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Servarayan Hills

2023-10-07T23:19:04Z

Snixtr: New

{{Short description|Mountain range in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}{{Infobox mountain
| name = Servarayan Hills
| photo = Servaray hills.jpg
| photo_caption = Servarayan Hills
| map = India Tamil Nadu
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| map_relief =
| label = Servarayan Hills
| label_position = right
| elevation_m = 1620
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| range = [[Eastern Ghats]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|50|0|N|78|16|0|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| coordinates_ref =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
| map_size =
| range_coordinates =
| native_name = {{native name|ta|Servarayan Hills}}
}}The '''Servarayan hills''', with the [[anglicised]] name '''Shevaroy Hills''', are a towering mountain range (1620 m) near the city of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], in [[Tamil Nadu]] state, southern [[India]].

The local [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name comes from a local deity, ''Servarayan''.

==Geography==
The Servarayans form part of the southern ranges of the [[Eastern Ghats]] System. Shevaroys cover an area of {{convert|400|km2|acres}},<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Shevaroy Hills |volume=24 |page=855}}</ref> with [[plateau]]s from {{convert|4000|-|5000|ft|m}} above sea-level. The main town here is [[Yercaud]].<ref name=EB1911/> As earlier stated, it also represents the highest peak in southern part of the [[Eastern Ghats]], with the Solaikaradu peak towering to 1620 m above mean sea-level. It is nestled parallel to the lower [[Chitteri|Chitteri hills]] - [[Kalrayan]] hills, just north of the [[Kolli Hills]] and [[Pachaimalai Hills]]. Westwards, lie the [[Mettur]] hills. This range forms an important link in the southern part of [[Eastern Ghats]] hill chain.{{cn|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Photograph of two men and two women of the Malaiyali tribe in the Shevaroy Hills in Tamil Nadu - 1860.jpg|thumb|300px|left|upright|A 1860 photo of Malaiyalis or, hill-dwellers of the Shevaroy Hills]]

==Features==
The Servarayan hills have several old [[coffee plantation]]s, and a [[sanatorium]]. The major areas of tourist interest are the Yercaud Orchidarium of the [[Botanical Survey of India]], and the old coffee estates.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

==Flora and fauna==
Some patches of the original forests still exist in the Shevaroy hills and those in higher slopes and peaks contain several endemic species of plants and fauna. The faunal and floral elements high up here have stark similarities to the Western Ghats. Such highlights include ''[[Strobilanthes kunthiana]]'' (Neelakurinji) in the peaks here, which apart from upper reaches of [[Western Ghats]], is not known from the [[Eastern Ghats]] elsewhere. Natural forests apart, coffee and citrus fruits, most notably oranges, are grown in abundance, as well as bananas, pears and jackfruit.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

Fauna such as [[gaur]], [[sambar deer]], [[spotted deer]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[jackal]]s, [[hare]]s, [[fox]]es, [[mongoose]], [[civets]], [[giant squirrel]]s, and many reptiles including endemic ones such ''[[Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus]]'', ''[[Calotes calotes]]'', ''[[Monilesaurus rouxii]]'', ''[[Mabuya beddomii]]'' and [[shield tail snake]] like ''[[Uropeltis ellioti]]'' and ''[[Uropeltis shorttii]]'' (which is endemic to the hill range), the endangered ''[[Python molurus]]'', ''[[Rhabdophis plumbicolor]]'', ''[[Calliophis beddomei]]'' and ''[[Trimeresurus gramineus]]''; [[endemic]] [[amphibians]] such as ''[[Hylarana]]'', ''[[Raorchestes]]'', ''[[Fejervarya]]'' and scores of birds like the [[whistling thrush]], [[racket-tailed drongo]], [[peacock]], [[Magpie-robin|shama]], [[Oriental leafbird]] and [[Indian grey hornbill]] occur in Shevaroy Hills.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Eastern Ghats}}
{{Western Ghats}}

 

{{clear}}

[[Category:Landforms of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Salem district]]
[[Category:Eastern Ghats]]
[[Category:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]]

{{SalemIN-geo-stub}}

India women's national field hockey team

2023-10-05T05:05:06Z

Snixtr: Fix errors for CW project (Punctuation in link - Link equal to linktext)

{{Short description|Women's field hockey team representing India}}
{{About|the women's team|the men's team|India men's national field hockey team}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox national field hockey team
| name = India
| type = women
| image = Hockey India Logo.svg
| size = 190px
| caption = Hockey India Logo
| association = {{plainlist|
*[[Hockey India]] (2008–present)
*[[Indian Hockey Federation]] (1925–2008)
}}
| confederation = [[Asian Hockey Federation|AHF]] ([[Asia]])
| founded =
| region = India
| rank = {{FIH Women's World Rankings|IND}}
| max rank = 6
| max date = June 2022
| nickname = Women in Blue, Nabhvarna
| coach = [[Janneke Schopman]]
| assistant = Soundarya Yendala
| manager = Ankita Billava Suresh [[Tushar Khandekar]]
| captain = [[Savita Punia]]
| most caps = [[Vandana Katariya]] (276)
| top scorer = [[Rani Rampal]] (120)
| league =
| First game = {{fhw-rt|SCO}} 6–1 {{fhw|IND}} ([[Folkestone]], England; 30 September 1953)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/India-women-take-on-Scotland-in-hockey/article15767721.ece|title=India women take on Scotland in hockey|date=3 October 2010|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=5 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605155829/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/India-women-take-on-Scotland-in-hockey/article15767721.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Largest win = {{fhw-rt|IND}} 24–0 {{fhw|NEP}} ([[Guwahati]], India; 7 February 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/24443822/indian-hockey-team-biggest-wins-hong-kong-rout-asian-games|title=Before 26–0: Indian hockey team's biggest wins before Hong Kong rout|date=22 August 2018|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215222757/https://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/24443822/indian-hockey-team-biggest-wins-hong-kong-rout-asian-games|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Largest loss = {{fhw-rt|ENG}} 18–0 {{fh|IND}} ([[Sydney]], Australia; 23 May 1956)<ref>{{cite web |title=Women Field Hockey VI IFWHA World Conference 1956 Sydney (AUS) – 23.05–03.06 South Africa |url=http://todor66.com/hockey/field/World/IFWHA_1956.html |website=todor66.com |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703183217/http://www.todor66.com/hockey/field/World/IFWHA_1956.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Olympic apps = 3
| Olympic first = 1980
| Olympic best = 4th ([[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]], [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020]])
| World cup apps = 8
| World cup first = 1974
| World cup best = 4th ([[1974 Women's Hockey World Cup|1974]])
| Regional name = [[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
| Regional cup apps = 11
| Regional cup first = [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]]
| Regional cup best = {{Asia1}} '''Champions''' ([[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]])
| 2ndRegional name = [[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| 2ndRegional cup apps = 9
| 2ndRegional cup first = [[1989 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1989]]
| 2ndRegional cup best = [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|16px]] '''Champions''' ([[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]], [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]])

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|medaltemplates=
{{MedalCount|total=yes
|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]|1|2|3
|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]|2|2|3
|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]|1|2|1
|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]|1|1|1
|[[Women's FIH Pro League|Pro League]]|0|0|1
|[[FIH Hockey Series|Hockey Series]]|1|0|0
|[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|Nations Cup]]|1|0|0
}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1982 Asian Games|1982 New Delhi]]|[[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]]|[[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta & Palambang]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1986 Asian Games|1986 Seoul]]|[[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Field hockey at the 2006 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004 New Delhi]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017 Kakamigahara, Gifu]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1999 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1999 New Delhi]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2009 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2009 Bangkok]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1993 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1993 Hiroshima]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2013 Kuala Lumpur]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016 Singapore]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2018 Donghae]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2013 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2013 Kakamigahara]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2010 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2010 Busan]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Manchester]]|[[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Melbourne]]|[[Hockey at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
}}
[[File:2022 Commonwealth Games Hockey.jpg|thumb|360px|Team England vs Team India at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]].]]
The '''Indian women's national field hockey team''' represents [[India]] in international [[field hockey]], and is governed by [[Hockey India]]. Nabhvarna are currently ranked 6th in the [[FIH World Rankings]], and are ranked as the best team in Asia. They have won the gold medals at the [[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games - Women's tournament|2002 Commonwealth Games]] and [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]]. They have also won the [[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Women's Asia Cup]] twice, i.e. in [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]] and [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]]. They also won the [[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]] in [[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]].

==History==
The team's breakthrough performance came at the [[Women's Hockey World Cup]] at [[Mandelieu]] in 1974, where it finished in 4th place. Their best performance in the [[Olympic Games]] was at [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow Summer Olympics]] (where they came in 4th), when a [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|women's event]] was held for the first time in Olympic history. The team also won the [[Gold medal]] at the inaugural [[1982 Asian Games]] held in [[New Delhi]], defeating [[Korea women's national field hockey team|Korea]] in the finals. Captain [[Suraj Lata Devi]] led the team to the [[Gold medal|Gold]] for three consecutive years at different events- during the [[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Commonwealth Games]],<ref name=2002win>{{cite web
|url=http://m2002.thecgf.com/results/default.asp?ID=MC&Content=IND_md&Type=Medal
|title=2002 Manchester: The XVII Commonwealth Games
|year=2002
|publisher=2002 Manchester: The XVII Commonwealth Games
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190932/http://m2002.thecgf.com/results/default.asp?ID=MC&Content=IND_md&Type=Medal
|archive-date=3 March 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> the 2003 [[Afro-Asian Games]], and the [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]. Team members were referred to as the "assi (Jasjeet) jaisi koi nahi" or the "Golden Girls of Hockey," after the 2004 win.<ref name=golden>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Indian-sportswomen-Still-the-second-sex/articleshow/497363.cms?|title=Indian Sportswomen: Still the Second Sex|access-date=12 April 2008|last=Pandey|first=Vineeta|date=15 February 2004|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226235826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Indian-sportswomen-Still-the-second-sex/articleshow/497363.cms|archive-date=26 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The team earned a 3rd-place finish at the [[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]] at [[Kuala Lumpur]] defeating [[China women's national field hockey team|China]] in a shootout.<ref name="13bronze">{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/india-clinches-bronze-in-asia-cup-hockey/article5175817.ece
|title=India clinches bronze in Asia Cup hockey
|access-date=29 August 2015
|date=27 September 2013
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213015545/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/india-clinches-bronze-in-asia-cup-hockey/article5175817.ece
|archive-date=13 February 2014
|url-status=live
}}</ref> At the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], it finished in 5th place but at [[2014 Asian Games]], [[Incheon]] stunned [[Japan women's national field hockey team|Japan]] 2–1 in a tight match to clinch their third [[bronze medal]] at the [[Asian Games]].<ref name="14bronze">{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asian-games-2014/india-at-incheon/Indian-womens-hockey-team-wins-Asiad-bronze/articleshow/43986308.cms
|title=Indian women's hockey team wins Asiad bronze
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=PTI
|author-link=Press Trust of India
|date=1 October 2014
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422002525/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asian-games-2014/india-at-incheon/Indian-womens-hockey-team-wins-Asiad-bronze/articleshow/43986308.cms
|archive-date=22 April 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> During the summer of 2015, the team hosted the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Round 2|Round 2]] of the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League]] and finished on top to qualify for the next stage. At the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals|World League Semi-finals]] held in [[Antwerp]] the team finished in the fifth place beating higher ranked Japan in classification match.<ref name="verge">{{cite news
|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/verge-olympic-qualification-indian-womens-hockey-team-arrive-grand-welcome-2329378.html
|title=On the verge of Olympic qualification, Indian women's hockey team arrive to grand welcome
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=PTI
|author-link=Press Trust of India
|date=6 July 2015
|work=[[Firstpost]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822045403/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/verge-olympic-qualification-indian-womens-hockey-team-arrive-grand-welcome-2329378.html
|archive-date=22 August 2015
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's team squads#India|Indian woman's national field hockey team]] qualified for the [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics#Women.27s tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]]<ref name="chakdemoment"/><ref name="chakdeolymp">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/othersports/chak-de-indian-women-hockey-team--qualifies-for-rio-olympics/article1-1385359.aspx
|title=Chak De: Indian women's hockey team qualifies for Rio Olympics
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=Bhagvatula
|first=Shrikant
|date=29 August 2015
|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829193147/http://www.hindustantimes.com/othersports/chak-de-indian-women-hockey-team--qualifies-for-rio-olympics/article1-1385359.aspx
|archive-date=29 August 2015
|url-status=live
}}</ref> for the first time since the [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics#Women.27s Tournament|1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="chakdemoment">{{cite magazine
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0f9qKU8l95w
|title=Chak De Moment For India
|access-date=29 August 2015
|date=29 August 2015
|magazine=[[India Today]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218112116/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0f9qKU8l95w
|archive-date=18 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="thirtysix">{{cite web
|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/29/womens-hockey-team-_n_8057566.html
|title=India Women's Hockey Team Bags Historic 2016 Rio Olympic Berth After 36 Years
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=Bose
|first=Adrija
|date=29 August 2015
|publisher=[[Huffington Post]] India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830003702/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/29/womens-hockey-team-_n_8057566.html
|archive-date=30 August 2015
|url-status=live
}}</ref> They were eliminated in the group stage, however, where [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament#Group B|they placed 6th]].

===2002 Commonwealth Games and ''Chak De! India'' (2007)===
[[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games#India women.27s national field hockey team|The 2002 Commonwealth Games Squad]], led by Captain [[Suraj Lata Devi]], competed in the [[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2002 Commonwealth Games]]. The team entered the finals after defeating the New Zealand women's national field hockey team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2166000/2166787.stm|title=Indian women stun Kiwis|access-date=12 April 2008|date=1 August 2002|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127052335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2166000/2166787.stm|archive-date=27 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and placed first, winning the Gold after they beat [[England women's national field hockey team|the English women's hockey team]].<ref name=2002win/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2170000/2170576.stm|title=India deny England gold|access-date=12 April 2008|date=3 August 2002|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013170455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2170000/2170576.stm|archive-date=13 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=2002rediff>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/aug/03hock1.htm|title=Indian eves win Commonwealth hockey gold|access-date=12 April 2008|date=3 August 2002|publisher=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117012251/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/aug/03hock1.htm|archive-date=17 January 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

This event served as the inspiration for the 2007 [[Bollywood]] film about women's field hockey, ''[[Chak De! India]]'' starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] (after screenwriter [[Jaideep Sahni]] read a short article about it).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/item/43969-womens-hockey-hopes-to-deliver
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130014858/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/item/43969-womens-hockey-hopes-to-deliver
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=30 January 2013
|title=Women's hockey hopes to deliver
|access-date=7 April 2008
|last=Zanane
|first=Anant
|author2=Das, Suprita
|date=13 March 2008
|work=Sports
|publisher=[[NDTV]]
}}</ref> Sahni began to model the character of Kabir Khan on hockey coach [[Maharaj Krishan Kaushik]].<ref name=ndtvcoach>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/chak-de-the-real-kabir-khan/18842
|title=Chak De: The real Kabir Khan?
|access-date=23 August 2015
|date=31 October 2007
|work=Sports
|publisher=[[NDTV]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235012/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/chak-de-the-real-kabir-khan/18842
|archive-date=3 March 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> After hearing the storyline, Kaushik suggested that Sahni meet hockey player [[Mir Ranjan Negi]] (who faced accusations of throwing the match against Pakistan during the [[1982 Asian Games]]).<ref name="goal">{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/back-to-the-goal-post/article2273304.ece
|title=Back to the goal post
|access-date=23 April 2008
|date=10 August 2007
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219030648/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/back-to-the-goal-post/article2273304.ece
|archive-date=19 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/hockey/the-story-of-truth-lies-amp-a-man-called-mir/article1-232857.aspx
|title = More than reel life; the story of truth, lies & a man called Mir
|last = Shrikant
|first = B
|access-date = 23 April 2008
|date = 26 June 2007
|work = [[Hindustan Times]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150217143305/http://www.hindustantimes.com/hockey/the-story-of-truth-lies-amp-a-man-called-mir/article1-232857.aspx
|archive-date = 17 February 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name=iemore>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-they-said-i-d-taken-one-lakh-per-goal-.-.-.-people-used-to-introduce-me-as-mr-negi-of-those-seven-goals-/217517/0
|title=They said I'd taken one lakh per goal ... people used to introduce me as Mr Negi of those seven goals
|access-date=23 April 2008
|date=16 September 2007
|work=[[The Indian Express]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219030649/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-they-said-i-d-taken-one-lakh-per-goal-.-.-.-people-used-to-introduce-me-as-mr-negi-of-those-seven-goals-/217517/0
|archive-date=19 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Sahni has stated that he was unaware of Negi's tribulations while writing the script and that the resemblance with Negi's life was entirely coincidental.<ref name=company>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-company-of-ideas/article2284968.ece
|title=In the company of ideas
|access-date=23 April 2008
|last=Kumar
|first=Anuj
|date=7 September 2007
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219030648/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-company-of-ideas/article2284968.ece
|archive-date=19 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Negi affirmed this point stating that he didn't "want to hog the limelight. This movie is not a documentary of Mir Ranjan Negi's life. It is in fact the story of a team that becomes a winning lot from a bunch of hopeless girls".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/archived-stories/chak-de-is-not-a-documentary-of-my-life/article1-243078.aspx
|title=Chak De! is not a documentary of my life
|access-date=21 August 2015
|date=18 August 2007
|last=Roy
|first=Abhishek
|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]/[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]
}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In response to the fact that the media equated Kabir Khan with Negi, Sahni said that "Our script was written a year and a half back. It is very unfortunate that something, which is about women athletes, has just started becoming about Negi."<ref name=ndtvcoach/>

===Tokyo Olympics and resurgence===
India at the [[India at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Summer Olympics]] for the first time ever,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tokyo Olympics 2021 Live: India vs Australia women's hockey quarterfinal underway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-2021-live-updates-kamalpreet-kaur-olympic-games-tokyo-2020-india-day-11/liveblog/84962050.cms|access-date=2 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802013229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-2021-live-updates-kamalpreet-kaur-olympic-games-tokyo-2020-india-day-11/liveblog/84962050.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> reached the semi-final in the Women's Hockey Olympic event but failed to bag any medal after they lost to [[Argentina women's national field hockey team|Argentina]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=4 August 2021|title=Tokyo Olympics: India women lose hockey semi-final 1–2 to Argentina|url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/olympics-news/tokyo-olympics-india-women-lose-hockey-semi-final-1-2-to-argentina-11628073719897.html|access-date=6 August 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806084440/https://www.livemint.com/sports/olympics-news/tokyo-olympics-india-women-lose-hockey-semi-final-1-2-to-argentina-11628073719897.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in the semi-final and then to [[Great Britain women's national field hockey team|Great Britain]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aug 2021|first=Times Now {{!}} 06|last2=Ist|first2=09:18 Am|title=Tokyo Olympics 2020: Indian women's hockey team lose 3–4 to Great Britain in Bronze-medal match|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-indian-womens-hockey-team-lose-3-4-to-great-britain-in-bronze-medal-match/videoshow/85090108.cms|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806084440/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-indian-womens-hockey-team-lose-3-4-to-great-britain-in-bronze-medal-match/videoshow/85090108.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in the bronze medal match. Following their performance at the Olympics, the team went to win bronze medals at the 2022 [[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]] and the [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Commonwealth Games]] and a third place finish in the [[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22 Pro League]]. In 2022 India won the [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|first ever FIH Women's Nations Cup]].

==Medal table==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center"
|-
!scope="col" | Tournament
!scope="col" style="background-color:gold; width:4em;" | Gold
!scope="col" style="background-color:silver; width:4em;" | Silver
!scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966; width:4em;" | Bronze
!scope="col" style="width:4em;" | Total
|-
|align=left| [[Women's FIH Pro League|Pro League]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games#Women|Commonwealth Games]] || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[Field hockey at the Asian Games#Women|Asian Games]] || 1 || 2 || 3 ||6
|-
|align=left| [[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]] || 2 || 2 || 3 || 7
|-
|align=left| [[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]] || 1 || 2 || 1 || 4
|-
|align=left| [[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|Nations Cup]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|Champions Challenge]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[2018-19 Women's FIH Series Finals|Hockey Series]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Field Hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games#Women.27s tournament|Afro-Asian Games]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
!align=left| Total || 9 || 7 || 10 || 26
|}

==Tournament history==
===Major tournaments===
====Summer Olympics====
{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Year
! Host
! Position
|-
|1|| [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics#Women.27s Tournament|1980]]||{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Moscow]], USSR|| {{center|'''4th'''}}
|-
|2|| [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016]]||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil|| {{center|12th}}
|-
|3|| [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020]]||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan|| {{center|'''4th'''}}
|}

====World Cup====
{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Year
! Host
! Position
|-
|1|| [[1974 Women's Hockey World Cup|1974]]||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mandelieu]], France|| {{center|'''4th'''}}
|-
|2|| [[1978 Women's Hockey World Cup|1978]]||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain|| {{center|7th}}
|-
|3|| [[1983 Women's Hockey World Cup|1983]]|| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia||{{center| 11th}}
|-
|4|| [[1998 Women's Hockey World Cup|1998]]||{{flagicon|NED}} [[Utrecht]], Netherlands||{{center| 12th}}
|-
|5|| [[2006 Women's Hockey World Cup|2006]]||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain|| {{center|11th}}
|-
|6|| [[2010 Women's Hockey World Cup|2010]]||{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rosario]], Argentina|| {{center|9th}}
|-
|7|| [[2018 Women's Hockey World Cup|2018]]|| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[London]], England|| {{center|8th}}
|-
|8|| [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|2022]]|| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia]], Spain|| {{center|9th}}
|}

====Commonwealth Games====
{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Year
! Host
! Position
|-
|1|| [[Hockey at the 1998 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|1998]]||{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia|| {{center|'''4th'''}}
|-
|-bgcolor=Gold
|4|| [[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2002]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester]], England||{{center|{{goca}}}}
|-bgcolor=Silver
|2|| [[Hockey at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2006]]||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], Australia||{{center|{{sica}}}}
|-
|3|| [[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2010]]||style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India||{{center|5th}}
|-
|4|| [[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2014]]||{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow]], Scotland||{{center|5th}}
|-
|5|| [[Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2018]]||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Gold Coast, Queensland]], Australia||{{center|'''4th'''}}
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|6|| [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2022]]||{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Birmingham]], England||{{center|{{brca}}}}
|}

====Asian Games====
{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Year
! Host
! Position
|-bgcolor=gold
|1|| [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]]||style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India||{{center|{{goca}}}}
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|2|| [[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|1986]]||{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea||{{center|{{brca}}}}
|-
|3|| [[Field hockey at the 1990 Asian Games|1990]]||{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China||{{center|'''4th'''}}
|-
|4|| [[Field hockey at the 1994 Asian Games|1994]]||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan||{{center|'''4th'''}}
|-bgcolor=silver
|5|| [[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|1998]]||{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand||{{center|{{sica}}}}
|-
|6|| [[Field hockey at the 2002 Asian Games – Women|2002]]||{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]], South Korea||{{center|'''4th'''}}
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|7|| [[Field hockey at the 2006 Asian Games – Women|2006]]||{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]], Qatar||{{center|{{brca}}}}
|-
|8|| [[Field hockey at the 2010 Asian Games#Women|2010]]||{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], China||{{center|'''4th'''}}
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|9|| [[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Women|2014]]||{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Incheon]], South Korea||{{center|{{brca}}}}
|-bgcolor=silver
|10|| [[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018]]||{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia||{{center|{{sica}}}}
|-
|11|| [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022]]||{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hangzhou]], China||{{center|''Qualified''}}
|}

====Asia Cup====
{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Year
! Host
! Position
|-
|1|| [[1989 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1989]]||{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]]|| {{center| '''4th'''}}
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|2|| [[1993 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1993]]||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan|| {{center| {{brca}}}}
|-bgcolor=silver
|3|| [[1999 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1999]]||style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| {{center|{{sica}}}}
|-bgcolor=gold
|4|| [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]]||style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| {{center|{{goca}}}}
|-
|5|| [[2007 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2007]]||{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]]|| {{center| '''4th'''}}
|-bgcolor=silver
|6|| [[2009 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2009]]||{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand|| {{center| {{sica}}}}
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|7|| [[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2013]]||{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia|| {{center| {{brca}}}}
|-bgcolor=gold
|8|| [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]]||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakamigahara, Gifu]], Japan|| {{center| {{goca}}}}
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|9|| [[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022]]||{{flagicon|OMA}} [[Muscat]], Oman|| {{center| {{brca}}}}
|}

====Asian Champions Trophy====
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Year
!Host
!Position
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|1
|[[2010 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2010]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]], South Korea
|{{center|{{brca}}}}
|-
|2
|[[2011 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2011]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ordos, China|Ordos]], China
|{{center|'''4th'''}}
|-bgcolor=silver
|3
|[[2013 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2013]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakamigahara]], Japan
|{{center|{{sica}}}}
|-bgcolor=gold
|4
|[[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]]
| {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore]]
|{{center|{{goca}}}}
|-bgcolor=silver
|5
|[[2018 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2018]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Donghae City]], South Korea
|{{center|{{sica}}}}
|-
|6
|[[2021 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2021]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Donghae City]], South Korea
|''Withdrew''
|-
|7
|[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]]
| style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ranchi]], India
|''Qualified''
|}

====FIH Pro League====
{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Year
! Final Host
! Position
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|1||[[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22]]||{{N/A|N/A}}||{{center|{{brca}}}}
|-
|2||[[2023–24 Women's FIH Pro League|2023–24]]||colspan=2|{{center|''Qualified''}}
|}

====FIH Hockey Nations Cup====
{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Year
! Final Host
! Position
|-bgcolor=gold
|1||[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022]]||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia]], Spain||{{center|{{goca}}}}
|}

===Other tournaments===
====South Asian Games====
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Year
!Host
!Position
|-bgcolor=gold
|1
|[[Field hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]
|style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Guwahati]], India
|{{center|{{goca}}}}
|}

===Defunct tournaments===
====World League====
{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Year
! Final Host
! Position
|-
|1|| [[2012–13 Women's FIH Hockey World League|2012–13]]||{{flagicon|ARG}} [[San Miguel de Tucumán]], Argentina||{{center| 14th}}
|-
|2|| [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League|2014–15]]|| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rosario]], Argentina|| {{center|10th}}
|-
|3|| [[2016–17 Women's FIH Hockey World League|2016–17]]|| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Auckland]], New Zealand||{{center| 16th}}
|}

====Champions Challenge====
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Year
!Host
!Position
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|1
|[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge|2002]]
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Johannesburg]], South Africa
|{{center|{{brca}}}}
|-
|2
|[[2011 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2011]]
| {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Dublin]], Ireland
| {{center|7th}}
|-
|3
|[[2012 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2012]]
| {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Dublin]], Ireland
| {{center|7th}}
|-
|4
|[[2014 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2014]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| {{center|8th}}
|}

====Hockey Series====
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Year
!Host
!Position
|-bgcolor=gold
|1
|[[2018-19 Women's FIH Series Finals#Hiroshima|2018–19]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan
|{{center|{{goca}}}}
|}

====Afro-Asian Games====
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Year
!Host
!Position
|-bgcolor=gold
|1
|[[Field Hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]]
|style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad]], India
|{{center|{{goca}}}}
|}

==Honours==
===Major tournaments===
* '''[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]''':
** '''Gold medal''': [[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2002]]
** '''Silver medal''': [[Hockey at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2006]]
** '''Bronze medal''': [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2022]]

* '''[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]''':
** '''Gold medal''': [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]]
** '''Silver medal''': [[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|1998]], [[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018]]
** '''Bronze medal''': [[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|1986]], [[Field hockey at the 2006 Asian Games|2006]], [[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games|2014]]

* '''[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup| Women's Asia Cup]]''':
** '''Champions''': [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]], [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]]
** '''Runner-up''': [[1999 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1999]], [[2009 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2009]]
** '''Third Place''': [[1993 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1993]], [[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2013]], [[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022]]

* '''[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy]]''':
** '''Champions''': [[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]]
** '''Runner-up''': [[2013 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2013]], [[2018 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2018]]
** '''Third Place''': [[2010 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2010]]

* '''[[Women's FIH Pro League]]''':
** '''Third Place''': [[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22]]

* '''[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup]]''':
** '''Champions''': [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022]]

===Other tournaments===
* '''[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]''':
** '''Gold medal''': [[Field hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]

===Defunct tournaments===
* '''[[FIH Hockey Series]]''':
** '''Champions''': [[2018–19 Women's FIH Series Finals|2018–19]]

* '''[[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|Afro-Asian Games]]''':
** '''Gold medal''': [[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]]

==Results and fixtures==
===2022===
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Hockey Nations Cup]]
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2022|12|11}}
|time= 15:15
|team1= {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score= 3–1
|team2= {{fhw|CHI}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/17047/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1= [[Sangita Kumari|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}} [[Sonika Tandi|Sonika]] {{fhgoal|FG|11}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|FG|32}}
|goals2= [[Fernanda Villagran|Villagran]] {{fhgoal|PC|44}}
|stadium = [[Estadio Betero]]
|location = [[Valencia]], Spain
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Hockey Nations Cup]]
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2022|12|12}}
|time= 15:15
|team1= {{fhw-rt|JPN}}
|score= 1–2
|team2= {{fhw|IND}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/17052/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1= [[Rui Takashima|Takashima]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}}
|goals2= [[Salima Tete|Salima]] {{fhgoal|FG|5}} [[Beauty Dung Dung|Beauty]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}}
|stadium = [[Estadio Betero]]
|location = [[Valencia]], Spain
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Hockey Nations Cup]]
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2022|12|14}}
|time= 15:15
|team1= {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score= 2–0
|team2= {{fhw|RSA}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/17055/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1= [[Deep Grace Ekka|Deep Grace]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}} [[Gurjit Kaur|Gurjit]] {{fhgoal|FG|59}}
|goals2=
|stadium = [[Estadio Betero]]
|location = [[Valencia]], Spain
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Hockey Nations Cup]]
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2022|12|16}}
|time= 15:45
|team1= {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score= 1–1
|team2= {{fhw|IRE}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/17062/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1= [[Udita Duhan|Udita]] {{fhgoal|PC|45}}
|goals2= [[Naomi Carroll|Carroll]] {{fhgoal|FG|15}}
|stadium = [[Estadio Betero]]
|location = [[Valencia]], Spain
|penalties1= [[Salima Tete|Salima]] {{fhps|m}} [[Lalremsiami]] {{fhps|g}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhps|m}} [[Sonika Tandi|Sonika]] {{fhps|g}} [[Neha Goyal|Neha]] {{fhps|m}}
|penaltyscore= 2–1
|penalties2= {{fhps|m}} [[Christina Hamill|Hamill]] {{fhps|m}} [[Ellen Curran|Curran]] {{fhps|g}} [[Hannah McLoughlin|McLoughlin]] {{fhps|m}} [[Róisín Upton|Upton]] {{fhps|m}} [[Kathryn Mullan|Mullan]]
|result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Hockey Nations Cup]]
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2022|12|17}}
|time= 15:45
|team1= {{fhw-rt|ESP}}
|score= 0–1
|team2= {{fhw|IND}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/17066/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Gurjit Kaur|Gurjit]] {{fhgoal|PC|6}}
|stadium = [[Estadio Betero]]
|location = [[Valencia]], Spain
|result = W
}}

===2023===
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = South Africa–India Test Series
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2023|1|16}}
|time= 18:00
|team1= {{fhw-rt|RSA}}
|score= 1–5
|team2= {{fhw|IND}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/17736/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1= [[Quanita Bobbs|Bobbs]] {{fhgoal|PC|44}}
|goals2= [[Rani Rampal|Rani]] {{fhgoal|PC|12}} [[Monika Malik|Monika]] {{fhgoal|FG|20}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|FG|24}} [[Gurjit Kaur|Gurjit]] {{fhgoal|PC|25}} [[Sangita Kumari|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|PC|30}}
|stadium = Cape Town University
|location = [[Cape Town]], South Africa
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = South Africa–India Test Series
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2023|1|17}}
|time= 17:00
|team1= {{fhw-rt|RSA}}
|score= 0–7
|team2= {{fhw|IND}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/17737/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Udita Duhan|Udita]] {{fhgoal|PC|9}} [[Vaishnavi Phalke|Vaishnavi]] {{fhgoal|FG|22}} [[Rani Rampal|Rani]] {{fhgoal|FG|22}} [[Sangita Kumari|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|PC|26}} [[Vandana Katariya|Vandana]] {{fhgoal|FG|27|FG|58}}
|stadium = Cape Town University
|location = [[Cape Town]], South Africa
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = South Africa–India Test Series
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2023|1|19}}
|time= 17:00
|team1= {{fhw-rt|RSA}}
|score= 0–4
|team2= {{fhw|IND}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/17738/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Rani Rampal|Rani]] {{fhgoal|FG|2}} [[Deep Grace Ekka|Deep Grace]] {{fhgoal|PC|18}} [[Vandana Katariya|Vandana]] {{fhgoal|FG|20}} [[Sangita Kumari|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|FG|46}}
|stadium = Cape Town University
|location = [[Cape Town]], South Africa
|result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = South Africa–India Test Series
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2023|1|22}}
|time= 15:00
|team1= {{fhw-rt|RSA}}
|score= 2–2
|team2= {{fhw|IND}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/17739/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1= [[Quanita Bobbs|Bobbs]] {{fhgoal|PS|8}} [[Tarryn Glasby|Lombard]] {{fhgoal|FG|35}}
|goals2= [[Vaishnavi Phalke|Vaishnavi]] {{fhgoal|PC|29|PC|51}}
|stadium = Cape Town University
|location = [[Cape Town]], South Africa
|result = D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = Australia–India Test Series
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2023|5|18}}
|time= 18:45
|team1= {{fhw-rt|AUS}}
|score= 4–2
|team2= {{fhw|IND}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/18010/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1= [[Aisling Utri|Utri]] {{fhgoal|FG|21}} [[Madison Fitzpatrick|Fitzpatrick]] {{fhgoal|PC|27}} [[Alice Arnott|Arnott]] {{fhgoal|FG|32}} [[Courtney Schonell|Schonell]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}}
|goals2= [[Sangita Kumari|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|FG|29}} [[Sharmila Devi|Sharmila]] {{fhgoal|PC|40}}
|stadium = [[State Hockey Centre (South Australia)|MATE Stadium]]
|location = [[Adelaide]], Australia
|result = L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = Australia–India Test Series
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2023|5|20}}
|time= 18:45
|team1= {{fhw-rt|AUS}}
|score= 3–2
|team2= {{fhw|IND}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/18011/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1= [[Tatum Stewart|T. Stewart]] {{fhgoal|PC|12|PS|45}} [[Phillipa Morgan|Morgan]] {{fhgoal|PC|38}}
|goals2= [[Sangita Kumari|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} [[Gurjit Kaur|Gurjit]] {{fhgoal|PC|17}}
|stadium = [[State Hockey Centre (South Australia)|MATE Stadium]]
|location = [[Adelaide]], Australia
|result = L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = Australia–India Test Series
|format=1
|date= {{dts|format={{{df|dmy}}}|2023|5|21}}
|time= 18:15
|team1= {{fhw-rt|AUS}}
|score= 1–1
|team2= {{fhw|IND}}
|report= [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/18012/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1= [[Maddison Brooks|Brooks]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}}
|goals2= [[Deep Grace Ekka|Grace]] {{fhgoal|PC|42}}
|stadium = [[State Hockey Centre (South Australia)|MATE Stadium]]
|location = [[Adelaide]], Australia
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 26 July 2023
| round = Torneo del Centenario 2023
|format=1
|time = 11:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 1–1
|team2 = {{fhw|ENG}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/18553/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Lalremsiami]] {{fhgoal|PC|41}}
|goals2 = [[Holly Hunt (field hockey)|Hunt]] {{fhgoal|FG|7}}
|stadium = [[Estadi Martí Colomer]]
|location = [[Terrassa]], Spain
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 27 July 2023
| round = Torneo del Centenario 2023
|format=1
|time = 11:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|ESP}}
|score = 2–2
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/18554/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Xantal Giné|Giné]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} [[Laia Vidosa|Vidosa]] {{fhgoal|PC|26}}
|goals2 = [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|FG|14|FG|29}}
|stadium = [[Estadi Martí Colomer]]
|location = [[Terrassa]], Spain
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 29 July 2023
| round = Torneo del Centenario 2023
|format=1
|time = 11:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|ENG}}
|score = 0–3
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/18587/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Lalremsiami]] {{fhgoal|FG|13|FG|17|FG|56}}
|stadium = [[Estadi Martí Colomer]]
|location = [[Terrassa]], Spain
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 30 July 2023
| round = Torneo del Centenario 2023
|format=1
|time = 11:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|ESP}}
|score = 0–3
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/18588/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Vandana Katariya|Katariya]] {{fhgoal|FG|22}} [[Monika Malik|Monika]] {{fhgoal|FG|22}} [[Udita Duhan|Udita]] {{fhgoal|FG|22}}
|stadium = [[Estadi Martí Colomer]]
|location = [[Terrassa]], Spain
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 27 September 2023
| round = [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|2022 Asian Games PR]]
|format=1
|time = 12:45
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 13–0
|team2 = {{fhw|SGP}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/18675/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Udita Duhan|Udita]] {{fhgoal|PC|6}} [[Sushila Chanu|Sushila]] {{fhgoal|PS|8}} [[Deepika Kumari|Deepika]] {{fhgoal|PC|11}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|PC|14|FG|14}} [[Deep Grace Ekka|Grace]] {{fhgoal|PC|17}} [[Neha Goyal|Neha]] {{fhgoal|PC|19}} [[Sangita Kumari|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|FG|23|PC|47|FG|53}} [[Salima Tete|Salima]] {{fhgoal|FG|35}} [[Monika Malik|Monika]] {{fhgoal|FG|52}} [[Vandana Kataria|Vandana]] {{fhgoal|FG|56}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Gongshu Canal Sports Park Stadium
|location = [[Hangzhou]], China
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 29 September 2023
| round = [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|2022 Asian Games PR]]
|format=1
|time = 18:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|MAS}}
|score = 0–6
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/18681/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Monika Malik|Monika]] {{fhgoal|FG|7}} [[Deep Grace Ekka|Grace]] {{fhgoal|PC|8}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}} [[Vaishnavi Phalke|Vaishnavi]] {{fhgoal|PC|15}} [[Sangita Kumari|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|FG|24}} [[Lalremsiami]] {{fhgoal|FG|50}}
|stadium = Gongshu Canal Sports Park Stadium
|location = [[Hangzhou]], China
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 1 October 2023
| round = [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|2022 Asian Games PR]]
|format=1
|time = 16:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|KOR}}
|score = 1–1
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/18684/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Cho Hye-jin|Cho H.]] {{fhgoal|FG|12}}
|goals2=[[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|FG|44}}
|stadium = Gongshu Canal Sports Park Stadium
|location = [[Hangzhou]], China
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 3 October 2023
| round = [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|2022 Asian Games PR]]
|format=1
|time = 20:45
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score =
|team2 = {{fhw|HKG}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/18686/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = Gongshu Canal Sports Park Stadium
|location = [[Hangzhou]], China
|result =
}}

==Players==
===Current squad===
The following players were named for the [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India at Asian Games 2023: Athletes and teams with confirmed berths to Hangzhou|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-athletes-qualified-asian-games-2022-hangzhou|date=25 August 2023|publisher=olympics.com}}</ref>

''Caps updated as of 30 July 2023, after the match against {{fhw|ESP}}.''

Head coach: [[Janneke Schopman]]

{{nat fs g start}}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=11 |pos=GK |name=[[Savita Punia]] |other=[[Captain (sports)|captain]] |age={{Birth date and age|1990|7|11|df=y}} |caps=254 |goals=0 |club=NCOE, Delhi |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=9 |pos=GK |name= [[Bichu Devi Kharibam]] |age={{Birth date and age|2000|12|3|df=y}} |caps=14 |goals=0 |club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=3 |pos=DF |name=[[Deep Grace Ekka]] |other=[[Captain (sports)|vice-captain]] |age={{Birth date and age|1994|6|3|df=y}} |caps=255 |goals=20 |club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=8 |pos=DF |name=[[Nikki Pradhan]] |age={{Birth date and age|1993|12|8|df=y}} |caps=153 |goals=2 |club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{nat fhs g player |no=50 |pos=DF |name=[[Ishika Chaudhary]] |age={{birth date and age|2000|4|15|df=y}} |caps=20 |goals=0 |club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=18 |pos=DF |name=[[Udita Duhan]] |age={{Birth date and age|1998|1|14|df=y}} |caps=84 |goals=7 |club= [[Indian Oil Corporation]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=27 |pos=DF |name=[[Sushila Chanu]] |age={{Birth date and age|1992|2|25|df=y}} |caps=232 |goals=6 |club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=15 |pos=MF |name=[[Nisha Warsi]] |age={{Birth date and age|1995|7|9|df=y}} |caps=63 |goals=1 |club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=4 |pos=MF |name=[[Monika Malik]] |age={{Birth date and age|1993|11|5|df=y}} |caps=206 |goals=14 |club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=30 |pos=MF |name=[[Salima Tete]] |age={{Birth date and age|2001|12|27|df=y}} |caps=81 |goals=7 |club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=32 |pos=MF |name=[[Neha Goyal]] |age={{Birth date and age|1996|11|15|df=y}} |caps=130 |goals=17 |club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=25 |pos=MF |name=[[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet Kaur]] |age={{Birth date and age|1996|1|26|df=y}} |caps=135 |goals=39 |club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=5 |pos=MF |name=[[Sonika Tandi]] |age={{Birth date and age|1997|3|20|df=y}} |caps=70 |goals=7 |club=Income Tax |clubnat=IND }}
{{nat fhs g player |no=69 |pos=MF |name=[[Vaishnavi Phalke]] |age={{birth date and age|2003|12|23|df=y}} |caps=6 |goals=1 |club=Hockey Maharashtra |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=20 |pos=FW |name=[[Lalremsiami]] |age={{Birth date and age|2000|3|30|df=y}} |caps=113 |goals=33 |club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=16 |pos=FW |name=[[Vandana Katariya]] |age={{Birth date and age|1992|4|15|df=y}} |caps=290 |goals=87 |club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{Nat fhs g player |no=14 |pos=FW |name=[[Sangita Kumari]] |age={{Birth date and age|2001|12|24|df=y}} |caps=27 |goals=9 |club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{nat fhs g player |no=55 |pos=FW |name=[[Deepika Kumari (field hockey)|Deepika Kumari]] |age={{birth date and age|2003|6|12|df=y}} |caps=10 |goals=0 |club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]] |clubnat=IND }}
{{nat fs end}}

===Recent call-ups===
These players were called-up in the last 12 months.


{{nat fhs r g start}}
{{nat fhs r g player |no=13 |pos=GK |name=[[Rajani Etimarpu]] |age={{birth date and age|1990|9|6|df=y}} |caps=96 |goals=0 |club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND |latest=[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Commonwealth Games]] }}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{Nat fhs r g player |no=2 |pos=DF |name=[[Gurjit Kaur]] |age={{Birth date and age|1995|10|25|df=y}} |caps=134 |goals=86 |club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND |latest=Australia–India Test Series }}
{{nat fhs r g player |no=68 |pos=DF |name=[[Mahima Choudhary]] |age={{birth date and age|1999|12|6|df=y}} |caps=1 |goals=0 |club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board]] |clubnat=IND |latest=[[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22 Pro League]] }}
{{nat fhs r g player |no=70 |pos=DF |name=[[Suman Devi Thoudam]] |age={{birth date and age|1999|7|16|df=y}} |caps=12 |goals=0 |club=Madhya Pradesh Hockey Academy |clubnat=IND |latest=[[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22 Pro League]] }}
{{nat fhs r g player |no= |pos=DF |name=[[Rashmita Minz]] |age={{birth date and age|1997|12|16|df=y}} |caps=13 |goals=0 |club=Odisha Police |clubnat=IND |latest=[[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22 Pro League]] }}
{{Nat fhs r g player |no=42|pos=DF |name= [[Akshata Abaso Dhekale]] |age={{Birth date and age|2001|11|2|df=y}} |caps=4 |goals=0 |club= Indian Oil Corporation Ltd |clubnat=IND |latest=[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|2022 Hockey World Cup]] }}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{nat fhs r g player |no=22 |pos=MF |name=[[Baljeet Kaur]] |age={{birth date and age|2001|3|23|df=y}} |caps=6 |goals=0 |club=Hockey Punjab |clubnat=IND |latest=2023 Spain Torneo del Centenario }}
{{nat fhs r g player |no=64 |pos=MF |name=[[Jyoti Chhatri]] |age={{birth date and age|2003|3|8|df=y}} |caps=2 |goals=0 |club=Odisha Naval Tata HHPC |clubnat=IND |latest=2023 Spain Torneo del Centenario }}
{{Nat fhs r g player |no=1 |pos=MF |name= [[Navjot Kaur (field hockey)|Navjot Kaur]] |age={{Birth date and age|1995|3|7|df=y}} |caps=209 |goals=18 |club= [[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND |latest=Australia–India Test Series }}
{{Nat fhs r g player |no=24 |pos=MF |name=[[Jyoti Rumawat]] |age={{Birth date and age|1999|12|11|df=y}} |caps=44 |goals=5 |club=Indian Oil Corporation Ltd |clubnat=IND |latest=Australia–India Test Series }}
{{nat fhs r g player |no=6 |pos=MF |name=[[Reena Khokhar]] |age={{birth date and age|1993|4|10|df=y}} |caps=48 |goals=1 |club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]] |clubnat=IND |latest=South Africa Test Series }}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{nat fhs r g player |no=28 |pos=FW |name=[[Rani Rampal]] |age={{birth date and age|1994|12|4|df=y}} |caps=254 |goals=120 |club=Hockey Haryana |clubnat=IND |latest=South Africa Test Series }}
{{Nat fhs r g player |no=7 |pos=FW |name=[[Sharmila Devi]] |age={{Birth date and age|2001|10|10|df=y}} |caps=51 |goals=6 |club=Indian Oil Corporation Ltd |clubnat=IND |latest=Australia–India Test Series }}
{{nat fhs r g player |no=52 |pos=FW |name=[[Beauty Dungdung]] |age={{birth date and age|2003|7|21|df=y}} |caps=8 |goals=1 |club=Indian Oil Corportation Ltd |clubnat=IND |latest=South Africa Test Series }}
{{nat fhs r g player |no=9 |pos=FW |name=[[Rajwinder Kaur (field hockey, born 1998)|Rajwinder Kaur]] |age={{birth date and age|1998|11|19|df=y}} |caps=4 |goals=2 |club=Hockey Punjab |clubnat=IND |latest=[[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22 Pro League]] }}
{{nat fhs r g player |no=12 |pos=FW |name=[[Mariana Kujur]] |age={{birth date and age|1999|4|20|df=y}} |caps=8 |goals=1 |club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board]] |clubnat=IND |latest=[[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22 Pro League]] }}
{{nat fhs r g player |no=36 |pos=FW |name=[[Aishwarya Chavan]] |age={{birth date and age|1997|10|18|df=y}} |caps=1 |goals=0 |club=Hockey Maharashtra |clubnat=IND |latest=[[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22 Pro League]] }}
{{nat fs end}}

==Awards==
;Summer Olympics
*During the [[Women’s field hockey Qualifying Tournaments for the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Women's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier]], the team [[Women’s field hockey Qualifying Tournaments for the 2008 Summer Olympics#Third and fourth place 2|ranked fourth]] in the "Qualifying Two" event. [[Rani Devi]] received the ''[[Women’s field hockey Qualifying Tournaments for the 2008 Summer Olympics#Awards 2|Most Promising Young Player of the Tournament]]'' award. ('''[[Women’s field hockey Qualifying Tournaments for the 2008 Summer Olympics squads#.C2.A0India|Squad]]''')

;Hockey World Cup
*During the [[2001 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifier]], the team [[2001 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifier#Seventh place play-off|ranked 7th]]. [[Sanggai Chanu]] received the ''[[2001 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifier#Awards|Young Player of the Tournament]]'' award. ('''[[2001 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifier#.C2.A0India|Squad]]''')

;Hockey Champions Challenge
* During the [[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge|2002]] Hockey Champions Challenge, [[Jyoti Sunita Kullu]] received the ''[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge#Awards|Topscorer]]'' award for five goals. ('''[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge#.C2.A0India|Squad]]''')

;Dhyan Chand Award
* [[Mary D'Souza Sequeira]] (1953–1963)

;Arjuna Awards
The following is a list of recipients for the [[Arjuna Award#Arjun Awardees in Hockey|Arjuna award in hockey recipients]] (by year):
* [[Helen Mary]], 2004
* [[Suraj Lata Devi]] (former captain), 2003
* [[Mamta Kharab]], 2002
* [[Madhu Yadav]], 2000
* [[Tingongleima Chanu]], 2000
*[[S. Omana Kumari]], 1998
* [[Pritam Rani Siwach]] (former captain), 1998
* [[Prem Maya Sonir]], 1985
* [[Rajbir Kaur]], 1984
* [[Varsha Soni]], 1981
* [[Eliza Nelson]], 1980–1981
* [[Rekha Mundphan|Rekha B.Mundhphan]], 1979–1980
* [[Lorraine Fernandes]], 1976–1977
* [[Ajinder Kaur]], 1975–1976
* [[Otilia Mascarenhas|Dr Otilia Mascarenhas]], 1973–1974
* [[Sunita Puri]], 1966
* [[Elvera Britto]], 1965
* [[Anne Lumsden]], 1961

==See also==
*[[Field hockey in India]]
*[[India men's national field hockey team]]
*[[India women's national under-21 field hockey team]]
*[[Chak De India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*[http://www.fih.ch/inside-fih/our-members/indiahf/ FIH profile]

{{National sports teams of India}}
{{Asia Women's national field hockey teams}}
{{Field Hockey in India}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title=India Squads – International Tournaments
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{{Navboxes colour
|title=India Summer Olympics squads
| state = autocollapse
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|list1=
{{India FHW Squad 1980 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FHW Squad 2016 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FHW Squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}
}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title=India World Cup squads
| state = autocollapse
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{{India FHW Squad 2018 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 World Cup}}
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{{Navboxes colour
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| state = autocollapse
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{{India FHW Squad 1982 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 1998 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2006 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2014 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2018 Asian Games}}
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{{Navboxes colour
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| state = autocollapse
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{{India FHW Squad 1999 Asia Cup}}
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{{India FHW Squad 2009 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2013 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2017 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asia Cup}}
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| state = autocollapse
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{{India FHW Squad 2002 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2002 Champions Challenge}}
{{India FHW Squad 2006 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
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}}
{{Navboxes colour
| title = Titles
| bg = gold
| list1 =
{{Asian Games field hockey women's tournament winners}}
{{Women's Hockey Asia Cup winners}}
{{Commonwealth Games women's field hockey tournament winners}}
{{Women's Asian Champions Trophy winners}}
}}

[[Category:Field hockey teams in India|1]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey in India|National team]]
[[Category:Asian women's national field hockey teams]]
[[Category:Women's national sports teams of India|Hockey]]

Bheem Singh

2023-10-03T20:22:59Z

Snixtr: Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Bheem Singh
| honorific_suffix =
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| country = India
| sport = Rowing
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| show-medals =
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport| Men's [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] }}
{{Medal|Country| {{IND}} }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Games]] }}
{{Medal|Silver| [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's eight|Eight]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze| [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's coxless four|Coxless four]]}}
| medaltemplates-title =
}}
'''Bheem Singh''' (born 5 June 1997) is an Indian rower from Rajasthan. He is named in the Indian rowing team for the 2022 [[Asian Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]. He competes in the men's coxed eight event. He was part of the Indian team that won the silver medal in the [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's four|Coxed eight]] event in the [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref name="The Times of India 2023 t806">{{cite web |date=24 Sep 2023 |title=Hangzhou Asian Games: Indian athlete Punit Kumar bags silver medal in men’s coxed eight event — Sports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/sports/other-sports/hangzhou-asian-games-indian-rowers-bags-silver-medal-in-mens-coxed-eight-team-event/videoshow/103905749.cms |access-date=25 Sep 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="ANI News 2023 o358">{{cite web |date=24 Sep 2023 |title="Achieved everything we had worked hard for": Indian Rower Punit Kumar after winning silver in Men's Coxed Eight |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/achieved-everything-we-had-worked-hard-for-indian-rower-punit-kumar-after-winning-silver-in-mens-coxed-eight20230924142321/ |access-date=25 Sep 2023 |website=ANI News}}</ref><ref name="Desk 2023 w906">{{cite web |last=Desk |first=TOI Sports |date=25 Sep 2023 |title=Asian Games: Indian rowers win bronze in Men's Four event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/asian-games-indian-rowers-win-bronze-in-mens-four-event/articleshow/103918915.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 Sep 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu 2023 m497">{{cite web |date=24 Sep 2023 |title=Hangzhou Asian Games Indian rowers clinch silver medal in Men's Coxed Eight Team event |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/hangzhou-asian-games-indian-rowers-clinch-silver-medal-in-mens-coxed-eight-team-event/article67340626.ece |access-date=25 Sep 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

The Indian team consisted of [[Neeraj Maan]], [[Naresh Kalwaniya]], Neetish Kumar, Charanjeet Singh, [[Jaswinder Singh (rower)|Jaswinder Singh]], [[Bheem Singh]], Puneet Kumar and [[Ashish (rower)|Ashish]]. [[Dhananjay Pande]] was the coxswain of the team. All the Indian team members are from the Indian Army and have trained at the Army Rowing Node facility in Pune for over a year. Neetish went home only once in January to spend a week with his wife and spent rest of the time with his rowing team. He rows the third seat in the eight.

== Early life ==
Bheem hails from Alwar in Rajasthan. His father is a millet's farmer. He has a sister, who is married.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-24 |title=Asian Games: Meet the Family of Eight rowers that opened India’s medal account |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/asian-games-meet-the-family-of-eight-rowers-that-opened-indias-medal-account-8954349/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Bheem joined Army and competed for Services in the domestic tournaments.

== Career ==
Bheem took part in the following championships:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rowing SINGH Bheem - The 19th Asian Games |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/rowing/athlete-profile-n2001771-singh-bheem.htm |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=info.hangzhou2022.cn}}</ref>

* 2023: Men's coxed four in the Rowing World Cup, Zagreb.
* 2023: Men's coxed four in the Rowing World Cup, Lucerne, Switzerland.
* 2022: Men's coxed eight in the Rowing World Cup at Poznan.
* 2022: Men's coxed four in the Rowing World Cup, Belgrade.
* 2022: Men's coxed four in the Asian Championships, Rayong, Thailand.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bheem}}
[[Category:Indian male rowers]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in rowing]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

India at the 1966 Asian Games

2023-10-03T18:37:40Z

Snixtr: Fix errors

{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| oldcode =
| year = 1966
| date =
| games = Asian Games
| location = [[Bangkok]]
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| officials =
| gold = 7
| silver = 3
| bronze = 11
| rank = 5
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website =
}}

[[India]] participated in the [[1966 Asian Games]]—The Fifth Asian Games, held in the [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] from 9 to 20 December 1966. Indian athletes won total 21 medals with 7 golds and ranked fifth in a medal table.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.olympic.ind.in/images/AGMedalTally.pdf | title=Asian Games – Medal Tally | publisher=[[Indian Olympic Association]] | accessdate=18 May 2011 | format=pdf | archive-date=10 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310101912/http://www.olympic.ind.in/images/AGMedalTally.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Medals by sport==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=200|Sport
|bgcolor=gold width=60|'''Gold''' || bgcolor=silver width=60|'''Silver''' || bgcolor=#cc9966 width=60|'''Bronze'''
! width=60|Total
|-
|align=left| [[Athletics at the 1966 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 5 || 1 || 5 || 11
|-
|align=left| [[Boxing at the 1966 Asian Games|Boxing]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
|align=left| [[Field hockey at the 1966 Asian Games|Hockey]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Tennis at the 1966 Asian Games|Tennis]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Wrestling at the 1966 Asian Games|Wrestling]] || 0 || 1 || 5 || 6
|-
! Total || 7 || 3 || 11 || 21
|}

==Football==
Head coach: {{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Hussain<ref>{{cite web |title=India 1966 Asian Games |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1966asiangames.html |website=indianfootball.de |publisher=Indian Football |accessdate=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105183218/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1966asiangames.html |archive-date=5 November 2019 }}</ref>

{{nat fs g start}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Peter Thangaraj]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1966|12|10|1935|12|24}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[C Mustafa]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1966|12|10|1936|2|20}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Chandreswar Prasad]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Syed Nayeemuddin]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Arun Ghosh]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1966|12|10|1941|7|7}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Altaf Ahmed (footballer)|Altaf Ahmed]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Kajal Mukherjee]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Yousuf Khan (footballer)|Yousuf Khan]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1966|12|10|1937|8|5}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Prasanta Sinha]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Krisnaji Rao]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Ashok Chatterjee]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Pradip Kumar Banerjee]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1966|12|10|1936|6|23}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Railways football team|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1966|12|10|1943|12|23}} |caps=|goals=|club=Leaders Club|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Arumai Nayagam]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Parimal Dey]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1966|12|10|1941|5|4}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[P. Kannan (footballer)|P. Kannan]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g end}}

=== Preliminary round ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90% "
!width=160|Team
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pld|Played}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width=35|{{Tooltip|GAV|Goal average}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left|{{fb|JPN|1870}}
|3||3||0||0||6||2||3.000||'''6'''
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left|{{fb|IRI|1964}}
|3||2||0||1||7||4||1.750||'''4'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|IND}}
|3||1||0||2||4||7||0.571||'''2'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|MAS}}
|3||0||0||3||1||5||0.200||'''0'''
|}

{{footballbox|date=10 December
|team1={{fb-rt|JPN|1870}}
|score=2–1
|team2={{fb|IND}}
|goals1= [[Teruki Myamoto]] {{goal|50||53}}
|goals2= [[Ashok Chatterjee]] {{goal|48}}
|attendance= 10,000
|report= https://www.11v11.com/matches/japan-v-india-10-december-1966-229610/
|stadium=Chulalongkorn University Stadium, [[Bangkok]]}}
----
{{footballbox|date=12 December
|team1={{fb-rt|MAS}}
|score=1–2
|team2={{fb|IND}}
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]] {{goal|}}<ref name=asiangames1966>{{cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Amoy|title=Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1966 Bangkok|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1966-bangkok|work=Sportskeeda.com|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> [[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]] {{goal||pen.}}<ref name=asiangames1966/>
|stadium=[[Bangkok]]}}
----
{{footballbox|date=13 December
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score=1–4
|team2={{fb|IRI|1964}}
|goals1= [[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]] {{goal|}}<ref name=asiangames1966/>
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Bangkok]]}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nations at the 1966 Asian Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1966 Asian Games]]
[[Category:India at the Asian Games|1966]]
[[Category:1966 in Indian sport|Asian Games]]

Sandesh Jhingan

2023-10-03T18:28:39Z

Snixtr: Fix errors

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1993)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sandesh Jhingan
| image = Sandesh Jjhingan 2019 AFC AsianCup.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Jhingan with [[India national football team|India]] at the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]]
| fullname = Sandesh Jhingan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan: Great feeling to be appointed Kerala captain|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/sandesh-jhingan-great-feeling-to-be-appointed-kerala-captain|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123134358/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/sandesh-jhingan-great-feeling-to-be-appointed-kerala-captain|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|7|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.88}}
| position = [[Centre-back]]
| currentclub = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| clubnumber = 3
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh|St Stephen's Academy]]
| years1 = 2011–2013
| clubs1 = [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
| caps1 = 23
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2013–2014
| clubs2 = [[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]]
| caps2 = 11
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2014–2020
| clubs3 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps3 = 78
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2015
| clubs4 = → [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] (loan)
| caps4 = 11
| goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2016
| clubs5 = → [[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]] (loan)
| caps5 = 7
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2017
| clubs6 = → [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (loan)
| caps6 = 18
| goals6 = 1
| years7 = 2020–2021
| clubs7 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| caps7 = 31
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2021–2022
| clubs8 = [[HNK Šibenik]]
| caps8 = 0
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2021–2022
| clubs9 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| caps9 = 9
| goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2022–2023
| clubs10 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| caps10 = 29
| goals10 = 0
| years11 = 2023–
| clubs11 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps11 = 5
| goals11 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2014–2016
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 6
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2015–
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 57
| nationalgoals2 = 5
| nationalyears3 = 2023
| nationalteam3 = [[India national under-23 football team|India Asian Games]]
| nationalcaps3 = 4
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W| [[2023 SAFF Championship|2023 India]]|}}
| club-update = 19:25, 18 March 2023 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 17:00, 19 September 2023 (UTC)
}}

'''Sandesh Jhingan''' (born 21 July 1993) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[centre-back]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[FC Goa|Goa]] and the [[India national football team|Indian national team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments#|title=Indian Football Down the Years: Looking back at the glorious moments|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|language=en|trans-title=|location=New Delhi|agency=|date=15 August 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921011335/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments}}</ref>

He won the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] emerging player of the year award in 2014 and made his debut for the India national side in 2015. In 2020, Jhingan was honoured with the [[Arjuna Award]], the second-highest sporting honour of India. He is also the recipient of the [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards#Men's Player of the Year|2020–21 AIFF Men's Player of the Year Award]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-07-21|title=Jhingan named AIFF men's Footballer of Year, Suresh wins Emerging Player award|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/jhingan-named-aiff-mens-footballer-of-year-suresh-wins-emerging-player-award/article35446021.ece|access-date=2021-07-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Club career==
===Early career: 2011–14===
Born in [[Chandigarh]], Jhingan received his [[association football|football]] training at the St. Stephen's Academy.<ref name="RB">{{cite news|title=Sandesh Jhingan – Young Star Of Kerala Blasters|url=http://www.redbull.com/in/en/stories/1331686081342/sandesh-jhingan-young-star-of-kerala-blasters|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Red Bull|date=22 October 2014|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141455/http://www.redbull.com/in/en/stories/1331686081342/sandesh-jhingan-young-star-of-kerala-blasters|url-status=live}}</ref> While with the academy, Jhingan helped the side reach the South-East Asian finals of the [[Manchester United Premier Cup]]. He also represented the [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh state team]] at the under-19 level, helping them win the [[B.C. Roy Trophy]].<ref name="Curious">{{cite news|last1=Lundup|first1=Tashi|title=The Curious Case of Sandesh Jhingan|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-curious-case-of--sandesh-jhingan/1083626/3|access-date=10 October 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=6 March 2013|archive-date=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726100925/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-curious-case-of--sandesh-jhingan/1083626/3|url-status=live}}</ref>

After impressive performances for his state side and academy team, Jhingan received a call-up to attend trials at [[I-League 2nd Division]] side [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]] in November 2011.<ref name="RB"/> The trials were successful for Jhingan and he signed for the club the next month in December. Playing alongside former [[India national football team|India internationals]], [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] and [[Renedy Singh]], Jhingan helped United Sikkim earn promotion to the [[I-League]] after the [[2012 I-League 2nd Division|2012 season]].<ref name="RB"/>

Jhingan in a June 2020 interview said that he was rejected by many second and third division clubs in Kolkata. He said, "It was during the starting phase of my career. Back then I was looking for clubs and I appeared for quite a few trials at a number of clubs in Kolkata — even in the second and third divisions. But I was rejected by all."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-07|title=Was rejected by lower-division teams in Kolkata initially: Sandesh Jhingan|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/rejected-lower-division-teams-kolkata-initially-sandesh-jhingan-1502897399.html|access-date=2020-06-07|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607152947/https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/rejected-lower-division-teams-kolkata-initially-sandesh-jhingan-1502897399.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jhingan made his senior professional debut in the I-League on 6 October 2012 in United Sikkim's first match of the season against [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]. Jhingan started the match and lasted the whole ninety minutes and scored the winning goal for United Sikkim as they won 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Sikkim 3–2 Salgaocar|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/06/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/salgaocar-sports-club/1394143/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121205326/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/06/india/i-league/united-sikkim-sc/salgaocar-sports-club/1394143/|url-status=live}}</ref> He then scored his second goal for the club on 18 November 2012 against [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]. His goal was the only one for United Sikkim as they lost 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting Goa 2–1 United Sikkim|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/18/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/united-sikkim-sc/1394178/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506061757/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/18/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/united-sikkim-sc/1394178/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite United Sikkim suffering from relegation at the end of the season and conceding a league high 63 goals, Jhingan was noticed to be a bright talent from the team.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sandesh Jhingan – Kerala Blasters FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/slideshow/8969|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=8 October 2014|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018195532/http://www.goal.com/en-india/slideshow/8969|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2013 it was reported that Jhingan was receiving interest from [[Chinese League One]] clubs and that he would head to China for trials.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohan|first1=Srinivasan|title=China calling for United Sikkim's Sandesh Jhingan – report|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/02/07/3732703/china-calling-for-united-sikkims-sandesh-jhingan-report|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=7 February 2013|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018193756/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/02/07/3732703/china-calling-for-united-sikkims-sandesh-jhingan-report|url-status=live}}</ref> However, selection into the India national team meant that Jhingan could not attend trials.<ref name="RB"/>

After the [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13 season]], Jhingan signed a contract with IMG–Reliance to eventually be part of the [[Indian Super League]] which was to start in 2014.<ref name="AM">{{cite news|title=Sandesh Jhingan: I am still optimistic of playing for an I-League club|url=http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2013/11/05/4383979/sandesh-jhingan-i-am-still-optimistic-of-playing-for-an-i-league-|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=5 November 2013|archive-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328170653/http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2013/11/05/4383979/sandesh-jhingan-i-am-still-optimistic-of-playing-for-an-i-league-|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite struggling to sign a contract with an [[I-League]] club before the ISL began, Jhingan did reject an offer from [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]. "Dempo is a big club and to receive an offer from them in itself was a big thing for me. There is no doubt that being associated with the club and playing under coach Arthur Papas would have benefitted me as a player. However, I don't regret my decision," Jhingan said in an interview.<ref name="AM"/> In November 2013 it was reported that Jhingan had signed with [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]] on loan for the remainder of the season.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghoshal|first1=Amoy|title=Rangdajied United to loan Gouramangi, Subrata and three more IMG-R players|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-rangdajied-united-to-loan-gouramangi-subrata-and-three-more-img-r-players|access-date=10 October 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=11 November 2013|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011152738/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-rangdajied-united-to-loan-gouramangi-subrata-and-three-more-img-r-players|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rangdajied Bolster Their Squad With National Stars |url=http://i-league.org/?p=9291 |work=I-League |access-date=27 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231641/http://i-league.org/?p=9291 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, not long after, it was announced that Jhingan had instead signed for [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] for the rest of the I-League campaign.<ref name="RB"/> He made his debut for the club on 7 December 2013 against [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]. Jhingan started the match and played for the whole match as Mumbai won 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune 1–2 Mumbai|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/07/india/i-league/pune-fc/mumbai-fc/1585363/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=12 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312123011/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/07/india/i-league/pune-fc/mumbai-fc/1585363/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A few weeks later, on 15 December, Jhingan received a red card for a second yellow offense in a match against Rangdajied United. Despite being ejected, Mumbai still drew the match 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rangdajied United 1–1 Mumbai|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/15/india/i-league/arhima-club/mumbai-fc/1585379/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426005416/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/15/india/i-league/arhima-club/mumbai-fc/1585379/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Kerala Blasters: 2014–2020===
====2014: Emerging Player of the Season====
On 22 July 2014, a day after his 21st birthday, Jhingan was selected in the second round of the [[2014 ISL Inaugural Domestic Draft]] by the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghoshal|first1=Amoy|title=ISL domestic player draft: Mumbai and Kerala pick four India internationals each|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-domestic-player-draft-mumbai-and-kerala-pick-four-india-internationals-each|access-date=10 October 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=22 July 2014|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308120312/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-domestic-player-draft-mumbai-and-kerala-pick-four-india-internationals-each|url-status=live}}</ref> He appeared on the bench for the side in their opening match of the season against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NorthEast United 1–0 Kerala Blasters|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/10/13/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/kerala-blasters/1931475/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226190838/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/10/13/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/kerala-blasters/1931475/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite not playing in the first match, Jhingan did start for the Blasters in their second match of the season against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]. He started the match and put in a good performance but could not prevent the Kerala Blasters from losing 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennaiyin 2–1 Kerala Blasters|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/10/21/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/kerala-blasters/1931483/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307092748/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/10/21/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/kerala-blasters/1931483/|url-status=live}}</ref> From that point Jhingan remained a constant presence for the Kerala Blasters throughout the [[2014 Indian Super League season|2014 season]], appearing 14 times for the side. His performance for the Kerala Blasters helped earn Jhingan the "Emerging Player of the League" award.<ref name="Sporting">{{cite news|title=ISL Emerging Player of the League, Sandesh Jhingan, joins Sporting Clube de Goa|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/1939-isl-emerging-player-of-the-league-sandesh-jhingan-joins-sporting-clube-de-goa|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Indian Super League|date=8 February 2015|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011143850/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/1939-isl-emerging-player-of-the-league-sandesh-jhingan-joins-sporting-clube-de-goa|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 December 2014, Jhingan started for the Kerala Blasters in the [[2014 Indian Super League Final]] against [[Atlético de Kolkata]]. Despite putting in a valiant performance, Jhingan could not prevent Atlético de Kolkata from taking the title as the Kerala Blasters fell 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Blasters 0–1 Atletico de Kolkata|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/12/20/india/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters/atletico-de-kolkata/1974793/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124085047/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/12/20/india/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters/atletico-de-kolkata/1974793/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2015====
'''Loan to Sporting Goa'''

On 8 February 2015, after the [[2014 Indian Super League season|2014 ISL season]], Jhingan signed with [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] on loan for the [[2014–15 I-League]].<ref name="Sporting" /><ref name="Crore" /> He made his debut for the club on the same day against [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]. He started and played the full match as Sporting and Mumbai drew 0–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai 0–0 Sporting Goa|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/02/08/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1980990/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518222945/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/02/08/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1980990/|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''2015 ISL Season'''

After the conclusion of the season, Jhingan was retained by the Kerala Blasters for the [[2015 Indian Super League season|2015 season]] and in the process became the highest paid Indian player in the league, earning more than 10 million.<ref name="Crore">{{cite news|last1=Gupta|first1=Shalini|title=Defender Sandesh Jhingan becomes Indian Super League's first Indian crorepati|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/defender-sandesh-jhingan-becomes-isls-first-indian-crorepati/|access-date=10 October 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=16 May 2015|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011150217/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/defender-sandesh-jhingan-becomes-isls-first-indian-crorepati/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite his performances from last season, which also earned Jhingan interest from abroad, he was not able to replicate the same quality in 2015. Despite being partnered at times with former [[Spain national football team|Spanish international]] [[Carlos Marchena]] and former [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] defender [[Peter Ramage]], Jhingan and the Blasters conceded a league worst 27 goals and finished last in the table.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Muralidharan|first1=Ashwin|title=Indian Super League Team Analysis: Kerala Blasters FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/12/17/18446222/indian-super-league-team-analysis-kerala-blasters-fc|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=17 December 2015|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828234432/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/12/17/18446222/indian-super-league-team-analysis-kerala-blasters-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2016====
'''Loan to DSK Shivajians'''

On 4 March 2016, after the [[2015 Indian Super League season|2015 ISL season]], it was announced that Jhingan would join [[I-League]] side [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]] on loan from the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sandesh Jhingan joins DSK Shivajians on-loan from KBFC|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/3581-sandesh-jhingan-pens-deal-with-dsk-shivajians|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Indian Super League|date=4 March 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011150942/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/3581-sandesh-jhingan-pens-deal-with-dsk-shivajians|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the side two days later on 6 March against [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]. He started the match and played the full ninety minutes as DSK Shivajians won the match 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=DSK Shivajians 2–0 East Bengal|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/06/india/i-league/dsk-shivajians/east-bengal-club-fc/2177581/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703055719/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/06/india/i-league/dsk-shivajians/east-bengal-club-fc/2177581/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2016 ISL season====
Because of his solid performance at the defence and due to immense pressure from fans, Jhingan was once again retained in the draft by the Kerala Blasters for the [[2016 Indian Super League season|2016 season]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2016: Kerala Blasters FC squad – A comprehensive guide|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2016-kerala-blasters-fc-squad-comprehensive-guide|access-date=10 October 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=1 October 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011152536/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2016-kerala-blasters-fc-squad-comprehensive-guide|url-status=live}}</ref> In the first match of the season, Jhingan was placed at right-back as the center of defense was taken up by [[Aaron Hughes]] and [[Cédric Hengbart]]. Kerala Blasters lost the match 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=NorthEast United 1–0 Kerala Blasters|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/01/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/kerala-blasters/2348820/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112024350/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/01/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/kerala-blasters/2348820/|url-status=live}}</ref> The next match saw Jhingan return to his preferred center back role after Hughes left for [[FIFA World Cup]] qualification. The result did not improve as the Kerala Blasters were defeated 1–0 by Atlético de Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Blasters 0–1 Atletico de Kolkata|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/05/india/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters/atletico-de-kolkata/2348831/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124005105/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/05/india/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters/atletico-de-kolkata/2348831/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the rest of the season, after Hughes returned, Jhingan stayed primarily as a right-back, earning praise for his performances which helped the Blasters to reach their second Indian Super League final in three seasons.<ref>{{cite news|title=Constantine: KBFC look invincible in Kochi|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5461-constantine-kbfc-look-invincible-in-kochi|access-date=22 December 2016|work=Indian Super League|date=17 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220221131/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/5461-constantine-kbfc-look-invincible-in-kochi|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Loan to Bengaluru====
On 12 January 2017, another [[I-League]] club, [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]], announced the signing of Jhingan on a season long loan deal from the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]].<ref name="BFC">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2017/01/12/31423402/i-league-201617-bengaluru-fc-fortify-defence-with-the-capture-of-|title=I-League 2016/17: Bengaluru FC fortify defence with the capture of Sandesh Jhingan|first=Ashwin|last=Muralidharan|date=12 January 2017|work=Goal.com|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113144201/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2017/01/12/31423402/i-league-201617-bengaluru-fc-fortify-defence-with-the-capture-of-|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the club six days later in a league match against [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] as a 71st-minute substitute for [[Harmanjot Khabra]] as Bengaluru won 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 3–0 Mumbai|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/01/18/india/i-league/bengaluru/mumbai-fc/2383748/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630192707/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/01/18/india/i-league/bengaluru/mumbai-fc/2383748/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan started his first match on 11 February 2017 against [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]] in a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 1–1 Minerva Punjab|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/02/11/india/i-league/bengaluru/india-minerva-fc/2383773/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826184933/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/02/11/india/i-league/bengaluru/india-minerva-fc/2383773/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14 March 2017, Jhingan played in his first career club continental match when he started for Bengaluru in an [[AFC Cup]] match against fellow Indian side [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]. He scored the equalizing goal for Bengaluru, his first for the club, in the 51st minute to tie the score at 1–1 before [[Sunil Chhetri]] scored the winner for the club six minutes later as the club achieved a 2–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 2–1 Mohun Bagan|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/03/14/asia/afc-cup/bengaluru/mohun-bagan-ac/2401023/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826143532/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/03/14/asia/afc-cup/bengaluru/mohun-bagan-ac/2401023/|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored his second goal for the club, and only goal in the league, on 22 April 2017 against his former club [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]]. His 90th-minute goal was the last in a 7–0 rout by Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 7–0 DSK Shivajians|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/22/india/i-league/bengaluru/dsk-shivajians/2433183/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826125003/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/22/india/i-league/bengaluru/dsk-shivajians/2433183/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 May 2017, Jhingan was part of the squad that helped Bengaluru FC win the [[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|2016–17 Federation Cup]], beating Mohun Bagan 2–0 in the final as Jhingan won his first top tier piece of silverware.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC wins Fed Cup|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/bengaluru-fc-wins-fed-cup/article18520163.ece|access-date=7 July 2017|work=The Hindu|date=21 May 2017|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717153650/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/bengaluru-fc-wins-fed-cup/article18520163.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2017–18 ISL: Assuming captaincy and final years at the Blasters====
On 8 July 2017, it was announced that Jhingan has been retained by the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Blasters]] for the [[2017–18 Indian Super League season|2017–18 season]] after he signed a long-term contract that made him the highest paid defender in the [[Indian Super League]].<ref name="Expensive">{{cite news|last1=Tennyson|first1=Rayson|title=Sandesh Jhingan is India's most expensive defender|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/sandesh-jhingan-is-indias-most-expensive-defender/articleshow/59500303.cms|access-date=21 December 2017|work=The Times of India|date=8 July 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824065235/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/sandesh-jhingan-is-indias-most-expensive-defender/articleshow/59500303.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan - I grew as a player as well as a person at Kerala Blasters {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sandesh-jhingan-transfer-clubs-kerala-blasters-isl-indian/18vrygpjvqqif1gvxasm79l8gi|access-date=2020-09-26|website=www.goal.com|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717153652/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sandesh-jhingan-transfer-clubs-kerala-blasters-isl-indian/18vrygpjvqqif1gvxasm79l8gi|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan was one of three Indian players retained by the Kerala Blasters, the others being [[C.K. Vineeth]] and [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni]], and the deal he signed reportedly kept him at the club until 2020, paying him ₹38 million.<ref name="Expensive"/>
On 16 November 2017, a day before the Kerala Blasters' first match of the season against [[ATK (football club)|ATK]], Jhingan was announced as the captain of the Blasters for the upcoming season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan captain|url=https://twitter.com/KeralaBlasters/status/931066334342873088|website=Kerala Blasters FC (Twitter)|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032203/https://twitter.com/KeralaBlasters/status/931066334342873088|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan: Great feeling to be appointed Kerala captain|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/sandesh-jhingan-great-feeling-to-be-appointed-kerala-captain|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Indian Super League|language=en}}</ref>
He continued as the captain in the following [[2018–19 Kerala Blasters FC season|2018–19 season]]. Before the beginning of the [[2019–20 Kerala Blasters FC season|2019–20 season]], he was ruled out for the entire season due to [[Anterior cruciate ligament injury|ACL injury]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Football: Sandesh Jhingan Undergoes Successful Surgery on Injured Knee|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/indian-football-sandesh-jhingan-undergoes-successful-surgery-on-injured-knee-2377717.html|date=2019-11-07|website=News18|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803125442/https://www.news18.com/news/football/indian-football-sandesh-jhingan-undergoes-successful-surgery-on-injured-knee-2377717.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 May 2020, Kerala Blasters announced they have parted ways with Jhingan on mutual consent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blasters confirm Jhingan exit, retire no. 21 jersey|url=https://www.espn.in/football/kerala-blasters-fc/story/4098056/kerala-blasters-confirm-sandesh-jhingan-is-leaving-retire-no-21-jersey|date=2020-05-22|website=ESPN|language=en|access-date=2020-05-22|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531151311/https://www.espn.in/football/kerala-blasters-fc/story/4098056/kerala-blasters-confirm-sandesh-jhingan-is-leaving-retire-no-21-jersey|url-status=live}}</ref> ''When we parted ways, it was mutual and it was a mature decision from both ends. If my decision to leave Kerala was about money, I would have done that long ago when I had much-better offers. I remained loyal because I loved the project, the club and the fans. I’ve given my all to the club. I’ve played with stitches, concussions and muscle problems. Kerala Blasters will always remain a part of me. Nobody can take that away.'' Jhingan said about his decision of leaving the Blasters''.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=ATK Mohun Bagan's long-term project is addictive: Jhingan - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/atk-mohun-bagans-long-term-project-is-addictive-jhingan/articleshow/78521619.cms|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007193630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/atk-mohun-bagans-long-term-project-is-addictive-jhingan/articleshow/78521619.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a tribute to his contributions to the club, Blasters permanently retired his jersey number 21.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters retire Sandesh Jhingan's jersey - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/kerala-blasters-retire-sandesh-jhingans-jersey/articleshow/75871946.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616063624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/kerala-blasters-retire-sandesh-jhingans-jersey/articleshow/75871946.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> But the Blasters later brought back the jersey in April 2022 after Jhingan was involved in a [[#Controversy|controversy]] by making a [[sexist]] comment after a match against the Blasters during his second tenure at ATK Mohun Bagan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandesh Jhingan: സന്ദേശ് ജിങ്കാന് മറുപടി, 21-ാം നമ്പര്‍ ജേഴ്സി തിരികെ കൊണ്ടുവന്ന് കേരള ബ്ലാസ്റ്റേഴ്സ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/football-sports/kerala-blasters-to-bring-back-sandesh-jhingan-s-jersey-number-21-rap3c9 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.asianetnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 21, 2022 |title=Bijoy Varghese inherits Sandesh Jhingan's retired No. 21 shirt at Kerala Blasters {{!}} Football News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/bijoy-varghese-inherits-sandesh-jhingans-retired-no-21-shirt-at-kerala-blasters/articleshow/90985679.cms |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

===ATK Mohun Bagan: 2020–2021 ===
On 26 September 2020, [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]] announced the signing of Jhingan on a 5-year deal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2020|title=ATK sign Indian defender Sandesh Jhingan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-superleague/atk-mohun-bagan-sign-indian-defender-sandesh-jhingan/articleshow/78333754.cms|access-date=14 October 2020|website=The Times Of India|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717153652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-superleague/atk-sign-indian-defender-sandesh-jhingan/articleshow/78333754.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was chosen as one of the 5 captains of the team. Jhingan's partnership with [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]] in the backlne helped ATK Mohun Bagan to keep 10 clean sheets throughout the season in 22 matches. He was featured in all matches except one where he picked up an injury after a collision with his team's goalkeeper [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]] against [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]. ATK Mohun Bagan finished as runners up in the playoffs and was qualified for the [[AFC Cup|AFC Cup 2022]]. They finished second in the league table behind [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]].

=== HNK Šibenik: 2021–2022 ===
Despite having a five-year deal with ATK Mohun Bagan, Jhingan's contract had clauses which allowed him to move to a European club upon receiving an offer.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|author=Marcus Mergulhao|date=Aug 11, 2021|title=Sandesh Jhingan agrees terms with Croatian top-tier club HNK Sibenik {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sandesh-jhingan-agrees-terms-with-croatian-top-tier-club-hnk-sibenik/articleshow/85221421.cms|access-date=2021-08-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> On 18 August 2021, [[Croatian First Football League]] side [[HNK Šibenik|Šibenik]] announced the signing of Jhingan on a one-year deal with an option to extend for another year, becoming the first Indian to play in Croatia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan joins Croatian first division side HNK Sibenik|url=https://www.espn.in/football/atk-mohun-bagan/story/4456275/sandesh-jhingan-joins-croatian-first-division-side-hnk-sibenik%3fplatform=amp|date=18 August 2021|website=espn.in}}</ref><ref name="TOI"/><ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/croatia/hnk-sibenik/505/transfers/ HNK Šibenik: transfers] ''int.soccerway.com''. Retrieved 17 August 2021</ref> Three days since signing the contract, Jhingan sustained a calf injury 30 hours prior to the next match day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-23|title=Sandesh Jhingan Will Have to Wait for His HNK Sibenik Debut After Sustaining Calf Injury|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/sandesh-jhingan-will-have-to-wait-for-his-hnk-sibenik-debut-after-sustaining-calf-injury-4116170.html|access-date=2021-08-30|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

He returned to training in early October.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Tribune News Service|title=Sandesh Jhingan back to training in Croatia|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pvt-hospitals-to-pool-oxygen-cylinders-in-case-of-3rd-wavepurohit-to-review-action-on-standing-commit-320580|access-date=2021-10-26|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|language=en}}</ref> After nearly two-month long injury, he made it to matchday squad in a league match against [[NK Slaven Belupo|Slaven Belupo]] on 22 October. However he didn't get any minutes as he was benched throughout the game.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-22|title=HNK Šibenik - Slaven Belupo 1:1 - Croatian Football Federation|url=https://hns-cff.hr/en/matches/50707112/hnk-sibenik-slaven-belupo-1-1/|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Croatian Football Federation|language=en}}</ref> He was again benched in the next match against [[NK Hrvatski Dragovoljac|Hrvatski Dragovoljac]] on 30 October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrv. Dragovoljac - HNK Šibenik 1:1 - Croatian Football Federation|url=https://hns-cff.hr/en/matches/50707119/hrv-dragovoljac-hnk-sibenik-1-1/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Croatian Football Federation}}</ref>

=== Second stint at ATK Mohun Bagan: 2022 ===
During the 2022 January transfer window, Jhingan returned to ATK Mohun Bagan after parting ways with Šibenik. He signed a short term contract with the club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-11 |title=After Jhingan’s premature return from Croatia, Indian football must face hard facts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/after-an-early-end-jhingans-croatia-sojourn-indian-football-must-face-hard-facts-7715581/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Jhingan totally played in nine matches during the [[2021–22 Indian Super League season|2021–22 season]]. On 28 July 2022, ATK Mohun Bagan announced the departure of Jhingan after the expiry of his contract.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Uttiyo |date=2022-07-28 |title=ATK Mohun Bagan part ways with Sandesh Jhingan |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-atk-mohun-bagan-fc-sandesh-jhingan-leaves-departure-official/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Bengaluru FC: 2022– ===
On 14 August 2022, Bengaluru FC announced the signing of Jhingan on a one year deal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Joseph |date=2022-08-14 |title=Sandesh Jhingan joins Bengaluru FC on one-year deal |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-bengaluru-fc-sign-centre-back-sandesh-jhingan-official/ |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

==International career==
===Youth===
After his triumph for his state team at the [[B.C. Roy Trophy]], Jhingan was called up to the [[India national under-19 football team|India under-19]] side. Injuries however meant that Jhingan could not attend.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rai|first1=Saurabh|title=Bhaichung Is The 'God of Indian Football': Sandesh Jhingan|url=http://feverpitch.in/interview.php?stateid=50&intvid=19&interview=Bhaichung-Is-The-%E2%80%9CGod-of-Indian-Football%E2%80%9D:-Sandesh-Jhingan|access-date=10 October 2016|work=FeverPitch|date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726100936/http://feverpitch.in/interview.php?stateid=50&intvid=19&interview=Bhaichung-Is-The-%E2%80%9CGod-of-Indian-Football%E2%80%9D:-Sandesh-Jhingan|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> Jhingan was then called up to the senior [[India national football team|India]] side in February 2013 for their preparatory camp but once again an injury kept him off the team.<ref name="Curious"/>

Prior to the [[2013 SAFF Championship]], Jhingan was selected to be part of the India national team.<ref>{{cite news|title=SAFF Championship 2013: Team Profile – India|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2773/saff-championship/2013/08/27/4215462/saff-championship-2013-team-profile-india|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=27 August 2013|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018193853/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2773/saff-championship/2013/08/27/4215462/saff-championship-2013-team-profile-india|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2014, Jhingan was selected into the [[India national under-23 football team|India under-23]] side that would play in the [[2014 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nine Hero ISL players in India under-23 Asian Games squad|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/news/316-nine-hero-isl-players-in-india-under-23-asian-games-squad|access-date=10 October 2016|work=Indian Super League|date=9 September 2014|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011143852/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/news/316-nine-hero-isl-players-in-india-under-23-asian-games-squad|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan made his international debut at this level in India's opening match against the [[United Arab Emirates national under-23 football team|United Arab Emirates]] on 15 September 2014. He started the match and gave an own goal as India lost 5–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE U23 5–0 India U23|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/09/15/asia/asian-games/uae-u23/india-u23/1925161/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010104440/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/09/15/asia/asian-games/uae-u23/india-u23/1925161/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Senior===

[[File:Players of India and Bangladesh in action during a Football Match, at the 12th South Asian Games-2016, in Guwahati on February 13, 2016 (1).jpg|thumb|Jhingan (''in blue; no 4'') in action with India against Bangladesh at the [[2016 South Asian Games]] in Guwahati.]]
After his performance during the [[2014 Indian Super League season|2014 ISL season]], Jhingan made his senior international debut for India against [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]] in the country's [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] qualifier. Jhingan started the match and played the full ninety minutes as India won 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 2–0 Nepal|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/03/12/asia/wc-qualifying-asia/india/nepal/2012936/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419000749/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/03/12/asia/wc-qualifying-asia/india/nepal/2012936/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan then scored his first international goal for India on 29 March 2016 against [[Turkmenistan national football team|Turkmenistan]]. His goal was the only one though for India as they fell 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 1–2 Turkmenistan|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/29/asia/wc-qualifying-asia/india/turkmenistan/2028668/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906023556/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/29/asia/wc-qualifying-asia/india/turkmenistan/2028668/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan then scored his second goal for India on 7 June 2016 against [[Laos national football team|Laos]]. His 48th-minute goal was one of six as India won 6–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 6–1 Laos|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/06/07/asia/asian-cup-qualification/india/laos/2228188/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907024700/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/06/07/asia/asian-cup-qualification/india/laos/2228188/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prior to the qualifiers for the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]], Jhingan scored his third international career goal when he scored in the 54th minute in an international friendly against [[Cambodia national football team|Cambodia]] on 22 March 2017. His strike was the third for India as they went on to win 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cambodia 2–3 India|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/03/22/world/friendlies/cambodia/india/2413771/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119201833/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/03/22/world/friendlies/cambodia/india/2413771/|url-status=live}}</ref> He then scored his fourth goal for India in another international friendly, on 6 June 2017, against [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]]. The goal was the first for India as they won 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 2–0 Nepal|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/06/06/world/friendlies/india/nepal/2426999/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119160423/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/06/06/world/friendlies/india/nepal/2426999/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan was then handed the India national team captaincy by head coach [[Stephen Constantine]] before their friendly matches against [[Mauritius national football team|Mauritius]] and [[St. Kitts and Nevis national football team|St. Kitts and Nevis]] in the absence of regular captain [[Sunil Chhetri]].<ref name="Captain India">{{cite news|last1=Alva|first1=Suraj|title=Sandesh Jhingan should be playing in bigger league, says Stephen Constantine|url=http://www.asianage.com/sports/football/200817/sandesh-jhingan-should-be-playing-in-bigger-league-says-stephen-constantine.html|access-date=21 December 2017|work=Asian Age|date=20 August 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222104844/http://www.asianage.com/sports/football/200817/sandesh-jhingan-should-be-playing-in-bigger-league-says-stephen-constantine.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Speaking after the match against Mauritius, in which India won 2–1, Constantine praised Jhingan, saying "Sandesh is a player who should be playing in a bigger league. He is a fighter and leads by example."<ref name="Captain India"/> A couple months later, on 11 November, India secured qualification for the Asian Cup when they defeated [[Macau national football team|Macau]] 4–1. Jhingan started that match, thus starting in all four of India's qualification matches up till that point, and helped India keep the clean sheet against Macau, Myanmar, and Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Want to dominate in Asia: Sandesh Jhingan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/want-to-dominate-in-asia-sandesh-jhingan/articleshow/61606906.cms|access-date=21 December 2017|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222071020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/want-to-dominate-in-asia-sandesh-jhingan/articleshow/61606906.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018 Intercontinental Cup]], Jhingan was a wall at the back for the Indian team. The Indian defense led by him got 3 clean sheets out of 4 matches and they won the tournament by defeating [[Kenya national football team|Kenya]] in the final.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India win 2018 Intercontinental Cup {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-win-2018-intercontinental-cup-final-kenya-mumbai/130u9ampl52hw1jwjfmabqpjec|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606040847/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-win-2018-intercontinental-cup-final-kenya-mumbai/130u9ampl52hw1jwjfmabqpjec|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a friendly match against a stronger [[China national football team|Chinese]] side on 13 October 2018, Jhingan was named as the captain and the match ended 0–0. It was the first time that India were undefeated on Chinese soil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-13|title=India's defence, Gurpreet Sandhu stand tall in 0-0 draw against China|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/india-vs-china-draw-gurpreet-sandhu-5400855/|access-date=2020-06-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606040848/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/india-vs-china-draw-gurpreet-sandhu-5400855/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:India NT at 2019 AFC Asian Cup.jpg|thumb|325x325px|Jhingan (right end of the back row) with India national team in the match against Thailand at 2019 AFC Asian Cup.]]
The [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]] was the tournament where Jhingan performed at his full potential during his first 5 years with the national side. In the first match of the tournament against [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]], India defeated them by a score of 4–1. Jhingan's performance during the match was praised by several football pundits. Even though India was defeated by a stronger [[UAE national football team|UAE]] by 2–0, in the next match they were at the verge of reaching the pre-quarter of the tournament. They only needed a draw against [[Bahrain national football team|Bahrain]] in their last group match. India was able to hold them for 90-minute.But an injury time penalty conceded by [[Pronay Halder]] costed them the game and they were eliminated from the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 15, 2019|title=AFC Asian Cup: India lose 0-1 to Bahrain, crash out of AFC Asian Cup|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-lose-0-1-to-bahrain-crash-out-of-afc-asian-cup/articleshow/67532323.cms|access-date=2020-06-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116141948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-lose-0-1-to-bahrain-crash-out-of-afc-asian-cup/articleshow/67532323.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

9 September was the last time that Jhingan played for India in 2019. In a crucial away match against [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]] for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]], the match ended 0-0. He suffered an [[Anterior cruciate ligament injury|ACL injury]] later that month in a pre-friendly match and was reported to be sidelined for the next 6 months. He missed all the remaining 4 matches in this period due to this injury. His absence seriously affected the Indian team and they were at the bottom of the table when 5 matches were completed. They even ended up in a draw against a weaker [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]] side. Bangladesh assistant coach [[Stuart Watkiss]] even said that the absence of Sandesh Jhingan for their Group E Asian Qualifiers for the FIFA World Cup was slightly advantageous for them. "I mean, obviously the two defenders are very good players. Sandesh is excellent, not only defending but he's a big threat from set pieces," he told the reporters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan's absence slightly advantageous for us: Bangladesh assistant coach|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2019/oct/12/sandesh-jhingans-absence-slightly-advantageous-for-us-bangladesh-assistant-coach-2046616.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606040849/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2019/oct/12/sandesh-jhingans-absence-slightly-advantageous-for-us-bangladesh-assistant-coach-2046616.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jhingan made his comeback to the national team on 25 March 2021 in a friendly against [[Oman]], where he also captained the side.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-25|title=India vs Oman, Match Highlights: Manvir Singh's equaliser sees India grind out draw under immense pressure |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/india-vs-oman-match-highlights-manvir-singhs-equaliser-sees-india-grind-out-draw-under-immense-pressure-9463261.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Firstpost|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325162108/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/india-vs-oman-match-highlights-manvir-singhs-equaliser-sees-india-grind-out-draw-under-immense-pressure-9463261.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 21 August 2020, Jhingan became the twenty seventh footballer to win the [[Arjuna Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian football: Sandesh Jhingan wins Arjuna Award, Sukhwinder Singh bags Dhyan Chand Award {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/indian-football-sandesh-jhingan-wins-arjuna-award/wyg0fppwdrg91qks8a582mxw9|access-date=2020-08-21|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717153650/https://www.goal.com/en/news/indian-football-sandesh-jhingan-wins-arjuna-award/wyg0fppwdrg91qks8a582mxw9|url-status=live}}</ref> Jhingan is a supporter of the [[Premier League]] club [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan: I've been a big fan of Manchester United for many years|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/sandesh-jhingan-ive-been-a-big-fan-of-manchester-united-for-many-years|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717153642/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/sandesh-jhingan-ive-been-a-big-fan-of-manchester-united-for-many-years|url-status=live}}</ref> He is married with Ivanka Pavlova, a Yakutian photographer.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Star India footballer Sandesh Jhingan marries Russian photographer Ivanka Pavlova|language=en|work=[[The Free Press Journal]]|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/star-india-defender-sandesh-jhingan-ties-the-knot-with-russian-photographer-ivanka-pavlova|access-date=2021-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Kerala Blasters captain Sandesh Jhingan ties the knot with Russian photographer Ivanka|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2021/12/07/sandesh-jhingan-marries-russian-ivanka-pavlova.html|access-date=2021-12-08|website=[[Malayala Manorama#Subsidiaries|OnManorama]]}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
On 19 February 2022, Jhingan made headlines for making a '[[Sexism|sexist]] comment' after a match with ATK Mohun Bagan against his former club Kerala Blasters.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-02-21|title=ISL: Sandesh Jhingan faces flak for sexist comment after match|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60458739|access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref> In an [[Instagram#Instagram Stories|Instagram story]] posted by ATK Mohun Bagan after the match concluded, Jhingan was heard saying, "''Aurato ke saath match khel aaya hoon, aurato ke'' saath" (I have played a match with women, with women").<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Sandesh Jhingan sparks controversy with 'played with women' comment {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/isl-sandesh-jhingan-controversy-played-with-women-comment/blte68fff5c92b59634|access-date=2022-02-21|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> He was met with immediate criticism by the fans, and the hashtag ''#BringBack21'' trended on [[Twitter]] with Kerala Blasters fans urging the club management to revert the decision of retiring the number 21 jersey after Jhingan had left the club.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=Sandesh Jhingan's Sexist Comment Causes Uproar on Social Media, ATKMB Star Tenders 'Unconditional Apology'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/sandesh-jhingans-sexist-comment-causes-uproar-on-social-media-atkmb-star-tenders-unconditional-apology-4792688.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> Jhingan later formally apologised through his social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-21|title=Top Indian footballer in sexism row for calling his teammates ‘women’|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/top-indian-footballer-in-sexism-row-for-calling-his-teammates-women-b2019557.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref> Later on 21 April 2022, the Blasters brought their number 21 jersey out of retirement and gave it to [[Bijoy Varghese]], while announcing his three year contract extension with the club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 21, 2022 |title=Bijoy Varghese inherits Sandesh Jhingan's retired No. 21 shirt at Kerala Blasters {{!}} Football News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/bijoy-varghese-inherits-sandesh-jhingans-retired-no-21-shirt-at-kerala-blasters/articleshow/90985679.cms |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|25 April 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|sandesh-jhingan/267433}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|21||2||2||0|| colspan="2" |—||23||2
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|11||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||11||0
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[2014 Kerala Blasters FC season|2014]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian Super League]]
|14||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||14||0
|-
|[[2015 Kerala Blasters FC season|2015]]
|10||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||10||0
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Blasters FC season|2016]]
|17||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||17||0
|-
|[[2017–18 Kerala Blasters FC season|2017–18]]
|17||0||1||0|| colspan="2" |—||18||0
|-
|[[2018–19 Kerala Blasters FC season|2018–19]]
|18||0||1||0|| colspan="2" |—||19||0
|-
|[[2019–20 Kerala Blasters FC season|2019–20]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Kerala Blasters total
!76!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0!!78!!0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] (loan)
|[[2014–15 Sporting Clube de Goa season|2014–15]]
| rowspan="3" |I-League
|11||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||11||1
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]] (loan)
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|7||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||7||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (loan)
|[[2016–17 Bengaluru FC season|2016–17]]
|11||1||5||0||4{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||1||20||2
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2020–21 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2020–21]]
| rowspan="1" |Indian Super League
|22||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||22||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[HNK Šibenik|Šibenik]]
|[[2021–22 HNK Šibenik season|2021–22]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Croatian First Football League]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2021–22 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2021–22]]
| rowspan="1" |Indian Super League
|9||0||0||0||2{{efn|name=statsAFCC}}||0||11||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[2022–23 Bengaluru FC season|2022–23]]
| rowspan="1" |Indian Super League
|22||0||10{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||32||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
| rowspan="1" |Indian Super League
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!190!!4!!19!!0!!6!!1!!215!!5
|}
{{notelist}}

===International===
{{updated|4 July 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/58436/Sandesh_Jhingan.html|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|website=www.national-football-teams.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418190630/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/58436/Sandesh_Jhingan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2015||7||0
|-
|2016||5||2
|-
|2017||9||2
|-
|2018||7||0
|-
|2019||8||0
|-
|2021||4||0
|-
|2022||7||0
|-
|2023||8||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!55!!5
|}

====International goals====
:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:"
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Cap !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition !! Ref.
|-
| align="center" | 1 || 29 March 2016 || [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]], [[India]] || align=center | 9 || {{fb|TKM}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align="center" | 1–2 || [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/29/asia/wc-qualifying-asia/india/turkmenistan/2028668/|title=India 1–2 Turkmenistan|website=Soccerway|date=29 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2 || 7 June 2016 || [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], [[India]] || align=center | 11 || {{fb|LAO}} || align=center | '''3'''–1 || align="center" | 6–1 || [[2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification – play-off round|2019 Asian Cup qualification]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/06/07/asia/asian-cup-qualification/india/laos/2228188/|title=India 6–1 Laos|website=Soccerway|date=7 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 3 || 22 March 2017 || [[Phnom Penh Olympic Stadium|National Olympic Stadium]], [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]] || align=center | 13 || {{fb|CAM}} || align=center | '''3'''–2 || align="center" | 3–2 || rowspan="3" |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/03/22/world/friendlies/cambodia/india/2413771/|title=Cambodia 2–3 India|website=Soccerway|date=22 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 4 || 6 June 2017 || [[Mumbai Football Arena]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]] || align=center | 15 || {{fb|NEP}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align="center" | 2–0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/06/06/world/friendlies/india/nepal/2426999/|title=India 2–0 Nepal|website=Soccerway|date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 5 || 28 March 2023 || [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]], [[Imphal]], [[India]] || align=center | 48 || {{fb|KGZ}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align="center" | 2–0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/28/world/friendlies/india/kyrgyzstan/4054883/|title=India 1–0 Kyrgyzstan|website=Soccerway|date=28 March 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Honours==
'''United Sikkim'''
* [[I-League 2nd Division]]: [[2012 I-League 2nd Division|2012]]

'''Kerala Blasters'''
* [[Indian Super League]] runner-up: [[2014 Indian Super League season|2014]], [[2016 Indian Super League season|2016]]

'''Bengaluru'''
* [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: [[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|2017]]
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2022 Durand Cup|2022]]
* [[Indian Super League]] runner-up: [[2022–23 Indian Super League season|2022–23]]
*[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] runner-up: [[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/odisha-fc-bask-in-kozhikode-rain-beat-bengaluru-fc-to-claim-hero-super-cup-crown|title=Odisha FC bask in Kozhikode rain; beat Bengaluru FC to claim Hero Super Cup crown|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=25 April 2023|access-date=25 April 2023|first=Akhil|last=Rawat|location=Kozhikode|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425180906/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/odisha-fc-bask-in-kozhikode-rain-beat-bengaluru-fc-to-claim-hero-super-cup-crown|archive-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

'''ATK Mohun Bagan'''
* [[Indian Super League]] runner-up: [[2020-21 Indian Super League season|2020–21]]

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Championship]] runner-up: [[2013 SAFF Championship|2013]]
* [[Tri-Nation Series (India)|Tri-Nation Series]]: [[2017 Hero Tri-Nation Series|2017]], [[2023 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2023]]
* [[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018]], [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023]]
* [[King's Cup (Thailand)|King's Cup]] third place: [[2019 King's Cup|2019]]

'''India U23'''
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Silver medal: [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]

'''Individual'''
*[[Indian Super League]] Emerging Player of the Season: [[2014 Indian Super League season|2014]]<ref name="Awards">{{cite news|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Arunava|title=AIFF Emerging Player of the Year 2014 Sandesh Jhingan: "Let my Coach decide on my position"|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/sandesh-jhingan-let-my-coach-decide-on-my-position|access-date=10 October 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=15 February 2015|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011152856/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/sandesh-jhingan-let-my-coach-decide-on-my-position|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] Emerging Player of the Year: 2014<ref name="Awards"/>
*[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] Player of the Year: [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards#Men's Player of the Year|2020–21]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sandesh named AIFF Men's Footballer of the Year, Suresh wins Emerging Player award|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/sandesh-named-aiff-mens-footballer-of-the-year-suresh-wins-emerging-player-award|access-date=2021-07-21|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
*[[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]] Hero of The Tournament Award: 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://twitter.com/90ndstoppage/status/1670469050277969921?t=OENwiP0bvLzZUVIGXiCxRw&s=19 |url=https://twitter.com/90ndstoppage/status/1670469050277969921?t=OENwiP0bvLzZUVIGXiCxRw&s=19 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>
'''Awards and accolades'''
* 2020 − [[Arjuna Award]], by the Government of India in recognition of his outstanding achievement in sports.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 August 2020|title=Ishant Sharma, Sandesh Jhingan, Dutee Chand, Manu Bhaker chosen for Arjuna Award with 23 others: Full list of winners|url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/ishant-sharma-sandesh-jhingan-dutee-chand-manu-bhaker-to-be-bestowed-with-arjuna-award-full-list-150023.html|access-date=19 December 2020|website=www.mykhel.com|language=en|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824101442/https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/ishant-sharma-sandesh-jhingan-dutee-chand-manu-bhaker-to-be-bestowed-with-arjuna-award-full-list-150023.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian football players in foreign leagues]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{sports links}}
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/defender-10641-sandesh-jhingan-profile Sandesh Jhingan] on [[Indian Super League|ISL website]]

{{FC Goa squad}}
{{Indian Super League Emerging Player of the League}}
{{India squad 2019 AFC Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhingan, Sandesh}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:United Sikkim FC players]]
[[Category:Mumbai FC players]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:Sporting Clube de Goa players]]
[[Category:DSK Shivajians FC players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:I-League 2nd Division players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC draft picks]]
[[Category:2019 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan SG players]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:HNK Šibenik players]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Croatia]]
[[Category:Croatian Football League players]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]

Manat (goddess)

2023-10-01T05:48:07Z

Snixtr: Manat (goddess)

{{short description|Pre-Islamic pagan goddess of Arabia}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Arabian
| name = Manāt
| image = AllatHatra.jpg
| caption = 2nd century AD relief from [[Hatra]] depicting the goddess [[al-Lat]] flanked by two female figures, possibly al-Uzza and Manat
| deity_of = Goddess of fate, fortune, time, death, and destiny
| cult_center = [[Mecca]]
| symbols = Waning moon, cup of death
| abode = Al-Mushallal
| planet =
| consort = [[Hubal]]
| siblings = [[Al-Lat]], [[Al-‘Uzzá]]
| children =
| army =
| mount =
| region = [[Arabia]]
| festivals =
| greek_equivalent = [[Ananke]]
}}
{{Fertile Crescent myth (Arabian)}}
'''{{transl|ar|DIN|Manāt}}''' ({{lang-ar|مناة}}  {{IPA-ar|maˈnaːh}} [[pausa]], {{IPA-ar|maˈnaːt|}} or [[Old Arabic]] manawat; also transliterated as ''{{transl|ar|DIN|manāh}}'') was a pre-Islamic Arabian goddess worshipped in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] before the rise of [[Islam]] and the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] in the 7th century. She was among [[Mecca]]'s three chief goddesses, alongside her sisters, [[Allat]] and [[Al-‘Uzzá]],{{sfn|Al-Kalbi|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvWCgAAQBAJ&pg=13 13]}} and among them, she was the original and the oldest.{{sfn|Tate|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC&pg=PA170 170]}}

== Etymology ==
There are two possible meanings of the goddess' name. The first is that it was likely derived from the Arabic root "''mana''",{{sfn|Phipps|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1CbUAwAAQBAJ&pg=22 22]}} thus her name would mean "to mete out", or alternatively "to determine",{{sfn|Phipps|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1CbUAwAAQBAJ&pg=22 22]}}{{sfn|Tate|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC&pg=PA170 170]}} the second is that it derives from the Arabic word ''maniya'' meaning "fate".{{sfn|Griffo|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M89aAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 104]}} Both meanings are fitting for her role as goddess of fate and destinies.{{sfn|Phipps|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1CbUAwAAQBAJ&pg=22 22]}}{{sfn|Tate|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC&pg=PA170 170]}} Pre-Islamic [[theophoric name]]s including Manāt are well attested in Arab sources.{{sfn|van der Toorn|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=568 568]}}

== Worship ==
[[File:Atargatis Petra RGZM 3368.jpg|thumb|"Eye" image often associated with these goddesses]]
Considered a goddess of fate, fortune, time, and destiny,{{sfn|Tate|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC&pg=PA170 170]}}{{sfn|Andrae|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wZqjAQAAQBAJ&pg=17 17]}} she was older than both [[Al-Lat]] and [[Al-‘Uzzá]] as theophoric names including hers, such as Abd-Manah or Zayd-Manah, are found earlier than names featuring Al-Lat's or Al-‘Uzzá's.{{sfn|Al-Kalbi|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvWCgAAQBAJ&pg=12 12]}} But aside from being the most ancient of the three chief goddesses of Mecca,{{sfn|Al-Kalbi|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvWCgAAQBAJ&pg=12 12]}} she was also very possibly among the most ancient of the Semitic pantheon as well.{{sfn|Nasir|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aFzuAAAAMAAJ&pg=98 98]}}{{sfn|Van Donzel|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M89aAgAAQBAJ&pg=246 246]}}

Her now-lost major shrine was between [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] on the coasts of the [[Red Sea]],{{sfn|Jordan|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aqDC5bwx4_wC&pg=187 187]}} likely in al-Mushallal where an idol of her was erected.{{sfn|Papaconstantinou|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JhOrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 253]}} The [[Banu Aws]] and [[Banu Khazraj]] were considered to be among the most devoted of tribes to the goddess, so much that the place to make sacrifices to her was commonly referred to by its significance to the Khazraj,{{sfn|Papaconstantinou|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JhOrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 253]}} as known from a poem most likely written by Abd-al-‘Uzza ibn-Wadi‘ah al-Muzani:
{{quote|An oath, truthful and just, I swore
By Manāh, at the sacred place of the Khazraj{{sfn|Al-Kalbi|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvWCgAAQBAJ&pg=13 13]}}}}

Her early representations included a wooden portrait of her, which was covered with sacrificial blood,{{sfn|Tate|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC&pg=PA170 170]}} but the most notable representation of her was her idol erected in al-Mushallal.{{sfn|Papaconstantinou|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JhOrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 253]}} When pre-Islamic Arabians would pilgrim to al-Mushallal, they would shave their head and stand in front of Manāt's idol for a while.{{sfn|Al-Kalbi|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvWCgAAQBAJ&pg=13 13]}} They wouldn't consider their pilgrimage complete without visiting her idol.{{sfn|Al-Kalbi|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvWCgAAQBAJ&pg=13 13]}}

An idol of her was also likely among the 360 idols in the [[Kaaba]]. According to [[Ibn al-Kalbi]], when worshipers would circumambulate the Kaaba, they would chant her name along with that of her sisters, al-Lat and al-Uzza, seeking their blessings and intercession.{{sfn|Al-Kalbi|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvWCgAAQBAJ&pg=17 17]}}

Manat was also thought to watch over graves, as indicated by a tomb inscription reading "And may Dushara and Manat and Qaysha curse anyone who sells this tomb or buys it or gives it in pledge or makes a gift of it or leases it or draws up for himself any document concerning it or buries in it anyone apart from the inscribed above".{{sfn|Tate|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC&pg=PA170 170]}}

== After the rise of Islam ==
=== Mention in the "Satanic" Verses ===
{{main|Satanic Verses}}
The different versions of the story are all traceable to one single narrator, Muhammad ibn Ka'b, who was two generations removed from biographer [[Ibn Ishaq]]. In its essential form, the story reports that Muhammad longed to convert his kinsmen and neighbors of [[Mecca]] to [[Islam]]. As he was reciting these verses of [[an-Najm|Sūrat an-Najm]], considered a revelation from the angel [[Gabriel]],

: ''Have you thought of [[al-Lāt]] and [[al-‘Uzzá]]''
: ''and Manāt, the third, the other?''
: ([[Quran 53:19–20]])

[[Shaitan|Satan]] tempted him to utter the following line:

: ''These are the exalted ''gharāniq'', whose intercession is hoped for.'' (In Arabic تلك الغرانيق العلى وإن شفاعتهن لترتجى.)

The line was taken from the religious chant of Meccan polytheists who prayed to the three goddesses while circumambulating the Ka'aba.{{sfn|Al-Kalbi|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvWCgAAQBAJ&pg=17 17]}}

== Destruction of Temple ==
{{main|Raid of Sa'd ibn Zaid al-Ashhali}}

In the same month as the mission of Khalid ibn al-Walid to [[Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Nakhla)|destroy al-Uzza]] and the [[Raid of Amr ibn al-As|Suwa]], Sa‘d bin Zaid al-Ashhali was sent with 20 horsemen<ref>{{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA226|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960-897-71-4|page=226}}</ref> to Al-Mashallal to destroy an idol called Manāt, worshipped by the polytheist Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj tribes of Arabia. According to legend, a black woman appeared, naked with disheveled hair, wailing and beating on her chest. Sa‘d immediately killed her, destroyed the idol and broke the casket, returning at the conclusion of his errand.
<ref>[http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm List of Battles of Muhammad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726142128/http://military.hawarey.org/military_english.htm |date=2011-07-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA256|title=The Sealed Nectar|isbn=9798694145923 |access-date=17 December 2014|last1=Mubarakpuri |first1=Safiur Rahman |date=6 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html "Sa‘d bin Zaid Al-Ashhali was also sent", Witness-Pioneer.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html |date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>

The group who carried out this raid were formerly devoted worshippers of al-Manat {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}. According to some sources, among them ''ibn Kalbi'', Ali was sent to demolish al-Manat; however, Sir [[William Muir]] claims there is more evidence to suggest that the raid was carried out by Sa'd, and that it would have been out of character for Muhammad to send Ali, since Muhammad had been sending former worshippers to demolish idols.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA134|title=The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira|access-date=17 December 2014|last1=Muir|first1=Sir William|year=1861}}</ref>

=== Somnath temple ===
The attack on [[Somnath temple]] in India in 1024 by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] may have been inspired by the belief that an idol of Manat had been secretly transferred to the temple.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict between Islam and Christianity|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L_o_CgAAQBAJ|publisher = Roli Books Private Limited|date = 2003-12-31|isbn = 9789351940944|first = M. J.|last = Akbar}}
</ref> According to the Ghaznavid court poet [[Farrukhi Sistani]], who claimed to have accompanied Mahmud on his raid, Somnat (as rendered in Persian) was a garbled version of ''su-manat'' referring to the goddess Manat. According to him as well as a later Ghaznavid historian [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]], the images of the other goddesses were destroyed in Arabia but the one of Manat was secretly sent away to [[Kathiawar]] (in modern [[Gujarat]]) for safe keeping. Since the idol of Manat was an aniconic image of black stone, it could have been easily confused with a [[lingam]] at Somnath. Mahmud is said to have broken the idol and taken away parts of it as loot and placed it on the ground so that people would walk on it. In his letters to the Caliphate, Mahmud exaggerated the size, wealth and religious significance of the Somnath temple, receiving grandiose titles from the Caliph in return.<ref>
{{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2004 |isbn=1-84467-020-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA45 |pages=45–51}}
</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvWCgAAQBAJ|title=Book of Idols|last=Al-Kalbi|first=Ibn|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781400876792}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZqjAQAAQBAJ|title=Mohammed: The Man and His Faith|last=Andrae|first=Tor|publisher=Courier Corporation|year=2012|isbn=9780486119090}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EiKxXBc95b8C|title=A New Introduction to Islam|last=Brown|first=Daniel W.|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=9781444357721}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M89aAgAAQBAJ|title=Religion, Politics, and Freemasonry: A Violent Attack Against Ancient Africa|last1=Griffo|first1=Kedar|last2=Birkley|first2=Michael|publisher=lulu.com|year=2011|isbn=9780557886005}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqDC5bwx4_wC|title=Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses|last=Jordan|first=Michael|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781438109855}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFzuAAAAMAAJ|title=Perceptions of Islam in the Christendoms: A Historical Survey
|last=Khan|first=Nasir|publisher=International Specialized Book Service Incorporated|year=2006|isbn=9788256015016}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhOrCwAAQBAJ|title=Conversion in Late Antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and Beyond: Papers from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation|last1=Papaconstantinou|first1=Arietta|last2=Schwartz|first2=Daniel L.|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781317159735}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CbUAwAAQBAJ|title=Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings|last=Phipps|first=William E.|publisher=A&C Black|year=1999|isbn=9780826412072}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC|title=Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations|last=Tate|first=Karen|publisher=CCC Publishing|year=2005|isbn=9781888729177}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C|title=MDictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible|last1=van der Toorn|first1=Karel|last2=Becking|first2=Bob|last3=van der Horst|first3=Pieter|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=1999|isbn=9780802824912}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0|url-access=registration|title=Islamic Desk Reference|last=Van Donzel|first=E. J.|publisher=BRILL|year=1994|isbn=9789004097384}}

{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Time in religion and mythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manat}}
[[Category:Time and fate goddesses]]
[[Category:Arabian goddesses]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern mythology]]
[[Category:Fortune goddesses]]

India at the 1982 Asian Games

2023-09-19T01:34:54Z

Snixtr: Fix errors

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| oldcode =
| year = 1982
| date =
| games = Asian Games
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| officials =
| gold = 13
| silver = 19
| bronze = 25
| rank = 5
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website =
}}

'''[[India]]''' was the host nation for the '''[[1982 Asian Games]]''' held at [[Delhi]], [[India]] from 19 November to 4 December 1982. Ranked 5th with 13 gold medals, 19 silver medals and 25 bronze medals with a total of 57 over-all medals.<ref>[http://www.ocasia.org/9AG.asp 1982 Asian Games medal tally] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040923163146/http://www.ocasia.org/9AG.asp |date=2004-09-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/680435/flashback-1982-the-asian-games-that-transformed-delhi|title=Flashback 1982: The Asian Games that transformed Delhi|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1982-new-delhi|title=
Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1982 New Delhi|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>
==Medals by sport==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=200|Sport
|bgcolor=gold width=60|'''Gold''' || bgcolor=silver width=60|'''Silver''' || bgcolor=#cc9966 width=60|'''Bronze'''
! width=60|Total
|-
|align=left| [[Athletics at the 1982 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 4 || 9 || 8 || 21
|-
|align=left| [[Badminton at the 1982 Asian Games|Badminton]] || 0 || 0 || 5 || 5
|-
|align=left| [[Boxing at the 1982 Asian Games|Boxing]] || 1 || 2 || 3 || 6
|-
|align=left| [[Equestrian at the 1982 Asian Games|Equestrian]] || 3 || 1 || 1 || 5
|-
|align=left| [[Field Hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|Hockey]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
|align=left| [[Golf at the 1982 Asian Games|Golf]] || 2 || 1 || 0 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[Rowing at the 1982 Asian Games|Rowing]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Sailing at the 1982 Asian Games|Sailing]] || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[Wrestling at the 1982 Asian Games|Wrestling]] || 1 || 1 || 2 || 4
|-
|align=left| [[Shooting at the 1982 Asian Games|Shooting]] || 0 || 2 || 1 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[Tennis at the 1982 Asian Games|Tennis]] || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Water Polo at the 1982 Asian Games|Water Polo]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Weightlifting at the 1982 Asian Games|Weightlifting]] || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2
|-

! Total || 13 || 19 || 25 || 57
|}
==Gold Medal Winners==
*[[Charles Borromeo (athlete)]] - Men's 800m;
*[[MD Valsamma]] - Women's 400m hurdles;
*[[Chand Ram]] - Men's 20 km walk;
*[[Bahadur Singh Chouhan]] - Men's Shot Put;
*[[Raghubir Singh (equestrian)|Raghubir Singh]] - Men's Equestrian;
*Rupi Brar - Equestrian Tent Pegging;
*Men's Equestrian Team;
*Men's Golf Team;
*Bunny [[Lakshman Singh (golfer)|Lakshman Singh]] - Men's Golf;
*[[Satpal Singh]] - Wrestling, Heavyweight;
*[[Kaur Singh]] - Boxing, Heavyweight;
*Women's Hockey Team;
*Tarapore and Karanja - Sailing, Enterprise Class;

==Football==
Head coach: {{flagicon|IND}} [[P. K. Banerjee]]

{{national football squad start (goals)}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Bhaskar Ganguly]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Brahmanand Sankhwalkar]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1954|3|6}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Salgaocar SC|Salgaocar]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Compton Dutta]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Sudip Chatterjee (footballer)|Sudip Chatterjee]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1959|2|5}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Mohun Bagan]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Aloke Mukherjee]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1960|5|1}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Gurcharan Singh Parmar]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Punjab football team|Punjab]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Aslam Khan (footballer)|Aslam Khan]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Prasun Banerjee]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1955|4|6}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Prasanta Banerjee]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1958|2|12}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Mohammad Farid (footballer)|Mohammad Farid]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Parminder Singh (footballer)|Parminder Singh]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1957|5|5}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Punjab football team|Punjab]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Harjinder Singh (Indian footballer)|Harjinder Singh]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[JCT Mills]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Bidesh Ranjan Bose|Bidesh Bose]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1953|11|15}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Shabbir Ali]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1982|11|20|1956|1|26}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Biswajit Bhattacharya]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Kartick Seth]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad player (goals)|no=|pos=FW|name=[[C. B. Thapa]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Services football team|Services]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{national football squad end}}

=== Preliminary round ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90% "
!width=160|Team
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pld|Played}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left|{{fb|IND}}
|3||2||1||0||5||2||+3||'''5'''
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left|{{fb|CHN|name=China}}
|3||2||1||0||4||2||+2||'''5'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|BAN}}
|3||1||0||2||2||4||−2||'''2'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|MAS}}
|3||0||0||3||1||4||−3||'''0'''
|}

{{football box
|date= 20 November
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score= 2–0
|team2={{fb|BAN}}
|goals1= [[Prasun Banerjee]] {{goal|1||90+5}}<ref name=asiangames1982>{{cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Amoy|title=Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1982 New Delhi|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1982-new-delhi|work=Sportskeeda.com|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref>
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]}}
----
{{football box
|date= 22 November
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score= 1–0
|team2={{fb|MAS}}
|goals1= [[Kartick Sett]] {{goal|68}}<ref name=asiangames1982/>
|stadium= [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]}}
----
{{football box
|date= 24 November
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score= 2–2
|team2={{fb|CHN|name=China}}
|goals1= [[Shabbir Ali]] {{goal|53}}<ref name=asiangames1982/> [[Kartick Seth]] {{goal|60}}<ref name=asiangames1982/>
|goals2= [[Shen Xiangfu]] {{goal|25}} [[Zuo Shusheng]] {{goal|82}}
|stadium= [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]}}

=== Quarterfinals ===
{{football box
|date= 27 November
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score= 0–1
|team2={{fb|KSA}}
|goals2= [[Ahmed Bayazid|Bayazid]] {{goal|89}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nations at the 1982 Asian Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:India at the Asian Games|1982]]
[[Category:1982 in Indian sport|Asian Games]]

{{India-sport-stub}}
{{Asian-Games-stub}}

India at the 1978 Asian Games

2023-09-19T01:34:44Z

Snixtr: Fix errors

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| oldcode =
| year = 1978
| date =
| games = Asian Games
| location = [[Bangkok]]
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| officials =
| gold = 11
| silver = 11
| bronze = 6
| rank = 6
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website =
}}

'''India''' competed at the '''[[1978 Asian Games]]''' held in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]. India ranked 6th with 11 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1978-bangkok|title=Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1978 Bangkok|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19790115-will-india-be-able-to-maintain-its-1978-asiad-momentum-till-1982-games-in-delhi-821764-2014-12-15|title=Will India be able to maintain its 1978 Asiad momentum till 1982 Games in Delhi?|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>

==Medals by sport==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=200|Sport
|bgcolor=gold width=60|'''Gold''' || bgcolor=silver width=60|'''Silver''' || bgcolor=#cc9966 width=60|'''Bronze'''
! width=60|Total
|-
|align=left| [[Athletics at the 1978 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 8 || 7 || 3 || 18
|-
|align=left| [[Boxing at the 1978 Asian Games|Boxing]] || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[Field hockey at the 1978 Asian Games|Hockey]] || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Sailing at the 1978 Asian Games|Sailing]] || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Wrestling at the 1978 Asian Games|Wrestling]] || 2 || 1 || 0 || 3
|-
|align=left| [[Shooting at the 1978 Asian Games|Shooting]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Tennis at the 1978 Asian Games|Tennis]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
! Total || 11 || 11 || 6 || 28
|}

==Football==
Head coach: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Ghosh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Amoy |title=Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1978 Bangkok |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1978-bangkok |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

{{nat fs g start}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Bhaskar Ganguly]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Bhaskar Maity]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Surjit Singh (Indian footballer)|Surjit Singh]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=|clubnat=}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Gurdev Singh Gill]] (c)|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|12|10|1950|4|20}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Chinmoy Chatterjee (footballer)|Chinmoy Chatterjee]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Shyamal Banerjee]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Compton Dutta]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Subrata Bhattacharya]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|12|10|1953|3|3}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Nicholas Pereira (footballer)|Nicholas Pereira]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=|clubnat=}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[D. Sekaran]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=|clubnat=}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Gurcharan Singh Parmar]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=|clubnat=}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Prasun Banerjee]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|12|10|1955|4|6}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Pushparaj Kumar]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[A. Devraj Doraiswamy]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[M.M. Jacob (footballer)|M.M. Jacob]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=|clubnat=}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Thomas Fernandes (Indian footballer)|Thomas Fernandes]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=|clubnat=}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Xavier Pius]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=|clubnat=}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Francis D'Souza (footballer)|Francis D'Souza]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=|clubnat=}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Mohammed Akbar (footballer)|Mohammed Akbar]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=|clubnat=}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Harjinder Singh (Indian footballer)|Harjinder Singh]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Surajit Sengupta]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|12|10|1951|8|30}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Bidesh Ranjan Bose]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|12|10|1953|11|15}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g end}}

=== Preliminary round ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90% "
!width=160|Team
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pld|Played}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left|{{fb|MAS}}
|2||2||0||0||2||0||+2||'''4'''
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left|{{fb|IND}}
|2||1||0||1||3||1||+2||'''2'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|BAN}}
|2||0||0||2||0||4||−4||'''0'''
|}

{{footballbox|date=10 December
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score=0–1
|team2={{fb|MAS}}
|stadium= [[Bangkok]] }}
----
{{footballbox|date=14 December
|team1={{fb-rt|BAN}}
|score=0–3
|team2={{fb|IND}}
|stadium= [[Bangkok]] }}

=== Semifinals ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90% "
!width=160|Team
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pld|Played}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left|{{fb|PRK|1948}}
|3||2||1||0||6||3||+3||'''5'''
|-bgcolor=ffffcc
|align=left|{{fb|IRQ|1963}}
|3||2||0||1||6||1||+5||'''4'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|KUW}}
|3||1||1||1||8||6||+2||'''3'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|IND}}
|3||0||0||3||2||12||−10||'''0'''
|}

{{footballbox|date=17 December
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score=1–6
|team2={{fb|KUW}}
|stadium= [[Bangkok]] }}
----
{{footballbox|date=18 December
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score=1–3
|team2={{fb|PRK|1948}}
|stadium= [[Bangkok]] }}
----
{{footballbox|date=19 December
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score=0–3
|team2={{fb|IRQ|1963}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Ali Hussein Mahmoud|Mahmoud]] {{goal|20}} [[Nadhim Shaker|Shaker]] {{goal|25|}} [[Hussein Saeed|Saeed]] {{goal|63}}
|stadium= [[Bangkok]] }}

==Field hockey==
=== Team ===
[[Salim Abbasi]] [[Vasudevan Baskaran]] [[Pramod Batlaw]] [[Sylvanus Dung Dung]] [[Merwyn Fernandes]] [[Olympio Fernandes]] [[B. P. Govinda]] [[Sukhbir Singh Grewal]] [[Zafar Iqbal (field hockey)|Zafar Iqbal]] [[Ashok Kumar (field hockey)|Ashok Kumar]] [[Victor Philips]] [[Surjit Singh Randhawa]] [[Allan Schofield]] [[Ranbir Singh (field hockey)|Ranbir Singh]] [[Varinder Singh (field hockey)|Varinder Singh]] [[Surinder Singh Sodhi (Field Hockey)|Surinder Singh Sodhi]]

=== Preliminary round ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90% "
!width=160|Team
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pld|Played}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!width=25|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|-bgcolor="ccffcc"
|align=left|{{fh|IND}}
|3||3||0||0||16||4||+12||'''6'''
|-bgcolor="ccffcc"
|align=left|{{fh|MAS}}
|3||2||0||1||11||5||+6||'''4'''
|-
|align=left|{{fh|SRI}}
|3||1||0||2||4||8||−4||'''2'''
|-
|align=left|{{fh|HKG|1959}}
|3||0||0||3||2||16||−14||'''0'''
|}

{{fieldhockeybox
|date=11 December
|time=
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|score= 5–3
|team2={{fh|MAS}}
|stadium= [[National Stadium (Thailand)|National Stadium]], [[Bangkok]]}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=13 December
|time=
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|score= 7–0
|team2={{fh|HKG|1959}}
|stadium= [[National Stadium (Thailand)|National Stadium]], [[Bangkok]]}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=15 December
|time=
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|score= 4–1
|team2={{fh|SRI}}
|stadium= [[National Stadium (Thailand)|National Stadium]], [[Bangkok]]}}

=== Semifinals ===
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=17 December
|time=
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|score= 2–0
|team2={{fh|JPN|1947}}
|stadium= [[National Stadium (Thailand)|National Stadium]], [[Bangkok]]}}

=== Gold medal match ===
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=19 December
|time=
|team1={{fh-rt|PAK}}
|score= 1–0
|team2={{fh|IND}}
|stadium= [[National Stadium (Thailand)|National Stadium]], [[Bangkok]]}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nations at the 1978 Asian Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1978 Asian Games]]
[[Category:India at the Asian Games|1978]]
[[Category:1978 in Indian sport|Asian Games]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

India at the 1974 Asian Games

2023-09-19T01:34:34Z

Snixtr: Fix errors

{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| oldcode =
| year = 1974
| date =
| games = Asian Games
| location = [[Tehran]]
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| officials =
| gold = 4
| silver = 12
| bronze = 12
| rank = 7
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website =
}}

'''[[India]]''' participated in the '''[[1974 Asian Games]]''' held in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] from 1 to 16 September 1974. Athletes from India won overall 28 medals, including four gold, and finished seventh in a [[1974 Asian Games medal table|medal table]].<ref name="ocasia2">{{cite web | url=http://www.ocasia.org/Game/MWinner.aspx?AMWCode=11&GCode=1 | title=Overall medal standings – Tehran 1974 | publisher=ocasia.org | work=Olympic Council of Asia | access-date=24 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308142701/http://www.ocasia.org/Game/MWinner.aspx?AMWCode=11&GCode=1 | archive-date=8 March 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Medals by sport==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=200|Sport
|bgcolor=gold width=60|'''Gold''' || bgcolor=silver width=60|'''Silver''' || bgcolor=#cc9966 width=60|'''Bronze'''
! width=60|Total
|-
|align=left| [[Athletics at the 1974 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 4 || 7 || 4 || 15
|-
|align=left| [[Boxing at the 1974 Asian Games|Boxing]] || 0 || 3 || 2 || 5
|-
|align=left| [[Badminton at the 1974 Asian Games|Badminton]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Field hockey at the 1974 Asian Games|Hockey]] || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Shooting at the 1974 Asian Games|Shooting]] || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
|align=left| [[Wrestling at the 1974 Asian Games|Wrestling]] || 0 || 0 || 4 || 4
|-
! Total || 4 || 12 || 12 || 28
|}

==Football==
Head coach: [[P. K. Banerjee]]

{{nat fs g start}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[E.N. Sudhir]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Prasanta Mitra]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Nicholas Pereira]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Goa football team|Goa]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Shyamal Ghosh]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Kajal Dhali]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Prabir Majumdar]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Pradeep Chowdhury]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Gurdev Singh Gill]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1950|4|20}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Dilip Palit]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Railways football team|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Shyam Sunder Manna]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Doraiswami Nataraj]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Gautam Sarkar]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1950|1|8}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Prasun Banerjee]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1955|4|6}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Surajit Sengupta]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1951|8|30}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Subhash Bhowmick]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1950|10|2}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1949|7|17}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Shyam Thapa]] |age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1974|9|2|1948|5|1}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Magan Singh Rajvi]] |age= |caps=|goals=|club=RAC Bikaner|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g end}}

=== Preliminary round ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=R1B
|update=complete
|source= [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asgames74.html RSSSF]
|winpoints=2
|team1=IRQ |team2=PRK |team3=CHN |team4=IND

|win_IRQ=3 |draw_IRQ=0 |loss_IRQ=0 |gf_IRQ=5 |ga_IRQ=0
|win_PRK=2 |draw_PRK=0 |loss_PRK=1 |gf_PRK=6 |ga_PRK=2
|win_CHN=1 |draw_CHN=0 |loss_CHN=2 |gf_CHN=7 |ga_CHN=4
|win_IND=0 |draw_IND=0 |loss_IND=3 |gf_IND=2 |ga_IND=14

|name_IRQ={{fb|IRQ|1963}}
|name_PRK={{fb|PRK|1948}}
|name_CHN={{fb|CHN|name=China}}
|name_IND={{fb|IND}}

|result1=A |result2=A
|col_A=#ccffcc
}}</onlyinclude>

{{football box
|date = 2 September
|time = 16:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0–3
|team2 = {{fb|IRQ|1963}}
|goals2 = [[Hazem Jassam|Jassam]] {{goal|19}} [[Falah Hassan|Hassan]] {{goal|27}} [[Ali Kadhim|Kadhim]] {{goal|58}}
|stadium = [[Shahid Shiroudi Stadium|Amjadieh Stadium]], [[Tehran]]
|referee = [[Yoshiyuki Maruyama]] ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]]) }}
----
{{football box
|date = 4 September
|time = 18:30
|id = INDvCHN
|team1 = {{fb-rt|CHN|name=China}}
|score = 7–1
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Wang Jilian]] {{goal|4||25}} [[Li Guoning]] {{goal|10|pen.|58}} [[Liu Qingquan]] {{goal|50}} [[Rong Zhixing]] {{goal|76}} [[Chi Shangbin]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2 = [[Magan Singh Rajvi|Rajvi]] {{goal|74}}
|referee = [[Mohsen Zamani]] ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]])
|stadium = [[Azadi Stadium|Aryamehr Stadium]], [[Tehran]] }}
----
{{football box
|date=6 September
|time=18:30
|team1={{fb-rt|IND}}
|score=1–4
|team2={{fb|PRK|1948}}
|goals1 = [[Magan Singh Rajvi|Rajvi]] {{goal}}
|goals2 = [[Hong Song-nam]] {{goal}} {{goal}} [[Yang Song-guk]] {{goal}} [[Myong Dong-chan]] {{goal}}
|stadium = [[Shahid Shiroudi Stadium|Amjadieh Stadium]], [[Tehran]] }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nations at the 1974 Asian Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:India at the Asian Games|1974]]
[[Category:1974 in Indian sport|Asian Games]]

India at the 1958 Asian Games

2023-09-19T01:34:04Z

Snixtr: Fix errors

{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| oldcode =
| year = 1958
| date =
| games = Asian Games
| location = [[Tokyo]]
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| officials =
| gold = 5
| silver = 4
| bronze = 4
| rank = 7
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website =
}}

[[India]] participated in the [[1958 Asian Games]]—Third Asian Games, held in the [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] from 24 May to 1 June 1958. Indian athletes achieved total 13 medals with 5 golds and finished at the seventh spot in a medal table.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.olympic.ind.in/images/AGMedalTally.pdf | title=Asian Games – Medal Tally | publisher=[[Indian Olympic Association]] | access-date=17 May 2011 | format=pdf | archive-date=10 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310101912/http://www.olympic.ind.in/images/AGMedalTally.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Medal table==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=200|Sport
|bgcolor=gold width=60|'''Gold''' || bgcolor=silver width=60|'''Silver''' || bgcolor=#cc9966 width=60|'''Bronze'''
! width=60|Total
|-
|align=left| [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 5 || 2 || 2 || 9
|-
|align=left| [[Boxing at the 1958 Asian Games|Boxing]] || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
|align=left| [[Field hockey at the 1958 Asian Games|Hockey]] || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|align=left| [[Volleyball at the 1958 Asian Games|Volleyball]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
! Total || 5 || 4 || 4 || 13
|}

==Medalists==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! Medal
! Name
! Sport
! Event
|-
| {{gold medal}} || [[Milkha Singh]] || [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 200 m
|-
| {{gold medal}} || [[Milkha Singh]] || [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 400 m
|-
| {{gold medal}} || [[Mohinder Singh]] || [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|Athletics]] || Triple jump
|-
| {{gold medal}} || [[Parduman Singh Brar]] || [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|Athletics]] || Shot put
|-
| {{gold medal}} || [[Balkar Singh (athlete)|Balkar Singh]]|| [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|Athletics]] || Discus throw
|-
| {{silver medal}} || {{sortname|Hari|Singh (boxer)}}|| [[Boxing at the 1958 Asian Games|Boxing]] || Middleweight (75 kg)
|-
| {{silver medal}} || {{sortname|Stephie|D'Souza}} || [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 200 m
|-
| {{silver medal}} || {{sortname|Elizabeth|Davenport}} || [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|Athletics]] || Javelin throw
|-
| {{silver medal}} || [[India men's national field hockey team|India national hockey team]] ||[[Field hockey at the 1958 Asian Games|Hockey]] || Men's hockey
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Parduman Singh Brar]] || [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|Athletics]] || Discus throw
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || Women's relay team || [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|Athletics]] || 4 x 100 m relay
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || {{sortname|Sundar|Rao}} || [[Boxing at the 1958 Asian Games|Boxing]] || Lightweight (60 kg)
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[India men's national volleyball team|Men's volleyball team]] || [[Volleyball at the 1958 Asian Games|Volleyball]] || Volleyball–Indoor
|}

==Football==
Head coach: {{flagicon|IND}} [[T. Shome]]

{{nat fs g start}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Peter Thangaraj]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1958|5|25|1935|12|24}} |caps=|goals=|club=Madras Regimental Centre |clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[S. S. Narayan]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1958|5|25|1934|11|12}} |caps=|goals=|club=Caltex Bombay|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Muhammad Salaam|Mohammad Abdul Salaam]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Syed Khwaja Azizuddin]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1958|5|25|1930|7|12}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Abdul Latif (Indian footballer)|Abdul Latif]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1958|5|25|1928|8|15}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Hussain Ahmed (footballer)|Ahmed Hussain]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Mariappa Kempiah]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1958|5|25|1932|3|4}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Noor Mohammed]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Nikhil Nandy]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Bir Bahadur Gurung]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[K. T. Pavitran]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Pradip Kumar Banerjee]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1958|5|25|1936|6|23}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Chuni Goswami]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1958|5|25|1938|1|15}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Mohammed Rahmatullah|M. Rahmatullah]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[D. Damodaram]]|age= |caps=|goals=|club=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Dharmalingam Kannan]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1958|5|25|1936|7|8}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[Andhra Pradesh football team|Hyderabad]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Tulsidas Balaram]]|age={{Birth date and age2|df=yes|1958|5|25|1936|10|4}} |caps=|goals=|club=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs g end}}

=== Preliminary round ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|res_col_header=Q
|winpoints=2
|use_goal_ratio=y
|show_positions=n

|team1=INA|name_INA={{fb|INA}}
|team2=IND|name_IND={{fb|IND}}
|team3=BUR|name_BUR={{fb|Burma|1948}}
|win_INA=2|draw_INA=0|loss_INA=0|gf_INA=6|ga_INA=3
|win_IND=1|draw_IND=0|loss_IND=1|gf_IND=4|ga_IND=4
|win_BUR=0|draw_BUR=0|loss_BUR=2|gf_BUR=4|ga_BUR=7

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A|result2=A
|update=complete|source=
}}</onlyinclude>

{{footballbox
| date = 26 May
| time = 16:00
| team1 = {{fb-rt|Burma|1948}}
| score = 2–3
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|IND}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Chuni Goswami|Goswami]]<ref name=asiangames1958>{{cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Amoy|title=Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1958 Tokyo|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1958-tokyo|work=Sportskeeda.com|date=17 August 2014 |access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> {{goal}} [[Tulsidas Balaram|Balaram]]<ref name=asiangames1958/> {{goal}} [[D. Damodaran|Damodaran]]<ref name=asiangames1958/> {{goal}}
| stadium = [[Korakuen Velodrome]], [[Tokyo]]
| attendance =
| referee =
}}
----
{{footballbox
| date = 28 May
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
| score = 1–2
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|INA}}
| goals1 = [[Mohammed Rahmatullah|Rahmatullah]]<ref name=asiangames1958/> {{goal|35}}
| goals2 = [[Thio Him Tjiang]] {{goal|11}} {{goal|53}}
| stadium = [[Tokyo]]
| attendance =
| referee =
}}

=== Quarterfinals ===
{{footballbox
| date = 30 May
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|HKG|1955}}
| score = 2–5
|aet=yes
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|IND}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Mohammed Rahmatullah|Rahmatullah]]<ref name=asiangames1958/> {{goal}} {{goal}} [[Chuni Goswami|Goswami]]<ref name=asiangames1958/> {{goal}} [[Tulsidas Balaram|Balaram]]<ref name=asiangames1958/> {{goal}} [[D. Damodaran|Damodaran]]<ref name=asiangames1958/> {{goal}}
| stadium = [[Tokyo]]
| attendance =
| referee =
}}

=== Semifinals ===
{{footballbox
| date = 31 May
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
| score = 1–3
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|KOR|1949}}
| goals1 = [[D. Damodaran|Damodaran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19580601&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title=KOREA, TAIWAN IN SOCCER FINAL|date=1 June 1958|publisher=[[The Sunday Standard]]|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> {{goal|67}}
| goals2 = [[Choi Chung-min]] {{goal|13}} [[Lee Soo-nam]] {{goal|75}} [[Moon Jung-sik]] {{goal}}
| stadium = [[National Olympic Stadium (Tokyo)|National Stadium]], [[Tokyo]]
| attendance =
| referee =
}}

=== Bronze medal match ===
{{footballbox
| date = 1 June
| time =
| team1 = {{fb-rt|INA}}
| score = 4–1
| report =
| team2 = {{fb|IND}}
| goals1 = [[Saari (footballer)|Saari]] {{goal|10}} [[Omo Suratmo|Suratmo]] {{goal|59}} [[Wowo Sunaryo|Sunaryo]] {{goal|60}} [[Phwa Sian Liong]] {{goal|88}}
| goals2 = [[Tulsidas Balaram|Balaram]] {{goal|46|pen.}}<ref name=1958bronze>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19580602&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title=INDONESIA GET BRONZE MEDAL BEATING INDIA|date=2 June 1958|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref>
| stadium = [[National Olympic Stadium (Tokyo)|National Stadium]], [[Tokyo]]
| attendance = 46,000<ref name=1958bronze/>
| referee =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nations at the 1958 Asian Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1958 Asian Games]]
[[Category:India at the Asian Games|1958]]
[[Category:1958 in Indian sport|Asian Games]]

Rakri, Madhya Pradesh

2023-09-07T09:22:55Z

Snixtr: Drafted new content.

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{other uses|Rakri (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rakri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.6002341|N|81.8597447|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rewa district|Rewa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mauganj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 13.863
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1755
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rakri''' ([[Devanagari]]: रकरी {{IAST|Rakrī}}), also spelled '''Rakari''', is a village in [[Mauganj]] block of [[Rewa district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,755, in 411 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Rakri had a population of 1,755, in 411 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|716}} This population was 50.7% male (890) and 49.3% female (865). The 0-6 age group numbered 277 (147 male and 130 female), or 15.8% of the total population. 425 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 24.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Madhya Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rewa, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/743/download/2615/DH_2011_2313_PART_B_DCHB_REWA.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|238-9}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Rakri (as "Rakari") as having a population of 903 people, in 151 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Madhya Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rewa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29636/download/32817/28745_1981_REW.pdf |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|260-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Rakri (as "Rakari") with a total population of 513 people (257 male and 256 female), in 112 households and 104 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 3,426 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census of India 1961: District Census Handbook, Madhya Pradesh (Rewa District) |publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29639/download/32820/21728_1961_REW.pdf |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|274}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Rakri had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, well, and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Madhya Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rewa, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/742/download/2612/DH_2011_2313_PART_A_DCHB_REWA.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|716-21}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rewa Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Rewa district]]

Al-Uzza

2023-08-28T15:48:41Z

Snixtr: Uzza the youngest of the Three

{{Short description|Pre-Islamic Arabian goddess}}
{{For multi|the seed-bug genus|Uzza|biblical character|Uzzah|king of Judah|Uzziah}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Arabian
| name = al-‘Uzzá
| image = AllatHatra.jpg
| caption = 2nd century AD relief from [[Hatra]] depicting the goddess [[al-Lat]] flanked by two female figures, possibly goddesses al-Uzza and Manat
| deity_of = Goddess of might and protection
| cult_center = Petra
| abode =
| planet =
| symbol = Three trees
| consort =
| parents =
| siblings = [[Al-Lat]], [[Manāt]]
| children =
| army =
| mount =
| region = Arabia (Arabian Peninsula)
| festivals =
| Roman_equivalent =
| Greek_equivalent =
| equivalent1_type =
| equivalent1 =
}}
{{Fertile Crescent myth (Arabian)}}
'''Al-ʻUzzā''' ({{lang-ar|العزى}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|al-ʻUzzā}} {{IPA-ar|al ʕuzzaː|}} or [[Old Arabic]], {{IPA-ar|al ʕuzzeː|}}) was one of the three chief [[goddess]]es of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabian religion]] in pre-Islamic times and she was worshipped by the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic Arabs]] along with [[Al-lāt|al-Lāt]] and [[Manāt]]. A stone cube at [[Nakhla (Saudi Arabia)|Nakhla]] (near [[Mecca]]) was held sacred as part of her cult. She is mentioned in [[Qur'an 53:19]] as being one of the goddesses who people worshipped.
[[File:Relief of the Arabian goddess Al-Lat, Manat and al-Uzza from Hatra. Iraq Museum.jpg|thumb|Relief from Hatra of the Arabian goddess Al-Lat, likely flanked by goddesses Manat, and al-Uzza. Iraq Museum]]
[[File:Atargatis Petra RGZM 3368.jpg|thumb|"Eye" imagery in many forms is associated with the goddess]]
Al-ʻUzzā, like [[Hubal]], was called upon for protection by the pre-Islamic [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]]. "In 624 at the '[[Battle of Uhud|battle called Uhud]]', the war cry of the Qurayshites was, "O people of Uzzā, people of [[Hubal]]!".<ref>[[#tawil|Tawil]] (1993).</ref> Al-‘Uzzá also later appears in [[Ibn Ishaq]]'s account of the alleged [[Satanic Verses]].<ref>Ibn Ishaq Sirat Rasul Allah, pp. 165–167.</ref>

The temple dedicated to al-ʻUzzā and the statue was [[Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Nakhla)|destroyed by Khalid ibn al Walid in Nakhla]] in 630 AD.<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA256 |title=The sealed nectar|author=S.R. Al-Mubarakpuri|date=6 October 2020 |page=256 |isbn=9798694145923 |access-date=2013-02-03}}</ref><ref name="witness-pioneervil">[http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html "He sent Khalid bin Al-Waleed in Ramadan 8 A.H", Witness-Pioneer.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030955/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s6.html |date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>

== Cult of al-‘Uzzá ==
According to the ''[[Book of Idols]]'' (''Kitāb al-Aṣnām'') by [[Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi|Hishām ibn al-Kalbī]]<ref>[[#kalbi|Ibn al-Kalbi]], trans. Faris (1952), pp. 16–23.</ref>
{{Blockquote|Over her [an Arab] built a house called ''Buss'' in which the people used to receive [[Oracle|oracular communications]]. The Arabs as well as the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] used to name their children "''‘Abdu l-ʻUzzā''". Furthermore, al-ʻUzzā was the greatest idol among the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]]. They used to journey to her, offer gifts unto her, and seek her favours through [[sacrifice]].<ref>Jawad Ali, ''Al-Mufassal Fi Tarikh al-Arab Qabl al-Islam'' (Beirut), 6:238-9</ref>}}
:The [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] used to circumambulate the [[Ka'ba|Ka‘bah]] and say,
::By [[al-Lāt]] and al-ʻUzzā,
::And [[Manāt|al-Manāt]], the third idol besides.
::Verily they are ''al-gharānīq''
::Whose intercession is to be sought.
This last phrase is said to be the source of the so-called [[Satanic Verses]]; the Arabic term is translated as "most exalted females" by Faris in the ''[[Book of Idols]]'', but he annotates this much-argued term in a footnote as "lit. Numidian cranes."

Each of the three goddesses had a separate shrine near [[Mecca]]. The most prominent Arabian shrine of al-ʻUzzā was at a place called Nakhlah near Qudayd, east of Mecca toward [[Taif|aṭ-Ṭā’if]]; three trees were sacred to her there (according to a narration through al-'Anazi Abū-‘Alī in the ''Kitāb al-Aṣnām''.){{Blockquote|She was the Lady ‘Uzzayan to whom a South Arabian offered a golden image on behalf of his sick daughter, Amat-‘Uzzayan ("the Maid of ‘Uzzayan")}} ''‘Abdu l-‘Uzzá'' ["Slave of the Mightiest One"] was a favourite proper name before the advent of [[Islam]].<ref>[[#hitti|Hitti]] (1937), pp. 96–101.</ref> The name al-‘Uzzá appears as an emblem of beauty in late pagan [[Arabic poetry]] quoted by Ibn al-Kalbī, and oaths were sworn by her.

Susan Krone suggests that the identities of al-‘Uzzá and [[al-Lāt]] were fused in central Arabia uniquely.<ref name="Krone">{{Cite book | last = Krone | first = Susan | title = Die altarabische Gottheit al-Lat Cited in Arabic Theology, Arabic Philosophy: From the Many to the One |page=96 | publisher = Speyer & Peters GmbH | location = Berlin |date = 1992 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g_IJCIT8CdAC&pg=PA96 | isbn= 9783631450925 }}</ref>

On the authority of [[Abdullah ibn Abbas|‘Abdu l-Lāh ibn ‘Abbās]], at-[[Tabari]] derived ''al-ʻUzzā'' from ''al-‘Azīz'' "the Mighty", one of the 99 "beautiful names of Allah" in his commentary on Qur'an 7:180.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

== Destruction of temple ==
{{Main|Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Nakhla)}}
{{See also|Destruction of the Dhu'l-Khalasa}}
Shortly after the [[Conquest of Mecca]], Muhammad began efforts to eliminate the last cult images reminiscent of pre-Islamic practices.

He sent [[Khalid ibn Al-Walid]] during [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]] 630 AD (8 AH) to a place called Nakhlah, where the goddess al-ʻUzzā was worshipped by the tribes of Quraish and Kinanah. The shrine's custodians were from [[Bani Shaiba]]. Al-ʻUzzā was considered the most important goddess in the region.

[[Arabs|Arab]] Muslim historian [[Hisham ibn al-Kalbi|Ibn al-Kalbī]] ({{circa|737–819}} [[Common Era|CE]]) tells how [[Muhammad]] ordered [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khālid ibn al-Walīd]] to kill the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess al-ʿUzzā, who was supposed to inhabit one of three trees:
: Khalid destroyed the first one, returned to Muhammad to report. Muhammad replied, asking whether something eventful happened, which Khalid denied. The same thing happened after cutting down the second tree. When Khalid was about to destroy the last tree, a woman with wild hair appeared, who is called "al Uzza" by al-Sulami the custodian of al-Uzza, and ordered [ ] to kill Khalid. Khalid struck the woman down with his sword, and chopped her head off at which she fell down in a pile of ashes. Khalid went on to kill Sulami and cut the last tree. When he returned to Muhammad, Muhammad is supposed to have said that the woman was al-Uzza, and she shall never be worshiped again.<ref>{{cite book |author=Elias, J.J. |year=2014 |title=Key Themes for the Study of Islam |place=London, UK|publisher=Oneworld Publications}}</ref>

== Influence in other religions ==
=== Uzza the garden ===
According to ''[[Easton's Bible Dictionary]]'', '''Uzza''' was a [[garden]] in which [[Manasseh of Judah|Manasseh]] and [[Amon of Judah|Amon]] were buried (2 Kings 21:18, 26). It was probably near the king's palace in [[Jerusalem]], or may have formed part of the palace grounds. Manasseh may have acquired it from someone of this name. Another view is that these kings were culpable of idolatry and drew the attention of [[Ezekiel]].<ref>Provan, Iain W. (1988). Hezekiah and the Books of Kings: A Contribution to the Debate about the Composition of the Deuteronomistic History. (Volume 172 of Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft) Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 136n13. {{ISBN|9783110849424}}. Retrieved 6 June 2016. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zZmdCgAAQBAJ&dq=HDB+burial+jerusalem+garden&pg=PA136 Google Books]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Ambros |first=Arne A. |year=2004 |title=A Concise Dictionary of Koranic Arabic |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Reichert Verlag |isbn=978-3-89500-400-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Berkey |first=Jonathan Porter |title=The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-58813-3 |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk }}
* {{cite book|last=Burton |first=John |title=The Collection of the Qur'an (the collection and composition of the Qu'ran in the lifetime of Muhammad) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977}}
* {{cite book|last=Finegan |first=Jack |title=The Archeology of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.44705 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1952 |pages=482–485, 492}}
* {{Citation|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam|year=1994b|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1875-8|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadorigins00pete}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Philip Khuri Hitti |last=Hitti |first=Philip K. |title-link=History of the Arabs (book) |title=History of the Arabs |year=1937}}
* {{cite book|last=Ibn al-Kalbī |first=Hisham |others=Translation and commentary by Nabih Amin Faris |year=1952 |title=The Book of Idols, Being a Translation from the Arabic of the ''Kitāb al-Asnām'' |title-link=Book of Idols |author-link=Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi |publisher=Princeton University Press |lccn=52006741}}
* {{cite book|last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places |url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete |url-access=registration |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1994}}
* {{cite thesis|last=al-Tawil |first=Hashim |title=Early Arab Icons: Literary and Archaeological Evidence for the Cult of Religious Images in Pre-Islamic Arabia |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Iowa |year=1993 |url=http://www.uib.no/jais/v002cmt/pavcmt01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050120003900/http://www.uib.no/jais/v002cmt/pavcmt01.htm |archive-date=2005-01-20 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Polemics/sverses.html "Those Are The High Flying Claims":] A Muslim site on Satanic Verses story
*[http://nabataea.net/gods.html Nabataean pantheon] including al-ʻUzzā
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050316085016/http://www.acacialand.com/deities.html Quotes concerning al-‘Uzzá from Hammond and Hitti]

{{Characters and names in the Quran}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Uzza}}

[[Category:Arabian goddesses]]
[[Category:Oracular goddesses]]
[[Category:War goddesses]]

Ram Singh Kuka

2023-08-07T23:16:45Z

Snixtr: Created page with 'Satguru Ram Singh – “Sikh philosopher and reformer and the first Indian to use non cooperation and boycott of British merchandise and services as a political...'

{{Short description|Indian activist, spiritual leader (1816–1885)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Ram Singh
| honorific prefix = Satguru
| predecessor1 = [[Balak Singh|Guru Balak Singh]]
| title = Second Guru of the Namdharis
| successor1 = Guru Hari Singh
| office1 = Guru of the [[Namdharis]]
| birth_place = Riayan village (Bhaini Sahib), Punjab
| image = Painting of Ram Singh Kuka (second Namdhari guru) on horseback.jpg
| birth_date = 3 February 1816
| death_date = 29 November 1885; this information is contested by Namdhari Sikhs
| location = Sri Bhaini Sahib
| father = Baba Jassa Singh
| mother = Mata Sada Kaur
| birthname = Ram Singh Tarkhan
| honorific suffix = Ji
| death_place = Mergui, Burma (now Myeik, Myanmar)
| spouse = Mata Jassan
| children = Bibi Daya Kaur Bibi Nand Kaur
| term_start1 = 1841
| free_label = Exile
| free_text = Exiled to Rangoon, Burma (Myanmar) by the British colonial government of India on 18 January 1872
| term_end1 = 17 January 1872
| sect = [[Namdhari]]
| caption = Equestrian painting of Ram Singh Kuka
}}
'''Namdhari Guru Ram Singh''' (3 February 1816 – 1885<ref name="brit" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satguru Ram Singh Ji |url=http://www.namdhari-world.com/satguru_ram_singh_ji.html |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=www.namdhari-world.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattarcharya |first=Sabyasachi |title=DICTIONARY OF MARTYRS: INDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1857-1947) |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7831-222-4 |pages=270}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji - the twelfth Master |url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/gurus/Ram%20Singh/Guru%20Ram%20Singh.htm |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=www.sikh-heritage.co.uk}}</ref>{{Efn|Followers of the Namdhari sect contest that he died in 1885 and believe he is still alive as per their beliefs.|group=note}}) is the second [[guru]] (religious leader) of the [[Namdhari]] [[Sects of Sikhism|sect]] of [[Sikhism]]. He is credited as being the first [[British Raj|British Indian]] to use non-cooperation and boycott of British goods and services as a political tool.<ref name=brit/><ref>Press Information Bureau, Government of India issued on 16 December 2016</ref> He was exiled to [[Rangoon]], [[British rule in Burma|Burma (Myanmar)]] by the British colonial government of India on 18 January 1872.<ref name="brit" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Darshana |last2=Stefon |first2=Matt |last3=Singh |first3=Tajinder |last4=Parrott-Sheffer |first4=Chelsey |last5=Shukla |first5=Gaurav |date=21 April 2011 |title=Namdhari |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Namdhari Guru Ram Singh was born in a small-farming [[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhan]] family to mother Sada Kaur and father Jassa Singh.<ref name="brit" /> He lived in the village of Raiyan, near Sri Bhaini Sahib, [[Ludhiana]]. He was nurtured by his mother in the traditions of Guru Nanak and was taught to read and write in Punjabi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bajwa |first=Fauja Singh |title=Kuka Movement: An important phase in Punjab's role in India's struggle for freedom (Punjab History Forum Series no. 1) |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1965 |pages=}}</ref> Namdhari Guru Ram Singh spent 20 years of his life attending to the family business.

=== Service in the military of the Sikh Empire ===
Later, his father sent him to the army of the [[Sikh Empire]] at age 20.<ref name="brit">{{Cite web |last=Duignan |first=Brian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurdev |last3=Promeet |first3=Dutta |date=22 January 2016 |title=Ram Singh - Indian Philosopher |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ram-Singh |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As the empire fell apart after the death of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], concerns over British power and Sikh decline led him to galvanize his followers (of mostly humble origin) to proclaim a new "Sant Khalsa" to restore Sikh prestige.<ref name="brit" />

==== Meeting with Guru Balak Singh ====
Namdhari Guru Ram Singh was a member of a unit of [[Nau Nihal Singh|Prince Naunihal Singh]]'s platoon, the Baghel Regiment. His regiment was sent to [[Peshawar]] to bring the royal coffers. On its way back, the unit rested at Hazro Fort, now in Pakistan. It is said that Namdhari Guru Ram Singh and some soldiers of his regiment went to meet Guru [[Balak Singh]] of the [[Namdhari]]s. Guru Balak Singh was overjoyed to see Ram Singh and according to folklore told him: "I had been waiting for you."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anjan |first=Tara Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyuYDQAAQBAJ&q=Prince+Naunihal+Singh+platoon&pg=PT22 |title=Satguru Ram Singh and Kuka Movement |date= |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-1790-7 |pages=14 |language=}}</ref> He told Guru Ram Singh that he was the next in line to him.

Ram Singh learnt about Sikhism from Guru Balak Singh as his disciple.<ref name="brit" />

Guru Balak Singh gave him "''Patasha''" (sugar bubbles), a coconut, five ''paise'' coins and took five rounds around him in reverence and bowed before him, making him his successor.

Guru Balak Singh appointed Guru Ram Singh as his successor shortly before his death.<ref name="brit" />

=== ''Sant Khalsa'' (Saint Khalsa) ===
The reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh brought the much needed law and order in the North-Western region of India. The region flourished along many dimensions. However, the luxury of empire also led to moral degeneration. The majority of Sikhs had taken to drinking, consumption of opium and poppy and other vices.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanehi |first=Swaran Singh |title=Social Milieu in Punjab and the Kuka Movement. In: Re-Exploring Baba Ram Singh and Namdhari Movement. |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2010 |isbn=81-302-0259-X |pages=41}}</ref>

Guru Ram Singh was wary of the political, cultural, and spiritual decline of the Sikhs and worried about the growing influence of the British on the horizon and what it meant for the community.<ref name="brit" /><ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dharam |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2002 |isbn=8173801002 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=4th |volume=1: A-D |pages=265–266 |chapter=B - Balak Singh}}</ref> Therefore, Guru Ram Singh attempted to reform the Sikhs to meet these challenges.<ref name="brit" />
[[File:Equestrian painting of Ram Singh Kuka with his retinue (including his five appointed governors), he was the second Namdhari Guru.jpg|thumb|Equestrian painting of Guru Ram Singh with his retinue (including his five appointed governors known as ''subas'')]]
Namdhari Guru Ram Singh administered ''Khande di Pahul'' ([[Amrit Sanchar]]) to 5 Sikhs: Kahn Singh Nihang of village Chak, Labh Singh Ragi of Amritsar, Atma Singh of Alo Muhar village, Bhai Naina Singh Wariyah, and Sudh Singh of village Durgapur. Afterwards, several people from the congregation took ''amrit''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanehi |first=Swaran Singh |url=https://archive.org/details/ForemostFreedomFighters/mode/2up |title=Foremost Freedom Fighters |publisher=Deportation Centenary Committee |location=Maidenhead, Berks}}</ref> It is noted within the British Archives as well as Giani Gian Singh's [[Panth Parkash]] that within 10 years Satguru Ram Singh baptized a large number of people with ''amrit''.<ref>Panth Parkash, Giani Gian Singh Vol.7</ref> Namdhari Sikhs were also referred to as Kukas, a name given by the public due to spiritually ecstatic behavior of the members of the sect at religious functions.<ref name=":0" />

=== Socio-religious reforms ===
[[File:Painting of a Namdhari or Kuka (Sikh sect) congregation with an opened scripture.jpg|thumb|Painting of a Namdhari or Kuka congregation of Guru Ram Singh performing ''[[Katha (storytelling format)|katha]]'' (Sikh religious discourse lecture) with an opened [[Sikh scriptures|scripture]] of [[Guru Granth Sahib]]]]
Theologically, the origin of Namdhari movement is located in the Sikh tradition of ''[[Naam Japo|Nam-simran]]'' (mediation on the [[Names of God in Sikhism|name of God]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Joginder |title=A Short history of Namdhari Sikhs of Punjab |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7770-156-2 |pages=20}}</ref> All vices like drinking, consumption of intoxicants and meat were strongly abhorred.<ref name=":1" /> His predecessor, Guru Balak Singh, had merely stressed upon the importance of chanting God's name as the only righteous religious ritual.<ref name=":2" /> Guru Ram Singh however would introduce many new elements into the orthodoxy and orthopraxy of the sect.<ref name=":2" />

Namdhari Guru Ram Singh made it a convention to read the Sikh scriptures, Sri Aadi Guru Granth Sahib ([[Guru Granth Sahib]]) and Sri Dasam Guru Granth Sahib ([[Dasam Granth]]) daily.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anjan |first=Tara Singh |title=Satguru Ram Singh and Kuka Movement |publisher=Publications Division. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-230-1790-7 |pages=28}}</ref> He directed all the holy Scriptures to be taken out of ''almirahs'' (wardrobe, cabinet, or cupboard) and placed with respect in places of worship, and that they be read regularly. He had forbidden the worship of tombs and the dead.

Guru Ram Singh's religious ideals were influenced by his predecessor, however his socio-political, martial reforms and ideology was influenced by [[Bhai Maharaj Singh]].<ref name=":03" />

The sect under his direction has been described as more puritanical and fundamentalist in-comparison to other Sikh sects of the day.<ref name="brit" /> They visually stood-out compared to other Sikhs, as they wore only handwoven white robes, wore distinctively-styled [[Dastar|turbans]], carried wooden staves and wool rosaries, and they used unique greetings and passwords only familiar to fellow members of their sect.<ref name="brit" /> Their gurdwaras (places of worship) were very simple and this was by design rather than circumstance.<ref name="brit" />

Furthermore, Namdhari Guru Ram Singh introduced a distinctive method of reciting and performing singing of ''[[gurbani]]'' in [[kirtan]] performances in-which members of the congregation would shriek near the end in ecstasy.<ref name=":2" /> This earned the sect the alternative name of ''kuka'', from the ''kuk'' shrieks they would make.<ref name=":2" />

Guru Ram Singh taught that the Namdhari sect was the "clean" one due to its devotion to God, and those who killed animals and consumed liqour were ''[[mleccha]]'' ("unclean").<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |year=1992 |title=Brotherhood of the Pure: The Poetics and Politics of Cultural Transgression. |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=157-197}}</ref>

In 1863, the colonial authorities perceived the visit of Guru Ram Singh in Amritsar as an attempt to declare himself as the reincarnation of Guru Gobind Singh, but a crackdown by the colonial police prevented him from doing so.<ref name="brit" /> He had planned to established a new "Kuka Khalsa" after the declaration.<ref name="brit" /> After the police crackdown, Guru Ram Singh had been restricted to only his native village for an indefinite period of time by the colonial authorities.<ref name="brit" />

==== Women empowerment ====
A revolutionary step taken by Namdhari Guru Ram Singh was to administer ''amrit'' to women.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Divedi |first=Renu |title=Womwn in the Namdhari Movement. In: Re-Exploring Baba Ram Singh and Namdhari Movement |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2010 |isbn=81-302-0259-X |pages=86}}</ref> The ill practices of child marriage, female infanticide, swapping of wives and sale of girls, prevalent in the then Punjab, were vehemently opposed by Namdhari Guru Ram Singh. British officials had noted that trafficking in women was a lucrative 'money making scheme' in Punjab during those times.<ref name=":1" /> Namdhari Guru Ram Singh drastically reduced the cost of marriage and introduced simplicity in the ceremony. He organized simple marriages through the ''Gurmat'' ritual of ''anand karaj'' for the first time in village Khote in 1863.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Joginder |title=Namdhari Guru Ram Singh |publisher=National Book Trust of India |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-237-5918-0 |edition=1st |pages=57-58}}</ref> The priestly class got worried on the introduction of this simple ritual and fearing loss of income, reported to the imperial British authorities. Thereafter, Namdhari Guru Ram Singh was placed under house arrest for some time.

=== Contributions to the Indian independence movement ===
Guru Ram Singh aimed to restore Sikh-rule over the region and needed to oust the British in-order to do so.<ref name=":2" />

One aim of Namdhari Guru Ram Singh was to orient the strength of people towards freedom and the first step to undertake this task, was to introduce reform of their character and prevent the downfall of the Sikhs everywhere.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayyar |first=G.S. |title=Namdhari Movement: Background in Historical Perspective. In: Re-Exploring Baba Ram Singh and Namdhari Movement |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2010 |isbn=81-302-0259-X |pages=55}}</ref> Namdhari movement also endeavored to establish contacts with foreign countries towards the aim of Indian Independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattarcharya |first=Sabyasachi |title=DICTIONARY OF MARTYRS: INDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1857-1947) Vol. 1. Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh (1857-1919) |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7831-222-4}}</ref> Namdhari Sikhs made contacts with Kashmir, Nepal and Russia.<ref name=":0" /> The Namdhari movement was religious, social and political since the beginning.<ref name=":0" /> The religious and social work was carried out in the open, while political agenda was carried on covertly.

Ram Singh established a secret, private postal service composed of trusted couriers as they did not trust the British-established postal system out of fear that intel would leak to their colonial enemies.<ref name="brit" />

Namdhari Sikhs were against the imperial British policy of cultural intervention. The British imperialists had supported anti-social elements to wedge a divide among Punjabis by encouraging cow slaughter, a practice that was completely banned in the Sikh empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yasmin |first=Robina |title=Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-7556-4032-4}}</ref>

==== Perceived sacrilege of the Golden Temple complex ====
[[File:1860s photo of the Amritsar Golden Temple with the British style Gothic Clock Tower.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Golden Temple at Amritsar by an unknown photographer in the 1860s, showing the Gothic-style clock-tower under construction, from the Crofton Collection.]]
Similarly, other changes were brought, one of which was construction of a tall, Gothic cathedral style Clock Tower in the vicinity of [[Golden Temple]], the sacred place of Sikhs. The management of Golden Temple was practically entirely in the hands of the imperial Government and there was no care among the priestly class for Sikh sentiments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kapur |title=The Golden Temple: its Theo-Political Status |publisher=Academy of Sikh Religion and Culture |year=1984 |pages=17}}</ref> The Clock Tower, whose construction started in 1864, was built by demolishing the structures ''Bunga'' of Kanwar Naunihal Singh and the ''Attari'' of Rani Sada Kaur, which were very dear to the Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arshi |first=PS |title=The Golden Temple: History, Art and Architecture |publisher=Harman Publishing House |year=1989 |isbn=81-85151-25-3 |pages=30}}</ref>

Sirdar [[Kapur Singh]], Sikh scholar and the author of the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]], mentioned the conditions of Amritsar, specifically Golden Temple, when the Namdhari Sikhs prepared to confront the colonially-sponsored anti-social elements. He remarks, '...the (imperial) Britishers made public kine-killing lawful and general in the annexed Punjab and gratuitously and devilishly established a public kine-slaughter house adjoining to the precincts of the Golden Temple which also they had annexed.'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kapur |title=Sikhism and the Sikhs |publisher=Printwell, Amritsar |year=2011 |pages=263}}</ref>

==== Conflict with butchers and subsequent punishment by the colonial British government ====
The social harmony of the region was largely under threat due to the issue of cow slaughter. In the late nineteenth century, the support of colonial administration to kine-killing had become publicly evident, and was reported in a number of newspapers like ''Aftab-i-Punjab'' (Lahore), ''Wasir-ul-Mulk'' (Sialkot), ''Koh-i-Nur'' (Lahore), which explicitly stated that "''kine-killing was done by the orders of the authorities who 'desired that disharmony should prevail' between Hindus and Muslims''.<ref name=":4" />" Way back in 1862, the Maharaja of Patiala had petitioned for introduction of a bill to ban the sale of beef in India, while acting as a member of the Viceroy's Legislative Council. However, this proposal was rejected by the Council.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |first=Dharampal |title=The British Origin of Cow-Slaughter in India |publisher=Society for Integrated Development of Himalayas |year=2002 |isbn=81-87827-04-1 |pages=25}}</ref>

By this time, as Namdharis were the only ones who were actively propagating against the British and were under strict British surveillance,<ref name=":0" /> the imperial Government was keen on false propaganda against them using temple functionaries.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781903765159}}</ref> The British authorities were keeping an eye on the supposed prophesies of the British being vanquished by Ram Singh and as the time was passing by, they reported that an urgency of an action was vouched by certain members of the sect.<ref name="brit" /> The sect targeted the butchers in Amritsar, who were being supported by the imperial Government.<ref name="brit" /><ref name=":0" />

In January 1872, an argument took place between a Muslim butcher and a Sikh, Gurmukh Singh Namdhari at Muslim-dominated Punjabi locality and princely state Malerkotla.<ref name=":3" /> The argument was over the harsh treatment being meted out to the ox by his owner. The Muslim judge who tried the case ordered the ox to be slaughtered in presence of Gurmukh Singh to hurt his sentiments. This provoked a group of Namdharis, who descended upon [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]], where they attacked the local butchers.<ref name="brit" /> The police managed to subdue the turmoil and arrested many Namdharis as instigators of the civil conflict.<ref name="brit" /> The British were extremely worried about the potential of a possible uprising and treated this case as one, thus they decided to enact a barbaric punishment on the accused.<ref name="brit" /> The prisoners were "[[Blowing from a gun|bound over the mouths of cannons and blown to bits]]."<ref name="brit" /> The Namdharis contest this information, stating that the Kuka prisoners faced cannon shots from the front.

==== Contact established with Russians ====
After homegrown attempts at forcing the British out of India having failed, Guru Ram Singh turned to petitioning the assistance of foreign powers for his goal of independence.<ref name="brit" /> He turned his attention toward the Russian Empire, a hostile state of the British.<ref name="brit" />[[File:Letter authored by Ram Singh Kuka directed to the czar of Russia, requesting him to help fight against the British imperialists in India.jpg|thumb|Letter authored by Guru Ram Singh directed to the [[Tsar|czar]] of Russia, requesting him to help fight against the British imperialists in India. Courtesy of the Russian embassy in Delhi.]]
Baba Gurcharan Singh, a Namdhari Sikh, succeeded in establishing contacts with Russian authorities in 1879 and was referred to as 'The ambassador from the priest of the Punjab Sikhs arrives in Samarkand' in the consular files of Turkestan Governor-General.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=P.C. |title=Gurcharan Singh's Mission in Central Asia. In: Re-Exploring Baba Ram Singh and Namdhari Movement. |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2010 |isbn=81-302-0259-X |pages=79}}</ref>

The Russians declined to assist Ram Singh in his endeavor as they were wary of embroiling themselves in a war with the British.<ref name="brit" />

==== Persecution and exile ====
The Sikh sentiments were largely hurt by the provincial Government's supported actions, but they were helpless and none dared to challenge the imperial Government. Given these developments which threatened the cultural milieu of Punjab in general, and of the Sikhs in particular, Namdhari Sikhs engaged in conflicts with the imperial Government-sponsored anti-social elements, leading to clashes in 1871 and 1872.<ref name=":0" />

As a result, the British would arrest and execute 65 Namdharis in January 1872.<ref name=":2" /> They were executed by being blown from the gun (cannon).<ref name=":2" />

The British authorities inflicted terrible punishments on Namdhari Sikhs and Guru Ram Singh was exiled. Namdhari Guru Ram Singh kept communicating with his disciples in Punjab through the means of secret letters termed ''[[Hukamnama|Hukamnamas]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Navtej |title='Hukamnamas' of Baba Ram Singh: Impressions and Apprehensions of the Namdhari Movement. In: Re-Exploring Baba Ram Singh and Namdhari Movement |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2010 |isbn=81-302-0259-X |pages=91}}</ref> These, along with his brother Namdhari Guru Hari Singh, kept the morale of largely persecuted Sikhs high and they remained and worked as the opponents of British imperialism. The movement continued its efforts and later collaborated with Indian National Congress in civil disobedience movement<ref name=":0" />.”

=== Death ===
He died in exile in 1885 in [[Myeik, Myanmar|Mergui]], Burma (now Myeik, Myanmar).<ref name="brit" /> However, the Namdhari sect heavily disputes this as per their beliefs, he remains alive till the present-day.<ref name="brit" /> They further believe he shall return one day to lead their community once again.<ref name="brit" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Satguru Ram Singh Ji.jpg|20th century painting of Guru Ram Singh
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1816 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Sikh gurus]]

List of statues in Thiruvananthapuram

2023-07-20T12:55:33Z

Snixtr:

{{Short description|List of statues in Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of Kerala, is known as the "City of Statues". There are over 40 statues in the city, depicting a wide range of people, from historical figures to cultural icons. The statues are found in all parts of the city, from public parks to busy streets.

The oldest statue in Thiruvananthapuram is the statue of [[T. Madhava Rao|T Madhava Rao]], which was erected in 1894. The statue is located in the heart of the city, near the Secretariat. Other notable statues in the city include the statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the statue of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and the statue of [[Narayana Guru|Sree Narayana Guru]].

{{Maplink|frame=yes|zoom=12|frame-lat=8.51|frame-long=76.95|text=Statues in Thiruvananthapuram|type=named}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! data-sort-type="number"|Number
! Statue
! class="unsortable"|Image
! Sculpter
! Location
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! Coordinates
|-
| 1
| [[M. N. Govindan Nair|MN Govindan Nair]]
| [[File:MN Govindan Nair Statue Pattom 2021 April.jpg|100px|none]]
|
| Pattom
|
| {{coord|8.518747957698372|76.94212421685947|name=M. N. Govindan Nair}}
|-
| 2
| Subhash Chandra Bose
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 3
| [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|
|
| PMG
|
| {{coord|8.50849467472122|76.95010187646409|name=Subhas Chandra Bose}}
|-
| 4
| [[R. Sankar|R Shanker]]
|
|
| Fine Arts College
|
| {{coord|8.505360146125131|76.95138341721|name=R. Sankar}}
|-
|
| Memoriam of Men of The Indian Army
|
|
| Fine Arts College
|
| {{coord|8.505608535511918|76.95139852407473|name=Memoriam of Men of The Indian Army}}
|-
| 5
| [[M. Visvesvaraya]]
|
|
| The Institution of Engineers
|
| {{coord|8.509379898708973|76.95829422238907|name=M. Visvesvaraya}}
|-
| 6
| [[C. Kesavan|C Kesavan]]
|
|
| Museum PS
|
| {{coord|8.508767289449981|76.95642270235017|name=C. Kesavan}}
|-
| 7
| [[Chithira Thirunal]]
|
|
| Devaswom Board Jn.
|
| {{coord|8.517741863682502|76.95660575707967|name=Chithira Thirunal}}
|-
| 8
| [[K. Karunakaran|K Karunakaran]]
|
|
| Kanakakkunnu
|
| {{coord|8.50949148246651|76.95711217683998|name=K. Karunakaran}}
|-
| 9
| [[Swami Vivekananda]]
|
|
| Kowdiar Park
|
| {{coord|8.522294392754018|76.96104746280243|name=Swami Vivekananda}}
|-
| 10
| [[Accamma Cherian|Accamma Cheriyan]]
|
|
| Accamma Cheriyan Park, Keston Road
|
| {{coord|8.513505605133895|76.96152060178991|name=Accamma Cherian}}
|-
| 11
| [[Vayalar Ramavarma]]
|
|
| Manaveeyam Road
|
| {{coord|8.510188086939188|76.96057084294591|name=Vayalar Ramavarma}}
|-
| 12
| [[G. Devarajan]]
|
|
| Manaveeyam Road, Althara Junction
|
| {{coord|8.50836144116638|76.96209013249462|name=G. Devarajan}}
|-
| 13
| [[Ayyankali]]
|
|
| Vellayambalam
|
| {{coord|8.51146085958423|76.96246209833905|name=Ayyankali}}
|-
| 14
| [[K. P. P. Nambiar|KPP Nambiar]]
|
|
| KELTRON Campus, Vellayambalam
|
| {{coord|8.510230863709825|76.96165422175791|name=K. P. P. Nambiar}}
|-
| 15
| [[P. Bhaskaran|P Bhaskaran]]
|
|
| Manaveeyam Road, Althara Junction
|
| {{coord|8.508192219429807|76.96210214670427|name=P. Bhaskaran}}
|-
| 16
| [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]]
|
|
| State Central Library
|
| {{coord|8.506542493332411|76.95204419659912|name=Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer}}
|-
| 17
| [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|
|
| Fine Arts College Campus
|
|
|-
| 18
| [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]]
|
|
| Palayam
|
| {{coord|8.506542493332411|76.95204419659912|name=Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai}}
|-
| 19
| [[Narayana Guru|Sree Narayana Guru]]
|
|
| SN Park, Opposite Museum Police Station
|
| {{coord|8.508976513485353|76.95687488226866|name=Narayana Guru}}
|-
| 20
| [[Kesari Balakrishna Pillai|Kesari A Balakrishna Pillai]]
|
|
| Pulimoodu Junction
|
| {{coord|8.494800400345632|76.94785239790794|name=Kesari Balakrishna Pillai}}
|-
| 21
| [[Dhanvantari|Dhanwanthari]]
|
|
| Ayurveda College
|
| {{coord|8.491804547577933|76.94695298237892|name=Dhanvantari}}
|-
| 22
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|
|
| Chenkalchoola
|
| {{coord|8.495891981260765|76.95281822583293|name=Rajiv Gandhi}}
|-
| 23
| [[T. M. Varghese|TM Varghese]]
|
|
| Kesavadasapuram roundabout
|
| {{coord|8.529915494770915|76.93850575432239|name=T. M. Varghese}}
|-
| 24
| [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|Chithira Thirunal]]
|
|
| Kerala University Campus
|
| {{coord|8.503468456725633|76.94785049548969|name=Chithira Thirunal}}
|-
| 25
| [[T. Madhava Rao|T Madhava Rao]]
|
|
| Statue Junction
| 1894, Inagurated by Keralavarma Valiyakoyi Thampuran.
| {{coord|8.497810765647674|76.94839389151912|name=T. Madhava Rao}}
|-
| 26
| [[Velu Thampi Dalawa|Veluthampi Dalawa]]
|
|
| Secretariat Campus
|
| {{coord|8.497757487929166|76.94871023029643|name=Velu Thampi Dalawa}}
|-
| 27
| [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahathma Gandhi]]
|
|
| Gandhi Park, Kizhakkekotta
|
| {{coord|8.482628300676744|76.9479804849277|name=Mahatma Gandhi}}
|-
| 28
| Sethu Parvathi Bhai (Removed)
|
|
|
| Installed in ME 1117 Thulam 6
|
|-
| 29
| [[Ponnara Sreedhar]]
|
|
| Infront of Railwaystation, Thampanoor
|
| {{coord|8.487369113358541|76.95289488486554|name=Ponnara Sreedhar}}
|-
| 30
| [[Kumaran Asan|Kumaranasan]]
|
|
| Ashan Square, Infront of Kerala University, Palayam
|
| {{coord|8.50349965759183|76.9485090603579|name=Kumaran Asan}}
|-
| 31
| [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahathma Gandhi]]
|
|
| Niyamasabha
|
| {{coord|8.506811404015776|76.94993436071785|name=Mahatma Gandhi}}
|-
| 32
| [[B. R. Ambedkar|BR. Ambedkar]]
|
|
| Niyamasabha
|
|
|-
| 33
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|
|
| Niyamasabha
|
|
|-
| 34
| [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad|EMS Namboothiripad]]
|
|
| EMS Park, Niyamasabha
|
| {{coord|8.506562767120156|76.9505570396936|name=E. M. S. Namboodiripad}}
|-
| 35
| [[A. K. Gopalan|AK. Gopalan]]
|
|
| AKG Park, Pottakkuzhy
|
| {{coord|8.514989978456821|76.93727634244993|name=AK. Gopalan}}
|-
| 36
| [[Padmanabhan Palpu|Dr. Palpu]]
|
|
| Pettah
|
|
|-
| 37
| [[Annie Mascarene|Annie Mascrene]]
|
|
| Annie Mascrene square, Infront of Womens College, Vazhuthakkadu
|
| {{coord|8.498500946746352|76.9574388218128|name=Annie Mascarene}}
|-
| 38
| [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma|AR Rajaraja varma]]
|
|
| University College campus
|
|
|-
| 39
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri|Lal Bahadur Sastri]]
|
|
| Panavila Junction
|
| {{coord|8.497282180269268|76.9552322565974|name=Lal Bahadur Shastri}}
|}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Statues in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]

Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (India)

2023-02-16T14:34:02Z

Snixtr: Just completed a comprehensive guide.

#REDIRECT [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]

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COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India

2022-11-23T04:57:55Z

Snixtr: Created fresh page content.

#REDIRECT [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]]

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Kingdom of Sikkim

2022-08-21T04:10:51Z

Snixtr: Shaped a new page structure.

{{Short description|Kingdom in South Asia (1642–1975)}}
{{Distinguish|Sikh Empire}}
{{More footnotes needed}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{stack|
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Sikkim
| common_name = Sikkim
| native_name = {{nobold|{{native name|sip-Tibt|འབྲས་ལྗོངས།|italics=off}}}} ''Drenjong'' {{nobold|{{native name|xct-Tibt|འབྲས་མོ་གཤོངས།|italics=off}}}} ''Dremoshong'' {{nobold|{{native name|lep-Lepc|ᰕᰚᰬᰯ ᰜᰤᰴ|italics=off}}}} ''Mayel Lyang''
| status = [[Protectorate]]
| status_text = {{plainlist|
* Protectorate of [[Ganden Phodrang|Tibet]] (until 1890)
** ''Bhutanese domination (1680/1700–1792)''
** ''Nepalese domination (1776–1792)''
** ''Nepalese-Bhutanese presence (1792–1816)''
** ''British presence (1816–1890)''
* Princely state of the [[British Raj]] (1890–1947)<ref>According to Article II of [[Convention of Calcutta]], Sikkim was a direct protectorate of the British Government, not the British Indian government.</ref>
* Protectorate of [[India]] (1950–1975)}}
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]] (until 1973) [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] (1973–1975)
| leader1 = [[Phuntsog Namgyal]]
| leader2 = [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]]
| year_leader1 = 1642–1670 (first)
| year_leader2 = 1963–1975 (last)
| title_leader = [[Chogyal]]
| event_start = Established
| year_start = 1642
| event_end = Merger with [[India]]
| date_end = 16 May
| year_end = 1975
| event1 = [[Treaty of Titalia]] signed
| date_event1 = 1817
| event2 = [[Darjeeling]] given to [[British Raj|British India]]
| date_event2 = 1835
| event3 = [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]] forced to abdicate
| date_event3 = 1975
| s1 = Sikkim
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of Sikkim|Flag of Sikkim (1967–1975)]]
| flag_caption = [[Flag of Sikkim|Flag]]
| image_coat = Seal of Sikkim.jpg
| coat_alt =
| image_map = Sikkim area map.svg
| image_map_caption = Kingdom of Sikkim
| capital = {{plainlist|
* [[Yuksom]] (1642–1670)
* [[Rabdentse]] (1670–1793)
* [[Tumlong]] (1793–1894)
* [[Gangtok]] (1894–1975)

| motto = "Oh, the jewel of creation is in the Lotus"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaSikkim.htm | title=Sikkim / Dämojong | access-date=22 November 2021 | archive-date=22 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122151525/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaSikkim.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
| national_anthem = ''[[Drenjong Silé Yang Chhagpa Chilo]]''{{sfn|Hiltz, Constructing Sikkimese National Identity|2003|p=80–81}} "Why is Sikkim Blooming So Fresh and Beautiful?"
| official_languages = [[Classical Tibetan|Chöke]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]
| common_languages = [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] (early period), [[Dzongkha]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (late period)
| religion = [[Tibetan Buddhism]]
| demonym = Drenjop, Sikkimese
| currency = [[Rupee]]
| legislature = [[State Council (Sikkim)|State Council of Sikkim]]
| today = [[India]]
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tibetan}}
{{Contains special characters|Uncommon Unicode}}
{{Princely states topics}}

{{History of South Asia}}
}}
The '''Kingdom of Sikkim''' ([[Classical Tibetan]] and {{lang-sip|འབྲས་ལྗོངས།}}, ''Drenjong''), officially '''Dremoshong''' ([[Classical Tibetan]] and {{lang-sip|འབྲས་མོ་གཤོངས།}}) until the 1800s, was a [[hereditary monarchy]] in the [[Eastern Himalayas]] which existed from 1642 to 16 May 1975, when it was annexed<ref>{{Cite web |author= |title=16th May 1975: The Kingdom of Sikkim and its Annexation with India |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/sikkim-history-india-annexed/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Did India have a right to annex Sikkim in 1975? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780430-did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975-818651-2015-02-18 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrahams |first=Pema |title=The Forgotten Kingdom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/20/the-forgotten-kingdom-sikkim-forty-years-india/ |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> by the [[India|Republic of India]]. It was ruled by [[Chogyal]]s of the Namgyal dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathe |first=Om |title=Explained: Sikkim, from Chogyal rule to Indian state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sikkim-chogyal-rule-to-indian-state-sdf-bjp-5921574/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113131452/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sikkim-chogyal-rule-to-indian-state-sdf-bjp-5921574/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
===Nepalese-Bhutanese domination===
In the mid-18th century, [[Sikkim]] was invaded by both [[Nepal]] (then the [[Gorkha Kingdom]]) and [[Bhutan]] (then ruled by Gedun Chomphel) and was under both the Gorkha and the Bhutanese rule for more than 40 years. Between 1775 and 1815, almost 180,000 ethnic [[Nepali people|Nepalis]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chettri |first=Mona |title=Ethnic politics in the Nepali public sphere three casesfrom the eastern Himalaya. |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18060/1/Chettri_3563.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=SOAS Research Online |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113131854/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18060/1/Chettri_3563.pdf }}</ref> from Eastern and Central Nepal migrated to Sikkim.{{Citation needed}} After the British colonisation of India, however, Sikkim allied itself with British India as they had a common enemy – Nepal.{{citation needed}} The infuriated Nepalese attacked Sikkim with vengeance, overrunning most of the region including the [[Terai]]. This prompted the [[British East India Company]] to attack Nepal in 1814, resulting in the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]].{{Citation needed}} The [[Sugauli Treaty]] between [[British Raj|Britain]] and Nepal and the [[Treaty of Titalia]] between Sikkim and British India resulted in territorial concessions by Nepal, which ceded Sikkim to British India.<ref name="nepalarmytwo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607215048/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-06-07|title=History of Nepal: A Sovereign Kingdom|publisher=Official website of Nepal Army}}</ref>

===British and Indian protectorate===
[[File:Sikkim map 1898.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Sikkim, 1898]]
Under the 1861 [[Treaty of Tumlong]], Sikkim became a [[British protectorate]], then an Indian protectorate in 1950.<ref name="nikkei">{{cite news|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Indian-hegemonism-drags-Himalayan-kingdom-into-oblivion?page=1|title=Indian hegemonism drags Himalayan kingdom into oblivion|publisher=Nikkei Asian Review|agency=Nikkei|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403015228/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Indian-hegemonism-drags-Himalayan-kingdom-into-oblivion?page=1|archive-date=3 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Thutob Namgyal]], the 9th Chogyal of Sikkim, looked to the [[Dalai Lama]] for spiritual leadership and during his reign the [[Tibet]]an government started to regain political influence over Sikkim. In 1888 the British sent a [[Sikkim expedition|military expedition to expel Tibetan forces from Sikkim]].

===Accession to India===

In 1975, allegations of discrimination against [[Nepalis|Nepali]] Hindus in Sikkim led to resentment against the [[Chogyal]].<ref>{{cite news |last= Larmer |first= Brook |title= Bhutan's Enlightened Experiment |url= http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/03/bhutan/larmer-text/8 |id= ([http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2008/03/bhutan/larmer-text print version]) |newspaper= National Geographic |location= Bhutan |access-date= 7 September 2016 |archive-date= 20 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210320163730/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= 25 years after Sikkim |url= http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=9621#.V89C9zVGRhY |newspaper= Nepali Times |issue= #35 |access-date= 7 September 2016 |archive-date= 31 January 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180131071530/http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=9621#.V89C9zVGRhY |url-status= live }}</ref> Their instigation led to [[Indian Army]] personnel moving into [[Gangtok]]. According to [[Sunanda K. Datta-Ray]] of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', the army killed the palace guards and surrounded the palace in April 1975.<ref name="nikkei" />

After disarming the palace, a [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum on the monarchy]] was held, in which the Sikkimese people overwhelmingly voted to abolish the monarchy, and the new parliament of Sikkim, led by [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee]], proposed a bill for Sikkim to become an Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]], which was promptly accepted by the Government of India.<ref name="nikkei"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sethi|first1=Sunil|title=Treaties: Annexation of Sikkim|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975/1/435037.html|access-date=4 December 2016|agency=India Today|issue=2|publisher=India Today|archive-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128172513/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975/1/435037.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture and religion==
In culture and religion, Sikkim was linked closely with [[Tibet]], from which its first king migrated, and [[Bhutan]], with which it shares borders. The presence of a large ethnic Nepali population, mainly from eastern and central Nepal, also leads to cultural linkages with Nepal.

== See also ==
* [[Sikkim]]
* [[History of Sikkim]]
* [[Chogyal]]
* [[List of heads of government of the Kingdom of Sikkim]]
* [[List of political officers in the Kingdom of Sikkim]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Hiltz |first=Jackie |title=Constructing Sikkimese National Identity in the 1960s and 1970s |journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |year=2003 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/243140/bot_2003_02_04.pdf?sequence=1 |ref={{sfnref|Hiltz, Constructing Sikkimese National Identity|2003}} |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801201114/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/243140/bot_2003_02_04.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Duff|first=Andrew|title=Sikkim: Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom|publisher=Birlinn|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-85790-245-0}}
* {{citation |last=Rai |first=Rajiv |title=The State in the Colonial Periphery: A Study on Sikkims Relation with Great Britain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mstdCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Partridge Publishing India |isbn=978-1-4828-4871-7 |ref={{sfnref|Rai, The State in the Colonial Periphery|2015}}}}
* {{citation |first=Leo E. |last=Rose |title=India and Sikkim: Redefining the Relationship |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=42 |number=1 |pages=32–46 |doi=10.2307/2754861 |jstor=2754861 |ref={{sfnref|Rose, India and Sikkim|1969}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Rose |first1=Leo E. |title=Nepal – Strategy for Survival |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v07Vo3vAaKwC |year=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01643-9 |ref={{sfnref|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Sharma |first1=Suresh Kant |last2=Sharma |first2=Usha |title=Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, Religion, Politics, Sociology, Science, Education and Economy. Sikkim. Volume ten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBk3xBjSRbsC&pg=PA117 |year=2005 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-044-4 |pages=117– |ref={{sfnref|Sharma & Sharma, Discovery of North-East India, Volume ten|2005}}}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Amar Kaur Jasbir |title=Himalayan triangle: a historical survey of British India's relations with Tibet, Sikkim, and Bhutan, 1765–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dq1AAAAIAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=British Library |isbn=9780712306300 |ref={{sfnref|Singh, Himalayan Triangle|1988}}}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100828072311/http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/glim_mon.htm "Buddhist Monasteries of Sikkim"]. Sikkim.nic.in.
* {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Sikkim}}
* [http://www.gluckman.com/Sikkim.htm Climbing the clouds to Sikkim]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101027093510/http://www.sikkim-culture.gov.in/Kings%20of%20Sikkim/Kings%20of%20Sikkim.aspx Kings of Sikkim]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-sikkim-saga-through-an-american-lens/article4617433.ece The Sikkim saga, through an American lens]

{{Sikkim}}
{{Former Monarchies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikkim, Kingdom of}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Sikkim| ]]
[[Category:Sikkim]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1642]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1975]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of South Asia]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:Former British protectorates]]
[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist places]]
[[Category:Associated states]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia]]
[[Category:1642 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1975 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Former monarchies]]
[[Category:Gun salute princely states]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]