre de Flacq|Centre De Flacq]] and [[Goodlands, Mauritius|Goodlands]]), two branches in [[Mozambique]] ([[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]] and [[Maputo]]), one branch in [[Nigeria]] ([[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]]), two branches in [[Rwanda]] ([[Kigali]] and [[Rusizi District|Rusizi]]), one branch in [[Tanzania]] ([[Dar es Salaam|Dar Es Salaam]]), one branch in [[Uganda]] ([[Kampala]]) and two in [[Zambia]] ([[Kitwe]] and [[Lusaka]]).<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[Healthcare in Chennai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Agarwal's Eye Hospital}}
[[Category:Hospital networks in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Eye care in India]]
[[Category:Eye hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Chennai]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1957]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

1551 in India

2025-09-15T10:49:20Z

SoftifyInsights: improved article

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1551}}

Events from the year '''1551 in India'''.

==Events==
* The first volume of "História do descobrimento e conquista da Índia pelos portugueses" (History of the discovery and conquest of India by the Portuguese) by Portuguese historia [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] is published

==Births==
* [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]], Muslim historian of late medieval India (died [[1621 in India#Deaths|1621]])

==Deaths==
* [[Hindal Mirza]] [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] prince and youngest son of Emperor [[Babur]] dies (born [[1519 in India|1519]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Balabanlilar|first=Lisa|title=Imperial identity in the Mughal Empire : Memory and Dynastic politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London|page=112|isbn=9781848857261}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=yBwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=1 História do descobrimento e conquista da Índia pelos portugueses, Book I] (full text in Portuguese).

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1551}}

[[Category:1551 in India| ]]
[[Category:1551 by country]]
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]
[[Category:1551 in Asia]]
[[Category:1550s in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Zee Live

2025-08-28T12:20:53Z

SoftifyInsights: Done...

{{short description|Entertainment company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{morefootnotes|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zee Live
| logo = Zee_Live_logo.jpeg
| logo_size = 250px
| key_people = [[Swaroop Banerjee]] (COO & Business Head)<ref name=Banerjee>{{cite news |url=https://www.adgully.com/swaroop-banerjee-to-head-zee-entertainment-s-live-business-80634.html|title=Swaroop Banerjee to head Zee Entertainment's Live business |work=Adgully}}</ref>
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zeeentertainment.com/contact-us/|title=Zee Entertainment: Contact us|website=Zee Entertainment|access-date=20 March 2020|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520191221/https://www.zeeentertainment.com/contact-us|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| industry = [[Live Entertainment]]
| products = Arth - A Culture Fest, Supermoon, Zee Educare
}}

'''Zee Live''' is an IP division of [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] that aims to create programming for all age groups in India. Currently under its umbrella are 3 productions – Arth – A Culture Fest<ref name=glimpse>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/feb/20/a-glimpse-into-indias-rich-culture-in-one-fest-2105811.html|title=A glimpse into India's rich culture in one fest|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> in culture, Supermoon in music<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/jan/19/prateek-kuhad-conquering-the-global-stage-one-step-at-a-time-2090231.html|title=Prateek Kuhad: Conquering the global stage one step at a time|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and comic,<ref name=Peters>{{cite news |url=https://indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/supermoon-once-again-public-demand-gets-russell-peters-back-to-india-190826|title=
Supermoon once again! Public demand gets Russell Peters back to India|work=Indian Television}}</ref> and Zee Educare in education. Swaroop Banerjee now heads Zee Live.<ref name=Banerjee/>

== Divisions ==

===Arth – A Culture Fest===
The first season<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/zee-group-announces-indias-first-culture-quest-arth/articleshow/66030652.cms|title=ZEE group announces India’s first culture quest, Arth|work=Economic Times}}</ref> of Arth was held on 1 and 2 December 2018, at P C Chandra Garden, Kolkata and on 8, 9 & 10 December 2018, at IGNCA, New Delhi, and the second season was held on 4 & 5 January 2020, at Swabhumi, Kolkata and 21, 22 and 23 February, at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arth: A Culture Fest by ZEE returns with second season in Delhi - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/arth-a-culture-fest-by-zee-returns-with-second-season-in-delhi-102654.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

===Supermoon===
Supermoon brings entertainment acts from around the world to India.<ref name=Peters/>

===Zee Educare===
Zee Educare is an alternate career festival for students.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/indias-largest-education-festival-zee-educare-to-be-hosted-in-delhi-95912.html|title=India’s largest education festival ZEE EDUCARE to be hosted in Delhi|work=Exchange4media}}</ref>

Season 1 of the festival took place on 20 and 21 April 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Educare to host its 1st edition in Delhi on 20th and 21st April 2019 - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/zee-educare-to-host-its-1st-edition-in-delhi-on-20th-and-21st-april-2019/68774745 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref> and Season 2 on 23 and 24 November 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/zee-live-is-back-with-2nd-edition-of-its-education-festival-100244.html|title=Zee LIVE is back with 2nd edition of its education festival|work=Exchange4media}}</ref>

Zee Educare also hosts a nation-wide talent hunt titled "Big Break" where the top 5 entries are given an opportunity to perform live at the festival. The winner of the Big Break wins Rs 50,000 and the top 5 are given the opportunity to open for the headliner. <ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.zeeentertainment.com/businesses/live/ }}

[[Category:Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of India]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of India]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in India]]

Vemuri Gaggayya

2025-05-26T06:51:14Z

SoftifyInsights: Made...

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vemuri Gaggayya
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1895
| birth_place = Vemuru, [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 30 December 1955 (aged 60)
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| occupation = Actor Thespian
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
}}
'''Vemuri Gaggayya''' (1895–1955) was an Indian actor and singer known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]], and [[Telugu theatre]].

Gaggayya was an important member of the "Mylavarama Bala Bharathi Nataka Samajam" in [[Mylavaram]], Krishna district during 1913–28. Through "Mylavaram Theatre", Gaggayya became a household name for [[mythological]] roles. His theatrical performances made [[C. Pullayya]] to persuade him to enter the film industry.

In 1933, he acted in the film ''[[Sati Savitri (C. Pullayya film)|Sati Savitri]]'', directed by Pullayya, as [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]]. The film received an honorary diploma at the [[2nd Venice International Film Festival|2nd Venice Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=7 November 2010 |title=Sati Savithri (1933) |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece |access-date=8 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="SoManyCinemas">{{cite book |title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India|author=Bhagwan Das Garg|publisher=Eminence Designs|year=1996|isbn=81-900602-1-X |pages=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22East+India+Film+Company%22+-inpublisher:icon}}</ref> His other prominent roles are [[Kamsa]] in ''[[Sri Krishna Leelalu (1935 film)|Sri Krishna Leelalu]]'' (1935), Jalandhara in ''[[Sati Tulasi (1936 film)|Sati Tulasi]]'' (1936), womaniser in ''[[Chandika (film)|Chandika]]'' (1940), and [[Hiranyakashipu|Hiranyakasipu]] in ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Telugu film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1942). He is known for rendering songs such as "Po Bala Pommikan" and "Dhikkaramulu Saituna".<ref>Luminaries of 20th Century, Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, Hyderabad, 2005.</ref>

==Early life==
Gaggayya was born in 1895 at [[Vemuru]] in [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He lost his father in early childhood. His elder brother tried to educate him but failed in his efforts. He married Ramalaxmi in 1913. During those days, Surabhi Drama company used to be played throughout the Andhra Pradesh and attracted huge crowds. Influenced by this, he learned music and singing songs. He joined the same troupe and acted in many plays touring with them.

==Personal life==
His son Vemuri Ramayya was also a stage actor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.andhranatakam.com/Artists.html |title=Famous artists in Andhra Natakam |access-date=11 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026150700/http://www.andhranatakam.com/Artists.html |archive-date=26 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Death==
Vemuri Gaggayya died in 1955 on 30 December in his native village, [[Vemuru]].

==Filmography==
# ''[[Savithri (1933 film)|Savithri]] (1933)'' – [[Yama]]
# ''Seeta Kalyanam'' (1934)
# ''[[Sri Krishna Leelalu (1935 film)|Sri Krishna Leelalu]]'' (1935) – [[Kamsa]]
# ''[[Draupadi Vastrapaharanam (1936 film)|Draupadi Vastrapaharanam]]'' (1936) – [[Shishupala|Sisupala]]
# ''[[Sati Tulasi (1936 film)|Sati Tulasi]]'' (1936)
# ''Mohini Rugmangada'' (1937)
# ''Jarasandha'' (1938)
# ''Bhakta Markandeya'' (1938) – [[Yama]]
# ''[[Chandika (film)|Chandika]]'' (1940) – Giriraju
# ''[[Mahiravana]]'' (1940) – Mairavana
# ''Dakshayagnam'' (1941) – [[Daksha]]
# ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Telugu film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1942) – [[Hiranyakashipu]]
# ''[[Sri Seeta Rama Jananam|Seeta Rama Jananam]]'' (1942) – [[Ravana]]
# ''Garuda Garvabhangam'' (1943)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0300860}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaggaiah, Vemuri}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu theatre]]

Kantha, Unnao

2024-12-28T08:10:02Z

SoftifyInsights: creating a details needs work.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kantha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kāntha
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Asoha block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Kantha (#406) in Asoha CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.581933|N|80.754345|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Search for "Kantha" here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Unnao district|Unnao]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 21.551
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9973
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kantha''' is a village in [[Asoha]] block of [[Unnao district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Unnao, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=323–47 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/UPA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> It hosts two small [[mela]]s,<ref name="Gazetteer 1903">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Unao: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXVIII Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=149–50 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113180 |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> one of which is the Mahabirji-ka-Mela, held every Tuesday during the month of [[Jyaistha]].<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (37 - Unnao District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=152, 158, xcvi-xcvii of section "Purwa Tehsil", cxxvi |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1040/1/21887_1961_UNN.pdf |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> People bring sweets, toys, and other items to sell at the fair.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Kantha also hosts a market twice per week, on Mondays and Fridays, with [[vegetables]] being the main item of trade.<ref name="Census 1961"/> As of 2011, the population of Kantha is 9,973, in 2,079 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

== History ==
Kantha was historically the largest village in Asoha [[pargana]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> About 900 years ago a Lodha named Kantha is said to have cleared off the jungle which surrounded this place and people in. The name is derived from that of its founder.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08179 |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Oudh, Volume II -H to M |date=1877 |publisher=Allahabad, North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press |pages=111}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Unnao district}}

[[Category:Villages in Unnao district]]

Jagannath Temple, Chennai

2024-06-30T20:02:34Z

SoftifyInsights: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Jagannath Temple
| image = Jagannath Temple Chennai.jpg
| map_type = India Chennai
| map_caption = Location in Chennai
| coordinates = {{coord|12.8502325|80.2435036|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes=
| native_name =
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai]]
| location = Reddy Kuppam Road, [[Kannathur]], off [[East Coast Road]], Chennai
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Jagannath]], [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]]
| festivals = [[Ratha-Yatra|Ratha Yatra]]
| architecture = [[Kalinga architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 2001
| creator =
| website = [http://jagannathshrinechennai.com/index.html jagannathshrinechennai.com]
}}

'''Jagannath Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The temple is dedicated to the divine trinity [[Jagannath]], [[Balarama|Baladeva]] and [[Subhadra]]. It is located in [[Kannathur]] off the [[East Coast Road]] on the [[Bay of Bengal]] coast. The temple is built in [[Kalinga architecture]] and the annual [[Rathyatra]] is the main festival celebrated in the temple.

== Architecture ==
The temple is built in [[Kalinga architecture]] similar to the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] at [[Puri]]. There are 22 marble steps leading up to the main sanctum.<ref>{{cite book|last=Muthiah|first=S.|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|year=2008|page=106|isbn=978-81-8379-468-8}}</ref> The temple was consecrated on 26 January 2001. The temple is built of black [[granite]] sourced from [[Kancheepuram]] and [[marble]] from [[Rajasthan]] with landscaping around the temple complex. There is a large [[Dhvajastambha]] (flag pole) at the main entrance to the temple. The walls and ceilings are painted with frescoes including the depictions of the [[Dashavatara|ten incarnations of Vishnu]]. Various flowers are grown in the garden which are used for the pooja, which is conducted by priests from [[Odisha]].<ref name="Jagannath">{{cite web|title=Chennai's lord Jagannath temple|url=http://chennaionline.com/Religion/Temples/20100810120819/Chennais-lord-Jagannath-temple.col|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319233512/http://chennaionline.com/Religion/Temples/20100810120819/Chennais-lord-Jagannath-temple.col|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2011|publisher=Chennai Online|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>

== Deities ==
The temple is dedicated to the divine trinity [[Jagannath]], [[Balarama|Baladeva]] and [[Subhadra]]. The idols of the main deities are made of [[neem]] wood, similar to those at the Puri shrine. There are other smaller shrines dedicated to Hindu gods [[Narasimha|Yoganarasimha]], [[Shiva]], [[Ganesha]], [[Gajalakshmi]], [[Bimala]], and [[Navagraha]].<ref name="Jagannath"/>

== Festivals ==
The most important festival at the shrine is the [[rath yatra]], which is celebrated on the same day as in Puri. The primary deities are taken around the village during the occasion on a steel ratha, decorated with wood, cloth and flowers.<ref name="Jagannath"/>

<gallery mode="nolines" heights="200px" widths="200px">
File:Main Temple, Jagannath Temple, Chennai.jpg|Sanctum sanctorum
File:Jagannath temple Chennai Aruna Stambha.jpg|Side view
File:Jagannath temple Chennai front view.jpg|Front view
File:Rath Yatra (Car Festival) Chennai.jpg|Rath Yatra
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Religion in Chennai]]

==References==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://jagannathshrinechennai.com/index.html Official homepage of Lord Jagannath Temple, Chennai]

{{Jagannath}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}

[[Category:Jagannath temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]

C. Sreenivasan

2023-07-26T21:29:08Z

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#REDIRECT [[Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]]

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Bachhkhal

2023-03-28T21:08:28Z

SoftifyInsights: added some page from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bachhkhal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.663360812361905|N|77.04812793612652|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bachhkhal''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Bachhkhal Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Earlier, Harngaon was called Harigarh.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25| title = harangaov police station phone number| date = 10 November 2019 | newspaper = madhya pradesh Police }}</ref>{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)

2022-05-23T13:25:16Z

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#REDIRECT [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency]]

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Thyagarajan

2013-09-21T07:22:06Z

SoftifyInsights: New First Article Added Tags.

#REDIRECT [[Thiagarajan]]