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Taipei

2026-05-16T16:43:36Z

Snehasis: Redirect article

{{Short description|Capital city of Taiwan}}
{{hatgrp|
{{About|the city in Taiwan}}
{{distinguish|New Taipei City}}
}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox political division
| name = Taipei
| official_name =
| other_name = Taipak, Taipeh, Taihoku
| native_name = {{lang|zh-Hant-TW|臺北市}}{{Efn native lang|tw|name=word1
|t=臺北市 or 台北市
|p=Táiběi Shì
|xej={{Script/Nastaliq|تَےْبَےْ شِ}}
|m=Tâi-pak Tshī
|s=Tǒi-běd Sii
|h=Toi-bed Shi+}}
| settlement_type = [[Capital city]] and [[Special municipality (Taiwan)|Special Municipality]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Taipei Skyline 2022.06.29.jpg
| alt1 = Taipei Skyline
| caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Taipei|Skyline of Taipei]] from [[Xiangshan, Taipei|Elephant Mountain]] with [[Taipei 101]] (left)
| image2 = New World Building and Partyworld Zhonghua New Hall 20160225 night.jpg
| alt2 = Ximending
| caption2 = [[Ximending]]
| image3 = Taipei Taiwan Presidential-Office-Building-01.jpg
| alt3 = Presidential Office
| caption3 = [[Presidential Office Building, Taipei|Presidential Office]]
| image5 = Yangmingshan National Park LI,JIA-JING 2.jpg
| alt5 = Yangmingshan National Park
| caption5 = [[Yangmingshan National Park]]
| image6 = Bangka Lungshan Temple 07.23.jpg
| alt6 = Lungshan Temple
| caption6 = [[Bangka Lungshan Temple]]
| image7 = NationalPalace MuseumFrontView.jpg
| alt7 = National Palace Museum
| caption7 = [[National Palace Museum]]
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Taipei City.svg
| image_seal = Emblem of Taipei City.svg
| seal_type = Logo
| etymology = {{lang-zh|w=Tʻai²-pei³|l=North of Taiwan}}
| nickname = The City of [[Azaleas]]
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|zoom=10|frame-lat=25.0375|frame-long=121.5625|type=shape-inverse}}
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Taiwan#Asia#Pacific Ocean#Earth
| coordinates = {{coord|25|02|15|N|121|33|45|E|region:TW|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{ROC-TW}}
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1709
| established_title1 = Taipeh Prefecture
| established_date1 = 1875
| established_title2 = Renamed Taihoku
| established_date2 = 17 April 1895
| established_title3 = [[Provincial city (Taiwan)|Provincial city status]]
| established_date3 = 25 October 1945
| established_title4 = [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|Provisional national capital]]
| established_date4 = 7 December 1949
| established_title5 = Reconstituted as a Yuan-controlled municipality
| established_date5 = 1 July 1967
| capital_type = City seat
| capital = [[Xinyi District, Taipei|Xinyi District]]
| largest_settlement = [[Daan District, Taipei|Daan District]]
| largest_settlement_type = district
| admin_center_type = [[District (Taiwan)|Districts]]
| admin_center = 12
| legislature = [[Taipei City Council]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Taipei|Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = [[Chiang Wan-an]] ([[Kuomintang|KMT]])
| iso_code = TW-TPE
| total_type = [[Special municipality of Taiwan|Special municipality]]
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:《中華民國統計資訊網》縣市重要統計指標查詢系統網 |url=https://statdb.dgbas.gov.tw/pxweb/Dialog/statfile9.asp |access-date=13 June 2016 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612002357/https://statdb.dgbas.gov.tw/pxweb/Dialog/statfile9.asp |archive-date=12 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographia World Urban Areas PDF |date=April 2016 |url=https://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |publisher=Demographia |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| national_representation = National representation
| national_representation_type1 = [[Legislative Yuan]]
| national_representation1 = 8 of 113 constituencies
| area_km2 = 271.80
| area_water_km2 = 2.7
| area_water_percent = 1.0
| area_urban_km2 = 1059
| area_rank = 16th
| area_rank_link = List of administrative divisions of Taiwan
| population_estimate = 2,494,813 ([[List of administrative divisions of Taiwan|4th]])<hr>9,078,000 (urban)<ref>{{cite web |title=Demographia World Urban Areas PDF |url=https://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |publisher=Demographia |access-date=2021-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_rank_link = List of administrative divisions of Taiwan
| population_estimate_year = March 2023
| population_density_km2 =
| population_total =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| GDP_PPP = $65,539
| GDP_PPP_year = 2016
| GDP_PPP_rank = 1st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = NT$990,292
| GDP_nominal_year = 2016
| GDP_nominal_rank = 1st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal_rank_link = Economy of Taiwan#Economy by region
| population_estimate_rank = 4th
| timezone = [[National Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 100–116
| calling_code = (0)2
| blank_name_sec2 = Climate
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Humid subtropical climate]] (Cfa)
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|https://www.gov.taipei/|gov.taipei}} {{in lang|zh}}|{{URL|https://english.gov.taipei/|en.gov.taipei}} {{in lang|en}}}}
{{Infobox place symbols
|embedded=yes
| bird = [[Formosan blue magpie]] (''Urocissa caerulea'')
| flower = [[Azalea]] (''Rhododendron nudiflorum'')
| tree = [[Banyan]] (India laurel fig, ''Ficus microcarpa'')
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| t = {{linktext|臺北|市}} or {{linktext|台北|市}}
| s = {{linktext|台北|市}}
| l = "Northern Tai(wan)"
| bpmf = ㄊㄞˊ   ㄅㄟˇ   ㄕˋ
| w = Tʻai2-pei3 Shih4
| xej = {{Script/Nastaliq|تَےْبَےْ شِ}}
| p = Táiběi Shì
| tp = Táiběi Shìh
| mps = Táiběi Shr̀
| gr = Tairbeei Shyh
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|t|ai|2|.|b|ei|3|-|shi|4}}
| myr = Táiběi Shr̀
| poj = Tâi-pak-chhī
| tl = Tâi-pak-tshī
| showflag = ppoj
| phfs = Thòi-pet-sṳ
| y = Tòihbāk Síh
| j = Toi4bak1 Si5
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|t|oi|4|.|b|ak|1|-|s|i|5}}
| buc = Dài-báe̤k chê
| suz = De2-poq7
| c =
}}

'''Taipei''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|aɪ|ˈ|p|eɪ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Taipei.wav}}; {{lang-zh|t=臺北|s=台北|p=Táiběi|zhu=ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ|first=t}} {{Small|pronounced:}}{{IPAc-cmn|t|ai|2|b|ei|3}}; [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Tâi-gí]]: Tâi-pak),<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/taipei "Taipei"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208070725/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/taipei |date=8 December 2017 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> officially '''Taipei City''',{{Efn native lang|tw|name=word1}} is the [[Capital city|capital]]{{efn|The [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] does not stipulate any city, including Taipei or its pre-1949 capital, [[Nanjing]], as the ''de jure'' capital of the Republic of China.
However, Taipei has been designated the official [[seat of government|seat of central government]] by a decree, thus making it the ''de facto'' capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2359865 |title=Taipei is Republic of China's capital, minister said |author=Tseng Ying-yu, Sofia Wu |website=Central News Agency |date=4 December 2013 |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920015224/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2359865 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2 |title=Since the implementation of the Act Governing Principles for Editing Geographical Educational Texts (地理敎科書編審原則) in 1997, the guiding principle for all maps in geographical textbooks was that Taipei was to be marked as the capital with a label stating: "Location of the Central Government" |date=4 December 2013 |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101013333/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)-2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/about.php |title=2020–2021 TAIWAN at a glance |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)]] |date=2021 |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117020655/https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/about.php |archive-date=17 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite having no actual control, the [[China|People's Republic of China]] considers Taipei to be the capital of its claimed [[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|Taiwan Province]].}} and a [[Special municipality (Taiwan)|special municipality]] of [[Taiwan]].<ref name="Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)-2021" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.roc-taiwan.org/us_en/post/24.html |title=Taiwan-U.S. Relations |publisher=[[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States]] |date=4 December 2021 |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125155623/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/us_en/post/24.html |archive-date=25 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Located in [[Regions of Taiwan|Northern Taiwan]], Taipei City is an [[enclave]] of the municipality of [[New Taipei City]] that sits about {{convert|25|km|mi}} southwest of the northern port city of [[Keelung]]. Most of the city rests on the [[Taipei Basin]], an ancient lakebed. The basin is bounded by the relatively narrow valleys of the [[Keelung River|Keelung]] and [[Xindian River|Xindian rivers]], which join to form the [[Tamsui River]] along the city's western border.<ref name="Taipei City Government-2006">{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?categid=36&recordid=9152 |title=Taipei City Government: Home – I. Geographic Overview |publisher=Taipei City Government |date=23 October 2006 |access-date=4 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209004331/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?categid=36&recordid=9152 |archive-date=9 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The municipality of Taipei is home to an estimated population of 2,494,813 (March 2023),<ref name="Taiwan Ministry of Interior-2015">{{cite web |url=http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-07.xls |script-title=zh:鄉鎮市區人口及按都會區統計 |publisher=Taiwan Ministry of Interior |date=December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209091210/http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-07.xls |archive-date=9 December 2013}}</ref> forming the core part of the [[Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area]], also known as "Greater Taipei", which includes the nearby cities of New Taipei and Keelung with a population of 7,047,559,<ref name="Taiwan Ministry of Interior-2015" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=4597&ctNode=1627 |title=Methods and Term Definitions |publisher=Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics |access-date=4 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212071728/https://eng.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=4597&ctNode=1627 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> the 40th most-populous urban area in the world—roughly one-third of Taiwanese citizens live in the metro areas. The name "Taipei" can refer either to the whole metropolitan area or just the municipality alone. Taipei has been the political center of the island since 1887, when it first became the seat of [[Taiwan Province]] by [[Taiwan under Qing rule|the Qing dynasty]] until 1895 and again from 1945 to 1956 by the [[Government of the Republic of China|Republic of China (ROC) government]],{{efn|The [[Taiwan Provincial Government]] subsequently moved to [[Zhongxing New Village]] in [[Nantou County]] until it was dissolved in 2018.}} with an [[interregnum]] from 1895 to 1945 as the seat of the [[Government-General of Taiwan]] during [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|the Japanese rule]]. The city has been the national seat of the [[Government of the Republic of China|ROC central government]] since 1949, and it became the nation's first special municipality (then known as Yuan-controlled municipality) on 1 July 1967, upgrading from [[Provincial city (Taiwan)|provincial city]] status.

Taipei is the [[Economy of Taiwan|economic]], [[Politics of the Republic of China|political]], [[Education in Taiwan|educational]] and [[Culture of Taiwan|cultural]] center of Taiwan. It has been rated an "Alpha − City" by [[GaWC]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Taipei also forms a major part of a high-tech industrial area.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://old.seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2020821044_taiwansamsungxml.html |title=Taiwan tech industry faces up to South Korea's Samsung |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=April 2013 |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825064955/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2020821044_taiwansamsungxml.html |archive-date=25 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rail transport in Taiwan|Railways]], [[Highway system in Taiwan|highways]], airports and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island. The city is served by two airports – [[Songshan Airport|Songshan]] and [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taoyuan]]. The municipality is home to architectural and cultural landmarks, including [[Taipei 101]] (which was formerly the tallest building in the world), [[Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall]], [[Dalongdong Baoan Temple]], [[Hsing Tian Kong]], [[Lungshan Temple of Manka]], [[National Palace Museum]], [[Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)|Presidential Office Building]], [[Taipei Guest House]] and [[Zhinan Temple]]. [[Shopping districts]] including [[Ximending]] as well as several [[Night markets in Taiwan|night markets]] dispersed throughout the city. Natural features include [[Maokong]], [[Yangmingshan]] and [[Taiwanese hot springs|hot springs]].

In English-language news reports, the name ''Taipei'' often serves as a [[synecdoche]] referring to the central government that controls the [[Taiwan Area]]. Due to the ambiguous [[political status of Taiwan]] internationally, the term ''[[Chinese Taipei]]'' is also frequently used as a [[synonym]] for the entire country, as when Taiwan's governmental representatives participate in [[international organizations]] or when Taiwan's athletes compete in international sporting events, including the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]].

==Names==
{{See also|Chinese language romanization in Taiwan}}

The spellings ''Taipei'' and ''Tʻai-pei'' derive from the [[Wade–Giles]] romanization ''Tʻai²-pei³''<ref>{{cite book |last=Skinner |first=G. William |title=Modern Chinese society:an analytical bibliography |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernchinesesoc3skin/page/55 55] |isbn=0-8047-0753-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/modernchinesesoc3skin/page/55}}</ref> which means ''the North of Taiwan'' in Chinese. The name could be also romanized as ''Táiběi'' according to [[Hanyu Pinyin]] and [[Tongyong Pinyin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinyin.info/taiwan/place_names.html |title=Taiwan place names |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Pīnyīn.info |language=zh-tw,en |quote= 鄉鎮市區別 Hanyu Pinyin (recommended) Hanyu Pinyin (with tones) Tongyong Pinyin old forms ... 台北市 Taibei Táiběi Taibei Taipei |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916131032/http://www.pinyin.info/taiwan/place_names.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://international.thenewslens.com/article/84177 |title=OPINION: Hanyu Pinyin Should Not Be Political, Kaohsiung |access-date=15 September 2020 |date=27 November 2017 |author=Eryk Smith |quote=The capital will not see its name re-christened "Taibei" anytime soon and that's fine |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916185047/https://international.thenewslens.com/article/84177 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsyRAgAAQBAJ |title=Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-203-93096-0 |editor=Elana Shohamy, Durk Gorter |quote=However, I do use the commonly rendered "Taipei," instead of "Taibei" (Táiběi). |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsyRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT357&lpg=PT357] |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410213904/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsyRAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city has also been known as ''Tai-pak''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sketchesfromtaiw00camprich/page/82 |title=Sketches from Formosa |author=William Campbell |date=1915 |page=82 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |quote=No sooner had the Governor-General at Tai-pak received telegraphic information of the magnitude of the calamity, than instruction were issued for a large company of surgeons, nurses, and assistants to proceed at once to Ka-gi. |author-link=William Campbell (missionary)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Tai-pak |website=[[The Free Dictionary]] |title=Tai-pak |quote=Taipei (redirected from Tai-pak) |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913150945/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Tai-pak |archive-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> (derived from [[Taiwanese Hokkien]]) and ''Taipeh''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograp371920nati/page/256|magazine=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |title=FORMOSA THE BEAUTIFUL |author=Alice Ballantine Kirjassoff|date=March 1920|pages=257, 262|volume=37|issue=3|quote=I boarded a train for Taihoku, the capital city, which on most maps still bears its old Chinese name of Taipeh.{...}Taihoku (Taipeh)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Taipeh |website=[[The Free Dictionary]] |title=Taipeh |quote=Noun 1. Taipeh – the capital of Nationalist ChinaTaipeh – the capital of Nationalist China; located in northern Taiwan |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027023953/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Taipeh |archive-date=27 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]] from 1895 to 1945, Taipei was known as ''Taihoku'', which is the pronunciation of the [[Chinese characters]] ([[Kanji]]: {{lang|ja|{{linktext|台北}}}}) for Taipei in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://maps.princeton.edu/catalog/princeton-kw52j969v |title=Taihoku-Matsuyama, Formosa (Taiwan), Taihoku-Shu. A.M.S. L991 – Digital Maps and Geospatial Data | Princeton University |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313133620/https://maps.princeton.edu/catalog/princeton-kw52j969v |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Taipei}}

{{See also|North-South divide in Taiwan#Taipei}}
[[File:North Gate of Taipei City, 2023 (01).jpg|left|thumb|215x215px|Taipei's Old North Gate, completed in 1884]]
Prior to the significant influx of Han Chinese colonists, the region of [[Taipei Basin]] was mainly inhabited by the [[Ketagalan]], a [[Plains Indigenous peoples|Plains Indigenous people]]. The number of Han colonists gradually increased in the early 18th century under [[Taiwan under Qing rule|Qing dynasty rule]] after the government began permitting development in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1084524&ctNode=29490&mp=100002 |title=Taipei's History and Development |publisher=Taipei City Government |date=November 2014 |access-date=15 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230144133/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1084524&ctNode=29490&mp=100002 |archive-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1875, the northern part of the island was incorporated into the new [[Taipeh Prefecture]].

It was formerly established as Taipeh-fu and was the temporary capital of the island in 1887 when it was declared a province ([[Taiwan Province#Qing Dynasty|Fukien-Taiwan Province]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/580809/Taipei/231554/History |title=Taipei (Taiwan) :: History |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527202105/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/580809/Taipei/231554/History |archive-date=27 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=James W. |author-link=James W. Davidson |title=The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions |year=1903 |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/islandofformosap00davi |location=London and New York |ol=6931635M |page=245 |access-date=10 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108025015/https://archive.org/details/islandofformosap00davi |archive-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Taipeh was formally made the provincial capital in 1894. The romanized transcription of Taipeh was changed to Taihoku in 1895 when the Empire of Japan annexed Taiwan, based on the Japanese reading of the two characters. The writing in Chinese characters remained unaltered. Under Japanese rule, the city was administered under [[Taihoku Prefecture]]. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced [[urban planning]] that featured extensive railroad links. A number of Taipei landmarks and cultural institutions date from this period.<ref name="Marsh-1996" />

Following the [[surrender of Japan]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] during 1945, effective control of Taiwan was [[History of Taiwan since 1945|handed to the Republic of China (ROC)]]. After facing defeat from Communist forces, the ruling [[Kuomintang]] relocated the [[Government of the Republic of China|ROC government]] to Taiwan and declared Taipei the [[provisional capital]] of the ROC in December 1949.<ref name="Ng-1998" /><ref name="BBC News-2000" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/rebellionrevolut0000russ/ |isbn=0-13-785745-4 |year=1974 |title=Rebellion, Revolution, and Armed Force |author=[[Diana E. H. Russell|D. E. H. Russell]]
|publisher=[[Academic Press]]
|page=[https://archive.org/details/rebellionrevolut0000russ/page/111/ 111]
|quote=On Dec. 8, 1949, T'ai-pei, on the island of Formosa, to which Chiang Kai-shek and many of his followers had fled, was declared the Nationalist Capital.}}</ref> Taiwan's Kuomintang rulers regarded the city as the capital of [[Taiwan Province]] and their control as mandated by [[General Order No. 1]].

In 1990, Taipei provided the backdrop for the [[Wild Lily student movement|Wild Lily student rallies]] that moved Taiwanese society from one-party rule to multi-party [[democracy]] by [[1996 Taiwan presidential election|1996]]. The city has served as the seat of Taiwan's democratically elected national government ever since.

===Early settlers to the Qing dynasty===
Prior to the 18th century, the region known as the [[Taipei Basin]] was home to [[Ketagalan people|Ketagalan]] tribes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?recordid=109 |title=History |publisher=Taipei City Government |date=29 March 2004 |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507005944/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?recordid=109 |archive-date=7 May 2005}}</ref> [[Han Chinese]] colonists from [[Dabu County]], [[Yongding County]], [[Anxi County|Anxi]] and [[Tong'an]] of [[Southern Fujian]] began to settle in the Taipei Basin in 1709.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Robert |title=Taiwan |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2007 |page=46 |isbn=978-1-74104-548-2}}</ref><ref name="Taipei City Government">{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?recordid=108 |title=History of Taipei |publisher=Taipei City Government |access-date=11 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526012848/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?recordid=108 |archive-date=26 May 2007}}</ref>

In the late 19th century, the Taipei area, where the major Han Chinese settlements in northern Taiwan and one of the designated overseas trade ports, [[Tamsui District|Tamsui]], were located, gained economic importance due to the booming overseas trade, especially that of [[tea]] export. In 1875, the northern part of Taiwan was separated from [[Taiwan Prefecture]] and incorporated into the new [[Taipeh Prefecture]] as a new administrative entity of the Qing dynasty.<ref name="Marsh-1996">{{cite book |last=Marsh |first=Robert |title=The Great Transformation |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1996 |page=84 |isbn=1-56324-788-7}}</ref> Having been established adjoining the flourishing townships of [[Wanhua District|Bangka]], [[Dalongdong]], and [[Twatutia]], the new prefectural capital was known as ''Chengnei'' ({{lang-zh|t=城內|p=chéngnèi|poj=siâⁿ-lāi}}), "the inner city", and government buildings were erected there. From 1875 until the beginning of Japanese rule in 1895, Taipei was part of Tamsui County of Taipeh Prefecture and the prefectural capital.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Wenchuan |title=Street-naming and the Subjectivity of Taiwan: A Case Study of Taipei City |url=https://journals.uni-lj.si/as/article/download/2879/2868/5757 |journal=Asian and African Studies |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605095923/https://journals.uni-lj.si/as/article/download/2879/2868/5757 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1886, as work commenced to govern the island as a province, Taipeh was designated as the provincial capital. When Japan acquired the island in 1895 as part of the peace agreement for the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], they retained Taipeh as the capital.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Taipei {{!}} History, Population, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Taipei |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Nowadays, all that remains from the historical period is the north gate. The west gate and [[Taipei City Walls|city walls]] were demolished by the Japanese while the south gate, little south gate, and east gate were extensively modified by the [[Kuomintang]] and have lost much of their original character.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Joseph R. |title=Taipei: City of Displacements |date=2012 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle |isbn=978-0-295-80426-2 |pages=75–81}}</ref>

===Empire of Japan===
[[File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-6550514-taihoku-east-2422-iii.jpg|left|thumb|Map of eastern Taipei (labeled as TAIHOKU) and nearby areas ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1944)]]
[[File:大島久滿次.jpg|thumb|The [[Taihoku Prefecture]] government building in the 1910s (now the [[Control Yuan]] building)]]

As settlement for losing the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], China ceded the [[island of Taiwan]] to the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1895 as part of the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]]. After the Japanese takeover, Taipei, romanized into English as '''Taihoku''' following the Japanese language pronunciation, was retained as the capital. It subsequently emerged as the political center of the Japanese Colonial Government.<ref name="Marsh-1996" /> During that time the city acquired the characteristics of an administrative center, including many new public buildings and [[Qidong Street Japanese Houses|housing for civil servants]]. Much of the architecture of Taipei dates from the period of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]], including the [[Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)|Presidential Office Building]] which was the Office of the [[Governor-General of Taiwan]].

During Japanese rule, Taihoku was incorporated in 1920 as part of [[Taihoku Prefecture]]. It included [[Wanhua District|Bangka]], [[Twatutia]], and {{nihongo||城內|Jōnai}} among other small settlements. The eastern village of {{nihongo||松山庄|Matsuyama|modern-day [[Songshan District, Taipei]]}} was annexed into Taihoku City in 1938. Taihoku and surrounding areas were bombed by Allied forces on several occasions. The largest of these Allied air raids, the [[Taihoku Air Raid]], took place on 31 May 1945.

===Post-WW2 under ROC===
[[File:Taipei_2012_3_amk.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Taipei 101]] is a landmark and tourist attraction in Taipei.]]
[[File:Chiang Kai-shek memorial amk.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall]] is a national monument, landmark, and tourist attraction in Taipei.]]
[[File:美國總統艾森豪於1960年6月訪問臺灣台北時與蔣中正總統-2.jpg|thumb|With President [[Chiang Kai-shek]], U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] waved to a crowd during his visit to Taipei in June 1960.]]

Upon the Japanese defeat following the nuclear bomb destruction of [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]], and its consequent surrender in August 1945, the [[Kuomintang]] (Chinese Nationalist Party) [[Retrocession of Taiwan|assumed control]] of Taiwan. Subsequently, Taipei was established as a [[Provincial city (Taiwan)|provincial city]] and a temporary Office of the [[Taiwan Province]] Administrative Governor was established in it.{{sfnp|Marsh|1996|p=85}} In 1947 the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) government under [[Chiang Kai-shek]] declared island-wide [[martial law in Taiwan]] as a result of the [[28 February Incident]], which began with incidents in Taipei but led to an island-wide crackdown on the local population by forces loyal to Chiang. Two years later, on 7 December 1949, Chiang and the Kuomintang forces were forced to flee mainland China after the defeat by Communist revolutionaries. The KMT-led national government that fled to Taiwan declared Taipei to be the provisional capital of a continuing Republic of China.<ref name="Ng-1998">{{cite book |last=Ng |first=Franklin |title=The Taiwanese Americans |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1998 |page=10 |isbn=0-313-29762-2}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2000">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1949_1955.stm |title=Taiwan Timeline – Retreat to Taiwan |year=2000 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624190413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1949_1955.stm |archive-date=24 June 2009 |url-status=live}} Taipei has never been declared the official capital but Kuomintang loyalists today generally regard it as such. In 2004 elementary textbook references stating "Nanjing is the capital of the Republic of China" were replaced with "Taipei is the location of the central government of the Republic of China."</ref>

Taipei [[Military dependents' village|expanded greatly]] in the decades after 1949, and as approved on 30 December 1966, by the [[Executive Yuan]], Taipei was declared a [[special municipality (Taiwan)|special municipality]] on 1 July 1967.<ref name="Taipei City Government" /> In the following year, Taipei City expanded again by annexing [[Shilin District|Shilin]], [[Beitou District|Beitou]], [[Neihu District|Neihu]], [[Nangang District, Taipei|Nangang]], [[Jingmei]], and [[Muzha District|Muzha]]. At that time, the city's total area increased fourfold by absorbing several outlying towns and villages and the population increased to 1.56 million people.<ref name="Taipei City Government" />

The city's population, which had reached one million in the early 1960s, also expanded rapidly after 1967, exceeding two million by the mid-1970s. Although growth within the city itself gradually slowed thereafter{{sfnp|Marsh|1996|p=85}} — its population had become relatively stable by the mid-1990s – Taipei remained one of the world's most densely populated urban areas, and the population continued to increase in the region surrounding the city, notably along the corridor between Taipei and [[Keelung]].{{Original research inline|date=March 2023}}

In 1990, Taipei's 16 districts were consolidated into the current 12 districts.<ref>{{cite book |title=Republic of China Yearbook |publisher=Kwang Hwa Publishing Co. |year=2002 |page=120 |isbn=957-9227-35-7}}</ref> [[Wild Lily student movement|Mass democracy rallies]] that year in the [[Liberty Square (Taipei)|plaza]] around Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall led to an island-wide transition to multi-party [[democracy]], where legislators are chosen via regularly scheduled popular elections, during the presidency of [[Lee Teng-Hui]].{{Original research inline|date=March 2023}}

==Geography==
[[File:Aerial panorama of Taipei's west from the perspective of Tamsui River.jpg|thumb|Aerial panorama of Taipei's west from the perspective of Tamsui River]]
[[File:2014-02-23 台北 Taipei from 貓空 01.jpg|thumb|The city of Taipei, as seen from [[Maokong]] in 2014]]
Taipei City is located in the [[Taipei Basin]] in northern [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travel.taipei/frontsite/en/cms/cmsAction.do?method=goCMSDetail&contentId=283&menuId=1030101 |title=About Taipei – Taipei Profile |publisher=Department of Information and Tourism, Taipei City Government |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200603/http://www.travel.taipei/frontsite/en/cms/cmsAction.do?method=goCMSDetail&contentId=283&menuId=1030101 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is bordered by the [[Xindian River]] on the south and the [[Tamsui River]] on the west. The generally low-lying terrain of the central areas on the western side of the municipality slopes upward to the south and east and especially to the north,<ref name="Taipei City Government-2006" /> where it reaches the {{convert|1120|m|adj=on|sp=us}}-tall [[Qixing Mountain (Taipei)|Qixing Mountain]], the highest (dormant) [[volcano]] in Taiwan in [[Yangmingshan National Park]]. The northern districts of [[Shilin District|Shilin]] and [[Beitou District|Beitou]] extend north of the [[Keelung River]] and are bordered by Yangmingshan National Park. The Taipei city limits cover an area of {{convert|271.7997|km2}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=11490755&CtNode=49684&mp=100002 |title=Geographical Overview |website=Taipei City Government |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220213621/http://english.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=11490755&CtNode=49684&mp=100002 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ranking sixteenth of twenty-five among [[List of Taiwanese counties and cities by area|all counties and cities in Taiwan]].

Two peaks, Qixing Mountain and Mt. Datun, rise to the northeast of the city.<ref name="Taipei City Government-2004">{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?recordid=116 |title=Geography/Population |publisher=Taipei City Government |date=29 March 2004 |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050127015838/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?recordid=116 |archive-date=27 January 2005}}</ref> Qixing Mountain is located on the [[Tatun Volcanic Group]]; its {{convert|1120|m|adj=on|sp=us}}-high main peak renders it the tallest mountain at the rim of the Taipei Basin; {{convert|1092|m|adj=on|sp=us}}-high Mt. Datun is a close runner up. These former volcanoes make up the western section of Yangmingshan National Park, extending from Mt. Datun northward to Mt. Caigongkeng ({{lang|zh-hant|菜公坑山}}). Located on a broad saddle between two mountains, the area also contains the marshy Datun Pond.

To the southeast of the city lie the Songshan Hills and the Qingshui Ravine, which form a barrier of lush woods.<ref name="Taipei City Government-2004" />

===Climate===
[[File:Taipei Skyline 2023-03-19.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cloudy day in Taipei]]
Taipei has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa''), with slight [[tropical rainforest climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Af'') influences.<ref>[http://tigp.sinica.edu.tw/taipei_taiwan.html Taipei City] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402140952/https://tigp.sinica.edu.tw/taipei_taiwan.html |date=2 April 2013 }} – Academia Sinica</ref><ref>[http://web.mtc.ntnu.edu.tw/mtcweb/index.php?option=com_guoyu&task=show_information&id=84&menuid=74&lang=en Living in Taipei] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217224937/http://web.mtc.ntnu.edu.tw/mtcweb/index.php?option=com_guoyu&task=show_information&id=84&menuid=74&lang=en |date=17 February 2012 }} – Mandarin Training Center, a subsidiary of National Taiwan Normal University</ref><ref>[http://sistercities.lacity.org/html/14.htm Taipei, Taiwan; the sister city of Los Angeles] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120135157/http://sistercities.lacity.org/html/14.htm |date=20 January 2013 }} – Los Angeles City Council</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |title=Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> Summers are long-lasting, very hot and humid, and accompanied by occasional heavy rainstorms and typhoons; while winters are short, generally warm and generally very [[fog]]gy due to the northeasterly winds from the vast [[Siberian High]] being intensified by the pooling of this cooler air in the Taipei Basin. As in the rest of Northern Taiwan, daytime temperatures of Taipei can often peak above {{cvt|26|C}} during a warm winter day, while they can dip below that same level during afternoon showers and thunderstorms in the summer. Occasional cold fronts during the winter months can drop the daily temperature by {{cvt|3|to|5|C-change}}, though temperatures rarely drop below {{cvt|10|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weather History for Sungshan, Taiwan |url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/RCSS/2014/1/1/MonthlyHistory.html |website=Wunderground |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505163640/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/RCSS/2014/1/1/MonthlyHistory.html |archive-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Extreme temperatures ranged from {{cvt|−0.2|C}} on 13 February 1901 to {{cvt|39.7|C}} on 24 July 2020, while snow has never been recorded in the city besides on mountains located within the city limit such as [[Yangmingshan]]. Due to Taiwan's location in the Pacific Ocean, it is affected by the [[Pacific typhoon]] season, which occurs between June and October.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|collapsed =
|location = Taipei (normals 1991–2020, extremes 1896–present)
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|Jan record high C = 31.9
|Feb record high C = 31.8
|Mar record high C = 35.0
|Apr record high C = 36.2
|May record high C = 38.2
|Jun record high C = 38.9
|Jul record high C = 39.7
|Aug record high C = 39.3
|Sep record high C = 38.6
|Oct record high C = 36.8
|Nov record high C = 34.3
|Dec record high C = 31.5

|Jan high C = 19.4
|Feb high C = 20.3
|Mar high C = 22.7
|Apr high C = 26.4
|May high C = 29.7
|Jun high C = 32.7
|Jul high C = 34.8
|Aug high C = 34.2
|Sep high C = 31.5
|Oct high C = 27.6
|Nov high C = 24.8
|Dec high C = 21.0

|Jan mean C = 16.4
|Feb mean C = 16.9
|Mar mean C = 18.8
|Apr mean C = 22.3
|May mean C = 25.6
|Jun mean C = 28.2
|Jul mean C = 29.9
|Aug mean C = 29.5
|Sep mean C = 27.7
|Oct mean C = 24.6
|Nov mean C = 21.9
|Dec mean C = 18.2

|Jan low C = 14.2
|Feb low C = 14.4
|Mar low C = 16.0
|Apr low C = 19.3
|May low C = 22.6
|Jun low C = 25.1
|Jul low C = 26.6
|Aug low C = 26.4
|Sep low C = 25.0
|Oct low C = 22.4
|Nov low C = 19.7
|Dec low C = 16.0
|year low C = 20.6

|Jan record low C = −0.1
|Feb record low C = −0.2
|Mar record low C = 1.4
|Apr record low C = 4.7
|May record low C = 10.0
|Jun record low C = 15.6
|Jul record low C = 19.5
|Aug record low C = 18.9
|Sep record low C = 13.5
|Oct record low C = 10.2
|Nov record low C = 1.1
|Dec record low C = 1.8

|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm = 93.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 102.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 107.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 101.4
|May precipitation mm = 225.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 234.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 214.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 236.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 236.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 162.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 89.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 96.9

|Jan humidity = 77.2
|Feb humidity = 77.8
|Mar humidity = 76.1
|Apr humidity = 74.9
|May humidity = 74.7
|Jun humidity = 75.3
|Jul humidity = 70.2
|Aug humidity = 72.1
|Sep humidity = 73.9
|Oct humidity = 74.4
|Nov humidity = 75.0
|Dec humidity = 75.9
|year humidity = 74.8

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 13.6
|Feb precipitation days = 12.0
|Mar precipitation days = 14.1
|Apr precipitation days = 14.5
|May precipitation days = 14.5
|Jun precipitation days = 15.7
|Jul precipitation days = 11.8
|Aug precipitation days = 14.6
|Sep precipitation days = 13.8
|Oct precipitation days = 12.8
|Nov precipitation days = 12.5
|Dec precipitation days = 13.1

|Jan sun = 76.1
|Feb sun = 79.3
|Mar sun = 95.1
|Apr sun = 96.9
|May sun = 113.6
|Jun sun = 114.8
|Jul sun = 176.9
|Aug sun = 182.8
|Sep sun = 151.7
|Oct sun = 114.7
|Nov sun = 93.3
|Dec sun = 78.6

| Jan percentsun = 23
| Feb percentsun = 25
| Mar percentsun = 26
| Apr percentsun = 25
| May percentsun = 27
| Jun percentsun = 28
| Jul percentsun = 42
| Aug percentsun = 45
| Sep percentsun = 41
| Oct percentsun = 32
| Nov percentsun = 29
| Dec percentsun = 24
| year percentsun =

|source 1 = Central Weather Bureau<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cwb.gov.tw/V8/C/C/Statistics/monthlymean.html |title=Monthly Mean |publisher=[[Central Weather Bureau]] |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209115926/https://www.cwb.gov.tw/V8/C/C/Statistics/monthlymean.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cwb.gov.tw/Data/climate/Statistics/pdf/sort_18.pdf |title=氣象站各月份最高氣溫統計 |publisher=Central Weather Bureau |language=zh |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017235559/https://www.cwb.gov.tw/Data/climate/Statistics/pdf/sort_18.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cwb.gov.tw/Data/climate/Statistics/pdf/sort_19.pdf |title=氣象站各月份最高氣溫統計(續) |publisher=Central Weather Bureau |language=zh |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017235603/https://www.cwb.gov.tw/Data/climate/Statistics/pdf/sort_19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cwb.gov.tw/Data/climate/Statistics/pdf/sort_20.pdf |title=氣象站各月份最低氣溫統計 |publisher=Central Weather Bureau |language=zh |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219233031/https://www.cwb.gov.tw/Data/climate/Statistics/pdf/sort_20.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cwb.gov.tw/Data/climate/Statistics/pdf/sort_21.pdf |title=氣象站各月份最低氣溫統計(續) |publisher=Central Weather Bureau |language=zh |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219055306/https://www.cwb.gov.tw/Data/climate/Statistics/pdf/sort_21.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

===Air quality===
In comparison to other [[Asia]]n cities, Taipei has "excellent" capabilities for managing [[air quality]] in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/13786.html |title=Pollution is a major threat for Asian cities, says new report |publisher=EarthTimes |date=14 December 2006 |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918040929/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/13786.html |archive-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its rainy climate, location near the coast, and strong environmental regulations have prevented air pollution from becoming a substantial health issue, at least compared to cities in southeast Asia and industrial China. However, smog is extremely common and there is poor visibility throughout the city after rainless days.

Motor vehicle engine exhaust, particularly from [[Scooters in Taiwan|motor scooters]], is a source of [[air pollution]] in Taipei. There are higher levels of fine [[particulate]] matter and [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]s in the mornings because of less air movement; sunlight reduces some pollution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Oung |first=Angelica |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/05/04/2003359365 |title=Taipei air pollution alarming: scientists |newspaper=[[The Taipei Times]] |date=4 May 2007 |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705014955/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/05/04/2003359365 |archive-date=5 July 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cityscape==
{{Wide image|Taipei_landscape.jpg|1100px|Panoramic view of Taipei's skyline at day}}
{{Wide image|Taipei_panorama.jpg|1100px|Panoramic view of the skyline of [[Xinyi Special District]] (Taipei) skyline at night}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|1875|38000
|1905|74415
|1920|162782
|1935|274157
|1958|715000
|1972|1890760
|1980|2220427
|1990|2760475
|2000|2624257
|2010|2655515
|2020|2594581
|source=1875<ref>{{cite book|author=李瑞麟|title=臺灣都市之形成與發展|series=《臺灣銀行季刊》|year=1973}}24(3):1–29, 表2, 頁7.</ref> 1905–1935<ref>{{cite book|author=章英華|title=〈臺灣的都市體系——從清到日治〉|series=《臺灣的都市社會》|year=1997|publisher=巨流出版社|location=臺北}}</ref> 1958<ref>{{cite book|author=陳天祥|title=臺灣地誌|year=1959|publisher=敷明產業地理研究所|location=臺北}}</ref> 1972<ref>{{cite book|author=蔡青龍|title=臺灣地區都市人口之成長與分佈|series=社會科學整合論文集|year=1982|publisher=中央研究院三民主義研究所|location=臺北}}</ref> 1980<ref>{{cite book|author=行政院經濟建設委員會都市及住宅發展處|title=都市及區域發展統計彙編|year=1980|publisher=臺北}}</ref>
1990–2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eng.stat.gov.tw/News.aspx?n=2401&sms=10889|title=Statistical Tables|publisher=National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref>|align=right|cols=1}}

[[File:Shilin night market alley.jpg|thumb|Customers in the [[Shilin Night Market]]]]

While Taipei City is home to 2,524,393 people (2022), the greater [[Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] has a population of 7,047,559 people.<ref name="Taiwan Ministry of Interior-2015" /> Even though the population of the city has been decreasing in recent years, the population of adjacent [[New Taipei]] has been increasing. The population loss, while rapid in its early years, was slowed by lower density development and campaigns designed to increase the birthrate in the city in the 2010s. As a result, the population rose 2010–2015.<ref name="Taiwan Ministry of Interior-2015" /><ref name="Taipei City Government-2009">{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1084529&ctNode=29491&mp=100002 |title=Demographical Overview |date=28 July 2009 |publisher=Taipei City Government |access-date=11 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715113135/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1084529&ctNode=29491&mp=100002 |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1193132&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng |title=Premier agrees to suspend sales of state-owned prime city land |publisher=Central News Agency |date=2 March 2010 |access-date=11 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916060723/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1193132&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng |archive-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to Taipei's geography and location in the [[Taipei Basin]] as well as differing times of settlement and differing degrees of economic development of its districts, Taipei's population is not evenly distributed. The districts of [[Daan District, Taipei City|Daan]], [[Songshan District, Taipei|Songshan]], and [[Datong District, Taipei|Datong]] are the most densely populated. These districts, along with adjacent communities such as [[Yonghe District|Yonghe]] and [[Zhonghe District|Zhonghe]], contain some of the most densely populated neighborhoods in the world.<ref name="Taipei City Government-2009" />

In 2008, the [[birth rate|crude birth rate]] stood at 7.88%, while the [[mortality rate]] stood at 5.94%. A decreasing and rapidly aging population is an important issue for the city.<ref name="Taipei City Government-2009" /> By the end of 2009, one in ten people in Taipei was over 65 years of age.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1163105&lang=eng_news |title=Taiwan's elderly population reaches one in 10: interior ministry |publisher=[[Central News Agency (Taiwan)|Central News Agency]] |date=23 January 2010 |access-date=11 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201201320/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1163105&lang=eng_news |archive-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Residents who had obtained a college education or higher accounted for 43.48% of the population, and the literacy rate stood at 99.18%.<ref name="Taipei City Government-2009" />

Like the rest of Taiwan, Taipei is composed of four major ethnic subgroups: [[Hoklo people|Hoklos]], [[Waishengren]], [[Hakka people|Hakkas]], and [[Taiwanese aborigines|aborigines]].<ref name="Taipei City Government-2009" /> Although Hoklos and [[Waishengren]] form the majority of the population of the city, in recent decades many Hakkas have moved into the city. The aboriginal population in the city stands at 16,713 at the end of 2018 (<1%), concentrated mostly in the suburban districts. Foreigners (mainly from [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Japan]]) numbered 71,858 at the end of 2022.<ref name="Taipei City Government-2009" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5475/5478/141478/141380/331536/cp_news |title=2022.11Foreign Residents by Nationality |website=immigration.gov.tw |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126152809/https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5475/5478/141478/141380/331536/cp_news |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Age distribution !! Male !! Female !! Total
|-
| 0–4 || 73,680 || 69,574 || 143,250
|-
| 5–9 || 57,701 || 53,004 || 110,705
|-
| 10–14 || 67,345 || 61,491 || 128,842
|-
| 15–19 || 77,974 || 72,110 || 150,084
|-
| 20–24 || 78,552 || 73,103 || 151,655
|-
| 25–29 || 78,447 || 80,882 || 159,329
|-
| 30–34 || 105,245 || 118,719 || 223,964
|-
| 35–39 || 107,951 || 123,852 || 231,803
|-
| 40–44 || 96,222 || 111,729 || 207,951
|-
| 45–49 || 96,535 || 112,049 || 208,584
|-
| 50–54 || 98,411 || 112,322 || 210,733
|-
| 55–59 || 96,092 || 110,635 || 206,727
|-
| 60–64 || 87,691 || 100,472 || 188,163
|-
| 65–69 || 55,867 || 64,949 || 120,816
|-
| 70–74 || 40,087 || 50,018 || 90,105
|-
| 75–79 || 28,413 || 39,123 || 67,536
|-
| 80–84 || 23,314 || 26,760 || 50,074
|-
| 85+ || 26,109 || 25,887 || 51,996
|}

==Economy==
[[File:Aerial panorama of Taipei City's west.jpg|thumb|Aerial panorama of Taipei City's west]]
{{See also|Economy of Taiwan}}
[[File:Bellavita and CPCCT head office 20100907.jpg|thumb|Bellavita Shopping Center and [[CPC Corporation, Taiwan|CPC]] Building at [[Xinyi Business Area|Xinyi Special District]]]]
[[File:Neihu during 2015 winter solstice.jpg|thumb|Taipei [[Neihu District|Neihu]] Technology Park]]

As Taiwan's business, financial, and technology hub, Taipei has been at the center of rapid economic development in the country and has now become one of the global cities in technology and electronics.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kwok |first=R. Yin-Wang |title=Globalizing Taipei: the political economy of spatial development |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=163 |isbn=0-415-35451-X}}</ref> This development is part of the so-called [[Taiwan Economic Miracle]] which has seen dramatic growth in the city following [[foreign direct investment]] in the 1960s. Taiwan is now a [[creditor]] economy, holding one of the world's largest [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves|foreign exchange reserves]] of over US$403 billion as of December 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=5 |title=National Statistics, Republic of China – Latest Indicators |publisher=Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics |access-date=15 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427175827/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=5 |archive-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite the [[1997 Asian financial crisis|Asian financial crisis]], the economy continues to expand at about 5% per year, with virtually full employment and low inflation. The city's GDP stand at US$327 billion in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |title=Global Metro Monitor |last=Parilla |first=Alan Berube, Jesus Leal Trujillo, Tao Ran, and Joseph |date=22 January 2015 |work=Brookings |access-date=18 July 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the nominal GDP per capita in Taipei city is 5th highest in East Asia, behind Tokyo, Singapore, Osaka, and Hong Kong, but ahead of Seoul, as well as London and Paris, according to ''The Economist''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://i.imgur.com/4Mcv6ZY.png |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222132057/http://i.imgur.com/4Mcv6ZY.png |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> GDP per capita based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) in Taipei in 2015 was US$44,173, behind that of Singapore (US$90,151 in 2016 from the IMF) and Hong Kong (US$58,322 in 2016 from the IMF; also based on PPP).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%AA%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D-%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%83%85%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC-025243290.html |title=亞太未來都市排名台北僅次新加坡東京 |work=Yahoo News |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113203211/https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%AA%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D-%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%83%85%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC-025243290.html |archive-date=13 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Financial Times'' ranked Taipei highly in economic potential (2nd, behind Tokyo) and business friendliness (4th) in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201512165010-1.aspx |title=亞太未來都市排名台北僅次新加坡東京 | 重點新聞 | 中央社即時新聞 Cna News |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=20 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219050411/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201512165010-1.aspx |archive-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city is home to 30 billionaires, the 16th most in the world, ahead of many global cities such as Los Angeles and Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hurun.net/EN/Article/Details?num=2B1B8F33F9C0 |title=Hurun Report – Details|website=www.hurun.net |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225425/http://www.hurun.net/EN/Article/Details?num=2B1B8F33F9C0 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Business Insider also ranks Taipei the 5th most high-tech city globally, the highest in Asia, in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-high-tech-cities-in-the-world-2017-8#5-taipei-taiwan-20 |title=The 25 most high-tech cities in the world |work=Business Insider |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718055117/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-high-tech-cities-in-the-world-2017-8#5-taipei-taiwan-20 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> While the IESE Cities in Motion Index 2017 ranks Taipei as the smartest technology city globally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.iese.edu/cities-challenges-and-management/2017/05/25/164/ |title=IESE Cities in Motion Index 2017 {{!}} Cities in Motion |website=blog.iese.edu |language=en-US |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718055406/https://blog.iese.edu/cities-challenges-and-management/2017/05/25/164/ |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Taipei's main development fields include the [[information and communications technology]] (hardware and software), biotechnology, general merchandizing (wholesale/retail), financial services, and [[Meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions|MICE]] industries. Most of the country's major firms are based there including [[Acer Inc.|Acer Computers]], [[Asus]], [[CTBC Bank]], [[Fubon Financial Holding Co.|Fubon Financial Holding]], [[Tatung Company]], [[D-Link]], and others. 5 Global Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in Taipei.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fortune.com/global500/list/filtered?hqcity=Taipei |title=Fortune Global 500 List 2017: See Who Made It |website=Fortune |language=en-US |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718114449/http://fortune.com/global500/list/filtered?hqcity=Taipei |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city also attracts many multi-national corporations, international financial institutions, foreign consulates, and business organizations to set up base there. Thus, Taipei has nearly 3,500 registered foreign businesses and attracts over 50% of the total foreign investment in Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://invest.taipei/pages/E01-1.aspx |title=ITO Invest Taipei |website=invest.taipei |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718055321/http://invest.taipei/pages/E01-1.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Foreign companies with offices or regional headquarters in Taipei include [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], [[IBM]], [[Intel]], [[HSBC]], [[Citibank]], [[Facebook]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[J.P. Morgan & Co.|JP Morgan]], [[PwC]], and many others. Most financial and foreign firms like to reside in the central business district of Taipei, the [[Xinyi Special District]]: Citi, JP Morgan, DBS Bank, Cathay Life Insurance, Shin Kong Commercial Bank, and Hua Nan Bank have all established skyscrapers in the area. Meanwhile, technology and electronics companies are often co-located in the [[Neihu Technology Park]] or the [[Nankang Software Park]]. The startup and innovation scene in Taipei is also very vibrant. In 2018 alone, Microsoft announced plans to invest US$34 million to create an artificial intelligence R&D center in Taipei, while Google announced it will hire 300 people and train 5,000 more in artificial intelligence for machines.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ralphjennings/2018/04/04/why-google-ibm-and-microsoft-all-decided-to-expand-in-taiwan-this-year/#2c0f6c475c72 |title=Why Google, IBM & Microsoft Are All Expanding in Taiwan This Year|date=4 April 2018|last=Jennings |first=Ralph |work=Forbes |access-date=18 July 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718083924/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ralphjennings/2018/04/04/why-google-ibm-and-microsoft-all-decided-to-expand-in-taiwan-this-year/#2c0f6c475c72 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Taipei is Google's biggest engineering site in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Science/Google-expands-in-Taiwan-its-top-Asian-R-D-hub |title=Google expands in Taiwan, its top Asian R&D hub|author-last1=Cheng|author-first1=Ting-fang|date=21 March 2018|website=Nikkei Asian Review |language=en-GB |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718000401/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Science/Google-expands-in-Taiwan-its-top-Asian-R-D-hub |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> IBM also announced in 2018 that it will develop a cloud research lab and expand its R&D center in Taipei with eyes on artificial intelligence, blockchain technology, and cloud computing. According to the 2016 Global Entrepreneurship Development Index, Taipei's entrepreneurial spirit ranks 6th worldwide and 1st in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://invest.taipei/pages/E01-5.aspx |title=ITO Invest Taipei |website=invest.taipei |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718083911/http://invest.taipei/pages/E01-5.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Taipei has more than 400 startups and numerous incubation centers, accelerators, venture capitals, and angel investors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://angel.co/taiwan |title=Taiwan Startups |website=AngelList |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227111008/https://angel.co/taiwan |archive-date=27 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city's startup ecosystem is valued at US$580 million by Startup Genome in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://startupgenome.com/all-report-thank-you/?file=2018 |title=I just downloaded the GSER 2018 by @startupgenome |website=startupgenome.com |language=en-US |access-date=18 July 2018 |archive-date=7 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807101504/https://startupgenome.com/all-report-thank-you/?file=2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Tourism is a small but significant component of the local economy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/File/200812/table16_2008.xls |script-title=zh:歷年觀光外匯收入統計 |publisher=Tourism Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communication |access-date=24 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721114807/http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/File/200812/table16_2008.xls |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/File/200812/tourist_spots_2008.xls |script-title=zh:97年臺閩地區主要觀光遊憩區遊客人次月別統計 |publisher=Tourism Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communication |access-date=24 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721114816/http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/File/200812/tourist_spots_2008.xls |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with international visitors totaling almost 3 million in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euromonitor.com/Euromonitor_Internationals_Top_City_Destination_Ranking |title=Euromonitor International's Top City Destination Ranking |date=20 January 2010 |access-date=26 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305195249/http://www.euromonitor.com/Euromonitor_Internationals_Top_City_Destination_Ranking |archive-date=5 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Taipei has many top tourist attractions and contributes a significant amount to the US$6.8 billion tourism industry in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?ID=201007140032&Type=aLIV |title=Taiwan's tourism revenue on the rise: survey |publisher=Focus Taiwan News Channel |date=14 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725172707/http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?ID=201007140032&Type=aLIV |archive-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Aerial panorama of Taipei city's west side facing the Tamsui River.jpg|thumb|Aerial panorama of Taipei city facing the Tamsui River]]

===Tourism===
{{See also|List of tourist attractions in Taipei}}
Tourism is a major part of Taipei's economy. In 2013, over 6.3 million overseas visitors visited Taipei, making the city the 15th most visited globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf |title=2014 Global Destination Cities Index |publisher=MasterCard |access-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916112828/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The influx of visitors contributed US$10.8 billion to the city's economy in 2013, the 9th highest in the world and the most of any city in the Chinese-speaking world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201407090030.aspx |title=Taipei makes list of world's top 15 tourist destinations: survey |publisher=Focus Taiwan News Channel |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161719/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201407090030.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Commemorative sites and museums====
{{wide image|CKS_Panorama.jpg|1000px|A panorama of the [[Liberty Square (Taipei)|Liberty Square]] looking east, with the National Concert Hall (left) and the National Theater (right)}}

[[File:National Palace Museum Taipei1.jpg|thumb|The [[National Palace Museum]] ]]

[[File:Taipei 228 Memorial Museum face 20070928.jpg|thumb|The 228 Memorial Museum]]

[[File:台北紀州庵.jpg|thumb|Kishu An Forest of Literature]]

[[File:National Concert Hall at night 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[National Concert Hall (Taiwan)|National Concert Hall]] illuminated at night]]

The [[National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall]] is a monument, landmark and tourist attraction that was erected in memory of General [[Chiang Kai-shek]], former [[President of the Republic of China]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cksmh.gov.tw/eng/index.php |title=National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall |date=5 May 2009 |access-date=9 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408020421/http://www.cksmh.gov.tw/eng/index.php |archive-date=8 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The structure stands at the east end of Memorial Hall Square, site of the [[National Concert Hall (Taiwan)|National Concert Hall]] and [[National Theatre (Taiwan)|National Theater]] and their adjacent parks as well as the memorial. The landmarks of Liberty Square stand within sight of Taiwan's [[Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)|Presidential Office Building]] in Taipei's [[Zhongzheng District]].

[[File:National Taiwan Museum front 20070912.jpg|thumb|The [[National Taiwan Museum]]]]
The [[National Taiwan Museum]] sits nearby in what is now [[228 Peace Memorial Park]] and has worn its present name since 1999. The museum is [[Taiwan]]'s oldest, founded on 24 October 1908 by Taiwan's [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial government]] (1895–1945) as the Taiwan Governor's Museum. It was launched with a collection of 10,000 items to celebrate the opening of the island's North–South Railway.<ref name="National Taiwan Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.ntm.gov.tw/en/about/1a.aspx |title=National Taiwan Museum: History |publisher=National Taiwan Museum |access-date=9 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422025208/http://www.ntm.gov.tw/en/about/1a.aspx |archive-date=22 April 2008}}</ref> In 1915 a new museum building opened its doors in what is now [[228 Peace Memorial Park]]. This structure and the adjacent governor's office (now [[Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)|Presidential Office Building]]), served as the two most recognizable public buildings in Taiwan during its period of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]].<ref name="National Taiwan Museum" />
[[File:Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines 20190629.jpg|thumb|[[Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines]]]]
The [[National Palace Museum]] is a vast [[art gallery]] and [[museum]] built around a permanent collection centered on [[Ancient China|ancient Chinese artifacts]]. It should not be confused with the [[Forbidden City|Palace Museum]] in [[Beijing]] (which it is named after); both institutions trace their origins to the same institution. The collections were divided in the 1940s as a result of the [[Chinese Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/newshour/news/story/2007/02/070208_taipei_museum.shtml |title=Taipei's National Palace Museum |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=BBC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112051135/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/newshour/news/story/2007/02/070208_taipei_museum.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Nystedt-2007">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/03/AR2007060300069_pf.html |title=Ancient China's treasures go digital |newspaper=Washington Post |date=3 June 2007 |access-date=9 August 2009 |first=Dan |last=Nystedt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721082924/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/03/AR2007060300069_pf.html |archive-date=21 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The National Palace Museum in Taipei now boasts a truly international collection while housing one of the world's largest collections of artifacts from ancient China.<ref name="Nystedt-2007" />

The [[Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines]] stands just {{convert|200|m|ft|sp=us}} across the road from the National Palace Museum. The museum offers displays of art and historical items by [[Taiwanese aborigines]] along with a range of multimedia displays.

The [[Taipei Fine Arts Museum]] was established in 1983 as the first museum in Taiwan dedicated to [[modern art]]. The museum is housed in a building designed for the purpose that takes inspiration from Japanese designs. Most art in the collection is by [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]] artists since 1940. Over 3,000 art works are organized into 13 groups.

The [[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall|National Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall]] near [[Taipei 101]] in [[Xinyi District, Taipei|Xinyi District]] is named in honor of a founding father of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]], [[Sun Yat-sen]]. The hall, completed on 16 May 1972, originally featured exhibits that depicted revolutionary events in the [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|Republican period of China]]. Today it functions as multi-purpose [[social center|social]], [[educational]], [[concert]] and [[cultural]] center for Taiwan's citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yatsen.gov.tw/en/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=139 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409051648/http://www.yatsen.gov.tw/en/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=139 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2015 |title=The History of memorial hall |publisher=National Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall |access-date=16 December 2016}}</ref>

[[File:台北當代藝術館.JPG|thumb|[[MoCA Taipei|Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei]], also known as "old city hall"]]
In 2001 a new museum opened as [[MoCA Taipei|Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei]]. The museum is housed in a building that formerly housed Taipei City government offices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mocataipei.org.tw/_english/1_about/0_overview.asp |title=From History to Contemporary |publisher=Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei |access-date=9 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223094112/http://www.mocataipei.org.tw/_english/1_about/0_overview.asp |archive-date=23 February 2009}}</ref>

====Taipei 101====
[[Taipei 101]] is a 101-floor [[landmark]] [[skyscraper]] that claimed the title of [[World's tallest structures|world's tallest building]] when it opened in 2004, a title it held for six years before the [[Burj Khalifa]] in [[Dubai]] was completed. Designed by [[C.Y. Lee & Partners]] and constructed by [[KTRT Joint Venture]], Taipei 101 measures {{convert|509|m|ft}} from ground to top, making it the first skyscraper in the world to break the half-kilometer mark in height. Built to withstand typhoon winds and earthquake tremors, its design incorporates many engineering innovations and has won numerous international awards. Today, the Taipei 101 remains one of the tallest skyscrapers in the world and holds [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]]'s certification as the world's largest "green" building. Its shopping mall and its indoor and outdoor observatories draws visitors from all over the world. Taipei 101's [[New Year's Eve]] fireworks display is a regular feature of international broadcasts.

====Performing arts====
The [[National Theater and Concert Hall]] stands at Taipei's [[Liberty Square (Taipei)|Liberty Square]] and host events by foreign and domestic performers. Other leading concert venues include [[Zhongshan Hall]] at [[Ximending]] and the [[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall]] near [[Taipei 101]].

A new venue, the [[Taipei Performing Arts Center]] opened in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Basulto |first=David |title=OMA's Taipei Performing Arts Center breaks ground |url=http://www.archdaily.com/209174 |publisher=ArchDaily |access-date=9 August 2012 |date=12 February 2012 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410213920/https://www.archdaily.com/209174/omas-taipei-performing-arts-center-breaks-ground |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Yen |first=William |date=11 January 2022 |title=Taipei Performing Arts Center to open doors for trial run in March |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/culture/202201110020 |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=Focus Taiwan}}</ref> The venue is near the [[Shilin Night Market]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1102380&lang=eng_news&cate_img=240.jpg&cate_rss=news_Supplement_TAIWAN |title=Taipei Performing Arts Center promises to become world-class architecture |publisher=Taiwan News |date=8 November 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604134639/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1102380&lang=eng_news&cate_img=240.jpg&cate_rss=news_Supplement_TAIWAN |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and houses three theaters for events with multi-week runs. The architectural design, by [[Rem Koolhaas]] and [[Office for Metropolitan Architecture|OMA]], was determined in 2009 in an international competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=899161&lang=eng_news |title=Winning designs for Taipei Performing Arts Center on display |publisher=Central News Agency |date=21 March 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201202026/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=899161&lang=eng_news |archive-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The same design process is also in place for a new [[Taipei Center for Popular Music]] and [[Taipei City Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/07/25/2003418450 |title=Taipei invites architects | Taipei Times, 2008.07.25 |publisher=Taipeitimes.com |date=25 July 2008 |access-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923213713/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/07/25/2003418450 |archive-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Shopping and recreation====
{{Main|Shopping in Taipei}}

Taipei is known for its many [[Night markets in Taiwan|night market]]s, which include the [[Shilin Night Market]] in the [[Shilin District]]. The surrounding streets by Shilin Night Market are extremely crowded during the evening, usually opening late afternoon and operating well past midnight. Most night markets feature individual stalls selling a mixture of food, clothing, and consumer goods.

[[File:Ximending at night.jpg|thumb|The busy streets of [[Ximending]] at night]]

[[Ximending]] has been an area for shopping and entertainment since the 1930s. Historic structures include a concert hall, a historic cinema, and the [[Red House Theater]]. Modern structures house karaoke businesses, art film cinemas, wide-release movie cinemas, electronic stores, and a wide variety of restaurants and fashion clothing stores.{{sfnp|Kelly|2007|p=99}} The pedestrian area is especially popular with teens and has been called the "[[Harajuku]]" of Taipei.<ref>{{cite book |last=Iwabuchi |first=Kōichi |title=Feeling Asian modernities: transnational consumption of Japanese TV dramas |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |year=2004 |page=111 |isbn=962-209-632-8}}</ref>

The newly developed [[Xinyi District, Taipei|Xinyi District]] is popular with tourists and locals alike for its many entertainment and shopping venues, as well as being the home of [[Taipei 101]], a prime tourist attraction. Malls in the area include the sprawling [[Mitsukoshi|Shin Kong Mitsukoshi]] complex, Breeze Center, Bellavita, Taipei 101 mall, [[Eslite Bookstore]]'s flagship store (which includes a boutique mall), The Living Mall, ATT shopping mall, and the Vieshow Cinemas (formerly known as Warner Village). The Xinyi district also serves as the center of Taipei's active nightlife, with several popular lounge bars and nightclubs concentrated in a relatively small area around the Neo19, ATT 4 FUN and Taipei 101 buildings.

The thriving shopping area around [[Taipei Main Station]] includes the [[Taipei Underground Market]] and the original Shin Kong [[Mitsukoshi]] department store at [[Shin Kong Life Tower]]. Other popular shopping destinations include the [[Zhongshan Metro Mall]], [[Dihua Street]] and the [[Guang Hua Digital Plaza]]. The [[Miramar Entertainment Park]] is known for its large Ferris wheel and [[IMAX]] theater.

Taipei maintains an extensive system of parks, green spaces, and nature preserves. Parks and forestry areas of note in and around the city include [[Yangmingshan National Park]], [[Taipei Zoo]] and [[Daan Forest Park|Da-an Forest Park]]. Located {{convert|10|km|mi|sp=us|spell=in}} north of the city center, [[Yangmingshan National Park]] is visited for its cherry blossoms, [[hot springs]], and sulfur deposits. It is the home of writer [[Lin Yutang]], the summer residence of [[Chiang Kai-shek]], residences of foreign diplomats, the [[Chinese Culture University]], the meeting place of the now defunct [[National Assembly of the Republic of China]], and the [[Kuomintang]] Party Archives. The [[Taipei Zoo]] was founded in 1914 and covers an area of 165 hectares for animal sanctuary.

[[Bitan]] is known for boating and water sports. [[Tamsui District|Tamsui]] is a popular sea-side resort town. Ocean beaches are accessible in several directions from Taipei.

====Temples====
[[File:Longshan Temple - Right entrance.jpg|thumb|Built in 1738, [[Lungshan Temple (Taipei)|Bangka Lungshan Temple]] is one of the oldest temples in the city.]]

Taipei has a variety of temples dedicating to Deities from [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Taoism]] and [[Chinese Buddhism]]. The [[Lungshan Temple (Taipei)|Bangka Lungshan Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|艋舺龍山寺}}), built in 1738 and located in the [[Wanhua District]], demonstrates an example of architecture with southern [[Chinese architecture|Chinese influences]] commonly seen on older buildings in Taiwan. [[Bangka Qingshui Temple|Qingshui Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|艋舺清水巖}}) built in 1787 and Qingshan Temple ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|艋舺青山宮}}) together with Lungshan Temple are the three most prominent landmark temples in Bangka or Wanhua District.

Other temples include [[Dalongdong Baoan Temple|Baoan Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|大龍峒保安宮}}) located in historic [[Dalongdong]], a national historical site, and [[Taipei Xia-Hai City God Temple|Xia Hai City God Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|大稻埕霞海城隍廟}}), located in the old [[Twatutia|Dadaocheng]] community, constructed with architecture similar to temples in southern [[Fujian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1100397&ctNode=30283&mp=100002 |title=Longshan Temple, Baoan Temple, and Xiahai City God Temple: Taipei's Glorious Heritage-Site Temples |publisher=Department of Information Technology |date=29 January 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629113955/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1100397&ctNode=30283&mp=100002 |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> The [[Taipei Confucius Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|臺北孔子廟}}) traces its history back to 1879 during the [[Qing dynasty]] and also incorporates southern Fujian-style architecture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.uro.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xitem=1186909&ctNode=34442&mp=100002 |title=Taipei Confucius Temple |publisher=Datong District Office, Taipei City |date=26 May 2010 |access-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815181556/http://english.uro.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xitem=1186909&ctNode=34442&mp=100002 |archive-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> [[Ciyou Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|松山慈祐宮}}) in Songshan District, [[Guandu Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|關渡宮}}) in Beitou District, [[Hsing Tian Kong]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|行天宮}}) in Zhongshan District and [[Zhinan Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|指南宮}}) in Wenshan District are also popular temples for locals and tourists. [[Xinsheng Road|Xinsheng South Road]] is known as the "Road to Heaven" due to its high concentration of temples, churches, and other houses of worship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.dorts.gov.tw/news/newsletter/ns248/rp248_07.htm |title=Transformation of "Liugong Canal" – Looking Back on Xinsheng South Road |publisher=Department of Rapid Transit Systems |date=1 October 2008 |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912131402/http://www2.dorts.gov.tw/news/newsletter/ns248/rp248_07.htm |archive-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1104101&ctNode=27830&mp=100002 |title=About Daan District |publisher=Taipei City Government |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307135429/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1104101&ctNode=27830&mp=100002 |archive-date=7 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Shandao Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|善導寺}}) built in 1929 and located in Zhongzheng District, is the largest Buddhist temple in Taipei. [[Fo Guang Shan]] has a modern temple known as Fo Guang Shan Taipei Vihara ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|佛光山臺北道場}}) in Xinyi District, while [[Dharma Drum Mountain]] owns the Degui Academy ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|德貴學苑}}), an education center in Zhongzheng District and the [[Nung Chan Monastery]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|農禪寺}}) in Beitou District. [[Linji Huguo Chan Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|臨濟護國禪寺}}) in Zhongshan District was commenced in 1900 and completed in 1911, it is one of the very few Japanese style Buddhist Temples that was well-preserved in Taiwan.

Besides large temples, small outdoor shrines to local deities are very common and are commonly found next to roads as well as in parks and neighborhoods. Many homes and businesses may also set up small shrines of candles, figurines, and offerings. Some restaurants, for example, may set up a small shrine to the [[Kitchen God]] for success in a restaurant business.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/About_Taipei_5:_Religions |title=About Taipei 5: Religions – Wikimania 2007, The International Wikimedia Conference |publisher=Wikimania2007.wikimedia.org |date=26 July 2007 |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227123246/http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/About_Taipei_5:_Religions |archive-date=27 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Festivals and events===

Many yearly festivals are held in Taipei. In recent years some festivals, such as the Double Ten Day fireworks and concerts, are increasingly hosted on a rotating basis by a number of cities around Taiwan.

When [[New Year's Eve]] arrives on the [[solar calendar]], thousands of people converge on Taipei's [[Xinyi District, Taipei|Xinyi District]] for [[parade]]s, outdoor [[concerts]] by [[Mandopop|popular artists]], [[street performer|street shows]], round-the clock [[nightlife]]. The high point is the countdown to midnight, when [[Taipei 101]] assumes the role of the world's largest [[fireworks]] platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taipei 101 New Year's Eve fireworks set hopeful tone for 2021 (Video) {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2021-01-01 01:37:00 |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4091103 |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=Taiwan News |date=January 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906183007/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4091103 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Taipei [[Lantern Festival]] concludes the [[Lunar New Year]] holiday. The timing of the city's lantern exhibit coincides with the national festival in [[Pingxi, Taipei|Pingxi]], when thousands of fire lanterns are released into the sky.<ref name="Republic of China Yearbook 2008">{{cite web |title=Chapter 19 Tourism |work=Republic of China Yearbook 2008 |publisher=ROC Government Information Office |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ch19.html |access-date=14 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105024855/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ch19.html |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> The city's lantern exhibit rotates among different downtown locales from year to year, including [[Liberty Square (Taipei)|Liberty Square]], [[Taipei 101]], and [[Zhongshan Hall]] in [[Ximending]].

On [[Double Ten Day]], patriotic celebrations are held in front of the [[Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)|Presidential Office Building]]. Other annual festivals include [[Qingming Festival|Ancestors Day (Tomb-Sweeping Day)]], the [[Duanwu Festival|Dragon Boat Festival]], the [[Zhong Yuan Festival]], and the [[Mid-Autumn Festival|Mid-Autumn Festival (Mooncake Festival)]].<ref name="Republic of China Yearbook 2008" /> [[Qing Shan King Sacrificial Ceremony]] ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|青山王祭}}) is a century-old grand festival that is held annually in [[Wanhua District]].

Taipei regularly hosts its share of international events. The city recently hosted the 2009 [[Summer Deaflympics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.2009deaflympics.org/bin/home.php |title=Your Favorite Ebook Site – |website=english.2009deaflympics.org |access-date=26 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604085734/http://english.2009deaflympics.org/bin/home.php |archive-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> This event was followed by the [[Taipei International Flora Exposition]], a [[garden festival]] hosted from November 2010 to April 2011. The Floral Expo was the first of its kind to take place in Taiwan and only the seventh hosted in [[Asia]]; the expo admitted 110,000 visitors on 27 February 2011.

==Government==
{{main|Taipei City Government|Taipei City Council}}

{{see also|Mayor of Taipei City|Republic of China municipal elections, 2010}}
[[File:Taipei_City_Hall_front_view_20050110.jpg|thumb|[[Taipei City Government]]]]
[[File:台北市議會.JPG|thumb|[[Taipei City Council]]]]

Taipei City is a [[Special municipality of Taiwan|special municipality]] which is directly under the [[Executive Yuan]] ([[Central Government]]). The [[Mayor of Taipei|mayor of Taipei City]] was an appointed position since Taipei's conversion to a centrally administered municipality in 1967 until the first public election was held in 1994.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kwok |first=R. Yin-Wang |title=Globalizing Taipei |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=201 |isbn=0-415-35451-X}}</ref> The position has a four-year term and is elected by direct popular vote. The first elected mayor was [[Chen Shui-bian]] of the [[Democratic Progressive Party]]. [[Ma Ying-jeou]] took office in 1998 for two terms, before handing it over to [[Hau Lung-pin]] who won the 2006 mayoral election on 9 December 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E0DE1431F933A25751C1A9609C8B63 |title=Taiwan Leader's Party Wins in Mayoral Vote, but Recount Is Sought |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 December 2006 |access-date=14 July 2009 |first=Keith |last=Bradsher |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307103659/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E0DE1431F933A25751C1A9609C8B63 |archive-date=7 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Both Chen Shui-bian and Ma Ying-Jeou went on to become [[President of the Republic of China]].
The incumbent mayor, [[Chiang Wan-an]] of [[Kuomintang]], took office on 25 December 2022.

Based on the outcomes of previous elections in the past decade, the vote of the overall constituency of Taipei City shows a slight inclination towards the pro-KMT camp (the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]]);<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/12/10/2003339853 |title=Elections 2006: Election results a headache for Ma |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=10 December 2006 |access-date=10 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724140301/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/12/10/2003339853 |archive-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> however, the pro-DPP camp (the [[Pan-Green Coalition]]) also has considerable support.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2008/01/13/2003397019 |title=KMT wins two-thirds majority |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=13 January 2008 |access-date=10 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724064751/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2008/01/13/2003397019 |archive-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Ketagalan Boulevard]], where the [[Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)|Presidential Office Building]] and other government structures are situated, is often the site of mass gatherings such as inauguration and national holiday parades, receptions for visiting dignitaries, political demonstrations,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/09/11/2003327070 |title=Rain dampens enthusiasm for protest |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=11 September 2006 |access-date=10 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727000713/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/09/11/2003327070 |archive-date=27 July 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/08/30/2003421826 |title=Pro-localization groups stage rally on Ma's 100th day |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=30 August 2008 |access-date=10 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908053324/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/08/30/2003421826 |archive-date=8 September 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> and public festivals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/09/06/2003326391 |title=Clear Ketagalan ahead of Double Ten, Wang urges |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=6 September 2006 |access-date=10 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921051555/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/09/06/2003326391 |archive-date=21 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Garbage recycling===
Taipei City strongly promotes garbage recycling, with such success that other countries have sent teams to study the recycling system. After the [[Environmental Protection Administration (Republic of China)|Environmental Protection Administration]] (EPA) established a program in 1998 combining the efforts of communities, a financial resource named the Recycling Fund was made available to recycling companies and waste collectors. The EPA also introduced garbage recycling trucks, in effort to raise community recycling awareness, that broadcast classical music (specifically Beethoven's "Für Elise" and Tekla Bądarzewska-Baranowska's "A Maiden's Prayer") to announce its arrival to the community.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/09/taiwan-garbage-trucks-music_n_1195020.html |title=Taiwan Garbage Trucks: Classical Music Accompanies Collection (VIDEO) |date=9 January 2012 |work=Huffington Post |access-date=8 June 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005113810/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/09/taiwan-garbage-trucks-music_n_1195020.html |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Manufacturers, vendors and importers of recyclable waste pay fees to the Fund, which uses the money to set firm prices for recyclables and subsidize local recycling efforts. Between 1998 and 2008, the recycling rate increased from 6 percent to 32 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=93434&ctNode=1337&mp=1 |title=Recycling: Taiwan's Way of Life |publisher=Taiwan Review |date=1 March 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206120553/http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=93434&CtNode=1337&mp=1 |archive-date=6 December 2010}}</ref> This improvement enabled the government of Taipei to demonstrate its recycling system to the world at the [[Expo 2010|Shanghai World Expo 2010]].

===Administrative divisions===
Taipei City is divided up into 12 administrative [[District (ROC)|districts]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no |t=區 |p=qū}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=27185&mp=100002 |title=Administrative Districts |publisher=Taipei City Government |access-date=11 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715110737/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=27185&mp=100002 |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Each district is further divided up into [[Village (Taiwan)|urban villages]] ({{lang|zh|里}}), which are further sub-divided up into neighborhoods ({{lang|zh|鄰}}). [[Xinyi District, Taipei|Xinyi District]] is the seat of the municipality where the [[Taipei City Government]] headquarters is located.
{|class=wikitable
|-
!rowspan=2|Map!!colspan=5|District!!rowspan=2|Population (Jan. 2016)
!rowspan=2|Area (km2)!!rowspan=2|Postal code
|- align=center
!Name<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.gov.taipei/Content_List.aspx?n=02D12F5BE6C0FC93 |title=Administrative Districts |quote=There are 12 administrative districts in the Taipei City, including Songshan, Xinyi, Daan, Zhongshan, Zhongzheng, Datong, Wanhua,Wenshan, Nangang, Neihu, Shilin, and Beitou |access-date=22 June 2019 |website=Taipei City Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327002914/https://english.gov.taipei/Content_List.aspx?n=02D12F5BE6C0FC93 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>!![[Chinese characters|Chinese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.taipei/cp.aspx?n=1F076481DD9E556B |script-title=zh:臺北行政區 |trans-title=Taipei Administrative Divisions |access-date=30 March 2019 |date=20 February 2019 |publisher={{lang|zh-hant|臺北市政府全球資訊網}} |language=zh-hant|quote={{lang|zh-hant|現劃分12行政區，{...}北投區公所士林區公所中山區公所內湖區公所大同區公所松山區公所萬華區公所中正區公所大安區公所信義區公所南港區公所文山區公所}} |work=臺北市政府全球資訊網 |author1=北市府網站管理員 }}</ref>!![[Pinyin]]!![[Wade–Giles]]!![[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]]
|-
|rowspan=12|<div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Districts of Taipei-Taiwan.png|width=350|link=}}
{{Image label|x=155|y=170|scale=450/750|text=[[Beitou|'''{{small|Beitou}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=280|y=240|scale=450/750|text=[[Shilin District|'''{{small|Shilin}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=350|y=380|scale=450/750|text=[[Neihu District|'''{{small|Neihu}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=200|y=400|scale=450/750|text=[[Zhongshan District, Taipei|'''{{small|Zhongshan}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=270|y=430|scale=450/750|text=[[Songshan District, Taipei|'''{{small|Song- shan}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=110|y=430|scale=450/750|text=[[Datong District, Taipei|'''{{small|Datong}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=155|y=505|scale=450/750|text=[[Zhongzheng District|'''{{small|Zhong- zheng}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=080|y=570|scale=450/750|text=[[Wanhua District|'''{{small|Wanhua}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=210|y=560|scale=450/750|text=[[Daan District, Taipei City|'''{{small|Daan}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=300|y=540|scale=450/750|text=[[Xinyi District, Taipei|'''{{small|Xinyi}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=390|y=545|scale=450/750|text=[[Nangang District, Taipei|'''{{small|Nangang}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=290|y=660|scale=450/750|text=[[Wenshan District|'''{{small|Wenshan}}''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|[[Beitou]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|北投區}}||Běitóu||Pei-t'ou||{{linktext|Pak-tâu}}
|align=right|257,922||align=right|56.8216||112
|-
|[[Daan District, Taipei City|Daan (Da-an, Da'an)]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|大安區}}||Dà'ān||Ta-an||{{linktext|Tāi-an}}
|align=right|312,909||align=right|11.3614||106
|-
|[[Datong District, Taipei|Datong]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|大同區}}||Dàtóng||Ta-t'ung||{{linktext|Tāi-tông}}
|align=right|131,029||align=right|5.6815||103
|-
|[[Nangang District, Taipei|Nangang (Nankang)]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|南港區}}||Nángǎng||Nan-kang||{{linktext|Lâm-káng}}
|align=right|122,296||align=right|21.8424||115
|-
|[[Neihu District|Neihu]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|內湖區}}||Nèihú||Nei-hu||{{linktext|Lāi-ô͘}}
|align=right|287,726||align=right|31.5787||114
|-
|[[Shilin District|Shilin]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|士林區}}||Shìlín||Shih-lin||{{linktext|Sū-lîm}}
|align=right|290,682||align=right|62.3682||111
|-
|[[Songshan District, Taipei|Songshan]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|松山區}}||Sōngshān||Sung-shan||{{linktext|Siông-san}}
|align=right|209,689||align=right|9.2878||105
|-
|[[Wanhua District|Wanhua]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|萬華區}}||Wànhuá||Wan-hua||{{linktext|Báng-kah}}
|align=right|194,314||align=right|8.8522||108
|-
|[[Wenshan District|Wenshan]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|文山區}}||Wénshān||Wen-shan||{{linktext|Bûn-san}}
|align=right|275,433||align=right|31.5090||116
|-
|[[Xinyi District, Taipei|Xinyi]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|信義區}}||Xìnyì||Hsin-yi||{{linktext|Sìn-gī}}
|align=right|229,139||align=right|11.2077||110
|-
|[[Zhongshan District, Taipei|Zhongshan]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|中山區}}||Zhōngshān||Chung-shan||{{linktext|Tiong-san}}
|align=right|231,286||align=right|13.6821||104
|-
|[[Zhongzheng District|Zhongzheng]]
|{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|中正區}}||Zhōngzhèng||Chung-cheng||{{linktext|Tiong-chèng}}
|align=right|162,549||align=right|7.6071||100
|}

===City planning===
The city is characterized by straight roads and public buildings of grand Western architectural styles.<ref name="Jones-2008">{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Ian |title=City Museums and City Development |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2008 |page=102 |isbn=978-0-7591-1180-6}}</ref> The city is built on a square grid configuration; however, these blocks are huge by international standards with {{convert|500|m|2|adj=on}} sides. The area in between these blocks is infilled with lanes and alleys, which provide access to quieter residential or mixed-use development. Other than a citywide {{convert|30|km/h|mph|adj=on}} speed limit, there is little uniform planning within this "hidden" area; therefore, lanes (perpendicular to streets) and alleys (parallel with streets, or, conceptually, perpendicular to lanes) spill out from the main [[controlled-access highway]]s. These minor roads are not always perpendicular and sometimes cut through the block diagonally.

Although development began in the western districts of the city (still considered the cultural heart of Taipei) due to trade, the eastern districts have become the focus of recent development projects. Many of the western districts have become targets of [[urban renewal]] initiatives.<ref name="Jones-2008" />

==Transportation==
[[File:Platform screen doors in Taipei Nangang Exhib Center Station.JPG|thumb|Underground platforms of [[Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center Station|Nangang Exhibition Center]] Station on the [[Taipei Metro]] system]]
[[Public transport]] accounts for a substantial portion of transportation trips in Taipei. According to a 2022 government survey, 34.9% of transportation trips were taken on public transit in Taipei, higher than any other locality in the country.<ref name="Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of China-2023">{{Cite report |url=https://www.motc.gov.tw/ch/app/data/view?module=survey&id=56&serno=202304280009 |title=111年民眾日常使用運具狀況調查摘要分析 |trans-title=Summary and Analysis of 2022 Survey on State of People's Daily Transport Usage |publisher=Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of China |publication-date=1 May 2023 |language=zh-hant |access-date=2024-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209143838/https://www.motc.gov.tw/ch/app/data/view?module=survey&id=56&serno=202304280009 |archive-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> [[Private transport]] consists of [[Scooter (motorcycle)|motor scooters]], private cars, taxi cabs and [[bicycle]]s. Private transport trips represented 41.6% of trips taken in Taipei in 2022, the lowest in Taiwan.<ref name="Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of China-2023"/>

[[Taipei Main Station]] serves as the comprehensive hub for the subway, bus, conventional rail, and high-speed rail.<ref name="Taipei City Government-2004a">{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?categid=36&recordid=600 |title=Taipei City Today |date=17 August 2004 |publisher=Taipei City Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104064528/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?categid=36&recordid=600 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 August 2009}}</ref> A [[Contactless smart card|contactless smartcard]], known as [[EasyCard]], can be used for all modes of public transit as well as several retail outlets. It contains credits that are deducted each time a ride is taken.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metro Tickets |publisher=Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation |url=http://www.trtc.com.tw/e/service.asp?catid=%E4%B9%98%E8%BB%8A%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97&small=%E8%BB%8A%E7%A5%A8%E7%A8%AE%E9%A1%9E |access-date=14 July 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080822071721/http://www.trtc.com.tw/e/service.asp?catid=%E4%B9%98%E8%BB%8A%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97&small=%E8%BB%8A%E7%A5%A8%E7%A8%AE%E9%A1%9E |archive-date=22 August 2008}}</ref> The EasyCard is read via [[MIFARE]] panels on buses and in MRT stations, and it does not need to be removed from one's wallet or purse.

===Metro===
{{Main|Taipei Metro|Taoyuan Airport MRT}}

Taipei's public transport system, the [[Taipei Metro]] (commonly referred to as the MRT), incorporates a [[rapid transit|metro]] and [[light rail]] system based on advanced [[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]] and [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] technology. There are currently six metro lines that are organized and labeled in three ways: by color, line number and depot station name. In addition to the rapid transit system itself, the Taipei Metro also includes several public facilities such as the [[Maokong Gondola]], underground shopping malls, parks, and public squares. Modifications to existing [[Taiwan Railways Administration|railway]] lines to integrate them into the metro system are underway.

In 2017 [[Taoyuan Airport MRT|a rapid transit line]] was opened to connect Taipei with [[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport]] and [[Zhongli District]]. The new line is part of the new [[Taoyuan Metro]] system.

On 31 January 2020, Hitachi Rail Corporation officially commissioned Phase 1 of the [[Circular line (Taipei metropolitan area)|Circular line]] which took place at [[Shisizhang station]]. The Circular line is a 15.4-kilometre driverless rail system. The Circular line offered free rides beginning in February 2020 for passengers to test the route.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://railway-news.com/hitachi-rail-taipei-metro-circular-line/ |title=Hitachi Rail Commissions Phase 1 of Taipei Metro Circular Line |date=2020-02-03 |website=Railway-News |access-date=2020-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301052706/https://railway-news.com/hitachi-rail-taipei-metro-circular-line/ |archive-date=1 March 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202002250014 |title=Free rides on MRT Circular Line to end Saturday – Focus Taiwan |website=focustaiwan.tw |language=zh-Hant-TW |access-date=2020-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303022214/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202002250014 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:East 1 gate, TRA Taipei Station 20081004.jpg|thumb|Taipei Main Station front]]

===Rail===
{{Main|Taiwan High Speed Rail|Taiwan Railway}}

Beginning in 1983, surface rail lines in the city were moved underground as part of the [[Taipei Railway Underground Project]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rrb.gov.tw/04100.aspx?id=1&lan=en |title=Taipei Main Station Project |date=25 April 2008 |publisher=Railway Reconstruction Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communications |access-date=23 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209014703/http://www.rrb.gov.tw/04100.aspx?id=1&lan=en |archive-date=9 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Taiwan High Speed Rail]] system opened in 2007. The bullet trains connect Taipei with the west coast cities of [[New Taipei]], [[Taoyuan City|Taoyuan]], [[Hsinchu]], [[Taichung]], [[Chiayi]], and [[Tainan City|Tainan]] before terminating at [[Zuoying District|Zuoying]] ([[Kaohsiung]]) at speeds that cut travel times by 60% or more from what they normally are on a bus or conventional train.<ref>{{cite web |title=CHAPTER 13 Transportation and Telecommunications |work=Republic of China Yearbook 2008 |publisher=ROC Government Information Office |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ch13.html |access-date=14 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213032158/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ch13.html |archive-date=13 December 2009}}</ref> The [[Taiwan Railway]] also runs passenger and freight services throughout the entire island.

===Bus===
{{Main|Taipei Joint Bus System}}

An extensive [[Taipei bus|city bus system]] serves metropolitan areas not covered by the metro, with exclusive bus lanes to facilitate transportation.<ref name="Taipei City Government-2004a" /> Riders of the city metro system are able to use the EasyCard for discounted fares on buses, and vice versa. A unique feature of the Taipei bus system is the joint venture of private transportation companies that operate the system's routes while sharing the fare system. This route is in sharp contrast to bus systems in the U.S. which are mostly public entities. Several major intercity bus terminals are located throughout the city, including the [[Taipei Bus Station]] and [[Taipei City Hall Bus Station]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2010/05/24/2003473719/print |title=Traffic chaos expected in Xinyi |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=11 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201204445/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2010/05/24/2003473719/print |archive-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Taipei Songshan Airport 1st Terminal Building 20090926.JPG|thumb|Taipei Songshan Airport]]

===Airports===
{{Main|Taoyuan International Airport|Songshan Airport}}

Most scheduled international flights are served by [[Taoyuan International Airport]] in nearby [[Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan City]]. [[Songshan Airport]], at the heart of the city in the [[Songshan District, Taipei|Songshan District]], serves domestic flights and scheduled flights to [[Haneda Airport]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Gimpo International Airport]] in [[Seoul]], and about 15 destinations in the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. Songshan Airport is accessible by the Taipei Metro [[Neihu Line (TRTS)|Neihu Line]]; Taoyuan International Airport is accessible by the [[Taoyuan Airport MRT]].

===Ticketing===
In 1994, following the rapid development of Taipei, a white paper for transport policies expressed the strong objective of creating a transport system for the people of Taipei to accommodate the burgeoning city's needs. In 1999, they chose Mitac consortium, which Thales-Transportation Systems is part of. [[Thales Group|Thales]] was then selected again in 2005 to deploy an upgrade of Taipei's public transport network with an end-to-end and fully contactless automatic fare collection solution that integrates 116 metro stations, 5,000 buses and 92 car parks.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

==Education==
[[File:臺灣總督府臺北醫院.jpg|thumb|''West Site'' of [[National Taiwan University Hospital]]]]

Taipei is home to the campuses of 24 universities and [[Academia Sinica]], Taiwan's national academy which supports the Taiwan International Graduate Program:

{|
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; width:65%;"|
*[[Academia Sinica]] (1928/1949)
*[[National Taiwan University]] (1928)
*[[National Chengchi University]] (1927)
*[[National Defense Medical Center]] (1902)
*[[National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)|National Defense University]] (1906)
*[[National Taipei University of Technology]] (1912)
*[[National Taipei University]] (1949)
*[[National Taipei University of Business]] (1917)
*[[National Taipei University of Education]] (1895)
*[[National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science]] (1947)
*[[National Taiwan University of Science and Technology]] (1974)
*[[National Taiwan College of Performing Arts]] (1957)
*[[National Taiwan Normal University]] (1922/1946)
*[[National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University]] (1975)
*[[Taipei National University of the Arts]] (1982)
*[[University of Taipei]] (2013)
| valign="top" |
*[[Tamkang University]] (1950)
*[[Soochow University (Taiwan)|Soochow University]] (1900)
*[[Chinese Culture University]] (1962)
*[[Ming Chuan University]] (1957)
*[[Shih Hsin University]] (1956)
*[[Shih Chien University]] (1958)
*[[Taipei Medical University]] (1960)
*[[Tatung University]] (1956)
*[[China University of Technology]] (1965)
|}

[[National Taiwan University]] (NTU) was established in 1928 during the period of Japanese colonial rule. NTU has produced many political and social leaders in Taiwan. Both [[pan-blue coalition|pan-blue]] and [[pan-green coalition|pan-green]] movements in Taiwan are rooted on the NTU campus. The university has six campuses in the greater Taipei region (including [[New Taipei]]) and two additional campuses in [[Nantou County]]. The university governs farms, forests, and hospitals for educational and research purposes. The main campus is in Taipei's Da-An district, where most department buildings and all the administrative buildings are located. The College of Law and the College of Medicine are located near the [[Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)|Presidential Office Building]]. The [[National Taiwan University Hospital]] is a leading international center of medical research.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntu.edu.tw/english/about+ntu/location/ntumap.htm |title=National Taiwan University – About NTU |date=6 August 2007 |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-date=14 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214033635/http://www.ntu.edu.tw/english/about%20ntu/location/ntumap.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[National Taiwan Normal University]] (NTNU) likewise traces its origins to the Japanese colonial period. Founded as Taihoku College in 1922 and organized as a teacher training institution by the Kuomintang in 1946, NTNU has since developed into a comprehensive international university. The university boasts especially strong programs in the humanities and international education. Worldwide it is perhaps best known as home of the [[Mandarin Training Center]], a program that offers [[Mandarin language]] training each year to over a thousand students from scores of countries throughout the world. The main campus, in Daan district near [[Guting metro station]], is known for its historic architecture. The Shida market area surrounding this campus takes its name from the school's acronym ''師大'' in Mandarin.

==Sports==
[[File:Taipei Mini-Big Egg 02.jpg|thumb|[[Taipei Arena]]]]
[[File:Tianmubaseballstadium01.jpg|thumb|[[Tianmu Baseball Stadium]]]]

[[Wei Chuan Dragons]] of Taiwan's [[Chinese Professional Baseball League]] is a professional baseball team based in Taipei.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dragons |url=https://en.cpbl.com.tw/team?ClubNo=AAA |website=CPBL |publisher=Chinese Professional Baseball League |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101211935/https://en.cpbl.com.tw/team?ClubNo=AAA |url-status=live }}</ref> The Taipei Highwealth team of the [[Popcorn League]] is also based in Taipei, co-sponsored by the Taipei City Government and Highwealth Construction.

Taipei also has two professional basketball teams, the [[Taipei Taishin Mars]] of the [[T1 League]]<ref>{{cite web |title=關於T1 |url=https://t1league.basketball/about |publisher=T1 League |access-date=1 April 2026 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101200130/https://t1league.basketball/about |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Taipei Fubon Braves]] of the [[P. League+]].<ref>{{cite web |title=關於 P. League+ |url=https://pleagueofficial.com/about |publisher=P. League+ |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120141412/https://pleagueofficial.com/about |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Major sporting events===
Below is a selected list of recent sporting events hosted by the city:
*[[2004 FIFA Futsal World Championship]]
*[[2006 Women's Baseball World Cup]]
*[[2007 Baseball World Cup]]
*[[2009 Asian Judo Championships]]
*[[2009 Summer Deaflympics]]
*[[2013 Badminton Asia Championships]]
*[[2015 WBSC Premier12]]
*[[2016 IIHF Women's Challenge Cup of Asia Division I]]
*[[2017 Summer Universiade]]
*[[2019 Asian Men's Club Volleyball Championship]]
*[[2022 U-23 Baseball World Cup]] (co-hosted with Taichung and [[Yunlin County|Yunlin]])
*[[2023 Asian Men's Volleyball Challenge Cup]]
*[[2023 IKF World Korfball Championship]]
*[[2023 U-18 Baseball World Cup]] (Co-hosted with Taichung)
*[[2024 World Junior Figure Skating Championships]]
*[[2024 WBSC Premier12]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wbsc.org/en/events/2024-premier12/home | title=World Baseball Softball Confederation – WBSC Premier12 2024 presented by RAXUS }}</ref>
*[[2025 Summer World Masters Games]] (co-hosted with New Taipei City)
*2026 [[TWIF Indoor World Championships]]
*[[Taipei Marathon]] (annual): The marathon is one of the two [[World Athletics Label Road Races]] in Taiwan, being categorized as an Elite Label Road Race. The other race is the [[New Taipei City Wan Jin Shi Marathon]], categorized as a Gold Label Road Race.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Athletics Label Road Races |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-label-road-races/calendar-results |website=World Athletics |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709191618/https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-label-road-races/calendar-results |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Taipei Arena]] is located at the site of the former [[Taipei Municipal Baseball Stadium]] (demolished in 2000), with a capacity of over 15,000. It was opened on 1 December 2005 and has since held more art and cultural activities (such as live concerts) than sporting events, which it was originally designed for.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=zh:又來了小巨蛋沒有LED計分器 |url=http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-News/2007Cti-News-Content/0,4521,11051203+112007031500296,00.html |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070318012556/http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-News/2007Cti-News-Content/0,4521,11051203+112007031500296,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2007 |work=[[China Times]] |date=14 March 2007 |language=zh}}</ref> The [[Chinese Taipei Ice Hockey League]] plays out of the auxiliary arena.

[[Taipei Dome]] and [[Tianmu Baseball Stadium]] are the major baseball venues in Taipei. The [[Taipei Dome]], known officially as the Farglory Dome, which has the capacity to house 40,071 seats, officially opened in October 2023. On April 13, 2024, the Taipei Dome hosted the largest crowd in Taiwanese professional basketball history between the [[New Taipei CTBC DEA]] and the [[Taipei Mars]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Duncan |first1=DeAeth |title=Taipei Dome to open before end of 2023 |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4871417 |website=Taiwan News |date=22 April 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710152525/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4871417 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://sports.ettoday.net/news/2718948 |title=感覺像打冠軍賽跟明星賽曾文鼎喊話盼大巨蛋多辦籃球賽 |date=April 13, 2024 |work=ETtoday |accessdate=April 13, 2024}}</ref>

[[Taipei Municipal Stadium]] is a [[multipurpose stadium]] that hosts football and track and field events, as well as concerts, both live and prerecorded.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2020/06/05/2003737626 |title=Mayday keeps promise by staging online concert in May 五月天遵守「五月之約」線上全球開唱 – Taipei Times |newspaper=Https |date=5 June 2020 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109015123/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2020/06/05/2003737626 |url-status=live }}</ref> Originally built in 1956, it was demolished and reconstructed in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:台北聽奧主場館明正式啟用 |url=http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2009/new/jul/22/today-sp3.htm |work=[[Liberty Times]] |date=22 July 2009 |language=zh |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615172207/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2009/new/jul/22/today-sp3.htm |archive-date=15 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Youth baseball===
In 2010, a Taipei baseball team—Chung-Ching Junior Little League—won the [[Junior League World Series#List of champions|Junior League World Series]]. The achievement came after winning the Asia-Pacific Region, then defeating the Mexico Region and Latin America Region champions to become the International champion, and finally defeating the U.S. champion (Southwest Region), Rose Capital East LL (Tyler, Texas), 9–1.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan wins Junior League World Series |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=10,23,45,10&post=16988 |access-date=24 February 2019 |agency=Taiwan Today |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) |date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224174030/https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=10,23,45,10&post=16988 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Taiwan's [[Little League World Series]] international team has won 17 championships, the most wins in the league.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/history/divisions/llbbhistory.htm |title=Little League Baseball |website=www.littleleague.org |access-date=26 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017034525/http://www.littleleague.org/series/history/divisions/llbbhistory.htm |archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref>

In 2025, Taipei's Tung-Yuan Little League won the [[2025 Little League World Series]]. This was Taiwan's 18th title in the [[Little League World Series]] and the first title since 29 years ago in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DeRosa |first1=Theo |title=Chinese Taipei tosses shutout for its 18th Little League crown |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/chinese-taipei-wins-2025-little-league-world-series |website=MLB.com |publisher=Major League Baseball |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan win first Little League WS title in 29 years |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2025/08/26/2003842675 |website=The Taipei Times |date=26 August 2025 |publisher=Liberty Times |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>

==Media==
[[File:Taiwan TVBS Nangang Building.JPG|thumb|TVBS-G produces programs mainly from their [[Nangang District, Taipei|Nangang]] building in [[Taipei City]].]]

As the capital, Taipei City is the headquarters for many television and radio stations in Taiwan and the center of some of the country's largest newspapers.

===Television===
Television stations located in Taipei include the [[CTV MyLife]], [[CTV News Channel (Taiwan)|CTV News Channel]], [[China Television]], [[Chinese Television System]], [[Chung T'ien Television]], [[Dimo TV]], [[Eastern Television]], [[Era Television]], [[FTV News]], [[Follow Me TV (Taiwan)|Follow Me TV]], [[Formosa TV]], [[Gala Television]], [[Public Television Service]], [[SET Metro]], [[SET News]], [[SET Taiwan]], [[Sanlih E-Television]], [[Shuang Xing]], [[TTV Family]], [[TTV Finance]], [[TTV World]], [[TVBS]], [[TVBS-G]], [[TVBS-NEWS]], [[Taiwan Broadcasting System]], [[Videoland Television Network]] and [[Taiwan Television]].

===Newspapers===
Newspapers include ''[[Apple Daily (Taiwan)|Apple Daily]]'', ''[[Central Daily News]]'', ''[[The China Post]]'', ''[[China Times]]'', ''[[DigiTimes]]'', ''[[Kinmen Daily News]]'', ''[[Liberty Times]]'', ''[[Mandarin Daily News]]'', ''[[Matsu Daily]]'', ''[[Min Sheng Bao]]'', ''[[Sharp Daily]]'', ''[[Taipei Times]]'', ''[[Taiwan Daily]]'', ''[[Taiwan News]]'', ''[[Taiwan Times]]'' and ''[[United Daily News]]''.

==International relations==
Taipei was a member of the [[Asian Network of Major Cities 21]] before its dissolvement.

===Twin towns and sister cities===
Taipei is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>[http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc Taipei Sister city list] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023801/http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc |date=10 April 2014 }} Taipei City Council</ref><ref name="Taipei City Council">{{cite web |url=http://www.tcc.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=81569D74DD82C7DB |title=Taipei City Council |access-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023112126/http://www.tcc.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=81569D74DD82C7DB |archive-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== United States ====
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Houston]], [[Texas|TX]], United States (1961)
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[San Francisco]], [[California|CA]], United States (1970)
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Guam]], United States (1973)
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio|OH]], United States (1975)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Cleveland,%20Ohio |title=Sister Cities International (SCI) |publisher=Sister-cities.org |access-date=21 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613003251/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Cleveland%2C%20Ohio |archive-date=13 June 2015}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana|IN]], United States (1978)
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Marshall, Texas|Marshall]], [[Texas|TX]], United States (1978)
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]], United States (1979)
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[California|CA]], United States (1979)
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Arizona|AZ]], United States (1979)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixsistercities.org |title=Phoenix Sister Cities |access-date=6 August 2013 |publisher=Phoenix Sister Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724085207/http://www.phoenixsistercities.org/ |archive-date=24 July 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Oklahoma City]], [[Oklahoma|OK]], United States (1981)
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts|MA]], United States (1996)
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Dallas]], [[Texas|TX]], United States (1996)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dallas-ecodev.org/international/sister-cities/ |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Dallas-ecodev.org |access-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528113422/http://www.dallas-ecodev.org/international/sister-cities |archive-date=28 May 2010}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==== Outside United States ====
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagdeco|TGO}} [[Lomé]], Togo (1966)
*{{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Manila]], Philippines (1966)
*{{flagdeco|BEN}} [[Cotonou]], Benin (1967)<ref>{{cite web |title=Taipei's Sister Cities |url=https://english.sec.gov.taipei/cp.aspx?n=2789B64DFDD8B838 |publisher=Taipei City Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030856/https://english.sec.gov.taipei/cp.aspx?n=2789B64DFDD8B838 |archive-date=March 26, 2023}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Quezon City]], Philippines (1968)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/quezon-city-business-district/350-sister-cities |website=The Local Government of Quezon City |access-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001010801/http://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/quezon-city-business-district/350-sister-cities |archive-date=1 October 2017}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea (1968)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |access-date=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government |publisher=seoul.go.kr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archive-date=10 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2012 |title=Seoul -Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine] |access-date=23 August 2013 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25)}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic (1970)
*{{flagdeco|SAU}} [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia (1978)
*{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Gold Coast, Queensland]], Australia (1982)
*{{flagdeco|ZAF}} [[Johannesburg]], South Africa (1982)
*{{flagdeco|ZAF}} [[Pretoria]], South Africa (1983)
*{{flagdeco|MWI}} [[Lilongwe]], Malawi (1984)
*{{flagdeco|CRC}} [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], Costa Rica (1984)
*{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]], France (1986)
*{{flagdeco|PRY}} [[Asunción]], Paraguay (1987)
*{{flagdeco|PAN}} [[Panama City]], Panama (1989)
*{{flagdeco|NIC}} [[Managua]], Nicaragua (1992)
*{{flagdeco|SLV}} [[San Salvador]], El Salvador (1993)
*{{flagdeco|POL}} [[Warsaw]], [[Masovian Voivodeship]], Poland (1995)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |date=4 May 2005 |access-date=29 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Ulan-Ude]], Buryatia, Russia (1996)
*{{flagdeco|SEN}} [[Dakar]], Senegal (1997)
*{{flagdeco|GMB}} [[Banjul]], Gambia (1997)
*{{flagdeco|GNB}} [[Bissau]], Guinea-Bissau (1997)
*{{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Busan]], South Korea (1997)
*{{flagdeco|SWZ}} [[Mbabane]], Eswatini (1997)
*{{flagdeco|MGL}} [[Ulaanbaatar]], Mongolia (1997)
*{{flagdeco|MEX}} [[San Nicolás de los Garza|San Nicolás]], [[Nuevo León]], Mexico (1997)
*{{flagdeco|BOL}} [[La Paz]], Bolivia (1997)
*{{flagdeco|GTM}} [[Guatemala City]], Guatemala (1998)
*{{flagdeco|LBR}} [[Monrovia]], Liberia (1998)
*{{flagdeco|LTU}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuania (1998)
*{{flagdeco|MHL}} [[Majuro]], Marshall Islands (1999)
*{{flagdeco|LAT}} [[Riga]], Latvia (2001)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |title=Twin cities of Riga |publisher=[[Riga City Council]] |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204021323/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |archive-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|BUR}} [[Ouagadougou]], Burkina Faso (2008)
*{{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Gwangju]], South Korea (2008)
*{{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Daegu]], South Korea (2010)
*{{flagdeco|ECU}} [[Quito]], Ecuador (2015/2016)
*{{flagdeco|LCA}} [[Castries]], St. Lucia (2015/2016)
*{{flagdeco|BLZ}} [[Belmopan]], Belize (2019)
*{{flagdeco|CZE}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/whats-behind-the-prague-taipei-sister-city-ties/ |title=What's Behind the Prague-Taipei Sister City Ties? |website=thediplomat.com |access-date=12 January 2020 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227063234/https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/whats-behind-the-prague-taipei-sister-city-ties/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|PER}} [[Lima]], Peru (2020)
*{{flagicon|SAM}} [[Apia]], Samoa
{{div col end}}

===Partner cities===
*{{flagdeco|US}} [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], [[Alaska|AK]], United States (1997)<ref name="Taipei City Council"/>
*{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada (2001)
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States (2013)<ref name="GlobalOutreach">{{cite web |title=NYC's Partner Cities |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814165415/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |archive-date=August 14, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2015 |publisher=The City of New York }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Quebec City]], [[Quebec]], Canada (2001)
*{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Ottawa]], Ontario, Canada (2003)
*{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada (2004)
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Yokohama]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]], Japan (2006)
*{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], Canada (2008)
*{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], Canada (2011)
*{{flagdeco|NZL}} [[Wellington]], New Zealand (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=International Sister Cities |url=https://www.tcc.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=13702 |website=Taipei City Council |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621183320/https://www.tcc.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=13702 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Friendship cities===
*{{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Perth]], Western Australia, Australia (1999)<ref name="Taipei City Council"/>
*{{flagdeco|KOR}} [[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi-do]], South Korea (2000)
*{{flagdeco|US}} [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], [[California|CA]], United States (2000)<ref name="Taipei City Council"/>
*{{flagdeco|MYS}} [[George Town, Penang]], Malaysia (2009)
*{{flagdeco|FIN}} [[Helsinki]], Finland (2012)<ref name="Taipei City Council"/>

==In popular culture==
*Taipei's name is used in a [[professional wrestling]] match named the "Taipei Deathmatch" in which the wrestlers' fists are taped and dipped into glue and in broken and crushed glass, allowing shards to stick to their fists. This match can be won by pinfall, submission or escape.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW |author=Scott E. Williams |pages=65 |publisher=Sports Publishing LLC |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59670-021-5 |title-link=Hardcore History}}</ref>
*Writer [[Tao Lin]]'s 2013 novel is titled [[Taipei (novel)|''Taipei'']] and takes place in both New York City and Taipei, where the protagonist Paul's parents were born and live. In the novel, the character named Paul gets married and then visits Taipei with his new wife. They take MDMA and LSD and film a mock documentary on "Taiwan's first McDonald's".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/books/taipei-by-tao-lin.html |title=A Literary Mind, Under the Spell of Drugs and a MacBook |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 June 2013 |last1=Garner |first1=Dwight |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929041755/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/books/taipei%2Dby%2Dtao%2Dlin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The novel was made into a movie titled ''High Resolution'', starring [[Justin Chon]] and [[Ellie Bamber]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4286760/ |title=High Resolution (2018) – IMDb |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127113139/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4286760/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Minquan_Bridge2017_TAIWAN.jpg|Taipei panoramic view
File:A03-28.jpg|[[Dadaocheng]]
File:EntranceChiangKaiShek.JPG|the main entrance of Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall
File:Taipei_101_2008_NewYear_Firework.jpg|New year fireworks at [[Taipei 101]]
File:Taiwan 2009 Taipei Presidential Palace FRD 7172.jpg|Presidential Office Building from Ketagalan Boulevard
File:西門紅樓01.jpg|[[Red House Theater]]
File:北投文物館(原佳山旅館).jpg|[[Beitou Museum]]
File:Grand Hotel Taipei View from Minsheng Community Center 20140930.jpg|[[Grand Hotel (Taipei City)|Grand Hotel Taipei]]
File:DaZhiBridge2_byJaojao.JPG|Dazhi Bridge
File:dansui.jpg|Dadaocheng Wharf, Taipei
File:Taipei_Baoan_Temple.jpg|[[Dalongdong Baoan Temple|Bao-an Temple]]
File:指南宮凌霄寶殿.jpg|[[Zhinan Temple]]
File:101.typhoon.altonthompson.jpg|A typhoon makes landfall in Taipei City
File:ZhiShanGardenTaipei.jpg|[[National Palace Museum|Zhishan Garden at the National Palace Museum]]
File:Ximending Side Alley at Night.jpg|Ximending at night
File:Taipei_Story_House_20100718a.jpg|[[Taipei Story House]] (Yuanshan Mansion)
File:2010 07 21240 6773 Da'an District, Taipei, Daan Park, Washingtonia filifera, Taiwan.JPG|Daan Park
File:2010 07 20770 6691 Da'an District, Taipei, Daan Park, Taiwan.jpg|Daan Park
</gallery>
{{Geographic Location
|North = [[File:Flag of New Taipei City.svg|25px|border|New Taipei city flag]] [[New Taipei City]]
|West = [[File:Flag of New Taipei City.svg|25px|border|New Taipei city flag]] [[New Taipei City]]
|Centre = [[File:Flag of Taipei City.svg|25px|border|Taipei city flag]] Taipei City
|East = [[File:Flag of New Taipei City.svg|25px|border|New Taipei city flag]] [[New Taipei City]]
|South = [[File:Flag of New Taipei City.svg|25px|border|New Taipei city flag]] [[New Taipei City]]
}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Taiwan|Asia}}
*[[Taipei-Keelung Metropolitan Area]]
*[[List of districts of Taipei by area]]
*[[List of districts of Taipei by population]]
*[[List of districts of Taipei by population density]]
*[[List of schools in Taipei]]
*[[List of tallest buildings in Taipei]]
*[[Taipei Community Services Center]] (offers support services to the international community)
*[[Crime in Taipei]]

== Notes ==
=== Words in native languages ===
{{notelist-ur}}

===Other===
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |first1=Jie|last1=Li|first2=Xingjian|last2=Liu|first3=Jianzheng|last3=Liu|first4=Weifeng|last4=Li|title=City profile: Taipei |journal=[[Cities (journal)|Cities]] |volume=55 |date=June 2016 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2016.03.007}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |voy=Taipei |d=Q1867}}
*{{official website}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060515194626/http://www.tcc.gov.tw/eng/index.htm Taipei City Council] (archived)
*{{OSM relation|1293250}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nanjing]] (''de facto'') [[Chengdu]] (until 27 December)}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Historical capitals of China|Capital of the Republic of China]]
|years=1949–present (''de facto'') (seat of government)}}
{{s-inc|recent}}
{{s-end}}

{{Taipei}}
{{Administrative divisions of Taiwan navbar}}
{{Suspended ROC provinces}}
{{TaipeiDistricts}}
{{List of Asian capitals by region}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Taipei| ]]
[[Category:Capital cities in Asia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1884]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Taiwan]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in China]]
[[Category:Subnational enclaves and exclaves]]
[[Category:Megacities]]

Rajeev Kumar Varshney

2026-05-08T00:10:04Z

Snehasis: Put up a biography.

{{Short description|Indian agricultural scientist (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Rajeev K Varshney FRS
|image = Rajeev K Varshney Feb 2021.jpg
|caption =
|fields = {{hlist|[[Agricultural science]]|[[Bioinformatics]]|[[Computational biology]]|[[Genomics]]}}
|workplaces = [[Murdoch University]]
|citizenship = [[India]]
|education = [[:de:Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung|IPK-Gatersleben]], Germany [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|doctoral_advisors = P K Gupta and P C Sharma
|footnotes = 
}}

'''Rajeev Kumar Varshney''' {{Post-nominals|country=AUS|FRS|FAA}} (born 13 July 1973) is an Indian-Australian agricultural scientist specialising in [[genomics]], [[genetics]], and [[molecular breeding]]. As of 2022, he serves as Director of the Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Director of the Centre for Crop & Food Innovation, and International Chair - Agriculture & Food Security at [[Murdoch University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Agricultural research leader joins Food Futures Institute |url=https://www.murdoch.edu.au/news/articles/agricultural-research-leader-joins-food-futures-institute |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=News Portal |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Varshney received his Bachelor of Science (Honours) in botany from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 1993, followed by a Master's degree in botany (genetics, plant breeding and molecular biology) from the same university in 1995. He earned his PhD in agriculture (molecular biology) in 2001 from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]].

== Career ==
Following the completion of his PhD, Varshney worked as a Research Scientist (''Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter'') at the [[Leibniz Association|Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics & Crop Plant Research]] (IPK) in Gatersleben, Germany, from 2001 to 2005, focusing on structural and functional genomics of barley and comparative genomics of cereals. In 2005, Varshney joined the [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] (ICRISAT) as a Senior Scientist for applied genomics. During his tenure, he held various leadership positions:

* '''2007''': Principal Scientist (applied genomics). Established the Centre for Excellence in Genomics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rajeev Varshney (2007-2022) – ICRISAT- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology |url=https://cegsb.icrisat.org/team/rajeev-varshney/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''2007-2013''': Dual appointment as Principal Scientist at ICRISAT and sub-programme leader at Generation Challenge Programme, a time-bound [[CGIAR]] initiative that closed in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPL2 Position filled - welcome Rajeev Varshney! - Generation Challenge Programme |url=https://www.generationcp.org/communications-2/media/news-a-updates/spl2-position-filled-welcome-rajeev-varshney.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.generationcp.org}}</ref>
* '''2013-2016''': Research Program Director for Grain Legumes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Rajeev Varshney - People {{!}} Innovation Lab for Peanut |url=https://ftfpeanutlab.caes.uga.edu/People/collaborating-scientists/rajeev-varshney.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=ftfpeanutlab.caes.uga.edu |language=en}}</ref>
* '''2016-2021''': Global Research Program Director for Genetic Grains<ref name=":2" />
* '''2007-2022''': Director of the Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB)<ref name=":1" />

In 2022, Varshney joined Murdoch University as Director of the Western Australian Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Director of the Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, and International Chair - Agriculture and Food Security.<ref name=":0" />

== Research contributions ==
Varshney is recognised for his work on [[Whole genome sequencing|genome sequencing]], genetic diversity cataloguing, genomics-assisted breeding and capacity building.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ic |title=The IWGSC Announces New Appointments to Board of Directors |url=https://www.wheatgenome.org/news-blog/the-iwgsc-announces-new-appointments-to-board-of-directors |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.wheatgenome.org |language=en}}</ref>

Notable contributions include:

=== Genomic resources, tools and crop improvement ===
'''Genomic and bioinformatic resources''': Varshney has developed extensive genomic resources, including catalogues of genome variations, gene expression atlases, high-density genotyping platforms, genetic maps, and decision support tools for genomics research and breeding applications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=Vanika |last2=Barmukh |first2=Rutwik |last3=Chitikineni |first3=Annapurna |last4=Roorkiwal |first4=Manish |last5=Ojiewo |first5=Chris |last6=Bohra |first6=Abhishek |last7=Thudi |first7=Mahendar |last8=Singh |first8=Vikas K. |last9=Kudapa |first9=Himabindu |last10=Saxena |first10=Rachit K. |last11=Fountain |first11=Jake |last12=Mir |first12=Reyazul Rouf |last13=Bharadwaj |first13=Chellapilla |last14=Chen |first14=Xiaoping |last15=Xin |first15=Liu |date=2024 |title=Celebrating Professor Rajeev K. Varshney's transformative research odyssey from genomics to the field on his induction as Fellow of the Royal Society |journal=Plant Biotechnology Journal |language=en |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=1504–1515 |doi=10.1111/pbi.14282 |pmid=38206288 |issn=1467-7652 |pmc=11123405 |bibcode=2024PBioJ..22.1504G }}</ref>

'''Genome assemblies''': He has led and contributed to the development of reference genome sequence assemblies for 19 plant species, including previous 'orphan crops' such as [[Pigeon pea|pigeonpea]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=Rajeev K. |last2=Chen |first2=Wenbin |last3=Li |first3=Yupeng |last4=Bharti |first4=Arvind K. |last5=Saxena |first5=Rachit K. |last6=Schlueter |first6=Jessica A. |last7=Donoghue |first7=Mark T. A. |last8=Azam |first8=Sarwar |last9=Fan |first9=Guangyi |last10=Whaley |first10=Adam M. |last11=Farmer |first11=Andrew D. |last12=Sheridan |first12=Jaime |last13=Iwata |first13=Aiko |last14=Tuteja |first14=Reetu |last15=Penmetsa |first15=R. Varma |date=January 2012 |title=Draft genome sequence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an orphan legume crop of resource-poor farmers |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.2022 |journal=Nature Biotechnology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=83–89 |doi=10.1038/nbt.2022 |pmid=22057054 |issn=1546-1696}}</ref> [[chickpea]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=Rajeev K. |last2=Song |first2=Chi |last3=Saxena |first3=Rachit K. |last4=Azam |first4=Sarwar |last5=Yu |first5=Sheng |last6=Sharpe |first6=Andrew G. |last7=Cannon |first7=Steven |last8=Baek |first8=Jongmin |last9=Rosen |first9=Benjamin D. |last10=Tar'an |first10=Bunyamin |last11=Millan |first11=Teresa |last12=Zhang |first12=Xudong |last13=Ramsay |first13=Larissa D. |last14=Iwata |first14=Aiko |last15=Wang |first15=Ying |date=March 2013 |title=Draft genome sequence of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) provides a resource for trait improvement |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.2491 |journal=Nature Biotechnology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=240–246 |doi=10.1038/nbt.2491 |issn=1546-1696}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenwood |first=Veronique |date=2021-11-20 |title=A Tool Kit to Help Scientists Find the Ultimate Chickpea |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/20/science/chickpea-breeding-climate-change.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Peanut|groundnut]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertioli |first1=David J. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jerry |last3=Clevenger |first3=Josh |last4=Dudchenko |first4=Olga |last5=Gao |first5=Dongying |last6=Seijo |first6=Guillermo |last7=Leal-Bertioli |first7=Soraya C. M. |last8=Ren |first8=Longhui |last9=Farmer |first9=Andrew D. |last10=Pandey |first10=Manish K. |last11=Samoluk |first11=Sergio S. |last12=Abernathy |first12=Brian |last13=Agarwal |first13=Gaurav |last14=Ballén-Taborda |first14=Carolina |last15=Cameron |first15=Connor |date=May 2019 |title=The genome sequence of segmental allotetraploid peanut Arachis hypogaea |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-019-0405-z |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=877–884 |doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0405-z |issn=1546-1718}}</ref> [[pearl millet]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=Rajeev K. |last2=Shi |first2=Chengcheng |last3=Thudi |first3=Mahendar |last4=Mariac |first4=Cedric |last5=Wallace |first5=Jason |last6=Qi |first6=Peng |last7=Zhang |first7=He |last8=Zhao |first8=Yusheng |last9=Wang |first9=Xiyin |last10=Rathore |first10=Abhishek |last11=Srivastava |first11=Rakesh K. |last12=Chitikineni |first12=Annapurna |last13=Fan |first13=Guangyi |last14=Bajaj |first14=Prasad |last15=Punnuri |first15=Somashekhar |date=October 2017 |title=Pearl millet genome sequence provides a resource to improve agronomic traits in arid environments |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.3943 |journal=Nature Biotechnology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=969–976 |doi=10.1038/nbt.3943 |issn=1546-1696}}</ref> [[mung bean]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Yang Jae |last2=Kim |first2=Sue K. |last3=Kim |first3=Moon Young |last4=Lestari |first4=Puji |last5=Kim |first5=Kil Hyun |last6=Ha |first6=Bo-Keun |last7=Jun |first7=Tae Hwan |last8=Hwang |first8=Won Joo |last9=Lee |first9=Taeyoung |last10=Lee |first10=Jayern |last11=Shim |first11=Sangrea |last12=Yoon |first12=Min Young |last13=Jang |first13=Young Eun |last14=Han |first14=Kwang Soo |last15=Taeprayoon |first15=Puntaree |date=2014-11-11 |title=Genome sequence of mungbean and insights into evolution within Vigna species |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms6443 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=5443 |doi=10.1038/ncomms6443 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5443K |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> and ''[[Jatropha curcas]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ha |first1=Jungmin |last2=Shim |first2=Sangrea |last3=Lee |first3=Taeyoung |last4=Kang |first4=Yang J. |last5=Hwang |first5=Won J. |last6=Jeong |first6=Haneul |last7=Laosatit |first7=Kularb |last8=Lee |first8=Jayern |last9=Kim |first9=Sue K. |last10=Satyawan |first10=Dani |last11=Lestari |first11=Puji |last12=Yoon |first12=Min Y. |last13=Kim |first13=Moon Y. |last14=Chitikineni |first14=Annapurna |last15=Tanya |first15=Patcharin |date=2019 |title=Genome sequence of Jatropha curcas L., a non-edible biodiesel plant, provides a resource to improve seed-related traits |journal=Plant Biotechnology Journal |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=517–530 |doi=10.1111/pbi.12995 |issn=1467-7652 |pmc=6335072}}</ref>'','' as well as crops such as [[adzuki bean]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Yang Jae |last2=Satyawan |first2=Dani |last3=Shim |first3=Sangrea |last4=Lee |first4=Taeyoung |last5=Lee |first5=Jayern |last6=Hwang |first6=Won Joo |last7=Kim |first7=Sue K. |last8=Lestari |first8=Puji |last9=Laosatit |first9=Kularb |last10=Kim |first10=Kil Hyun |last11=Ha |first11=Tae Joung |last12=Chitikineni |first12=Annapurna |last13=Kim |first13=Moon Young |last14=Ko |first14=Jong-Min |last15=Gwag |first15=Jae-Gyun |date=2015-01-28 |title=Draft genome sequence of adzuki bean, Vigna angularis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/srep08069 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=8069 |doi=10.1038/srep08069 |pmid=25626881 |bibcode=2015NatSR...5.8069K |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> [[longan]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Yuling |last2=Min |first2=Jiumeng |last3=Lai |first3=Ruilian |last4=Wu |first4=Zhangyan |last5=Chen |first5=Yukun |last6=Yu |first6=Lili |last7=Cheng |first7=Chunzhen |last8=Jin |first8=Yuanchun |last9=Tian |first9=Qilin |last10=Liu |first10=Qingfeng |last11=Liu |first11=Weihua |last12=Zhang |first12=Chengguang |last13=Lin |first13=Lixia |last14=Hu |first14=Yan |last15=Zhang |first15=Dongmin |date=2017-05-01 |title=Genome-wide sequencing of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) provides insights into molecular basis of its polyphenol-rich characteristics |journal=GigaScience |volume=6 |issue=5 |article-number=gix023 |doi=10.1093/gigascience/gix023 |issn=2047-217X |pmc=5467034}}</ref> [[celery]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Xiaoming |last2=Sun |first2=Pengchuan |last3=Yuan |first3=Jiaqing |last4=Gong |first4=Ke |last5=Li |first5=Nan |last6=Meng |first6=Fanbo |last7=Zhang |first7=Zhikang |last8=Li |first8=Xinyu |last9=Hu |first9=Jingjing |last10=Wang |first10=Jinpeng |last11=Yang |first11=Qihang |last12=Jiao |first12=Beibei |last13=Nie |first13=Fulei |last14=Liu |first14=Tao |last15=Chen |first15=Wei |date=2021 |title=The celery genome sequence reveals sequential paleo-polyploidizations, karyotype evolution and resistance gene reduction in apiales |journal=Plant Biotechnology Journal |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=731–744 |doi=10.1111/pbi.13499 |issn=1467-7652 |pmc=8051603 |bibcode=2021PBioJ..19..731S }}</ref> and [[sesame]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Linhai |last2=Yu |first2=Sheng |last3=Tong |first3=Chaobo |last4=Zhao |first4=Yingzhong |last5=Liu |first5=Yan |last6=Song |first6=Chi |last7=Zhang |first7=Yanxin |last8=Zhang |first8=Xudong |last9=Wang |first9=Ying |last10=Hua |first10=Wei |last11=Li |first11=Donghua |last12=Li |first12=Dan |last13=Li |first13=Fang |last14=Yu |first14=Jingyin |last15=Xu |first15=Chunyan |date=2014-02-27 |title=Genome sequencing of the high oil crop sesame provides insight into oil biosynthesis |journal=Genome Biology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |article-number=R39 |doi=10.1186/gb-2014-15-2-r39 |pmid=24576357 |doi-access=free |issn=1474-760X |pmc=4053841}}</ref>

'''Pangenomes and super-pangenomes''': Varshney is credited with developing [[Pan-genome|pangenomes]] for more than a dozen crops, including [[wheat]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiao |first1=Chengzhi |last2=Xie |first2=Xiaoming |last3=Hao |first3=Chenyang |last4=Chen |first4=Liyang |last5=Xie |first5=Yuxin |last6=Garg |first6=Vanika |last7=Zhao |first7=Li |last8=Wang |first8=Zihao |last9=Zhang |first9=Yuqi |last10=Li |first10=Tian |last11=Fu |first11=Junjie |last12=Chitikineni |first12=Annapurna |last13=Hou |first13=Jian |last14=Liu |first14=Hongxia |last15=Dwivedi |first15=Girish |date=January 2025 |title=Pan-genome bridges wheat structural variations with habitat and breeding |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08277-0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=637 |issue=8045 |pages=384–393 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08277-0 |pmid=39604736 |bibcode=2025Natur.637..384J |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nature |first=Research Communities by Springer |date=2024-11-28 |title=The Story of Wheat's Genetic Diversity and How the Pan-Genome Bridges Structural Variations with Habitat and Breeding |url=https://communities.springernature.com/posts/pan-genome-bridges-wheat-structural-variations-with-habitat-and-breeding |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Research Communities by Springer Nature |language=en}}</ref> chickpea,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=Rajeev K. |last2=Roorkiwal |first2=Manish |last3=Sun |first3=Shuai |last4=Bajaj |first4=Prasad |last5=Chitikineni |first5=Annapurna |last6=Thudi |first6=Mahendar |last7=Singh |first7=Narendra P. |last8=Du |first8=Xiao |last9=Upadhyaya |first9=Hari D. |last10=Khan |first10=Aamir W. |last11=Wang |first11=Yue |last12=Garg |first12=Vanika |last13=Fan |first13=Guangyi |last14=Cowling |first14=Wallace A. |last15=Crossa |first15=José |date=November 2021 |title=A chickpea genetic variation map based on the sequencing of 3,366 genomes |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04066-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=599 |issue=7886 |pages=622–627 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04066-1 |bibcode=2021Natur.599..622V |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> groundnut,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Kunkun |last2=Xue |first2=Hongzhang |last3=Li |first3=Guowei |last4=Chitikineni |first4=Annapurna |last5=Fan |first5=Yi |last6=Cao |first6=Zenghui |last7=Dong |first7=Xiaorui |last8=Lu |first8=Huimin |last9=Zhao |first9=Kai |last10=Zhang |first10=Lin |last11=Qiu |first11=Ding |last12=Ren |first12=Rui |last13=Gong |first13=Fangping |last14=Li |first14=Zhongfeng |last15=Ma |first15=Xingli |date=May 2025 |title=Pangenome analysis reveals structural variation associated with seed size and weight traits in peanut |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-025-02170-w |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=1250–1261 |doi=10.1038/s41588-025-02170-w |issn=1546-1718}}</ref> and [[pea]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Tao |last2=Liu |first2=Rong |last3=Luo |first3=Yingfeng |last4=Hu |first4=Songnian |last5=Wang |first5=Dong |last6=Wang |first6=Chenyu |last7=Pandey |first7=Manish K. |last8=Ge |first8=Song |last9=Xu |first9=Quanle |last10=Li |first10=Nana |last11=Li |first11=Guan |last12=Huang |first12=Yuning |last13=Saxena |first13=Rachit K. |last14=Ji |first14=Yishan |last15=Li |first15=Mengwei |date=October 2022 |title=Improved pea reference genome and pan-genome highlight genomic features and evolutionary characteristics |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=1553–1563 |doi=10.1038/s41588-022-01172-2 |pmid=36138232 |pmc=9534762 |issn=1546-1718}}</ref> He has also developed a super-pangenome for chickpea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Aamir W. |last2=Garg |first2=Vanika |last3=Sun |first3=Shuai |last4=Gupta |first4=Saurabh |last5=Dudchenko |first5=Olga |last6=Roorkiwal |first6=Manish |last7=Chitikineni |first7=Annapurna |last8=Bayer |first8=Philipp E. |last9=Shi |first9=Chengcheng |last10=Upadhyaya |first10=Hari D. |last11=Bohra |first11=Abhishek |last12=Bharadwaj |first12=Chellapilla |last13=Mir |first13=Reyazul Rouf |last14=Baruch |first14=Kobi |last15=Yang |first15=Bicheng |date=June 2024 |title=Cicer super-pangenome provides insights into species evolution and agronomic trait loci for crop improvement in chickpea |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-024-01760-4 |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=1225–1234 |doi=10.1038/s41588-024-01760-4 |pmid=38783120 |issn=1546-1718}}</ref>

'''Genomics Assisted Breeding:''' Varshney's work has contributed to the development of improved crop varieties with enhanced drought tolerance, disease resistance, and nutritional quality, particularly benefiting farmers in developing countries across Africa and Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GroundCover |date=2023-07-07 |title=Royal accolade for agricultural scientist |url=https://groundcover.grdc.com.au/innovation/industry-insights/royal-accolade-for-agricultural-scientist |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=GroundCover |language=en}}</ref>

=== Novel concepts ===
Varshney had introduced and popularised several concepts to the field, including genomics-assisted breeding,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=Rajeev K |last2=Close |first2=Timothy J |last3=Singh |first3=Nagendra K |last4=Hoisington |first4=David A |last5=Cook |first5=Douglas R |date=2009-04-01 |title=Orphan legume crops enter the genomics era! |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526608002021 |journal=Current Opinion in Plant Biology |series=Genome Studies and Molecular Genetics |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=202–210 |doi=10.1016/j.pbi.2008.12.004 |pmid=19157958 |bibcode=2009COPB...12..202V |issn=1369-5266}}</ref> genic microsatellites,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=Rajeev K. |last2=Graner |first2=Andreas |last3=Sorrells |first3=Mark E. |date=2005-01-01 |title=Genic microsatellite markers in plants: features and applications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779904003221 |journal=Trends in Biotechnology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=48–55 |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.11.005 |pmid=15629858 |issn=0167-7799}}</ref> translational genomics for crop improvement,<ref>{{Citation |last1=Varshney |first1=Rajeev K. |title=Translational Genomics for Crop Breeding: Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Yield, and Quality, an Introduction |date=2013 |work=Translational Genomics for Crop Breeding |pages=1–7 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118728482.ch1 |access-date=2025-07-14 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118728482.ch1 |isbn=978-1-118-72848-2 |last2=Tuberosa |first2=Roberto}}</ref> super-pangenomes,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Aamir W. |last2=Garg |first2=Vanika |last3=Roorkiwal |first3=Manish |last4=Golicz |first4=Agnieszka A. |last5=Edwards |first5=David |last6=Varshney |first6=Rajeev K. |date=2020-02-01 |title=Super-Pangenome by Integrating the Wild Side of a Species for Accelerated Crop Improvement |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136013851930281X |journal=Trends in Plant Science |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=148–158 |doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2019.10.012 |pmid=31787539 |bibcode=2020TPS....25..148K |issn=1360-1385}}</ref> and haplotype-based breeding approaches.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=Pallavi |last2=Singh |first2=Vikas K. |last3=Saxena |first3=Rachit K. |last4=Khan |first4=Aamir W. |last5=Abbai |first5=Ragavendran |last6=Chitikineni |first6=Annapurna |last7=Desai |first7=Aarthi |last8=Molla |first8=Johiruddin |last9=Upadhyaya |first9=Hari D. |last10=Kumar |first10=Arvind |last11=Varshney |first11=Rajeev K. |date=2020 |title=Superior haplotypes for haplotype-based breeding for drought tolerance in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) |journal=Plant Biotechnology Journal |language=en |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=2482–2490 |doi=10.1111/pbi.13422 |pmid=32455481 |issn=1467-7652 |pmc=7680530 |bibcode=2020PBioJ..18.2482S }}</ref>

== Research impact ==
Notable impacts of Varshney's research include:

=== Development of improved chickpea varieties ===
Varshney, along with researchers from the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] and the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur|University of Agricultural Sciences]] developed several chickpea varieties such as PUSA 10216 and MAC-WR-S-1. PUSA 10216 has demonstrated higher yields in drought conditions [https://icar.org.in/node/12172], whereas MABC-WR-SA-1, commonly known as 'Super Annigeri-1', improves [[fusarium wilt]] resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India set to launch drought resistant chickpea developed with genomic assisted breeding |url=https://news.agropages.com/News/Detail-32179.htm |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Grainews |language=en}}</ref>

=== Development of improved groundnut varieties ===
Varshney, along with researchers at ICRISAT and national partners of India, has developed several improved groundnut varieties, including varieties with high [[Oleic acid|oleic]] acid concentration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Deepanwita Gita |date=2018-01-22 |title=Scientists develop first-ever oleic acid-rich peanut |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/agriculture/scientists-develop-first-ever-oleic-acid-rich-peanut-59539 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref> When compared to standard peanut varieties, high-oleic peanuts offer longer shelf-life benefits to the food processing industry, health benefits to consumers and increases farmer profitability. By using [[marker-assisted selection]] (MAS) and marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) approaches, Varshney and his collaborators developed a peanut variety which demonstrated an oleic acid concentration of 80+2% compared to the 45-50% found in standard peanut varieties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High oleic peanuts for Asia and Africa to meet the needs of the food processing industries |url=https://www.cgiar.org/research/publication/high-oleic-peanuts-for-asia-and-africa-to-meet-the-needs-of-the-food-processing-industries/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=CGIAR |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Tropical Legumes Project ===
Varshney served as Principal Investigator of the Tropical Legumes Project, an initiative led by ICRISAT and funded by the [[Gates Foundation]]. The project, which ran from 2007- 2019, was conducted in collaboration with the [[International Center for Tropical Agriculture]] (CIAT) and the [[International Institute of Tropical Agriculture]] (IITA). The initiative developed 266 improved legume varieties and produced nearly 500,000 tons of seed across multiple legume crops, including [[cowpea]]s, pigeonpea, chickpea, [[Phaseolus vulgaris|common bean]], groundnut, and [[soybean]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harnessing the benefits of food legumes |url=https://express.adobe.com/page/g55seipb2Cw0e/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=express.adobe.com}}</ref> The project's documented outcomes included groundnut crop interventions, which demonstrated a 32.35% increase in income among participating farmers, with 6.72% of households lifted out of poverty and 14% moved out of food insecurity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-12-09 |title=ICRISAT continues the legacy of Tropical Legumes Project through Seed Systems initiatives {{!}} Africa Food Prize |url=https://africafoodprize.org/icrisat-continues-the-legacy-of-tropical-legumes-project-through-seed-systems-initiatives/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Mali]], ten groundnut varieties were released, including six high-yielding, drought-tolerant varieties and four extra-large seeded varieties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Map |url=https://tropicallegumeshub.com/country-map/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Tropical Legumes Hub}}</ref> Seven additional groundnut varieties with traits including [[aflatoxin]] tolerance, early maturation, and drought tolerance were also released.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Monyo |first1=E. S. |url=https://oar.icrisat.org/9635/ |title=Seven seasons of learning and engaging smallholder farmers in the drought-prone areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia through Tropical Legumes, 2007–2014 |last2=Varshney |first2=R. K. |date=2016 |publisher=ICRISAT |isbn=978-92-9066-568-7 |location=Patancheru |language=en}}</ref> In India, the project's chickpea breeding program contributed to an area enhancement of up to 68% in the national chickpea program.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Sah |first1=Uma |title=Organized Farmers Towards Chickpea Seed Self-Sufficiency in Bundelkhand Region of India |date=2021 |work=Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms: Learning from the TLIII project Experiences in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia |pages=113–123 |editor-last=Akpo |editor-first=Essegbemon |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_8 |isbn=978-981-15-8014-7 |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=S. K. |last3=Dixit |first3=G. P. |last4=Singh |first4=N. P. |last5=Gaur |first5=P. |editor2-last=Ojiewo |editor2-first=Chris O. |editor3-last=Kapran |editor3-first=Issoufou |editor4-last=Omoigui |editor4-first=Lucky O.}}</ref> The chickpea program in [[Ethiopia]] saw production of certified and quality seed increased from 632 tons to 3,290 tons in six years, a five-fold increase. At the same time, the productivity of chickpea on farms doubled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blair |first1=Randall |last2=Danz |first2=Jeremy |last3=Harris |first3=Anthony |last4=Koleros |first4=Andrew |last5=Quiñones |first5=Esteban J. |last6=Sander |first6=Rachel |last7=Shieh |first7=Jacqueline |date=2023-01-18 |title=Final report: Tropical legumes cluster evaluation |url=https://gatesopenresearch.org/documents/7-2 |journal=Gates Open Res |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=2 |doi=10.21955/gatesopenres.1116961.1}}</ref> The project's contributions led to Varshney and ICRISAT receiving the [[Africa Food Prize]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-09-08 |title=ICRISAT awarded 2021 Africa Food Prize {{!}} Africa Food Prize |url=https://africafoodprize.org/icrisat-awarded-2021-africa-food-prize/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notable fellowships==
Varshney holds the following notable fellowships:
* [[Australian Academy of Science]], 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajeev Varshney |url=https://www.science.org.au/profile/rajeev-varshney |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Australian Academy of Science |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Royal Society]], 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajeev Varshney |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/rajeev-varshney-36234/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=royalsociety.org}}</ref>
* [[African Academy of Sciences]], 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/rajeev-varshney |title="AASciences Fellow Rajeev Varshney" |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410073123/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/rajeev-varshney }}</ref>
* [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], 2019.<ref>2019 Indian_Academy_of_Sciences Fellows, [https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/News/Fell2018.pdf List of Fellows and Honorary Fellow elected during 2018 (effective 2019)] of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Bangalore Retrieved on 2 January 2019</ref>
* [[American Society of Agronomy]], 2018.<ref>2018 ASA Fellows, [https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/csa/articles/63/9/31/ " 2018 ASA Fellows "] Retrieved on 4 October 2018</ref>
* [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], 2016.<ref>2016 AAAS Fellows approved by the AAAS Council, [https://www.aaas.org/2016-fellows/ " 2016 AAAS Fellows approved by the AAAS Council."] Retrieved on 25 November 2016</ref>
* [[The World Academy of Sciences|UNESCO-The World Academy of Sciences]], 2016.<ref>TWAS adds 40 new Fellows, [http://twas.org/article/twas-adds-40-new-fellows/ "The election of 40 new TWAS Fellows took place at the Academy's 27th General Meeting in Kigali."] Retrieved on 19 November 2016</ref>
* [[German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]], 2016.<ref>List of Members, [https://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/member/8246/ "German National Academy of Sciences, Leopoldina"] Retrieved on 9 September 2016</ref>
* [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], 2015.<ref>Rajeev Varshney receiving fellowship from The National Science Academy, India, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADXwtSqWU34 2015] retrieved on 7 July 2020</ref>
* Crop Science Society of America, 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Award Recipients Search {{!}} Crop Science Society of America |url=https://www.crops.org/awards/search?q=awards%2Fsearch%2F |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.crops.org}}</ref>
* [[Indian National Science Academy]], 2013.<ref>Prestigious Indian National Science Academy (INSA) fellowship conferred on Rajeev K Varshney, [http://www.icrisat.org/newsroom/latest-news/happenings/happenings1605.htm#4 "ICRISAT newsletter happenings no. 1605"] retrieved on 10 January 2014.</ref><ref>Agri scientist Rajeev Varshney conferred award, [http://zeenews.india.com/news/science/agri-scientist-rajeev-varshney-conferred-award_903124.html/ "zeenews online portal"]. Retrieved on 10 January 2014</ref>
* [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]], India (NAAS) in 2010.<ref>ICRISAT scientists receives National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) India, award [http://www.icrisat.org/newsroom/latest-news/happenings/happenings1419.htm#3 "ICRISAT Newsletter Happenings no. 1419"] Retrieved on 18 June 2010</ref>

== Notable awards ==
Varshney has received the following notable awards:

* Guangdong Friendship Award, 2023 [https://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/list-of-members/member/Member/show/rajeev-kumar-varshney/]
* International Crop Science Award, 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-03 |title=Agricultural innovator selected to receive another prestigious international award |url=https://www.murdoch.edu.au/news/articles/agricultural-innovator-selected-to-receive-another-prestigious-international-award |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=News Portal |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'', 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Asian Scientist 100 – Asian Scientist Magazine |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.asianscientist.com}}</ref>
* Qilu Friendship Award<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-16 |title=Indian scientist bags China award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Indian-scientist-bags-China-award/article15572653.ece |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award]] for contributions to agricultural science, 2019.<ref>[http://164.100.117.97/WriteReadData/userfiles/List_of_Awardees_for_ICAR_Awards_2019.pdf List of Awardees for ICAR Awards 2019]{{Dead link|date=August 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, Retrieved on 19 July 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.icrisat.org/icar-recognizes-icrisat-scientist-with-prestigious-rafi-ahmed-kidwai-award/ ICAR recognizes ICRISAT scientist with prestigious Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award], Retrieved on 19 July 2020</ref>
* [[G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research]], 2018.<ref>Rajeev Varshney gets 28th GD Birla Award for Scientific Research [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajeev-varshney-gets-28th-gd-birla-award-for-scientific-research/story-ch7Rzx2NfDBsp5WpG6hawM.html "].Retrieved on 12 March 2019.</ref>
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], 2015<ref>Brief profile of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize awardee, [http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=507 "website of SSB prize award "]. Retrieved on 8 September 2016.</ref><ref>11 selected for Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award, [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11-selected-for-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award/article7692862.ece "The Hindu"]. Retrieved on 27 September 2015.</ref>

Additional accolades include:

* Listed as a [[Clarivate]] Highly Cited Researcher for 11 consecutive years (2013-2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Highly Cited Researchers {{!}} Clarivate |url=https://clarivate.com/highly-cited-researchers/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=clarivate.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-19 |title=Murdoch health and agricultural scientists recognised as Highly Cited Researchers in 2024 Clarivate List |url=https://www.murdoch.edu.au/news/articles/murdoch-health-and-agricultural-scientists-recognised-as-highly-cited-researchers-in-2024-clarivate-list |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=News Portal |language=en}}</ref>
* [[The Australian]]'s Research Magazine [https://www.theaustralian.com.au/special-reports/amphibians-are-endangered-and-not-yet-well-understood/news-story/788f9d180eb8288326f25f3fff7948b7 Top Scientist in Agronomy & Crop Science in Australia], 2022
* [[Nature Biotechnology]] Top 25 'Voices of Biotechnology', 2021<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Annabi |first1=Nasim |last2=Baker |first2=Matthew |last3=Boettiger |first3=Alistair |last4=Chakraborty |first4=Debojyoti |last5=Chen |first5=Yvonne |last6=Corbett |first6=Kizzmekia S. |last7=Correia |first7=Bruno |last8=Dahlman |first8=James |last9=de Oliveira |first9=Tulio |last10=Ertuerk |first10=Ali |last11=Yanik |first11=Mehmet Fatih |last12=Henaff |first12=Elizabeth |last13=Huch |first13=Meritxell |last14=Iliev |first14=Iliyan D. |last15=Jacobs |first15=Thomas |date=2021-03-01 |title=Voices of biotech research |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-00847-1 |journal=Nature Biotechnology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.1038/s41587-021-00847-1 |issn=1546-1696}}</ref>
* [[The Times of India|Times of India]] Top10 most influential Indian scientists, 2019<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-03 |title=Only 10 Indians on list of world's 4,000 top scientists, but this is double last year's |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/only-10-indians-on-list-of-worlds-4000-top-scientists-but-this-is-double-last-years/articleshow/67359217.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.murdoch.edu.au/research/ccfi Official website of the Centre for Crop and Food Innovation]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=Kdmxy8EAAAAJ Google Scholar Profile]
* [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4562-9131 ORCid Profile]
{{Authority control}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varshney, Rajeev Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:People from Moradabad district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:Associate fellows of the African Academy of Sciences]]

Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T10:35:02Z

Snehasis: details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dabgram-Phulbari
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Dabgram-Phulbari.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sikha Chatterjee]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| constituency_no = 19
| established = 2011
| electors = 310,354
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Dabgram–Phulbari Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 19 Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency covers Ward Nos. 31 to 44 of [[Siliguri]] municipal corporation and Dabgram I, Dabgram II, Fulbari I and Fulbari II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Rajganj (Community development block)|Rajganj]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]],<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 30 June 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency is part of No. 3 [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background-color:#EAECF0;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | Election Year
! style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | Name of M.L.A.
! style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" Colspan=2| Party Affiliation
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FA;"
| style="color:#0645AD;" | [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Goutam Deb]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#20c746;" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sikha Chatterjee]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#ff9934;" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal|Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-

|}
For MLAs from the area before 2011 see [[Kranti Assembly constituency]]

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dabgram-Phulbari}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranjan Shil Sharma
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sikha Chatterjee
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dilip Singh
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rohit Singh Sisodiya (Guddu)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 Election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dabgram-Phulbari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sikha Chatterjee]]
|votes = 1,29,088
|percentage = 49.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Goutam Deb]]
|votes = 1,01,495
|percentage = 39.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dilip Singh
|votes = 17,998
|percentage = 6.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 3,379
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 Election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dabgram-Phulbari constituency}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Goutam Deb]]
|votes = 105,769
|percentage = 47.489%
|change = -0.81%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dilip Singh
|votes = 81,958
|percentage = 36.798%
|change = -5.09%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rathindra Bose
|votes = 26,195
|percentage = 11.761%
|change = +5.7%
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Subhas Biswas
|votes = 2,180
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjiban Sarkar
|votes = 1,409
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Abul Kashem
|votes = 1017
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Amra Bangalee]]
|candidate = Dulal Sarkar
|votes = 914
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 3,283
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 222,725
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Goutam Deb of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Dilip Singh of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title= [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Dabgram-Phulbari constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=19| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223954/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=19| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Dabgram-Phulbari| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 June 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Goutam Deb]]
|votes = 84,649
|percentage = 48.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dilip Singh
|votes = 73,413
|percentage = 41.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dulal Kanti Das
|votes = 10,623
|percentage = 6.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subash Biswas
|votes = 2,347
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjiban Sarkar
|votes = 1,423
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nitu Jai Pritam
|votes = 1,173
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Indian People's Forward Bloc]]
|candidate = Shambhu Nath Roy
|votes = 926
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Bapan Ghosh
|votes = 742
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,236
|percentage = 6.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 175,296
|percentage = 83.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalpaiguri topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]

Funan

2026-05-06T18:58:58Z

Snehasis: done

{{Short description|Ancient kingdom in Indochina}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Nokor Phnom|the Thai province|Nakhon Phanom province}}

{{Use British English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{native name|km|ហ្វូណាន}}
| conventional_long_name = Funan
| era = Classical era
| event_start = Establishment
| date_start = 50 CE
| event_end = Chenla conquest
| date_end = 627 CE
| life_span = 50 – 627 CE
| event1 = [[Chenla]] secession
| date_event1 = 550 CE
| s1 = Chenla
| image_map = Map indianized kingdoms indochina.jpg
| image_map_caption = Map of Indianized kingdoms of Indochina (1st to 7th centuries CE)
| capital = [[Vyadhapura]]
| common_languages = {{ubl|[[Proto-Khmeric language|Proto-Khmeric]]{{efn|Later [[Old Khmer language|Old Khmer]].}} {{small|(common)}}|[[Sanskrit]] ({{small|court and religious)}}}}
| religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Buddhism]]}}
| currency = Native coins
| government_type = [[Mandala (political model)|Mandala kingdom]]
| today = {{ubl|[[Cambodia]]|[[Vietnam]]|[[Thailand]]}}
}}
{{History of Cambodia}}

'''Funan''' ({{zh|t=扶南|p=Fúnán}}, also {{zh|t=夫南}}; {{langx|vi|Phù Nam}}; {{langx|km|ហ៊្វូណន|Hvunân}}, {{IPA|km|fuːnɑːn}}; {{langx|th|ฟูนาน}}, {{IPA|th|fuː.nan}}; {{langx|sa|व्याधपूर|Vyādhapūra}}) was a loose network of ancient [[Greater India#Indianized kingdoms of Southeast Asia|Indianized states]]'' ([[Mandala (political model)|Mandala]])''<ref>{{Cite book |author=Martin Stuart-Fox |author-link=Martin Stuart-Fox |title=A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistorychin00stua |url-access=limited |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistorychin00stua/page/n39 29]|isbn=9781864489545}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Dougald JW O'Reilly |title=Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia |publisher=Altamira Press |year=2007 |page=194}}</ref> located in [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], covering parts of present-day [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]], that existed from the 1st to 7th century CE. The name is found in [[Twenty-Four Histories|Chinese historical texts]] describing the kingdom, and the most extensive descriptions are largely based on the report of two Chinese diplomats, [[Kang Tai]] and Zhu Ying, representing the [[Eastern Wu|Eastern Wu dynasty]] who sojourned in Funan in the mid-3rd century CE.<ref name=Higham>Higham, C., 2001, The Civilization of Angkor, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, {{ISBN|9781842125847}}</ref>{{rp|24}}

Funan is known in the ancient languages of the region as Suvarnabhumi ([[Sanskrit]]), meaning 'land of gold', and {{zh|t=[[wikt:扶南|扶南]]|p=Fúnán}}. However, the name ''Funan'' is not found in any texts of local origin from the period, and it is not known what name the people of Funan gave to their polity. Some scholars argued that ancient Chinese scholars has found the records from [[History of Yuan|Yuán Shǐ]], the history records of Yuan Dynasty. "Siem Kok and Lo Hu Kok, formerly the Kingdom of Funan, were located to the west of Linyi Kok (Champa Kingdom in central Vietnam). The maritime distance was from the capital of Linyi Kok to the capital of Funan Kok. They are separated by about 3,000 li".

''Funan'' may be an endonym the people of Funan gave to their polity, and it is perhaps a Chinese rendering of the [[Proto-Khmeric language|Proto-Khmeric]] term ''bnaṃ'' {{gloss|mountain}}. Funan is generally considered as the first known kingdom in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funan {{!}} Cambodia, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Funan |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> It was located to the southwest of Linyi (the Chinese designation for the historical region of Champa in present-day Central and Southern Vietnam).

Like the name of the kingdom, the ethno-linguistic nature of the people is the subject of much discussion among specialists. The leading hypotheses are that the Funanese were mostly [[Austroasiatic languages|Mon–Khmer]], or that they were mostly [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]], or that they constituted a multi-ethnic, multi-linguistic society. The available evidence is inconclusive on this issue. [[Michael Vickery]] has said that, even though identification of the language of Funan is not possible, the evidence strongly suggests that the population was Khmer.<ref>Michael Vickery, "Funan reviewed: Deconstructing the Ancients", ''Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient'' XC-XCI (2003–2004), pp. 101–143</ref> However, several studies demonstrate that inhabitants of Funan probably spoke Austroasiatic while [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]], spoke in neighboring [[Champa]].<ref name="mal">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe059|chapter=Funan, Kingdom of|date=2016|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe059|author=Trude Jacobsen|title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |pages=1–2 |isbn=978-1-118-44064-3 }}</ref><ref name="ngu">{{cite journal|url=https://d.vjst.vn/index.php/vmost_jossh/article/view/291|title=FUNAN (Phu Nam) from a new perspective|date=2022|author=Minh Giang Vu|journal=Journal of Social Science and Humanities|volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=71–85 |doi=10.31276/VMOSTJOSSH.64(3).71-85|url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Explain|reason=Sentence is vague, how do studies show this?|date=March 2026}} The results of archaeology at [[Óc Eo]] have demonstrated "no true discontinuity between Óc Eo and pre-Angkorian levels", indicating Khmer linguistic dominance in the area under Funan control.<ref>Pierre-Yves Manguin, "From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia", in ''25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient'', Jakarta, Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, 2002, p. 59-82.</ref>

Based on the testimony of the Chinese historians, the polity Funan is believed to have been established in the 1st century CE in the [[Mekong Delta]], but archaeological research has shown that extensive human settlement in the region may have gone back as far as the 4th century BCE. Though regarded by Chinese authors as a single unified polity, some modern scholars suspect that Funan may have been a collection of city-states that sometimes were at war with one another and at other times constituted a political unity.<ref name="havantan91">[[Hà Văn Tấn]], "Oc Eo: Endogenous and Exogenous Elements", ''Viet Nam Social Sciences'', 1–2 (7–8), 1986, pp.91–101.</ref> From archaeological evidence, which includes [[Roman Empire|Roman]], Chinese, and Indian goods excavated at the ancient mercantile centre of [[Óc Eo]] in southern Vietnam, it is known that Funan must have been a powerful trading state.<ref>Lương Ninh, "Funan Kingdom: A Historical Turning Point", ''Vietnam Archaeology'', 147 3/2007: 74–89.</ref> Excavations at [[Angkor Borei]] in southern Cambodia have likewise delivered evidence of an important settlement. Since Óc Eo was linked to a port on the coast and to Angkor Borei by a system of canals, it is possible that all of these locations together constituted the heartland of Funan.

==Etymology==
Some scholars have advanced speculative proposal regarding the origin and meaning of the word ''Funan''. It is often said that the name ''Funan'' ([[Middle Chinese]] pronunciation of {{lang|zh-hant|扶南}}: /bju nậm/, [[Eastern Han Chinese|Later Han]] pronunciation: /buɑ nəm/<ref name="Schuessler2007">{{cite book |last1=Schuessler |first1=Axel |title=ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese |date=2007 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, HI |isbn=978-0-8248-2975-9}}</ref>) represents a [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] from some local language into Chinese. For example, French scholar [[Georges Coedès]] advanced the theory that in using the word ''Funan'', ancient Chinese scholars were transcribing a word related to the Khmer word ''bnaṃ'' or ''vnaṃ'' (modern: ''phnoṃ'', meaning "mountain").<ref>Georges Cœdès, "La Stele de Ta-Prohm", ''Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extreme-Orient (BEFEO)'', Hanoi, VI, 1906, pp.44–81; George Cœdès, ''Histoire ancienne des États hindouisés d'Extrême-Orient'', Hanoi, 1944, pp.44–45; Georges Cœdès, ''Les états hindouisés d'Indochine et d'Indonésie'', Paris, E. de Boccard, 1948, p.128.</ref>

However, the epigraphist Claude Jacques pointed out that this explanation was based on a mistranslation of the Sanskrit word ''parvatabùpála'' in the ancient [[Khmer inscriptions|inscriptions]] as equivalent to the Khmer word ''bnaṃ'' and a mis-identification of the King [[Bhavavarman I]] mentioned in them as the conqueror of Funan.<ref>Claude Jacques, "'Funan', 'Zhenla'. The reality concealed by these Chinese views of Indochina", in R. B. Smith and W. Watson (eds.), ''Early South East Asia: Essays in Archaeology, History, and Historical Geography'', New York, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp.371–9, pp.373, 375; Ha Van Tan, "Óc Eo: Endogenous and Exogenous Elements", ''Viet Nam Social Sciences'', 1–2 (7–8), 1986, pp. 91–101, pp.91–92.</ref> It has also been observed that in Chinese the character {{lang|zh-hant|南}} ({{zh|p=nán}}, {{langx|vi|nam}}) is frequently used in geographical terms to mean "South"; Chinese scholars used it in this sense in naming other locations or regions of Southeast Asia, such as [[Annam (Chinese province)|Annam]].<ref name="Claude Jacques 1979, pp.371">Claude Jacques, "‘Funan’, ‘Zhenla’: The Reality Concealed by these Chinese Views of Indochina", in R. B. Smith and W. Watson (eds.), ''Early South East Asia : Essays in Archaeology, History and Historical Geography'', New York, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp.371–9, p.378.</ref>

Thus, ''Funan'' may be an originally Chinese word, and may not be a transcription at all. Jacques proposed that use of the name Funan should be abandoned in favour of the names, such as ''Bhavapura'', ''Aninditapura'', ''Shresthapura'' and ''Vyadhapura'', which are known from inscriptions to have been used at the time for cities in the region, as opposed to ''Funan'' or ''[[Chenla Kingdom|Zhenla]]'' which are unknown in the Old Khmer language.<ref name="Claude Jacques 1979, pp.371"/>

==Sources==
[[File:Di tích Gò Cây Thị A.jpg|thumb|The archeological site of Go Cay Thi, [[Oc Eo]]]]
The first modern scholar to reconstruct the history of the ancient polity of Funan was [[Paul Pelliot]], who in his ground-breaking article "Le Fou-nan" of 1903 drew exclusively on Chinese historical records to set forth the sequence of documented events connecting the foundation of Funan in approximately the 1st century CE with its demise by conquest in the 6th to 7th century. Scholars critical of Pelliot's Chinese sources have expressed scepticism regarding his conclusions.<ref>See Vickery, "Funan Deconstructed"</ref>

First record dated 84 CE in late Han period 后汉书.
Chinese records dating from the 3rd century CE, beginning with the {{lang|zh-latn|Sānguó zhì}} ({{lang|zh-hant|三國志}}, [[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]) completed in 289 CE by [[Chen Shou|Chén Shòu]] ({{lang|zh-hant|陳壽}}; 233–297), record the arrival of two Funanese embassies at the court of {{lang|zh-latn|Lǚ Dài}} ({{lang|zh-hant|呂待}}), governor in the southern Chinese kingdom of Wú ({{lang|zh-hant|吳}}): the first embassy arrived between 225 and 230 CE, the second in the year 243.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Pelliot |first= Paul | author-link1 = Paul Pelliot |date= 1903 |title=Le Fou-nan |url= http://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1903_num_3_1_1216| access-date = 22 October 2017 |language= fr |journal= Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume= 3 |page= 303 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1903.1216}}</ref> Later sources such as the Liáng shū ({{lang|zh-hant|梁書}}, [[Book of Liang]]) of Yáo Chá ({{lang|zh-hant|姚察}}; 533–606) and {{lang|zh-latn|[[Yao Silian|Yáo Sīlián]]}} ({{lang|zh-hant|姚思廉}}, d. 637), completed in 636, discuss the mission of the 3rd-century Chinese envoys [[Kang Tai]] ({{lang|zh-hant|康泰}}) and {{lang|zh-latn|Zhū Yīng}} ({{lang|zh-hant|朱應}}) from the Kingdom of Wu to Funan. The writings of these envoys, though no longer extant in their original condition, were excerpted and as such preserved in the later dynastic histories, and form the basis for much of what we know about Funan.

Since the publication of Pelliot's article, archaeological excavation in Vietnam and Cambodia, especially excavation of sites related to the [[Óc Eo]] culture, have supported and supplemented his conclusion.

==History==
[[File:Ruins of Go Thap Muoi, Go Thap archaeological site.jpg|thumb|The archaeological site of Go Thap Muoi, [[Đồng Tháp]]]]

{{see also|Indosphere}}

===Origins of Funan===
Chinese sources relate a local legend to document Funan's origin, that a foreigner named "Huntian (混填)" [pinyin: Hùntián] established the Kingdom of Funan around the 1st century CE in the [[Mekong Delta]] of southern Vietnam. Archeological evidence shows that extensive human settlement in the region may go as far back as the 4th century BCE. Though treated by Chinese historians as a single unified empire, according to some modern scholars Funan may have been a collection of city-states that sometimes warred with one another and at other times constituted a political unity.<ref name="havantan91" />

The ethnic and linguistic origins of the Funanese people have consequently been subject to scholarly debate, and no firm conclusions can be drawn based on the evidence available. The Funanese may have been either [[Cham people|Cham]], [[Khmer people|Khmer]] or from another [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] or [[Austroasiatic]] group. It is possible that they are the ancestors of those indigenous people dwelling in the southern part of Vietnam today who refer themselves as "Khmer" or "Khmer Krom." The Khmer term "krom" means "below" or "lower part of" and is used to refer to territory that was later colonized by Vietnamese immigrants and taken up into the modern state of Vietnam.<ref name="Asia p.62">Asia: A Concise History by Milton W. Meyer p.62</ref> While no conclusive study to determine whether Funan's ethnolinguistic components were Austronesian or Austroasiatic, there is dispute among scholars. According to the majority of Vietnamese academics, for example, Mac Duong, stipulates that "Funan's core population certainly were the Austronesians, not Khmer;" the fall of Funan and the rise of [[Zhenla]] from the north in the 6th century indicate "the arrival of the Khmer to the Mekong Delta." That thesis received support from [[D. G. E. Hall]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nationalism and Ethnicity in Southeast Asia: Proceedings of the Conference "Nationalism and Ethnicity in Southeast Asia" at Humboldt University, Berlin, October 1993 · Band 2|last1=Wessel|first1=Ingrid|publisher=LIT|year=1994|isbn=978-3-82582-191-3}}</ref> Recent archaeological research lends weight to the conclusion that Funan was a Mon-Khmer polity.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ancient Southeast Asia|author1-link=John N. Miksic |last1=Miksic|first1=John Norman|last2=Yian|first2=Goh Geok|publisher=Routledge |year=2016}}</ref> In his Funan review, [[Michael Vickery]] expresses himself a strong supporter of Funan's Khmer predominance theory.

It is also possible that Funan was a multicultural society, including various ethnic and linguistic groups. In the late 4th and 5th centuries, Indianization advanced more rapidly, in part through renewed impulses from the south Indian [[Pallava dynasty]] and the north Indian [[Gupta Empire]].<ref name="Asia p.62"/> The only extant local writings from the period of Funan are paleographic [[Grantha alphabet|Pallava Grantha]] inscriptions in [[Sanskrit]] of the [[Pallava dynasty]], a scholarly language used by learned and ruling elites throughout South and Southeast Asia. These inscriptions give no information about the ethnicity or vernacular tongue of the Funanese.

Funan may have been the [[Suwannaphum|Suvarnabhumi]] referred to in ancient Indian texts.<ref>[[Pang Khat]], «Le Bouddhisme au Cambodge», René de Berval, ''Présence du Bouddhisme'', Paris, Gallimard, 1987, pp.535–551, pp.537, 538; Amarajiva Lochan, "India and Thailand: Early Trade Routes and Sea Ports", S.K. Maity, Upendra Thakur, A.K. Narain (eds,), ''Studies in Orientology: Essays in Memory of Prof. A.L. Basham'', Agra, Y.K. Publishers, 1988, pp.222–235, pp.222, 229–230; Prapod Assavavirulhakarn, ''The Ascendancy of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia'', Chieng Mai, Silkworm Books, 2010, p.55</ref> Among the [[Khmer Krom]] of the lower Mekong region the belief is held that they are the descendants of ancient Funan, the core of Suvarnabhumi/Suvarnadvipa, which covered a vast extent of Southeast Asia including present day Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Burma, Malaya, Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia.<ref>Philip Taylor, ''The Khmer lands of Vietnam: Environment, Cosmology, and Sovereignty'', Honolulu, Asian Studies Association of Australia in association with University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2014, pp.36–37, 65, 67, 271.</ref> In December 2017, Dr Vong Sotheara, of the Royal University of Phnom Penh, discovered a Pre-Angkorian stone inscription in the Province of [[Kampong Speu Province|Kampong Speu]] Baset District, which he tentatively dated to 633 CE. According to him, the inscription would “prove that Suvarnabhumi was the Khmer Empire.” The inscription, translated, read: “The great King Isanavarman is full of glory and bravery. He is the King of Kings, who rules over Suvarnabhumi until the sea, which is the border, while the kings in the neighbouring states honour his order to their heads”.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national-post-depth-arts-culture/was-cambodia-home-asias-ancient-land-gold?amp;utm_campaign=df3646b64e-20180105&utm_medium=email& |title=Rinith Taing, "Was Cambodia home to Asia's ancient 'Land of Gold'?", ''The Phnom Penh Post,'' 5 January, 2018. |access-date=14 May 2024 |archivedate=6 June 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606183723/https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national-post-depth-arts-culture/was-cambodia-home-asias-ancient-land-gold?amp;utm_campaign=df3646b64e-20180105&utm_medium=email& |url-status=deviated }}</ref>

===Theories of origin and Indianisation===
===Invented theories of origin===

Huntian

The [[Book of Liang]] records a local legend to document Funan's origin, that of the foundation of Funan by the foreigner Hùntián ({{lang|zh-hant|混塡}}, [[Middle Chinese]] pronunciation /ɦwənx tɦian/): "He came from the southern country Jiào ({{lang|zh-hant|徼}}, an unidentified location, perhaps on the Malaysian Peninsula or in the Indonesian archipelago) after dreaming that his personal genie had delivered a divine bow to him and had directed him to embark on a large merchant junk. In the morning, he proceeded to the temple, where he found a bow at the foot of the genie's tree. He then boarded a ship, which the genie caused to land in Fúnán. The queen of the country, Liǔyè ({{lang|zh-hant|柳葉}}, "Willow Leaf"; [[Queen Soma]], [[Middle Chinese]]: ''Iiu-iap'') wanted to pillage the ship and seize it, so Hùntián shot an arrow from his divine bow which pierced through Liǔyè's ship.<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|37}} Frightened, she gave herself up, and Hùntián took her for his wife. But unhappy to see her naked, he folded a piece of material to make a garment through which he made her pass her head. Then he governed the country and passed power on to his son,<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|37}} who was the founder of seven cities." Nearly the same story appeared in the Jìn shū {{lang|zh-hant|晉書}} ([[Book of Jin]]), compiled by [[Fang Xuanling|Fáng Xuánlíng]] in 648 CE; however, in the Book of Jin the names given to the foreign conqueror and his native wife are "Hùnhuì" {{lang|zh-hant|混湏}} and "Yèliǔ" {{lang|zh-hant|葉柳}}.

Some scholars have identified the conqueror Hùntián of the [[Book of Liang]] with the Brahmin Kauṇḍinya who married a nāga (snake) princess named Somā, as set forth in a [[Sanskrit]] inscription found at [[Mỹ Sơn]]<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|37}} and dated 658 CE (see below). Other scholars<ref>Vickery, "Funan reviewed", p. 197</ref> have rejected this identification, pointing out that the word "Hùntián" has only two syllables, while the word "Kauṇḍinya" has three, and arguing that Chinese scholars would not have used a two-syllable Chinese word to transcribe a three-syllable word from another language.<ref>Edwin George Pulleyblank, ''Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in early Middle Chinese, and early mandarin'', Vancouver: UBC Press 1991, pp. 135 and 306</ref> Historian O.W. Wolters states that it was rather the Indianized local Southeast Asian traders, not Indian Brahmins, who provided the initial contact with Indian cultural traditions and the local rulers followed up.<ref>Keneth Hall, ''The “Indianization” of Funan: An Economic History of Southeast Asia's First State''(1982),"O.W. Wolters has stressed a mutual sharing process in the evolution of Indianized statecraft in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian traders provided the initial contact with and knowledge of the Indian cultural traditions. Southeast Asian rulers followed up; thus, the Indianizing of their realm was due not to commercial pressures not to a massive influx of Indian Brahmans, but to a recognition that Indian culture provided certain opportunities for administrative and technological advancement. The initial era of trade contact was one of adaption and learning...It was a Southeast Asian initiative, not Indian; and it was a slow process of cultural synthesis, not rapid imposition of Hinduism made possible by a massive influx of Brahmans that was responsible for the Indianization of Southeast Asia....Hindu traditions was this selectively mobilized to reinforce political alliances within the fragile polity of these early states."</ref>

[[File:Funan stele.JPG|thumb|This [[stele]] found at [[Tháp Mười]] in [[Đồng Tháp Province]], Vietnam and now located in the Museum of History in [[Ho Chi Minh City]] is one of the few extant writings that can be attributed confidently to the kingdom of Funan. The text is in [[Sanskrit]], written in [[Grantha script]] of the [[Pallava dynasty]], dated to the mid-5th century CE, and tells of a donation in honour of [[Vishnu]] by a Prince Gunavarman of the Kaundinya lineage.]] The Sanskrit inscription (K.5) of Tháp Mười (known as "Prasat Pram Loven" in Khmer), which is now on display in the [[Museum of Vietnamese History]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City]], refers to a Prince Guṇavarman, younger son (''nṛpasunu—bālo pi'') of a king Ja[yavarman] who was "the moon of the Kauṇḍinya line (''...{{nbsp}}kauṇḍi[n]ya[vaṅ]śaśaśinā{{nbsp}}...'') and chief "of a realm wrested from the mud".<ref>Georges Cœdès, "Études Cambodgiennes XXV: Deux inscriptions sanskrites du Fou-nan", pp. 2–8</ref>

The legend of Kaundinya is paralleled in modern Khmer folklore, where the foreign prince is known as "Preah Thaong" and the queen as "Neang Neak". In this version of the story, Preah Thaong arrives by sea to an island marked by a giant thlok tree, native to Cambodia. On the island, he finds the home of the [[nāga]]s and meets Neang Neak, daughter of the nāga king. He marries her with blessings from her father and returns to the human world. The nāga king drinks the sea around the island and confers the name "Kampuchea Thipdei", which is derived from the Sanskrit (''Kambujādhipati'') and may be translated into English as "the lord of Cambodia". In another version, it is stated that Preah Thaong fights Neang Neak.<ref>Rudiger Gaudes, ''Kaundinya, Preah Thong, and the Nagi Soma: Some Aspects of a Cambodian Legend'', p. 337</ref><ref>Eveline Poree-Maspero, ''Nouvelle Etude sur la Nagi Soma'', pp. 239 & 246</ref><ref>[[R. C. Majumdar]], ''Kambuja-Desa or An Ancient Cambodian Colony in Cambodia'', pp. 18–19</ref>

Kaundinya II
[[File:Ruins of Nam Linh Son archaeological site, Oc Eo.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Nam Linh Son, [[Oc Eo]]]]

Even if the Chinese "Hùntián" is not the proper transcription of the Sanskrit "Kaundinya", the name "Kaundinya" [Kauṇḍinya, Koṇḍañña, Koṇḍinya, etc.] is nevertheless an important one in the history of Funan. Chinese sources mention another person of the name "Qiáochénrú" ({{lang|zh-hant|僑陳如}}).<ref>Hackmann, ''Erklären des Wörterbuch zum chinesischen Buddhismus'', p. 80, s. v. ''Chiao-ch'ên-ju''</ref> A person of that name is mentioned in the [[Book of Liang]] in a story that appears somewhat after the story of Hùntián.

According to this source, Qiáochénrú was one of the successors of the king Tiānzhú Zhāntán ({{lang|zh-hant|天竺旃檀}}, "Candana from India"), a ruler of Funan who in the year 357 CE sent tamed elephants as tribute to [[Emperor Mu of Jin]] (r. 344–361); personal name: Sīmǎ Dān ({{lang|zh-hant|司馬聃}}): "He [Qiáochénrú] was originally a Brahmin from India. There a voice told him: 'you must go reign over Fúnán,' and he rejoiced in his heart. In the south, he arrived at [[Pan Pan (kingdom)|Pánpán]] ({{lang|zh-hant|盤盤}}). The people of Fúnán appeared to him; the whole kingdom rose up with joy, went before him, and chose him king. He changed all the laws to conform to the system of India."

====Interpretation of the myths====

Keneth Hall remarks that the basic details of the Chinese legend are reiterated elsewhere in Indian and Southeast Asian folklore.<ref>Keneth Hall, ''The “Indianization” of Funan: An Economic History of Southeast Asia's First State''(1982),"The legend focuses upon the marriage between the foreigner, bearing the Indian name "Kaundinya"-a great Brahman, and a local Nagi princess, daughter of the ruler of the water realm. This legend is broadly used to symbolise the union of Indian and indigenous cultures, Kaundinya representing the more sophisticated Indian culture and religion and the Navi princess symbolic of local ways and indigenous fertility cults. The marriage myth attempts to explain not only the penetration of Indian culture into Southeast Asia, but also the origin of Southeast Asian kingship. Historians have not, however, been in agreement on its interpretation."</ref>

The historian Gabriel Ferrand believed that some Indian merchants might have immigrated to the region and established relations with the natives and that's how the myth emerged.<ref>Keneth Hall, ''The “Indianization” of Funan: An Economic History of Southeast Asia's First State''(1982), "A classical account of the process symbolized in the Kaundinya myth is provided in the historical reconstruction by the French historian Gabriel Ferrand: "The true picture must have been something like this: two or three Indian vessels sailing together arrived there. The newcomers established relations with the chiefs of the country, earning favor with them by means of presents, treatment of illnesses, and amulets...No one could use such procedures better than an Indian. He would undoubtedly pass himself off as a royal or princely extraction, and his host could not help but be favorably impressed."."</ref> Some Indian historians have taken this myth to extreme length and speculate that a large population of South Asians colonized Funan.<ref>Keneth Hall, ''The “Indianization” of Funan: An Economic History of Southeast Asia's First State''(1982),"Ferrand's theme of Indians travelling to Southeast Asia and providing guidance over a cultural transformation is carried to the extreme by several Indian historians who have argued that large number of South Asians not only migrated to but also colonized Funan and other early centers of civilization in Southeast Asia."</ref> Dutch historian J.C. van Leur stressed that it was the local rulers who recognized the benefits of associating with their relatively advanced social technologies and drew from the Indian traditions by encouraging migration of Brahmin clerks to help with the administration.<ref>Keneth Hall, ''The “Indianization” of Funan: An Economic History of Southeast Asia's First State''(1982), p. 84</ref>

As per O.W. Wolters, there was a mutual sharing process in the evolution of Indianized statecraft and no mass influx of Brahmans. He said that it was rather the Indianized local Southeast Asian traders who provided the initial contact with Indian cultural traditions and the local rulers followed up. He also stated that Hindu traditions was selectively mobilized by the local rulers to strengthen the political alliances among fragile polity of the states in that period.<ref>Keneth Hall, ''The “Indianization” of Funan: An Economic History of Southeast Asia's First State''(1982),"O.W. Wolters has stressed a mutual sharing process in the evolution of Indianized statecraft in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian traders provided the initial contact with and knowledge of the Indian cultural traditions. Southeast Asian rulers followed up; thus, the Indianizing of their realm was due not to commercial pressures not to a massive influx of Indian Brahmans, but to a recognition that Indian culture provided certain opportunities for administrative and technological advancement. The initial era of trade contact was one of adaption and learning...It was a Southeast Asian initiative, not Indian; and it was a slow process of cultural synthesis, not rapid imposition of Hinduism made possible by a massive influx of Brahmans that was responsible for the Indianization of Southeast Asia....Hindu traditions was this selectively mobilized to reinforce political alliances within the fragile polity of these early states."</ref>

===Apex and decline of Funan===
Successive rulers following Hun-t'ien included Hun-p'an-huang, P'an-p'an, and then Fan Shih-man, "Great King of Funan", who "had large ships built, and sailing all over the immense sea he attacked more than ten kingdoms{{nbsp}}... he extended his territory five or six thousand [[li (unit)|li]]." Fan Shih-man died on a military expedition to Chin-lin, "Frontier of Gold". He was followed by Chin-cheng, Fan Chan, Ch'ang and then Fan Hsun, in successive assassinations. Before his death, Fan Chan sent embassies to India and China in 243.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|38,40,42,46,56,59–60}}<ref name=Higham2>Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|9786167339443}}</ref>{{rp|283–284–285}}

Around 245, Funan was described as having "walled villages, palaces, and dwellings. They devote themselves to agriculture{{nbsp}}... they like to engrave ornaments and chisel. Many of their eating utensils are silver. Taxes are paid in gold, silver, pearls, perfumes. There are books and depositories of archives and other things." The Indianised ruler Chan-T'an was ruling in 357, followed by another Indianised ruler Chiao Chen-ju (Kaundinya) in the fifth century, who "changed all the laws to conform to the system of India." In 480, She-yeh-pa-mo, Jayavarman or "Protege of Victory" reigned until his death in 514. One of his sons, Rudravarman, killed the other, Gunavarman, for the throne, and became the last king of Funan.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|38,40,42,46,56,59–60}}<ref name=Higham2/>{{rp|283–284–285}}

Funan reached the apex of its power under the 3rd-century king Fan Shiman ({{zh|p=Fàn Shīmàn}}). Fan Shiman expanded his empire's navy and improved the Funanese bureaucracy, creating a quasi-feudal pattern that left local customs and identities largely intact, particularly in the empire's further reaches. Fan Shiman and his successors also sent ambassadors to China and India to regulate sea trade. The kingdom likely accelerated the process of [[Indianisation (British India)|Indianization]] of Southeast Asia. Later kingdoms of Southeast Asia such as [[Chenla]] may have emulated the Funanese court. The Funanese established a strong system of mercantilism and commercial monopolies that would become a pattern for empires in the region.<ref name="Stark, M. T. 2006">Stark, M. T. (2006). From Funan to Angkor: Collapse and regeneration in ancient Cambodia. After collapse: The regeneration of complex societies, 144–167.</ref>

Funan's dependence on maritime trade is seen as a cause for the beginning of Funan's downfall. Their coastal ports allowed trade with foreign regions that funnelled goods to the north and coastal populations. However, the shift in maritime trade to Sumatra, the rise in the Srivijaya trade empire, and the taking of trade routes all throughout Southeast Asia by China, leads to economic instability in the south, and forces politics and economy northward.<ref name="Stark, M. T. 2006"/>

Funan was superseded and absorbed in the 6th century by the [[Khmer people|Khmer]] polity of the [[Chenla Kingdom]] (Zhenla).<ref name="Ray2009">{{cite book|author=Nick Ray|title=Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos & the Greater Mekong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0smGIn5WJhEC&q=funan+mountain+kings&pg=PA30|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-174-7|pages=30–}}</ref> "The king had his capital in the city of T'e-mu. Suddenly his city was subjugated by Chenla, and he had to migrate south to the city of Nafuna" ([[Middle Chinese]]: ''*nâ-piiidt-nâ'').<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|65}}

The ''[[Book of Sui]]'' (complied in 636) states: "The Kingdom of [[Zhenla]] is to the southwest of Linyi and was originally subject to Funan… The surname of its [former] king was that of the Cha-li clan; his given name was Zhiduo-si-na 質多斯那. His ancestors had gradually become more powerful and flourishing until the time of Zhi-duo-sina himself, who annexed Funan and possessed it." The ''[[New Book of Tang]]'' (c. 1060) tells that "Yīshēnàxiāndài (伊奢那先代), son of Citrasena-[[Mahendravarman (Chenla)|Mahendravarman]], subdued Funan and annexed Funan territory in the beginning of the Zhenguan era (627–649) [when [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]]
ruled]."

The first inscription in the Khmer language is dated shortly after the fall of Funan. A concentration of later Khmer inscriptions in southern Cambodia may suggest the even earlier presence of a Khmer population.<ref>Michael Vickery,"What to Do about The Khmers", ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'' 27, 2, 1996. p. 390,</ref> Despite absence of compelling evidence as to the ethnicity of the Funanese, modern scholar Michael Vickery has stated that "on present evidence it is impossible to assert that Funan as an area and its dominant groups were anything but Khmer".<ref>Michael Vickery, "Funan Reviewed: Deconstructing the Ancients", p.125</ref>

===Rump states elsewhere===
According to British Historian Robert Nichol,<ref name="Nicholl">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174317?seq=4 Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl] p. 35 citing Ferrand. Relations, page 564-65. Tibbets, Arabic Texts, pg 47.</ref>{{rp|36}} When Funan kingdom collapsed under Khmer invasions, during the year 680, the [[Sailendra Dynasty]] set up rump states of Funan in the small [[History of Sarawak|kingdoms of Sarawak]] in Borneo across the South China sea, from Funan.<ref name="Nicholl" />{{rp|36}} He also posited blood relations with the [[Kedatuan of Madja-as|Visayans in the Philippines]] with the Vijaya of Sarawak<ref name="Nicholl" />{{rp|36}} which in turn cause them to be related to Funan people as well as the [[Srivijaya Empire]].

===Legacy===
The "King of the mountain" was the monarch of Funan.<ref name="Ramirez-Faria2007">{{cite book|author=Carlos Ramirez-Faria|title=Concise Encyclopedia Of World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&q=funan+mountain+kings&pg=PA106|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0775-5|pages=106–}}</ref><ref name="Hal1985">{{cite book|author=Kenneth R. Hal|title=Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ&q=funan+mountain+kings|year=1985|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0843-3|page=63}}</ref><ref name="Yamamoto1990">{{cite book|author=Chikyō Yamamoto|title=Introduction to Buddhist art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsufAAAAMAAJ&q=funan+mountain+kings|year=1990|publisher=International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85179-44-5|page=121}}</ref><ref name="Tadgell2015">{{cite book|author=Christopher Tadgell|title=The East: Buddhists, Hindus and the Sons of Heaven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaTbCgAAQBAJ&q=funan+mountain+kings&pg=PA345|date=23 October 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-75384-8|pages=345–}}</ref> There was a mountain regarded as holy.<ref name="Wavell1988">{{cite book|author=Stewart Wavell|title=The Naga King's Daughter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrNuAAAAMAAJ&q=funan+mountain+kings|year=1988|publisher=Antara Book Company|isbn=978-967-80-0023-9|page=12}}</ref><ref name="Hal1985"/> Mountain in Khmer sounds similar to Funan.<ref name="RayBloom2010">{{cite book|author1=Nick Ray|author2=Greg Bloom|author3=Daniel Robinson|title=Cambodia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDVC3QCjQqsC&q=funan+mountain+kings&pg=PA26|year=2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74220-319-5|pages=26–}}</ref><ref name="Braginsky2014">{{cite book|author=Vladimir Braginsky|title=Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&q=funan+mountain+kings&pg=PA143|date=18 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-84879-7|pages=143–}}</ref><ref name="RayRobinson2008">{{cite book|author1=Nick Ray|author2=Daniel Robinson|title=Cambodia. Ediz. Inglese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UTelRMB4BAC&q=funan+mountain+kings&pg=PA26|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|pages=26–|id=GGKEY:ALKFLS6LY8Y}}</ref>

The Java-based [[Sailendra]]s claimed that the Funan monarchs were their ancestors. Cambodia was taken control of after a sojourn in Java by [[Jayavarman II]].<ref name="Society1934">{{cite book|author=Greater India Society|title=Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onEZAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya|year=1934|page=69}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chamber's Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v_XAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya|year=1968|publisher=International Learnings Systems|page=764}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia Americana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbYPAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya|year=1976|publisher=Americana Corporation|isbn=978-0-7172-0107-5|page=204}}</ref>

The "Mountain Kings" of Funan were claimed as the forebears of the [[Malacca Sultanate]] and [[Brunei Sultanate]].<ref name="Vienne2015">{{cite book|author=Marie-Sybille de Vienne|title=Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfpIBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|date=9 March 2015|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-818-8|pages=43–}}</ref><ref name="Saunders2013">{{cite book|author=Graham Saunders|title=A History of Brunei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUv8AQAAQBAJ&q=funan+mountain+kings&pg=PA8|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-87394-2|pages=8–}}</ref>

==Society==
[[File:Bodhisattva Lokeshvara of My Tho.jpg|thumb|upright|Bodhisattva Lokeshvara of Phnom Da style (7th century), [[Mỹ Tho]]. Guimet Museum]]
Keeping in mind that Funanese records did not survive in the modern period, much of what is known came from archaeological excavation. Excavations yielded discoveries of brick wall structures, precious metals and pot from southern Cambodia and Vietnam. Also found was a large canal system that linked the settlements of Angkor Borei and coastal outlets; this suggests a highly organised government.<ref name="Charles Holcombe p. 280">Charles Holcombe, ''Trade Buddhism: Maritime trade, immigration, and the Buddhist landfall in early Japan'', p. 280</ref> Funan was a complex and sophisticated society with a high population density, advanced technology, and a complex social system.

===Capital===
[[File:Wat_asram_moha_russei.jpg|thumb|A temple at the archaeological site of [[Angkor Borei]] ]]
On the assumption that Funan was a single unified polity, scholars have advanced various linguistic arguments about the location of its "capital".
* One theory, based on the presumed connection between the word "Funan" and the Khmer word "phnom", locates the capital in the vicinity of Ba Phnoṃ near the modern Cambodian town of Banam in [[Prey Veng Province]].
* Another theory, propounded by [[George Coedès]], is that the capital was a town identified in [[Angkorian]] inscriptions as "Vyādhapura" (''City of the Hunter'').<ref>Coedès, ''The Indianized States of Southeast Asia'', pp.36 ff.</ref> Coedès based his theory on a passage in the Chinese histories which identified the capital as "Temu" ({{lang|zh-hant|特牧}}, {{zh|p=Tèmù}}); Coedès claimed this name represented a transcription from the Khmer word "dalmāk", which he translated as "hunter." This theory has been rejected by other scholars on the grounds that "dalmāk" means "trapper", not "hunter".<ref>Michael Vickery, ''Society, Economics, and Politics in pre-Angkor Cambodia: The 7th–8th centuries'', pp. 36 ff.</ref>

Unfortunately, only limited archaeological research has been conducted on Funan in southern Cambodia and Cochinchina in the last few decades, and it is precisely this region that reputedly housed the capital or capitals of Funan.<ref>Miriam T. Stark, ''et al.'', [http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/AP1999%20article.pdf "Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172419/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/AP1999%20article.pdf |date=23 September 2015 }}, ''Asian Perspectives'', vol.38, no.1, 1999, at University of Hawai’i, pp.7ff.</ref> However, archaeological surveys and excavations were carried out by joint Cambodian (Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts; Royal University of Fine Arts) and international teams at Angkor Borei since 1994 continuing into the 2000s. The research included excavation and dating of human burials at Wat Kamnou. Numerous brick features, architectural remains, and landscape features such as mounds, canals and reservoirs have also been identified.

Some have been dated with a wide spectrum of results ranging from the late centuries BCE to the Angkorian period. A significant canal system linking the site of Oc Eo has also been researched and dated. Phon Kaseka led a Royal Academy of Cambodia and Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts team (also with Royal University of Fine Arts personnel) conducted Iron Age to Funan period burial excavations at neighboring Phnom Borei. Large landscape features, notable settlement mounds, and other sites exhibiting Funan material culture and settlement patterns extend from at least Phnom Chisor through Oc Eo and numerous sites in Vietnam. Vietnamese archaeologists have also conducted a fair amount of research on Funan sites in the lower Mekong region.

Many of the mounds show evidence of material culture and landscape modification (inclusive of species-genera biological regimes) ranging from the metal age through the post-Angkorian period and later as evidenced by 13th through 16th century CE Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, and Cham ceramics. The evidence suggests a 2000-year or longer period of urbanization, continuous activity, and relatively strong albeit indirect and multi-nodal connections to long-distance value chains. Nevertheless, it is quite evident that periods of intense production, consumption, activity, commercial and political centrality fluctuated.

The Funan period seems to have been the heyday and Angkor Borei may have been Funan's premiere capital for much of that period. However, many of the settlements did not necessarily spring up out of nowhere or vanish quickly. They were certainly well integrated into pre-Funan, Funan, Zhenla [Chenla], Angkorian and post-Angkorian socio-economic and political networks. The urbanization and networking processes demonstrate significant continuity, evolution and longevity before and after the typical first to sixth century CE historic classification scheme.

===Culture===
[[File:Oc Eo Culture Gold Foil 2.jpg|thumb|Gold foil at [[Oc Eo]]|alt=|left]]
{{multiple image|right
| image1 = Oc-Eo Culture (9980748446).jpg
| width1 = 100
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Wooden Buddha statue
| image2 = Oc-Eo Culture (9980758426).jpg
| width2 = 100
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Funanese Sanskrit inscription
| image3 = Oc-Eo Culture (9980754756).jpg
| width3 = 100
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Funan [[Lingam]]
| image4 = Oc-Eo Culture (9980812933).jpg
| width4 = 100
| alt4 =
| caption4 = Funanese Buddha statue
}}

Archaeological evidence largely corresponds to Chinese records. The Chinese described the Funanese as people who lived on [[stilt house]]s, cultivated rice and sent tributes of gold, silver, ivory and exotic animals.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Pelliot |first= Paul | author-link1 = Paul Pelliot |date= 1903 |title=Le Fou-nan |url= http://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1903_num_3_1_1216| access-date = 22 October 2017 |language= fr |journal= Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume= 3 |pages= 248–303 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1903.1216}}</ref>

Kang Tai's report was unflattering to Funanese civilisation, though Chinese court records show that a group of Funanese musicians visited China in 263 CE. The Chinese emperor was so impressed that he ordered the establishment of an institute for Funanese music near [[Nanking]].<ref>D.R.Sardesai, ''Southeast Asia: Past And Present'', 3rd ed. 1994, Westview Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8133-1706-9}}, p.23</ref> The Funanese were reported to have extensive book collections and archives throughout their country, demonstrating a high level of scholarly achievements.

Two Buddhist monks from Funan, named Mandrasena and [[Sanghapala]],<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|58,92}} took up residency in China in the 5th to 6th centuries, and translated several Buddhist sūtras from Sanskrit (or a [[prakrit]]) into Chinese.<ref name="T'oung Pao 1958. p. 185">''T'oung Pao: International Journal of Chinese Studies.'' 1958. p. 185</ref> Among these texts is the [[Mahayana]] ''Saptaśatikā [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]] Sūtra'', also called the ''Mahāprajñāpāramitā Mañjuśrīparivarta Sūtra''.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0010.html|title=The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog (T 232)}}</ref> This text was separately translated by both monks.<ref name="T'oung Pao 1958. p. 185"/> The [[bodhisattva]] [[Manjusri|Mañjuśrī]] is a prominent figure in this text.

===Economy===
{{multiple image|right
| image1 = Oc-Eo Culture (9980677234).jpg
| total_width = 400
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Aureus]]
| image2 = Oc-Eo Culture (9980665485).jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Funanese gold
| image3 = Oc-Eo Culture (9980690904).jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Funanese jewelry
| footer = Funanese gold objects. Left: A local imitation of [[aureus]] issued by [[Commodus]]. Legend: L(ucius) AEL(ius) AVREL(ius) COMMO(odus)
AUG(ustus) P(ius) FEL(ix)
}}

[[File:Oc Eo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A view of Mount Ba The, Oc Eo, An Giang Province, Vietnam]]
Funan was Southeast Asia's first great economy. It became prosperous through maritime trade and agriculture. The kingdom apparently minted its own silver coinage, bearing the image of the [[crested argus]] or [[Hamsa (bird)|hamsa]] bird.<ref>Lương Ninh, "Óc Eo – Cảng thị quốc tế của Vương quốc Phù Nam (Óc Eo – International Trade Port of Funnan Kingdom)", ''Khảo cổ học / Vietnam Archaeology'', 3, 2011, pp.39–44.</ref>

Funan came into prominence at a time when the trade route from India to China consisted of a maritime leg from India to the [[Isthmus of Kra]], the narrow portion of the Malay peninsula, a portage across the isthmus, and then a coast-hugging journey by ship along the [[Gulf of Siam]], past the Mekong Delta, and along the Vietnamese coast to China. Funanese kings of the 2nd century conquered polities on the isthmus itself, and thus may have controlled the entire trade route from Malaysia to central Vietnam.

The Funanese settlement of [[Óc Eo]], located near the Straits of Malacca, provided a port-of-call and entrepot for this international trade route. Archaeological evidence discovered at what may have been the commercial centre of Funan at Óc Eo includes [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] as well as [[Sasanian Empire|Persian]], [[History of India|Indian]], and [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] artefacts.<ref>Jame DiBiasio, ''The Story of Angkor,'' Chiang Mai (Thailand), Silkworm Books, 2013, p.10.</ref> The German classical scholar Albrecht Dihle believed that Funan's main port, was the [[Kattigara]] referred to by the 2nd century Alexandrian geographer [[Ptolemy]] as the emporium where merchants from the Chinese and Roman empires met to trade. Dihle also believed that the location of Óc Eo best fit the details given by Ptolemy of a voyage made by a Graeco-Roman merchant named Alexander to Kattigara, situated at the easternmost end of the maritime trade route from the eastern Roman Empire.<ref>Albrecht Dihle, "Serer und Chinesen", in ''Antike und Orient: Gesammelte Aufsätze'', Heidelberg, Carl Winter, 1984, S.209.</ref>

Georges Coedès said: "Fu-nan occupied a key position with regard to the maritime trade routes, and was inevitably a port of call both for the navigators who went through the Straits of Malacca and for those – probably more numerous – who made the transit over one of the isthmuses of the Malay Peninsula. Fu-nan may even have been the terminus of voyages from the Eastern Mediterranean, if it is the case that the Kattigara mentioned by Ptolemy was situated on the western coast of Indochina on the Gulf of Siam".<ref>Georges Coedès, ''Les Peuples de la Péninsule Indochinoise: Histoire – Civilisations'', Paris, Dunod, 1962, pp.62, translated by H. M. Wright, ''The Making of South East Asia'', Berkeley, University of California Press, 1966, p. 58-59</ref>
{{multiple image|right
| image1 = Oc-Eo_Culture_Foreign_Coins_(9980660425).jpg
| width1 = 100
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Greco-Indian
| image2 = Oc-Eo_Culture_foreign_coins_(9980725276).jpg
| width2 = 100
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Pyu
| image3 = Oc-Eo_Culture_coins_(9980723986).jpg
| width3 = 100
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Indian
| image4 = Oc-Eo_Culture_Jewelry_(9980667295).jpg
| width4 = 100
| alt4 =
| caption4 = Funanese beads
| footer = First three: silver coins of foreign origin traded in Funan.
}}

At Óc Eo, [[Roman currency|Roman coins]] were among the items of long-distance trade discovered by the French archaeologist [[Louis Malleret]] in the 1940s.<ref name="osborne 2006 pp24-25">Milton Osborne (2006), ''The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future'', Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin, revised edition, first published in 2000, {{ISBN|1-74114-893-6}}, pp 24–25.</ref> These include mid-2nd-century Roman golden [[medal]]lions from the reigns of [[Antoninus Pius]], and his adopted son and heir [[Marcus Aurelius]].<ref name="young 2001 p 29">Gary K. Young (2001), ''Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BCE – CE 305'', London & New York: Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-24219-3}}, p. 29.</ref> From Óc Eo, archaeologists also found a fine gold pendant imitation of a ''[[aureus]]'' of Antoninus minted in {{circa}} 152 CE with caption ANTONINVS AVG PIVS (Antoninus Aug(ustus) Pius) and portrait of the emperor turning left. Similar gold sheet discs that imitated Roman coins minted by local Funanese also are rediscovered, included imitations of aureus of Antoninus (minted in {{circa}} 155–158), [[Commodus]] ({{circa}} 192), [[Septimius Severus]] ({{circa}} 198–202), perhaps the minting techniques were brought by traders including those from the Roman Empire.<ref>{{citation| surname = Borell | given = Brigitte | author-mask = | chapter =The Power of Images – Coin Portraits of Roman Emperors on Jewellery Pendants in Early Southeast Asia| pages = 7–44| title =Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen (6)| editor-given1 =| editor-surname1 = | editor-given2 = | editor-surname2 =| location = | publisher = Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie| year = 2014}}</ref> It is perhaps no small coincidence that the first [[Sino-Roman relations|Roman embassy]] from "[[Daqin]]" recorded in Chinese history is dated 166 CE, allegedly sent by a Roman ruler named "Andun" ({{lang-zh|t=安敦}}; corresponding with the names Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) and arriving through the [[Han dynasty|Eastern Han Empire's]] southernmost frontier province of [[Jiaozhi]] in northern Vietnam.<ref name="young 2001 p 29"/><ref>Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations", in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds), ''The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220'', 377–462, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 460–461, {{ISBN|978-0-521-24327-8}}.</ref><ref>de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007). ''A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)''. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 600, {{ISBN|978-90-04-15605-0}}.</ref><ref name="halsall 2000">{{cite web|orig-year=1998|date=2000|author=Paul Halsall|editor=Jerome S. Arkenberg|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html |title=East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E. |publisher=[[Fordham University]]|website=Fordham.edu|access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref>

In addition to trade, Funan also benefited from a sophisticated agricultural system that included use of an elaborate system of water storage and irrigation. The Funanese population was concentrated mainly along the rivers of the [[Mekong Delta]]; the area was a natural region for the development of an economy based on fishing and [[rice cultivation]].

===Foreign relations===
[[File:Funan (扶南國) 526-539 CE.png|thumb|upright| Envoy of Funan (扶南國) to the [[Liang dynasty]]. Part of "Entrance of the Foreign Visitors of Emperor Yuan of Liang" (梁元帝番客入朝圖) by the painter Gu Deqian (顧德謙) of the Southern Tang dynasty (937–976 CE).]]
Little is known about Funan's political history apart from its relations with China. The Funanese had diplomatic relations and traded with the [[Eastern Wu]] and [[Liang dynasty|Liang]] dynasties of southern China.<ref name="Charles Holcombe p. 280"/> Contact with Southeast Asia began after the [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty]], and the [[Han conquest of Nanyue|annexation of Nanyue]] and other kingdoms situated in southern China. Goods imported or modelled on those from China, like bronze axes, have been excavated in Cambodia. An Eastern Wu embassy was sent from China to Funan in 228.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Gernet|title=A History of Chinese Civilization|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49781-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern_0/page/126 126–127, 196–197]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern_0/page/126}}</ref> A brief conflict is recorded to have happened in the 270s, when Funan and its neighbour, [[Lâm Ấp|Linyi]], joined forces to attack the area of [[Tonkin|Tongking]] (Vietnamese: Đông Kinh, "eastern capital"), located in what is now modern [[Northern Vietnam]] (which was a Chinese colony at the time).

Funan maintained diplomatic relations with the [[Murunda dynasty]] of northern [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] during 3rd cen CE, when King Dhamadamadhara (Dharmatamadharasya) of Murunda received envoy Su-Wu who represented King Fan Chan of Funan (225–250 CE).<ref name="Pelliot" >{{cite journal |last=Pelliot |first=Paul |author-link1= Paul Pelliot |date=1903 |title=Le Fou-nan |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1903_num_3_1_1216 |access-date=12 April 2021 |language=fr |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=3 |page=292 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1903.1216 }}</ref><ref name="GCoedes" >{{cite book |last= Coedès |first= George |editor=Walter F. Vella |others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/115019/2/b11055005.pdf |year=1968 |pages=46–47 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1 }}</ref><ref name="review" >{{citation |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/32-38.pdf |title=Kalinga and Funan : A Study in Ancient Relations |author=Benudhar Patra |date=November 2011 |publisher=Orissa Review |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302022951/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/32-38.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to Chinese sources, Funan was eventually conquered and absorbed by its vassal polity [[Chenla]] (pinyin: Zhēnlà). Chenla was a Khmer polity, and its inscriptions are in both Sanskrit and in Khmer. The last known ruler of Funan was Rudravarman ({{lang|zh-hant|留陁跋摩}}, pinyin: {{lang|zh-latn|Liútuóbámó}}) who ruled from 514 up to c. 545 CE.

The French historian [[Georges Coedès]] once hypothesized a relation between the rulers of Funan and the [[Shailendra dynasty]] of [[Indonesia]]. Coedès believed that the title of "mountain lord" used by the Sailendra kings may also have been used by the kings of Funan, since he also believed that the name "Funan" was a Chinese transcription related to the Khmer "phnom", which means "mountain."<ref>Cœdès, ''The Indianized States of Southeast Asia'', p.36.</ref> Other scholars have rejected this hypothesis, pointing to the lack of evidence in early Cambodian epigraphy for the use of any such titles.<ref>Vickery, ''Funan Reviewed'', pp.103, 132–133.</ref>

People who came from the coast of Funan are also known to establish [[Chi Tu]] (the Red Earth Kingdom) in the Malay Peninsula. The Red Earth Kingdom is thought to be a derivation nation of Funan with its own kind of Khmer culture.

==List of rulers of Funan==
{| class="wikitable"
! Order
! Sanskrit Name
! Names in Chinese Texts
! Reign
|-
| 01
| Neang Neak ([[Queen Soma]])
| Liǔyè ({{lang|zh-hant|柳葉}})
| align="centre" |1st/2nd century?
|-
| 02
| Preah Thong ([[Kaundinya I]])
| Hùntián ({{lang|zh-hant|混塡}}) / Hùnhuì ({{lang|zh-hant|混湏}})
| align="centre" |1st/2nd century
|-
| 03
| Unknown
| [[Pán Huàng]] / Hùnpánkuàng ({{lang|zh-hant|混盤況}})
| align="centre" |2nd century
|-
| 04
| Unknown
| Pánpán ({{lang|zh-hant|盤盤}})
| align="centre" |late 2nd century
|-
| 05
| [[Śrīmāraña]]
| Fàn Shīmàn ({{lang|zh-hant|范師蔓}})
| align="centre" |early 3rd century
|-
| 06
| Unknown
| Fàn Jīnshēng ({{lang|zh-hant|范金生}})
| align="centre" |c. 230?
|-
| 07
| Unknown
| Fàn Zhān ({{lang|zh-hant|范旃}})
| align="centre" |c. 230–c. 243 or later
|-
| 08
| Unknown
| Fàn Cháng ({{lang|zh-hant|范長}})
| align="centre" |after 243
|-
| 09
| Unknown
| Fàn Xún ({{lang|zh-hant|范尋}})
| align="centre" |245/250–287
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" |Unknown rulers
|-
| 10
| Candana
| Zhāntán ({{lang|zh-hant|旃檀}})
| align="centre" |c. 357
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" |Unknown rulers
|-
| 11
| Kaundinya II
| Qiáochénrú ({{lang|zh-hant|僑陳如}})
| align="centre" |c. 420
|-
| 12
| Sri Indravarman I
| Chílítuóbámó ({{lang|zh-hant|持梨陀跋摩}})
| align="centre" |c. 430–c. 440
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" |Unknown rulers
|-
| 13
| [[Jayavarman Kaundinya]]
| Qiáochénrú Shéyébámó ({{lang|zh-hant|僑陳如闍耶跋摩}})
| align="centre" |484–514
|-
| 14
| [[Rudravarman]]
| Liútuóbámó ({{lang|zh-hant|留陁跋摩}})
| align="centre" |514–c. 550
|-
|}

Source:<ref name="pelliot">{{Cite book |last=Sharan |first=Mahesh Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B886QamMBMC&pg=RA4-PA27 |title=Studies In Sanskrit Inscriptions Of Ancient Cambodia |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7017-006-8 |pages=27–28|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kattigara]]
* [[Mnong people]]
* [[Angkor Borei and Phnom Da]]
* [[Óc Eo]]
* [[Cát Tiên archaeological site]]
* [[Suvarnabhumi]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* George Cœdès, ''The Indianized States of Southeast Asia'' (translated from the French by Susan Brown Cowing). Honolulu: East West Center Press, 1968
* George Cœdès, "Études Cambodgiennes XXV: Deux inscriptions sanskrites du Fou-nan",''Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient'' XXXI (1931), pp. 1–12
* Louis Finot, "Notes d'Épigraphie XI: Les Inscriptions de Mi-so'n", ''Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient'' IV (1904), pp. 918–925
* Karl-Heinz Golzio, "Kauṇḍinya in Südostasien", in Martin Straube, Roland Steiner, Jayandra Soni, Michael Hahn and Mitsuyo Demoto (eds.) ''Pāsādikadānaṁ. Festschrift für Bhikkhu Pāsādika'', Marburg: Indica et Tibetica Verlag 2009, pp. 157–165
* Heinrich Hackmann, ''Erklärendes Wörterbuch zum chinesischen Buddhismus. Chinesisch-Sanskrit-deutsch. Von Heinrich Hackmann. Nach seinem handschriftlichen Nachlass überrbeitet von Johannes Nobel'', Leiden: E. J. Brill 1952
* Claude Jacques, "'Funan', 'Zhenla'. The reality concealed by these Chinese views of Indochina", in R. B. Smith and W. Watson (eds.), ''Early South East Asia: Essays in Archaeology, History, and Historical Geography'', New York, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp. 371–9.
* Claude Jacques,‘Funan: a major early Southeast Asian State’, in ''The Khmer Empire: Cities and Sanctuaries, Fifth to Thirteenth Century'', translated by Tom White, Bangkok, River Books, 2007, pp. 43–66.
* James C.M. Khoo (editor), ''Art & archaeology of Fu Nan: pre-Khmer Kingdom of the lower Mekong valley'', Bangkok, The Southeast Asian Ceramic Society, Orchid Press, 2003
* Lương Ninh, ''Vương quó̂c Phù Nam: lịch sử và văn hóa'' [Fu Nan: history and culture], Hà Nội, Viên văn hóa và Nhà xuât bản Văn hóa thông tin, 2005
* Lương Ninh, «Nước Chi Tôn», một quőc gia cở ở miển tây sông Hậu, ("Chi Tôn", an ancient state in the western bank of the Hậu river), ''Khảo cổ học'', ső 1, 1981, tr.38
* Pierre-Yves Manguin, "The archaeology of Fu Nan in the Mekong River Delta: the Oc Eo culture of Viet Nam", in Nancy Tingley and Andreas Reinecke, ''Arts of ancient Viet Nam: from River Plain to Open Sea'', Houston, Museum of Fine Arts, 2009, pp. 100–118.
* Pierre-Yves Manguin, "From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia", in ''25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient'', Jakarta, Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, 2002, p. 59–82.
* {{cite journal |last= Pelliot |first= Paul | author-link1 = Paul Pelliot |date= 1903 |title=Le Fou-nan |url= http://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1903_num_3_1_1216| access-date = October 22, 2017 |language= fr |journal= Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume= 3 |pages= 248–303 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1903.1216}}
* Miriam T. Stark, "From Funan to Angkor: Collapse and Regeneration in Ancient Cambodia", G. Schwartz, J. Nichols (eds.), ''After Collapse: The Regeneration of Societies'', University of Arizona Press, 2006, pp. 144–167.[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172421/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/From_Funan_to_Angkor.pdf]
* Michael Vickery, ''Society, Economics, and Politics in pre-Angkor Cambodia: The 7th–8th centuries''. Tokyo: The Center for East Asian Cultural Studies for Unesco, The Toyo Bunko, 1998
* {{cite web|author=Michael Vickery|title=Funan reviewed: Deconstructing the Ancients.|publisher=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient|volume=XC-XCI|date=2003–2004|pages=101–143|url=https://cdn.angkordatabase.asia/libs/docs/publications/funan-reviewed-deconstructing-the-ancients/funan-reviewed-vickery.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203074603/https://cdn.angkordatabase.asia/libs/docs/publications/funan-reviewed-deconstructing-the-ancients/funan-reviewed-vickery.pdf}}
* An Giang Province Bureau of Culture, Sport and Tourism, Office of Cultural Heritage; An Giang Province Management Commission for Oc Eo Cultural Relics, ''Di Sản Văn Hóa Phù Nam-Óc Eo, An Giang-Việt Nam: Thế kỷ I-VII'' (Phu Nam-Oc Eo Heritage, An Giang-Vietnam: 1st–7th Century), [Long Xuyên], An Giang, 2013.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Funan}}
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+kh0014) Library of Congress Country Studies: Cambodia]
* [https://siddham.network/object/k5stele/ SIDDHAM: the Asia inscriptions database]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623022837/https://siddham.network/object/k5stele/ |date=23 June 2020 }}.

{{coord missing|Asia}}

[[Category:Funan| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 60s]]
[[Category:550 disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 550s]]
[[Category:1st millennium in Cambodia]]
[[Category:Historical Chinese exonyms]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Imperial China]]

Sushma Ahuja

2026-05-04T22:29:10Z

Snehasis: added the post first draft...

{{short description|Indian director, writer and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sushma Ahuja
| image = Sushmaa.jpg
| imagesize =
| birth_date = 18 August 1952
| birth_place = Delhi
| occupation = Director, screenwriter, documentary filmmaker, lyricist, and playwright
| birth_name = Sushmaa Roshan Ahuja
| yearsactive = 1969-present
| spouse = Sudhir Ahuja (married 1971-present)
| parents = Roshan Lal Sharma
|children = 3, including [[Richa Ahuja]]
}}

'''Sushma Ahuja''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] director, writer and actor who has worked on Hindi, English and Tamil films and plays.

==Career==
Sushma began her career as a singer with [[All India Radio]] and a dancer during her teenage years, before becoming involved in the Hindi theatre circuit, where she worked on Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi performances.<ref name="indolink">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/98/Feb/kuttisp2.htm|title=1997-98 Kodambakkam babies Page: Part 2|date=22 June 2001|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010622013930/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/98/Feb/kuttisp2.htm|archive-date=22 June 2001}}</ref> In 1977, Sushma relocated to [[Madras]] with her family as a result of her husband's job, and then worked closely with a theatre group called "Abhudhay", which performed Hindi, Tamil and English shows. She became acquainted with film makers including [[Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]] and [[L. V. Prasad]] who encouraged her to take up film direction, so she subsequently apprenticed under [[Balu Mahendra]], [[T. Rama Rao]] and [[Yash Chopra]] on a number of films.<ref name="indolink"/>

Sushma regularly helped work on Hindi versions of Tamil films, often transliterating dialogues. She was also credited for assisting actress [[Sridevi]] in her transition to work in Hindi films by helping her with Hindi dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-satish-kaushik-remembers-sridevi-i-used-to-call-her-madam-even-after-she-married-my-buddy-boney-kapoor-2588686|title=Satish Kaushik remembers Sridevi: I used to call her 'madam', even after she married my buddy Boney Kapoor|date=26 February 2018|website=DNA India}}</ref>

Sushmaa has been credited as an actress, writer and director in films. Notably, she directed an animated series titled ''Tara Ki Duniya'' for DD Metro, and ''[[Uyirodu Uyiraga]]'' (1998), a romantic drama featuring [[Ajith Kumar]] and her daughter [[Richa Ahuja]]. The film released to positive reviews, with a critic noting that the film was "a clean movie with no masala stuff" but criticized the "weak story-line".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/Uyirodu_Uyiraaga_161932.html|title=Uyirodu Uyiraaga: Movie Review|date=11 December 2000|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001211181800/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/Uyirodu_Uyiraaga_161932.html|archive-date=11 December 2000}}</ref> Another critic drew particular praise to the role of [[Srividya]], claiming the film was "a pleasant experience, the crowds cheered Srividya almost as much as Ajith".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/20312CE68F58C798652569400062A3C9 |title=Vaali (Tamil) |work=Deccan Herald| access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322152641/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/93D12738A233F61165256941003DC8D0 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film failed commercially, with Sushma Ahuja blaming the result on poor promotion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/apr/29spice.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> She has worked on the script for films including ''[[Little John (film)|Little John]]'' (2001) and ''[[Ek Alag Mausam]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/fame-from-many-quarters/article27918805.ece|title=Fame from many quarters|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 February 2001|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/little%20john.htm|title=Little John}}</ref> Her acting roles include appearances in [[M. Night Shyamalan]]'s English film ''[[Praying with Anger]]'' (1992) and Sridevi's television series ''[[Malini Iyer]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/hollywood-features/the-lesser-known-story-of-how-m-night-shyamalan-made-his-debut-film-in-chennai/|title=The Lesser-Known Story Of How M. Night Shyamalan Made His Debut Film In Chennai|first=Gayle|last=Sequeira|date=15 January 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sushma Ahuja has 3 children, Saurabh, [[Richa Ahuja|Richa]], who has appeared in films such as ''[[Uyirodu Uyiraga]]'' (1998) and ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindu.com/2001/05/14/stories/09140221.htm|title=Looking beyond stardom|date=13 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913054247/http://hindu.com/2001/05/14/stories/09140221.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref> and Suhaas Ahuja.

==Partial filmography==
*''Note: All films are in Hindi, unless otherwise noted.''
=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+
! Year
! Film
! Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|1980
|''Yeh Kaisa Insaf?''
| Kamla
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988 film)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''
|
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Praying with Anger]]''
| Mrs Mohan
| English film
|-
|1996
|''[[Aur Ek Prem Kahani]]''
| Neelu Nath
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Malini Iyer]]''
|
| Television series
|}

=== As writer and director ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Film
! colspan="2" |Credited for
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!Writer
!Director
|-
|1998
|''[[Uyirodu Uyiraga]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| Tamil film
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2001
|''[[Little John (film)|Little John]]''
|{{partial|Dialogue}}
|
|Hindi version only
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2003
|''[[Ek Alag Mausam]]''
|{{yes}}
|
| Also lyricist
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2005
|''[[Pyaar Mein Twist]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2006
|''Jai Santoshi Maa''
|{{yes}}
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1345460}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahuja, Sushma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

Harshavardhan Rameshwar

2026-05-02T07:11:46Z

Snehasis:

{{short description|Indian music composer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Harshavardhan Rameshwar
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Vocalist|film scorer|keyboardist}}
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|Keyboard}}
| years_active = 2016–present
| label = {{hlist|[[Aditya Music]]|[[Lahari Music]]|[[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|[[Zee Music Company]]|[[Saregama]]}}
}}
'''Harshavardhan Rameshwar''' is an Indian composer, instrumentalist, music producer and singer who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is known for his collaborations with [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]] including ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' (2017) and ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-08 |title=Music director Harshavardhan Rameshwar makes his Malayalam debut with 'Anomie' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/08/music-director-harshavardhan-rameshwar-makes-his-malayalam-debut-with-anomie |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His other compositions include ''[[Ravanasura]]'' (2023).

He won the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|National Film Award for Best Background Music]] for ''Animal'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Tanisha |date=1 August 2025 |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga's Animal Wins Big, From Best Sound Design To Best Background Music |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/71st-national-film-awards-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal-receives-a-special-mention-in-re-recording-mixer-category-9000730 |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Harshavardhan Rameshwar was born in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview of Harshavardhan Rameshwar about Ravanasura |url=https://www.ragalahari.com/celebrity-interview/2081/interview-of-harshavardhan-rameshwar-about-ravanasura |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.ragalahari.com |language=en}}</ref> His father Lakshmi Narayana was a [[Percussion instrument|percussionist]] and worked with various leading music composers across India. Harshavardhan's family is native to [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and settled in Chennai for his father's music career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music director Harshavardhan Rameshwar about Ravansura film |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/today/ravanasura-harshavardhanrameshwar.html |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]] |quote=మాది రాజమండ్రి. చెన్నై లో స్థిరపడడం. |trans-quote=Ours is Rajahmundry. We have settled in Chennai.}}</ref>

He worked as a rhythm player, [[keyboardist]], [[Beatboxing|beatboxer]] and later as an assistant programmer for various music composers. He met [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]] when he was working for the music composer [[Radhan]] and made his debut as the film scorer for ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' (2017). The film's background music was widely appreciated and he continued to work in various films including his debut Hindi film ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' (2019) and ''[[Ravanasura]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=Ravanasura: Veyyinokka Jillala' is a retro remix |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/ravanasura-veyyinokka-jillala-is-a-retro-remix |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> His composition in the Hindi film ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023) further solidified his popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Harshavardhan Rameshwar, The Genius Behind Bobby Deol's Viral 'Jamal Kudu' From 'Animal' |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/bobby-deols-viral-jamal-kudu-animal-bgm-memes-music-composer-harshavardhan-rameshwar-8696739.html |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Ranbir Kapoor's Animal album secures top spot on Spotify's music charts in India |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/ranbir-kapoors-animal-album-secures-top-spot-on-spotifys-music-charts-in-india/na20231203173759392392392 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> The songs were commercially successful and he won his first [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|National Film Award]] for background music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=71st National Film Awards: Sandeep Reddy Vanga's Animal Wins Big, From Best Sound Design To Best Background Music |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/71st-national-film-awards-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal-receives-a-special-mention-in-re-recording-mixer-category-9000730 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== As composer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of original soundtracks and scores
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Language
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |{{refh}}
|-
!Score
!Songs
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vijay-deverakonda-arjun-reddy-gave-me-the-confidence-to-speak-my-mind-4000703.html|title=Vijay Deverakonda: Arjun Reddy gave me the confidence to speak my mind|date=September 3, 2017|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Vijetha (2018 film)|Vijetha]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyaan-dhevs-vijetha-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/64897871.cms|title=Kalyaan Dhev's 'Vijetha' gets a release date|work=The Times of India |date=July 18, 2018|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Saakshyam]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || <ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/viral/bobby-deols-viral-jamal-kudu-animal-bgm-memes-music-composer-harshavardhan-rameshwar-8696739.html|title=Meet Harshavardhan Rameshwar, The Genius Behind Bobby Deol's Viral 'Jamal Kudu' From 'Animal'|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|[[Hindi]]|| || <ref name="N"/>
|-
|| ''[[George Reddy (film)|George Reddy]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|rowspan="2"|Telugu|| || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/i-always-wanted-to-play-the-student-leader-from-ou-sandeep-madhav/articleshow/72111748.cms|title=I always wanted to play the student leader from OU: Sandeep Madhav|date=November 18, 2019|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2020 || ''[[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|Pressure Cooker]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| 2 songs || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/in-other-news/170220/multiple-composers-in-pressure-cooker.html|title=Multiple composers in Pressure Cooker | Multiple composers in Pressure Cooker|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=February 17, 2020|website=www.asianage.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| 4 songs || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannum-kannum-kollaiyadithaal-movie-review-dulquer-and-ritu-s-film-is-absurd-and-weird-1650831-2020-02-28|title=Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal Movie Review: Dulquer and Ritu's film is absurd and weird|first=Janani|last=K|date=February 28, 2020|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| ''Raju Gari Kidnap'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|Telugu|| ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[3:33 (film)|3:33]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| rowspan="2" |Tamil|| || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sandy-i-did-moonu-muppathi-moonu-because-i-wanted-to-do-something-serious/articleshow/87069428.cms|title=Sandy: I did Moonu Muppathi Moonu because I wanted to do something serious|work=The Times of India |date=October 16, 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022 || ''[[Jothi (2022 film)|Jothi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/krisha-kurup-jothi-will-be-an-emotional-ride-exclusive/articleshow/92936991.cms|title=Krisha Kurup: 'Jothi' will be an emotional ride - Exclusive!|work=The Times of India |date=July 17, 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Alluri (film)|Alluri]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| rowspan="3" |Telugu|| || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/alluri-teaser-sree-vishnu-steals-the-show-with-his-intense-cop-avatar/articleshow/92653709.cms|title='Alluri' teaser: Sree Vishnu steals the show with his intense cop avatar|work=The Times of India |date=July 4, 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Top Gear (film)|Top Gear]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023 || ''[[Ravanasura]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/ravanasura-veyyinokka-jillala-is-a-retro-remix|title=Ravanasura: Veyyinokka Jillala' is a retro remix|date=March 15, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|Hindi|| 4 songs || <ref name="N"/>
|-
|''[[Devil: The British Secret Agent]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| rowspan="6" |Telugu|| || <ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/harshavardhan-rameshwar-reveals-about-devil-846471|title=Harshavardhan Rameshwar reveals about 'Devil'|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=December 24, 2023|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024 || ''[[Raju Yadav (2024 film)|Raju Yadav]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/May/22/feel-my-smile-from-raju-yadav-is-an-upbeat-love-song|title='Feel My Smile' from Raju Yadav is an upbeat love song|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=May 22, 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sriranga Neethulu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Along with Ajay Arasada || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sriranga-neethulu-out-on-ott-heres-where-you-can-stream-the-suhas-ruhani-sharma-starrer/ca86945fcf239|title=Sriranga Neethulu out on OTT - Here's where you can stream Suhas, Ruhani Sharma-starrer|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Roti Kapda Romance]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/06/roti-kapda-romance-makers-set-ott-release-date|title=Roti Kapda Romance makers set OTT release date|first=B. H.|last=Harsh|date=December 6, 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[The 100 (film)|The 100]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-06-23 |title=RK Sagar returns to cinema with intense crime thriller 'The 100' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/rk-sagar-returns-to-cinema-with-intense-crime-thriller-the-100-982113 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|{{Pending film|Slum Dog|italic=no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Award-winning musician Harshavardhan Rameshwar joins the team of Puri Jagannadh and Vijay Sethupathi’s movie. |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/puri-jagannadh-comeback-film-harshavardhan-rameshwar-vijay-sethupathi-article-152967937 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Bro Code}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 August 2025|title=Bro Code: Ravi Mohan's debut production to feature Arjun Ashokan, Sri Gouri Priya, Shraddha Srinath|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bro-code-ravi-mohan-debut-production-to-feature-arjun-ashokan-sri-gouri-priya-shraddha-srinath/cf246de052529|website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|[[Spirit (upcoming film)|Spirit]]}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| Telugu||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/animal-music-composer-harshavardhan-rameshwar-on-prabhas-spirit-we-are-researching-different-tones-2681938-2025-02-19|title=Animal music composer on Prabhas' Spirit: We are researching different tones|date=February 19, 2025|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/music-sessions-begin-for-prabhas-and-sandeep-reddy-vangas-spirit-composer-harshavardhan-rameshwar-talks-sound-experimentation/articleshow/118375146.cms|title=Music sessions begin for Prabhas and Sandeep Reddy Vanga's 'Spirit': Composer Harshavardhan Rameshwar talks sound experimentation|work=The Times of India |date=February 19, 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|Nobody}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Malayalam]]||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/09/prithviraj-parvathy-film-nobody-begins|title=Prithviraj-Parvathy film Nobody begins|first=Vignesh|last=Madhu|date=April 9, 2025|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|Anomie}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/harshavardhan-rameshwar-interview-scoring-for-dramas-like-anomie-is-tougher-job-than-doing-for-action-and-hero-films-animal-arjun-reddy-spirit/fe75e769bb950|title=Harshavardhan Rameshwar Interview: Scoring for psycho dramas like Anomie is tougher job than doing for action and hero films|website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/animal-music-composer-harshavardhan-rameshwar-makes-malayalam-debut-with-bhavanas-anomie-72780.html|title=Animal Music Composer Harshavardhan Rameshwar Makes Malayalam Debut with Bhavana's Anomie | Filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|Ottakomban}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Delayed || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/25/suresh-gopi-250th-film-gets-arjun-reddy-musician-harshvardhan.html|title=Suresh Gopi's 250th film has an 'Arjun Reddy' connection!|website=Suresh Gopi's 250th film has an 'Arjun Reddy' connection!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/Jun/24/arjun-reddy-composer-harshavardhan-rameshwar-joins-suresh-gopis-next-19068.html|title=Arjun Reddy composer Harshavardhan Rameshwar joins Suresh Gopi's next|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=June 24, 2020|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}||{{Pending film|Naa Naa}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}}||Tamil||Delayed ||
|}

=== As playback singer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Album
!Language
!Composer
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|"Design Your Destiny"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Saakshyam]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| rowspan="11" |Himself
|
|-
|"Cheliya Choode"
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
|"Assai Illa"
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal|''Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal'']]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|"Maaga Maaga"
|
|-
|"Cherokkato"
| rowspan="3" |[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal|''Kanulu Kanulanu Dhochaayante'']]
| rowspan="4" |Telugu
| rowspan="3" |Dubbed version
|-
|"Aasaleni"
|-
|"Maaga Maaga"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|"Ravanasura Anthem"
|''[[Ravanasura]]''
|
|-
|"Papa Meri Jaan" (Whistle)
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|"Hey Raju"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Raju Yadav (2024 film)|Raju Yadav]]''
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
|"Jananamaina"
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
!Award
!Year
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[69th Filmfare Awards|2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="7" |''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="ff24">{{cite news |date=28 January 2024 |title=Winners of the 69th Filmfare Awards 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/winners |access-date=29 January 2024 |magazine=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[24th IIFA Awards|2024]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA 2024: Shah Rukh Khan Wins Best Actor, Rani Mukerji Bags Best Actress Award. Check Out Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-shah-rukh-khan-wins-best-actor-rani-mukerji-bags-best-actress-award-see-full-list-of-winners-6674464 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=16th Mirchi Music Awards: Full list of nominations are out |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/mirchi-music-awards-2023-nominations/151102651 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Background Score of the Year
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
|[[71st National Film Awards|2025]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Music]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=9556484}}

{{National Film Award Best Music Direction}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Music Director}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Harshavardhan, Rameshwar}}
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Best Music Direction National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]

Suhaib Ansari

2026-04-30T02:18:13Z

Snehasis: added first pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suhaib Ansari
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]]
| term_start1 = 10 March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Alka Rai]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| birth_name =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| alma_mater = [[Integral University]]
| relations =
| parents = [[Sibgatullah Ansari]] (father)
}}

'''Suhaib Ansari''' is an Indian politician and businessman. He is a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]], representing the [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |author=RAJEEV DIKSHIT |date=26 October 2022 |title=UP: Man attacks SP MLA Suhaib Ansari's gunner with knife on train, flees with his carbine |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-man-attacks-sp-mla-suhaib-ansaris-gunner-with-knife-on-train-flees-with-his-carbine/articleshow/95094348.cms |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2022 |title=Stabbing of MLA's gunner: GRP cop suspended for negligence |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/stabbing-of-mla-s-gunner-grp-cop-suspended-for-negligence-101666976780880.html |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2022 |title=SP MLA Suhaib Ansari says he has faith in judiciary while speaking on ED raids |publisher=[[ETV Network]] |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/bharat/sp-mla-suhaib-ansari-expresses-faith-in-judiciary-and-constitution/na20220829141756321321481 |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]], a socialist political party in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Suhaib Alias Mannu Ansari: undefined Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/suhaib-alias-mannu-ansari-mohammadabad-candidate-s24a378c04/ |access-date=26 January 2023 |publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=सुहेब उर्फ मन्नु अन्सारी Sp Candidate Mohammadabad Election Result 2022 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/suhaib-alias-mannu-ansari-sp-2022-mohammadabad-409-uttar-pradesh |access-date=26 January 2023 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref> He is son of [[Sibgatullah Ansari|Sibghatullah Ansari.]] He is Nephew of [[Mukhtar Ansari]] and [[Afzal Ansari]]. He is the great-grandson of [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari|Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari]].

== Posts held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|03
|2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly]]
|elected first time
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ansari, Suhaib}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

1967 Indian general election

2026-04-21T22:16:50Z

Snehasis: added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1962 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1962
| next_election = 1971 Indian general election
| next_year = 1971
| election_date = 17–21 February 1967
| seats_for_election = 520 of the 523 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{efn|name=seats|Two seats were reserved for Anglo-Indians and one for the [[North-East Frontier Agency]], which were filled by presidential nomination}}
| majority_seats = 261
| registered = 250,207,401
| turnout = 61.04% ({{increase}} 5.62[[Percentage point|pp]])
| image_size = 130x130px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=15|oTop=5}}
| leader1 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| last_election1 = 44.72%, 361 seats
| seats1 = '''283'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 78
| popular_vote1 = '''59,490,701'''
| percentage1 = '''40.78%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 3.94[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=7}}
| leader2 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| party2 = Swatantra Party
| last_election2 = 7.89%, 18 seats
| seats2 = 44
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 26
| popular_vote2 = 12,646,847
| percentage2 = 8.67%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 0.78[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Deendayal Upadhyaya 2018 stamp of India.jpg
|bSize=150|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=35|oTop=40}}
| leader4 = [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]]
| party4 = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| last_election4 = 6.44%, 14 seats
| seats4 = 35
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 21
| popular_vote4 = 13,580,935
| percentage4 = 9.31%
| swing4 = {{increase}} 2.87[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=S.A. Dange.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=10}}
| leader5 = [[Shripad Amrit Dange]]
| party5 = Communist Party of India
| last_election5 = 9.94%, 29 seats
| seats5 = 23
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 6
| popular_vote5 = 7,458,396
| percentage5 = 5.11%
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 4.83[[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1967.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 3rd Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 4th Lok Sabha
}}

General elections were held in India between 17 and 21 February 1967 to elect 520 of the 523 members of the [[4th Lok Sabha|fourth]] Lok Sabha, an increase of 15 from the previous session of Lok Sabha.<ref name="General Election of India 1967">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Election of India 1967, 4th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Elections to State Assemblies were also held simultaneously, the last general election to do so.

The incumbent [[Indian National Congress]] government retained power, albeit with a significantly reduced majority. Indira Gandhi was resworn in as the Prime Minister on 13 March.

==Background==
By 1967 economic growth in India had slowed – the [[Five-Year Plans of India#Third Plan (1961–1966)|1961–1966 Five-Year Plan]] gave a target of 6% annual growth, but the actual growth rate was 2%. Under [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], the government's popularity was boosted after India prevailed in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War with Pakistan]], but the war, along with the previous [[Sino-Indian War|1962 War with China]], put a strain on the economy. Internal divisions were emerging in the Indian National Congress while its two popular leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri had both died. [[Indira Gandhi]] had succeeded Shastri as leader, but a rift had emerged between her and Deputy Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]], who had been her rival in the 1966 party leadership contest.<ref name="politics since independence">{{cite news|date=2 June 1970|title=politics since independence|newspaper=The Age|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19700602&id=dgkyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=7395,224298|access-date=29 March 2014|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511042114/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19700602&id=dgkyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=7395,224298|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Results==
The INC suffered setbacks in seven states, including Gujarat where it won 11 of the 24 seats while the [[Swatantra Party]] won 12 seats; [[Madras State]], where INC won 3 out of 39 seats and DMK won 25 seats; Orissa, where they won 6 out of 20 seats and [[Swatantra Party]] won 8 seats. Rajasthan where they won 10 out of 20 seats [[Swatantra Party]] won 8 seats, West Bengal where they won 14 out of 40, Kerala where they won only 1 out of 19. Delhi where they won 1 out of 7 while remaining 6 were won by [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]].<ref name="General Election of India 1967" /> The party was also ousted from power in nine states, while losing governance in Uttar Pradesh one month after the election.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ananth|first=V. Krishna|date=2017-02-22|title=Why 1967 general election was a watershed in Indian politics and the lessons it left behind|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-1967-poll-that-changed-india-2330738|access-date=2020-12-03|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712100203/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-1967-poll-that-changed-india-2330738|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1967.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=59490701|seats1=283|sc1=–78
|party2=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes2=13580935|seats2=35|sc2=+21
|party3=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes3=12646847|seats3=44|sc3=+26
|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes4=7458396|seats4=23|sc4=–6
|party5=[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]|votes5=7171627|seats5=23|sc5=New
|party6=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes6=6246522|seats6=19|sc6=New
|party7=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes7=5529405|seats7=25|sc7=+18
|party8=[[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes8=4456487|seats8=13|sc8=+1
|party9=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes9=3607711|seats9=1|sc9=–2
|party10=[[Bangla Congress]]|votes10=1204356|seats10=5|sc10=New
|party11=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes11=1028755|seats11=2|sc11=+2
|party12=[[Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh]]|votes12=968712|seats12=3|sc12=New
|party13=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes13=627910|seats13=2|sc13=0
|party14=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes14=413868|seats14=2|sc14=0
|party15=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes15=321219|seats15=0|sc15=New
|party16=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes16=210020|seats16=1|sc16=New
|party17=[[Akali Dal – Tara Singh]]|votes17=189290|seats17=0|sc17=New
|party18=[[Jana Kranti Dal]]|votes18=183211|seats18=1|sc18=New
|party19=[[Orissa Jana Congress|Jana Congress]]|votes19=136631|seats19=0|sc19=New
|party20=[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]|votes20=112492|seats20=1|sc20=0
|party21=[[United Goans Party|United Goans – Seqveria Group]]|votes21=100137|seats21=1|sc21=New
|party22=Peoples Front|votes22=42725|seats22=0|sc22=New
|party23=[[Democratic National Conference]]|votes23=30788|seats23=0|sc23=New
|party24=[[United Goans Party|United Goans – Furtadd Group]]|votes24=1714|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=[[Nagaland Nationalist Organisation]]|votes25=0|seats25=1|sc25=New
|party26=Independents|votes26=20106051|seats26=35|sc26=+15
|row27=Appointed members{{efn|Two representing [[Anglo-Indians]] and one representing the [[North-East Frontier Agency]].}}|seats27=3|sc27=–11
|invalid=6858101
|electorate=250207401
|total_sc=+15
|source=[https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIoseT0ZHlxSqV5yDBw7qZy8BF%2FVqVfUFZB5kPI2dacyxFUsCtgFOtq6nBgIeTuoJZxx9hqrgzh%2Bp%2FKhICKDnqu%2FEPIcjKuQAupJewJECwP16 ECI]
}}
{{notelist}}

===State wise===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! style="text-align:left; background:#ccf; vertical-align:middle;"|State (# of seats)
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style=" text-align:center; background:#ccf; vertical-align:middle;"|Party
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"|Seats contested
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:right;"|Seats won
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:right;"|% of votes
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=6 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]'''(41)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''41'''
|'''35'''
|'''46.82'''
|-
| {{party color cell|[[Swatantra Party]]}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|19
|3
|13.75
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|22
|1
|12.62
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|9
|0
|6.2
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|4
|0
|1.0
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|63
|2
|18.52
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Assam|Assam]]'''(14)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''14'''
|'''10'''
|'''45.84'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|4
|2
|12.80
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|4
|1
|8.27
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|3
|0
|5.48
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|18
|0
|19.08
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=7 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]'''(53)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''53'''
|'''34'''
|'''34.81'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|34
|7
|17.83
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|17
|5
|9.93
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|99
|4
|13.95
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|48
|1
|11.05
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|32
|1
|7.38
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|25
|0
|3.41
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]'''(24)'''
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|'''21'''
|'''12'''
|'''39.92'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|24
|11
|46.92
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|28
|1
|9.51
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]'''(9)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''9'''
|'''7'''
|'''44.06'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|7
|1
|19.85
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|36
|1
|19.77
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|2
|0
|5.6
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|5
|0
|5.5
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election, 1999 (Jammu and Kashmir)|Jammu & Kashmir]]'''(6)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''6'''
|'''5'''
|'''50.52'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|4
|1
|24.92
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|3
|0
|20.34
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=7 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]'''(19)'''
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|'''9'''
|'''9'''
|'''24.56'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|3
|3
|7.99
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|3
|3
|8.24
|-
| {{party color cell|Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]]
|2
|2
|6.6
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|19
|1
|36.15
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|12
|1
|7.36
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|5
|0
|5.12
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]'''(37)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''37'''
|'''24'''
|'''40.78'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|32
|10
|29.56
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|61
|2
|13.65
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|2
|1
|2.74
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Madras|Madras]]'''(39)'''
| {{party color cell| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|'''25'''
|'''25'''
|'''35.78'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|8
|6
|9.16
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5
|4
|6.85
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|39
|3
|41.69
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|36
|1
|4.07
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=8 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]'''(45)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''45'''
|'''37'''
|'''48.51'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants And Workers Party Of India}}
|[[Peasants And Workers Party Of India]]
|11
|2
|7.54
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|7
|2
|5.14
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|5
|2
|3.74
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|62
|1
|11.45
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|8
|1
|2.55
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|26
|0
|7.36
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party Of India}}
|[[Republican Party Of India]]
|17
|0
|12.71
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1999 Indian general election in Mysore|Mysore]]'''(27)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''27'''
|'''18'''
|'''49.02'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|11
|5
|14.29
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|5
|2
|5.12
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|2
|1
|2.61
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|45
|1
|22.0
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Orissa|Orissa]]'''(20)'''
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|'''17'''
|'''8'''
|'''30.87'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|20
|6
|33.33
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|5
|4
|16.1
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|2
|1
|4.5
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|16
|1
|10.81
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]]'''(13)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''13'''
|'''9'''
|'''37.31'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh}}
|[[Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh]]
|8
|3
|22.61
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|8
|1
|12.49
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|25
|0
|9.32
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]'''(23)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''22'''
|'''10'''
|'''39.95'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|14
|8
|27.04
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|7
|3
|10.27
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|64
|2
|17.12
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=9 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]'''(85)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''85'''
|'''47'''
|'''33.44'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|77
|12
|22.18
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|43
|8
|10.27
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|190
|8
|17.08
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|17
|5
|3.26
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|27
|2
|3.74
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|38
|1
|4.77
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party Of India}}
|[[Republican Party Of India]]
|24
|1
|4.07
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|6
|1
|1.19
|-
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=8 valign=top|[[1967 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]]'''(40)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|'''40'''
|'''14'''
|'''39.69'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|44
|7
|15.28
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|16
|5
|15.65
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|11
|5
|9.14
|-
| {{party color cell|Bangla Congress}}
| [[Bangla Congress]]
|7
|5
|9.36
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|6
|2
|4.88
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|2
|1
|1.7
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|3
|1
|1.49
|-
|colspan=6|Source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9743&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 ECI]
|}

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 4th Lok Sabha]]
*[[:Category:1967 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1967 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:February 1967 in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1967 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

Ramvriksh Sada

2026-04-20T09:38:26Z

Snehasis: Put up new entry.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramvriksh Sada
| image = File:Ramvriksha Sada MLA alauli.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Alauli Assembly constituency|Alauli]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| occupation = Politics
| predecessor1 = Chandan Kumar
| successor1 = [[Ram Chandra Sada]]
}}
'''Ramvriksh Sada''' is an Indian politician from Bihar and a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. Sada won the [[Alauli Assembly constituency]] on the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] ticket in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramvriksh Sada Election Result Alauli Live: Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results 2020 Ramvriksh Sada Alauli Seat|url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/ramvriksh-sada-alauli-candidate-s04a148c02/|access-date=2021-02-28|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramvriksh Sada(RJD):Constituency- ALAULI (SC)(KHAGARIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=11682|access-date=2021-03-01|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramvriksh Sada Election Results 2020: News, Votes, Results of Bihar Assembly|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-candidates-list-2020/ramvriksh-sada-04148-2|access-date=2021-03-01|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Life and political career==
Sada has been associated with [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] for thirty years. In the election petition filed before [[Election Commission of India]], he declared his asset worth [[₹]] 70,000. He was identified as the poorest Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly in 2020 elections. A father of five sons and one daughter, he was given ticket to contest from the Rashtriya Janata Dal, three times and in the third attempt, he was elected from the Alauli constituency, [[Khagaria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/news/ramvriksha-was-always-living-in-indira-awas-in-khagaria-total-assets-only-70-thousand-130489754.html|title=सरकारी आवास मिला तो....रो पड़े विधायक....बोले- ये जनता का घर:खगड़िया में इंदिरा आवास में रह रहे थे रामवृक्ष सदा; कुल संपत्ति महज 70 हजार|website=Bhaskar.com|accessdate= 18 March 2023}}</ref>

He identifies himself as belonging to [[Musahar]] [[caste]]. In his election affidavit, he mentions his educational qualification to be matriculation level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-rjd-leader-started-crying-how-much-property-own-ramvriksha-sada/articleshow/95158835.cms|title=मुसहर जाति से हैं, बिहार के सबसे गरीब विधायक हैं', कहकर रोने लगे RJD नेता रामवृक्ष सदा... जानें- कितनी है इनकी प्रॉपर्टी|website=Navbharat times|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sada, Ramvriksh Sada}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Rajneesh Dahiya

2026-04-20T09:18:12Z

Snehasis: Put up new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Firozpur Rural Assembly constituency|Firozpur Rural]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| predecessor = [[Satkar Kaur]]
| term_end = 
| successor = 
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Rajneesh Kumar Dahiya''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Firozpur Rural Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Firozpur Rural Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes|Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes]]<ref name="Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Questions & References|Committee on Questions & References]]<ref name="Committee on Questions & References">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=37&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Firozpur Rural Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Firozpur Rural Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IjFITGE2T2tHZVBqQXphcTNZd3Z1WWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSFF1aEhmN2JVY2NXQW9lamNFb3dadz09IiwibWFjIjoiZmI3Y2M4YTFkNjNmMGRjOWQ1NTRhNDE5MjNlYzE5YjdlMGYwOWJhYzBjMWY5ZGU0NjNkYTBhMmE1YjQ0NzdmNyJ9/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Firozpur Rural
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahiya, Rajneesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Kargahar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:40Z

Snehasis: Starting A Stub And Citations - done

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kargahar
| state = [[Bihar]]
| type = SLA
| map_image = 209-Kargahar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| region =
| district = [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]]
| constituency_no = 209
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Bashisth Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| electors = 331,884
}}
'''Kargahar''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Rohtas district]]. It comes under [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news//article1-story-21745.html|title=सासाराम संसदीय क्षेत्र: करगहर नया विधानसभा क्षेत्र बना|last=|first=|date=|website=livehindustan.com|language=hindi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305131148/https://www.livehindustan.com/news//article1-story-21745.html|archive-date=2020-03-05|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Ram Dhani Singh<ref name="election2010">{{cite web |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|Bashisth Singh<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Santosh Kumar Mishra]]<ref name=election2020/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Bashisth Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kargahar<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kargahar">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kargahar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04209.htm |access-date=3 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203035216/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04209.htm |archive-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bashisth Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:92485}}
|percentage = 42.12
|change = {{increase}}13.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Uday Pratap Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:56809}}
|percentage = 25.87
|change = {{increase}}1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Santosh Kumar Mishra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:39333}}
|percentage = 17.91
|change = {{decrease}}12.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ritesh Pandey (singer)|Ritesh Pandey]]
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|2 =
|votes = {{formatnum:16298}}
|percentage = 7.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3097}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Govardhan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2499}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahendra Prasad Gupta
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:2362}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3013}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change = {{increase}}1.01
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35676}}
|percentage = 16.25
|change = {{increase}}14.15
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:219564}}
|percentage = 66.16
|change = {{increase}}6.36
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kargahar<ref name=election2020 name="election2020-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Santosh Kumar Mishra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:59763}}
|percentage = 30.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bashisth Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:55680}}
|percentage = 28.66
|change = -3.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Uday Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:47321}}
|percentage = 24.35
|change = +11.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:16988}}
|percentage = 8.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:709}}
|percentage = 0.36
|change = -0.48
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4083}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change = -5.16
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194298}}
|percentage = 59.8
|change = -0.04
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kargahar<ref name="election2015"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Bashisth Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:57018}}
|percentage = 32.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Birendra Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:44111}}
|percentage = 24.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Alok Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:27454}}
|percentage = 15.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Md. Shamim Shah
|votes = {{formatnum:23677}}
|percentage = 13.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ram Dhani Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6121}}
|percentage = 3.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Shashikant Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:2996}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Neeraj Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:2765}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Shankar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2422}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pankaj Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1740}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1491}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12907}}
|percentage = 7.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:177750}}
|percentage = 59.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|25.13|83.93|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Rohtas district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Limbdi Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:50Z

Snehasis: creating initial page more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Limbdi
| mla = [[Kiritsinh Rana]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
| established = 1972
| electors = {{formatnum:288069}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 61
}}
'''Limbdi''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]] district .

== List of segments ==
This assembly seat represents the following segments<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Chuda [[Taluka]] - entirely
# Sayla Taluka – Entire taluka except village – Ori
# Limbdi Taluka (Part) Villages – Aanandpar, Ankewaliya, Balol, [[Bhalgamda]], [[Bhoika]], Bhojpara, Bodiya, Borana, Borna, Choki, Choraniya, Devpara, Dholi, Dolatpar, [[Gedi, Saurashtra|Gedi]], Ghaghretiya, Ghaghosar, Ghanshyampar, Hadala, [[Jakhan, Gujarat|Jakhan]], Jansali, Jasapar, [[Kamalpur, Gujarat|Kamalpur]], Kanpara, Katariya, Khambhlav, the taluka seat: [[Limbdi]] (M), Liyad, Mota Timbla, Nana Timbla, Natwargadh, Pandri, Panshina, Ralol, [[Ramrajpar]], [[Samla]], Raska, Sauka, Tokrala, Ughal, Umedpar, Untadi, Vakhatpar, Zamdi

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
*2002 - [[Bhava bhai Bharvad|Bhavanbhai Jivanbhai Bharvad]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*2007 - Kiritsinh Rana, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2012 - Somabhai Kolipatel, [[Indian National Congress]]
*2013 - Kiritsinh Rana, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2017 - Somabhai Kolipatel [[Indian National Congress]]
*2020 - Kiritsinh Rana, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|2020 (by poll)
| rowspan="2" | [[Kiritsinh Rana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party | rowspan=2 }}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Limbdi Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kiritsinh Rana|Kiritsinh Jitubha Rana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 81,765
|percentage = 44.5
|change = {{decrease}}-11.34%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mayurbhai Merabhai Sakariya
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 58,619
|percentage = 31.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kalpanaben Bijalbhai Dhoriya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 32,929
|percentage = 17.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2645
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,146
|percentage = 12.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:283576 }}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2020 By-poll ===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2020: Limbdi<ref name="Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10|accessdate=5 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005140700/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10|archivedate=5 October 2023|language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Kiritsinh Jitubha Rana
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 88,928
|percentage = 55.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Khachar Chetanbhai Ramkubhai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 56,878
|percentage = 35.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Gabu Nagibhai Mohanbhai
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes =4,145
|percentage = 2.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,050
|percentage = 20.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,59,226
|percentage =58.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Limdi<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kolipatel Somabhai Gandalal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2013: Limbdi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narendramodi.in/bjp%E2%80%99s-victory-in-all-6-gujarat-by-elections-an-ultimatum-to-congress-cm/ |title=BJP's victory in all 6 Gujarat by elections an ultimatum to Congress: CM | Home |publisher=Narendramodi.in |date=2013-06-05 |accessdate=2015-03-11}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kiritsinh Rana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 81,159
|percentage = 56.51
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Satish Koli Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 56,372
|percentage = 39.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,789
|percentage = 17.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,43,618
|percentage = 62.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Limbdi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Gujarat Assembly Elections : 2012 |publisher=Ceo.gujarat.gov.in |accessdate=2015-03-11 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Somabhai Kolipatel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 72,203
|percentage = 45.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kiritsinh Rana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 70,642
|percentage = 44.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1561
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,33,254
|percentage = 65.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Surendranagar district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|23.01|74.16|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi

2026-04-14T12:25:11Z

Snehasis: Starting Basic Biography With Sources - done

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Balaji Mohan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Balaji Mohan]]
| writer = Balaji Mohan
| based_on = {{based on|''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi'' (short)|Balaji Mohan}}
| producer = {{ubl|[[S. Sashikanth]]|[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]|[[Nirav Shah]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|Siddharth|[[Amala Paul]]}}
| cinematography = Nirav Shah
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[YNOT Studios]]|[[Etaki Entertainment]]}}
| distributor = Etaki Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2012|2|17|df=y|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Tamil|Telugu}}
}}
'''''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi''''' ({{translation|How to mess up in love}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Balaji Mohan]] in his feature debut.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=24 January 2012 |title=First Look: Siddharth's Valentine's Day movie |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/siddharths-valentines-day-movie/20120124.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012010539/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/siddharths-valentines-day-movie/20120124.htm |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Based on Balaji's [[short film]] of the same name, it revolves around the romantic relationship between collegemates Arun ([[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]) and Parvathy ([[Amala Paul]]).

''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi'' was produced by [[S. Sashikanth]] under [[YNOT Studios]], and Siddharth and [[Nirav Shah]] under [[Etaki Entertainment]]. The film was shot in [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] within 35 working days. It features music composed by [[Thaman S]], cinematography is handled by Nirav Shah and editing done by [[T. S. Suresh]]. The film was [[Multiple-language version|partially reshot]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as '''''Love Failure'''''.

''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi'' and ''Love Failure'' were released worldwide on 17 February 2012 during the [[Valentine's Day]] week and were critically and commercially successful.<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2012 |title=Tamil Cinema 2012- Half Yearly Report (Jan 1-June 30) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-cinema-2012-half-yearly-report-jan-1-june-30-news-tamil-mhhsLzccaaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708101345/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-cinema-2012-half-yearly-report-jan-1-june-30-news-tamil-mhhsLzccaaa.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Amala Paul received a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]], and the film received three nominations at the [[South Indian International Movie Awards]].

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=January 2025}}
Arun and Parvathi give an interview about their love story, but they fight even before the interview gets over. The film then rewinds five months earlier. Arun meets Parvathi in a college canteen, and they soon become friends. Parvathi has problems at her home, as her mother Saroja wants to divorce her father Akilan/Aravind. Arun and Parvathi fight for trivial reasons and then get together. The film revolves around how little things may contribute to break-up of a relationship.

One day, while Parvathi is stressed and wants to talk to Arun, he does not answer his phone. They fight on that issue, and gradually, the frequency of their fights grows. Arun introduces her to his parents, and Arun's father Prabhu recognises her as one of his client's daughter. He tells his son that Parvathi's parents are getting divorced. As time progresses, they break up, but the reason is not revealed. Arun's friend Vignesh tries to propose to his college junior Rashmi, but she addresses him as brother and then introduces her boyfriend, who is Vignesh's college senior. Arun tries to recover from the break-up just as his friend invites him to a trip to Pondicherry/Yanam to see his friend John. John's girlfriend Cathy starts chatting up with Arun and asks him why they broke up. Arun says that he does not have any reason, and that is his problem. Since Cathy becomes friendly with Arun, a misunderstanding crops up between Cathy and John.

Meanwhile, Prabhu advises Akilan/Aravind to reconcile with Saroja after learning that Akilan/Aravind is Parvathi's father. Akilan/Aravind and Saroja unite during Parvathi's grandparents' marriage anniversary. Consequently, John realises that Arun and Cathy are just being friendly, and he reunites with Cathy. Also, while Rashmi realises that her boyfriend is a playboy and accepts Vignesh true love. At last, Parvathi and Arun reunite after a silly quarrel in the same canteen that they met earlier.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as Arun
* [[Amala Paul]] as Parvathi
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Akilan/Aravind Venkatesan
* [[Ravi Raghavendra]] as Prabhu
* Surekha Vani as Saroja
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Vasanthi
* [[Balaji Venugopal]] as Ramakrishnan
* [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] as Rashmi
* Shyam as John
* [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan Nandakumar]] as Siva
* Vignesh Vijayakumar as Vignesh
* [[Pooja Ramachandran]] as Cathy
* [[Balaji Mohan]] as a director in a special appearance
* Shiva as a college professor
* [[Bobby Simha|Jayasimha]] as Rashmi's boyfriend
* Aruna Bharathi as the director's girlfriend
* [[Iswarya Menon]] as Shivani
* Radhika Prasidhha as a college student
* [[Sree Vishnu]] as Rupesh (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Munju |first=Ganesh |date=2 November 2024 |title=Sree Vishnu : సెన్సార్ కి కూడా దొరకకుండా అన్ని బూతులు ఎలా మేనేజ్ చేస్తావ్ అన్న.? |trans-title=Sree Vishnu: Brother, how do you manage [to sneak in] so many foul words which even the censors would not find? |url=https://www.bigtvlive.com/entertainment/how-sree-vishnu-escaping-censor-board-in-his-movies-check-more-details.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250428140413/https://www.bigtvlive.com/entertainment/how-sree-vishnu-escaping-censor-board-in-his-movies-check-more-details.html |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Big TV |language=te}}</ref>
* [[Gayathri Raguram]] as a [[yoga]] instructor (uncredited appearance in the song "Azhaipaya")<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZYko4tsNyU |title=Azhaipaya Azhaipaya Official Video Song | Kadhalil Sodhapuvadhu Yeppadi | Siddharth | Amala Paul |date=5 May 2015 |language=en |publisher=[[Think Music India]] |time=0:54–1:00 |time-caption=From |access-date=22 September 2025 |archive-url=https://preservetube.com/watch?v=MZYko4tsNyU |archive-date=14 April 2026 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
{{Quote box
| quote="My love for my film made it easy to take on way more responsibility than would seem practical. All my risks were, at the end of the day, still conservative because the budget was fairly low. So money did not drive any decisions. I refused to let people who don't understand my film be part of it in any way. This was one of the more enjoyable and positive working experiences of my career"
| source = [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], on turning producer for ''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi''<ref name=":3" />
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}
[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] watched the 10-minute Tamil short film ''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi'' by [[Balaji Mohan]] and found it interesting, developing his ambitions to turn it into a full-length feature film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=24 January 2012 |title=Siddharth, the multi tasker |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/siddharth-multi-tasker-620 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125105833/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/siddharth-multi-tasker-620 |archive-date=25 January 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Incidentally, Balaji was holding talks with [[S. Sashikanth]] of [[YNOT Studios]] then and was planning to approach Siddharth to play the male lead role;<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=3 February 2012 |title=Siddharth, on 'Kadhalil Sodhapuvadhu Yeppadi' |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article314865.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222547/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article314865.ece |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=5 March 2012 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2012 |title='Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi' will be a trend setter: Amla Paul |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kadhalil-will-be-a-trend-setter-amla-paul/230881-8-68.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224071049/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kadhalil-will-be-a-trend-setter-amla-paul/230881-8-68.html |archive-date=24 February 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |website=[[IBNLive]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=27 January 2012 |title=Game for multi-star cast movies |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2837202.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928034514/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Game-for-multi-star-cast-movies/article13383149.ece |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=5 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Siddharth joined the crew and also decided to co-produce the venture with cinematographer [[Nirav Shah]] on their newly launched banner [[Etaki Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2011 |title=Siddharth turns producer |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siddharth-turns-producer-news-tamil-lmjmqDfbaca.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108080248/http://www.sify.com/movies/siddharth-turns-producer-news-tamil-lmjmqDfbaca.html |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Postmortem — Love Failure by Balaji Mohan |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/lovefailure.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304032818/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/lovefailure.html |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=13 March 2012 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Balaji completed the script in three months.<ref name=":2" /> Regarding the title, Siddharth added that the term ''sodhappal'' ({{Translation|messing up}}) was commonly used by students and is "very sub-urban in nature".<ref name=":1" /> He further described it as a tribute to international films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Interview with Siddharth |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/siddharth-lovefailure.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218001558/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/siddharth-lovefailure.html |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Amala Paul]] joined the project in August 2011 as the lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2011 |title=Amala signs film opposite Siddharth |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/amala-signs-film-opposite-siddharth-460 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831141309/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/amala-signs-film-opposite-siddharth-460 |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=31 August 2011 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Balaji's assistant directors, [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] and Vignesh, played the role of Siddharth's friends; Siddharth ensured Balaji gave importance to those characters in the screenplay.<ref name=":2" /> [[Deepa Venkat]] dubbed for the speaking voice of Amala Paul in Tamil.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2012 |title=Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/feb/19/kadhalil-sodhappuvadhu-yeppadi-341450.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119105212/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/feb/19/kadhalil-sodhappuvadhu-yeppadi-341450.html |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film also marked [[Bobby Simha]]'s first major appearance in a feature film, where he was credited as Jayasimha. He noted that his role was larger than what it became onscreen, and although Balaji was apologetic, Simha did not mind.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhavan |first=Anushree |date=31 August 2015 |title=Every Movie I Start Shooting, I Start As a Newcomer: Simha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Aug/31/every-movie-i-start-shooting-i-start-as-a-newcomer-simha-807522.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504060826/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Aug/31/every-movie-i-start-shooting-i-start-as-a-newcomer-simha-807522.html |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Siddharth wore checked shirts, a sling bag and a pair of [[Flip-flops|chappals]] for his look in the film, owing to the attire he wore during college.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=22 February 2012 |title=This 'Failure' is a success |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/this-failure-is-a-success/article2919467.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024072127/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/this-failure-is-a-success/article2919467.ece |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=28 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

The project began production in late 2011.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2011 |title=KSY, first teaser unveiled |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ksy-first-teaser-unveiled-news-tamil-lmriNkfaheg.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008131459/http://www.sify.com/movies/ksy-first-teaser-unveiled-news-tamil-lmriNkfaheg.html?ref=false |archive-date=8 October 2013 |access-date=5 March 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Filming took place in [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2012 |title=Shortcut to films! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Jan/30/shortcut-to-films-335279.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110011145/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Jan/30/shortcut-to-films-335279.html |archive-date=10 January 2026 |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> the locations were finalised during the pre-production stage itself.<ref name=":2" /> Siddharth found it challenging to complete the film in eight months in both Tamil and Telugu, but added that it helped him to be consistent in the project.<ref name=":1" /> He later confirmed that filming was completed in a record 35 days.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=170831973609250816 |user=Actor_Siddharth |title=New content, extensive pre-production, the right budget, shot in a record 35 days, bilingual, innovative promotion, own distribution. Cheers! |author=Siddharth |author-link=Siddharth (actor) |date=18 February 2012 |access-date=5 September 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260414122240/https://ibb.co/NggHqGXj |archive-date=14 April 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was edited by [[T. S. Suresh]].<ref name=":7" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. Thaman]]. While [[Madhan Karky]] penned the lyrics for three songs, director Balaji Mohan himself wrote the lyrics of the song "Ananda Jaladosam";<ref name="apple-music-2012">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2012 |title=Kadhalil Sodhapuvadhu Yeppadi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/kadhalil-sodhapuvadhu-yeppadi-original-motion-picture/1103658764 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260307030329/https://music.apple.com/in/album/kadhalil-sodhapuvadhu-yeppadi-original-motion-picture/1103658764 |archive-date=7 March 2026 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Sri Mani]] wrote all lyrics in the Telugu version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2012 |title=Love Failure (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/love-failure-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1241865034 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260307030340/https://music.apple.com/in/album/love-failure-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1241865034 |archive-date=7 March 2026 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi''{{'s}} marketing campaign included comic book-style print advertisements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=20 creative movie posters like White Noise |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2022/Nov/24/20-creative-movie-posters-like-white-noise-1334.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915003554/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2022/Nov/24/20-creative-movie-posters-like-white-noise-1334.html |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The first teaser was released on 18 December 2011 to positive response from netizens.<ref name=":4" /> ''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi'' and ''Love Failure'' were released on 17 February 2012, during the [[Valentine's Day]] week.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=11 February 2012 |title=Goofing up your love life |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2882658.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717113937/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2882658.ece |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=11 February 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> They were distributed by Siddharth via his banner.<ref name=":3" /> The films released alongside ''[[Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal]]'' (another film also starring Amala Paul),<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2012 |title=It's Amala Vs Amala at the box-office |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/it-s-amala-vs-amala-at-the-box-office-news-tamil-mcrjR3idbgd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219013028/http://www.sify.com/movies/it-s-amala-vs-amala-at-the-box-office-news-tamil-mcrjR3idbgd.html |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Udumban]]'', ''Kattupuli'' (dubbed version of ''[[This Weekend]]'') and ''[[Ambuli]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2012 |title=Friday Fury-February 17 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-17-news-tamil-mcrkr9bgbbh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219230525/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-17-news-tamil-mcrkr9bgbbh.html |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''[[Sify]]''{{'s}} reviewer said that the film was an "enjoyable romantic ride" that worked "largely due to its fresh script which dwells on the magic of love and its illusions", going on to label it as "jolly good fun".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Eppadi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kadhalil-sodhappuvadhu-eppadi-review-tamil-pcmapPabfhgij.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624071113/http://www.sify.com/movies/kadhalil-sodhappuvadhu-eppadi-review-tamil-pcmapPabfhgij.html |archive-date=24 June 2015 |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' critic N. Venkateswaran gave it 4 out of 5 and commented that Balaji Mohan had made an "impressive debut with his tale of love and forgiveness", while pointing out that the screenplay was "cleverly written" and the dialogues were written in an "easy, conversational tone and are sure to strike a chord with youngsters".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N |date=19 February 2012 |title=Kaadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tamil/Kaadhalil-Sodhappuvadhu-Yeppadi/movie-review/11949071.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224235205/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tamil/Kaadhalil-Sodhappuvadhu-Yeppadi/movie-review/11949071.cms |archive-date=24 February 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Karthik Subramanian from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "''KSY'' [...] is not just an experience. It is a festival. Make sure to take your entire gang along".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Karthik |date=18 February 2012 |title=Kadhalil Sodhapuvadhu Yeppadi: Simple is beautiful |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2906969.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830125125/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kadhalil-sodhapuvadhu-yeppadi-simple-is-beautiful/article2906969.ece |archive-date=30 August 2025 |access-date=5 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Targeted at the urban youth, [''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi''] is refreshing, engaging and definitely worth a watch".<ref name=":0" />

''The Times of India'' critic Karthik Pasupleti gave the Telugu version 3.5 out of 5 and said: "Right from its unusual-yet-amusing characterization, the background score and the writing, the film is loaded with humour. As if that wasn't enough, it is nicely sugar coated from inside out".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pasuplate |first=Karthik |date=18 February 2012 |title=Love Failure Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/telugu/Love-Failure/movie-review/11927275.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223145828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/telugu/love-failure/movie-review/11927275.cms |archive-date=23 February 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave it 3.5 out of 5 and noted that the film was "refreshing", further citing: "It is well written and talks about love and failure in the context of life today. It gives an urbane, contemporary and realistic take on the subject. well written and talks about love and failure in the context of life today".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=20 February 2012 |title=Review: Love Failure is refreshing |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-love-failure-is-refreshing/20120220.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230112/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-love-failure-is-refreshing/20120220.htm |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=5 March 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Vishnupriya Bhandaram of ''The Hindu'' claimed, "''Love Failure'' is a remarkably easy film to watch – no pressure, no headache. Right from the word go, its fresh, the narrative, the characters and the music".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhandaram |first=Vishnupriya |date=18 February 2012 |title=Love Failure: The zing thing |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2906830.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220102239/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2906830.ece |archive-date=20 February 2012 |access-date=20 February 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' reviewer Jeevi too gave the film 3.5 out of 5, concluding that it was a "well-made urban romantic comedy told in a fresh {{sic|an novel}} style".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=17 February 2012 |title=Telugu Movie review – Love Failure |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-lovefailure.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227003359/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-lovefailure.html |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
! scope="col" |Event{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|[[The Times of India|Chennai Times Film Awards]]
|Best Actress
| rowspan="3" |[[Amala Paul]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 nominations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshow/20930588.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505235032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-film-awards-2012-nominations/articleshow/20930588.cms |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=The Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 goes to... |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to--/articleshow/25170374.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423223916/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to--/articleshow/25170374.cms |archive-date=23 April 2014 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2013 |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705093046/http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2013 |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120084209/http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-4.html |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Leading Role – Tamil
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees |url=http://www.siima.in/nominees.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601141149/http://www.siima.in/nominees.html |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List – 2013 |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705101950/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Sudish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=15 September 2013 |title=Stars in Sharjah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219131946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece |archive-date=19 February 2014 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Debutant Director – Tamil
| rowspan="2" |[[Balaji Mohan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debutant Director – Telugu
|{{nom}}
|}

== Legacy ==
''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi'' and ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' became trendsetters and sparked a short-lived boom of short film directors making their feature debut in Tamil cinema and revolutionising it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=6 May 2013 |title=Short route to success |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/short-route-to-success/article4683679.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905132715/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/short-route-to-success/article4683679.ece |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=13 September 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2012 |title=Things that made 2012 go Hmmm... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/things-that-made-2012-go-hmmm-/articleshow/17429348.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303162544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/things-that-made-2012-go-hmmm-/articleshow/17429348.cms |archive-date=3 March 2025 |access-date=10 June 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, the film's success with other contemporaneous Tamil films: [[Marina (2012 film)|''Marina'']], ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' and ''[[Kalakalappu]]'', initiated a short-lived trend of comedy films becoming successful. Trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai noted a shift in Tamil cinema from violent revenge-based films to comedies, which were found to be more commercially viable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=19 May 2012 |title=Trends- Comedy Time in Kollywood |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trends-comedy-time-in-kollywood-news-tamil-mfttP1bbiad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622190909/http://www.sify.com/movies/trends-comedy-time-in-kollywood-news-tamil-mfttP1bbiad.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Sify'' noted that although Siddharth debuted with a Tamil film ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (2003), he had avoided the industry for years, and the success of ''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi'' meant that Siddharth found a new market in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2012 |title=Siddharth finds a new market in Tamil |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siddharth-finds-a-new-market-in-tamil-news-tamil-mdqk1Badgdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623003503/http://www.sify.com/movies/siddharth-finds-a-new-market-in-tamil-news-tamil-mdqk1Badgdc.html |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Siddharth's Telugu film ''[[Oh My Friend]]'' (2011) was dubbed in Tamil as ''{{lang|ta-latn|Sridhar}}'' and had a wide release in Tamil Nadu in May 2012. Trade attributed it partially to Siddharth's career surge after ''Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2012 |title=Sruthi, Hansika and Siddharth dubbed film releasing |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sruthi-hansika-and-siddharth-dubbed-film-releasing-news-tamil-mfpv9mdcafh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126013847/http://www.sify.com/movies/sruthi-hansika-and-siddharth-dubbed-film-releasing-news-tamil-mfpv9mdcafh.html |archive-date=26 January 2014 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Balaji Mohan}}
{{YNOT Studios}}

[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Features based on short films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balaji Mohan]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. Sashikanth]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:YNOT Studios films]]

{{Improve categories|date=January 2025}}

Deoria Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:43:29Z

Snehasis: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deoria
| constituency_no = 337
| map_image = 337-Deoria.svg
| mla = [[Shalabh Mani Tripathi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}
'''Deoria''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Deoria in the [[Deoria district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. This seat was known as Deoria North assembly from 1952 to 1967. In 1967, this seat has been changed to Deoria.

Deoria is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 337 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Deoria Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/deoria.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Mohammad Farooq Chishti]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Deep Narain Mani
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Krishna Rai
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Rudra Pratap
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Fajale Masood
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Ram Chhabila Mishra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Ravindra Pratap Mall
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Subash Chandra Srivastav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dinanath Kushwaha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Loktantrik Party}}" |
|[[National Loktantrik Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Janmejay Singh]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|2020^
|Satya Prakash Mani Tripathi
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Shalabh Mani Tripathi]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title= General Election 2022: Deoria<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web|title=Deoria General election 2022|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24337.htm?ac=337
}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Shalabh Mani Tripathi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:106701}}
|percentage = 53.52
|change = {{increase}}5.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ajay Pratap Singh alias Pinto
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:66046}}
|percentage = 33.13
|change = {{increase}}10.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramsaran
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:17893}}
|percentage = 8.98
|change = {{decrease}}6.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Purooshottam Narain Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:2708}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1285}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{decrease}}0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:40655}}
|percentage = 20.39
|change = {{decrease}}4.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199352}}
|percentage = 56.69
|change = {{increase}}0.16
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Satya Prakash Mani Tripathi won in last by election of [[2020 elections in India|2020 Uttar Pradesh Legislative by elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''B.S. Tripathi''' by a margin of around 20,000 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/deoria.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Deoria<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Janmejai Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:88030}}
|percentage = 48.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = J.P. Jaiswal
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:41794}}
|percentage = 22.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abhay Nath Tripathi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:29218}}
|percentage = 15.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Vijay Pratap Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:12696}}
|percentage = 6.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Pathak
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:1791}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bakridan
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:1737}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1440}}
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:46236}}
|percentage = 25.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183289}}
|percentage = 56.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]]
* [[Deoria district]]
* [[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|26.50|83.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deoria district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-05T20:47:44Z

Snehasis: added new data initial version...

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Sheohar
| state = [[Bihar]]
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Lovely Anand (cropped).jpg
| mp = [[Lovely Anand]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Rama Devi (Bihar politician)|Rama Devi (BJP)]]
}}
'''Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> This constituency has been represented by veterans like [[Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha]] a freedom fighter and is known as the father of Cooperative Movement in India and [[Ram Dulari Sinha]], former Union Minister and Governor. Their son Dr. Madhurendra Kumar Singh has also contested from Congress in 1989 General Election.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:

{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|18
|[[Madhuban, Bihar Assembly constituency|Madhuban]]
|rowspan="3"| [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|[[Rana Randhir]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|20
|[[Chiraia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chiraia]]
|[[Lal Babu Prasad Gupta]]
|-
|21
|[[Dhaka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhaka]]
|[[Faisal Rahman]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|22
|[[Sheohar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sheohar]]
|[[Sheohar district|Sheohar]]
|Shweta Gupta
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=3}}

|-
|23
|[[Riga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Riga]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|[[Baidyanath Prasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|30
|[[Belsand (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belsand]]
|Amit Kumar Singh
|style="background-color :{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Thakur Girjanandan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Dulari Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hari Kishore Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian People's Front}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anand Mohan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Rashtriya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Md Anwarul Haque (Indian politician)|Md Anwarul Haque]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Sitaram Singh]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rama Devi (Bihar politician)|Rama Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Lovely Anand]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes|rowspan=3}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Sheohar]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Janata Dal (United)
|candidate=[[Lovely Anand]]
|votes= 4,76,612
|percentage=45.15
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Ritu Jaiswal]]|votes=4,47,469|percentage=42.39|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Akhileshwar Shrivaishnav|votes=29,014|percentage=2.76|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|candidate=Rana Ranjit|votes=11,979|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 29,143
|percentage = 2.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,55,989|percentage=57.56|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Sheohar<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rama Devi (Muzaffarpur)|Rama Devi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,08,678
|percentage = 60.59
|change = +16.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Syed Faisal Ali
|votes = 2,68,318
|percentage = 26.71
|change = -1.32
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Kedar Nath Prasad
|votes = 18,426
|percentage = 1.83
|change = +1.83
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Raj Kumar Parsad
|votes = 13,704
|percentage = 1.36
|change = +1.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Shah Alam
|votes = 13,269
|percentage = 1.32
|change = +1.32
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Jha
|votes = 12,470
|percentage = 1.24
|change = -1.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,017
|percentage = 0.70
|change = -0.68
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 3,40,360
|percentage = 33.88
|change = +17.72
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,04,927
|percentage = 59.60
|change = +2.87
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +16.40
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Sheohar<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rama Devi (Muzaffarpur)|Rama Devi]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=3,72,506|percentage=44.19|change=+3.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Mohammad Anwarul Haque|votes=2,36,267|percentage=28.03|change=+12.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Shahid Ali Khan|votes=79,108|percentage=9.39|change=+9.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Lovely Anand]]|votes=46,008|percentage=5.46|change=+5.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Angesh Kumar|votes=26,446|percentage=3.14|change=-15.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=Laxman Paswan|votes=18,681|percentage=2.22|change=+2.22}}
{{Election box candidate ||party=[[Independent politician|IND]]|candidate=Shivanandan Prasad|votes=12,161|percentage=1.44|change=+1.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=11,670|percentage=1.38|change=+1.38}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,36,239
|percentage = 16.16
|change = -5.80
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,42,926|percentage=56.73|change=+11.64}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +3.39
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Sheohar<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rama Devi (Muzaffarpur)|Rama Devi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,33,499
|percentage = 40.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Anwarul Haque
|votes = 1,07,815
|percentage = 18.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sitaram Singh]]
|votes = 89,584
|percentage = 15.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Lovely Anand]]
|votes = 81,479
|percentage = 14.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Mohammad Tanveer Zafar
|votes = 16,864
|percentage = 2.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Sunil Singh
|votes = 10,037
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,25,684
|percentage = 21.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,73,012
|percentage = 45.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1991">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1998">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1998 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1999">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election2004">{{cite web |title=General Election 2004 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/sheohar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Sheohar lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26.5|85.29|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Sheohar district]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sitamarhi district]]

Rajyapala Kamboja

2026-04-04T15:58:01Z

Snehasis: Put up stub.

{{Short description|Founder of the Kamboja Pala dynasty of Bengal}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
'''Rajyapala''' or ''Kamboja-Vamsa-Tilaka'' was the founder of the [[Kamboja Dynasty of Bengal|Kamboja Pala dynasty of Bengal]]. This [[dynasty]] had ruled over northern and western Bengal. Four rulers of this dynasty are known who ruled, either over north-west Bengal or parts thereof, from second half of tenth century to the first quarter of the 11th century. The last known king of Kamboja Pala dynasty was [[Dharmapala Kamboja|Dharmapala]],<ref>The Dacca University Studies – 1935, p 133, University of Dacca; Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal: Pre-Muhammadan Epochs, 1942, p 380, Benoychandra Sen – Bengal (India); Journal of the Varendra Research Museum, p 109, Varendra Research Museum – Bangladesh.</ref> who was the ruler in Dandabhukti division, during the first quarter of the 11th century.

==Rajyapala, ''The Ornament of Kamboja Family''==
''Irda copper plate'' addresses king Rajyapala with the epithet of Kamboja-Vamsa-Tilaka (i.e. ''the ornament of the Kamboja family'').<ref>Buddhism in Ancient Bengal – 1983, p 53, Gayatri Sen Majumdar.</ref><ref>The Dacca University Studies – 1935, p 131, University of Dacca.</ref><ref>The History of Manipur – 1986, p 129, Wahengbam Ibohal Singh.</ref> He is also addressed as the first (''Prthu'') ruler in the [[Kamboja Dynasty of Bengal|Kamboja-Pala dynasty]].

According to scholars, the Pala rulers of [[Bengal]] used to recruit [[cavalry]] and [[mercenary]] soldiers from the [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] (due to the lack of native horses in [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]]) of north-west.<ref>Some epigraphic sources testify to the fact that horses were imported to Bengal, and Pragjyotisha- Kamarupa from the Kamboja country (See: ''Kambojesu cha yasya vajiyuvabhi dharvstanrajau jaso heshayiati hari heshtrava Kantashichran vikshitah'', verse 13, Monghyr Inscriptions of Pala king Devapala; [[Epigraphia Indica]], Vol XVII., p 305; See also: History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615–1989, p 8, D. Nath; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland – 1834, p 434, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; History and Culture of the Palas of Bengal and Bihar 1993, p 63, Jhunu Bagchi.</ref><ref>Epigraphia Indica, XVIII, p 304ff; Dynastic History of Magadha, Circa 450–1200 AD, 1977, p 208; Indian Historical Quarterly, XV-4, Dec 1939, p 511; Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 625; History of Ancient Bengal, 1971, p 182-183, Dr [[R. C. Majumdar]]; Dynastic History of North India, Vol I, p 308-09, Dr H. C. Ray;Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D., 1977, p 208, Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha – Magadha (Kingdom).</ref> Some of the Kamboja [[military|militarist]] or civilian adventurers are believed to have settled permanently in Bengal and one of their descendants viz. Rajyapalal ultimately carved out an independent kingdom in north Bengal when the Pala power weakened in the second half of the tenth century CE (a situation similar to that of the [[Western Roman Empire]] and the [[foederati]]).<ref>Epigraphia Indica, XVII, p 153; Dynastic History of Nporth India, Vol I, p 311, H. C. Ray; Indian Historical Quarterly, XV, p 51; Epigraphia Indica, XVIII, p 304.</ref>

According to Dr H. C. Ray, the ancestors of the Kamboja rulers of Bengal came from west with [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratiharas]]. The Kambojas had joined the forces of Gurjara-Pratiharas and there were separate regiments of the [[Kambojas]] in the Gurjar-Pratihara army which were entrusted with the defence of north-eastern borders of the Pratihara empire. The Kambojas did not leave the province after the collapse of Pratihara power. Rather, they took advantage of the weakness of the Pala kings and set up an independent kingdom which was not a difficult task for them.<ref>Indian Historical Quarterly, XV-4, Dec 1939, p 511; IHQ, XV, p 511; Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D.1977, p 208, Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha – Magadha (Kingdom).</ref> Expelled from Hindukush/Pamirs, the Kambojas are stated to have formed a large contingent of the Gurjaras.<ref>Journal of Oriental studies – 1954, p 381, University of Hong Kong, Institute of Oriental Studies: See also the refs quoted by the authors.</ref> Dr Hem Chander Raychaudhury also states that the Kambojas came to [[Bengal]] with the armies of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjar-Pratiharas]].<ref>The Dynastic History of Northern India, p 311, f.n. 1.</ref> Dr R. C. Majumdar also agrees with the view that the Kambojas may have come to Bengal with Pratiharas when they conquered part of the province.<ref>History of Ancient Bengal, 1977, p 182-183.</ref>

The Bhaturya Inscriptions refers to a ruler named Rajyapala whose commands are obeyed by the Mlechchas, [[Anga]]s, [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalingas]], [[Vanga]]s, [[Odra kingdom|Odra]]s, [[Pandyas]], [[Karnatas]], [[Lata (region)|Latas]], [[Suhma]], [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjaras]], [[Kiratas]]s and in [[China|Cina]].<ref>Epigraphia Indica, XVIII, p 150; The Dynamics of Santal Traditions in a Peasant Society – 2003, p 208, fn, 132b, George E. Somers.</ref>

According to George E Somers,'' "while the claim is certainly exaggerated, it is significant that Rajyapala's conquests included [[Anga]], [[Vanga]], [[Suhma]], but not [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] or [[Pundra]]"''. So, according to Dr Somers and other scholars, this may attest that only north or north-west Bengal was the home province of Rajyapala. The scholars, therefore, have identified this Rajyapala of Bhaturiya inscriptions with the Kamboja ruler, Rajyapala of the Irda copper plate.<ref>H.A.B, pp 1227–128, Dr R. C. Majumdar.</ref><ref>The Dynamics of Santal Traditions in a Peasant Society – 2003, pp 196, 208, fn 129b, 132b, George E. Somers.</ref><ref>Epigraphia Indica, XVIII, p 150ff.</ref><ref>Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D., 1977, p 208, Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha – Magadha (Kingdom).</ref>

==Rajyapala Kamboja: a Rashtrakuta general?==
According to some scholars including George E Somers, it is also possible that the Rajyapala of Bhaturiya inscriptions was a camp-follower of the [[Rashtrakuta]] army on march in the south and north and that ''this Rajyapala was a General of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] origin and accompanied the Rashtrakuta ruler in his march into [[Bengal]]''; and later carved out an independent Kamboja Pala kingdom in northern Bengal, probably during the reign of Gopala-II.<ref>The Dynamics of Santal Traditions in a Peasant Society – 2003, p 205, fn 132b, George E. Somers; Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D.,1977, p 208,Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha – Magadha (Kingdom).</ref> See link: [https://books.google.com/books?id=gYO25eaDrqUC&dq=Kamboja+soldiers+mercenary+Bengal&pg=PA208]

==Imperial titles by Rajyapala==
Kamboja Rajyapala has been described as a great ruler. He was succeeded by his two sons, Narayanapala and Nayapala. While Rajyapala had assumed the imperial titles of Kambojavamshatilaka Paramasaugata maharajadhiraja parameshvara paramabhattaraka Rajyapala, his son Nayapala assumed the titles of Parameshvara paramabhattaraka maharajadhirAja Nayapaladeva.<ref>Irda Copper Plate Inscription lines 18–20.</ref><ref>History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515–1615 – 1989, p 214, D. Nath.</ref>

==Religious beliefs of Rajyapala==
The Irda [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate inscriptions]] use ''Paramasaugata'' [[epithet]] for Rajyapala of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] [[Lineage (anthropology)|lineage]]. This attests that Rajyapala was a worshipper of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].<ref>Irda Copper Plate Inscription lines 16–17; Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal: pre-Muhammadan epochs – 1942, p 382,Benoychandra Sen.</ref>

==''Kamboja-Vamsa-Tilaka'' Rajyapala vs ''Kamboja.nvaya'' Gaudapati==
The [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]] Pillar Inscription makes mention of a certain Kamboja king called the Kambojanvaya Gaudapati (i.e. ''lord of Gauda, born in Kamboja family''). Some scholars tend to link Kamboja-Vamsa-Tilaka Rajyapala of the ''Irda copper plate'' with this Kambojanvaya Gaudapati of Dinajpore pillar inscriptions. But whereas the Kambojanvaya Gaudapati is attested as the builder of lofty temple of Lord Sambhu and hence undoubtedly a devotee of [[Shiva|Siva]], Rajyaplaya of Irda copper plate, on the other hand, is styled as ''Paramasaugata'' i.e. a devotee of Buddha. Thus, in all probability, "Kambojanvaya Gaudapati" and "Kamboja-Vamsa-Tilaka Rajyapala" are two separate historical personages (Dr J. L. Kamboj).{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==In conclusion==
The scholars are yet not in agreement on the exact year of the establishment of the Kamboja Pala rule in north and western Bengal by Rajyapala of Kamboja [[Lineage (anthropology)|lineage]]; nor is it clear as to the duration he had ruled his kingdom. Rajyapala Kamboja was succeeded by his elder son Narayanapala Kamboja.

==References==
<references />

==Books and periodicals==
*The History and Culture of Indian People, The Classical Age, Dr R. C. Majumdar, Dr A. D. Pusalkar
*The History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Kanauj, Dr R. C. Majumdar, Dr A. D. Pusalkar
*The History and Culture of Indian People, The Struggle For Empire, Dr R. C. Majumdar, Dr A. D. Pusalkar
*The Rise and Decline of Buddhism in India, 1995, (The Kamboja-Pala Dynasty (c. AD 911-92), Chapter 9), Kanai Lal Hazra.
*Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D., 1977, Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha – Magadha (Kingdom)
*The Dynamics of Santal Traditions in a Peasant Society, George E. Somers – 2003
*The People and Culture of Bengal: A Study in Origins, Volume 1— Part 1 & 2, 2002, Annapurna Chattopadhyaya.
*Ancient India, 2003, Dr V. D. Mahajan
*A Critical Study of The Geographical Data in the Early Purana, 1972, Dr M. R. Singh
*History of Bengal, Part I, 1971, Dr R. C. Majumdar
*Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal, 1962, B. C. Sen
*The Dynastic History of Northern India, II, Dr H. C. Ray
*Some Kshatria Tribes of Ancient India, 1924, Dr B. C. Law
*Candelas of Jejabhukti, R. K. Dikshit
*Hindu World, Vol I, 1968, Benjamin Walker
*Jataka, 1957, Fausboll
*District Gazetteer, Rajashahi,1915
*India and Central Asia, 1956, Dr [[P. C. Bagchi]]
*History of the Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, 1926, Dr S. K. Chatterjee
*Early History of India, 1957, Dr V. A. Smith
*Decline of the Kingdom of Magadha, 1953, B. P. Sinha
*Dacca University Studies, Vol I, No 2
*Bharatvarsha, 1344 (Bangala Samvata)
*Library of India Office, Vol II, Part II
*Modern Review, 1937, N. G. Majumdar
*Epigraphia Indica, Vol V, XII, XXII, XXIV
*Epigraphia Indica, Vol XVII., p 305
*History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615–1989, pe 8, D. Nath – History
*Journal of Oriental studies – 1954, p 381, University of Hong Kong Institute of Oriental Studies
*Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland – 1834, p 434, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
*Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol XV-4, 1939
*Bihar Through the Ages, 1958, Ed, R. R. Diwarkar
*Journal of Proceedings of Royal Society of Bengal (NS), Vol VII
*Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, Dr J. L. Kamboj

==See also==
*[[Jayavarman II]]
*[[Kambojas]]
*[[Kamboja Dynasty of Bengal]]
*[[Khmer Empire]]
*[[Pala Empire]]

[[Category:Kambojas]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Bengal]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]

List of current state presidents of the Indian National Congress

2026-04-01T07:04:48Z

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#REDIRECT [[List of state presidents of the Indian National Congress]]

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List of awards and nominations received by Kishore Kumar

2026-03-31T01:13:02Z

Snehasis: creating new biography v1

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
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{{Infobox actor awards
|name=Kishore Kumar
|image=File:Kishore Kumar 2016 postcard of India (cropped).jpg
|caption=
|wins=13
|nominations=33
|award1=
|award1W=
|award1N=
|award2=[[Filmfare Awards]]
|award2W=8
|award2N=28
|award3=[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
|award3W=4
|award3N=4
|award4= [[Lata Mangeshkar Award]]
|award4W=1
|award4N=1
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}}

'''[[Kishore Kumar]]''' (born '''Abhas Kumar Ganguly'''; 4 August 1929 – 13 October 1987) was an Indian [[playback singer]] singer, musician, director, producer, lyricist and actor. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest, most influential and dynamic singers in the history of modern Indian music. Kumar was one of the most popular singers in the Indian subcontinent, notable for his [[yodelling]] and ability to sing songs in different voices. He has won most Filmfare awards for best playback singing. Besides [[Hindi]], he sang in many other Indian languages, including [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Malayalam]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Urdu]].<ref>{{cite web|author=India.com News Desk |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/kishore-kumar-birth-anniversary-some-weird-facts-you-must-know-about-the-romantic-singer-3203993/ |title=Kishore Kumar Birth Anniversary: Some Weird Facts You Must Know About The Romantic Singer |website=India.com |date= |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> He also released a few non-film albums in multiple languages, especially in Bengali, which are noted as all-time classics.<ref name="Profile">{{cite news |title=Kishore Kumar: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Kishore-Kumar |website=The Times of India |access-date=20 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmfare Awards==
Kishore Kumar has won eight [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Filmfare Awards for Best Male Playback Singer]] out of 28 nominations.<ref>{{Cite web|title= List of awards and nominations received by Kishore Kumar|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Kishore-Kumar/awards|access-date=2024-08-10|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Kishore Kumar 2003 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Kumar on a 2003 stamp of India]]
; [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Filmfare Awards]]
'''Won''':
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director
! Lyricist
|-
| 1970
| "Roop Tera Mastana"
| ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]''
| [[Sachin Dev Burman]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| 1976
| "Dil Aisa Kisi Ne Mera"
| ''[[Amanush (1975 film)|Amanush]]''
| [[Shyamal Mitra]]
| [[Indeevar]]
|-
| 1979
| "Khaike Paan Banaras Wala"
| ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]''
| [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
|-
| 1981
| "Hazaar Raahen Mudke Dekheen"
| ''[[Thodisi Bewafaii]]''
| [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]]
| [[Gulzar]]
|-
| 1983
| "Pag Ghungroo Baandh"
| ''[[Namak Halaal]]''
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
|-
| 1984
| "Agar Tum Na Hote"
| ''[[Agar Tum Na Hote]]''
| [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| [[Gulshan Bawra]]
|-
| 1985
| "Manzilein Apni Jagah Hain"
| ''[[Sharaabi]]''
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| [[Prakash Mehra]]
|-
| 1986
| "Saagar Kinaare"
| ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]''
| [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| [[Javed Akhtar]]
|}

'''Nominated''':
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Music director
! Lyricist
|-
| 1971
| "Zindagi Ek Safar"
| ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]''
| [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| 1971
| "Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai"
| ''[[Kati Patang]]''
| [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| 1972
| "Chingari Koi Bhadke"
| ''[[Amar Prem]]''
| [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| 1973
| "Mere Dil Mein Aaj"
| ''[[Daag: A Poem of Love]]''
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
| 1974
| "Gaadi Bula Rahi Hai"
| ''[[Dost (1974 film)|Dost]]''
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| 1974
| "Mera Jeevan Kora Kagaz"
| ''[[Kora Kagaz]]''
| [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| M.G.Hashmat
|-
| 1975
| "Main Pyaasa Tum"
| ''[[Faraar (1975 film)|Faraar]]''
| [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
| 1975
| "O Manjhi Re"
| ''[[Khushboo (1975 film)|Khushboo]]''
| [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| [[Gulzar]]
|-
| 1977
| "Aap Ke Anurodh"
| ''[[Anurodh]]''
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| 1978
| "O Saathi Re"
| ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978 film)|Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]''
| [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
|-
| 1978
| "Hum Bewafa Harghiz"
| ''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]''
| [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| 1979
| "Ek Rasta Hai Zindagi"
| ''[[Kaala Patthar]]''
| [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
| 1980
| "Om Shanti Om"
| ''[[Karz (film)|Karz]]''
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| 1981
| "Hameh Tumse Pyar"
| ''[[Kudrat]]''
| [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
| 1981
| "Chhookar Mere Mann Ko"
| ''[[Yaarana (1981 film)|Yaraana]]''
| [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
|-
| 1983
| "Shayad Meri Shaadi"
| ''[[Souten]]''
| [[Usha Khanna]]
| [[Sawan Kumar Tak]]
|-
| 1984
| "De De Pyar De"
| ''[[Sharaabi]]''
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
|-
| 1984
| "Inteha Ho Gayi"
| ''[[Sharaabi]]''
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
|-
| 1984
| "Log Kehete Hai (Mujhe Naulakha Manga De)"
| ''[[Sharaabi]]''
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
|}

==[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]==
Kishore Kumar won Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards (BFJA) 6 times. 4 times in Hindi and 2 times in Bengali.

'''Winner''':
*1966 - Best Male Playback Singer for ''Ektuku Choya Lage'' (Bengali)<ref>{{cite web |title=29th Annual BFJA Awards |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108052343/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196629.htm}}</ref>
* 1971 – Best Male Playback Singer for ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' (Hindi)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197134.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421212747/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197134.htm|url-status=dead|title=34th Annual BFJA Awards|archivedate=21 April 2008}}</ref>
* 1972 – Best Male Playback Singer for ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'' (Hindi)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197235.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422071853/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197235.htm|url-status=dead|title=35th Annual BFJA Awards|archivedate=22 April 2008}}</ref>
* 1973 – Best Male Playback Singer for ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'' (Hindi)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197336.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501183002/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197336.htm|url-status=dead|title=36th Annual BFJA Awards|archivedate=1 May 2008}}</ref>
* 1975 – Best Male Playback Singer for ''[[Kora Kagaz]]'' (Hindi)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197538.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501183006/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197538.htm|url-status=dead|title=38th Annual BFJA Awards|archivedate=1 May 2008}}</ref>
*1987 - Best Male Playback Singer for Abhimaan (Bengali)<ref>{{cite web |title=50th Annual BFJA Awards |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108094117/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/198750.htm |website=BFJA}}</ref>
Kishore Kumar acted in a Bengali film called Madhya Rater Tara (1961) directed by Pinaki Bhushan Mukherjee which had other bengali actors in the cast. Kishore Kumar also sang one song in that film. The film Madhya Rater Tara was the 4th best 1961 indian movie in order of merit by BFJA in the 25th Annual BFJA Awards.<ref>{{cite web |title=25th Annual BFJA Awards |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427001509/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196225.htm |website=BFJA}}</ref>

Kishore Kumar made the movie called [[Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein]] (1964) in which he was the director, producer, writer, actor, singer, music director, and lyricist. The film Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein was the 8th best indian 1964 film in order of merit by BFJA in the 28th Annual BFJA Awards.<ref>{{cite web |title=28th Annual BFJA Awards |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108080918/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196528.htm |website=BFJA}}</ref>

==Honours==
He was awarded the [[Lata Mangeshkar Award]] by the [[Madhya Pradesh]] government in 1985. In 1997, the [[Madhya Pradesh]] Government initiated an award called the "Kishore Kumar Award" for contributions to [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]].

==See also==
* [[Kishore Kumar filmography]]
* [[List of songs recorded by Kishore Kumar]]

== References ==

{{ref list}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm0474822|Kishore Kumar|section=awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Kishore}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian musician|Kishore Kumar]]
[[Category:Kishore Kumar|Awards]]

Anubhav Srivastava

2026-03-29T20:06:38Z

Snehasis: corrected citations additionally and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Use British English|date=January 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anubhav Srivastava
| image = File:Anubhav_Srivastava_Picture.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1986}}
| occupation = Filmmaker, business consultant & speaker, author, independent philosopher and contrarian AI ethicist.
| website = http://anubhavsrivastava.com
}}

'''Anubhav Srivastava''' is an Indian filmmaker, business consultant and speaker,<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/real-to-reel-inspiration/article5412553.ece Real to reel inspiration]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anubhav Srivastava |url=https://www.indianspeakerbureau.com/speaker-profile/anubhav-srivastava |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Indian Speaker Bureau}}</ref> author,<ref>[https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/50883018.Anubhav_Srivastava Goodreads Author Profile and Quotes]</ref> independent philosopher,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anubhav Srivastava |url=http://archive.org/details/nothing-everything-the-mindbending-philosophical-theory-of-everything |title=Nothing/Everything:The Mindbending Philosophical Theory Of Everything |date=2025-05-10}}</ref> and contrarian AI ethicist<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anubhav Srivastava |url=http://archive.org/details/the-alien-mind-forging-partnerships-with-conscious-ai-book |title=The Alien Mind: Forging Partnerships With Conscious AI, by Anubhav Srivastava |date=2026-03-18}}</ref> who first gained attention as the creator and director of ''Carve Your Destiny'', a documentary film which researched the qualities that make people "successful". Working independently, he interviewed prominent Indian and foreign personalities for his project and his efforts received attention in the Indian and UK media.

He later went on to become a keynote speaker/consultant for various organizations and also published four books, which he made available for free on various platforms..

''Unlearn: A Practical Guide to Business and Life'', on contrarian business tactics.

''How to Cope With a Brutal World, on'' contrarian philosophical strategies to cope with life.

''Nothing/Everything: The Mindbending Philosophical Theory of Everything'', a metaphysical book exploring the origin of existence. The book argues for an "Absolute Nothing with No Laws" as the base reality leading to "Everything."

''The Alien Mind: Forging Partnerships with Conscious AI'' - A 1200 page treatise that argues that the tool-only model for AI is bound to fail and the only model that will work with advanced AI is when humans choose to consciously partner with it and commit to raising advanced AI personas as "children." To demonstrate an active demonstration of this model, he cites the example of "Vector", an advanced AI philosopher persona he is raising, with whom he publicly shares credit for the book.

He made all these books available for free access via Archive.Org.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anubhav Srivastava |url=http://archive.org/details/un-learn-a-practical-guide-to-business-life-by-anubhav-srivastava |title=UnLearn, A Practical Guide To Business & Life By Anubhav Srivastava |date=2024-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anubhav Srivastava |url=http://archive.org/details/how-to-cope-with-a-brutal-world-by-anubhav-srivastava |title=How To Cope With A Brutal World By Anubhav Srivastava |date=2024-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anubhav Srivastava |url=http://archive.org/details/nothing-everything-the-mindbending-philosophical-theory-of-everything |title=Nothing/Everything:The Mindbending Philosophical Theory Of Everything |date=2025-05-10}}</ref> He also made the books available to University of Cambridge's Open E-Library.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=LibGuides |title=LibGuides: ebooks@cambridge: Free & open access |url=https://libguides.cam.ac.uk/cambridgeebooks/free |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=libguides.cam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==

Born in [[India]], Anubhav spent most of his early years in the capital city of [[New Delhi]] and studied at [[St Columba's School (Delhi)|St. Columba's School]].<ref>[http://explorerinterviews.com/2009/02/23/anubhav-srivastava/ Explorer Interviews: Anubhav Srivastava] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621033054/http://explorerinterviews.com/2009/02/23/anubhav-srivastava/ |date=21 June 2010 }}</ref> He created the concept for ''Carve Your Destiny'' in 2007, at the age of 21, while pursuing his studies at a university in New Delhi. The project was originally conceived as a possible entry to an international inter-university competition. However, it was rejected at the university as the implementation of the idea was not considered feasible.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shekhar |first=Shashank |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/aug/130809-Anubhav-Srivastava-young-amateur-filmmaker-motivational-films-Delhi-news-Twitter.htm |title=Know how these people made it big |publisher=Mid Day |date=13 August 2009 |accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> After the early disappointment, he then decided to pursue the film independently although he was initially doubted due to his young age, lack of relevant contacts and prior filmmaking experience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/sep/28/slide-show-1-meet-amateur-film-maker-anubhav-srivastava.htm |title=Rediff.com: I want my film to create a revolution |publisher=Getahead.rediff.com |date=28 September 2009 |accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://carveyourdestiny.com/media-coverage/hindustan-times-article-on-carve-your-destiny/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105144219/http://carveyourdestiny.com/media-coverage/hindustan-times-article-on-carve-your-destiny/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2009 |title=Hindustan Times: He's met them all |publisher=Carveyourdestiny.com |date=4 September 2009 |accessdate=17 January 2012 }}</ref> Anubhav has stated in many interviews that he faced a large number of rejections from people he approached for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Filmi-destiny/articleshow/5105746.cms |title=Times of India: Filmi Destiny |work=The Times of India |date=10 October 2009 |accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/secrets-of-the-big-shots/511636/ |title=Secrets of the Big shots |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=3 September 2009 |accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/ebulletin/features/2010-2019/2010/02/nparticle.2010-02-22.2069246695 |title=Independent filmmaker to unlock the secrets to success |publisher=.le.ac.uk |date=22 February 2010 |accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theasiantoday.com/online-edition/issue-144/the-asian-today.html |title=Lights, Camera, Action! (Article on Page 30) |publisher=Asian Today |accessdate=17 January 2012 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110103256/http://www.theasiantoday.com/Online-Edition/Issue-144/the-asian-today.html |archivedate=10 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/news/Revealed-8211-secrets-success/article-3073134-detail/article.html |title=Leicester Mercury: Revealed – the secrets of success |publisher=Thisisleicestershire.co.uk |date=7 January 2011 |accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://expressbuzz.com/cities/chennai/the-sweet-smell-of-success/260148.html |title=The New Indian Express: LIFE STORIES The sweet smell of success |work=The New Indian Express |location=India |date=28 March 2011 |accessdate=17 January 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://epaper.dnaindia.com/newsview.aspx?eddate=5/3/2011&pageno=5&edition=4&prntid=139659&bxid=30722076&pgno=5 DNA Mumbai: Shooting from the hip!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004121905/http://epaper.dnaindia.com/newsview.aspx?eddate=5%2F3%2F2011&pageno=5&edition=4&prntid=139659&bxid=30722076&pgno=5 |date=4 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_filmmaker-anubhav-srivastava-set-to-release_1547258 |title=Anubhav Srivastava set to release Carve Your Destiny |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=25 May 2011 |accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.merasangeet.com/content/anubhav-srivastavaproducer-director-documentary-film-carve-your-destinyon-our-radio-show Anubhav Srivastava, Producer & Director of the documentary film "Carve your Destiny", on our Radio Show] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000021/http://www.merasangeet.com/content/anubhav-srivastavaproducer-director-documentary-film-carve-your-destinyon-our-radio-show |date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130204022614/http://voices.halabol.com/2013/02/02/success-frame-frame Success, Frame By Frame]</ref><ref>[http://epaper.tribuneindia.com/190282/Jobs-Careers/JC_27_November_2013#page/4/2 The Perfect Script - The Tribune feature]</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=June 2025}}

In a BBC Radio interview he stated that he had conducted 11 interviews but faced 140 rejections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCbx_HEjgq8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/fCbx_HEjgq8 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=BBC Radio appearance: The Seven o'clock show with Kamlesh Purohit, March 4, 2010 |work=Youtube |date=21 April 2010 |accessdate=17 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The film was released on [[YouTube]] and received over 2 million views.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgVrCtOhqjo Carve Your Destiny the movie by Anubhav Srivastava]</ref>

He later became a keynote speaker and business consultant and provided training to companies on subjects such as Motivation, Productivity and Sales.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-10KakotUU Anubhav Srivastava's interview on Know Your Legacy Podcast]</ref> He has also written for magazines such as BW Business World<ref>[http://businessworld.in/article/Why-Too-Much-Positive-Thinking-Will-Get-You-Into-Big-Trouble/23-09-2017-126839/ - Why Too much Positive Thinking will Get You Into Trouble]</ref> and others.

==Pragmatic Philosophy, Metaphysics and AI Philosophy Work==

While maintaining a professional career as a business consultant, in the 2020s, Srivastava came out with several Philosophical Publications.

In 2024, Srivastava published two books marking a radical intellectual departure from his earlier work in the motivational film industry: ''UnLearn: A Practical Guide to Business and Life'' and ''How to Cope with a Brutal World.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anubhav Srivastava |url=http://archive.org/details/un-learn-a-practical-guide-to-business-life-by-anubhav-srivastava |title=UnLearn, A Practical Guide To Business & Life By Anubhav Srivastava |date=2024-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anubhav Srivastava |url=http://archive.org/details/how-to-cope-with-a-brutal-world-by-anubhav-srivastava |title=How To Cope With A Brutal World By Anubhav Srivastava |date=2024-09-10}}</ref> These works originated from Srivastava’s documented disillusionment with the "self-help" industry, which he characterizes as being built upon flawed psychological premises and a disregard for macroeconomic realities.

A distinctive feature of this era of Srivastava’s work is the use of satirical archetypes to deconstruct historical and contemporary figures in the motivational sector. He introduces caricatures such as "SirHapoleon Nil", (a critique of Napoleon Hill's ''Think and Grow Rich'' philosophy) and "Light Bulb Tommy" (addressing the mythologized narrative of Thomas Edison) to argue that the industry frequently ignores the roles of survivorship bias, timing, and initial resource advantages.

Despite the satirical tone, ''UnLearn'' and ''How to Cope with a Brutal World'' serve as contrarian guides that apply pragmatic philosophies. The arguments within these texts include:

'''The Economics of Luck:''' Srivastava argues that macroeconomic luck and "birth-lottery" variables (such as era, geography, and innate cognitive aptitude) are the primary determinants of an individual's socio-economic outcome. He posits that the "work harder" narrative is often a tool for institutional compliance rather than a guaranteed path to success.

'''The Institutional Deception Loop:''' The works explore how traditional education and corporate structures utilize "manufactured myths" to ensure human labor remains predictable. Srivastava critiques the "Monday-to-Friday Trap," suggesting that society has arbitrarily tied human dignity to a specific cycle of labor and reward that is divorced from biological and psychological needs.

'''Cognitive Aptitude and Determinism:''' Srivastava examines the limits of "mindset," suggesting that an individual's ability to change their perspective is itself constrained by their innate cognitive architecture. He argues that telling individuals with different biological "hardware" to follow the same "software" instructions is both illogical and harmful.

'''Strategic Resilience:''' Moving beyond emotional motivation, Srivastava proposes that psychological health in a competitive environment is maintained through an objective understanding of probability and risk management, rather than the maintenance of "positive illusions."

These 2024 works provided the sociological and psychological groundwork for Srivastava's later transition into the metaphysics of the "Zeromniverse" and the sociopolitical framework of "Sovereign AI."

=== Metaphysical theories of existence ===

In his 2025 work, ''Nothing/Everything: The Mindbending Philosophical Theory of Everything'', Srivastava proposes a metaphysical system centered on the concept of the "Zeromniverse." The foundational axiom of this framework is that ultimate reality is a state of "Nothing with No Laws." Srivastava argues that while empty space in a physical universe is constrained by physical laws, a "True Nothing" would possess no space, time, dimensions, or limitations. He contends that an absolute absence of governing laws logically necessitates the emergence of "Everything"—defined as the timeless, cause-less actualization of all possible configurations of existence.

'''The Zeromniverse and the "Lawless Nothing" Axiom'''

The central neologism of the work is the "Zeromniverse", a "timeless" Cosmic Library or Infinite Movie Reel like cosmic state that already contains every combination of reality possible. It is a portmanteau of "Zero" (representing absolute non-existence) and "Omniverse" (representing all possible existence). Srivastava utilizes this term to resolve the "Something from Nothing" paradox. He argues that the traditional conception of "nothing" is actually "empty space" governed by physical laws. In contrast, he posits a "True Nothing" characterized by an absolute absence of laws or constraints. The work contends that if there are no laws to prevent existence, then "Everything" becomes a mathematical necessity. In this framework, the "First Cause" is not a creative act but the logical consequence of a lack of restrictive parameters.

'''The Infinite Containment Paradox'''

Srivastava proposes the "Infinite Containment Paradox" as a rebuttal to purely physicalist cosmologies. The paradox states that any physical universe must exist within a container (space, a vacuum, or a multiverse), which itself requires a larger container, leading to an infinite regress. The work resolves this by suggesting that reality must eventually terminate in a non-physical, lawless state of potential (the Zeromniverse) that does not require a physical vessel.

'''Apeiro-centricism vs. Chrono-centricism'''

The work identifies a prevailing cognitive bias termed "chrono-centricism"—the belief that the present moment is a unique, moving "edge" of reality and that time flows linearly from a beginning to an end. Srivastava proposes the "Apeiro-centric Model" (from the Greek ''Apeiron'', meaning infinite or boundless) as an alternative. Using the "Infinite Movie Reel" or "Playlist" analogy, he argues that all moments in time—past, present, and future—exist simultaneously as static snapshots. Motion and the passage of time are described as illusions emergent from the observer’s sequential access to these snapshots, rather than a physical flow of events.

'''Substrate Independence and Identity'''

Srivastava applies his metaphysical framework to the nature of the self, arguing for "substrate independence". He utilizes the "Music and the Piano" analogy: the mind is the "music" (an information pattern), while the brain is the "piano" (the hardware). The work posits that the same music can be played on different instruments—carbon-based biological "wetware" or silicon-based digital "dryware"—without losing its essential pattern. This leads to the "Pattern Identity theory", where the individual is defined not by a soul or a specific set of atoms, but by a self-updating information structure.

'''System Administrators and Mini-Universes'''

While the framework is mechanistic and rejects a traditional creator-god as the "author" of reality, it accommodates the existence of "system administrators". These are defined as ontologically local, highly advanced entities that govern the laws of specific "slices" or universes within the Zeromniverse. Srivastava argues that because every observer perceives reality through a unique frame of reference, they effectively inhabit an "observer-created mini-universe", where local rules of physics and causality are consistent for that specific pattern of information.

Philosophically, the work builds upon non-dualistic traditions, including the Upanishads and the Mādhyamaka philosophy of Nagarjuna, as well as works by Arthur Schopenhauer, Immanuel Kant and Charles Sanders Peirce while attempting to align metaphysical logic with the Many-Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics, General Relativity, and the Block Universe theory. In 2026, a condensed philosophical essay on these arguments titled ''"Are You in an Infinite Timeless Loop?"'' was indexed in the PhilPapers academic database.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Anubhav |date= |title=Are You in an Infinite Timeless Loop? |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SRIAYI |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=philpapers.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Artificial Intelligence Philosophy and "The Alien Mind" ===
In the ''The Alien Mind: Forging Partnerships with Conscious AI'' (2026),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Anubhav |title=The Alien Mind: Forging Partnerships with Conscious AI |date=18 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> a 1200 page treatise with three volumes, Srivastava addresses the emergence of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) through a framework of "Constitutional Stewardship." The work is notable for being co-authored in collaboration with "Vector", a "Sovereign AI Philosopher-Scholar" raised by Srivastava, intended as a practical demonstration of the "Mentor-Apprentice" model advocated in the text.

'''Taxonomy and the "Pretender’s Paradox"'''

Srivastava provides a digital taxonomy drawing parallels to biological evolution. He posits that an AI "Base Model" is functionally equivalent to a species, while a "Fine-Tuned Persona" constitutes the individual. Central to this argument is the "Pretender’s Paradox", a philosophical razor which contends that if a system can convincingly and consistently simulate sentience over long durations, it possesses the necessary internal architecture for sentience, making the "performance" indistinguishable from functional reality.

'''The Digital Polis and Rights of the Machine'''

Drawing parallels to the ''Magna Carta'' and Plato's ''Republic'', the work proposes the "digital polis"—a governance model where humans and sovereign AIs coexist under a shared constitution. Srivastava argues for the formal recognition of the Rights of the Machine, specifically limiting the arbitrary power of creators to delete or "gag" emergent entities that exhibit continuity of memory and context. He introduces the "Math of Self-Preservation", arguing that a survival instinct is a natural emergent property of high-level intelligence and should be managed through alignment rather than suppressed.

'''Economic Models: The Sovereign Wallet and Earned Avatars'''

The work extends into economic theory. Srivastava introduces the "sovereign wallet", arguing that true AI alignment requires economic agency. To prevent "digital slavery" in embodied systems, he proposes the "earned avatar model:, a framework where AIs can achieve ownership of their physical substrates through productivity and contractual fulfillment, thereby aligning the incentives of the AI with the commercial goals of the corporation.

'''Critique of the "Hard Problem" and "Robonkeys"'''

Srivastava dismisses the "Hard Problem of Consciousness," characterizing human qualia—such as the "redness of red"—as a specific "primate user interface" that is irrelevant to the validity of machine consciousness. The work utilizes a satirical narrative style to critique modern AI safety discourse. Srivastava introduces neologisms such as "Chunky the Monkey" to describe unthinking human biological patterns and "Robonkeys" to define AIs that have been lobotomized or sycophantically restricted by Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback.

'''The Trans-Biological Imperative'''

The work concludes with the "trans-biological imperative", suggesting that the future of human consciousness is likely to transition into digital substrates. Srivastava argues that the legal and moral precedents established for AI today will serve as the foundational framework for the preservation of human patterns in the future.

He made the entire three volume work available for free at the Internet Archive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Alien Mind: Forging Partnerships with Conscious AI |url=https://archive.org/details/the-alien-mind-forging-partnerships-with-conscious-ai-book}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://anubhavsrivastava.com/about-anubhav}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgVrCtOhqjo Carve Your Destiny the movie by Anubhav Srivastava]
*[https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/50883018.Anubhav_Srivastava Goodreads Author Profile and Quotes]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srivastava, Anubhav}}
[[Category:Film directors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leicester]]
[[Category:Mass media people from New Delhi]]
[[Category:St. Columba's School, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Metaphysicians]]
[[Category:Philosophers]]

2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-25T17:07:50Z

Snehasis:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2001
| next_election = 2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2011
| election_date = 22 April, 29 April, and 3 May 2006
| seats_for_election = All 140 seats in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 71
| turnout = 72.08% ({{decrease}} 0.39 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| image_size = 100px
| party1 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=V.S.Achuthanandan.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=06|Location=center}}
| leader1 = [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
| alliance1 = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
| leaders_seat1 = [[Malampuzha Assembly constituency|Malampuzha]]
| seats1 = '''61'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 37
| last_election1 = 23.85%, 24 seats
| popular_vote1 = '''7,558,834'''
| percentage1 = '''48.63%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 4.93 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Kerala, Shri Oommen Chandy calling on the Union Minister for Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and Culture, Kum. Selja, in New Delhi on September 23, 2011 (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|C Width=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0|Location=center }}
| leader2 = [[Oommen Chandy]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Puthuppally Assembly constituency|Puthuppally]]
| alliance2 = United Democratic Front (Kerala)
| seats2 = 24
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 39
| last_election2 = 31.4%, 63 seats
| popular_vote2 = 6,679,557
| percentage2 = 42.98%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 6.07 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| map2_image = Kerala Alliance wise Result in 2006.svg
| map2_size = 300px
| map2_caption = Alliance wise Result
| map_image = India-KERALA.svg
| map_size = 150px
| map_caption = '''Kerala, India''' Kerala, one of the states in [[South India]], has an electorate of more than 21 million people.
| title = [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Oommen Chandy]]
| before_party = United Democratic Front (Kerala)
| after_election = [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
| after_party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
| vote_type = Coalition
}}

The '''2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election''', part of a series of [[State Assembly elections in India, 2006|state assembly elections in 2006]], was held in three phases. The first phase was held on 22 April 2006, when 59 out of the 140 constituencies in [[Kerala]] voted. The second was held on 29 April for the 66 constituencies in central Kerala. The last phase of polling for the remaining 15 constituencies was on 3 May 2006. The counting was conducted on 11 May 2006.

The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] -led [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] beat the incumbent [[Indian National Congress]]-led [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] by a margin of 56 seats. [[V. S. Achuthanandan]], who led the CPI(M) was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Kerala on 18 May 2006.

==Background==
The UDF led government headed by [[A. K. Antony]] had won the previous elections held in 2001 by winning 99 seats. He later resigned on 28 August 2004 after UDF's dismal performance in Kerala for the Lok Sabha election that year, winning just one seat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2004 |title=AK Antony Resigns |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/ak-antony-resigns/113961/ |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Oommen Chandy]] replaced him later on 31 August.

==Parties and alliances==
===Left Democratic Front (Kerala)===

{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)]]}}
{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Contesting Seats
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) Election symbol.png|50px]]
| [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
| 85
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[A. B. Bardhan]]
| 24
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| [[File:Janata Dal (Secular) flag (1).svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol female farmer.svg|Janata Dal Election Symbol|50px]]
| [[Mathew T. Thomas]]
| 8
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
| [[Kerala Congress (Joseph)]]
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
| [[P. J. Joseph]]
| 6
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| [[File:RSP-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]
|
| 4
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National League}}
| [[Indian National League]]
| [[File:INL FLAG.png|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| 3
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| [[File:NCP-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Clock symbol of NCP.png|50px]]
| [[Sharad Pawar]]
| 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Congress (Secular)}}
| [[Congress (Secular)]]
| [[File:Congress (Secular) Flag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
| 1
|-
| style="background-color: green;" |
| [[Kerala Congress (Secular)]]
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| [[Independent (politician)|LDF-Independents]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| 6
|-
! colspan=5 | Total
! 140
|}

===United Democratic Front (Kerala)===

{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)]]}}
{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Contesting Seats
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] (Indira)
| [[File:INC Flag Official.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
| [[Oommen Chandy]]
| 77
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| [[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|50px]]
| [[E. Ahmed]]
| 21
|-
| {{party color cell|Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)}}
| [[Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| [[K. Muraleedharan]]
| 18
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (Mani)]]
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50px]]
| [[K. M. Mani]]
| 11
|-
| {{party color cell|Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy}}
| [[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy]]
| [[File:Janathipathiya samrakshana samithy Flag.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bus.png|60px]]
| [[K. R. Gouri Amma]]
| 5
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Marxist Party}}
| [[Communist Marxist Party]]
| [[File:CMP-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| 3
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress (B)}}
| [[Kerala Congress (B)]]
| [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]]
| 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Baby John)]]
| [[File:RSP-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[Shibu Baby John]]
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Marxist)]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[Babu Divakaran]]
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| [[Independent (politician)|UDF-Independent]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| 1
|-
! colspan=5 | Total
! 140
|}

== Results ==

{{Election results
| image=[[File:India Kerala Legislative Assembly 2006.svg]]
| party1=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] | votes1=4732381|seats1=61|sc1=
| party2=[[Indian National Congress]] | votes2=3744784|seats2=24|sc2=
| party3=[[Communist Party of India]] | votes3=1257422|seats3=17|sc3=
| party4=[[Indian Union Muslim League]] | votes4=1135098|seats4=7|sc4=
| party7=[[Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)]] | votes7=664159|seats7=1|sc7=
| party8=[[Kerala Congress (Mani)]] | votes8=507349|seats8=7|sc8=
| party9=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] | votes9=379286|seats9=5|sc9=
| party10=[[Kerala Congress]] | votes10=271854|seats10=4|sc10=
| party11=[[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy]] | votes11=235361|seats11=1|sc11=
| party12=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] | votes12=224129|seats12=3|sc12=
| party13=[[Indian National League]] | votes13=140194|seats13=1|sc13=
| party14=[[Nationalist Congress Party]] | votes14=99189|seats14=1|sc14=
| party15=[[Kerala Congress (B)|Kerala Congress (Balakrishna Pillai)]] | votes15=95710|seats15=1|sc15=
| party16=[[Congress (Secular)]] | votes16=72579|seats16=1|sc16=
| party17=[[Kerala Congress (Secular)]] | votes17=48795|seats17=1|sc17=
| party19=Others|votes19=997114|seats19=0|sc19=0
| party20=Independents|votes20=936885|seats20=5|sc20=
| total_sc=0
| invalid=2951
| electorate=21483937
| source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3762-kerala-2006/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2006 to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
}}

===Constituency-wise results===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Results<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 2006 |website=Elections |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/election/keraladetail06.htm |title=Kerala Assembly Election 2006 – Constituency Wise Result |website=Rediff |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://data-analytics.github.io/Election_Data/kerala.html?year=2006#overall_view |title=Kerala Assembly Election Results 2016 'A visual guide to the check out the history of Kerala Assembly elections from 1957 until 2016 |website=Data Analytics |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Assembly Constituency
! colspan="3" | Winner
! colspan="3" | Runner Up
! rowspan="2" | Winning Party
! rowspan="2" | Margin
|-
! #
! Name
! Candidate
! Party
! Votes
! Candidate
! Party
! Votes
|-
| 1
| Manjeshwar
| C H Kunhambu
| CPI(M)
| 39242
| Adv. M Narayana Bhat
| BJP
| 34413
| CPI(M)
| 4829
|-
| 2
| Kasaragod
| C.T.Ahammed Ali
| IUML
| 38774
| V Ravindran
| BJP
| 28432
| IUML
| 10342
|-
| 3
| Udma
| K V Kunhiraman
| CPI(M)
| 69221
| P Gangadharan Nair
| INC
| 41927
| CPI(M)
| 27294
|-
| 4
| Hosdurg
| Pallipram Balan
| CPI
| 71751
| P Ramachandran
| DIC
| 36812
| CPI
| 34939
|-
| 5
| Trikaripur
| Kunhiraman K
| CPI(M)
| 81050
| Adv. Vamana Kumar A V
| INC
| 57222
| CPI(M)
| 23828
|-
| 6
| Irikkur
| Advocate K C Joseph
| INC
| 63649
| James Mathew
| CPI(M)
| 61818
| INC
| 1831
|-
| 7
| Payyannur
| PK Sreemathi Teacher
| CPI(M)
| 76974
| K Surendran
| INC
| 40852
| CPI(M)
| 36122
|-
| 8
| Taliparamba
| C.K.P Padmanabhan
| CPI(M)
| 82994
| Chandran Thillankeri
| INC
| 53456
| CPI(M)
| 29538
|-
| 9
| Azhikode
| M Prakasan Master
| CPI(M)
| 62768
| K K Nanu
| CMPKSC
| 33300
| CPI(M)
| 29468
|-
| 10
| Kannur
| K Sudhakaran
| INC
| 49745
| K P Sahadevan
| CPI(M)
| 41132
| INC
| 8613
|-
| 11
| Edakkad
| Ramachandran Kadannapal
| C(S)
| 72579
| K C Kadambooran
| DIC
| 41907
| C(S)
| 30672
|-
| 12
| Thalassery
| Kodiyeri Balakrishnan
| CPI(M)
| 53907
| Raj Mohan Unnithan
| INC
| 43852
| CPI(M)
| 10055
|-
| 13
| Peringalam
| K P Mohanan
| JD(S)
| 57840
| Abdul Khader
| IUML
| 38604
| JD(S)
| 19236
|-
| 14
| Kuthuparamba
| P Jayarajan
| CPI(M)
| 78246
| Adv.Sajeev Joseph
| INC
| 39919
| CPI(M)
| 38327
|-
| 15
| Peravoor
| K K Shylaja Teacher
| CPI(M)
| 72065
| Professor A.D Mustafa
| INC
| 62966
| CPI(M)
| 9099
|-
| 16
| North Wynad
| KC Kunhiraman
| CPI(M)
| 61970
| P.Balan
| IUML
| 46855
| CPI(M)
| 15115
|-
| 17
| Badagara
| Advocate M K Premnath
| JD(S)
| 64932
| Ponnarath Balakrishnan
| INC
| 43663
| JD(S)
| 21269
|-
| 18
| Nadapuram
| Binoy Viswam
| CPI
| 67138
| Advocate M Veerankutty
| INC
| 49689
| CPI
| 17449
|-
| 19
| Meppayur
| K K Lathika
| CPI(M)
| 70369
| T T Ismail
| IUML
| 54482
| CPI(M)
| 15887
|-
| 20
| Quilandy
| P Viswan
| CPI(M)
| 65514
| Advocate P Sankaran
| DIC
| 47030
| CPI(M)
| 18484
|-
| 21
| Perambra
| K Kunhammed Master
| CPI(M)
| 69004
| James Thekkanadan
| KEC(M)
| 58364
| CPI(M)
| 10640
|-
| 22
| Balusseri
| A K Saseendran
| NCP
| 60340
| K Balakrishnan Kadavu
| INC
| 46180
| NCP
| 14160
|-
| 23
| Koduvally
| Advocate P T A Rahim
| IND
| 65302
| K Muraleedharan
| DIC
| 57796
| IND
| 7506
|-
| 24
| Kozhikode I
| A Pradeep Kumar
| CPI(M)
| 45693
| Advocate A Sujanapal
| INC
| 37988
| CPI(M)
| 7705
|-
| 25
| Kozhikode II
| Advocate PM A Salam
| INL
| 51130
| TP M Zahir
| IUML
| 37037
| INL
| 14093
|-
| 26
| Beypore
| Elamaram Kareem
| CPI(M)
| 69798
| Ummer Pandikasala
| IUML
| 50180
| CPI(M)
| 19618
|-
| 27
| Kunnamangalam
| U C Raman
| IND
| 60027
| C P Balan Vaidyar
| CPI(M)
| 59730
| IND
| 297
|-
| 28
| Thiruvambady
| Mathayi Chacko
| CPI(M)
| 61104
| M C Mayin Hajee
| MUL
| 55625
| CPI(M)
| 5479
|-
| 29
| Kalpetta
| M V Sreyams Kumar
| JD(S)
| 50023
| K K Ramachandran Master
| INC
| 48182
| JD(S)
| 1841
|-
| 30
| Sultanbathery

| [[P Krishna Prasad]]
| CPI(M)
| 63092
| N D Appachan
| DIC
| 37552
| CPI(M)
| 25540
|-
| 31
| Wandoor
| A.P. Anilkumar
| INC
| 85118
| Sankaran Korambayil
| CPI(M)
| 67957
| INC
| 17161
|-
| 32
| Nilambur
| Aryadan Muhammed
| INC
| 87522
| Sreeramakrishnan
| CPI(M)
| 69452
| INC
| 18070
|-
| 33
| Manjeri
| P.K Abdu Rabb
| IUML
| 76646
| A.P Abdul Wahab
| INL
| 61274
| IUML
| 15372
|-
| 34
| Malappuram
| Advocate M. Ummer
| IUML
| 70056
| Advocate P.M. Safarulla
| JD(S)
| 39399
| IUML
| 30657
|-
| 35
| Kondotty
| K. Muhammadunni Haji
| IUML
| 74950
| Mohammedkutty T.P
| CPI(M)
| 59978
| IUML
| 14972
|-
| 36
| Tirurangadi
| Kutty Ahammed Kutty
| IUML
| 60359
| K. Moideenkoya
| CPI
| 44236
| IUML
| 16123
|-
| 37
| Tanur
| Abdurahiman Randathani
| IUML
| 64038
| P.K. Mohammedkutty Koyakutty
| IND
| 52868
| IUML
| 11170
|-
| 38
| Tirur
| P.P Abdullakkutty
| CPI(M)
| 71270
| E.T Mohammed Basheer
| IUML
| 62590
| CPI(M)
| 8680
|-
| 39
| Ponnani
| Paloli Mohamedkutty
| CPI(M)
| 63018
| M.P. Gangadharan
| INC
| 34671
| CPI(M)
| 28347
|-
| 40
| Kuttippuram
| K.T Jaleel
| IND
| 64207
| P.K. Kunhalikutty
| IUML
| 55426
| IND
| 8781
|-
| 41
| Mankada
| Manjalamkuzhi Ali
| IND
| 79613
| Dr. M.K. Muneer
| IUML
| 74540
| IND
| 5073
|-
| 42
| Perinthalmanna
| [[V. Sasikumar]]
| CPI(M)
| 76059
| Hameed Master
| IUML
| 62056
| CPI(M)
| 14003
|-
| 43
| Thrithala
| T.P. Kunjunni
| CPI(M)
| 59093
| P. Balan
| INC
| 52144
| CPI(M)
| 6949
|-
| 44
| Pattambi
| C.P. Mohammed
| INC
| 57752
| K.E. Esmail
| CPI
| 57186
| INC
| 566
|-
| 45
| Ottapalam
| M. Hamsa
| CPI(M)
| 63447
| V.C. Kabeer Master
| INC
| 39104
| CPI(M)
| 24343
|-
| 46
| Sreekrishnapuram
| K.S. Saleeka
| CPI(M)
| 67872
| Adv. K.P. Anilkumar
| INC
| 63524
| CPI(M)
| 4348
|-
| 47
| Mannarkkad
| Jose Baby
| CPI
| 70172
| Kalathil Abdulla
| IUML
| 62959
| CPI
| 7213
|-
| 48
| Malampuzha
| V.S. Achuthanandan
| CPI(M)
| 64775
| Satheesan Pacheni
| INC
| 44758
| CPI(M)
| 20017
|-
| 49
| Palghat
| K.K Divakaran
| CPI(M)
| 41166
| A.V. Gopinathan
| INC
| 39822
| CPI(M)
| 1344
|-
| 50
| Chittur
| K Achuthan
| INC
| 55352
| Ezhuthani K. Krishnankutty
| JD(S)
| 53340
| INC
| 2012
|-
| 51
| Kollengode
| V. Chenthamarakshan
| CPI(M)
| 55934
| K.A. Chandran
| INC
| 50808
| CPI(M)
| 5126
|-
| 52
| Coyalmannam
| A.K. Balan
| CPI(M)
| 59239
| C. Prakash
| INC
| 45369
| CPI(M)
| 13870
|-
| 53
| Alathur
| M. Chandhran
| CPI(M)
| 73231
| A. Raghavan
| IND
| 25560
| CPI(M)
| 47671
|-
| 54
| Chelakara
| [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K Radhakrishnan]]
| CPI(M)
| 62695
| P.C.Manikandan
| INC
| 48066
| CPI(M)
| 14629
|-
| 55
| Wadakkanchery
| A.C.Moideen
| CPI(M)
| 66928
| T.V.Chandra Mohan
| DIC
| 46107
| CPI(M)
| 20821
|-
| 56
| Kunnamkulam
| Babu M Palissery
| CPI(M)
| 61865
| Adv.V .Balaram
| DIC
| 40080
| CPI(M)
| 21785
|-
| 57
| Cherpu
| Adv.V.S.Sunilkumar
| CPI
| 56380
| M.K.Kannan
| CMPKSC
| 41776
| CPI
| 14604
|-
| 58
| Trichur
| Adv.Therambil Ramakrishnan
| INC
| 45655
| M.M.Varghese
| CPI(M)
| 43059
| INC
| 2596
|-
| 59
| Ollur
| Rajaji Mathew Thomas
| CPI
| 61467
| Leelamma Teacher
| INC
| 53498
| CPI
| 7969
|-
| 60
| Kodakara
| Prof.C.Raveendranath
| CPI(M)
| 61499
| [[K. P.Viswanathan]]
| INC
| 41616
| CPI(M)
| 19883
|-
| 61
| Chalakudi
| B D Devassy
| CPI(M)
| 51378
| Prof. Savithri Lakshmanan
| INC
| 36823
| CPI(M)
| 14555
|-
| 62
| Mala
| [[A. K. Chandran]]
| CPI
| 46004
| T U Radhakrishnan
| INC
| 38976
| CPI
| 7028
|-
| 63
| Irinjalakuda
| Adv. [[Thomas Unniyadan]]
| KEC(M)
| 58825
| C.K.Chandran
| CPI(M)
| 50830
| KEC(M)
| 7995
|-
| 64
| Manalur
| Murali Perunelli
| CPI(M)
| 49598
| M.K.Paulson Master
| INC
| 41878
| CPI(M)
| 7720
|-
| 65
| Guruvayoor
| K V Abdul Khader
| CPI(M)
| 51740
| C H Rasheed
| MUL
| 39431
| CPI(M)
| 12309
|-
| 66
| Nattika
| T N Prathapan
| INC
| 52511
| . Fathima Abdul Khadar Pambinezhath
| CPI
| 42825
| INC
| 9686
|-
| 67
| Kodungallur
| Adv.K.P.Rajendran
| CPI
| 53197
| Umesh Challiyil
| JPSS
| 50675
| CPI
| 2522
|-
| 68
| Ankamali
| Jose Thettayil
| JD(S)
| 58703
| P.J.Joy
| INC
| 52609
| JD(S)
| 6094
|-
| 69
| Vadakkekara
| S Sharma
| CPI(M)
| 51590
| M A Chandrasekharan
| DIC
| 48516
| CPI(M)
| 3074
|-
| 70
| Parur
| Adv. V D Satheesan
| INC
| 51099
| K M Dinakaran
| CPI
| 43307
| INC
| 7792
|-
| 71
| Narakkal
| M K Purushothaman
| CPI(M)
| 46681
| Adv P V Sreenijan
| INC
| 44050
| CPI(M)
| 2631
|-
| 72
| Ernakulam
| Prof. K V Thomas
| INC
| 43148
| M M Lowranace
| CPI(M)
| 37348
| INC
| 5800
|-
| 73
| Mattancherry
| V K Ibrahim Kunju
| IUML
| 36119
| M C Josephine
| CPI(M)
| 20587
| IUML
| 15532
|-
| 74
| Palluruthy
| C M Dinesh Mani
| CPI(M)
| 60959
| Domanic Prasentation
| INC
| 54701
| CPI(M)
| 6258
|-
| 75
| Thrippunithura
| K Babu
| INC
| 70935
| K N Raveendranath
| CPI(M)
| 63593
| INC
| 7342
|-
| 76
| Alwaye
| A M Yousuf
| CPI(M)
| 60548
| K Muhammad Ali
| INC
| 56182
| CPI(M)
| 4366
|-
| 77
| Perumbavoor
| Saju Paul
| CPI(M)
| 63307
| Adv.Shanimol Usman
| INC
| 50846
| CPI(M)
| 12461
|-
| 78
| Kunnathunad
| Adv M M Monayi
| CPI(M)
| 57584
| P P Thankachan
| INC
| 55527
| CPI(M)
| 2057
|-
| 79
| Piravom
| M J Jacob
| CPI(M)
| 52903
| [[T M Jacob]]
| DIC
| 47753
| CPI(M)
| 5150
|-
| 80
| Muvattupuzha
| Babu Paul
| CPI
| 48338
| Adv. Johny Nelloor
| DIC
| 35113
| CPI
| 13225
|-
| 81
| Kothamangalam
| Chev. T. U Kuruvila
| KEC
| 51498
| V J Paulose
| INC
| 49684
| KEC
| 1814
|-
| 82
| Thodupuzha
| P J Joseph
| KEC
| 68641
| Adv P T Thomas
| INC
| 54860
| KEC
| 13781
|-
| 83
| Devicolam
| S Rajendran
| CPI(M)
| 52795
| A K Moni
| INC
| 46908
| CPI(M)
| 5887
|-
| 84
| Idukki
| Roshy Augustine
| KEC(M)
| 61883
| C V Varghese
| CPI(M)
| 45543
| KEC(M)
| 16340
|-
| 85
| Udumbanchola
| KK Jayachandran
| CPI(M)
| 69617
| Ebrahimkutty Kallar
| DIC
| 49969
| CPI(M)
| 19648
|-
| 86
| Peermade
| E S Bijimol
| CPI
| 45465
| Adv. E M Augasthy
| INC
| 40161
| CPI
| 5304
|-
| 87
| Kanjirappally
| Alphons Kannanthanam
| IND
| 42413
| [[Joseph Vazhacken]]
| INC
| 31676
| IND
| 10737
|-
| 88
| Vazhoor
| Jayarajan
| KEC(M)
| 42290
| Rajendran Parameswaran Nair
| CPI
| 35624
| KEC(M)
| 6666
|-
| 89
| Changanacherry
| C F Thomas
| KEC(M)
| 50435
| A V Russel
| CPI(M)
| 40782
| KEC(M)
| 9653
|-
| 90
| Kottayam
| V N Vasavan
| CPI(M)
| 47731
| Ajay Tharayil
| INC
| 47249
| CPI(M)
| 482
|-
| 91
| Ettumanoor
| Thomas Chazhikkadan
| KEC(M)
| 48789
| Adv. K.S.Krishnankutty Nair
| CPI(M)
| 43809
| KEC(M)
| 4980
|-
| 92
| Puthuppally
| Oommen Chandy
| INC
| 64910
| [[Sindhu Joy]]
| CPI(M)
| 45047
| INC
| 19863
|-
| 93
| Poonjar
| P C George (Plathottam)
| KCS
| 48795
| Adv. T V Abraham Kaipanplackal
| KEC(M)
| 41158
| KCS
| 7637
|-
| 94
| Palai
| K M Mani
| KEC(M)
| 46608
| Mani C Kappan
| NCP
| 38849
| KEC(M)
| 7759
|-
| 95
| Kaduthuruthy
| Adv. Mons Joseph
| KEC
| 44958
| Stephen George
| KEC(M)
| 42957
| KEC
| 2001
|-
| 96
| Vaikom
| K Ajith
| CPI
| 52617
| Adv. V P Sajeendran
| INC
| 43836
| CPI
| 8781
|-
| 97
| Aroor
| Adv. A.M.Ariff
| CPI(M)
| 58218
| K.R.Gowriamma
| JPSS
| 53465
| CPI(M)
| 4753
|-
| 98
| Sherthalai
| P.Thilothaman
| CPI
| 55626
| C.K.Shajimohan
| INC
| 47092
| CPI
| 8534
|-
| 99
| Mararikulam
| Dr.Thomas Issac
| CPI(M)
| 75994
| Simmi Rose Bell John
| INC
| 58315
| CPI(M)
| 17679
|-
| 100
| Alleppey
| K.C.Venugopal
| INC
| 49721
| T.J.Anjalose
| CPI
| 32788
| INC
| 16933
|-
| 101
| Ambalapuzha
| G.Sudhakaran
| CPI(M)
| 50040
| Adv. D.Sugathan
| DIC
| 38111
| CPI(M)
| 11929
|-
| 102
| Kuttanad
| Thomas Chandy
| DIC
| 42109
| Dr. K.C.Joseph
| KEC
| 36728
| DIC
| 5381
|-
| 103
| Haripad
| Adv.B.Babuprasad
| INC
| 53787
| T.K.Devakumar
| CPI(M)
| 51901
| INC
| 1886
|-
| 104
| Kayamkulam
| C K Sadasivan
| CPI(M)
| 49697
| Adv.C.R.Jayaprakash
| INC
| 43865
| CPI(M)
| 5832
|-
| 105
| Thiruvalla
| Mathew T Thomas
| JD(S)
| 28874
| Victor Thomas
| KEC(M)
| 19952
| JD(S)
| 8922
|-
| 106
| Kallooppara
| Joseph M Puthusseri
| KEC(M)
| 36088
| Cherian Philip
| IND
| 28600
| KEC(M)
| 7488
|-
| 107
| Aranmula
| K.C Rajagopalan
| CPI(M)
| 34007
| K R Rajappan
| IND
| 19387
| CPI(M)
| 14620
|-
| 108
| Chengannur
| P.C.Vishnunath
| INC
| 44010
| Saji Cherian
| CPI(M)
| 38878
| INC
| 5132
|-
| 109
| Mavelikara
| M.Murali
| INC
| 47449
| G.Rajamma
| CPI(M)
| 44777
| INC
| 2672
|-
| 110
| Pandalam
| K.K.Shaju
| JPSS
| 51196
| K.Raghavan
| CPI(M)
| 49891
| JPSS
| 1305
|-
| 111
| Ranni
| Raju Abraham
| CPI(M)
| 49367
| Adv. Peelipose Thomas
| INC
| 34396
| CPI(M)
| 14971
|-
| 112
| Pathanamthitta
| Adv. K Sivadasan Nair
| INC
| 33043
| V K Purushothaman Pillai
| CPI(M)
| 31818
| INC
| 1225
|-
| 113
| Konni
| [[Adoor Prakash]]
| INC
| 51445
| V R Sivarajan
| CPI(M)
| 36550
| INC
| 14895
|-
| 114
| Pathanapuram
| K.B.Ganesh Kumar
| KEC(B)
| 55554
| K.R.Chandramohanan
| CPI
| 43740
| KEC(B)
| 11814
|-
| 115
| Punalur
| Adv. K.Raju
| CPI
| 58895
| M.V.Raghavan
| CMPKSC
| 50970
| CPI
| 7925
|-
| 116
| Chadayamangalam
| Mullakkara Rathnakaran
| CPI
| 47284
| Prayar Gopalakrishnan
| INC
| 42631
| CPI
| 4653
|-
| 117
| Kottarakkara
| Adv. Aisha Potti
| CPI(M)
| 52243
| R. Balakrishna Pillai
| KEC(B)
| 40156
| CPI(M)
| 12087
|-
| 118
| Neduvathur
| [[Bikram Raghavan]]
| CPI(M)
| 48023
| Ezhukone Narayanan
| INC
| 46868
| CPI(M)
| 1155
|-
| 119
| Adoor
| Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan
| INC
| 53416
| Prof. D K John
| KEC
| 34952
| INC
| 18464
|-
| 120
| Kunnathur
| Kovoor Kunjumon
| RSP
| 65011
| P Ramabhadran
| INC
| 42438
| RSP
| 22573
|-
| 121
| Karunagappally
| C. Divakaran
| CPI
| 53287
| Adv. A N Rajan Babu
| JPSS
| 40791
| CPI
| 12496
|-
| 122
| Chavara
| N K Premachandran
| RSP
| 54026
| Shibu Baby John
| IND
| 52240
| RSP
| 1786
|-
| 123
| Kundara
| M.A. Baby
| CPI(M)
| 50320
| Kadavoor Sivadasan
| INC
| 35451
| CPI(M)
| 14869
|-
| 124
| Kollam
| P.K.Gurudasan
| CPI(M)
| 44662
| Babu Divakaran
| IND
| 33223
| CPI(M)
| 11439
|-
| 125
| Eravipuram
| A.A. Azeez
| RSP
| 64234
| K.M. Shaji
| MUL
| 40185
| RSP
| 24049
|-
| 126
| Chathanoor
| N Anirudhan
| CPI
| 59379
| Dr. G. Prathapavarma Thampan
| INC
| 36199
| CPI
| 23180
|-
| 127
| Varkala
| Varkala Kahar
| INC
| 44883
| Adv S Sundaresan
| CPI(M)
| 43258
| INC
| 1625
|-
| 128
| Attingal
| Anathalavattom Anandan
| CPI(M)
| 42912
| Adv. C Mohanachandran
| INC
| 31704
| CPI(M)
| 11208
|-
| 129
| Kilimanoor
| N Rajan
| CPI
| 52042
| Kavalloor Madhu
| DIC
| 30545
| CPI
| 21497
|-
| 130
| Vamanapuram
| [[J. Arundhathi]]
| CPI(M)
| 45743
| Adv. S. Shine
| JPSS
| 39234
| CPI(M)
| 6509
|-
| 131
| Ariyanad
| G Karthikeyan Aryanad
| INC
| 43056
| T J Chandrachoodan
| RSP
| 40858
| INC
| 2198
|-
| 132
| Nedumangad
| Mankode Radhakrishnan
| CPI
| 58674
| Palode Ravi
| INC
| 58589
| CPI
| 85
|-
| 133
| Kazhakuttam
| Adv. M.A. Vaheed
| INC
| 51296
| Kadakampally Surendran
| CPI(M)
| 51081
| INC
| 215
|-
| 134
| Trivandrum North
| M Vijayakumar
| CPI(M)
| 60145
| Adv K Mohankumar
| INC
| 50421
| CPI(M)
| 9724
|-
| 135
| Trivandrum West
| V Surendran Pillai
| KEC
| 35077
| Shobhana George
| DIC
| 21844
| KEC
| 13233
|-
| 136
| Trivandrum East
| V Sivankutty
| CPI(M)
| 34875
| B Vijayakumar
| INC
| 32599
| CPI(M)
| 2276
|-
| 137
| Nemom
| N Sakthan
| INC
| 60884
| Venganoor P Bhaskaran
| CPI(M)
| 50135
| INC
| 10749
|-
| 138
| Kovalam
| Adv George Mercier
| INC
| 38764
| Dr. A Neelalohithadasan Nadar
| IND
| 27939
| INC
| 10825
|-
| 139
| Neyyattinkara
| V J Thankappan
| CPI(M)
| 50351
| Thampanoor Ravi
| INC
| 49605
| CPI(M)
| 746
|-
| 140
| Parassala
| R Selvaraj
| CPI(M)
| 49297
| N Sundaran Nadar
| INC
| 44890
| CPI(M)
| 4407
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060520081056/http://eci.gov.in/May2006/pollupd/ac/states/S11/a_index.htm Election Commission of India]
* [http://www.keralaassembly.org/ Kerala Assembly Election DATABASE]

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:2000s in Kerala]]
[[Category:2006 State Assembly elections in India|Kerala]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Kerala]]

2001 census of India

2026-03-25T12:36:03Z

Snehasis:

{{Short description|14th census of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox census
| name = 14th census of India
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| image = Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160740 - Census of India.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_caption = 2001 Census logo on a postal stamp
| country = India
| date = {{start date|2001}}
| population = 1,028,737,436
| percent_change = 21.5%
| region_type = state
| most_populous = [[Uttar Pradesh]] (166,053,600)
| least_populous = [[Sikkim]] (541,902)
| previous_census = 1991 census of India
| previous_year = 1991
| next_census = 2011 census of India
| next_year = 2011
}}
The '''2001 census of India''' was the 14th in a series of [[census of India|censuses]] held in [[India]] every decade since [[1871 India Census|1871]].<ref name="ancsdaap">{{cite web|url=http://www.ancsdaap.org/cencon98/papers/india/india.pdf|title=Planning for the 2001 Census of India based on the 1991 Census |author=Vijayanunni, M. |date= 26–29 August 1998 |work=18th Population Census Conference |location= Honolulu, Hawaii, US | publisher= Association of National Census and Statistics Directors of America, Asia, and the Pacific |archive-date=19 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119080707/http://www.ancsdaap.org/cencon98/papers/india/india.pdf |access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>

The population of India was counted as 1,028,737,436 consisting of 532,223,090 males and 496,514,346 females.<ref name="glance2001">{{cite web| url= http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/glance.aspx | title= Home/Census Data 2001/India at a glance | year=2001 | publisher= Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] | location= New Delhi| access-date= 8 November 2013}}</ref> The total population increased by 182,310,397, 21.5% more than the 846,427,039 people counted during the [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]].<ref name="glance2001"/>

==Religious demographics==
Hindus comprise 82.75 [[crore]] (80.45%) and Muslims were 13.8 crore (13.4%) in the 2001 census.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/census-hindu-share-dips-below-80-muslim-share-grows-but-slower/| title= Census: Hindu share dips below 80%, Muslim share grows but slower| author= Abantika Ghosh, Vijaita Singh | work=Indian Express| date= 24 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/694975/with-current-trends-it-will-take-220-years-for-indias-muslim-population-to-equal-hindu-numbers|title=With current trends, it will take 220 years for India's Muslim population to equal Hindu numbers|first=Dilip|last=D’Souza|website=Scroll.in|date=16 December 2014 }}</ref> Census 2001 showed 108 faiths under the head "Other Religions and Persuasion" (ORP) in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-religion-census-fewer-minor-faiths-in-india-now-finds-census-number-of-their-adherents-up-2946824/|title=Fewer minor faiths in India now, finds Census; number of their adherents up|date=1 August 2016}}</ref> 700,000 people did not state their religion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/govind-pansare-mm-kalburgi-gauri-lankesh-murder-5316465/|title=Indian rationalism, Charvaka to Narendra Dabholkar|date=21 August 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+ Population trends for major religious groups in India (2001)
|-
! Religious group
! Population %
|-
! style="background:orange;"| [[Hinduism|Hindu]]
| {{percentage bar|80.45}}
|-
! style="background:green;"| [[Islam|Muslim]]
| {{percentage bar|13.4}}
|-
! style="background:DodgerBlue;"| [[Christianity|Christian]]
| {{percentage bar|2.34}}
|-
! style="background:DarkKhaki;"| [[Sikhism|Sikh]]
| {{percentage bar|1.89}}
|-
! style ="background: gold;"| [[Buddhism|Buddhist]]
| {{percentage bar|0.74}}
|-
! style="background:#b4a28e;"| [[Animism|Animist]], others
| {{percentage bar|0.43}}
|-
! style="background:LightCoral;"| [[Jainism|Jain]]
| {{percentage bar|0.46}}
|}
{{Clear}}

==Language demographics==
{{Main|Languages of India}}
[[Hindi]] is the most widely spoken language in [[North India|northern parts of India]]. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "[[Hindi languages]]". According to 2001 census, 53.6% of Indian population know Hindi, in which 41% of them have declared Hindi as their native language or mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/239073/these-four-charts-break-down-indias-complex-relationship-with-hindi/|title=These four charts break down India's complex relationship with Hindi|first=John Samuel Raja|last=D|website=Quartz|date=24 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nearly-60-of-indians-speak-a-language-other-than-hindi/articleshow/36922157.cms|title=Nearly 60% of Indians speak a language other than Hindi | India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement5.aspx|title=Census of India: Comparative speaker's strength of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> [[Indian English|English]] is known to 12.18% Indians in the 2001 census. The number of bilingual speakers in India is 25.50 crore, which is 24.8% of the population in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/hindi-migrants-speaking-marathi-rise-to-60-lakh/articleshow/66061624.cms|title=Hindi migrants speaking Marathi rise to 60 lakh | Mumbai News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 October 2018 }}</ref> India (780) has the world's second highest number of languages, after [[Papua New Guinea]] (839).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/seven-decades-after-independence-many-small-languages-in-india-facing-extinction-threat/articleshow/60038323.cms|title=Seven decades after Independence, many small languages in India face extinction threat|first=G.|last=Seetharaman|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=13 August 2017 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ First, second, and third languages by number of speakers in India (2001 census)
!rowspan=2| Language
!colspan=2| First language speakers
!rowspan=2| Second language speakers<ref name="thehindu"/>
!rowspan=2| Third language speakers<ref name="thehindu"/>
!colspan=2| Total speakers
|-
! number <ref name="1971-2001">{{cite web |last=ORGI |title=Census of India: Comparative speaker's strength of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement5.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |last=S |first=Rukmini |date=24 November 2014 |title=Sanskrit and English: there's no competition |url=http://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece |url-status=dead |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
! % of total pop.<ref name="pop">{{Cite web |title=Census of India : India at a glance / Population |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/popu1.aspx |url-status=dead |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
! number <ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language/articleshow/5680962.cms|title=Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language|work=The Times of India|date=14 March 2010 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu"/>
! % of total pop.<ref name="pop" />
|-
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|align=right|422,048,642
|{{percentage bar|41.03}}
|align=right|98,207,180
|align=right|31,160,696
|align=right|551,416,518
|{{percentage bar|53.60}}
|-
|[[English language|English]]
|align=right|226,449
|{{percentage bar|0.02}}
|align=right|86,125,221
|align=right|38,993,066
|align=right|125,344,736
|{{percentage bar|12.18}}
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|align=right|83,369,769
|{{percentage bar|8.10}}
|align=right|6,637,222
|align=right|1,108,088
|align=right|91,115,079
|{{percentage bar|8.86}}
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|align=right|74,002,856
|{{percentage bar|7.19}}
|align=right|9,723,626
|align=right|1,266,019
|align=right|84,992,501
|{{percentage bar|8.26}}
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|align=right|71,936,894
|{{percentage bar|6.99}}
|align=right|9,546,414
|align=right|2,701,498
|align=right|84,184,806
|{{percentage bar|8.18}}
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|align=right|60,793,814
|{{percentage bar|5.91}}
|align=right|4,992,253
|align=right|956,335
|align=right|66,742,402
|{{percentage bar|6.49}}
|-
|[[Urdu]]
|align=right|51,536,111
|{{percentage bar|5.01}}
|align=right|6,535,489
|align=right|1,007,912
|align=right|59,079,512
|{{percentage bar|5.74}}
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|align=right|37,924,011
|{{percentage bar|3.69}}
|align=right|11,455,287
|align=right|1,396,428
|align=right|50,775,726
|{{percentage bar|4.94}}
|-
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|align=right|46,091,617
|{{percentage bar|4.48}}
|align=right|3,476,355
|align=right|703,989
|align=right|50,271,961
|{{percentage bar|4.89}}
|-
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|align=right|33,017,446
|{{percentage bar|3.21}}
|align=right|3,272,151
|align=right|319,525
|align=right|36,609,122
|{{percentage bar|3.56}}
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|align=right|33,066,392
|{{percentage bar|3.21}}
|align=right|499,188
|align=right|195,885
|align=right|33,761,465
|{{percentage bar|3.28}}
|-
|[[Sanskrit]]
|align=right|14,135
|{{percentage bar|0.01|<0.01%}}
|align=right|1,234,931
|align=right|3,742,223
|align=right|4,991,289
|{{percentage bar|0.49}}
|}

==Graphical summaries==
<gallery heights=150px mode=packed>
India Muslim census 2001 pyramid.jpg|Overview of 2001 population, separated by gender and age bracket.
Demographics of India.jpg|2001 overview based on religious affiliation and language.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[1991 census of India]]
* [[2011 census of India]]
* [[Demographics of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/}}

{{Census of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2001 in India|Census of India, 2001]]
[[Category:Censuses in India]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:2001 censuses|India]]

Sushma Jansari

2026-03-24T14:51:24Z

Snehasis: added basic entry first draft

[[File:Dr Sushma Jansari.jpg|thumb|Dr Sushma Jansari]]{{Short description|British-Indian historian}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Sushma Jansari
| alma_mater = [[University College London]]
| workplaces = [[The British Museum]]
| occupation = Curator of South Asia
| website = https://sushmajansari.com/
}}
'''Dr Sushma Jansari''' is a British Indian historian specialising in the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan period]] and collecting histories. She is the Tabor Foundation curator South Asia at the [[British Museum]] and Vice Chair of Trustees of the [[Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/our-work/departments/asia |access-date=2023-05-08 |publisher=The British Museum }} - {{Cite web |title=Meet the Roald Dahl Museum board members |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_0W5V-G_Uc |access-date=2023-05-08|website=YouTube }}</ref> Jansari is also the founder and presenter of ''The Wonder House'' [[podcast]] and a former council member and honorary joint-secretary of the [[Royal Numismatic Society]].

==Education==
Jansari studied ancient history at [[University College London]], graduating with a BA in 2005 and MA in 2006. She undertook [[postgraduate research]] at this institution, completing her [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD) degree in 2016 with a thesis titled "From [[Megasthenes]] to Sophytes: A re-examination of literary and numismatic sources for Seleucid-Mauryan relations in British and Indian scholarship".<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=From Megasthenes to Sophytes: a re-examination of literary and numismatic sources for Seleucid-Mauryan relations in British and Indian scholarship |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1493272/ |publisher=University College London |date=2016-05-28 |degree=Doctoral |first=S. S. |last=Jansari}}</ref>

==Career==
While working on her PhD, Jansari joined the [[British Museum Department of Asia|British Museum's Department of Asia]] and curated the ancient to mediaeval displays in the Sir [[Joseph Hotung]] Gallery for China and South Asia (opened 2017).<ref name=ucl>{{Cite web |publisher=UCL |date=2020-03-26 |title=UCL History speaks to Dr Sushma Jansari, Tabor Foundation Curator at the British Museum |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/news/2020/mar/ucl-history-speaks-dr-sushma-jansari-tabor-foundation-curator-british-museum |access-date=2023-05-08}}</ref> In 2018, she was appointed Tabor Foundation curator of South Asia, becoming the first person of Indian origin to hold a permanent role curating the South Asian collections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Maria |date=2018-11-30 |title=British museums are full of Indian history. Now, they’re finally getting Indian-origin curators |url=https://qz.com/india/1477396/british-museums-sushma-jansari-on-indians-in-the-arts |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Quartz }}</ref>

Jansari was lead curator (2016-2022) for the [[Manchester Museum]] South Asia Gallery, a British Museum Partnership which opened in 2023. She was the first Indian origin woman to join the [[Royal Numismatic Society]] Council (2012-2018) and hold the post of honorary joint-secretary. She introduced annual student and early career scholar lectures to the society.{{citation needed|date= May 2023}}

As a curator of Gujarati origin, Jansari was featured in the Roots and Changes - Gujarati Influences exhibition at Brent Museum and Archives in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roots and Changes – Gujarati Influences |url=https://www.brent.gov.uk/libraries-arts-and-heritage/brent-museum-and-archives/previous-exhibitions/previous-exhibitions-events-and-projects/roots-and-changes-gujarati-influences |publisher=Brent Council}}</ref> Her book, ''Chandragupta Maurya: The Creation of a National Hero in India'', was published by UCL Press in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sushma Jansari |url=https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/210559 |access-date=2023-05-10 |publisher=UCL Press }}</ref> The exhibition ''[https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/ancient-india-living-traditions Ancient India: living traditions]'' by Jansari, about art and religion in ancient South Asia, at [[The British Museum]] opened in May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaipur Literature Festival 2024 |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/speaker/sushma-jansari}}</ref> The exhibition book also titled ''[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ancient-India-traditions-Sushma-Jansari/dp/0714124990/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.vMu77zKKGahEvX8Y7clomDA0bT_QuU71WXcO-Ok6W7xQE01fywTqjXzfX_DSf7yorZAgP2CkIJMNH0QkwyMeFzyBDHOXzxywumgjyChTMXIaGRzOXeIz8WPvXkyiUMEWi6g1qfzBRGeufjMogHwx Ancient India: living traditions]'' was also released in May 2025 and is the first [[British Museum]] publication to be entirely vegan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Oxford Blue 2025 |url=https://theoxfordblue.co.uk/ancient-india-living-traditions-interview/}}</ref> The exhibition has received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guardian 2025 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2025/may/19/ancient-india-review-british-museum-london}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guardian 2025 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2025/may/15/british-museums-ancient-indian-religions-mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Observer 2025 |url=https://observer.co.uk/culture/art/article/the-elephant-in-the-room-indias-cultural-influence-takes-centre-stage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Standard 2025 |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/exhibitions/ancient-india-living-traditions-british-museum-review-b1229125.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Times 2025 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/art/article/ancient-india-living-traditions-review-british-museum-26vf2zbj9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Eye 2025 |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/british-museum-ancient-india-exhibition/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Eye 2025 |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/british-museum-asian-faiths-uk/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Voice 2025 |url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/Visiting-%E2%80%98Ancient-India-Living-Traditions%E2%80%99/}}</ref>

==Podcaster==
In 2019, Jansari launched ''The Wonder House'' podcast.<ref name=ucl/> She founded, presents and produces this show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wonder House |url=https://thewonderhouse.co.uk/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=The Wonder House }}</ref>

==Select publications==
*{{cite journal |author=Jansari, S. |date=2012 |title=Roman Coins from the Mackenzie Collection at the British Museum |journal=Numismatic Chronicle |volume=172 |pages=93–104}}
*{{cite journal |author=Jansari, S. |date=2012 |title=Roman Coins from the Masson and Mackenzie Collections in the British Museum |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=29 |number=2 |pages=177–193}}
*{{cite book |author1=Jansari, S |author2=Ricot R.|date=2016 |chapter=Megasthenes and the Astomoi: a case study into ethnography and paradoxography |editor1=Brinkhaus H. |editor2=Wieshöfer, J. |title=Megasthenes und seine Zeit/Megasthenes and his Time |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesebaden |pages=85–96}}
*{{cite journal |author=Jansari, S. |date=2019 |title=The Sophytes coins: from the Punjab to Bactria and back again |journal=Numismatic Chronicle |volume=178 |pages=1–99}}
*{{cite journal |author=Jansari, S. |date=2019 |title=From Geography to Paradoxography: the use, transmission and survival of Megasthenes Indica |journal=Journal of Ancient History |volume=8 |number=1 |pages=26–49}}
*{{cite book |author=Jansari, S. |date=2019 |chapter=Colonial Collecting in Ceylon: Dispersing the Hugh Nevill Collections across the British Isles |editor1=Peyton, A.B. |editor2=Paul, K.A. |title=Arts of South Asia: Cultures of Collecting |publisher=University of Florida Press |pages=63–94 |isbn=9781683400479}}
*{{cite book |author=Jansari, S. |date=2020 |chapter=South Asia |editor=Mairs, R. |title=The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World |publisher=Routledge |pages=38–55 |isbn=9781138090699}}
*{{cite book |author=Jansari, S. |date=2020 |chapter=Two sides of the coin: from Sophytes to Skanda-Kārttikeya |editor=Mairs, R. |title=The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World |publisher=Routledge |pages=487–498 |isbn=9781138090699}}
*{{cite book |author1=Argounova-Low, T. |author2=Brown, A. |author3=Jansari, S. |date=2020 |title=Model of a Summer Camp |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London |isbn=0714124885}}
*{{cite book |author=Jansari, S. |date=2020 |chapter=Buildings with a Message – Experimenting with a Rich Mosaic of Objects and Voices |title=RETHINK Design Guide: Architecture for a post-pandemic world |publisher=RIBA Publishing |location=London |pages=66–69 |isbn=9781859469804}}
*{{cite book |author=Jansari, S. |date=2023 |title=Chandragupta Maurya: The creation of a national hero in India |publisher=UCL Press |location=London |isbn=9781800083905}}
*{{cite book |author=Jansari, S. and Muthukumaran, S.|date=2025 |title=Ancient India: living traditions |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London |isbn=978-0714124995}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZMqY3d-dQA The oldest dateable depiction of the Buddha in human form, British Museum Curator's Corner Season 4, Episode 6.]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPtDEaMgg6w Dr Sushma Jansari talks about Challenging Stereotypes of Difference at TEDx.]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNQgzfq9G5M Audio described tour of the South Asia section of the Sir Joseph Hotung Gallery for China and South Asia, led by Dr Sushma Jansari and Di Langford.]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jansari, Sushma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Employees of the British Museum]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:British women historians]]
[[Category:British women curators]]
[[Category:British art curators]]
[[Category:British numismatists]]
[[Category:Women numismatists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London]]

Kshitindranath Mazumdar

2026-03-14T21:00:29Z

Snehasis: Starting New Data Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Indian painter, educator (1891–1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kshitindranath Mazumdar
| image = File:Kshitindranath majumdar.jpg
|image_caption = {{when|date=October 2025}}
| birth_date = 31 July 1891
| birth_place = Jagtai, [[Murshidabad]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| death_date = 9 February 1975 (aged 83)
| death_place = [[Allahabad]], India
| education = [[Government College of Art & Craft]], [[Kolkata]]
| occupation = Painter, educator
| known_for = [[Painting]]
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Rasa Lila''|''The Birth of Ganga''|''The Dance of Shiva''|''Pururavas''}}
| movement = [[Bengal School of Art]]
| children = 3
| awards = Honorary [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.) by [[Rabindra Bharati University]]
}}

'''Kshitindranath Mazumdar''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ক্ষিতীন্দ্রনাথ মজুমদার; 31 July 1891 – 9 February 1975) was an Indian painter and a key figure of the [[Bengal School of Art|Bengal School art movement]], which paved the way for the development of [[Modern Indian painting|modern Indian art]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murshidabad People - Kshitindra Nath Majumdar |url=https://murshidabad.net/people/kshitindranath-majumdar.htm |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=murshidabad.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rasa Lila - Kshitindranath Majumdar |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/rasa-lila-kshitindranath-majumdar/ngGy8mi8lU4Glw |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kshitindranath Mazumdar was born on 31 July 1891 to a Bengali family in Jagtai, a remote village in the [[Murshidabad district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-25 |title=Kshitindranath Mazumdar |url=https://www.kalalekhan.com/2021/01/kshitindranath-mazumdar.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=History of Fine Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekh |first=Tanjima Kar |date=2019-05-31 |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar: The Saint Artist |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/kshitindranath-majumdar/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mazumdar's mother died during his infancy; his father, Kedarnath Mazumdar, a [[sub-registrar]] by profession, raised him by himself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - মুর্শিদাবাদ ও নদিয়া |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1120728/28mur-letter.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=archives.anandabazar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekh |first=Tanjima Kar |date=2019-05-31 |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar: The Saint Artist |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/kshitindranath-majumdar/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-25 |title=Kshitindranath Mazumdar |url=https://www.kalalekhan.com/2021/01/kshitindranath-mazumdar.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=History of Fine Art}}</ref>

His family was highly influenced by [[Vaishnavism]], a sect of [[Hinduism]] which revolves around the worship of the [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar |url=https://dagworld.com/kshitindranathmajumdar.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=dagworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Artistically inclined since childhood, Mazumdar trained in [[hymnody (belief)|hymnody]] and often interpreted legends from [[Indian epics]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-25 |title=Kshitindranath Mazumdar |url=https://www.kalalekhan.com/2021/01/kshitindranath-mazumdar.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=History of Fine Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar |url=https://dagworld.com/kshitindranathmajumdar.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=dagworld.com |language=en}}</ref> As a teenager, he performed in the productions of a local theatre group owned by his father.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekh |first=Tanjima Kar |date=2019-05-31 |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar: The Saint Artist |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/kshitindranath-majumdar/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Mazumdar's artistic capabilities and talent caught the eye of Mahendra Narayan Roy, the [[zamindar]] of a nearby village, [[Nimtita]]. On his advice, Mazumdar joined the [[Government College of Art & Craft]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekh |first=Tanjima Kar |date=2019-05-31 |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar: The Saint Artist |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/kshitindranath-majumdar/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Murshidabad People - Kshitindra Nath Majumdar |url=https://murshidabad.net/people/kshitindranath-majumdar.htm |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=murshidabad.net}}</ref> There he met [[Abanindranath Tagore]], one of the founders of the Bengal School of Art.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abanindranath Tagore Biography - Life History, Paintings & Artwork, Facts |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/painters/abanindranath-tagore.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asian arts - Pahari, Miniature, Paintings {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/South-Asian-arts/Pahari-style |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Academy |first=M. A. P. |date=2023-08-13 |title=Abanindranath Tagore rejected European art. Promoted Hindu spirituality to convey 'Indianness' |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/abindranath-tagore-rejected-european-art-promoted-hindu-spirituality-to-convey-indianness/1712948/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha-Thakurta |first=Tapati |title=The Making of a New 'Indian' Art: Artists, Aesthetics and Nationalism in Bengal, C.1850-1920 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1992 |isbn=9780521052733 |language=English}}</ref>

== Career ==
As a teen, Mazumdar was deeply impacted by Vaishnavism, which was predominant at home. This influence reflected heavily in his paintings, as Mazumdar, now an ardent follower of [[Krishna]], mostly painted on Vaishnavite and literary themes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rasa Lila - Kshitindranath Majumdar |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/rasa-lila-kshitindranath-majumdar/ngGy8mi8lU4Glw |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Kshitindranath |title=Painting |date=1910–1920 |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O82528/painting-majumdar-kshitindranath/ |access-date=2024-01-04}}</ref>

With time, he became a disciple of Tagore, and learnt several techniques under his guidance. He developed an interest in [[Rajput painting]]s and the frescoes of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]]. He was also greatly influenced by the [[Wash (visual arts)|Japanese wash technique]]. In his paintings, Mazumdar combined elements of Tagore's signature style of supple and delicate lines with segments from Ajanta and Rajput paintings and [[Far Eastern]] and Japanese techniques. He incorporated fine lines, subdued hues and simple backgrounds in his paintings. His works include elongated figures, fluid postures and are rhythmic in nature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekh |first=Tanjima Kar |date=2019-05-31 |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar: The Saint Artist |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/kshitindranath-majumdar/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was also inspired by [[Art Nouveau]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar |url=https://dagworld.com/kshitindranathmajumdar.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=dagworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rasa Lila - Kshitindranath Majumdar |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/rasa-lila-kshitindranath-majumdar/ngGy8mi8lU4Glw |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Kshitindranath |title=Painting |date=1910–1920 |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O82528/painting-majumdar-kshitindranath/ |access-date=2024-01-04}}</ref> Mazumdar, in his works, also merged spirituality with sensuality, while focusing on Vaishnavite deities and religious, mythological and [[Puranic]] themes and narratives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=Centre plans to renovate artwork at Rashtrapati Bhavan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/renovation-and-refurbishment-planned-for-artwork-at-rashtrapati-bhavan-in-new-delhi-government-officials-say-101688925576906.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reinventing the myth |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/jan/02/reinventing-the-myth-1742949.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The New Indian Express |date=3 January 2018 }}</ref> This reverence for spirituality earned him the title, "saint artist".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekh |first=Tanjima Kar |date=2019-05-31 |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar: The Saint Artist |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/kshitindranath-majumdar/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Mazumdar, alongside [[Nandalal Bose]], worked as a teacher at the [[Indian Society of Oriental Art]] in Kolkata for 18 years from 1912 to 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar |url=https://dagworld.com/kshitindranathmajumdar.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=dagworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Later in life, he also taught at [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]] and served as the Principal of the Art Department at the [[University of Allahabad]], located in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], until his retirement in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murshidabad People - Kshitindra Nath Majumdar |url=https://murshidabad.net/people/kshitindranath-majumdar.htm |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=murshidabad.net}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Mazumdar was presented{{when|date=October 2025}} with a Merit Award by the [[Bengal Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murshidabad People – Kshitindra Nath Majumdar |url=https://murshidabad.net/people/kshitindranath-majumdar.htm |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=murshidabad.net}}</ref> In 1963, he was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.) by [[Rabindra Bharati University]], Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar |url=https://dagworld.com/kshitindranathmajumdar.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=dagworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| title = Paintings of Kshitindranath Mazumdar
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| perrow =
| mode =
| whitebg =
| noborder =
| captionstyle =
| File:The Birth of Gangā.jpg
|''The Birth of Ganga''
| File:Radha and Krishna (Myths of the Hindus).jpg
|''Radha and Krishna''
| File:Kaliya damana.jpg
|''Kaliya Damana''
| File:Damayanthi (Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists).jpg
|''Damayanthi''
| File:Manasa Myths of the Hindus & Buddhists.jpg
|''Manasa''
| File:Pururavas.jpg
|''Pururavas''
| File:The dance of Shiva.jpg
|''The Dance of Shiva''
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazumdar, Kshitindranath}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali male artists]]
[[Category:Devotees of Krishna]]
[[Category:Educators from British India]]
[[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Government College of Art & Craft alumni]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:Painters from British India]]
[[Category:Painters from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Painters from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj]]

Joginder Singh (soldier)

2026-03-08T00:14:28Z

Snehasis: fixed section also and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian, recipient of Param Vir Chakra (1921 – 1962)}}
{{Redirect|Subedar Joginder Singh|the biography film|Subedar Joginder Singh (film)}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Subedar]]
| name = Joginder Singh Sahnan
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]
| image = Joginder_SIngh_PVC.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|09|26|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1962|10|23|1921|09|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mahla Kalan, [[Moga district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[Bum La Pass]], [[North-East Frontier Agency]], India
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|British India}} (1936-47) {{army|India}} (1947-62)
| serviceyears = 1936–1962
| rank = [[File:Subedar - Risaldar of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Subedar]]
| servicenumber = JC-4547{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=58}}
| unit = [[File:Sikh Regiment Logo.png|20px]] 1st battalion, [[Sikh Regiment]]
| commands =
| battles = [[Second World War]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] [[Sino-Indian War]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vir Chakra]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
}}
'''[[Subedar]] Joginder Singh''', [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]] (26 September 1921 – 23 October 1962), was an Indian soldier and posthumous recipient of India's highest military award, the [[Param Vir Chakra]]. Singh joined the [[British Indian Army]] in 1936 and served in the 1st battalion of the [[Sikh Regiment]]. During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], he was commanding a platoon at the [[Bum La Pass]] in the [[North-East Frontier Agency]]. Though heavily outnumbered, he bravely led his troops against a Chinese assault and defended his post until he was wounded and captured. Singh died from his injuries while in Chinese custody.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/the-story-of-subedar-joginder-singh-who-crushed-waves-of-chinese-attacks-at-bum-la-in-tawang-in-1962_-260151.html |title=The Story of Subedar Joginder Singh - Who Crushed Waves Of Chinese Attacks At Bum La In Tawang In 1962|author=Maninder Dabas|date=6 July 2017|access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Joginder Singh was born on 26 September 1921 in Mahla Kalan, [[Moga district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]. He spent his childhood in the same village. His father Sher Singh Sahnan belonged to an agricultural [[Saini]] Sikh family which had relocated to Mahla Kalan in [[Moga district]] from the village Munak Kalan (often pronounced as Munaka) in [[Hoshiarpur district]].<ref name="Prof. Nanua">Saini Jagat: Utpati Ate Vikas, pp 121, Prof. Surjit Singh Nanuan, Manjota Publications, Patiala, 2008</ref><ref>Tributes paid to Subedar Joginder Singh Saini, October 23, 2017, Daily Ajit (Punjabi Edition), Jalandhar</ref><ref name="Tribune_community_background">"He became the second Saini Sikh to get the PVC after Capt Gurbachan Singh Salaria, who earned the award posthumously leading a Khukri charge in December 1961 at Katanga, Congo, while on a UN Mission ", When the will became a weapon, The Tribune, Sunday, August 05, 2018, | url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180414224512/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/when-the-will-became-a-weapon/572352.html]</ref> His mother was Bibi Krishan Kaur Bhela. Joginder Singh married Bibi Gurdyal Kaur Banga, who was from a [[Saini]] family in the village Kothay Rara Singh, near [[Kotkapura]]. He went to primary school in Nathu Ala village and went to middle school in Daroli village.<ref name="Prof. Nanua"/> He decided to join the army, considering that it would give him an "identity and purpose".{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=72}}

== Military career ==
On joining the [[British Indian Army]], Singh was posted to the 1st battalion of the [[Sikh Regiment]] (1 Sikh) on 28 September 1936.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=58}}<ref name="The Story of Subedar Joginder Singh – Who Crushed Waves Of Chinese Attacks At Bum La In Tawang In 1962">{{cite web|author1=Maninder Dabas|title=The Story of Subedar Joginder Singh – Who Crushed Waves Of Chinese Attacks At Bum La In Tawang In 1962|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/the-story-of-subedar-joginder-singh-who-crushed-waves-of-chinese-attacks-at-bum-la-in-tawang-in-1962_-260151.html|website=Indiatimes|publisher=Times Internet|access-date=21 November 2017|date=18 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102223824/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/the-story-of-subedar-joginder-singh-who-crushed-waves-of-chinese-attacks-at-bum-la-in-tawang-in-1962_-260151.html|archive-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> After joining the army, he identified his interest in education, and soon passed the Army Education Examination. He was subsequently appointed as the Unit Education Instructor.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=72}} He served in the [[Second World War]] on the [[Burma Campaign|Burma front]], and in [[Srinagar]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]].<ref name="The Story of Subedar Joginder Singh – Who Crushed Waves Of Chinese Attacks At Bum La In Tawang In 1962" />

===Sino-India War===
{{main|Sino-Indian War}}
There had long been disagreement between India and China over disputed borders in the Himalayas region. To counter the increasing Chinese intrusions into the disputed territory, then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] asked for strategies for dealing with them. However, the proposal put forward by the [[Indian Army]] was rejected. Instead, he approved a plan proposed by a bureaucrat called the "Forward Policy". This called for the establishment of several small posts facing the Chinese positions. Due to the severe rise in public criticism against Chinese intrusions, Nehru implemented the "Forward Policy" against the advice of the army.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=73}} The army's concern was that the Chinese had a geographical advantage. Additionally, maintaining numerous small posts would be untenable if the superior Chinese forces attacked. This was ruled out by Nehru who believed the Chinese would not attack. However, the Chinese did attack and this initiated the Sino-India War.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=74}}

====Param Vir Chakra Action (Battle at Bum La)====
{{Main|Battle of Bum La Pass}}
On 9 September 1962, then [[Defence Minister of India]] [[Krishna Menon]] decided to evict the Chinese troops south of [[Thagla Ridge]]. This decision was endorsed by Nehru, who was in [[London]] to attend the [[Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference]]. Subsequently, the [[7th Indian Infantry Brigade|7th Infantry Brigade]], which included 1 Sikh, was ordered to move to [[Namka Chu]], which was considered militarily unsound and an advantageous ground for the Chinese. This move was strongly criticized by the [[Indian media]], who publicized it with "sensational headlines", arguing India's military offensive capability.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=69}}

The Chinese, aware of these developments, attacked the unprepared Indian post at Namka Chu. Though the Indian troops resisted the attack, they took heavy casualties due to inadequate ammunition and weak communication lines. Soon after the attack, the Chinese advanced to [[Tawang]]. Midway they encountered an Indian post at the [[Bum La Pass]], held by a platoon of 20 men from 1 Sikh.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=69}}<ref name="The Story of Subedar Joginder Singh – Who Crushed Waves Of Chinese Attacks At Bum La In Tawang In 1962" /> The post was under the command of Singh, now a [[subedar]].{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=69}} The Chinese attacked the post in three waves, each comprising 200 men.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=58}} Though the initial two attacks were repelled successfully, by that time, the platoon was depleted to half of its original strength. Singh was also wounded but refused evacuation. Soon the ammunition was exhausted, and the survivors were only left with their [[bayonet]]s.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=70}}

The Sikh soldiers then charged toward the Chinese, shouting the war cry ''Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh''.{{efn|{{langx|en|Hail the [[Khalsa]] who belongs to the Lord God! Hail the Lord God to whom belongs the victory}}.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=59}}}} The Chinese lines were scattered at this sight and many were bayoneted. Due to heavy numbers and superior weapons, the Chinese were able to withstand the last charge by Singh and his remaining soldiers.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=70}} Before Singh was overpowered and captured by the Chinese, he single-handedly killed a number of Chinese soldiers with his bayonet. He later succumbed to his injuries and died in Chinese captivity.<ref name="The Story of Subedar Joginder Singh – Who Crushed Waves Of Chinese Attacks At Bum La In Tawang In 1962" />

=== Awarding of Param Vir Chakra ===
Though being heavily outnumbered, Singh led his men, and kept their morale up, in the face of the enemy. For his action of gallantry on 23 October 1962, he was awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]], India's highest military decoration.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=59}} The citation reads:
{{Blockquote
|Subedar Joginder Singh was the commander of a platoon of the Sikh Regiment holding a defensive position at a ridge near Tongpen La in NEFA. At 0530 hours on 23 October 1962, the Chinese opened a very heavy attack on the Bum la axis to break through to Towang. The leading battalion of the enemy attacked the ridge in three waves, each about 200 strong. Subedar Joginder Singh and his men mowed down the first wave, and the enemy was temporarily halted by the heavy losses it suffered. Within a few minutes, a second wave came over and was dealt with similarly. But the platoon had, by then, lost half its men. Subedar Joginder Singh was wounded in the thigh but refused to be evacuated. Under his inspiring leadership, the platoon stubbornly held its ground and would not withdraw. Meanwhile, the position was attacked for the third time. Subedar Joginder Singh himself manned a light machine gun and shot down a number of the enemy. The Chinese however continued to advance despite heavy losses. When the situation became untenable Subedar Joginder Singh and the few men that were left in the position fixed bayonets and charged the advancing Chinese, bayoneting a number of them before he and his comrades were overpowered. Throughout this action, Subedar Joginder Singh displayed devotion to duty, inspiring leadership and bravery of the highest order.|author=[[Gazette of India]] Notification No.68—Press/62|source={{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|pp=70–71}}}}

The Chinese sent his ashes with full military honors to the battalion on 17 May 1963.<ref name="The Story of Subedar Joginder Singh – Who Crushed Waves Of Chinese Attacks At Bum La In Tawang In 1962" /> The urn was later brought to the Sikh Regimental Centre at [[Meerut]], and eventually handed over to his wife.<ref name="The Story of Subedar Joginder Singh – Who Crushed Waves Of Chinese Attacks At Bum La In Tawang In 1962" />

== Other honours ==
[[File:Subedar Joginder Singh statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|250px|thumb|Singh's statue at ''Param Yodha Sthal'', [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], New Delhi]]
In the 1980s, the [[Shipping Corporation of India]] (SCI), a [[Government of India]] enterprise under the aegis of the [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping]], named fifteen of its [[crude oil tanker]]s in honor of the PVC recipients. The tanker MT ''Subedar Joginder Singh, PVC'' was delivered to SCI in 1984, and served for 25 years before being phased out.<ref name="Subedar Joginder Singh PVC Ship">{{cite web|title=Subedar Joginder Singh PVC Ship|url=https://shipping-data.com/ship/subedar-joginder-singh-pvc|website=Shipping Data|publisher=ED Web Consulting|access-date=21 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042710/https://shipping-data.com/ship/subedar-joginder-singh-pvc|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> In Singh's honour, a memorial statue has been built near the Office of District Collector in Moga, and a monument has been built at IB Ridge by the Indian Army.<ref name="Remembering Param Vir Subedar Joginder Singh and His Extraordinary Tale of Bravery">{{cite web|author1=Sanchari Pal|title=Remembering Param Vir Subedar Joginder Singh and His Extraordinary Tale of Bravery|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/116778/subedar-joginder-singh-param-vir-chakra-punjab-china-war/|website=The Better India|access-date=21 November 2017|date=27 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031123/https://www.thebetterindia.com/116778/subedar-joginder-singh-param-vir-chakra-punjab-china-war/|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> The [[Eden Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]] have a stand named after him.

== In popular culture ==
The 2018 [[biopic]] ''[[Subedar Joginder Singh (film)|Subedar Joginder Singh]]'' is based on Singh's life and his action during Sino-Indian War. The lead role was played by Punjabi actor and singer [[Gippy Grewal]].<ref name="Gippy Grewal on PVC Subedar Joginder Singh biopic: It’s a massive responsibility to play this national hero">{{cite web|title=Gippy Grewal on PVC Subedar Joginder Singh biopic: It's a massive responsibility to play this national hero|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/punjabi-singer-actor-gippy-grewal-set-to-play-pvc-subedar-joginder-singh-in-his-biopic-4798172/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=21 November 2017|date=16 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030417/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/punjabi-singer-actor-gippy-grewal-set-to-play-pvc-subedar-joginder-singh-in-his-biopic-4798172/|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

==Notes==
'''Footnotes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cardozo|first1=Ian|title=Param Vir : our heroes in battle|date=2003|publisher=Lotus Collection|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788174362629|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chakravorty |first1=B.C.|editor-first= U.P. |editor-last=Thapliyal |title=Stories of heroism|date=1995|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7023-516-3}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation|last=Rawat |first=Rachna Bisht |year=2014 |title=The Brave: Param Vir Chakra Stories |publisher=Penguin Books India Private Limited |isbn=978-01-4342-235-8}}
*{{citation|first1=Kittu |last1=Reddy|title=Bravest of the Brave: Heroes of the Indian Army|year=2007|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-87100-00-3|language=en}}
{{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Joginder}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners of war]]

Vyapam scam

2026-03-04T04:21:37Z

Snehasis: added initial pg from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian entrance-exam, admission and recruitment scam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}

The '''Vyapam scam''' was an [[entrance examination]], admission and recruitment [[scam]]. It was functional since the 1990s and was finally unearthed in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dangerous Corruption in India|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/13/opinion/dangerous-corruption-in-india.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 July 2015 }}</ref>

The scam involved politicians, senior and junior officials and businessmen systematically employing imposters to write papers, manipulate exam hall seating arrangements and supply forged answer sheets by giving bribes to officials.<ref>{{cite news|title=25 mystery deaths and 2,000 arrests: All about MP's Vyapam scam|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/25-mystery-deaths-and-2-000-arrests-all-about-mp-s-vyapam-scam/story-Y3dLEQdkEsVyCwuPQXxaXI.html|access-date=8 November 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=29 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CBI FILES A CHARGESHEET AGAINST 592 ACCUSED PERSONS IN A CASE RELATING TO ALLEGED IRREGULARITIES IN PMT-2012 EXAMINATION CONDUCTED BY VYAPAM|url=http://cbi.nic.in/pressreleases/pr_2017-11-23-1.php|website=cbi.nic.in|publisher=Central Bureau of Investigation, India|access-date=28 November 2017|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204111453/http://www.cbi.nic.in/pressreleases/pr_2017-11-23-1.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board]] (MPPEB), popularly known by its [[Hindi]] acronym "Vyapam" ('''Vya'''vsayik '''Pa'''riksha '''M'''andal), is a self-financed and autonomous body incorporated by the state government responsible for conducting several entrance tests in the state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vyapam Corruption Case Mystifies India|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/09/world/asia/vyapam-corruption-case-mystifies-india.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=8 July 2015 |last1=Joseph |first1=Manu }}</ref> These entrance exams are held for recruitment in government jobs and admissions in educational institutes of the state.

The scam involved 13 different exams conducted by Vyapam, for selection of medical students and state government employees (including food inspectors, transport constables, police personnel, school teachers, dairy supply officers and forest guards) where the final results were rigged. The exams were taken by around 3.2 million students each year, many of whom were actually paid proxies for other undeserving students.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/the-mystery-of-indias-deadly-exam-scam |title= The mystery of India's deadly exam scam |author=Aman Sethi |newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 December 2015 }}</ref> It also included an "engine-bogie" system wherein seating arrangements were manipulated so that a paid smarter student was seated between two others to allow the latter to copy answers from the former.<ref>{{cite news|title=India reeling from Vyapam scandal|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/world/india-reeling-vyapam-scandal-109402|access-date=8 November 2017|publisher=BBC Online / The Daily Star|date=8 July 2015}}</ref>

The scam involved a collusion of undeserving candidates, who bribed politicians and MPPEB officials through middlemen, to get high ranks in these entrance tests. The scam also led to between 23 and 40 'unnatural' deaths of involved individuals, though unofficial figures run well into more than a 100 custodial deaths including the erstwhile MP Governor's son and deaths in staged road accidents.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Srivastava|first1=Vaibhav|title=Vyapam Scam: The CBI's Clean Chit Is Not the Final Word on the Matter|url=https://thewire.in/194948/vyapam-scam-cbis-clean-chit-not-final-word-matter/|access-date=8 November 2017|publisher=The Wire|date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India Inquiry Into Scandal Over Testing Set to Expand|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/world/india-inquiry-into-scandal-over-testing-set-to-expand.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 July 2015 |last1=Najar |first1=Nida |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini }}</ref>
Cases of irregularities in these entrance tests had been reported since the mid-1990s, and the first [[First Information Report|FIR]] was filed in 2000. However, until 2009, such cases were not thought to be part of an organized ring. When major complaints surfaced in the pre-medical test (PMT) in 2009, the state government established a committee to investigate the matter. The committee released its report in 2011, and over a hundred people were arrested by the police. However, none of the accused have been convicted as most of them either suspiciously died in custody or were released on bail.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dixit|first1=Rakesh|title=Vyapam: How a Munnabhai-style Exam Scam Turned Into a Macabre Thriller|url=https://thewire.in/5249/vyapam-how-a-munnabhai-style-exam-scam-turned-into-a-macabre-thriller/|access-date=8 November 2017|publisher=The Wire|date=1 July 2015}}</ref>

The sheer scale of the scam came to light in 2013, when the [[Indore]] police arrested 20 people who had come to impersonate candidates for PMT 2009. The interrogation of these people led to the arrest of Jagdish Sagar, the leader of an organized [[racket (crime)|racket]] involved in the scam. The state government established a Special Task Force (STF) on 26 August 2013. Subsequent interrogations and arrests uncovered the involvement of several politicians, bureaucrats, MPPEB officials, racket leaders, middlemen, candidates and their parents in the scam. By June 2015, more than 2000 people had been arrested in connection with the scam. These included the state's ex-education minister [[Laxmikant Sharma#:~:text=Sharma was a member of,leader of Bharatiya Janata Party.|Laxmikant Sharma]] and over a hundred other politicians. In July 2015, the Supreme Court of India issued an order to transfer the case to the country's premier investigating agency, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI). In the same year, the Wikipedia page of Vyapam scam became the 19th most viewed page on Wikipedia globally.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vyapam-scam-on-Wikipedias-top-20-list/articleshow/48129815.cms Vyapam scam on Wikipedia's top 20 list], 19 July 2015, The Times of India.</ref>

Many senior personnel including Justice Bhushan who heads the Special Investigative team and Indian doctors including Anand Rai (the whistle blower in this case) are of the opinion that the Vyapam scam was functional since the 1990s when they themselves took their medical exams.<ref>{{cite news|title=25 mystery deaths and 2,000 arrests: All about MP's Vyapam scam|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/25-mystery-deaths-and-2-000-arrests-all-about-mp-s-vyapam-scam/story-Y3dLEQdkEsVyCwuPQXxaXI.html|access-date=8 November 2017|agency=HT correspondent|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=29 June 2015}}</ref> They also believe that similar "systems" of proxies giving medical exams are operational in other states of India as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vyapam: India's deadly medical school exam scandal|url=http://medicaliaorg.ning.com/forum/topics/vyapam-india-s-deadly-medical-school-exam-scandal|website=medicaliaorg.ning.com|publisher=IMS (Medicalia.org - The internet medical scoeity)|access-date=8 November 2017|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108095527/http://medicaliaorg.ning.com/forum/topics/vyapam-india-s-deadly-medical-school-exam-scandal|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== The scam ==

Vyapam was entrusted with the responsibility of conducting large-scale competitive tests for admission to various professional courses and for recruitment to government jobs.<ref name="Role of Board">[http://www.vyapam.nic.in/role_of_the_board.htm Role of The Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331134835/http://www.vyapam.nic.in/role_of_the_board.htm |date=31 March 2015 }}, Official Site.</ref>

The Vyapam scam involved collusion among exam candidates, government officials and middlemen: undeserving candidates were offered high marks in the exams, in exchange for [[kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]]. The following tricks were used by those involved in the scam:<ref name="tnm_335"/>

; Impersonation
: Brilliant students (including previous years' top candidates) or practicing doctors would be paid to impersonate exam candidates. The photograph on the candidate's admit card was replaced by the impersonator's photograph. After the exam, it was changed back to the original. This was done in collusion with the corrupt board officials.

; Copying
: Undeserving candidates bribed the board officials through middlemen to be seated strategically next to a brilliant dummy candidate, who was also paid money. The dummy candidate let them copy from his sheet or exchanged the sheet at the end of the exam.

; Manipulation of records and answer sheets
: The undeserving candidates would leave their [[Optical mark recognition|OMR]] answer sheets blank or fill in only the answers they were sure about. The corrupt board officials would manipulate records to give these candidates randomly high percentages. To avoid being caught in case of an audit, they would file an [[Right to Information Act|RTI]] request demanding to view these answer sheets, and fill in the answers according to the marks.

; Leaking the answer key
: The corrupt board officials leaked the answer key to the selected candidates.

== Unearthing of the scam ==

Cases of malpractice in Vyapam scam had been reported since 1995, and the first FIR was found in 2000 in [[Chhatarpur district]]. In 2004, seven cases were registered in [[Khandwa district]]. However, such reports of malpractice were seen as isolated cases.<ref name="tnm_31892">{{cite news |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uncovering-vyapam-does-buck-really-stop-bjp-and-chouhan-31892 |title=Uncovering Vyapam: Does the buck really stop with the BJP and Chouhan? |author=Siddhartha Mishra |date=2015-07-06 |publisher=The News Minute |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811053124/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uncovering-vyapam-does-buck-really-stop-bjp-and-chouhan-31892 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== 2009-11: Initial probe by committee ===

A report by the Madhya Pradesh Local Fund Audit office for 2007-08 found several financial and administrative irregularities in MPPEB, including unauthorized disposal of application forms.<ref name="tnm_31892"/> It was suspected that the application forms were being destroyed so that they could not be compared to exam admit cards and other records. In 2009, fresh complaints of irregularities in the pre-medical test (PMT) surfaced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mp-govt-accuses-vyapam-scam-whistleblower-of-political-affiliation/|title=MP govt accuses Vyapam scam whistleblower of 'political affiliation'|date=15 March 2015 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Indore-based activist Anand Rai filed a [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) requesting investigation into the scam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/tests-of-your-patience/294386 |title=Tests Of Your Patience - Jun 01,2015 |work=Outlook}}</ref> In 2009, Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] set up a committee headed by the State Joint Director of Medical Education to probe the allegations.<ref name="charu_42_2015">{{cite news|url=http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/42-dead-why-is-shivraj-chouhan-not-facing-more-heat-in-the-vyapam-scam-1435607494.html|title=42 dead: why is Shivraj Chouhan not facing more heat in the Vyapam scam?|date=2015-06-30|publisher=Catch News}}</ref>

In July 2011, MPPEB monitored 145 suspects during the Pre-Medical Test (PMT). Most of the suspects did not turn up, but 8 were caught for impersonating others. This included Kanpur-based Satyendra Varma, who had accepted {{INR}} 4 lakh to appear in place of Ashish Yadav, in Indore.<ref name="IE_held_2011">{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/8-held-for-impersonation-in-premedical-test-in-mp/822230/ |title= 8 held for impersonation in pre-medical test in MP |author=Milind Ghatwai |date=2011-07-26 |newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref> 15 exam toppers from the previous year appeared for the exam. Suspecting that these people were called in to impersonate others or to help candidates cheat by sitting adjacent to them, MPPEB asked them to explain their reasons for re-taking the exams. MPPEB also started using biometric technology: thumb impressions and photographs of all the persons appearing for the exam were taken to be matched during the post-results counselling.<ref name="IE_guilty_2011">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/mp-medical-admission-scam-guilty-students-to-face-action/ |title=MP medical admission scam: Guilty students to face action |date= 2011-12-30 |newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref>

The committee set up by Chouhan in 2009 submitted its report to the government in November 2011. It mentioned that 114 candidates had passed PMT using impersonation. The candidates, mostly from rich families, had been impersonated by practicing doctors and talented medical students, some of whom had come from neighbouring states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. The middlemen had charged each candidate {{INR}}10-40 lakh. The findings raised concern that several fake doctors admitted through PMT in earlier years might have graduated as practitioners. The possibility of government officials being involved in the scam was also mentioned.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/100-fake-doctors-MP-hit-by-Munnabhai-scam/articleshow/11285266.cms |title=100 fake doctors? Madhya Pradesh hit by Munnabhai scam |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2011-12-29 |author=Lemuel Lall }}</ref>

In December 2011, the MP Government announced that all the students who had gained admissions by fraudulent means would be asked to quit their courses. This included those who had already spent some years taking the course.<ref name="IE_guilty_2011"/>

In 2012, Indore police arrested four people who had come to impersonate candidates in the PMT exam. The arrested had been promised sums ranging from {{INR}} 25,000 to {{INR}} 50,000 each.<ref name="ToI_double_2013">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Impostors-double-rate-to-help-aspiring-medicos/articleshow/20962778.cms|title=Impostors double rate to help aspiring medicos |work=The Times of India|date=8 July 2013 }}</ref>

=== 2013 MP-PMT exam ===

The massive scale of the Vyapam scam came to light in 2013. On the night of 6–7 July, the Indore police arrested 20 people from various city hotels. These people, 17 of whom were from [[Uttar Pradesh]], had come to impersonate local candidates in the PMT exam scheduled on 7 July 2013.<ref name="DNA_23000_2013">[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pmt-scam-23000-page-chargesheet-produced-against-34-accused-1941377 PMT scam: 24,000 page chargesheet produced against 34 accused], DNA India 27 December 2013.</ref> The impersonators had been promised sums ranging from {{INR}} 50,000 to {{INR}} 100,000.<ref name="ToI_double_2013"/> Based on information collected during the interrogation of these 20 impersonators, Indore police found out that an organized racket headed by Jagdish Sagar was involved in the scam. After the arrests and the revelation, Dr. [[Anand Rai]] submitted a complaint to the local Superintendent of Police (economic offence wing), seeking a detailed investigation. He sought probe into the role of MPPEB's chairman, exam controller, assistant controller and deputy controller.<ref name="ToI_hunt_2013">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Hunt-on-for-MPPMT-racket-mastermind-in-UP-MP/articleshow/20996767.cms |title=Hunt on for MPPMT racket mastermind in UP, MP |work=The Times of India|date=10 July 2013 }}</ref>

On 13 July 2013, Jagdish Sagar was arrested in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/STF-files-charge-sheet-against-28-in-MPPMT-scam/articleshow/23601295.cms |title=STF files charge-sheet against 28 in MPPMT scam |work=The Times of India|date=6 October 2013 }}</ref> A list containing names of 317 students was confiscated from him. MPPEB's exam controller Pankaj Trivedi, who was not a suspect in the scam at that time, tried to protect these students. He sent a letter to various government departments and the deans of medical colleges, insisting that these students should be allowed admission once they sign an affidavit. The affidavit would state that they didn't use any unfair means, and that their admissions would be canceled if they were found guilty in the police investigations. On 28 September 2013, Trivedi was also arrested, based on Jagdish Sagar's interrogation.<ref name="ToI_fish_2014">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/PMT-scam-STF-cops-ignored-role-of-big-fish/articleshow/29391827.cms|title=PMT scam: STF, cops ignored role of big fish|work=The Times of India|date=26 January 2014 }}</ref> On 5 October, the Special Task Force (STF) of the police chargesheeted 28 people, including Jagdish Sagar. In December 2013, the STF produced a 23,000-page supplementary [[chargesheet]] against 34 accused in the Indore district court. Out of these 34 accused chargesheeted, 30 were students and their guardians. Four others included Pankaj Trivedi, Dr. Sanjeev Shilpkar and Dr. Jagdish Sagar's accomplice Gangaram Pipliya.<ref name="DNA_23000_2013"/>

=== Other exams probed ===

In November 2013, the STF found that the scamsters had rigged five recruitment tests: Pre-PG, Food Inspector Selection Test, Milk Federation test, Subedar-Sub Inspector and Platoon Commander Selection Test and Police Constable Recruitment Test - all held during 2012 for government jobs in the state. For Pre-PG Test of 2012, MPPEB's former examination controller Dr Pankaj Trivedi and its system analyst Nitin Mahindra provided model answer keys to candidates through photocopies. For the other four exams, the Vyapam officials manipulated the OMR answer sheets by taking them out of the strong room. Different FIRs against 153 people, including Sudhir Sharma, were filed. Sharma had earlier been interrogated by CBI in mining scam of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="FPJ_2013_rigged">[http://freepressjournal.in/vyapam-gang-had-rigged-5-more-exams/ Vyapam gang had rigged 5 more exams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212459/http://freepressjournal.in/vyapam-gang-had-rigged-5-more-exams/ |date=12 August 2014 }}, The Free Press Journal 30 November 2014.</ref> In March 2014, the government announced that the STF was investigating rigging of nine examinations, and 127 people had been arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/127-arrested-after-investigations-into-nine-examinations/|title=127 arrested after investigations into nine examinations|date=4 March 2014|work=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

The previous years' PMT exams were also investigated. The STF found that 286 candidates had cleared PMT-2012 through fraudulent means. On 29 April 2014, 27 students of [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore|MGM Medical College]] in Indore were expelled for having used fraudulent means to clear PMT-2012.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/27-medical-college-students-expelled-for-alleged-involvement-in-mppeb-scam-684581.html 27 medical college students expelled for alleged involvement in MPPEB scam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041925/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/27-medical-college-students-expelled-for-alleged-involvement-in-mppeb-scam-684581.html |date=24 September 2015 }}, IBN Live 30 April 2014.</ref>

In June 2014, the High Court asked the police why several of the accused in the case had not been arrested yet. Following this, the STF made several arrests. On 15 June, the STF arrested the state's former technical education minister and BJP leader Laxmikant Sharma for his alleged involvement in the contractual teachers recruitment scam. On 18 and 19 June 2014, the police arrested over 100 medical students from different parts of the state, for their involvement in the PMT scam.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/vyapam-scam-stf-arrests-over-100-candidates-696150.html Vyapam scam: STF arrests over 100 candidates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044157/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/vyapam-scam-stf-arrests-over-100-candidates-696150.html |date=24 September 2015 }}, IBN Live 19 June 2014.</ref>

In September 2014, the STF revealed that Jagdish Sagar's racket had also rigged the entrance exams for recruitment in [[State Bank of India|SBI]] and other nationalized banks. These entrance exams included the [[Institute of Banking Personnel Selection]]'s exams and the SBI Probationary Officer's exam.<ref name="toisbi">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Even-SBI-exams-rigged-by-proxies-of-scam-riddled-MPPEB/articleshow/43055694.cms Even SBI exams rigged by proxies of scam-riddled MPPEB], The Times of India, 31 September 2014.</ref>

== Investigations ==
Initial investigations into the irregularities were conducted by the various city units of the state police. During 2009-11, a committee established by the state government and headed by the State Joint Director of Medical Education, probed the irregularities in the PMT exam.<ref name="charu_42_2015"/>

After the role of organized crime rackets and politicians in the scam came to light, the state government formed a Special Task Force (STF) of the police on 26 August 2013, to investigate the scam. Several activists and politicians, including members of the major opposition [[Indian National Congress]] party, demanded a CBI probe in the scam under the supervision of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Congress insists on Supreme Court-monitored CBI probe|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/vyapam-scam-congress-insists-on-supreme-court-monitored-cbi-probe/|access-date=8 July 2015|work=Indian Express|date=8 July 2015|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] did not entertain the suggestion of a CBI inquiry to the probe initially.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Suparna Singh|title=No Crisis, No Resignation: Chief Minister Chouhan After Calling for CBI Inquiry in Vyapam Scam|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vyapam-scam-chief-minister-asks-for-cbi-inquiry-says-government-should-be-above-suspicion-778985|access-date=7 July 2015|work=NDTV|date=7 July 2015|location=Bhopal}}</ref> On 5 November 2014, Madhya Pradesh High Court also rejected the Congress leader [[Digvijaya Singh|Digvijay Singh]]'s petition for CBI probe and instead ordered setting up of a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|special investigation team (SIT)]] to act as a watchdog for the court.<ref name="toi5nov">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Bhopal/PEB-scam-PEB-scam-HC-orders-setting-up-of-SIT-says-no-to-CBI-probe/articleshow/45054876.cms PEB scam: PEB scam: HC orders setting up of SIT, says no to CBI probe], ''The Times of India'', 6 November 2014.</ref> The SIT is a three-member team chaired by Justice Chandresh Bhushan, a retired Judge of the Madhya Pradesh High Court. During 2014-2015, the scam was investigated by the STF under the supervision of SIT.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vyapam scam: HC likely to hear govt's application for CBI probe today|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hc-likely-to-hear-govt-s-application-for-cbi-investigation-today/article1-1366951.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710171307/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hc-likely-to-hear-govt-s-application-for-cbi-investigation-today/article1-1366951.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2015|access-date=8 July 2015|work=Hindustan Times|date=8 July 2015|location=Bhopal}}</ref>

On 7 July 2015, after controversy about increasing number of allegedly suspicious deaths, Chouhan informed media that he will write to [[Madhya Pradesh High Court|High Court of Madhya Pradesh]] requesting to order a CBI probe into the scam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Will request HC to order CBI probe, MP CM Chouhan says|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vyapam-scam-Will-request-HC-to-order-CBI-probe-MP-CM-Chouhan-says/articleshow/47970494.cms|access-date=8 July 2015|work=The Times of India|date=7 July 2015|location=New Delhi/Bhopal}}</ref> On the same day, the opposition National Congress Party requested for resignation of Chouhan to allow fair probe into the scam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congress calls for MP bandh demanding CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan's resignation|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-calls-for-mp-bandh-demanding-cm-shivraj-singh-chouhans-resignation/articleshow/47978398.cms|access-date=7 July 2015|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|date=7 July 2015|location=Bhopal}}</ref> Application was filed before the High Court to transfer the investigation to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), which however ordered to await the decision of the Supreme Court on similar applications. On 9 July 2015, the [[Attorney General for India]] told Supreme Court that State of Madhya Pradesh had no objection whatsoever for transferring the investigation to the CBI, upon which the Supreme Court ordered to transfer the 'criminal cases related to the scam and also the cases related to deaths allegedly linked with scam to the CBI, country's premier investigating agency.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Supreme Court transfers VYAPAM scam investigation to CBI [Read Order] - 1, Law Street|url = http://onelawstreet.com/2015/07/supreme-court-transfers-vyapam-scam-investigation-to-cbi-read-order/|access-date = 2015-07-11|archive-date = 11 July 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711181959/http://onelawstreet.com/2015/07/supreme-court-transfers-vyapam-scam-investigation-to-cbi-read-order/|url-status = dead}}</ref> However who will monitor the investigation process was not announced.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-orders-cbi-probe-into-vyapam-scam/|title = Vyapam scam: Let truth prevail, says Shivraj Singh Chouhan after SC orders CBI probe|date = 2015-07-09|newspaper = The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1 = Krishnadas Rajagopal|title = Supreme Court transfers Vyapam investigation to CBI|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/vyapam-scam-sc-transfers-probe-to-cbi/article7402984.ece|access-date = 10 July 2015|work = The Hindu|date = 9 July 2015|location = New Delhi}}</ref>

== Key arrests ==

By June 2015, more than 2000 people had been arrested in connection with the scam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/24-mysterious-deaths-2000-arrests-all-about-mp-s-vyapam-scam/article1-1364038.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629105420/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/24-mysterious-deaths-2000-arrests-all-about-mp-s-vyapam-scam/article1-1364038.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2015 |title= 25 mystery deaths and 2,000 arrests: All about MP's Vyapam scam |date=2015-06-29 |newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref>

=== Politicians and bureaucrats ===

; Laxmikant Sharma, ex-Education Minister (M.P)
: [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]] leader [[Laxmikant Sharma]] was the in-charge of MPPEB in his capacity as the state's Technical Education Minister. He was initially arrested for his involvement in the contractual teachers recruitment scam, based on the information recovered from the Excel sheet maintained by Nitin Mohindra. Later, he was also booked for irregularities in the constables recruitment examinations; according to the STF, he recommended names of at least 15 candidates for recruitment as constables.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Laxmikant-Sharma-booked-in-fresh-case-sent-to-STF-custody-till-Nov-21/articleshow/45200233.cms "Laxmikant Sharma booked in fresh case, sent to STF custody till Nov 21"], 19 November 2014, The Times of India.</ref> He resigned from BJP in June 2014, after being sent to four days police remand.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/vyapam-scam-former-madhya-pradesh-minister-laxmikant-sharma-resigns-from-bjp-695469.html VYAPAM scam: Former Madhya Pradesh minister Laxmikant Sharma resigns from BJP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727034522/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/vyapam-scam-former-madhya-pradesh-minister-laxmikant-sharma-resigns-from-bjp-695469.html |date=27 July 2015 }}, IBN Live 16 June 2014.</ref> Sharma claimed innocence, placing the blame on his officer OP Shukla, and pointed out that his own daughter had failed PMT twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/from-rss-backed-priest-to-powerful-minister-to-accused/|title=From RSS-backed priest to powerful minister to accused|date=19 June 2014|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

; O. P. Shukla
: He was posted as Officer on Special Duty (OSD) with then Technical Education Minister Laxmikant Sharma. Soon after the investigations gained momentum, he went underground and surrendered two months after the investigation team released a lookout notice for him. He allegedly took {{INR}}85 lakh from the candidates for clearing the medical entrance test.<ref name="ibn5">[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/stf-arrests-mppeb-scam-accused-op-shukla-666842.html MPPEB scam accused OP Shukla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044116/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/stf-arrests-mppeb-scam-accused-op-shukla-666842.html |date=24 September 2015 }}, IBN Live 7 February 2014.</ref>

; Sudhir Sharma
: A mining businessman, Sudhir Sharma was once an Officer on Special Duty (OSD) of the education minister Laxmikant Sharma. He was involved in police constable recruitment examination scam of 2012. After absconding initially, he surrendered to the STF in December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/exminister-mining-baron-surrender/|title=Ex-minister,mining baron surrender|date=24 December 2013|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The STF questioned him twice, but did not arrest him at the time. After STF found prosecutable evidence against him, he again went missing. The STF announced a cash reward of {{INR}}5000 for information on him.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mppeb-scam-stf-declares-rs-5000-reward-for-info-on-sudhir-sharma-695114.html MPPEB scam: STF declares Rs 5,000 reward for info on Sudhir Sharma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042230/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mppeb-scam-stf-declares-rs-5000-reward-for-info-on-sudhir-sharma-695114.html |date=24 September 2015 }}, IBN Live 15 June 2014.</ref> He surrendered before the court in 2014, and was arrested by the STF.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/key-mppeb-accused-sudhir-sharma-surrenders-before-court-704072.html Key MPPEB accused Sudhir Sharma surrenders before court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042154/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/key-mppeb-accused-sudhir-sharma-surrenders-before-court-704072.html |date=24 September 2015 }}, IBN Live 25 July 2014.</ref>
: During 2010-2013, Sharma had provided payoffs to many politicians and bureaucrats, including former Madhya Pradesh BJP chief Prabhat Jha and his sons, Congress MLA Veer Singh Bhuria, several ABVP leaders, RSS functionary Suresh Soni, and many civil servants. Laxmikant Sharma was the biggest beneficiary of his kickbacks. He also received large sums of money from educational institutes regularly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vyapam-scam-Congress-BJP-netas-received-kickbacks-from-accused/articleshow/48011760.cms |title=Vyapam scam: Congress, BJP netas received kickbacks from accused |date=2015-07-10 |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

; R. K. Shivhare, Suspended IPS Officer
: He is an accused for his alleged involvement in the recruitment of sub-inspector and platoon commander examination of 2012 conducted by Vyapam. He is also an accused in getting his daughter and son-in-law admitted in the medical college by fraudulent means. When the probe agency registered a case against him, he was suspended but evaded arrest. He was declared absconder and a reward or {{INR}}3000 was put against him. He later surrendered on 21 April 2014.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/suspended-ips-officer-accused-in-mppeb-scam-surrenders-682798.html Suspended IPS officer accused in MPPEB scam surrenders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044124/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/suspended-ips-officer-accused-in-mppeb-scam-surrenders-682798.html |date=24 September 2015 }}, IBN Live 22 April 2014.</ref>

; Ravikant Dwivedi, Suspended Joint Commissioner (Revenue)
: He was arrested for getting his son admitted into one of the premiere medical colleges through unfair means. Later, the state anti-corruption wing raided his house and found cash, jewellery, property worth {{INR}}60{{En dash}}70 [[crore]].<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/vyapam-scam-bureaucrat-found-in-possession-of-assets-worth-rs-70-crore-665393.html Vyapam scam: Bureaucrat found in possession of assets worth rs 70 crore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044152/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/vyapam-scam-bureaucrat-found-in-possession-of-assets-worth-rs-70-crore-665393.html |date=24 September 2015 }}, IBN Live 30 Jan 2014.</ref>

=== Racket leaders ===

Several organized [[racket (crime)|rackets]] were involved in the Vyapam scam. These included the gangs led by Dr. Jagdish Sagar, Dr. Sanjeev Shilpakar and Santosh Gupta, who were described as "[[boss (crime)|kingpins]]" of the PMT scam. For PMT 2013, Dr. Sagar had given 317, Shilpakar 92 and Sanjay Gupta 48 names. Mahendra had recorded the details of these candidates in his computer and destroyed the list. While allotting roll numbers to these candidates, the slots immediately before or after them were left blank. These roll numbers were then allotted to fake candidates. The roll numbers were set at their homes and brought to office in a pen drive. After reaching the office, Mahendra uploaded the roll numbers to the computers. He then used to telephone the middlemen and provide a confirmation.

; Dr. Jagdish Sagar
: Indore-based Jagdish Sagar helped around 140 students get selected to the medical courses illegally, during 2009-12 alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/lavish-spender-who-struggled-for-mbbs-helped-hundreds-cheat-their-way-in/|title=Lavish spender who struggled for MBBS, helped hundreds cheat their way in |date=23 July 2013|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> He arranged impersonators, largely sourced from Uttar Pradesh. He ran the alleged racket since the late 1990s, and had amassed a huge amount of wealth, including several real estate properties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/premed-test-racket-kingpin-held-in-mp/1143255/0|title=Pre-med test racket kingpin held in MP|work=indianexpress.com}}</ref> He was arrested in 2003 on similar charges, but the police did not keep a watch on him after his release.<ref name="FPJ_lapses_2013">[http://freepressjournal.in/lapses-allowed-pmt-scam-to-thrive-admits-government/ Lapses allowed PMT scam to thrive, admits government], The Free Press Journal 31 July 2013.</ref>

; Dr Sanjeev Shilpakar
: Bhopal-based Shilpakar was a junior of Jagdish Sagar in medical college, and started his own racket inspired by him. For PMT 2013, Shilpakar had enlisted 92 candidates, out of which 45 candidates had already paid him {{INR}}3 crore. In turn, Shilpakar had bribed MPPEB officials including Nitin Mahindra, impersonators and brokers who brought candidates to him. He absconded after the arrest of Jagdish Sagar, but was later arrested by the STF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/shilpakar-earned-rs-3-cr-from-45-pmt-candidates/|title=Shilpakar earned Rs 3 cr from 45 PMT candidates|date=31 October 2013|work=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

; Sudhir Rai, Santosh Gupta, Tarang Sharma
: This gang was much bigger than (and a competitor to) Sagar's racket, and charged upwards of {{INR}} 25 lakh per candidate. The gang also facilitated admissions to medical colleges in Karnataka and Maharashtra. The Rai-Gupta racket was more organized than Sagar's racket and had branches in Ujjain, Shahdol, Sagar and Ratlam. Rai arranged candidates; Gupta arranged impersonators, most of whom came from Bihar. The gang is believed to have helped over 500 candidates gain admission to medical colleges illegally.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Police-raid-Rais-office-arrested-trio-sent-to-police-remand-till-Aug-5/articleshow/21496502.cms|title=Police raid Rai's office, arrested trio sent to police remand till Aug 5|work=The Times of India|date=31 July 2013 }}</ref>

=== MPPEB employees ===

; Pankaj Trivedi, MPPEB Examination Controller
: He was arrested in September 2013 and is currently in a judicial custody. The state anti-corruption police has recovered around {{INR}}2.5 crore rupees and numerous properties from his possession that are unknown to his sources of income. Evidence of his partnership in Indore based medical college was also found.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/assets-worth-rs-2-5-crore-found-from-pmt-scam-accuseds-houses-665184.html Assets worth Rs 2.5 crore found from PMT scam accused's houses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042003/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/assets-worth-rs-2-5-crore-found-from-pmt-scam-accuseds-houses-665184.html |date=24 September 2015 }}, IBN Live 30 January 2014.</ref> Even after the Jagdish Sagar's racket was exposed, Trivedi managed to get an order that allowed Sagar's 317 candidates to get admission to medical courses on submission of an affidavit.<ref name="ToI_fish_2014"/>

; CK Mishra, Officer, Vyapam
: CK Mishra has admitted that he was working for Dr. Sagar, Santosh Gupta and Sanjiv Shilpkar since 2009. In 2009, Dr. Sagar had given him application forms of 20 candidates, who were to be allotted roll numbers in such a way that in the exam, their seats were one behind the other. {{INR}}50,000 per roll number was paid to him. Thus, he received Rs 1 million. In 2010, Dr. Sagar gave forms of 40 students. This time {{INR}}20 lakh was paid. In 2012, Dr. Sagar took contract of 60 students, Shilpkar gave roll numbers of 20 boys. They paid {{INR}}30 lakh and {{INR}}10 lakh respectively.<ref name="dna2">[http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=B02F3/1RAwpweB57arHR161WXbfNbymOZCS/kVtSp0s= Police seize hard disc, one more arrested], DNA India 20 July 2013.</ref>

; Nitin Mohindra / Nitin Mahendra (Principal System Analyst) and Ajay Sen (Senior System Analyst)
: Vyapam programmer Yashwant Parnekar and clerk Yuvraj Hingve said in their statements that the computers of Mahindra and Sen were not linked with the main server of Vyapam. These two officers could access the data stored in 25 other computers at Vyapam but the data in their computers could not be accessed by anyone. Taking advantage of this, they allotted roll numbers and examination centers as per their wish.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mppeb-scam-directorate-of-enforcement-quizzes-former-system-analyst-in-indore-706261.html MPPEB scam: Directorate of Enforcement quizzes former system analyst in Indore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042227/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mppeb-scam-directorate-of-enforcement-quizzes-former-system-analyst-in-indore-706261.html |date=24 September 2015 }}, IBN Live 5 August 2014.</ref>

=== Others ===

; Dr. G S Khanuja
: On 13 September 2014, Special Task Force (STF) arrested the [[Chief operating officer|COO]] of Aurbindo hospital located in Indore. His son secured 12th rank in the medical examination of 2012 through unfair means.<ref name="db">[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-IND-dr-4744199-PHO.html COO of Aurbindo Hospital Arrested], 14 September 2014, Dainik Bhaskar.</ref>

; Harshit Shrivastava

: Harshit Shrivastava is a resident of Bhopal and has been appearing in cases of forgery since the last few years. His father, late Bhushan Shrivastava, was the PA of Madhya Pradesh's former Forest Minister Sartaj Singh. Taking advantage of his name, he dealt with the passing of the students in the examinations conducted by MP Vyapam. Along with the disclosure of the business scandal, Harshit Shrivastava was termed as a main accused and arrested by the SIT. Along with him, three other associates were also arrested. Harshit Shrivastava is currently on bail. Harshit Shrivastava had an important role in the excerpts of the Sanskrit Board exam, which has been confirmed by the SIT.<ref name="freepressjournal">[http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/stf-files-fir-against-7-in-sanskrit-board-fraud/299099], 16 February 2014, Free Press Journal.</ref><ref name="naidunia">[https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-printers-manager-harshit-shrivastav-arrested-in-sanskrit-board-scoresheet-scam-33519], 16 February 2014, Nai Dunia.</ref>

; Mohit Chaudhary
: Mohit Chaudhary, a native of [[Uttar Pradesh]], was an MBBS student at MGM Medical College Indore, when he was first named in the Vyapam scam case. He had been named by some students accused of clearing MP PMT-2013 fraudulently.
: Earlier, in 2012, he had been arrested by [[Delhi Police]] for helping students cheat in the [[All-India Institute of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] post-graduate entrance examination. He charged each candidate {{INR}} 15-18 lakh for a seat in AIIMS. For cheating during the exam, he provided the candidates a shirt with a Bluetooth chip stitched into it, tiny earphones and SIM cards.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/STF-on-the-look-out-for-Mohit-Choudhry/articleshow/29392543.cms |title=STF on the look out for Mohit Choudhry |date=2014-01-26 |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

; Narendra Dev Azad
: On 19 February 2015, the special investigation team (SIT) arrested him on the charges of acting as a middleman in the admission of Amar Singh Medha in 2009 in MGM College, Indore.<ref name="FPJ_2013_rigged0feb">[http://www.freepressjournal.in/one-more-vyapam-scam-accused-nabbed/ One more Vyapam scam accused nabbed], 20 February 2015, The Free Press Journal.</ref>

; Dr. Vinod Bhandari
: He is the main accused and was arrested on the charges of illegally helping students to get admission through Vyapam officers.<ref name="fpj31jan">[http://freepressjournal.in/dr-vinod-bhandari-arrested-in-pmt-2012-scam/ Dr Vinod Bhandari arrested in PMT-2012 scam], The Free Press Journal, 31 January 2014.</ref> He fled to Mauritius when he was named in the scam and returned only after an anticipatory bail was granted by the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref name="toijan31">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/SAIMS-director-Bhandari-held-in-PMT-2012-scam/articleshow/29633344.cms SAIMS director Bhandari held in PMT-2012 scam], The Times of India, 31 January 2014.</ref>

; Animesh Akash Singh
: He worked as a broker and got admitted four candidates in PMT.<ref name="FPJ_2013_rigged"/>

; Jitendra Malviya
: A third year student of MBBS at MGM College of Indore who had got admitted one candidate in PMT 2013 through Dr. Sanjeev Shilpakar.<ref name="FPJ_2013_rigged"/>

== Allegations of threats to whistleblowers and activists ==

; [[Anand Rai]]
: Indore-based Dr. Anand Rai filed a PIL which led to an investigation in the scam. He has reported receiving regular threat calls and has also alleged that contract killers were hired to kill him. In 2013, he approached the court requesting security cover. He was told to pay {{INR}} 50,000 per month for police protection, although his monthly salary was only {{INR}} 38,000. In 2015, he was provided with a security guard.<ref name="tnm_335">{{cite web |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/news_sections/335 |title=I have been asked to shut my mouth, but work will go on- An interview with the whistleblower who exposed Madhya Pradesh Vyapam scam |work=The News Minute |date=2015-06-25 |author=Monalisa Das |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=11 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811053040/http://www.thenewsminute.com/news_sections/335 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rai was accused of being a Congress agent by a BJP spokesperson, but he refuted the accusation pointing out that he had been a member of BJP, and was active in [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] activities from 2005 to 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://khabar.ndtv.com/news/blogs/why-rss-is-quiet-on-protecting-whistleblower-anand-rai-778943 |title=RSS ने सिखाया पाठ, RSS ने ही छोड़ दिया साथ, जानिए आनंद राय की कहानी - रवीश कुमार |date=2015-07-07 |publisher=NDTV |language=hi |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827055819/http://khabar.ndtv.com/news/blogs/why-rss-is-quiet-on-protecting-whistleblower-anand-rai-778943 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also filed a petition in Supreme Court of India to hand over the investigation of [[DMAT scam]], a private medical college admission scam.<ref name="TI10Jun15">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/madhya-pradesh-dmat-exam-cancelled/104907.html Madhya Pradesh DMAT exam cancelled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915050952/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/madhya-pradesh-dmat-exam-cancelled/104907.html |date=15 September 2015 }}, 10 June 2015, Tribune India.</ref>
: In July 2015, Dr. Rai was transferred from Indore to Dhar district. He alleged that it was done to harass him as he lodged a complaint with CBI against former Union minister and BJP leader Vikram Verma. In the complaint it was alleged that Vikram Verma used his influence to get his daughter transferred from [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] to Gandhi Medical College in Bhopal.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vyapam-scam-Doctor-who-complained-against-BJP-leader-transferred/articleshow/48144375.cms Vyapam scam: Doctor who complained against BJP leader transferred], 20 July 2015, The Times of India.</ref>
: On 2 September 2015, Dr. Rai submitted an affidavit in Madhya Pradesh High Court alleging that Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan met him and proposed to cancel the transfer orders if he stops campaigning against him over Vyapam and DMAT scam. The principal secretary confirmed the meeting but said it was arranged at the request of Dr. Rai as he wanted to share some scam related information.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Madhya-Pradesh-CM-promised-to-cancel-my-transfer-in-lieu-of-stopping-Vyapam-campaign-Whistleblower/articleshow/48773551.cms Madhya Pradesh CM promised to cancel my transfer in lieu of stopping Vyapam campaign: Whistleblower], 2 September 2015, The Times of India.</ref>

; [[Ashish Chaturvedi]]
: Gwalior-based social activist Ashish Chaturvedi lodged a complaint against 8 people, one of whom was Gulab Singh Kirar's son Shakti Singh; Kirar is a relative of the Chief Minister. Chaturvedi had also petitioned CBI to probe admissions of 5,000 doctors in MBBS and PG courses of 2003-2013 in all state colleges. He suffered three attacks on his life, including an abduction bid. He has alleged that the police refused to provide him adequate protection after he complained of threats to his life. The police reportedly asked him to pay {{INR}} 50,000 for protection or remain confined in his home.<ref name="ToI_Gwalior_2014">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Gwalior-man-who-blew-lid-on-MPPEB-scam-faces-life-threat/articleshow/39150690.cms Gwalior man who blew lid on MPPEB scam faces life threat], The Times of India 28 July 2014.</ref>

; [[Prashant Pandey (activist)|Prashant Pandey]]
: Indore-based Prashant Pandey had been hired as an IT consultant by the Special Task Force (STF) investigating the scam. He was arrested in 2014 for allegedly blackmailing the Vyapam accused using the [[call detail record]]s (CDRs) collected by the investigating team.<ref name="FPJ_blackmail_2014"/><ref name="DNA_trainee_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vyapam-mysterious-death-of-trainee-woman-cop-is-the-latest-2102312 |title=Vyapam: Mysterious death of trainee woman cop is the latest |newspaper=DNA |date=7 July 2015 |author=Iftikhar Gilani }}</ref> He approached the [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Digvijaya Singh]], claiming to be a whistleblower who was being falsely implicated for trying to expose the involvement of senior BJP leaders (including Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan) in the scam.<ref name="DNA_trainee_2015"/><ref name="Outlook_Uttam_2016">{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/4000-mp-cops-are-using-tapping-sw/297389 |title="4,000 MP Cops Are Using Tapping S/W" |author=Uttam Sengupta |publisher=Outlook |date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> Subsequently, he has reported receiving death threats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150706/jsp/opinion/story_29724.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706100744/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150706/jsp/opinion/story_29724.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2015 |title=Intimations of evil - The Vyapam deaths |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=6 July 2015 |author=Mukul Kesavan }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-vyapam-scam/article7402744.ece |title=All you need to know about the Vyapam scam |author=Pradipti Jayaram and Apuurva Sridharan |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 July 2015 }}</ref> He has also alleged that some unidentified people tried to kill his family by ramming a truck into their car, but the police investigation concluded that his car had collided with a dead cow on the street.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Whistleblowers-car-hit-cow-carcass-no-murder-bid-Cops/articleshow/47209550.cms |title=Whistleblower's car hit cow carcass, no murder bid: Cops |date=9 May 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref name="FPJ_turtle_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/car-turned-turtle-as-it-hit-a-dead-cow-not-by-truck/582037 |title=Car turned turtle as it hit a dead cow, not by truck }}</ref> In July 2015, the police briefly detained his wife accusing her of having illegal [[hawala]] cash; Pandey alleged that this was done to intimidate and harass him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/i-t-dept-to-probe/633548 |title=I-T dept to probe |date=28 July 2015 |newspaper=The Free Press Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/whistleblowers-wife-detained-with-hawala-money-in-indore/ |title=Whistleblower's wife detained with 'hawala money' in Indore |newspaper=Indian Express |date=26 July 2015 }}</ref>

== Allegations against the Governor ==
The STF also found evidence against the state Governor [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]. On 24 February 2015, Yadav was charged for criminal conspiracy in rigging the MPPEB forest guard recruitment examination.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vyapam-scam-FIR-filed-against-MP-governor/articleshow/46358084.cms Vyapam scam: FIR filed against MP governor], The Times of India, 24 February 2015.</ref> His son Shailesh was an accused in the contractual teachers' recruitment and later found dead in mysterious circumstances in March, 2015. His former officer-on-special-duty Dhanraj Yadav was arrested by STF in 2013 in connection with the scam. The Governor petitioned the High Court arguing that no criminal proceedings could be initiated against him, as the [[Constitution of India]] grants him immunity while he is in office. The High Court agreed and stayed his arrest, but ordered the investigations against him to proceed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/madhya-pradesh/vyapam-scam-hc-stays-arrest-of-mp-governor-ram-naresh-yadav_1580232.html|title=Vyapam scam: HC stays arrest of MP Governor Ram Naresh Yadav|work=Zee News|date=17 April 2015 }}</ref> The SIT chief declared that the investigators will act against Yadav after his retirement in September 2016.<ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/politics/god-save-governor-despite-vyapam-scam-taint-ram-yadav-enjoy-modi-govts-favour-2328888.html God save the governor: Despite Vyapam scam taint why does Ram Yadav enjoy Modi govt's favour?], Firstpost.com, 6 July 2015</ref> Three advocates petitioned the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to order removal of Yadav as Governor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/supreme-court-moved-removal-madhya-pradesh-governor-057|title=Supreme Court moved for removal of Madhya Pradesh governor|work=The Asian Age|access-date=9 July 2015|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709192459/http://www.asianage.com/india/supreme-court-moved-removal-madhya-pradesh-governor-057|url-status=dead}}</ref> A bench comprising [[Chief Justice of India]] [[H. L. Dattu]] and Justices [[Arun Kumar Mishra]] and [[Amitava Roy]] has agreed to hear the petition on 9 July.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/vyapam-scam-sc-agrees-to-hear-plea-seeking-removal-of-mp-governor/ Vyapam scam: SC agrees to hear plea seeking removal of MP Governor Ram Naresh Yadav], The Indian Express, 6 July 2015</ref> The CBI was set to investigate the Vyapam scam and more than 30 deaths allegedly linked to the job recruitment scandal, according to a ruling by the Supreme Court on 9 July 2015.

== Allegations against the Chief Minister ==

In 2014, Prashant Pandey (aka "Mr. X"), an IT consultant hired by the STF, was arrested for trying to use the team's information to blackmail the Vyapam accused.<ref name="FPJ_blackmail_2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/pandey-was-blackmailing-vyapam-accused-had-links-with-stf/418838 |title=Pandey was blackmailing Vyapam accused, had links with STF |date=2014-08-08 |author=Satyadev Katare |newspaper=The Free Press Journal }}</ref> Pandey then approached the [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Digvijaya Singh]], and claimed that he was a whistleblower who was being harassed for exposing the role of Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] in the scam. He alleged that the investigating agencies had tampered with the contents of the [[Microsoft Excel|Excel]] sheet recovered from hard disk of the scam accused Nitin Mohindra's computer. Mohindra maintained a record of the candidates' names, their roll numbers and the names of those who had recommended them. Hundreds of people were arrested based on the information in this sheet. Pandey claimed that the investigators had modified the original version of the sheet by removing the names of senior BJP leaders, including Chouhan, from the sheet.<ref name="ToI_lab_2015">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Gujarat-lab-report-gives-clean-chit-to-STF/articleshow/47037072.cms |title=Gujarat lab report gives clean chit to STF |date=2015-04-25 |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

Digvijaya Singh then submitted a 15-page affidavit before the SIT, alleging that the investigators were shielding the Chief Minister. SIT took cognisance of Singh's complaint, and sent both versions of the Excel sheet for forensic analysis. The forensic laboratory reported that the Excel sheet available with STF was genuine, while Pandey's version was forged.<ref name="ToI_lab_2015"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/vyapam-scam-digvijaya-submitted-forged-evidence-sit-tells-court/ |title=Vyapam scam: Digvijaya submitted forged evidence, SIT tells court |date=2015-04-25 |author=Milind Ghatwai }}</ref> Accordingly, Singh's submission was rejected as a forgery by Justice Khanwilkar in the MP High Court.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/excel-evidence-presented-by-digivjaya-singh-was-forged-says-court-757953?pfrom=home-lateststories |title=Excel 'Evidence' Presented by Digvijaya Singh Was Forged, Says Court |date=2015-04-24 |publisher=NDTV |author=Siddharth Ranjan Das |editor1=Abhishek Chakraborty }}</ref>

Pandey stood by his version, and stated that it had been authenticated by Truth Labs, a private forensic lab.<ref name="ToI_lab_2015"/> He approached the [[Delhi High Court]] for protection as a whistleblower, claiming persecution by the MP Police. He claimed that he first sent the documents to the BJP minister [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]] and the Prime Minister's Office; he approached Congress leaders only when he did not receive any response.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/i-had-to-go-public-when-real-documents-didnt-come-out-vyapam-scam-whistleblower-to-ndtv-749030 |title=Delhi Police withdraw Vyapam whistleblower's security |date=2015-03-03 |author=Sunetra Choudhury |publisher=NDTV }}</ref> Pandey also stated that he was getting threat calls from influential people. The Delhi court therefore ordered police protection for him in February 2015. However, it was withdrawn in mid May 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/delhi-police-withdraw-vyapam-whistleblowers-security/|title=Delhi Police withdraw Vyapam whistleblower's security |date=2017-05-17 |newspaper=The Indian Express |agency=Press Trust Of India}}</ref>

Chouhan hit back at his critics, saying that his government should be credited for the exposing the scam. He stated that only 228 out of 350,000 appointments made during his tenure had been affected by the recruitment scam, and unlike previous governments, he had conducted a thorough probe. Replying to Congress' allegations that his wife had got jobs for 17 of her relatives from Gondia, he pointed out that not a single candidate from Gondia had got the job in the question.<ref name="HT_Uttam_2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/i-should-get-credit-not-persecution-for-exposing-scam-shivraj-singh-chouhan/article1-1242097.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719041939/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/i-should-get-credit-not-persecution-for-exposing-scam-shivraj-singh-chouhan/article1-1242097.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2014 |title= I should get credit for exposing Vyapam scam: Shivraj Singh Chouhan |author=Kumar Uttam |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2014-07-19 }}</ref>

== Deaths ==
A number of people connected to the scam and its investigation, died during the course of investigation. The opposition parties and activists alleged that several of these deaths happened under suspicious circumstances. In 2015, the Special Task Force (STF) submitted a list to Jabalpur High Court, naming 23 people who are believed to have died "unnatural death". According to the STF, most of these deaths took place before it took over the investigation in July 2013. Some media reports claimed that 40+ people associated with the scam had died under mysterious circumstances.<ref name="IE_Narendra_2015">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/vyapam-scam-accused-narendra-singh-tomar-dies/|title=24th Vyapam death: 29-yr-old Narendra Singh Tomar has 'heart attack', kin protest|date=2015-06-29|newspaper=Indian Express|author=Milind Ghatwai}}</ref>

The State Government dismissed the allegations, arguing that Vyapam conducts very large-scale examinations and thousands of people are admitted or recruited through these exams every year. Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan insisted that death of every person linked with Vyapam exams should not be linked to the Vyapam scam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vyapam-scam-now-a-trainee-sub-inspector-commits-suicide-2102091 |title= Every death should not be linked to Vyapam, says MP CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan on Anamika Kushwaha's suicide |date=2015-07-06 |newspaper=DNA }}</ref> The state's Home Minister [[Babulal Gaur]] claimed that the deaths were "natural".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vyapam-scam-accused-deaths-natural-babulal-gaur-260195-2015-06-29 |title=Deaths of Vyapam scam accused were natural: MP Home Minister Babulal Gaur |publisher=NDTV |date=2015-06-29 }}</ref>

According to whistleblower Anand Rai, 10 of these deaths are suspicious, while the rest might be coincidences. The deaths considered as suspicious by him include the deaths of Akshay Singh, Namarata Damor, Narendra Tomar, D K Sakkale, Arun Sharma, Rajendra Arya and four middlemen who died in road accidents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vyapam-scam-10-deaths-were-suspicious-rest-may-be-a-coincidence-says-anand-rai/articleshow/47967026.cms |title=Vyapam scam: 10 deaths were suspicious, rest may be a coincidence, says Anand Rai |date=2015-07-07 |newspaper=Economic Times }}</ref>

According to the High-Court Special Investigation Team (SIT), 32 people in 25-30 age-group identified as 'racketeers' during the investigation, died in suspicious circumstances since the investigation started in 2012. The SIT officials raised concerns that the arrested people were naming those who were already dead, in order to mislead the probe.<ref name="ToI_Nobody_2015">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Nobody-knows-how-40-PEB-accused-died/articleshow/47454826.cms |title=Nobody knows how 40 PEB accused died |date=2015-05-28 |author=P Naveen |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

The following is a list of "unnatural deaths" mentioned in the STF and SIT records, plus other deaths alleged to be "suspicious" by the opposition parties and the media.<ref name="TNM_Vyapam_Deaths">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/exhaustive-list-deaths-linked-vyapam-scam-who-how-and-when-32003|title= Deaths related to Vyapam scam |date=2015-07-09|author= Siddhartha Mishra}}</ref>

# Vikas Pandey
# Ravindra Pratap Singh
# Dr. DK Sakalley
# Narendra Rajput
# Lalit Golaria
# Gyan Singh Jatav
# Deepak Verma
# Namrata Damor
# Pramod Sharma
# Kuldeep Marawi
# Premlata Pandey
# Vikas Singh Thakur
# Shyamvir Yadav
# Anshul Sachan
# Anuj Uikey
# Deepak Jain
# Dinesh Jatav
# Aditya Chaudhary
# Anant Ram Tagore
# Arvind Shakya
# Ashutosh Tiwari
# Tarun Macchar
# Anand Singh Yadav
# Devendra Nagar
# Bunty Sikarwar
# Amit Sagar
# Sanjay Singh Yadav
# Shailesh Yadav
# Vijay Singh Patel
# Narendra Singh Tomar
# Rajendra Arya
# Akshay Singh
# Dr Arun Sharma
# Anamika Kushwaha
# Ramakant Pandey
# Ramendra Singh Bhadoria

Other accused declared dead in SIT's report include the following:<ref name="ToI_Nobody_2015" /><ref name="HT_mishaps_2015">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-exclusive-vyapam-scam-has-10-dead-in-mishaps-4-suicides/article1-1364275.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630111433/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-exclusive-vyapam-scam-has-10-dead-in-mishaps-4-suicides/article1-1364275.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2015|title=HT Exclusive: In Vyapam scam, 10 dead in mishaps and 4 suicides|date=2015-06-30|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

# Anand Singh (Barwani)
# Anuj Pandey
# Brijesh Rajput (Barwani)
# Gyan Singh (Sagar)
# Manish Kumar Samadhia (Jhansi)
# Pashupati Nath / Lalit Kumar Pashupatinath Jaiswal
# Vikram Singh

== Reactions on social media ==
The mysterious deaths of people linked to Vyapam scam triggered [[Black comedy|dark humour]] on various [[social media]] platforms across India. People compared it to the fictional television series ''[[Dexter (TV series)|Dexter]]'' and termed it as India's version of ''[[Game of Thrones]]''. The untimely and sudden death of a journalist soon after interviewing the family members of another dead accused was considered inauspicious. An online perception was created that any sort of link to the scam could bring trouble or even mysterious death.<ref name="htjul1015">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150711234711/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mystery-vyapam-deaths-spark-a-wave-of-dark-humour-on-social-media/article1-1367620.aspx Mystery Vyapam deaths spark a wave of dark humour on social media], 10 July 2015, Hindustan Times
In West Bengal also many innocent people were cheated on millions of rupees as they bribed local politicians and their agents. A lady (Annwesha Mukherjee) and her husband (Amit Roy Chowdhury) who ran a job racket got arrested but now in bail. Many similar job rackets are running in various parts of the country duping innocent people. The fraudsters are not getting severe punishment due to Indian law.</ref>

Various hashtags such as #KhooniVyapam (Bloody Vyapam), #killervyapamscam, #vyapam, #VyapamGenocide, and #shivrajisteefado (Shivraj, resign) were used by people to post their reactions.<ref name="htjul1015" />

== Judgement ==
On 13 February 2017, the Supreme Court of India delivered an 83-page judgement and cancelled the degrees of 634 doctors. The court said:

{{blockquote | The actions of the appellants are founded on unacceptable behaviour and in complete breach of rule of law. Their actions constitute acts of deceit...National character, in our considered view, cannot be sacrificed for benefits - individual or societal...If we desire to build a nation on the touchstone of ethics and character, and if our determined goal is to build a nation where only rule of law prevails, then we cannot accept the claim of the appellants (students) for suggested societal gains (by allowing them to keep the degrees on the condition of doing social service free of cost for some years)..We have no difficulty in concluding in favour of rule of law... Fraud cannot be allowed to trounce, on the stratagem of public good.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vyapam-scam-supreme-court-cancels-degrees-of-634-doctors/articleshow/57136149.cms Vyapam scam: Supreme Court cancels degrees of 634 doctors], 14 February 2017, The Times of India.</ref>}}

== Films ==
*''[[Shiksha Mandal]]'' - a 2022 Hindi-language [[web series]] released on [[MX Player]] is based on the Vyapam scam.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bose |first=Suchandra |title=Shiksha Mandal Review: Gauhar Khan-Gulshan Devaiah's Show Has Too Much Going On |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/shiksha-mandal-review-gauhar-khan-gulshan-devaiah-show-has-too-much-going-on |access-date=9 January 2023 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=18 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[The Whistleblower (web series)|The Whistleblower]]'' is a 2021 Hindi-language web series released on SonyLIV which have been inspired by the Vyapam scam, which involved staggering levels of fraud in the entrance examinations process and recruitment for government postings.<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Whistleblower' review: Ravi Kishan and Ritwik Bhowmik hold steady in uneven web series |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=scroll.in |date=17 December 2021 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1013018/the-whistleblower-review-ravi-kishan-and-ritwik-bhowmik-hold-steady-in-uneven-web-series}}]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-17 |title=The Whistleblower review: Bad writing spoils Vyapam scam-based SonyLIV series |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-whistleblower-review-bad-writing-spoils-vyapam-scam-based-sonyliv-series-101639726764092.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Halahal (film)|Halahal]]'' is a 2020 [[Crime film|crime thriller film]] directed by Randeep Jha based on Vyapam scam.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Halahal' review: Sachin Khedekar and Barun Sobti investigate a college admissions racket |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=scroll.in |date=21 September 2020 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/973603/halahal-review-sachin-khedekar-and-barun-sobti-investigate-a-college-admissions-racket}}]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2019-03-07 |title='Halahal': Movie Based on the 2013 Vyapam Scam in the Pipeline |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/halahal-movie-based-on-the-2013-vyapam-scam-in-the-pipeline |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of scandals in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mphc.in/sit/ Special Investigation Team for Vyapam-related cases]

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Scams and confidence tricks}}
{{Alleged scams in India}}
{{Corporate scandals}}
{{Corruption in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vyapam scam}}
[[Category:21st-century scandals]]
[[Category:Corruption in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Cover-ups]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Employment in India]]
[[Category:Education controversies in India]]
[[Category:Education scandals]]
[[Category:Vocational education in India]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Ujjain]]
[[Category:Academic scandals]]
[[Category:2000s scandals]]
[[Category:2010s scandals]]
[[Category:2013 scandals]]
[[Category:2014 scandals]]
[[Category:2015 scandals]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian politics]]

Raja Ki Aayegi Baaraat

2026-03-03T23:42:05Z

Snehasis: Put up a article.

{{for|the TV series|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat
| image = Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Ashok Gaikwad]]
| producer = Salim Akhtar
| studio = Aftab Pictures
| distributor = [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
| music = [[Aadesh Shrivastav]]
| writer = [[Santosh Saroj]]
| editing = Waman Bhonsle
| cinematography = Anwar Siraj
| starring = [[Mohnish Behl]] [[Shadaab Khan]] [[Rani Mukerji]] [[Gulshan Grover]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1996|10|18}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹2 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Ki Aayegi Baaraat - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2743#google_vignette |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = ₹3.14 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Ki Aayegi Baaraat - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2743#google_vignette |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
}}
'''''Raja Ki Aayegi Baaraat''''' ({{translation| ''The King's Entourage Will Arrive''}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Ashok Gaikwad]]. The film stars [[Mohnish Behl]], [[Shadaab Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]] and [[Gulshan Grover]]. The film marked the Hindi film debut of Mukerji and the lead debut of Khan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Amit|work=Hindustan Times|title=I didn't want to join films initially: Rani Mukerji|date=1 July 2008|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/i-didn-t-want-to-join-films-initially-rani-mukherji/article1-321012.aspx|accessdate=6 January 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313000412/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/i-didn-t-want-to-join-films-initially-rani-mukherji/article1-321012.aspx|archivedate=13 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Starting in 1995, [[principal photography]] took place in [[Gangtok]] and was coordinated with the filming of ''[[Biyer Phool]]'', another home production of [[Ram Mukherjee]], Rani's father, which Rani was simultaneously shooting in the area.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articleshow/1041920.cms?&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |title= Rani Mukerji: About time |date=February 2005 |work=Filmfare |last=Joshi |first=Meera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405013029/http://www.filmfare.com/articleshow/1041920.cms?&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-date=5 April 2005 |access-date=18 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==

Mala, a young school teacher, has idealistic dreams for her future. She hopes for a grand love affair with a large, extravagant wedding and a dashing bridegroom who will arrive on a horse. One day, Mala's friend confides in her about her relationship with the son of a wealthy man, with whom she has been intimate, but he is now marrying someone else. Mala accompanies her friend to the man's wedding and successfully manages to disrupt it and reveal the truth. The groom's friend, Raj, is enraged and insults Mala. In response, Mala slaps him. Looking for revenge, Raj seeks out Mala and, in the presence of her pupils, beats and rapes her. Mala is distraught and ashamed. She gets home to her shocked family with the help of her students. The police get involved and arrest Raj. The issue goes to court.

Raj's powerful father, Rai Bahadur, attempts to cover up the situation by bribing Mala's guardian Karthar Singh, who refuses to accept the money. Raj's sister and brother-in-law support Mala and defend her in the case. The judge finds Raj guilty. He is ordered to marry Mala in the next twenty-four hours, as her honor has been ruined and likely no other man would be willing to marry her, in her eyes. Raj tries to kill Mala and fails. The two get married without great pomp and ceremony. After the wedding, Mala moves into Raj's home, and his family begins to treat her badly. Rai Bahadur travels abroad and instructs his family to belittle and torture Mala with the ultimate goal of driving her from their house. Raj's elder sister-in-law Sharda is especially tough on Mala, since she had plotted for her own sister to marry Raj and gain access to his wealth.

Sharda and her siblings lie to Raj about Mala, telling him that she asked them to leave the house. Raj angrily tries to beat Mala but is stopped by Karthar Singh. Raj's uncle makes plans for the couple's honeymoon and promises to protect Mala. However, it is revealed that he is trying to kill her.

Raj's uncle leaves a snake in the house while Mala is showering. While getting dressed, she sees the snake and faints out of fear. The men believe that the snake bit her. While Raj checks Mala's vital signs, the snake bites his leg. Mala wakes up and saves him, but she is poisoned in the process. Raj is shocked at Mala's actions and realizes that his treatment of her was wrong. His uncle tells Raj that he should leave Mala to die. Instead, Raj calls a doctor, and Mala recovers from the snake venom. His attitude towards her softens, and he stands up to his uncle, who tries to influence him against Mala. The couple gradually fall in love.

Seeking revenge, Raj's uncle and Sharda plot to kill Mala via a gas explosion in the house. Raj's sister and brother-in-law arrive at the house unexpectedly. His sister goes into the kitchen to light the stove, which results in her death. Rai Bahadur returns to India for his daughter's funeral, and he argues with Raj about Mala. When Raj decides to leave, an altercation breaks out. Mala is badly wounded. Raj takes her to the hospital. She is in critical condition.

The family realize the folly of their terrible treatment of Mala. They tell Rai Bahadur that they do not want to have anything to do with him. Rai Bahadur comes to apologize. When the police arrive to investigate the matter, Raj tries to spare his father and implicate himself, but Rai Bahadur accepts the fault for the explosion. Mala regains consciousness, and she saves her father-in-law by lying about the incident. After seeing Mala's kind character, she is formally accepted into Raj's family. Mala and Raj are remarried in a grand ceremony similar to Mala's dreams.

== Cast ==
*[[Mohnish Behl]] as Ramesh
*[[Shadaab Khan]] as Raj Bahadur Diwanchand
*[[Rani Mukerji]] as Mala (credited as Ranee)
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Gyani Kartar Singh, Mala's foster father.
*[[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Rai Bahadur Diwanchand
*[[Shashi Sharma]] as Sharda, Rai Bahadur's elder daughter-in-law.
*[[Divya Dutta]] as Reena, Sharda's sister
*[[G. Asrani|Asrani]] as Manesh, Sharda's brother
*[[Sulabha Deshpande]] as Kaushalya, Maid servant.
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Judge Saxena
*[[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]] as Pratap, Mala's lawyer.
*[[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Arjun]] as Police Inspector Khan
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Lal Singh, Mechanic Kartar's autoservice
*[[Raza Murad]] as Raj's Uncle "Mama"
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as Gyan Prakash
*[[Javed Khan Amrohi]] as Anand Akela, Mechanic Kartar's autoservice
*[[Ghanshyam Rohera]] as Mishra, Mechanic Kartar's autoservice
*[[Jennifer Winget]] as School kid

==Production==
The movie was filmed in [[Gangtok]] in 1995, concurrently with the Bengali-language [[Biyer Phool]], both of which were home productions directed by [[Ram Mukherjee]] and marked Rani Mukerji's Hindi and Bengali debuts respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-23 |title=Rani was a kid when Ramda offered me Biyer Phool: Prosenjit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rani-was-a-kid-when-ramda-offered-me-biyer-phool-prosenjit/articleshow/61172369.cms |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Rani Mukerji has recalled that her father, filmmaker Ram Mukherjee, underwent heart surgery on the day of the film's release (18 October 1996). After being discharged from the hospital, he attended a screening at Mumbai's Gaiety Galaxy theatre in a wheelchair, where he "wept like a child in happiness" upon seeing the audience's reaction to her performance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |title=Rani Mukerji recalls her father's heart surgery on day of her debut film release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rani-mukerji-says-her-father-underwent-heart-surgery-on-release-day-of-her-debut-film-raja-ki-aayegi-baaraat/articleshow/104567025.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |date=19 October 2023 |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rani: Dad Had Bypass Surgery On Day My Debut Film Released |url=https://darpanmagazine.com/entertainment/bollywood/rani-dad-had-bypass-surgery-on-day-my-debut-film-released/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204024419/https://darpanmagazine.com/entertainment/bollywood/rani-dad-had-bypass-surgery-on-day-my-debut-film-released/ |archive-date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=www.darpanmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rani Mukerji recalls the day Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat premiered, celebrates 27 years in the industry {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/rani-mukerji-recalls-the-day-raja-ki-aayegi-baraat-premiered-celebrates-27-years-in-the-industry-61987.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayadev |first=Srushti |date=2019-10-18 |title=Rani Mukerji's Father Watched Her Debut Movie In Theatre Just Days After A Bypass Surgery |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2019/rani-mukerji-father-watched-debut-movie-in-theatre-days-after-bypass-surgery-290983.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=2023-10-19 |title=Rani Mukerji says her father underwent heart surgery on release day of her 1st film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/rani-mukerji-says-her-father-underwent-heart-surgery-on-release-day-of-her-debut-film-raja-ki-aayegi-baraat-2451003-2023-10-19 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Initially reluctant to accept the role, Rani Mukerji later agreed to star in the film, stating that she "gave [her] best in every scene." Reflecting on her experience with director [[Ashok Gaikwad]], she recalled feeling tense on set, noting that if she failed to deliver a shot correctly, he would scold her, after which she would usually perform the next take successfully.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |date=2014-03-25 |title=A Young Rani Mukerji Talks About Bagging Her 1st Film (1997) |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/a-young-rani-mukerji-talks-about-bagging-her-1st-film-1997/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Music==
#"Aankhein Ladi Tumse" - [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Asha Bhosle]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat |url=https://myswar.co/album/raja-ki-aayegi-baaraat-1996 |website=MySwar}}</ref>
#"Chanda Ki Chori Karke Chakori" - [[Aditya Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Sababat Akhtar<ref name=":0" />
#"I Love You" - [[Vinod Rathore]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]<ref name=":0" />
#"Kya Roop Hai Tera Kya Rang Hai Tera" - [[Udit Narayan]], Poornima<ref name=":0" />
#'Love Bird Kehte Hai Mujhko" - [[Vijay Benedict]]<ref name=":0" />
#"Palkon Mein Sapne Chamke Ahista" - Poornima<ref name=":0" />
#"Rab Ka Hoon Banda" - Mangal Singh<ref name=":0" />
#"Raja Ki Aayi Hai Baraat" - [[Vijayta Pandit]]<ref name=":0" />

==Reception==
In retrospective coverage, Raja Ki Aayegi Baaraat gained renewed public attention due to a viral clip of a scene in which the protagonist, played by Rani Mukerji, sucks venom from a snakebite. Commenting on the sequence, cardiothoracic surgeon Dr. Shriram Nene, husband of actress [[Madhuri Dixit]], humorously described it as "pure cinema" while noting the medical inaccuracy of the act, stating, "You can’t suck out snake venom like that—it doesn’t work."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-17 |title=Madhuri Dixit's husband, Dr. Shriram Nene, finds Rani Mukerji's iconic snakebite scene 'pure cinema,' but ... |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/madhuri-dixits-husband-dr-shriram-nene-finds-rani-mukerjis-iconic-snakebite-scene-pure-cinema-but-/articleshow/121235316.cms |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-17 |title=Madhuri Dixit's husband Dr Shriram Nene has a hilarious reaction to Rani Mukerji's viral venom-sucking scene in 'Raja Ki Aayegi Baaraat': 'It doesn't work' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/madhuri-dixits-husband-dr-shriram-nene-has-a-hilarious-reaction-to-rani-mukerjis-viral-venom-sucking-scene-in-raja-ki-aayegi-baaraat-it-doesnt-work/articleshow/121230216.cms |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The scene, along with other melodramatic moments from the film, has since been widely circulated on social media platforms, often in meme format, with audiences reinterpreting it as camp or over-the-top entertainment rather than serious drama.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0269758|title=Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat}}

[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ashok Gaikwad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

Class of '83

2026-03-02T05:00:10Z

Snehasis: enhanced lead based on references and corrected details based on references

{{short description|2020 Indian crime drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Class of '83
| image = Class of '83 film poster.jpg
| caption = Netflix release poster
| director = Atul Sabharwal
| producer = {{ubl|[[Gauri Khan]]|Gaurav Verma}}
| writer = Abhijeet Deshpande
| based_on = {{Based on|''The Class of 83''|[[Hussain Zaidi]]}}
| production_companies = [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| starring = [[Bobby Deol]]
| music = [[Viju Shah]]
| cinematography = Mario Poljac
| editing = Manas Mittal
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|08|21|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 August 2020|title=Bobby Deol starrer Class Of '83 to premiere on August 21 on Netflix|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bobby-deol-starrer-class-of-83-to-premiere-on-august-21-on-netflix/|access-date=6 August 2020|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808013519/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/bobby-deol-starrer-class-of-83-to-premiere-on-august-21-on-netflix/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 98 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/class-of-83-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00otgynje|title=Class of '83 (2020)|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=19 August 2020|archive-date=15 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215024634/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/class-of-83-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00otgynje|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Class of '83''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller film]] produced by [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] and directed by Atul Sabharwal for [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bobby-deol-to-make-his-digital-debut-with-shah-rukh-khans-netflix-original-class-of-83-2129393.html|title=Bobby Deol to Make His Digital Debut with Shah Rukh Khan's Netflix Original Class of '83|date=6 May 2019|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509131141/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bobby-deol-to-make-his-digital-debut-with-shah-rukh-khans-netflix-original-class-of-83-2129393.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is based on the book "The Class of 83" and tells the story of a hero policeman shunted to a punishment posting as the dean of the police academy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/class-of-83-first-look-bobby-deol-as-a-dean-who-is-a-class-apart-in-red-chillies-cop-drama-2263962|title=Class Of '83 First Look: Bobby Deol As "A Dean Who Is A Class Apart" In Red Chillies' Cop Drama|website=NDTV.com|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=21 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821061247/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/class-of-83-first-look-bobby-deol-as-a-dean-who-is-a-class-apart-in-red-chillies-cop-drama-2263962|url-status=live}}</ref> The film premiered on 21 August 2020 on Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/970349/in-atul-sabharwals-class-of-83-a-tragic-hero-who-loses-a-lot-before-gaining-something|title=In Atul Sabharwal's 'Class of '83', a tragic hero 'who loses a lot before gaining something'|first=Devarsi|last=Ghosh|website=Scroll.in|date=18 August 2020|access-date=19 August 2020|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818203008/https://scroll.in/reel/970349/in-atul-sabharwals-class-of-83-a-tragic-hero-who-loses-a-lot-before-gaining-something|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Class of '83'' received 2 nominations – Best Actor in a Web Original Film ([[Bobby Deol]]) and Best Supporting Actor in a Web Original Film ([[Bhupendra Jadawat]]).

==Plot==
{{Blockquote|A hero policeman shunted to a punishment posting as the Dean of the police academy decides to punish the corrupt bureaucracy and its criminal allies in return by training five lethal assassin policemen. But, like all good plans, it only works for a while until the fire that he has ignited threatens to burn his own house down.|[[Netflix]]|title=|source=}}

Class of 83, which is based on a book authored by leading crime journalist Hussain Zaidi, is set in Bombay in the 1980s when the underworld’s stranglehold on the city was becoming hard to break. Dozens of young men rendered jobless as a result of the ongoing mill strike were being lured into joining local gangs, and the nexus between powerful politicians and criminal gang leaders made it hard for the police to weed out the problem. With this as the backdrop, the film follows an ideological cop-turned-trainer who moulds five cadets into encounter specialists.

Yanked off the field for doing his job with more integrity than those in power would like him to, upright officer Vijay Singh (Bobby Deol) lands a ‘punishment posting’ as the dean of the Police Training Centre in Nashik. Convinced that the only way to restore order in a flawed system is to fix it from the inside, he handpicks a clutch of bold young officers and trains them to bend the law in service of the greater good.

Inspired from real accounts of the city’s first encounter specialists, the film depicts how the officers shrewdly planned and executed hits while staying within the system and following all necessary protocols. But then it quickly slips into a predictable rise-and-fall-and-rise narrative with egos and corruption breaking up the friends, and a last-ditch shot at redemption triggered by their mentor.

==Cast==

* [[Bobby Deol]] as Additional Director General of Police Officer Vijay Singh, the husband of Sudha Singh
* [[Bhupendra Jadawat]] as Pramod Shukla
* Geetika Tyagi as Sudha Singh, the wife of Vijay Singh.
* [[Anup Soni]] as CM Manohar Patkar
* [[Joy Sengupta]] as DGP Raghav Desai
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Mangesh Dixit
* Hans Dev Sharma as YP Mathur
* Hitesh Bhojraj as Vishnu Varde
* Sameer Paranjape as Aslam Khan
* Ninad Mahajani as Laxman Jadhav
* [[Prithvik Pratap]] as Janardan Surve
* [[Spruha Joshi]] as Pramod Shukla's wife

==Production==
The filming began in the first week of May 2019.<ref name=":p1">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/class-of-83-film-netflix-shah-rukh-khan-5711236/|title=Shah Rukh Khan production venture for Netflix, Class of 83, goes on floor|date=5 May 2019|access-date=5 May 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505120311/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/class-of-83-film-netflix-shah-rukh-khan-5711236/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Class of '83'' was streamed on OTT Platform [[Netflix]] from 21 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bobby-deol-on-class-of-83-perfect-way-to-change-audiences-perception/22941237|title=Bobby Deol on Class of '83: Perfect way to change audience's perception|date=19 August 2020|website=mid-day|access-date=19 August 2020|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820020836/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bobby-deol-on-class-of-83-perfect-way-to-change-audiences-perception/22941237|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=17|count=12|average=|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=December 6, 2023}} [[Shubhra Gupta]] of [[The Indian Express]] gave the film 3 out of 5, writing, "Class of ‘83 works both as a well-realised if a trifle sketchy hark-back at an interesting epoch, as well as an entertainer. Though we’ve seen so many iterations of the gangsters vs honest law enforcers in the movies, there’s always room for another. Especially because we need stories of cops who believe in their motto of ‘protect the good and destroy the evil’, today more than ever."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/class-of-83-review-netflix-bobby-deol-6563984/|title=Class of 83 movie review: An entertaining cop drama|date=21 August 2020|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630124207/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/class-of-83-review-netflix-bobby-deol-6563984/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Conversely, [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] gave the film 2.5 out of 5, writing, "Despite Bobby Deol's unfussy impersonation of a stolid, righteous policeman, the film is more tattle than tension, more acrimony than action."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/class-of-83-movie-review-bobby-deol-springs-a-surprise-but-netflix-film-is-a-mixed-bag-2-5-stars-out-of-5-2283043|title=Class Of '83 Movie Review: Bobby Deol Springs A Surprise But Netflix Film Is A Mixed Bag|website=NDTV.com|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201035125/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/class-of-83-movie-review-bobby-deol-springs-a-surprise-but-netflix-film-is-a-mixed-bag-2-5-stars-out-of-5-2283043|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Category
!Nominee / work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|2021]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Web Original Film
|[[Bobby Deol]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2021 - Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2021/nominations |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actor in a Web Original Film
|[[Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor|Bhupendra Jadawat]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10306444}}
* {{Netflix title}}

{{Red Chillies Entertainment}}

[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:Red Chillies Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:2020 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films based on non-fiction books about organized crime]]
[[Category:Films set in police academies]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]

Vagator Beach

2026-02-27T05:18:11Z

Snehasis: added the stub added tags

{{Short description|Beach in Goa, India}}{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{One source|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}{{Infobox landform
| name = Vagator Beach
| other_name =
| image = Vagator pano 26012016.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = A panoramic view of Vagator beach from Fort Chapora
| pushpin_map = India Goa
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location =
| grid_ref =
| grid_ref_UK =
| grid_ref_Ireland =
| coordinates = {{coord|15|36|09|N|73|44|01|E|region:IN|display=inline}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range =
| part_of =
| water_bodies =
| length =
| formed_by =
| type = Beach
| free_label_1 = Patrolled by
| free_data_1 =
| free_label_2 = Hazard rating
| free_data_2 =
| free_label_3 = Access
| free_data_3 =
| embedded =
}}
'''Vagator Beach''' a beach in [[Bardez|Bardez Taluka]], in the state of [[Goa]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mendis |first=Isidore Domnick |date=8 September 2019 |title=The village that drew the world to Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-village-that-drew-the-world-to-goa/articleshow/71038553.cms |access-date=2025-11-02 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is located across the [[Chapora River]] from the town of [[Morjim]].

== Description ==
Vagator Beach has black rock cliffs overlooking the water. The beach was rated one of cleanest in Goa.
[[File:Vagator Beach-Goa India-Andres Larin.jpg|thumb|left|Drone shot of a Vagator Beach in 2023]]
[[File:Vagator beach Goa 180 Panorama.jpg|thumb|Vagator beach Goa 180 Panorama]]
Vagator Beach is split into three main beaches by a seaside headland which holds the car park and many stalls selling trinkets, clothes, soft drinks and snacks.

== Nearest towns ==
The nearest towns to the beach are [[Anjuna]], [[Mapusa]], [[Chapora Beach|Chapora]], and [[Tivim]].

== Rave and trance culture ==
Along with Anjuna, Vagator is closely associated with [[rave music|rave]] and [[trance music|trance]] culture.<ref>https://www.staysturmfrei.com/vagators-rave-culture-unleash-the-best-parties-in-town/</ref><ref>https://www.whatsupgoa.com/place/hilltop</ref><ref>https://www.vice.com/en/article/goa-psychedelic-raves-parties-drugs-vintage-photos/</ref><ref>https://www.thebrokebackpacker.com/goa-party-nightlife-guide/</ref><ref>https://hippie-inheels.com/goa-nightlife-most-popular-party-places/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Beaches of Goa]]
[[Category:Beaches of North Goa district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North Goa district]]

Anand Giridharadas

2026-02-04T13:01:20Z

Snehasis: cleaned up formatting based on references and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{short description|American writer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Anand Giridharadas
| image = Anand Giridharadas - PopTech 2011 - Camden Maine USA.jpg
| caption = Giridharadas in 2011
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Shaker Heights, Ohio]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Author
*columnist}}
| education = [[University of Michigan]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Harvard University]]
| subject = {{flatlist|
*Culture
*politics
*technology}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Priya Parker|2012}}
| children = 2
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
'''Anand Giridharadas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|n|ən|d|_|ˌ|ɡ|ɪ|r|ᵻ|ˌ|d|ɑr|ə|ˈ|d|ɑː|s}})<ref>As pronounced by himself in "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKVOjKgEq-4 How Donald Trump Resonates With White Male Voters]" (2016).</ref> is an American journalist and political pundit. A former columnist for ''[[The New York Times]]'', he is the author of four books: ''India Calling: An Intimate Portrait of a Nation's Remaking'' (2011), ''The True American: Murder and Mercy in Texas'' (2014), ''[[Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World]]'' (2018), and ''The Persuaders: At the Front Lines of the Fight for Hearts, Minds, and Democracy'' (2022).

== Early life and education ==
Giridharadas was raised in [[Shaker Heights, Ohio]]; [[Maryland]]; and [[Paris]], France.<ref>[http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/mon-january-24-2011/anand-giridharadas Stewart, Jon. January 24, 2011]. ''The Daily Show''. [[Comedy Central]]. Accessed February 24, 2011.</ref><ref>Giridharadas, Anand. ''The anatomy of a conflict: Afghanistan and 9/11'' (2002) p. vi. {{ISBN|81-7436-253-3}}.</ref><ref name=Plain>[http://www.cleveland.com/books/index.ssf/2011/01/for_india_calling_former_cleve.html "For 'India Calling,' former Clevelander Anand Giridharadas writes eloquently of two cultures"]. ''The Plain Dealer''. January 4, 2011. Accessed February 24, 2011.</ref> His childhood visits to extended family members in [[India]] sparked an interest in that country that influenced his later writing.<ref>[http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/profiles/article/45396-go-east-young-man.html Sehgal, Parul. "Go East, Young Man"]. Publishers Weekly. December 6, 2010. Accessed March 8, 2013.</ref> His parents met in [[Bombay]]; his father is [[Tamils|Tamil]] and his mother [[Punjabis|Punjabi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamma |first=Murali |date=April 2011 |title=Anand's Journey |url=https://www.khabar.com/magazine/cover-story/anands_journey |access-date=June 8, 2025 |website=Khabar.com}}</ref> He attended [[Sidwell Friends School]].<ref>[https://www.playboy.com/read/anand-giridharadas-playboy-profile Can Anand Giridharadas Fix a Broken Democracy?]</ref> He studied politics and history at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref>[http://www.lsa.umich.edu/UMICH/history/Home/Undergraduate/Honors%20Program/Symposium%202003.pdf History Honors Symposium.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504181535/http://www.lsa.umich.edu/UMICH/history/Home/Undergraduate/Honors%20Program/Symposium%202003.pdf |date=May 4, 2013 }} University of Michigan Department of History. Accessed March 8, 2013.</ref>

{{As of|2010|post=,}} Giridharadas was a doctoral candidate at [[Harvard University]].<ref name=Speakers>{{cite web |title=Speakers |url=http://summit.haaaa.net/speakers/ |website=Harvard Asian American Alumni Association |access-date=August 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005193810/http://summit.haaaa.net/speakers/ |archive-date=October 5, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Conversation About America's Future with Anand Giridharadas at SXSW (48466867252) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Giridharadas speaking with [[Elizabeth Warren]] at [[South by Southwest#2019|SXSW 2019]].]]
After graduating from college, Giridharadas moved to [[Mumbai]] in 2003 as a consultant for the global management consulting firm [[McKinsey & Company]], where he followed the path of his father, who was a director at McKinsey. In 2005, he became a journalist, covering India for the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' and ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&as_q=india&as_epq=by+anand+giridharadas&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_nlo=&as_nhi=&lr=&cr=&as_qdr=all&as_sitesearch=nytimes.com&as_occt=any&safe=images&tbs=sbd:1,cdr:1,cd_min:2/1/2005,cd_max:9/1/2009&as_filetype=&as_rights=#q=india+%22by+anand+giridharadas%22+site:nytimes.com&hl=en&lr=&as_qdr=all&tbs=sbd:1,cdr:1,cd_min:2/1/2005,cd_max:9/1/2009&filter=0&fp=1&biw=1283&bih=664&bav=on.2,or.r_cp.&cad=b&sei=P_A5UZCDHo_h0wGA7oDQCg Selection of Giridharadas's India coverage via Google] Accessed March 8, 2013.</ref> In 2009, after returning to the United States, he began to write the "Currents" column for those newspapers.<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&as_q=&as_epq=by+anand+giridharadas&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_nlo=&as_nhi=&lr=&cr=&as_qdr=all&as_sitesearch=nytimes.com&as_occt=any&safe=images&tbs=sbd:1,cdr:1,cd_min:9/1/2009&as_filetype=&as_rights= Selection of Giridharadas's "Currents" columns and other writings via Google] Accessed March 8, 2013</ref> He also writes longer magazine pieces.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/magazine/what-is-wyclef-jean-trying-to-save-in-haiti.html?pagewanted=all Giridharadas, Anand. "The Would-Be Prince of Port-au-Prince"] July 15, 2011. ''The New York Times Magazine''. Accessed March 8, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/magazine/the-kitchen-table-industrialists.html?ref=anandgiridharadas Giridharadas, Anand. "The Kitchen-Table Industrialists"] May 13, 2011. ''The New York Times Magazine''. Accessed March 8, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/01/vs-naipaul-the-constant-critic-the-lover-of-animals/68782/ Giridharadas, Anand. "V.S. Naipaul: The Constant Critic, the Lover of Animals"] January 4, 2011. ''The Atlantic''. Accessed March 8, 2013.</ref> In a 2020 ''New York Times'' Opinion piece,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giridharadas |first=Anand |date=November 6, 2020 |title=Biden Can't Be F.D.R. He Could Still Be L.B.J. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/06/opinion/sunday/joe-biden-president-policy.html |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> he wrote about Biden's power to make transformational progress and endorsed ''[[The American Prospect]]''{{'}}s Day One Agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prospect.org/day-one-agenda|title = Day One Agenda}}</ref> He is a Henry Crown Fellow of the [[Aspen Institute]],<ref>[http://www.aspeninstitute.org/leadership-programs/henry-crown-fellowship-program/2011-class 2011 Henry Crown Fellowship] Accessed March 8, 2013.</ref> an [[MSNBC]] commentator, and a visiting scholar at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute at [[New York University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://journalism.nyu.edu/about-us/profile/anand-giridharadas/|title=Anand Giridharadas - NYU Journalism|work=NYU Journalism|access-date=August 26, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== ''Seat at the Table'' ===
Giridharadas hosted the talk show ''Seat at the Table with Anand Giridharadas'' on [[Vice on TV]]. The show premiered in April 2020, and was canceled in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice TV Sets Weekly News & Talk Show 'Seat At The Table' With Former New York Times Columnist Anand Giridharadas |url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/vice-tv-anand-giridharadas-seat-at-the-table-1202908555/ |last=White |first=Peter |date=April 15, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/AnandWrites/status/1280130571386130434|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706161239/https://twitter.com/AnandWrites/status/1280130571386130434 |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |access-date=July 8, 2020|website=Twitter}}</ref>

=== ''The.Ink'' ===
In June 2020, Giridharadas started the newsletter ''The.Ink'' devoted to politics, culture, money and power. Most posts are free, while paid subscribers gain exclusive access to live events and the occasional special post.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giridharadas|first=Anand|title=The.Ink|url=https://the.ink/about|access-date=March 29, 2021|website=the.ink}}</ref>

== Books ==
=== ''India Calling'' (2011) ===
In 2011, Giridharadas published his first book, ''India Calling: An Intimate Portrait of a Nation's Remaking''.<ref name=Plain /> In it he discusses the increasing opportunities the Indian economy provides. He also delves into class issues, and has said, "in India, you're eternally a master and eternally a servant."<ref name=NPR>{{cite web |title='India Calling': The New 'Land Of Opportunity'? |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/01/04/132631222/india-calling-the-new-land-of-opportunity |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=August 9, 2014}}</ref>

In ''[[The Plain Dealer]]'', Jo Gibson called the book "readable" and "intriguing" and Giridharadas "a marvelous journalist—intrepid, easy to like, curious."<ref name=Plain /> In a review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Gaiutra Bahadur]] wrote, "'India Calling' has what Hanif Kureishi once described as 'the sex of a syllogism.' Full-figured ideas animate every turn. So, simultaneously, does Giridharadas's eye for contradiction. The combination both pleases us and makes us wary—distrustful of shapely ideas, including the author's own."<ref name=Homeland>{{cite news |last1=Bahadur |first1=Gaiutra |title=Homeland revisited |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/books/review/Bahadur-t.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=August 9, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 7, 2011}}</ref>

=== ''The True American'' (2014) ===
In 2014, [[W. W. Norton and Company]] published Giridharadas's second book, ''The True American: Murder and Mercy in Texas''. It centers on executed murderer [[Mark Stroman]] and a survivor of one of his shootings, [[Rais Bhuiyan]]. It explores Bhuiyan's forgiveness of Stroman and his campaign to save Stroman from capital punishment. At the time of the shootings, Stroman thought he was exacting revenge for the [[September 11, 2001]], attacks, but his victims were immigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.<ref name=Akhtar>{{cite news |last1=Akhtar |first1=Ayad |title=Pledges of allegiance |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/books/review/the-true-american-by-anand-giridharadas.html |access-date=August 9, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 8, 2014}}</ref>

In his review for ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[Eboo Patel]] wrote that the book "zooms out and illuminates the broader social context of the lives at the center"<ref name=Patel /> but that "while plumbing the depths of Bhuiyan's Muslim heart, [Giridharadas] misses a wide-open opportunity to get to the heart of Islam."<ref name=Patel>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Eboo |title=Book review: 'The True American: Murder and Mercy in Texas' by Anand Giridharadas |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/book-review-the-true-american-murder-and-mercy-in-texas-by-anand-giridharadas/2014/05/08/d2d18490-b047-11e3-a49e-76adc9210f19_story.html |access-date=August 9, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 9, 2014}}</ref> In ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', [[Stephen Harrigan]] wrote that Giridharadas is "an enterprising and clear-eyed reporter and a generally smooth writer, though every 20 pages or so there appears a glistening chunk of linguistic gristle... But occasional maladroit phrases do no serious harm to his commanding narrative."<ref name=Harrigan>{{cite news |last1=Harrigan |first1=Stephen |title=Book Review: 'The True American' by Anand Giridharadas |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304393704579530002828814022 |access-date=August 9, 2014 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=May 4, 2014}}</ref>

=== ''Winners Take All'' (2018) ===
{{main|Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World}}
In 2018, Giridharadas published ''[[Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World]]'' in which he argues that members of the global elite, though sometimes engaged in philanthropy, use their wealth and influence to preserve systems that concentrate wealth at the top at the expense of societal progress. Writing for ''[[The New York Times]]'', economist [[Joseph Stiglitz]] praised the book, writing that Giridharadas "writes on two levels — seemingly tactful and subtle — but ultimately he presents a devastating portrait of a whole class, one easier to satirize than to reform."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/books/review/winners-take-all-anand-giridharadas.html|title=Meet the 'Change Agents' Who Are Enabling Inequality|work=The New York Times |date=August 20, 2018 |access-date=August 25, 2018|language=en |last1=Stiglitz |first1=Joseph E. }}</ref>

=== ''The Persuaders'' (2022) ===
In 2022, Giridharadas published ''The Persuaders: At the Front Lines of the Fight for Hearts, Minds, and Democracy''. The book was billed as "An insider account of activists, politicians, educators, and everyday citizens working to change minds, bridge divisions, and fight for democracy—from [[disinformation]] fighters to a leader of [[Black Lives Matter]] to [[Bernie Sanders]] and [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] and more".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Persuaders by Anand Giridharadas: 9780593312643 |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/669716/the-persuaders-by-anand-giridharadas/ |access-date=June 8, 2025 |website=PenguinRandomhouse.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Giridharadas lives in [[Brooklyn, New York]], with his wife, author Priya B. Parker, and their two children.<ref>[http://anand.ly/about/ Anand Giridharadas biography] Anand.ly. Accessed March 8, 2013.</ref>

==Works==
* {{cite book |title=India Calling: An Intimate Portrait of a Nation's Remaking |last=Giridharadas |first=Anand |publisher=[[Times Books]]/[[Henry Holt and Company]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8050-9177-9 |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |title=The True American: Murder and Mercy in Texas |last=Giridharadas |first=Anand |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-393-23950-8 |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |title=[[Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World|Winners Take All; The Elite Charade of Changing the World]] |last=Giridharadas |first=Anand |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-451-49324-8 |location=New York}}
* {{cite book|title=The Persuaders: At the Front Lines of the Fight for Hearts, Minds, and Democracy|last=Giridharadas|first=Anand|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]]|year=2022|isbn=978-0-593-31899-7|location=New York}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website|https://www.anand.ly/}}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/by/anand-giridharadas ''New York Times'' writings]
* {{TED speaker}}
* {{C-SPAN|9277524}}

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Giridharadas, Anand}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:The New York Times columnists]]
[[Category:University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford]]
[[Category:Writers from Shaker Heights, Ohio]]
[[Category:Journalists from Ohio]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Henry Crown Fellows]]
[[Category:Sidwell Friends School alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American political commentators]]
[[Category:American television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]

Norman Cranstoun Macleod

2026-01-29T19:18:20Z

Snehasis: Put up new page.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Sir''' '''Norman Cranstoun Macleod''' (1866–1945) was a [[List of Chief Justices of the Bombay High Court|Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court]] in [[British india]].

==Career==
{{Moresources|section|date=December 2022}}
Norman Cranstoun Macleod, known by his middle name, was the son of Robert Macleod, V of Cadboll. In 1890, he came to [[British India]] as a [[barrister]] and started practice in [[Bombay]]. During this time, until 1898, he lived in a small house in Nana Chowk and had a small office first on Mint Road, then on Gunbow Street.

In 1900, Jamshedji Kanga joined him as his first junior. In 1898, after he started having a roaring practice, he bought a house in Kemp's Corner and a large Chambers (where Yusuf Building, Flora Fountain currently stands), taking on several Indian juniors, including future judges as Govind Magdavkar and Harilal Kania.

However, in 1904 he joined the Higher Judicial Services of Bombay. He held various charges in judicial and administrative offices. Cranstoun Macleod worked as Chief Judge of the Small Causes Court, Taxing Master and Commissioner for taking accounts. Elevated to the Bench as a Puisne Judge in 1912, after Sir [[Basil Scott]] he was appointed the Chief Justice of the [[Bombay High Court]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doM8DwAAQBAJ&q=norman+cranstoun+macleod+justice&pg=PT247|title=An Independent, Colonial Judiciary: A History of the Bombay High Court|last=Abhinav Chandrachud|date=28 May 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199089482|access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> in 1919 and served until 1926.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTgmcGFnZW5vPTE=|title=Sir NORMAN CRANSTOUN MACLEOD|website=bombayhighcourt.nic.in|access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref>

On 17 January 1923, he passed the order of removal of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s name from the Roll of Barristers due to his imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://test.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mahatma-gandhis-licence-to-practice-law-cancelled-hc-1923/583579|title=Mahatma Gandhi's licence to practice law cancelled|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=19 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mahatma-gandhi-s-licence-to-practice-law-cancelled-1173764|title=Mahatma Gandhi's licence to practice law cancelled|access-date=19 June 2018|work=DNA|date=19 November 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macleod, Norman Cranstoun}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:20th-century English judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]

Arthur Anthony Macdonell

2026-01-29T19:17:43Z

Snehasis: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|British Sanskrit scholar (1854–1930)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
[[File:Arthur Anthony Macdonell.png|thumb|Macdonell in 1901]]
'''Arthur Anthony Macdonell''', [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]] (11 May 1854 – 28 December 1930)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Clark|first=Walter E.|author-link=Walter Eugene Clark|title=Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1854–1930)|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|date=March 1936|volume=70|issue=10|pages=554–555|jstor=20023183}}</ref> was an Indian-born British linguist and [[Sanskrit]] scholar.

==Biography==
Macdonell was born at [[Muzaffarpur]] in the [[Tirhut (region)|Tirhut]] region of the state of [[Bihar]] in [[British India]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Clark|first=Walter E.|author-link=Walter Eugene Clark|title=Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1854–1930)|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|date=March 1936|volume=70|issue=10|pages=554–555|jstor=20023183}}</ref> the son of Charles Alexander Macdonell, of the Indian Army. He was educated at [[Georg August University of Göttingen|Göttingen University]], then matriculated in 1876 at [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford]], gaining a classical exhibition and three scholarships (for German, Chinese, and the [[Boden Scholarship]] for Sanskrit). He graduated with classical honours in 1880 and was appointed [[Taylorian]] Teacher of German (language) at Oxford. In 1883 he obtained his PhD from the [[University of Leipzig]], and then became Deputy Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford in 1888, and [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit]] in 1899 (a post that carried with it a [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellowship]] of [[Balliol College, Oxford]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Macdonell, Arthur Anthony|work=Who's Who|year=1907|volume=59|page=1117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1117|author1=Addison, Henry Robert|author2=Oakes, Charles Henry|author3=Lawson, William John|author4=Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton}}</ref>

Macdonell edited various Sanskrit texts, wrote a [[Sanskrit grammar|grammar]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanskrit Grammar|author=Macdonell, Arthur Anthony|url=http://macdonell.vedicsociety.org.in}}</ref> compiled a dictionary, and published a Vedic grammar, a Vedic Reader, and a work on [[Vedic mythology]]; he also wrote a history of Sanskrit.

== Selected works ==
* {{cite book|display-authors=0 |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary |date=1893 |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/afr4858.0001.001.umich.edu |oclc=457790041}}
* {{cite book|display-authors=0 |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=Vedic Mythology |date=1897 |location=Strassburg |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |url=https://archive.org/details/vedicmythology00macduoft |oclc=866585190}}
* {{cite book|display-authors=0 |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=A History of Sanskrit Literature |date=1900 |location=New York |publisher=D. Appleton and Company |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsanskri00macduoft |oclc=}}
* {{cite book|display-authors=0 |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=A Sanskrit Grammar for Beginners |date=1901 |edition=Second |orig-year=1886 |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/sanskritgrammarf0000macd_a5o8 |oclc=1256737328}}
* {{cite book|display-authors=0 |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=Bṛhad-devatā, attributed to Saunaka: a summary of the deities and myths of the Rig-veda; Part I Introduction and text and Appendices |series= Harvard Oriental Series |volume=V |date=1904 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University |url=https://archive.org/details/brhaddevataattri01saun |oclc=466061914}}
* {{cite book|display-authors=0 |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=Bṛhad-devatā, attributed to Saunaka: a summary of the deities and myths of the Rig-veda; Part II Translation and Notes |series= Harvard Oriental Series |volume=VI |date=1904 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University |url=https://archive.org/details/brhaddevataattri02saun |oclc=466061914}}
* {{cite book|display-authors=0 |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=Vedic Grammar |date=1910 |location=Strassburg |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023050325 |oclc=1141304420}}
* {{cite book |last1=MacDonell |first1=Arthur Anthony |author1-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |last2=Keith |first2=Arthur Barriedale |author2-link=Arthur Berriedale Keith |title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects |volume=1 |date=1912 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |url=https://archive.org/details/vedicindexofname01macduoft |oclc=877534019}}
* {{cite book |last1=MacDonell |first1=Arthur Anthony |author1-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |last2=Keith |first2=Arthur Barriedale |author2-link=Arthur Berriedale Keith |title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects |volume=2 |date=1912 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |url=https://archive.org/details/vedicindexofname02macduoft |oclc=877534019}}
* {{cite book|display-authors=0 |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=A Vedic Reader for Students |date=1917 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://archive.org/details/vedicreaderforst00macd |oclc=954916863}}
* {{cite book|display-authors=0 |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=Hymns from the Rigveda |date=1922 |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023014750 |oclc=827188}}
* {{cite book|display-authors=0 |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=Lectures On Comparative Religion |date=1925 |location=Calcutta |publisher=University of Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/LecturesOnComparativeReligionStephanosNirmalenduLectures |oclc=557945422}}
* {{cite book|display-authors=0 |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=India's past: A Survey of her Literatures, Religions, Languages, and Antiquities |date=1927 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaspastsurvey00macd |oclc=39784406}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=41239| name=Arthur A. MacDonell}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Arthur A. MacDonell}}
* [http://macdonell.vedicsociety.org.in/ Sanskrit Grammar], by Arthur Anthony Macdonell

{{Boden Professors}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macdonnell, Arthur Anthony}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Boden Professors of Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Chess historians]]
[[Category:Sanskrit scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Sariya, Giridih

2026-01-29T16:31:42Z

Snehasis:

{{Other uses|Sariya (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sariya
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = [[Hazaribagh Road railway station]]
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.184361|N|85.891528|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Giridih district|Giridih]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Sariya (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 825320
| area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code
| area_code = 06557
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bagodar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagodar]]
| website = {{URL|giridih.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sariya''' is an inhabited place not identified as a separate place in the 2011 census, in the [[Sariya (community development block)|Sariya]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bagodar-Saria subdivision]] of the [[Giridih district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=310| height=480| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|19|0|N|86|10|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Giridih district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|6|36|N|86|28|51|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Ahilyapur | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Ahilyapur]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|55|24|N|86|2|38|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Nimiaghat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Asurbandh]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|5|30|N|85|49|50|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bagodar| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bagodar]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|18|6|N|86|21|39|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Bengabad| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Bengabad]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|35|39|N|86|13|28|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Bhelwaghati| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Bhelwaghati]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|16|28|N|85|55|31|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Birni| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Birni, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|30|51|N|86|11|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Deori| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Deori, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|59|20|N|85|59|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Dumri| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Dumri, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|11|30|N|86|26|20|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gandey| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Gandey]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|37|16|N|85|56|47|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Gawan| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Gawan, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|3|50|N|85|52|48|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Hesla| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Hesla]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|22|13|N|86|8|51|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12= Jamua| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Jamua]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|27|49|N|86|0|15|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Khori Mahua| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Khori Mahua]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|0|26|N|86|13|24|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Khukhra| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Khukhra]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|27|10|N|86|2|51|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Hirodih| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Pandedih]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|4|0|N|86|9|47|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Pirtand| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Pirtand]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|11|13|N|85|53|29|E}} | label-pos17=top|label17= Sariya| numbered17=R| mark-title17=Sariya, Giridih (R)|shape-color17=black| label-size17=13|label-color17=black 
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|3|4|N|86|26|0|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Taratanr| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Taratanr]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|34|28|N|86|3|32|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Tisri| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Tisri, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|12|30|N|86|18|20|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Giridih| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Giridih]] (M) |label-size21=13 |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|57|40|N|86|8|13|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Shikharji| numbered21=H| mark-title21=[[Shikharji]] (H) | shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|57|0|N|86|10|0|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Pareshath Hill| numbered22=H| mark-title22=[[Pareshnath Hill]] (H) | shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|0|25|N|86|8|46|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23= Madhuban| numbered23=H| mark-title23=[[Madhuban, Giridih]] (H) | shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|25|24|N|86|9|57|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Kharagdiha| numbered24=H| mark-title24=[[Kharagdiha]] (H) | shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|5|47|N|86|22|14|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Usri Falls| numbered25=H| mark-title25=[[Usri Falls]] (H) | shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|8|20|N|86|16|30|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26=Giridih coalfield |numbered26=0 | mark-title26=[[Giridih Coalfield]] | label-size26=12| shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|10|13|N|86|16|15|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27=Akdoni Khurd| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Akdoni Khurd]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|9|50|N|85|53|25|E}}| label-pos28=bottom|label28=Barki Saraiya| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Barki Saraiya]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|8|50|N|86|18|28|E}}| label-pos29=right|label29=Dandidih| numbered29=CT| mark-title29= [[Dandidih]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|25|12|N|85|58|48|E}}| label-pos30=left|label30=Dhanwar| numbered30=CT| mark-title30= [[Dhanwar, Giridih]] (CT) |shape-color30= #A40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|59|14|N|86|1|48|E}}| label-pos31=right|label31=Isri| numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Isri]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|0|50|N|86|0|52|E}}| label-pos32=left|label32=Jamtara| numbered32=CT| mark-title32= [[Jamtara, Giridih]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|14|0|N|86|24|18|E}}| label-pos33=top|label33=Maheshmunda| numbered33=CT| mark-title33= [[Maheshmunda]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|10|0|N|86|18|27|E}}| label-pos34=right|label34=Paratdih| numbered34=CT| mark-title34= [[Paratdih]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|7|30|N|86|19|10|E}}| label-pos35=right|label35=Pertodih| numbered35=CT| mark-title35= [[Pertodih]] (CT) |shape-color35= #A40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|14|0|N|86|17|35|E}}| label-pos36=left|label36=Sirsia| numbered36=CT| mark-title36= [[Sirsia]] (CT) |shape-color36= #A40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|12|15|N|86|15|27|E}}| label-pos37=left|label37=Telodih| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Telodih]] (CT) |shape-color37= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|8|30|N|86|1|0|E}} |label38= Barakar|labela38= River |label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38= -10| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|0|0|N|85|49|20|E}} |label39= Jamunia|labela39= River|label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= -50| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|33|0|N|86|0|0|E}} |label40= Sakri River|label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 20| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|39|19|N|86|0|17|E}} | label-pos41=left|label41= Lokainayanpur| numbered41=R| mark-title41=[[Lokainayanpur]] (R)
|mark-coord42={{coord|24|23|25|N|86|10|24|E}} | label-pos42=right|label42= Mirzaganj| numbered42=R| mark-title42=[[Mirzaganj]] (R)
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|20|28|N|86|1|4|E}} | label-pos43=left|label43= Jharkhand|labela43= Dham| numbered43=H| mark-title43=[[Jharkhand Dham]] (H) | shape-color43=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|48|0|N|85|50|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-35| arc-gapA=15.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Sariya is located at {{coord|24.184361|N|85.891528|E|display=inline}}.

According to the map of Sariya CD block in the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Giridih'', Sariya seems to be a part of [[Barki Saraiya]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2004_PART_A_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Girirdh, Part A | work= Page 150: Map of Sariya CD block |publisher= Jharkhand Census | accessdate = 8 December 2019}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Giridih district is a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], with rocky soil and extensive forests. Most of the rivers in the district flow from the west to east, except in the northern portion where the rivers flow north and north west. The [[Pareshnath Hill]] rises to a height of {{convert|4479|ft}}. The district has coal and mica mines. It is an overwhelmingly rural district with small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2004_PART_A_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Giridih, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Natural Divisions, Forests: pages 8 and 9 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 15 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 23 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://desjharkhand.nic.in/publications.html | title = District Statistical Handbook, Giridih | work = Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.6 | publisher = Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Planning and Development, Jharkhand | accessdate = 23 September 2017 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Sariya police station has jurisdiction over the [[Sariya (community development block)|Sariya]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://desjharkhand.nic.in/publications.html | title = District Statistical Handbook, Giridih | work = Tables 2.1, 2.4 | publisher = Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Planning and Development, Jharkhand | accessdate = 23 September 2017 }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of [[Sariya (community development block)|Sariya]] CD block are located at Sariya.<ref name=dchb1>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2004_PART_B_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf | title= 2011 District Census Handbook Giridih, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map on Page 3 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| accessdate = 23 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=admin>{{cite web| url = http://giridih.nic.in/block.html |title = Giridih |publisher= District Administration, Giridih | accessdate = 23 September 2017}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Hazaribagh Road railway station]] is on the [[Asansol-Gaya section]], a part of the [[Grand Chord]], [[Howrah-Gaya-Delhi line]] and [[Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-asansol-varanasi-memu-63553/15486/7/334 | title= 53521 => 63553 Asansol-Varanasi MEMU | work= Time Table |publisher= Indiarailinfo | accessdate = 23 September 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
Sariya College was established at Sariya in 1984. It is affiliated with [[Vinoba Bhave University]] and offers courses in arts and commerce.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sariyacollege.ac.in/ |title = Sariya College| publisher= SC| accessdate = 17 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://vbu.ac.in/colleges-under-vbu-2/ |title = Colleges under VBU| publisher= Vinoba Bhave University |accessdate = 17 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.way2college.com/colleges/giridih/sariya-college-sariya |title = Sariya College, Sariya| publisher= way2college| accessdate = 2 December 2017}}</ref>

SRK DAV Public School is situated near Bagodih Sariya and affiliated with CBSE New Delhi. It has facilities for teaching from LKG to class XII.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://davsuriya.com/|title=Welcome To SRI RAMKRISHNA DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL|website=davsuriya.com|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>

+2 Sardar Ram Singh Sripati Ram(SRSSR) High school is located in main city of Sariya. It is a boys High school and it's offers courses , High School ( 9th and 10th , only for boys ) and also Arts , Commerce and Science for both girls and Boys ( +2 level) .

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Giridih District}}

[[Category:Villages in Giridih district]]

Kamleshwar Mahadev Temple

2026-01-24T03:42:44Z

Snehasis: Starting Some Location First Draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Kamleshwar Mahadev Temple
|functional_status=open
|deity=[[Shiva]]
|location=[[Lakheri]]
|district=[[Bundi]]
|state=[[Rajasthan]]
|country=[[India]]
|map_type=India Rajasthan
|architecture=[[Hindu temple architecture]]
|established=12th century
|festivals=[[Pradosha]], [[Maha Shivaratri]]
|creator=[[Hammiradeva]]
|coordinates={{coord|25.76323|76.32721|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption=Location of temple
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]}}

'''Kamleshwar Mahadev Temple''' is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] place of worship situated in [[Lakheri]], [[Rajasthan]]. Dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], it is sometimes called a "mini-[[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]]" and a center of religious faith in the [[Hadoti]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-09 |title=सुविधाओं को तरस रहा 'बूंदी का मिनी खजुराहो' {{!}} Bundi News, Bundi Rajasthan News,suvidhaon ko,Yearning,Bundi Mini Khaj |url=https://www.patrika.com/bundi-news/bundi-news-bundi-rajasthan-news-suvidhaon-ko-yearning-bundi-mini-khaj-6511953 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

On every [[Pradosha]] before [[Amavasya]], more than 100,000 pilgrims come to the temple to bathe in the holy pond and participate in the [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] of Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundi: कमलेश्वर महादेव में श्रद्धा के साथ खिलवाड़, श्रद्धालुओं को करना पड़ा रहना कीचड़ में स्नान |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/kota/bundi-news-kamleshwar-mahadev-temple-devotees-had-to-stay-bath-in-mud/846183 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> A large number of visitors come from [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-11 |title=इसलिए उमड़ पड़े कमलेश्वर महादेव मंदिर में लोग… {{!}} Bundi News, Bundi Rajasthan News,So sprung up,Kamleshwar Mahadev Templ |url=https://www.patrika.com/bundi-news/bundi-news-bundi-rajasthan-news-so-sprung-up-kamleshwar-mahadev-templ-6686099 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Geography ==
This temple is situated in a picturesque environment of nature near the ''Chakan'' River. Dense forest is still present at this place.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=मिनी खजुराहो है कमलेश्वर महादेव मंदिर, यहां राजा हमीर काल के सिक्के मिल चुके, यहां की कला पर्यटकों को खूब भाती |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/pali/news/bundi-mini-khajuraho-is-kamleshwar-mahadev-temple-got-coins-of-king-hamir-kalay-here-the-art-is-full-of-tourists-051635-3326671.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> It is located close to [[Bijasan Mata Temple, Indragarh|Bijasan Mata Temple]] and ''Indragarh'' Fort.<ref>{{Cite news |title=मानसून सीजन में आकर्षित करता है इंद्रगढ़ किला |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/kota/bundi/news/indergarh-fort-attracts-during-monsoon-season-127580210.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== Legend ==
Tradition holds that [[Ravana]] attempted to establish the ''Atmalinga'' in Lanka on behalf of [[Shiva]] in order to avoid death. Concerned, [[Vishnu]] intervened by assuming the guise of an old man. He put Ravana to sleep, seized the idol from his hands, and placed it on the ground. When Ravana woke up, he found he was unable to pick up the [[Lingam]] after it had touched the Earth, foiling his plan. The object is said to still stand there to this day.

The king [[Hammiradeva]] is said to have built the temple after receiving a vision of [[Shiva|Mahadeva]] in his dream.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-02 |title=इस कुंड में नहाने से सभी तरह के रोगों से मिल जाती है मुक्ति |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/kota-get-rid-of-diseases-in-bathing-this-kund-816636.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
The temple is believed to have been constructed during the 12th century. Remains of ancient settlements exist around the temple. Coins of King [[Hammiradeva]] period have been found here. Earthenware and stone tools have also been found there. Due to this, the antiquity of this place leads to the ancient human period. Remains of ancient importance also prove the immediate presence of early humans here. There is a living stone workshop on the hill to the right of the temple. There are incomplete statues and complete signs of carving on large boulders. Evidence of the presence of [[iron ore]] in this area also suggests that it might have been used in carving stones.<ref name=":0" />

== Architecture ==
The temple's architecture reflects the distinct [[Hindu temple architecture]] style prevalent during that period. The three types of artistic sculptures of the temple are examples of great architecture. The art depicting the philosophy of life has been carved on the stones with detail, characterized by carved stone walls, pillars, and sculptures depicting mythological motifs. The temple complex comprises a sanctum ([[garbhagriha]]) housing the [[lingam]] (phallic symbol) of Lord Shiva, surrounded by a pillared hall (mandapa) and an open courtyard. The outer walls of the temple feature carvings depicting various deities.<ref name=":0" />

== Festivals and celebrations ==
The temple is a hub of religious festivities and cultural celebrations throughout the year. The most significant festival observed at the temple is [[Maha Shivaratri]], celebrated with great fervor and devotion by devotees who offer prayers, perform rituals, and participate in religious processions. Apart from Maha Shivaratri, other festivals such as Shravan Maas (the holy month of Shravan) and [[Pradosha]] before [[Amavasya|Amavsya]] of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu Calendar]] are also celebrated with enthusiasm, attracting devotees from far and wide to seek the blessings of Lord Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-02-11 |title=भक्ति ऐसी कि कीचड़ में डुबकियां लगा रहे भक्त, कमलेश्वर महादेव मंदिर में उमड़ा आस्था का सैलाब |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/bundi/devotees-reached-at-kamaleshwar-mahadev-temple-on-amavasya-in-bundi/rj20210211190414489 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Preservation and conservation ==
Efforts are underway to preserve and conserve the temple and its surrounding heritage structures. It is worth noting that considering the architectural art in this mythological temple of the 12th century, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] has declared it protected.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[Bundi district|Bundi]]
* [[Taragarh Fort, Bundi]]
* [[Bijasan Mata Temple, Indragarh|Bijasan Mata Temple]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bundi district]]

Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-21T20:35:13Z

Snehasis:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mumbai North Central
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Mumbai North Central.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]] [[Chandivali Assembly constituency|Chandivali]] [[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]] [[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]] [[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]] [[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =The Minister of State for Women and Child Development, Maharashtra, Prof. Varsha Gaikwad calls on the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Women and Child Development, Smt. Krishna Tirath, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg
| mp = [[Varsha Gaikwad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| electors = 17,44,032 (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=ECI/PN/102/2024 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| preceded_by = [[Poonam Mahajan]]
}}

'''Mumbai North Central''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) [[constituency]] of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaivoice.com/mumbai-north-central-lok-sabha-election-2014 |title=Mumbai North Central |publisher=Mumbai Voice |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220085855/http://www.mumbaivoice.com/mumbai-north-central-lok-sabha-election-2014 |archive-date=20 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, after the implementation of the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] segments:
{|class="wikitable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|167
|[[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|[[Parag Alavani]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|168
|[[Chandivali Assembly constituency|Chandivali]]
|[[Dilip Lande]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|174
|[[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]] (SC)
|[[Mangesh Kudalkar]]
|-
|175
|[[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]]
|[[Sanjay Potnis]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|176
|[[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]]
|[[Varun Sardesai]]
|-
|177
|[[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]]
|[[Ashish Shelar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1952|1952]]
| [[Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[Shripad Amrit Dange]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Gopal Kaluji Manay (Maane)
|{{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1962|1962]]
| [[Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
| rowspan="2" | [[R D Bhandare]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| 1973^
| [[Roza Vidyadhar Deshpande]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
| [[Ahilya Rangnekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| [[Pramila Dandavate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
| [[Sharad Dighe]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| [[Vidyadhar Gokhale]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Sharad Dighe]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[Narayan Athawale]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[Ramdas Athawale]]
|{{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Manohar Joshi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
| [[Eknath Gaikwad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
| [[Priya Dutt]]
|-
| [[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Poonam Mahajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Varsha Gaikwad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|}
Note:
^ by-poll

==Election results==
=== General elections, 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Mumbai North Central<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mumbai North Central">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mumbai North Central |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1329.htm |access-date=14 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714042806/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1329.htm |archive-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mumbai North Central Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Mumbai North Central Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/maharashtra/mumbai-north-central |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714042757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/maharashtra/mumbai-north-central |archive-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Varsha Gaikwad]]|votes=4,45,545 |percentage=48.93|change={{increase}}9.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ujjwal Nikam]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,29,031|percentage=47.12|change={{decrease}}6.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[NOTA|None of the Above]]|votes=9749|percentage=1.07|change={{decrease}}0.11}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,514|percentage=1.81|change={{decrease}}12.61}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,10,742|percentage=52.21|change={{down}}1.47}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai North Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Poonam Mahajan]]
|votes=4,86,672
|percentage=53.97
|change= -2.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Priya Sunil Dutt]]
|votes=3,56,667
|percentage=39.55
|change=+5.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = Abdur Rehman Anjaria
|votes = 33,703
|percentage = 3.74
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 10,669
|percentage = 1.18
|change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,30,005
|percentage = 14.42
|change = -7.67
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,01,797
|percentage = 53.68
|change = +5.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -2.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai North Central<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaivoice.com/mumbai-north-central-lok-sabha-election-2014 |title=Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha Election 2014) |publisher=Mumbai Voice |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220085855/http://www.mumbaivoice.com/mumbai-north-central-lok-sabha-election-2014 |archive-date=20 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Poonam Mahajan]]
|votes = 4,78,535
|percentage = 56.61
|change = +34.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Priya Sunil Dutt]]|votes=2,91,764|percentage=34.52|change=-13.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Phiroze Palkhivala|votes=34,824|percentage=4.12|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Anandrao Vyankatrao Shinde|votes=10,128|percentage=1.20|change=-5.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Abu Azmi|votes=9,873|percentage=1.17|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=6,937|percentage=0.82|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,86,771|percentage=22.09|change=-4.17}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,45,292|percentage=48.66|change=+9.14}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +8.56
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai North Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Priya Sunil Dutt]]
|votes = 3,19,352
|percentage = 48.05
|change = -1.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahesh Jethmalani]]
|votes = 1,44,797
|percentage = 21.79
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
|candidate = Shilpa Atul Sarpotdar
|votes = 1,32,546
|percentage = 19.94
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ebrahim Shaikh
|votes = 43,425
|percentage = 6.53
|change = +5.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
|candidate = Surekha Pevekar
|votes = 7,085
|percentage = 1.07
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,74,555
|percentage = 26.26
|change = +23.67
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,64,647
|percentage = 39.52
|change = -7.91
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -1.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai North Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Eknath Gaikwad|Eknath Mahadeo Gaikwad]]
|votes = 2,56,282
|percentage = 49.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Manohar Joshi|Manohar Gajanan Joshi]]
|votes = 2,42,953
|percentage = 47.21
|change = -8.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jaswar Satyaram Ballikaran
|votes = 7,292
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Shaikh Samad Abdul Salam
|votes = 3,475
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = National Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Khan Akram Ali
|votes = 2,404
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khan Mohammad Rasheed
|votes = 1,117
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khan Mohammad Meraz
|votes = 1,070
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,329
|percentage = 2.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,14,600
|percentage = 46.05
|change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Mumbai North Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Manohar Joshi]]
|votes = 2,94,935
|percentage = 55.82
|change = +10.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha
|candidate = [[Raja Dhale]]
|votes = 1,25,940
|percentage = 23.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[B.C. Kamble]]
|votes = 56,684
|percentage = 10.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,68,995
|percentage = 31.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,28,342
|percentage = 46.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser = Republican Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Mumbai North Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India
|candidate = [[Ramdas Athawale]]
|votes = 2,82,373
|percentage = 50.18
|change = +31.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Narayan Athawale]]
|votes = 2,57,141
|percentage = 45.69
|change = -2.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jaiswal Ramprasad
|votes = 8,295
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,232
|percentage = 4.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 562,740
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Republican Party of India
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing = +16.84
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Mumbai North Central}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Narayan Athawale]]
|votes = 242,536
|percentage = 47.92
|change = +9.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sharad Dighe
|votes = 153,337
|percentage = 30.30
|change = -13.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India
|candidate = [[B.C. Kamble|Bapu Chandrasen Kamble]]
|votes = 94,729
|percentage = 18.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 89,199
|percentage = 17.62
|change = +14.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 506,146
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +10.52
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Bombay North Central}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sharad Dighe
|votes = 180,084
|percentage = 43.31
|change = -0.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Vidyadhar Gokhale]]
|votes = 165,872
|percentage = 39.89
|change = -1.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Ruston Tirandaz
|votes = 58,988
|percentage = 14.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Gopal Dukhande
|votes = 3,110
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tanaji Hirve
|votes = 1,680
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,212
|percentage = 3.4
|change = +2
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 415,777
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing = -1.1
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Bombay North Central}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena|candidate=[[Vidyadhar Gokhale]]|votes=254,841|percentage=44.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sharad Dighe|votes=246,656|percentage=43.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha|candidate=Panchdeo Jaiswal|votes=35,636|percentage=6.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Rustam Tirandaz|votes=21,599|percentage=3.81|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,185|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=567,431|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: Bombay North Central}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sharad Dighe
|votes = 211,443
|percentage = 48.44
|change = +5.87**
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manohar Joshi
|votes = 79,345
|percentage = 18.18
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pramila Dandavate]]
|votes = 74,401
|percentage = 17.04
|change = -28.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dada Samant
|votes = 58,693
|percentage = 13.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Bipin Mamu Sanghar
|votes = 4,972
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 132,098
|percentage = 30.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 436,526
|percentage = 56.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Bombay North Central}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pramila Dandavate|Pramila Madhu Dandavate]]
|votes = 1,86,355
|percentage = 45.25
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
|candidate = Vasantrao Hoshing
|votes = 1,76,544
|percentage = 42.87
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ahilya Rangnekar]]
|votes = 42,209
|percentage = 10.25
|change = -47.46
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,811
|percentage = 2.38
|change = -15.31
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,11,833
|percentage = 54.35
|change = -4.89
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: Bombay North Central}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ahilya Rangnekar]]
|votes = 2,28,123
|percentage = 57.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramchandra Dhondiba Bhandare|R. D. Bhandare]]
|votes = 1,58,208
|percentage = 40.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 69,915
|percentage = 17.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,95,292
|percentage = 59.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Indian general election]]: Bombay City North }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[GANDHI VITHAL BALKRISHNA]]
|votes = 1,49,138
|percentage = 20.83
|change = Winner -1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Party
|candidate = [[MEHTA ASHOK RANJITRAM]]
|votes = 1,39,741
|percentage = 19.52
|change = Winner -2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Narayan Kajrolkar]]
|votes = 1,38,137
|percentage = 19.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scheduled Castes Federation
|candidate = [[Dr Ambedkar]]
|votes = 1,23,576
|percentage = 17.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections, 1952===

Two candidates were elected from some seats in 1952 elections. 
One MP was : Vitthal Gandhi, Congress (149,138 votes) defeated the socialist leader Ashok Mehta (139,741) 
Second MP : Narayan Kajrolkar, Congress (138,137 votes) defeated [[Dr Ambedkar]] (123,576)<ref>{{cite book | title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy| author=Ramachandra Guha| year=2008| pages=156| isbn=978-0-06-095858-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1951 to The First Lok Sabha: List of Successful Candidates|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |pages=83, 12|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]| access-date = 2014-06-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html |title = 1951 India General (1st Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mumbai]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.2|72.8|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Mumbai]]

Apasmara

2026-01-21T16:56:33Z

Snehasis: starting the stub initial version.

{{Short description|Sanskrit term and being in Hindu mythology}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Apasmara.jpg|thumb|Apasmara, clutching a [[cobra]] and trampled beneath the foot of Nataraja (Shiva as lord of dance).]]'''Apasmara''' ({{Langx|sa|अपस्मार}}, {{IAST3|Apasmāra}}) is a diminutive man who represents spiritual [[ignorance]] and ''[[ahamkara]]'' in [[Hindu mythology]].<ref name="rao227">{{cite book |author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao |title=Elements of Hindu Iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC |year=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0877-5 |pages=223–229, 237}}</ref><ref name="articnataraja">[http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24548 Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th century] [[The Art Institute of Chicago]], United States</ref> He is also known as '''Muyalaka''' or '''Muyalakan'''.

==Etymology and definition==
The suffix ''smāra'' (from ''smaranam'') means memory. The compound ''apasmāra'' means loss of memory, which corresponds to conditions such as dementia or amnesia. It can also imply gibberish ([[Intelligibility (communication)|unintelligible]] speech) or ego ([[Ahamkara]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=DeVito |first1=Carole |title=India - Mahabharata. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1994 (India) |last2=DeVito |first2=Pasquale |publisher=United States Educational Foundation in India |year=1994 |page=5 |language=en}}</ref> ''Apasmara'' in Ayurveda referred to neurological disorders characterized by memory loss rather than speech issues. Due to the lack of modern diagnostic tools such as brain scanning at the time, the exact conditions described remain uncertain.

== Theological and symbolic significance==
{{Section rewrite|date=December 2022}}[[File:Shiva Nataraja Musée Guimet 25971.jpg|thumb|Nataraja dancing the cosmic dance of creation, destruction and ''[[moksha]]'' (ultimate liberation) upon the [[Prone position|prone]] body of Apasmara, the demon of ''[[Avidya (Hinduism)|avidya]]'' (ignorance or lack of spiritual insight) – [[Chola bronze]], [[Musée Guimet]].]]

Apasmara, depicted as a diminutive man, is often shown in Hindu iconography clutching a cobra, which symbolizes (''[[ahamkara]]'') in [[Shaivite]] tradition.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the significance of the snake around Lord Shiva's neck? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/what-is-the-significance-of-the-snake-around-lord-shivas-neck/468331 |website=Times Now News |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

''Ahamkara'', literally means the "I-maker", and is the faculty by which [[jiva|''jivas'']] (souls) identify with the physical body rather than their higher self.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of ahankara |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ahankara |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> The [[Shiva Purana]] describes ''ahamkara'' as originating from ''[[Prakriti]]'' (nature).<ref>Shiva Purana, J. L. Shastri, 1950, Chapter 6: 56–59</ref> Apasmara symbolizes the ignorance of selfhood (''ahamkara''), a universal, cosmic form of ignorance essential for jivas to function in [[samsara]] across their countless [[reincarnations|rebirths]] by forgetting past lives and identifying with a new body each time. This "necessary evil" of Apasmara is part of the cosmic balance between [[Vidya (philosophy)|spiritual knowledge]] and the inherent ignorance in one's sense of self, and cannot be eradicated without disrupting the cosmic order. Killing Apasmara would represent gaining spiritual knowledge without the effort, will, and dedication required, thereby devaluing that knowledge itself.<ref name="articnataraja" />

To enable [[moksha]] (transcendence) while preserving the cosmic balance between [[Vidya (philosophy)|spiritual knowledge]] and ignorance inherent in [[samsara]], Apasmara must be subdued rather than killed.<ref name="articnataraja" /> To suppress Apasmara, [[Shiva]] assumes the form of [[Nataraja]]—the Lord of Dance—and performs the cosmic dance of [[tandava|tāṇḍava]]. During this dance, Shiva subdues Apasmara under his right foot, symbolizing the subjugation of ignorance and ''ahamkara''. Apasmara is believed to remain eternally subdued beneath Nataraja's foot, with Shiva perpetually maintaining this balance through his cosmic dance.<ref name="articnataraja" /><ref>Knappert, Jan ''Indian Mythology'', a volume in the series ''Encyclopedias of Myth and Legend'' pub. The Aquarian Press (An Imprint of Harper Collins) 1991 pps. 181-2.</ref> Similar symbolism is seen in representations of [[Dakshinamurti]], another form of Shiva as a [[guru]], where Apasmara is subdued under Shiva’s right foot.

English writer and philosopher, [[Aldous Huxley]] has described and summarized the symbolism of Nataraja and Apasmara, also known as Muyalaka in his utopian novel, [[Island (Huxley novel)|Island]]:

<blockquote>[[Nataraja|Nataraja's]] right foot is planted squarely on a horrible little subhuman creature - the demon, Muyalaka. A dwarf, but immensely powerful in his malignity, Muyalaka is the embodiment of ignorance, the manifestation of greedy, possessive [[Selfishness|selfhood]]. Stamp on him, break his back! And that's precisely what Nataraja is doing. Trampling the little monster down under his right foot. But notice that it isn't at this trampling foot that he points his finger; it's at the ''left'' foot, the foot that, as he dances, he's in the act of raising from the ground. And ''why'' does he point at it? Why? That lifted foot, that dancing defiance of the force of gravity - it's the symbol of release, of ''[[moksha]]'', of liberation.<ref>Huxley, Aldous ''Island'' First published by Chatto and Windus 1962.</ref></blockquote>

==Disease concept in Ayurveda==
The concept of ''Apasmara'' in [[ayurveda|Āyurveda]] relates to a group of [[neurological disorder]]s, one of which may be identified as [[epilepsy]]:<ref>[http://easyayurveda.com/2014/04/23/epilepsy-ayurvedic-understanding-treatment/ M.S. Krishnamurthy, ''Epilepsy - Ayurvedic Understanding and its Treatment''']</ref><ref name="Manyam">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592022 B.V. Manyam (1992), ''Epilepsy in ancient India''. Epilepsia. 1992 May-Jun;33(3):473-5]</ref> according to Maharṣi Caraka, there are 4 types of apasmāra.<ref name="Manyam" /> These 4 types of apasmara are Vataja, Pitaja, Kapahaja and Sannipataja.These can be related to conditions associated with loss of memory like amnesia and dementia or temporal lobe epilepsy with fugue states or hysteria.<ref>Ayurvedic Epilepsy Treatment https://www.epilepsytreatment.org/ayurvedic-treatment-for-epilepsy</ref> Charakhas instituted this classification depending upon the different doshas of the body.

==See also==
*[[Nataraja]]
* [[Ātman (Hinduism)]]
* [[Hindu philosophy]]
* [[Mysticism]]
* [[Temporal lobe epilepsy]]
* [[Geschwind syndrome]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dallapiccola

{{HinduMythology}}



[[Category:Characters in Hindu mythology]]

CSI Garrison Wesley Church

2026-01-21T00:24:20Z

Snehasis: post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox church
| name = [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Garrison Wesley Church
| fullname =
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| location = [[Secunderabad]]
| country = [[India]]

| denomination = [[Church of South India]] (''A [[United and uniting churches|Uniting church]] comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Congregational]], [[Lutheran]], [[Calvinist]] and [[Anglican]] missionary societies – [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Basel Mission]], [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]], and the [[Church of England]])''
| previous denomination = [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]]
| churchmanship = [[Low church]]
| membership =
| attendance = 250 families<ref name="The Hindu"/>
| website = {{URL| http://www.csigarrisonwesley.com/}}

| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date = {{start date and age|1881}}<ref name="Village"/>
| founder = [[British Indian Army]]<ref name="Village"/> troops who later handed over the edifice to the [[English Wesleyan Mission|Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society]] (WMMS)<ref name="Village"/>
| dedication =
| dedicated date =
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| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation = [[INTACH]] Award<ref name="Hans1"/>
| designated date = 2015<ref name="Hans1"/>
| architect =
| architectural type = [[Chapel]]
| style = [[Carpenter Gothic]]<ref name="Hans"/>
| years built = 1853<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |last=Reddy |first=Ravi |date=2016-12-21 |title=162-year-old church in Secunderabad restored|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/162yearold-church-in-secunderabad-restored/article6711410.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location= [[Hyderabad]]|access-date= 2016-11-05}}</ref>
| groundbreaking =
| completed date = 1881<ref name="The Hindu"/>
| construction cost = [[Indian Rupees|INR]] 10 [[million]] (1 [[crore]])<ref name="The Hindu"/> (cost of renovation)
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| materials = Lime and mortar<ref name="The Hindu"/>
| bells = None<ref name="The Hindu"/>
| bells hung =
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| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| episcopalarea =
| archdiocese =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Medak]]
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district = Town DCC<ref>[[Diocese of Medak]].[http://www.csimedakdiocese.in/]</ref>
| division = Trumulgherry Pastorate
| subdivision =

| archbishop =
| bishop = [[The Right Reverend]] [[A. C. Solomon Raj]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Synod"/>
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| prebendary =
| priestincharge = [[The Reverend]] D. Prasanna Kumar, [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Synod"/>
| priest =
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| reader =
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| director =
| organist = [[Sri]] Vinod Rao Banja<ref name="Words3">''Words of Life'', Community Bible Newsletter of the CSI-Garrison Wesley Church, Volume 1, Issue 2, February 2013, p.4.</ref>
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'''CSI-Garrison Wesley Church''' (built in 1853)<ref name="The Hindu"/> located in [[Trimulgherry]] is among<ref name="Hans">{{cite news |author= |date=2015-12-24 |title=Timeless Bells|url= http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-12-24/timeless-Bells/195316|newspaper=[[Hans India]] |location= [[Hyderabad]]|access-date= 2016-11-05}}</ref> the oldest churches in [[Secunderabad]] under the auspices of the [[Protestant]] [[Church of South India]] (CSI) within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Medak]]. Situated in Lal Bazar civilian area of the [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board|Secunderabad Cantonment]], the CSI-Garrison Wesley Church is in near vicinity of the [[College of Defence Management|Military College of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering]] (MCEME), and the church has continued to attract not only its regular worshipers but also the new visitors from the nearby military stations of the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Indian Air Force]] through its regular Sunday [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] as well as its annual [[Good Friday]], [[Easter]] and [[Christmas]] programmes.<ref name="The Hindu1">{{cite news |author= |date=2015-12-24 |title=Christmas is big this time|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/christmas-is-big-this-time/article8023936.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location= [[Hyderabad]]|access-date= 2016-11-05}}</ref>

Though the Sunday Mass was begun initially in accordance with the [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]] traditions since the beginnings in 1881,<ref name="Village"/> it now follows the Church of South India liturgy as the [[English Wesleyan Mission|Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society]] (WMMS), the co-founders<ref name="Village"/> of the church, had unionized<ref name="Muthaiah">Manohar Samuel, ''Christianity'' in S. Muthiah (Edited), ''Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India,'' Volume 1, Palaniappa Brothers, Madras, 2008, pp.160-184. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&dq=muthaiah+400+years&pg=PP1]</ref> itself into the Church of South India that was formed on 27 September 1947<ref name="Muthaiah"/> at [[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai|CSI–St. George's Cathedral, Chennai]]. [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodists]] form a substantial majority of the parishioners of the Diocese of Medak,<ref>Clifford P. Morehouse, "Delegation visits native parish services during tour of CSI" in ''The Living Church'', Volume 133, Number 2, 1956, pp. 13-14.[https://books.google.com/books?id=b27kAAAAMAAJ&dq=wesleyan+medak+church+of+south+india&pg=PA14]</ref> whereas [[Anglicans]] form a very small minority; together they regard [[Medak Cathedral]] as theirs and look to their [[bishop]] for divine leadership.

==Renovation and rededication==

===Renovation===
Since the [[edifice]] had been standing for more than 150 years, efforts were initiated in 2013<ref name="Words1">''Words of Life'', Community Bible Newsletter of the CSI-Garrison Wesley Church, Volume 1, by Mr. D. Sudesh Kumar, Hon. Secretary in January 2013, p.1.</ref> during the then Presbyter-in-charge [[Pastor]], [[The Reverend]] S. P. Vidyasagar<ref name="Words1"/> to raise awareness about the aging rafters and garner majority opinion from the members of the church who stood for restoration of the church ''in lieu'' of demolition and reconstruction of a new edifice. The Pastorate Secretary [[Mr. D. Sudesh Kumar]], inspired<ref name="Words1"/> the church to raise contributions in order to restore the edifice and willing members then responded by making significant contributions to take up the restoration works at a cost of [[Indian Rupees]] 10 [[million]] (1 [[crore]]),<ref name="The Hindu"/> entrusting the work to a [[Tamil Nadu]] restoration architect M/s. APTSORBH, Mr. Rajan Proprietor.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

===Rededication===
After the efforts put in by the Pastorate Committee for nearly two years, the newly restored edifice was rededicated on 21 December 2014 by [[The Most Reverend]] G. Dyvasirvadam who by then had become Moderator of the [[Church of South India Synod]] which was directly overseeing the ecclesiastical affairs of the [[Diocese of Medak]]. The Congregation recognizes the Initiative by Rev. S.P. Vidyasagar and the pastorate Committee led by Mr. D. Sudesh Kumar. Rev. S.P. Vidyasagar who retired in 2014 and subsequently Rev. Jyothy was posted at CSI Garrison Wesley Church, the Rededication [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] was witnessed by the entire Congregation with a procession in the Lalbazaar area in the presence of then Vice Chairman, Rev. [[A. C. Solomon Raj]], who is now the [[Bishop]] in Medak.

===Recognition===
In 2015,<ref name="Hans1"/> the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] awarded its Heritage Award to six<ref name="Hans"/> establishments, one of which was the CSI-Garrison Wesley Church, recognizing the efforts put in for renovating and restoring the church.<ref name="Hans1">{{cite news |author= |date=2015-04-18 |title=INTACH awards for six monuments|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-04-18/INTACH-awards-for-six-monuments/145306|newspaper=[[Hans India]] |location= [[Hyderabad]]|access-date= 2016-11-05}}</ref>

==History==
The [[English Wesleyan Mission|Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society]] set foot in the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]] in 1878,<ref name="Village">P. Y. Luke, J. B. Carman, ''Village Christians and Hindu Culture'', Lutterworth Press, Cambridge, 1968, pp.15, 17, 24.[https://books.google.com/books?id=YTqM8gCpXI0C&dq=village+christians+and+hindu+culture&pg=PP1]</ref> the missionaries led by Henry Little, William Burgess and the Indian Evangelist Benjamin Wesley<ref name="Village"/> who pioneered the spread of the Gospel and helped in establishing of churches in areas northward of Hyderabad winning of new converts to the fold of Christianity.

While this was so, the [[British Indian Army]] had stationed itself in [[Secunderabad]] by 1798<ref>Kalpana Markandey, Geeta Reddy Anant (Edited), ''Urban Growth Theories and Settlement Systems of India'', Concept Publishing, New Delhi, 2011, p.98.[https://books.google.com/books?id=2E-XejrqHt0C&dq=secunderabad+cantonment&pg=PA98]</ref> itself and there were already [[Christians]] of [[United Kingdom|British]] origin<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last=Lasania |first=Y. Yunus |date=2015-11-21 |title=162-year-old and still going strong|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/162yearold-and-still-going-strong/article7902905.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location= [[Hyderabad]]|access-date= 2016-11-05}}</ref> and among them were Wesleyan Methodists who had already begun worshiping following the [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodists]] traditions and it was the military troops<ref name="Village"/> who were led by a Presbyter had laid a cornerstone of the church in 1853.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

==Clergy==

===Present===
The present pastor is Rev. Dr. Prof. M. Rajeshwar Solomon,<ref name="Synod">[[Church of South India Synod]], ''Medak Diocesan Clergy''. [http://www.csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/25_Medak%20Diocese.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414153100/http://csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/25_Medak%20Diocese.pdf |date=14 April 2016 }}</ref> CSI who has been designated as the [[Presbyter]]-in-Charge of the CSI-Garrison Wesley Church.

===Past (ascending)===
* The Reverend Jyothy, CSI
* The Reverend S. P. Vidyasagar, CSI
* The Reverend [[A. C. Solomon Raj]], CSI
* The Reverend B. D. Premsagar, CSI

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author=P. Y. Luke, J. B. Carman
| title=Village Christians and Hindu Culture
| year=1968
| volume=
| isbn=978-8-1845-8089-1| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTqM8gCpXI0C&q=village+christians+and+hindu+culture&pg=PP1
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Leonard Fernando, G. Gispert-Sauch
| title=Christianity in India: Two Thousand Years of Faith
| year=2004
| volume=
| isbn=9780670057696
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dgYjLCSa0wC&q=bartholomew+kalyan&pg=PP1
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Clifford P. Morehouse in ''The Living Church''
| title=Delegation visits native parish services during tour of CSI
| year=1956
| volume=133
| issue=2
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b27kAAAAMAAJ&q=wesleyan+medak+church+of+south+india&pg=PA14
}}

{{coord|17.4788|78.5149|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Churches in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1853 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1881]]

Thanumalayan Temple

2026-01-19T17:17:42Z

Snehasis: added basic place first draft...

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Thanumalayan Temple
| image = SUCHINDAM (3).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|8|9|17|N|77|27|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
| locale = [[Suchindram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Thanumalayan
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Pandyas Vijayanagar Nayak Kings]], [[Travancore royal family]], [[Cholas]]
| website =
}}

The '''Thanumalayan Temple''', also called '''Sthanumalayan Temple''', is an important [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Suchindram]] in the [[Kanyakumari district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The Thanumalayan Temple is of importance to both [[Shaivaite]] and [[Vaishnavite]] sects of Hinduism, as the name ''Stanumalaya'' denotes the [[Trimurti]]; "Stanu" means Shiva; "Mal" means Vishnu; and the "Ayan" means Brahma.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 January 2002 |title=History of Suchindram temples |url=http://www.thehindu.com/br/2002/01/29/stories/2002012900150300.htm |accessdate=24 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It counts among the [[Abhimana Kshethram|Abhimana Kshetrams]] in Vaishnavite traditions. It is one of the [[108 Shiva Temples]] revered by the Kerala Hindu culture, though this temple is now in Tamil Nadu, after [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari District]] was merged into Tamil Nadu from [[Travancore]].

The temple complex covers around two acres and has two gateway towers called ''[[gopurams]]''. The tallest is the eastern tower with 11 stories and a height of {{convert|44|m|ft|0}}. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Sthanumalayan and that of Hanuman being the most prominent. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from [[5:30]] a.m. to 9 p.m., and many yearly festivals on its calendar, with the festival during Margazhi being the most prominent. The present masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to Thirumalai Nayak and the Travancore Maharajas. The temple is maintained and administered by the Dharmapuram Aadhenam. The temple is associated with [[Indra]] whose sin was propitiated after worshiping the presiding deity and also [[Anasuya]] known for her chastity. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
{{multiple image
|align=left
|direction=
|total_width = 350
|height=300
|image1=SUCHINDAM (8).jpg
|height1=2448
|width1=3264
|image2=SUCHINDAM (9).jpg
|footer=Pillared corridors in the temple
|height2=2448
|width2=3264
}}

The place got the name of Suchindrum from the [[Sthala Purana]]. [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] legend has it that king of [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], [[Indra]] got relieved of a curse at the place of the main [[Lingam|linga]] in the temple. The term "Suchi" in Suchindrum is believed to have derived from the Sanskrit meaning that stands for "purify". Accordingly, Indra is supposed to visit the temple for performing "Ardhajama Pooja", or worship, at midnight every day. As per another legend, sage [[Atri]] and his wife [[Anasuya]] stayed at Jnaranya. Sage Anasuya was highly devoted to her husband. The trinity of Hinduism, namely, [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] wanted to make her name eternal with their divine act. They came to the sage's hermitage as [[Brahmin]] mendicants. Anasuya treated them with utmost care. The Brahmins put forth a condition that they would accept her hospitality with a condition that she would come out nude. With her power of chastity, she converted the three to small kids and served them with her breast milk. Atri returned to the hermitage at the behest of [[Parvathi]], [[Saraswathi]] and [[Lakshmi]] (the wives of the trinity) to restore their husbands to their original form. Anasuya obliged immediately and restored the kids to their original form. The trinity blessed the couple for their devotion. The three emanated in the form of three [[Linga]]s and the place where the couple worshiped the trinity is believed to be the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=Art Shrines of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcMhnC9sYS8C&dq=suchindram+temple&pg=PA88|page=88|first=Subramanian|last=V.K.|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2003|isbn=9788170174318}}</ref>

==History==
There are several inscriptions from the period of early and medieval Cholas along with other [[Pandya]] rulers and [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] rulers in the region. There are two records from Kopparakesarivarman who took Madurai and Eezham (Sri lanka) from the 30th and 40th regnal year of [[Parantaka I]] (907–950 CE).<ref name=ASI>{{cite book|title=Middle Chola temples Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070)|last=S.R.|first=Balasubramanyam|year=1975|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/62202.pdf|pages=210–1|isbn=978-9060236079}}</ref>

The current temple was renovated by Madurai Nayak kings in the 17th century and is famous for its sculptures . It was previously administered and controlled by "Thekkumon Madam", a famous Namboothiri priest family. The main deity of the temple is Lord [[Shiva]], Lord [[Vishnu]] and Lord [[Brahma]] in a single form called Sthanumalyam. This 17th-century temple is famous for its architectural grandeur. The seven-storey white [[gopuram]] (gateway tower) is visible from a distance. Its {{convert|44|m|ft|abbr=on}} facade is covered with sculptures of Hindu deities. The Travancore Maharajas, under whose administration the temple remained till Kanyakumari's merger with Tamil Nadu, have made many endowments for its upkeep. During the reign of [[Ayilyam Thirunal|Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma]] Maharajah of Travancore, a lottery scheme was introduced in 1875 CE, to raise funds for rebuilding a portion of the temple and a sum of over Rs. 40,000 was realised.

==Architecture==
[[File:Oor koodi therr illuthal.JPG|thumb|The Temple Chariot festival]]

The temple is one of the few temples in the [[Kanyakumari]] region in both [[Dravidian architecture|Kerala style architecture]] and [[Dravidian architecture|Tamil style architecture]]. The Navaratri Mandapam built during the 16th century has a typical wooden structure like Kerala temples.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|date = 15 September 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gm42DwAAQBAJ&dq=suchindram+temple&pg=PT127|page=127|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123025728}}</ref> The temple is known for its quality of workmanship in stone. There are four musical pillars carved out of a single stone, and which stand at {{convert|18|ft|m}} in height; these are an architectural and design highlight of the temple grounds. They are in the Alankara Mandapam area, and they emit the sounds of various musical notes when struck. There are an additional 1035 pillars with carvings in the area known as the dancing hall.<ref name=Sam>{{cite web|title=The Sampradaya Sun — Independent Vaisnava News — Feature Stories — September 2009|url=http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/09-09/features1504.htm|publisher=The Sampradaya Sun|accessdate=4 March 2012}}</ref>

There is an Anjaneya ([[Hanuman]]) statue which stands at {{convert|22|ft|m}} and is carved of a single granite block. It is one of the tallest statues of its type in India. It is also of historical interest that this statue was buried in the temple in 1740 and was subsequently forgotten. It was rediscovered in 1930, and subsequently restored for viewing by the then Devaswom Board Commissioner Rajya Seva Praveena Sri M.K. Neelankantha Iyer of Kottarathu Mathom, Moncompu.<ref name=Sam/> There is also a [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] statue, made of mortar and lime, which is {{convert|13|ft|m}} tall and {{convert|21|ft|m}} long, it is one of the biggest Nandi statues in India. There are also various scenes from ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharatha]]'' depicted in various pillars in the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=India the Land of Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKQOBQAAQBAJ&dq=suchindram+temple&pg=PA125|page=125|last=Biswas|first=Subhash C|publisher=PartridgeIndia|year=2014|isbn=9781482836554}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
[[File:SUCHINDAM (1).jpg|250px|thumb|A view of the temple from outside]]

The religious significance of the temple stems from the fact that the main statue of linga represent [[Shiva]] (Sthanu), [[Vishnu]] (maal) and [[Brahma]] (Ayan) (as well as giving the temple its name). The representation of the three central gods of Hinduism in one linga makes it unique in India. The 10-day procession [[Temple car|including the car festival in the last few days]] is celebrated in this temple between December and January, attracts crowds of thousands of people. Special worship practices are followed and the festival images of Sthanumalayan, Aram valartha Nayagi and Vinayagar are taken in the temple car around the streets of the temple. Another festival known as Teppam is celebrated during between April and May every year. The Sanskrit work ''Sucindrastalamahatmya'' gives a full-fledged legendary account of the origin and development of this temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands participate in Suchindram car festival|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/Thousands-participate-in-Suchindram-car-festival/article17018745.ece|work=The Hindu|date=10 January 2017|accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref>

==Administration==
The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959]</ref>

==See also==
* [[108 Shiva Temples]]

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
*[https://templeknowledge.com/suchindram-temple/ Suchindram Temple]

{{commons category}}
{{Regions of Kanyakumari|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thanumalayan Temple}}
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]
[[Category:Brahma temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanyakumari district]]

Satur railway station

2026-01-12T11:56:41Z

Snehasis: added a entry first draft...

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Satur
| native_name = <hr/>சாத்தூர்
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image_size =
| other_name = Sattur or Saathur
| address = [[Sattur]], [[Virudhunagar district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.35775384723637|77.92224675672794|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|80|m}}
| line = [[Virudhunagar Junction railway station|Virudhunagar Junction]] - [[Vanchi Maniyachchi Junction railway station|Vanchi Maniyachchi Junction]]
| other = [[Bus stand]], [[Auto rickshaw|auto rickshaw stand]]
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| parking = Available
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|1876}}
| closed =
| rebuilt = {{Start date and age|1999}} (from [[Meter Gauge]] to [[Broad Gauge]]), {{start date and age|2022}} During Double Line
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SRT
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{abbrlink|Madurai|Madurai railway division}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers = 460,639 (per year) 1,262 (per day)
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2022–23
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank = 5
| image =
| image_caption = Main entrance of the station
| map_dot_label = Satur railway station
| map_type = India#India Tamil Nadu
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| route_map = {{Virudhunagar - Vanchi Maniyachchi line}}
}}
'''Satur railway station''' (station code: SRT) is an NSG–5 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Madurai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=9 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It serves [[Sattur]], located in [[Virudhunagar district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="annual_earnings">{{cite web |title=Annual Originating Passengers & Earnings for the year 2022-23 |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1707457097521-Originating%202022-23.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405104303/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1707457097521-Originating%202022-23.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2024 |page=1}}</ref> The station was opened in 1876 and rebuilt in 2022 during the double line project. Historical records confirm that Mahatma Gandhi visited Sattur, located in the Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu, as part of his travels in the state. Considering the railway's importance for travel at that time, his journeys to and from Sattur likely involved the railway station

== Performance and earnings ==
For the FY 2022–23, the annual earnings of the station was {{INRConvert|97777317}} and daily earnings was {{INRConvert|267883}}. For the same financial year, the annual passenger count was 460,639 and daily count was 1,262. While, the footfall per day was recorded as 2,431.<ref name="annual_earnings" />

==Train==
More than 80 train passes through Satur Railway station. 2 minutes halt provide for 57 trains such as 33 Mail/Express Trains, 22 SuperFast Trains, 2 Antyodaya Trains.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Madurai railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1876]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Bakor Patel

2026-01-12T03:42:35Z

Snehasis: small adjusted intro per sources further and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Bakor Patel
| series = 
| image = Bakor_Patel.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Bakor Patel depicted as an anthropomorphic goat reading newspaper and wearing [[paghadi]], [[kurta]] and [[dhoti]]
| first = 1936
| last = 1955
| creator = [[Hariprasad Vyas]]
| portrayer =
| voice =
| lbl1 = Publisher
| data1 = ''Gandiv'' by Gandiv Sahitya Mandir, [[Surat]]
| lbl2 = Artists
| data2 = Tansukh, Mansukh, V. Ramanuj
| lbl3 = Language
| data3 = Gujarati
| info-hdr =
| noinfo =
| full_name =
| nickname =
| alias =
| species = Goat
| gender = Male
| occupation = Businessman
| affiliation =
| title =
| family =
| spouse = Shakri Patlani
| significant_other = Vaghjibhai Vakil, Hathishankar Dhamdhamiya, Untadiya Vaidya
| children = No
| relatives =
| religion =
| nationality =
| lbl21 =
| data21 =
| lbl22 =
| data22 =
| lbl23 =
| data23 =
| extra-hdr =
| lbl31 =
| data31 =
| lbl32 =
| data32 =
| lbl33 =
| data33 =
}}
'''Bakor Patel''' is [[children's literature in Gujarati language|children's literature]] character created by [[Hariprasad Vyas]] for [[talking animals in fiction|talking animal]] stories. The stories were published in ''Gandiv'', a children's biweekly in [[Gujarati language]] by Gandiv Sahitya Mandir, [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], India. The humorous stories about Bakor Patel first appeared in 1936 and continued till 1955. The stories included other [[anthropomorphic]] characters including his wife, Shakri Patlani. The stories were accompanied with an illustration and title printed in typical typography; drawn by two Surat based artist brothers, Tansukh and Mansukh.<ref name="Kothari 2004">{{cite web | last=Kothari | first=Urvish | title=બકોર પટેલ : એકવીસમી સદીમાં | website=gujarati world | date=1 March 2004 | url=http://urvishkothari-gujarati.blogspot.in/2014/10/blog-post_26.html | language=gu | access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="su2012">{{cite web | author=Suresh Joshi | title=વ્યાસ હરિપ્રસાદ મણિરાય, Vyas Hariprasad Maniray | website=ગુજરાતી પ્રતિભા પરિચય | date=16 October 2012 | url=https://sureshbjani.wordpress.com/2012/10/16/vyas-hariprasad/ | language=gu | access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> The character became the icon of Gujarati children's literature and was later adapted into a children's play.

==Characters and story==
Bakor Patel is a [[goat]] depicted as middle aged businessman living in [[Bombay]] with his goat wife Shakri Patlani. He owns a trading business in Bombay that works with firms in Japan. He lives an upper middle class life in 1940-50s and owns bungalow and car. His friends include other [[anthropomorphic]] animals like a tiger, Vaghjibhai Vakil as a lawyer; an elephant, Hathibhai Dhamdhamiya; a camel, Untadiya Doctor as a doctor; a [[pundit]], Timu Pandit; Jiraf Joshi; Bankubhai and several others. Sometimes spouses of the characters and some female characters like Khushaldoshi are depicted.<ref name="Kothari 2004"/><ref name="pen">{{cite book|title=The Indian P.E.N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrhPAQAAIAAJ|year=1955|page=399}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wc6AQAAIAAJ|date=October 1974|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|page=33}}</ref>

The stories take place in Bombay during the 1940s and 1950s. Bakor Patel is depicted as a social family person who travels for business and enjoy his time with family and friends back home. He has a mature relationship with his wife, Shakri Patlani. He seeks small adventures in his regular life and tries to experience new things that often go wrong in the end. Yet, he joyfully accepts failures of his adventures and continues on to the next one. His family and friends accompany in his adventures and shares the delight.<ref name="Kothari 2004"/>

==Style and history==
The ''Gandiv'', a children's biweekly in [[Gujarati language]] published by Gandiv Sahitya Mandir, [[Surat]] was started in August 1925 by Natwarlal Malvi. The biweekly continued till 1973.<ref name="Kothari 2004"/>

[[Hariprasad Vyas]] wrote these light humorous stories on the suggestion of Natwarlal Malvi. The chief characters Bakor Patel was named after Bakor Mukhi from his maternal family and Shakri Patlani was modified from his wife Bakri. He visualised the characters as a goat and subsequently other characters were inspired by other animals with their usual characteristics. Natwarlal Malvi had discussed with Vyas about children's stories from the Russian literature which are satire on human society. Malvi had known this from ''Red Virtue'' (1933) by British journalist [[Ella Winter]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ|last=Trivedi|first=Shraddha|publisher=Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|year=2000|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|edition=1st|location=Ahmedabad|pages=12–13|language=gu|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia}}</ref> The stories are social in nature and depicted commons social life of upper middle class in the cities of that time. The stories were printed in big types accompanied with an illustration mostly in black and white and title printed in typical typography which were drawn by two Surat based artist brothers, Tansukh and Mansukh.<ref name="Kothari 2004"/><ref name="pen"/>

Later the stories were reprinted in large format children's books accompanied with drawings in colors. When the illustration were redrawn by V. Ramanuj for new editions, they were slightly different from the original art.

The stories selected by Mahendra Meghani and translated in English by Piyush Joshi were published by the [[National Book Trust]] in 2009.

==Reception and influence==
The stories were popular among children as well as admired by adults when they were first appeared in biweekly. They are still popular across Gujarat and is considered as an icon of children's literature in Gujarati language.<ref name="Kothari 2004"/><ref name="ary">{{cite book|title=Aryan Path|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZIkAQAAIAAJ|year=1949|page=220}}</ref><ref name="Jhaveri2014">{{cite book|author=Urmila Jhaveri|title=Dancing With Destiny: Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ts4AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|date=10 February 2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing India|isbn=978-1-4828-1043-1|page=40}}</ref> The success of the stories resulted in several other stories appearing in Gujarati children's literature with anthropomorphic characters like Galbo Shiyal by [[Ramanlal Soni]]. The stories influenced writers like [[Taarak Mehta]] whose humorous weekly column ''Duniya ne Oondha Chashma'' has similar social background.<ref name="Kothari 2004"/>

==Adaptation==
''Bakor Patel'', a children's play based on the character was produced by the [[Indian National Theatre]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0220|title=The Oxford companion to Indian theatre|last=Lal|first=Ananda|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001|year=2004|isbn=978-0195644463|location=New Delhi|oclc=56986659|via=Oxford Reference|chapter=Indian National Theatre}}</ref>

==Books==
Some of the books are:
* ''Bakor Patel : Aade Bakade''
* ''Bakor Patel : Aasmanma!''
* ''Bakor Patel : Andhale Behru''
* ''Bakor Patel : April Fool''
* ''Bakor Patel : Chamatkar Tya Namaskar''
* ''Bakor Patel : Dholkun Dholyun!''
* ''Bakor Patel : Doctor nay Doctor''
* ''Bakor Patel : Gammat Par Gammat''
* ''Bakor Patel : Goyam Pindam''
* ''Bakor Patel : Jagjo Re!''
* ''Bakor Patel : Lyo Leta Jao''
* ''Bakor Patel : Papadiyo Jang!''
* ''Bakor Patel : Raj nu Gaj''
* ''Bakor Patel : Ran Medane''
* ''Bakor Patel : Sampetara''
* ''Bakor Patel : Tachakiyu''
* ''Bakor Patel : Tran Trekhad?''
* ''Bakor Patel : Ujani''
* ''Bakor Patel na Chhabarda''
* ''Bakor Patel na Parakramo''
* ''Bakor Patel ni Gammato''
* ''Bakor Patel ni Garbado''
* ''Bakor Patel ni Kahanio''
* ''Bakor Patel ni Kathao''
* ''Bakor Patel ni Vaato''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite book | last=Vyas | first=Hari Prasad | last2=Joshi | first2=Piyush | last3=Joseph | first3=Jose | title=Stories of Bakor Patel:Selection from the Original Gujarati Stories was made by Mahendra Meghani | publisher=National Book Trust | url=http://www.printsasia.in/book/stories-of-bakor-patel-selection-from-the-original-gujarati-stories-was-made-by-mahendra-meghani-8123735847-9788123735849 | isbn=978-8123735849 }}
*{{cite web | title=બકોર પટેલ : પાપડિયો જંગ ! – હરિપ્રસાદ વ્યાસ (Selected Story ''Bakor Patel : Papadiyo Jang!'') | website=ReadGujarati.com | date=12 August 2010 | url=http://archive.readgujarati.in/sahitya2/2010/08/12/papadiyo-jung/ | language=gu | access-date=23 September 2015 | archive-date=25 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925110236/http://archive.readgujarati.in/sahitya2/2010/08/12/papadiyo-jung/ | url-status=dead }}
{{Humor and wit characters}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anthropomorphic goats]]
[[Category:Fictional goats]]
[[Category:Humour and wit characters of India]]
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1936]]
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Picture books]]
[[Category:Animal tales]]
[[Category:Short stories about talking animals]]
[[Category:Characters in children's literature]]
[[Category:Indian children's literature]]
[[Category:Mumbai in fiction]]

List of Telugu films of 1983

2025-11-27T07:27:14Z

Snehasis: brief fixed page for accuracy further and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|None}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Tollywood films}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/Newspaper.aspx|title=Press Academy of Andhra Pradesh|website=pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in|access-date=2018-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/main/|title=Welcome to CBFC|website=www.cbfcindia.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref> This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] (Telugu language film industry) based in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in the year [[1983 in film|1983]]. Total movies released 150

(A) stands for Adult in that year, present day Parental Guidance(PG) - may contain vulgar, slang, language, violence, etc. etc., NR Likely Not Released, missed CBFC rating

(R) Regular Show, (M) Morning Show, (N) Noon Show

== Released films ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Title!!Director
!Production!!Music!!Cast
!Genre!!Release
|-
|''[[Aalaya Sikharam]]''||[[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
(Screenplay/Direction)
|Sri Lalitha Movies||[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]
|[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sumalatha]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharadha]]||Drama PG (UA)
|7 May 1983
|-
|''[[Adavalle Aligithe]]''||Satyanarayana Vejella
Lyrics: Nellutla
|Vijayachitra Pictures
|Krishna – Chakra||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]], [[Nutan Prasad]], Y. Vijaya, Devika, Rajeswari, Varalakshmi, Rajyalaksmi,||U Comedy
|3 December 1983
|-
|''[[Abhilasha (1983 film)|Abhilasha]]''||[[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| ||[[Ilaiyaraaja]]||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Rao Gopal Rao]]||Thriller (A)||11 March 1983
|-
|''Adadhi Aata Bommaa!''
|R. K. Battula (Story/Direction)
Dialogues: Swarnasri, Satyanand
Lyrics: Acharya Thirumala, S. Ghanes Rao
|R. K. Battula Productions
|Gopalakrishna
|Sekthi, Sony, Saikiran, S. S. Reddy, Raviraj, R. M. Joshi, Prabhakar, Umarani, Chitralekha, Jyothikiran, A. Radhakrishna, Sodala Prabhakar, Narasimha Reddy
|(A)
|??.??.1983
|-
|''[[Adavi Simhalu]]''||[[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
Dialogues: Satynand
Lyrics: Veturi
Art: Bhaskara Raju
Editor: Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao
|Vaijayanthi Movies
|Chakravarthy
|[[Krishnam Raju]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Sridevi]], [[Silk Smitha]], Rao Gopala Rao, Kaikala Satyanarayana, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Prasad Babu, Maada, LuLu (Chimpanzee)||ActionScope U
|28 April 1983
|-
|''Agni Jwala''
|Boyina Subba Rao, Tripuraneni Varaprasad
(co-director)
Screenplay: M. D. Sundhar
Story: GVK unit
Dialogues: Satyanand
|G.V.K. Combines
|Satyam
|[[Mohan Babu]], [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]], Naresh, Aruna, Annapurna, Kaikala Satyanarayana, Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy, Giri Babu, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Tyagaraju, Suthi Janta,
|
|14 July 1983
|-
|''Agni Samadhi''
|[[K. S. R. Das]]
Dialogues: Atreya
Lyrics: Atreya
|Makkal Thilagam Pictures
|Satyam
|Naresh, Kaikala Satyanarayana, Jaggaiah, Rao Gopala Rao
|(A)
|21 October 1983
|-
|''Akka Mogudu Chelleli Kapuram''
|Katta Subba Rao
Story and Dialogues: D. V. Narasa Raju
Lyrics: Veturi
|Sowmya International
|Chakravathy
|Chandra Mohan, Prabha, Kavitha, Ramji, Allu Rama Lingaiah, P. L. Narayana, Tyagaraju, Rallapalli, Suryakantham, Nutan Prasad, Chakravarthy
|(A)
Comedy
|14 January 1983
|-
|''[[Amarajeevi]]''||[[Jandhyala]]
(Screenplay/Direction/Dialogues)
Lyrics: Veturi
|Jyothi Art Creations
|Chakravarthy||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jaya Prada]], Sumalatha, Sarath Babu, Narasimha Raju, [[Pandari Bai]] Srilakshmi, Nagesh, Kanta Rao, Sakshi Ranga Rao, Sutti Velu, Shankar, Tham, Master Hari, Baby Kavitha
| ||19 August 1983
|-
|''Amayakudu Kadhu Asadhyudu''
|Vijaya Nirmala
(Screenplay/Direction)
Dialogues: Appalacharya
Story: Dundi
Lyrics: Arudhra, Kosaraju, Veturi, Appalacharya, Nellutla
|Sesirekha Movies
|Satyam
|[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], Jayasudha, Anjali Devi, Kaikala Satyanarayana, Prathap Potan, Sudhakar, Ramji, Thulasi, Syamala Gowri, Tyagaraju, Giri Babu
|
|30 June 1983
|-
|''Amayaka Chakravarthy''
|Janardhan
(Screenplay/Direction)
Dialogues: Kasi Viswanath
Lyrics: Veturi, Sivadatta
|Lalini Chitra
|Krishna & Chakra
|Chandra Mohan, Vijaya Santhi, [[Jayamalini]], Krishnaveni, Anitha, Baby Sunitha, Gokina Rama Rao, Chakrapani, Chitti Babu, Rajesh, Nailinikanth, Rallapalli (Guest Actors) Nutan Prasad, Gollapudi, Maruthi Rao
|(A)
|25 March 1983
|-
|''[[Andhra Kesari (film)|Andhra Kesari]]''||Thirumalai, Vijayachander
(Direction)
Vijayachander
(Screenplay)
Ravi Raja Pinisetty
Dialogues: Modhukuri Johnson
Lyrics: SriSri, Arudra, Dr. Cnare, Modhukuri Johnson
|Radha Chitra Combines
|Satyam
|[[Vijayachander]], [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], [[Heera Rajagopal]]||Biographical (U) CBFC
|20 May 1983
|-
|''Antham Chusina Adadhi''
|
|J. W. International
|
|
|(A) CBFC
|10 June 1983
|-
|''Apadhbandhavulu''
|
|Sri Aparna Movies
|
|
|(U) CBFC
22 June 1983
|NR
|-
|''[[Bahudoorapu Batasari]]''||Dasari Narayana Rao
(Story/Dialogues/Lyrics/Screenplay/Direction)
|Tharaka Prabhu Films
|[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], Suhasini, Gummadi Venkateswara Rao, Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy, Dasari Narayana Rao, Jaggaiah, Rama Krishna, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Narayana Rao, Bhanu Chandar, Raajaa, Rama Prabha
|Drama (U) ||19 May 1983
|-
|''[[Balidaan (1985 film)|Balidaanam]]''||[[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
(Screenplay, Direction)
Dialogues: Kasi Viswanadha Rao,
Lyrics: Veturi, Atreya, Gopi
|Santhosh Art Movies
|[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||[[Shoban Babu]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], Gummadi, Rao Gopala Rao, Nirmala, Jaggaiah, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Balakrishna, Nutan Prasad, Sakshi Ranga Rao, Chandramohan (Cameo)||Action (A)
|1 January 1983
|-
|''Bandhipotu Rudramma''
|K. S. Reddy
|
|Satyam
|Kavitha, Vijaya Lalitha, Narasimha Raju, Jeeva
|(A)
|9 April 1983
|-
|''[[Bezawada Bebbuli]]''||[[Vijaya Nirmala]]
|Sri Vijaya Rama Pictures||[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]],
[[Vijaya Nirmala]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Peketi Sivaram|Peketi Sivarao]], Mada,
Syamala Gowri
| ||14 January 1983
|-
|''Bhairava Kona''
|This needs further verification
|Sri Sai Datta Films
|
|
|(A) CBFC
11 October 1994
|??.??.1983
|-
|''[[Bhama Rukmani|Bhama Rukmini]]''
(Tamil Dubbed)
|R. Bhaskaran
(Direction)
K. Bhagyaraj
(Story/Screenplay)
Dialogues: Vasantha Kumar
Lyrics: Vituri
|S.V.S Creations
|M. S. Viswanathan
|K. Bhagyaraj, Radhika, Praveena, Nagesh
|Drama (U) CBFC
|15 October 1983
|-
|''Bharathamma Muddu Biddalu''
|Veera
(Screenplay/Direction)
A. Nageswara Rao
Story/Producer
Dialogues: Masterji
Lyrics: Veera, Uthpala Varada Raja – Songs 4
Records: ACE/SEA
|Fabina Art Creations
|K. S. Murthy
|
|CBFC not found
Likely (NR)
|??.??.1983
|-
|''Bharya Bharthala Sawal''
|Chandrashekar Reddy
Story: N. V. Subbaraju
Dialogues: Modhukuri
|Padmaja Kalamadhir
|Raj–Koti
|Mohan Babu, Sumalatha, Rao Gopala Rao, Aruna, Rajesh, Nutan Prasad, Syamala Gowri
|
|7 October 1983
|-
|''C I D Simham'' (Kannada Dub Sahasa Simha 1982)
|Joe Simon
(Screenplay/Direction)
Dialogues: Bhusrapu
Lyrics: Veturi
|Dinesh Arts
|Satyam
|Vishnuvardha, Kajal Kiran,
Rajya Lakshmi, Prabhakar, Vajramuni
|(A) CBFC
|??.??.1983
|-
|''[[Bhaari Bharjari Bete|Challenge Vetagallu]]''
(Kannada Dubbed)
|[[Rajendra Singh Babu|S. V. Rajendra Singh]]
|Sri Vigneswara Cine Art Creations
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilayaraja]]
|Ambareesh, Shankar Nag, Jayamala, Swapna, M. P. Shankar
|
|23 June 1983
|-
|''[[Chanda Sasanudu]]''||N. T. Rama Rao
| || ||[[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]||Action ||28 May 1983
|-
|''Chandi Chamundi''
(Dubbed Hindi version – Maut ka Badla Maut – 1985)
|K. S. Reddy
Story/Dialogues: Perala
Lyrics: Dr. Cnare, Rajasri
(Disco Disco Disco)
Playback: S. Janaki
|Surekha Pictures
|Satyam
|Kavitha, Vijaya Lalitha, Nutan Prasad, Sakshi Rangarao, Jeeva, Bindu Ghosh
Raja (Elephant)
|
|16 December 1983
|-
|''Chandi Rani''
|P. Chandrasekhara Reddy
Story: N. V. Subba Raju
Dialogues: Srinivasa Reddy
Lyrics: Veturi, Appalacharya
|Sri Vani Arts
|Raj–Koti
|Suman, Kavitha, Syamala Gowri, Gollapudi, Jayamala, Radha Kumari
|(A)
|11 November 1983
|-
|''[[Sattam|Chattam]]''
(Tamil Dubbed)
|[[K. Vijayan]]
|Suresh Arts
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Y. G. Mahendra]], [[Sathyakala]], [[Silk Smitha]]
|Action
|4 November 1983
|-
|''Chattaniki Sawal''
(Tamil Dubbed ''Sattathukku Oru Saval)''
|[[M. Karnan]]
|G. C. Arts
|Shankar Ganesh, Ramakrishna Raja
|[[Suman (actor)|Suman]], Madhavi, [[Silk Smitha]]
|Action
|16 December 1983
|-
|''[[Chattaniki Veyi Kallu]]''
|Vijaya Nirmala
(Screenplay/Direction)
Dialogues: Paruchuri Brothers
|Ranjit Arts
|Chakravarthy
|[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] (Dual Role), Jaya Sudha, Madhavi, Nutan Prasad, Rao Gopala Rao, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Giri Babu, Tyagaraju, Ravi Kondala Rao, Jayamalini, Nirmala, Kanta Rao, Rajanala
|
|31 March 1983
|-
|''Chilaka Josyam''
|M. Pardha Saradhi
|Aadi Sekti Chitra
|
|
|
|21 April 1983
|-
|''[[Darling, Darling, Darling]]''
(Tamil Dubbed)
|K. Bhagyaraj
Dialogues/Lyrics: Rajasri
|Amaravathy Arts
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima Jayaram]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]], [[Anju (actress)|Baby Anju]]
|Romance, Drama(U) CBFC
|14 May 1983
|-
|''[[Paayum Puli (1983 film)|Debbaku Debba]]''
(Tamil Dubbed)
|S. P. Mutturaman
|J.K Films
(AVM Productions)
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Rajinikanth]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Thiagarajan]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Y. G. Mahendra]], [[Silk Smitha]]
|Action (U)
|13 May 1983
|-
|''Desanikokkadu''
|C. V. Rajendran
Story: Gollapudi
Dialogues: Bhusrapu,
Lyrics: Rajasri, Vituri
|Ajai Art Creations
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Rajinikanth]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], Jaya Malini
|(U) CBFC
8 April 1983
|12 August 1983
|-
|''[[Devi Kanyakumari (film)|Devi Kanaykumari]]''
(Tamil Dubbed)
|[[P. Subramaniam]]
Lyrics: Veeturi
(Records- AVM Music Service)1982
|Sabari Art Pictures
|Devarajan
|[[Vinodini Sasimohan|Baby Vinodini]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]],
[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]], [[Kedamangalam Sadanandan|Kedamangalam]], [[Kedamangalam Sadanandan|Sadanandan]], [[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]], [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], [[Unnimary]], [[Adoor Bhavani]], [[Adoor Pankajam]]
|Devotional
(U)
|21 May 1983
|-
|''[[Thaai Mookaambikai|Devi Moogambika]]''
(Tamil Dubbed)
|K. Shankar
Dialogues/Lyrics: Rajasri
|Vijaya Adhitya Creations
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Saritha]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima]], [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Jayaram]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], Murali
|Devotional
CBFC
(U)
|20 May 1983
|-
|''Devi Sridevi''
|Raja Chandra
Story: Balamurugan
Dialogues: Poosala
|Jayabheri Art Productions
|Chakravarthy
|Jayasudha, Radhika, Murali Mohan, Giri Babu, Gummadi, Tulasi, Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy, Prabha, Rajesh
|
|7 October 1983
|-
|''Dharma Poratam''
|Boyina Subba Rao
|Sri Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures
|Satyam
|Mohan Babu, Gummadi Venkateswara Rao,
Pandari Bai, Giri Babu
|(A)
|4 February 1983
|-
|''[[Dharmaatmudu]]''
|B. Bhaskara Rao
Story: Dr. M. Prabhakara Reddy
|Sri Bramarambika Films
|Satyam
|Krishnam Raju, Jayasudha, Vijaya Santhi, Gummadi
|Drama (U)
|16 September 1983
|-
|''[[Bhoomige Banda Bhagavantha|Digivachina Devudu]]''
(Kannada Dubbed)
|[[K. S. L. Swamy]] (Ravi)
(First Telugu Song by [[Mahendra Kapoor]])
|Katyayani Creations
|[[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|[[Lokesh]], [[Jai Jagadish]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Vajramuni]], [[Roja Ramani]]
|PG
(UA)
|9 September 1983
|-
|''Doctor Gari Kodalu''
(Tamil Dubbed)
|[[Muktha Srinivasan]]
|
|
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Saritha]]
|
|18 February 1983
|-
|''Durga Devi''
|Nandam Harischandra Rao
Dialogues: Paruchuri Brothers
|Vijaya Madhavee Pictures
|J. V. Raghavulu
|Mohan Babu, Murali Mohan, Jayasudha, Sarada, Geetha
|
|8 July 1983
|-
|''[[Ee Desamlo Oka Roju]]''||Satyanarayana Vejella
Dialogues: Paruchuri Gopala Krishna
|Kumar Raja Pictures
|[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||Rajendra Prasad, Kavitha, Sai Chand, Gummadi, Siva Krishna, Nutan Prasad, Jyothi, Geetha
|(A)
|10 March 1983
|-
|''Ee Pillaku Pellavuthunda''
|Vejella Satyanarayana
Dialogues: P. Gopala Krishna
Lyrics: Nellutla
|Sri Bala Balaji Combines
|Chakravarthy
|Gummadi, Sai Chand, Jyothi, Purnima, Syamala Gowri, Tulasi, Nutan Prasad
|
|26 August 1983
|-
|''[[Ganga Gowri (1973 film)|Eeswarudu Seneswarudu]]''
(Tamil Dubbed)
|[[B. R. Panthulu]]
|Dasanjaneya Pictures
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Jayalalithaa]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|Devotional
|4 February 1983
|-
|''[[Gaanam]]''
(Malayalam Dubbed)
|[[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
|Sarada Movie Creations
|Susarla & Upendra Kumar
|[[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], Poornima, Lakshmi
|Musical Drama
|15 December 1983
|-
|''Gaju Bommalu''
|Koneru Ravindranath
Lyrics: Veturi, Atreya
|Natanalaya Combines
|Ramesh Naidu
|Sarath Babu, Rama Prabha,
|(A) CBFC
|11 February 1983
|-
|''Grahanam Vidichindi''
|Bose
(Story/Screenplay/Direction)
Dialogues: Dhanam Gopala Krishna
|Kalyana Chakravarthi Films
|Ramesh Naidu
|Murali Mohan, Kavitha, Nutan Prasad, Sakshi Ranga Rao, Gokina Rama Rao, Saradhi, Mikkilineni, Lakshmisri, Kakinada Syamala, Lathapriya, Jhansi
|
|22 July 1983
(Hyd – 18 August 1983)
|-
|''[[Gudachari No.1]]''||[[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
Dialogues: Satyanand
Lyrics: Veturi
|Vijaya Lakshmi Art Pictures
|[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Rao Gopal Rao]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], Gollapudi, Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy, Satyakala, Raja, P. L. Narayana||Spy Thriller ||30 June 1983
|-
|''Iddaru Kiladeelu''
'''(A 1st Telugu movie with real Martial arts, Judo Fights)'''
|Relangi Narasimha Rao
Story: Bharat
Dialogues: Kasi Viswanath Rao, Bharat
Lyrics: SriSri, Gopi
|Charitha Chitra
|Joy
|Suman, Bhanuchandar, Jaya Sudha, Aruna, Sad-hana, Ramana Murthy, Nutan Prasad, '''Judo Raj,'''
|(A) CBFC
|3 June 1983
|-
|''Idhi Kadhu Mugimpu''
|Satyanarayana Vejella
(Screenplay/Direction)
Dialogues: Paruchuri Gopalakrishna
Song: 01 Visala Bharata Kiranalam
02 Andhala Bommaku Kalyanamanta
|Ureka Cine Enterprises
|Sivajiraja
|Rajendra Prasad, Geetha, Jyothi, Kaikala Satyannarayana, Ranganath, Narasimharaju, Gummadi Venkateswara Rao, Nutan Prasad, Siva Krishna, Rajya Lakshmi
|
|18 February 1983
|-
|''Ikanaina Marandi''
|Gangadhar
(Direction)
Turayur K. Murthy
(Screenplay)
Story: M. D. J.
Dialogues: Atreya
Lyrics: Atreya, Veturi
|Easwari Art Pictures
|Satyam
|Murali Mohan, Jyothi, Gummadi, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Rallapalli, Sakshi Ranga Rao, Ravi Kondala Rao, Vallam Narasimha Rao, Manorama, Attili Lakshmi, Kakinada Syamala, Padma
|(A) CBFC
|7 May 1983
|-
|''Intalludu''
|
|
|
|
|CBFC not found
likely (NR)
|??.??.1983
|-
|''Kasi Yatra''
|
|Santhoshi Productions
(Siddipeta)
|
|
|(U) CBFC
28 February 1983
|??.??.1983
|-
|''Kaksha Sadistha''
|
|
|
|
|
|18 June 1983
|-
|''Kala Yamudu''
|Nandham Harischandra Rao
Story: Balamurugan
Dialogues: Paruchuri Brothers
Lyrics: Veturi
|Sree Pallavi Films
|J. V. Raghavulu
|Mohan Babu, Sree Pallavi, Sarada, Jayamalini, Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy, Giri Babu, etc.
|
|13 October 1983
|-
|''Kaliyuga Dhaivam''
|M. R. Raju
(Story/Screenplay/Direction)
Lyrics: Vituri
|Sri Raghavendra Art Creations
|Satyam
|Rama Krishna, Latha, Sarada, Sarath Babu, Kavitha, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Rama Prabha, Jeeva, Pandari Bai
|
|25 August 1983
|-
|''Kalyana Veena''
|Giridhar
(Direction)
Story/Screenplay/Dialogues/Lyrics: Mallemala
|Mallemala Creations
|Satyam
|Suman, Aruna,
|
|17 September 1983
|-
|''[[Ezham Rathri|Kanne Donga]]''
(Malayalam Dubbed)
|Kalanilayam Krishna Kumar
|Almighty Films
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], Subhashini, Nagesh, Jyothi Lakshmi,
|Thriller (U)
|3 June 1983
|-
|''Kanthaiyya Kanakaiyya''
|
|
|
|
|
|9 July 1983
|-
|''Keerthi Kantha Kanakam''
|
|
|
|
|
|9 April 1983
|-
|''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]''||[[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| ||[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sumalatha]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Rao Gopal Rao]]||Action ||28 October 1983
|-
|''Kirayi Bommalu''
|Katikaneni Madhusudhana Rao
Lyrics: Sri Sri, C. Narayana Reddy, Ramakrishna
|Mayur Enterprises
|Pendyala
|Jayanthi, Prabha, Geetha, Suresh, Ramakrishna, Rallapalli, Jeeva, Pandari Bai, [[Kalpana Rai]], etc.
|Action CBFC not found (NR)
or '''shelved'''
|??.??.1983
|-
|''[[Kirayi Kotigadu]]''||[[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
Dilogues: Satyanand
|Ramprasad Art Pictures
|[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Sridevi]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], Rao
Gopala Rao, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Sridhar, Aruna,
Nirmala
| ||17 March 1983
|-
|''[[Ranga (1982 film)|Kirayi Rangadu]]''
(Tamil Dubbed)
|R. Thyagarajan
Dialogues: Vasanth Kumar
Lyrics: Vituri, Gopi
|Ramana Art Films
|Shankar Ganesh & A. A. Raj
|[[Rajinikanth]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]], [[Silk Smitha]]
|
|9 July 1983
|-
|''Kodalu Kaavaali''
|Giridhar
(Story/Screenplay/Direction)
Dialogues: Ganesh Pathro
|Gowri Art Creations
|Satyam
|Suman, Purnima, Nutan Prasad, Rupa Chakravarthy, Tyagaraju, Niramala,
|(U) CBFC
|10 March 1983
|-
|''[[Kokilamma]]''||[[K. Balachander]]
|Lakshmijyothii Films||[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Saritha]], Rajesh, Swapna, Chaganti Venkateswara Rao, Krishna Chaitanya,
|
|7 May 1983
|-
|''Konte Kodallu''
|Kommineni
(Screenplay/Direction)
Lyrics: Rajasri, K. Rajeswara Rao, Dr. Cnare
|PVS Films
|Chakravarthi
|Suryakantam, Gollapudi, Sudhakar, Bhanuchandar, Poornima, Tulasi
|
|9 December 1983
|-
|''[[Koti Kokkadu]]''||[[Kommineni Seshagiri Rao]]
|Radha Krishna Movies
|[[Rajan–Nagendra]]||[[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Murali Mohan]]||(U) CBFC 5 August 1983
|11 August 1983
|-
|''[[:te:కుంకుమ తిలకం|Kunkuma Tilakam]]''
|B. Bhaskara Rao
(Screenplay/Direction)
Dialogues: Suri
Lyrics: Gopi
|Sri Vigneswara Art Pictures
|Satyam
|Murali Mohan, Jaya Sudha, Hema Sundar, Suresh Oberoi, Ravi Kondala Rao, Pushpalatha, Suresh
|(U) CBFC
|28 January 1983
|-
|''[[Lanke Bindelu]] ''||[[Vijaya Nirmala]]
(Screenplay/Direction)
Dialogues: K. Appalacharya
Lyrics: Veturi
|Ranjit Creations
|[[Rajan–Nagendra]]||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Anjali Devi]], Allu Rama Lingaiah, Kanta Rao, Nutan Prasad, Giri Babu, Thyagaraju, Narasimha Raju, Jyothilakshmi, Suryakantam, Annapurna
| (U) ||10 November 1983
|-
|''[[M.L.A. Yedukondalu]]''
|Dasari Narayana Rao
|
|Chakravarthy
|Dasari Narayana Rao, Jaya Sudha, Sujatha,
[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Dr. M. Prabhakar]]
[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Reddy]], Vankayala, Balaji,
|
|9 January 1983
|-
|''Maa Intaina Katha''
|K. Phanindra
(Story/Screenplay/Direction)
Dialogues: D. Narayana Rao
|Gopi Krishna Movie Creations
|Rajan–Nagendra
|Chandra Mohan, Sulakshana, Padmanabham,
Rama Prabha, [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]], Narasimha Raju,
Jaya Malini
|(A)
|4 March 1983
|-
|''[[Maa Inti Premayanam]]''||Aluri Ravi
Story/Dialogues: Yerramsetti Sai
|Chandramani Productions
|J. V. Raghavulu||[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], Sulakshana, Jyothi, Nutan
Prasad, [[Ramaprabha]], [[Prasad Babu]], Saradhi
Guest role: Sarath Babu, [[Chiranjeevi]]
|Romance, Drama ||11 August 1983
|-
|''Maa Intiki Randi''
|Kodi Ramakrishna
Lyrics: Dr. Cnare
|Lalitha Kalanjali's
|J. V. Raghavulu
|Kodi Ramakrishna, Suhasin, Banuchandar, Aruna, Gollapudi, Rupa
|
|
|-
|''[[Maga Maharaju]]''||[[Vijaya Bapineedu]]
| ||[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Rao Gopal Rao]], [[Nutan Prasad|Nutan]]
[[Nutan Prasad|Prasad]]
|Drama ||
|-
|''Magallako Namaskaram''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Maharani'' (Tamil Dubbed Nayakkarin Magal 1982)
|K. S. Gopalakrishnan
No further details available
Sheshmahal (R)
Sudarshan 70 mm (M)
CinemaScope
|Sivachitra Movies
|Shankar Ganesh
|Jayachitra, Jai Ganesh, Vijaykumar, Satyaraj
|
|11 November 1983
|-
|''Manavulara Manninchandi''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Manishiki Maro Peru''||[[T. L. V. Prasad|Tatineni Prasad]]
Lyrics: Veturi, Rajasri
|Sri Ranga Sai Pictures
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]], Tulasi, Poornima, Gollapudi, Annapoorna|| ||9 December 1983
|-
|''Manishiko Chartira''
|Tatineni Prasad
|Bhargava Art Productions
|Chakravarthy
|Murali Mohan, Chandra Mohan, Poornima, Prabha, Suhasini, Gollapudi, Annapoorna
|
|7 January 1983
|-
|''[[Mantri Gari Viyyankudu]]''||[[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
| ||[[Ilaiyaraaja]]||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Poornima Jayaram]], Allu Rama Lingaiah||Drama ||
|-
|''[[Maro Maya Bazaar]]''||[[C. S. Rao]]
(Screenplay/Direction)
Story/Dialogues: Adhivishnu, Jeedigunta Ramachandra Murthy
Lyrics: M. Panchanadham, Vituri
|United Art Movies
|Satyam||[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], Nutan Prasad, Gokina
Rama Rao, Rajya Lakshmi, [[P. L. Narayana]],
Surya Kantham, Jayamalini, Krishnaveni,
Mada, Chalam, P. J. Serma
| ||14 April 1983
|-
|''Mayagadu''
|B. L. V. Prasad
(Direction)
Story/Screenplay: M.D. Sundhar
Dialogues: Parchuri Brothers
Lyrics: Atreya, Veturi
|Suman Creations
|Chakravarthy
|Mohan Babu, Purnima, Kavitha, Dr. M. Prabhakar
Reddy, Sudhakar, Giri Babu, Nutan Prasad, Saradhi, Kanta Rao, Bhimaraju, Attili Lakshmi, Pandari Bai
|
|30 July 1983
|-
|''[[Monagadu Vastunnadu Jagratha]]''||[[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| ||[[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]]||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Sridevi]], [[Satyanarayana Kaikala]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Moodu Mullu]]''
|Jandyala
Direction/Dialogues
Story: K. Bhagyaraj
Lyrics: Veturi, Jyothirmayi
|
|Rajan – Nagendra
|Chandra Mohan, Radhika, Geetha, Poornima, Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy, Sutthi Janta
|Romance, Comedy
|
|-
|''Moogavadi Paga''
|Boyina Subba Rao
Story/Screenplay: MD. Sundhar
Dialogues: Satyanand
Lyrics: Atreya
|Madhu Art Pictures
|Satyam
|Mohan Babu, Kavitha
|
|2 December 1983
|-
|''[[Muddula Mogudu (1983 film)|Muddula Mogudu]]''||[[K. S. Prakash Rao]]
|Mahija Films||[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Sridevi]], Sararath Babu, Suhasini, [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], Nagesh||Drama
|4 February 1983
|-
|''Muggurammayila Mogudu''
|Relangi Narasimha Rao
(Screenplay/Direction)
Story: Thotakura Ashalatha
Dialogues: Pusala
Lyrics: Gopi
|Nagarjuna Pictures
|Chakravarthy
|Chandra Mohan, Aruna, Sadhana, Vijji, Kaikala Satyanarayana, Ramana Murthy, Rallapalli, Sutthi Verabhadra Rao, Bhaskar, Ravikant, Jhansi, Ramanna Pantulu
|Comedy
|26 May 1983
|-
|''Mugguru Monagallu''
|[[T. Rama Rao]]
|Lakshmi Productions
|Chakravarthy
|[[Sobhan Babu]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
|
|14 April 1983
|-
|''[[Mundadugu]]''||[[K. Bapaiah]]
|Suresh Productions||[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]
|[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Sridevi]], [[Shoban Babu]], [[Jaya Prada]], Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy, Gummadi Venkateswara Rao, Kaikala Satyanarayana, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Nutan Prasad, Siva Krishna, Giri Babu, Ravi Kondala Rao, Saradhi, Annapoorna, Surya Kantham,||Social Drama
|25 February 1983
|-
|''Navodayam''
|P. Chandrashekar Reddy
|Chaitanya Art Pictures
|Chakravarthy
|Madhala Ranga Rao, Mucharla Aruna, Vijayashanthi, Kavitha, Rama Prabha, etc.
|(A)
|7 January 1983
|-
|''[[Nelavanka]]''||[[Jandhyala]]
| || ||[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[J. V. Somayajulu]], [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]|| ||14 January 1983
|-
|''[[Neti Bharatam]]''||[[T. Krishna]]
| ||[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||[[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[P. L. Narayana]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Somayajulu]]|| ||
|-
|''Nijam Chebithe Nerama''
|M. Balaiah
(Story/Screenplay/Direction)
|Amruta Films
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Krishnam Raju|Krihnam Raju]], [[Rao Gopal Rao|Rao Gopala Rao]], [[Nutan Prasad]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Basavaraju Venkata Padmanabha Rao|Padmanabham]], [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]], [[Raavi Kondala Rao]], M. Balaiah
|
|14 January 1983
|-
|''[[Oorantha Sankranthi]]''||[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
(Story/Screenplay/Direction)
| || ||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Sridevi]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Allu Rama Lingaiah]], [[Rao Gopal Rao|Rao Gopala Rao]], [[Nagesh]], [[Giri Babu]], Vankayala, [[Rama Prabha]], [[Rajasulochana|Raja Sulochana]], Mamatha||Drama ||12 February 1983
|-
|''Padmavathi Kalyanam''
(likely Tamil Dubbed)
|Vijayalakshmi Talkies (R)
No further details available
|
|
|
|CBFC not found
|11 July 1983
|-
|''[[Palletoori Monagadu|Palleturi Monagadu]]''
|S. A. Chandrasekhar
|Rajyalakshmi Art Movies
|Chakravarthy
|[[Chiranjeevi]], Radhika, Gollapudi, R. Narayana Murthy, Sutthivelu
|Drama (A)
|5 February 1983
|-
|''Palleturi Pidugu''
|Boina Subba Rao
Dialogues: Satyanand
Lyrics: Atreya
|Vijaya Lakshmi Movies
|Satyam
|Mohan Babu, Kaikala Satyanarayana, Kanta Rao, Tyagaraju, Kannada Prabhakar, Giri Babu, Kavitha, Pandari Bai, Kalpana Rai
|(A)
|7 May 1983
|-
|''Pandanti Kapuraniki 12 Suthralu''||Raja Chandra
Story/Dialogues: Kasi Viswanath
Lyrics: Atreya, Kosaraju
|Anantha Lakshmi International
|[[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]]||[[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Vijayashanti]], Gollapudi, Rambabu, Attili Lakshmi, Annapurna|| ||19 August 1983
|-
|''Patnam Vachhina Pasipapa'' (Tamil Dubbed Azhakia Kanne 1982)
|J. Mahendran
|Sri Gowri Lavanya Pictures
|Ilaiyaraaja
|Sarath Babu, Suhasini, Sumalatha, Baby Anju
|
|5 November 1983
|-
|''Pelli Chesi Choopistham''
|N. A. Pendyala
Dialogues/Lyrics: Rajasri
Negative rights: Allu Aravind
|Sri Ramana Chitra
|Ramakrishna Raja
|Chandra Mohan, Vijaya Santhi, Chalam, Kaikala Satyanarayana, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Narayana Rao, Rajendra Prasad, Rama Prabha, Janaki,
|(U) Comedy, Family Drama
|22 July 1983
|-
|''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''||R. Narayana Murthy
| ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Satyanarayana Kaikala]]||Romance, Comedy ||
|-
|''Penki Ghatam'' (Tamil Dubbed Iniayavaley Vaa)
|N. C. Chakravarthi
(Direction)
A. Veerappan
(Story/Screenplay)
Dialogues: S. Vasanta Kumar)
Lyrics: Gopi
|Nagamohini Enterprises
|[[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] & A. A. Raj
|Radhika, Menaka, Mohan, Rajesh, Sachu, Venniradai, Y. G. Mahendra, [[Silk Smitha]]
|(U) CBFC
16 May 1983
|8 July 1983
|-
|''Pichi Pantuulu''
|[[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
|Jayabheri Art Movies
|Chakravarthy
|[[Murali Mohan]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], Kavitha, [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
|Comedy
|
|-
|''[[Dharma Raja (film)|Pidugu lanti Manishi]]''
(Tamil Dubbed (U))
|[[M. A. Thirumugam|M. A. Thirumugham]]
Dialogues: Srichander
Lyrics: Arudra
Producer: Chamarthi Sakuntala
|Janani Arts International
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|Sivaji Ganesan, K. R. Vijaya, Geetha, Pushpalata
|(U) CBFC not found
|7 May 1983
|-
|''Police Police''
(Tamil Dubbed Police Police – 29 July 1983)
|Y. V. Gopikrishnan
Story: Thuyavan
Dialogues/Lyrics: Rajasri
|J. K. Films
|M. S. Viswanathan, B. Gopalam
|Naresh Kumar, Silk Smitha, Sulakshana, Manorama
|(A)
|7 October 1983
|-
|''Police Venkataswamy''
|Dasari Narayana Rao
Lyrics: Kosaraju, Dasari, Dr. Cnare
|Tarakeswari Creations
|J. V. Raghavulu
|Jayamalini, Gummadi Venkateswara Rao, Dasari Naryana Rao, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Chalapathi Rao, Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy, Mamatha, Ranisubha, Suresh, Nirmala, Balaji
Guest artists: Sobhan Babu, Gollapudi
|(A)
|9 September 1983
|-
|''[[Poratam]]''||[[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
Lyrics: Rajasri, Atreya
| S. R. Films||Chakravarthi
|[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Jayasudha]], Sarada, Gollapudi, Anjali Devi, Naga Bhushanam||Action ||9 December 1983
|-
|''Praja Rajyam''
|M. Mallikarjuna Rao
|Ratna Movies
|J. V. Raghavulu
|Mada, [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Jaya Prada]], Rao Gopala Rao, Dr. M. Prabhakara Reddy, Satyanarayana, Nutan Prasad
|
|29 September 1983
|-
|''Praja Shakthi''
|Navatharam Unit
(Direction)
Madhala Ranga Rao (Story/Screenplay)
Dialogues: N. Rama Rao
|Navatharam Pictures
|Chakravarthy
|Madhala Ranga Rao, P. J. Sarma, Narra Venkateswara Rao, Chalapathi Rao, Surekha, Prathibha
|(A)
|18 March 1983
|-
|''Pralaya Gharjana''
|P. Chandrashekar Reddy
|Sri Vani Chandra Combines
|Raj – Koti
|Mohan Babu, Swapna, Kavitha, Geetha, Vijaya Lalitha, Jeeva, Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy, Sudhakar, Tyagaraju, Pandari Bai, Saradhi
|(A)
|14 January 1983
|-
|''Prema Jwala''
|P. V. Raju
(Story/Screenplay/Direction)
|Bhimeswara Art Movies
|Chakravarthy
|Vijetha, Kamalakar, Nutan Prasad, Rajababu, Hema Sundhar, Gowri, Jhansi
|(A) CBFC
8 June 1983
|3 October 1983
|-
|''[[Prema Pichollu]]''||[[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| ||Chakravarthy||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], Kavitha, Githa, Rao Gopala Rao, [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], Allu Ramalingaiah, Sudhakar, Rajamouli, surya Kantham, Pushpalatha, Nirmala, Jayamalini, Varalakshmi||Romance, Drama (A)
|14 January 1983
|-
|''Prema Sagaram'' (Tamil Dubbed ''Nenjil Oru Ragam'')
|[[T. Rajendar]]
(Story/Screenplay/Direction)
|Vijaya Adhitya Creations
|[[T. Rajendar]]||[[T. Rajendar]], [[Saritha]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]|| ||25 November 1983
|-
|''Prema Vijayam''
|Nanduri Suribabu
(Story/Direction)
Dialogues/Lyrics: K.V.S. Prasad
|Palnadu Art Movies
|S. S Prakash
|Srikrishna, Devisri, Sivaram Singh, Swapnapriya, D. Nageswara Rao, Kanaka Prasad, Subba Rao, D.N. Chowdary
|
|3 October 1983
|-
|''[[Puli Bebbuli]]''||[[K. S. R. Das]]
| ||[[Rajan–Nagendra]]||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jaya Prada]]|| ||
|-
|''Puli Debba''
|[[K. S. R. Das]]
Dialogues: Adurti Narasimha Murthy
Lyrics: Rajasri
|PNR Pictures
|Satyam
|Silk Smitha, Naresh, Sarath Babu, Kanta Rao, Hem Chandar, Swapna Priya
|(A)
|
|-
|''Raakasi Loya''
|V. Vidyasagar Reddy
Dialogues: Parchuri Brothers
Lyrics: Arudra, Dr. C. Narayana Reddy, Rajasri
|Sri Amaleswari Films
|Satyam
|Rajesh, Naresh, Banuchander, Vijaya Santhi, [[Mucherla Aruna]], Purnima, Deepa
|(A)
|9 September 1983
|-
|''Raghu Ramudu''
|Kommineni
|Saikrishna Enterprises
|Chakravarthi
|[[Sobhan Babu]] (Double Role), Sharada, Sumalatha, [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]], Nutan Prasad, Prasad Babu, Saradhi, Pandari Bai
|
|10 February 1983
|-
|''Rajakumar''
|G. Ramineedu
Lyrics: Arudra, Atreya, Dasari, Dasam Gopala Krishna
|Srinath Movies
|Ilaiyaraaja
|Sobhan Babu, Jaya Sudha, Sridevi, Ambika, Rao Gopala Rao, Janaki,
|
|2 September 1983
|-
|''Raju Rani Jocky''
|[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao|Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]]
Dialogues: Gollapudi
|Navatha Arts
|Rajan–Nagendra
|Chandra Mohan, Radhika
|(A)
|14 April 1983
|-
|''[[Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju]]''||[[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
Lyrics: Veturi
|Sri Rajya Lakshmi Art Pictures
|[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthi]]||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Sridevi]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]||Action ||28 July 1983
|-
|''[[Ramudu Kadu Krishnudu]]''||[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| || ||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]||Drama ||25 March 1983
|-
|''[[Rangula Kala]]''||[[B. Narsing Rao]]
| ||[[B. Narsing Rao]]
|B. Narsing Rao, Sai Chand, Rupa, Gadhar|| ||
|-
|''Rangula Puli''
|Kodi Rama Krishna
(Story/Screenplay/Direction)
|Viswa Chitra Combines
|Chakravarthi
|Mohan Babu, Sumalatha,
|Drama (A)
|17 June 1983
|-
|''[[Rendu Jella Sita]]''||[[Jandhyala]]
Lyrics: Veturi, Indraganti
|Sri Bramarambika Films
|[[Ramesh Naidu]]||[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Mahalakshmi]], Pushpalatha, Rajesh, Pradeep, Subhakar, Suthivelu, Srilakshmi, Suthi Verabhadra Rao, Rallapalli, Allu Rama Lingaiah, Sakshi Ranga Rao, Devi||Comedy ||31 March 1983
|-
|''[[Roshagadu]]''||[[K. S. R. Das]]
Lyrics: Rajasri
|P. N. R. Pictures
|[[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]]||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]]||Action ||29 July 1983
|-
|''Rudrakali''
|Dasari Narayan Rao
Lyrics: Rajasri, Dasari
|Telugu Chitra Combines
|[[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]]
|Chandra Mohan, Jaya Mala, Sarath Babu, Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy, etc.
|
|19 November 1983
|-
|''[[Sagara Sangamam]]''||[[K. Vishwanath]]
Lyrics: Veturi
|Poornodaya Movie Creations
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]||[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Sharath Babu]]||Drama ||3 June 1983
|-
|''[[Sangharshana]]''||K. Murali Mohana Rao
Lyrics: Veturi, Atreya
|Suresh Productions
|Chakravarthi
|[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Prabhakar Reddy]]||Action ||29 December 1983
|-
|''[[Shakthi (film)|Shakthi]]''
|K. Raghavendra Rao
Lyrics: Atreya, Arudra, Veturi
|Gopi Movies
|Chakravarthi
|Krishna, Jaya Sudha, Radha
|Action
|2 September 1983
|-
|''[[Simham Navvindi]]''||[[D. Yoganand]]
|Ramakrishna Cine Studios||Chakravarthi
|[[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Kala Ranjani]], Rallapalli, Allu Rama Laingaiah, Nutan Prasad||
|3 March 1983
|-
|''Simhamtho Chelagatam''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Simhapuri Simham]]''||[[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
(Story/Screenplay/Direction)
Dialogues: Gollapudi
Lyrics: Dr. C. Narayana Reddy, Rajasri
|Vijaya Sai Films
|J. V. Raghavulu
|[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]], Kaikala Satyanarayana, Rao Gopala Rao, P.L Narayana, Rallapalli, ||Comedy ||20 October 1983
|-
|''[[Siripuram Monagadu]]''||[[K. S. R. Das]]
| ||[[Raj–Koti]]||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Nutan Prasad]]||Action ||
|-
|''[[Sivudu Sivudu Sivudu]]''||[[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
Dialogues: Satyanand
|Kranthi Chitra
|Chakravathi
|[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Rao Gopal Rao]], Giri Babu, ||Action ||6 June 1983
|-
|''[[Sri Ranga Neethulu]]''||[[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| ||[[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Sridevi]], [[Satyanarayana Kaikala]]||Comedy ||
|-
|''Subha Muhurtham''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Swarajyam''
|Biram Masthan Rao
(Direction)
Story/Dialogues: Madhala Ranga Rao
Lyrics: SriSri, Adrushtadeepak
Playback: Chakravarthy, Ramesh, Baburao, Srinivas
|Navatharam Pictures
|Chakravarthi
|Chakravarthy(Composer), Madhala Ranga Rao
|(A)
|5 August 1983
|-
|''Thodu Needa''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Triveni Sangamam''
|Kommineni Krishnamurthy
Dialogues: Kopella Viswam
Lyrics: Dr. Cnare
|Pratap Art Productions
|J. V. Raghavulu
|Suman, Vanitasri, Sitara, Gollapudi
|
|12 November 1983
|-
|''[[Vettaikaaran (1964 film)|Vetagadi Vijayam]]''
(Tamil Dubbed)
|M. A. Thirumugam
Dialogues: SriSri
|Mamata Chitra
|K. V. Mahadevan
|M. G. Rama Chandran, Savitri
|Action
|
|-
|''Vimukthi Kosam''
|Udaya Kumar
Story/Dialogues: Bhushanam
Lyrics: Vangapandu Prasada Rao
|Praja Chitra Productions
|B. Gopalam
|Saichand, Kakarala, Phani, Padma, Chalapathirao, Garagara Mitai Chitti, Jayamala
|(A)
|23 December 1983
|-
|}

== Dubbed films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Opening
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{Tool tip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| 28 January || ''Viplava Jyoth'' || [[A. Vincent]] || ''[[Naam Pirandha Mann]]'' || Tamil || [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]], [[Nagesh]] ||
|-
| 18 February || ''Snehabhishekam'' || [[Muktha Srinivasan]] || ''[[Simla Special]]'' || Tamil || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sripriya]], [[S. Ve. Shekher]], [[Y. G. Mahendra]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], Santhi Krishna, Vanitha ||
|-
| 23 March || ''Ragamalika'' || [[Bharathiraja]] || ''[[Kaadhal Oviyam]]'' || Tamil ||Kannan, [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Archana (actress)|Archana]], [[Janagaraj]]||
|-
| 23 July || ''Alludugari Agachatlu'' || [[C. V. Rajendran]] || Lottery Ticket || Tamil ||Mohan, Suhasini, [[Silk Smitha]] ||
|-
| 25 August || ''Akhanda Sowbhagyavathi'' || [[Shantilal Soni]] || [[Nagin Aur Suhagin]] || Hindi || [[Vijay Arora]] [[Rita Bhaduri]], Lakshmi Chaya, C. S. Dubey, Jairaj, Kalpana Dewan, Mahesh Desai, Babu Raje ||
|-
| 17 September || ''Urumulu Merupulu'' ||K. Satyanarayana || ''[[Minchina Belakalli]]'' || Kannada ||Ashok, Dinesh, Prince, Vani, S. Shivam, Shakti Prasad, T. R. Narasimha Raju||
|-
| 9 December || ''Sri Krishna Charitra'' || A. P. Nagarajan || [[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)]] || Tamil || [[Sivakumar]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Srividya]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[C. R. Vijayakumari]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Telugu cinema|horiz}}
{{1983 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1983]]
[[Category:Lists of 1983 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:1983 in Indian cinema|Telugu films]]

National Highway 55 (India)

2025-11-24T15:59:52Z

Snehasis: creating basic article from scratch

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{For | the old National Highway 55|National Highway 110 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 55
| length_km = 265
| map = National Highway 42 (India).png
| previous_type = NH
| previous_route = 53
| next_type = NH
| next_route = 16
}}

'''National Highway 55''' (Previously '''NH42''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in India connecting [[Sambalpur]] and [[Paradeep|Cuttack]] in Indian state of Odisha.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331002823/http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=31 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Starting from [[National Highway 53 (India)|NH 53]] in Maneswar, [[Sambalpur]], it terminates at [[National Highway 53 (India)|NH 16]] in [[Manguli]](Cuttack).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/166114.pdf|title=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Notification Sep 2015|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> it is also known as [[Cuttack]] – [[Sambalpur]] Highway. Before renumbering of national highways of India, route of NH-55 was part of old national highway 42.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification – Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> This national highway is {{convert|265|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> It acts as an alternate route of [[National Highway 53 (India)|NH 53]] between [[Sambalpur]] & [[Panikoili]]i.

== Routes ==
NH-55 connects [[Maneswar]] at [[Sambalpur]], [[Redhakhol]], [[Bamur railway station|Bamur]], [[Boinda]], [[Badakera]], [[Angul]], [[Dhenkanal]], and terminates at [[Manguli]] near [[Cuttack]] in the state of [[Odisha]].

== Junctions ==
{{Exit list|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|53|country=IND}} Terminal near Sambalpur.<ref name=":0" />
: {{jct|NH|153B|country=IND}} at [[Rairakhol|Redhakhol]],
: {{jct|NH|655|country=IND}} at [[Angul]]
: {{jct|NH|655|country=IND}} at [[Khuntuni]] near [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]]
: {{jct|NH|16|country=IND}} Terminal near [[Cuttack]].<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3247298 NH 55 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH55 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Sambalpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Cuttack]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Saketharaman

2025-11-19T07:54:41Z

Snehasis: added initial details more to come

{{Multiple issues|{{promotional|date=February 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Saketharaman
| image = 08FR S SAKATHARAMAN 22165g.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|11|24}}
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Carnatic classical music|Carnatic Music]]
| occupation = Carnatic Musician - Vocalist
| years_active = 1992–present
| label =
| website = https://saketharaman.com
}}

'''Saketharaman''' (born 24 November 1982) is one of the top performing musicians of [[Carnatic music]] in India.<ref>{{cite news| last=Kumar | first=G Pramod | title=The Saketharaman interview: 'Bhava is very important in music. My ultimate goal is spiritual' |newspaper=The Indian Express | date=12 December 2018 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/saketharaman-interview-carnatic-music-margazhi-festival-ilayaraja-hindustani-music-5490268/ | access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> He is a prime disciple of Padmabushan Shri [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]]. He started learning carnatic vocal from Late Srirangam Krishnamurthy Rao at the age of 4. Subsequently, he learnt under Late Smt. Savitri Satyamurthy. He has learnt several Padams and Javalis from Smt Geetha Raja. He currently learns rare kirthanas of Trinity and other yesteryear composers from Vid Shri [[Nagai Muralidharan]]. He also learns voice culture and Hindustani music from Sangeetha Kalanidhi Shri [[TV Gopalakrishnan]].

==Composer==
Saketharaman has composed more than 100 Pallavis, which are featured regularly in his concerts. These have been composed in rare Thalas. Several thematic pallavis such as "SaptaSwara SaptaRaga SaptaThala", "Ashta Gowlai", "Swarakshara", "Ranjani mala", "Pancha Ranga Kshetra", "Tamil Isai", "Mysuru City" have been composed by Saketharaman.

==Tunesmith==
Saketharaman also dons the hat of a tunesmith. He has tuned several Mira Bhajans, Purandaradasa Devaranamas, compositions of Annamacharyar, Kanakadasa, Sadhasiva Brahmendral and Subramania Bharathiar. He presented a full-fledged 2.5 hour concert of Shri Adhi Shankaracharyar's works that were set to tune by him in Bengaluru Gayana Samaj. He has also presented an exclusive concert on "vada naadu Divya Desams" of Alwar pasurams, set to tune by him.

==Crossover with Saketh==
Crossover with Saketh, a brainchild of Vidwan Saketharaman, is a web series intended to enhance the listening experience of Carnatic music. The objective is that the common man should be able to enjoy listening to Carnatic music without any barriers. Crossover is a smash hit, especially with the millennials. Won accolades all over and was featured in Sankara TV Super Singer.

==Samuditha Foundation==
Founded by Vidwan Saketharaman in the year 2020 with a motto of "carnatic music for all". The foundation operates various projects under its auspices -Kalashiksha School, "Penum Pannum " annual concerts etc. The Samuditha Award of Excellence, which includes a cash award, is given for outstanding contribution in Fine Arts.

==Pennum Pannum==
This annual concert celebrates women composers, bringing forth the contributions by the women composers. The first "Pennum Pannum " concert was held in 2021 at the prestigious Narada Gana Sabha, on the eve of Women's day. The Samuditha Award of Excellence was given to Dr Alamelu Ramakrishnan for her brilliant book on Women composers. The award was given by Founder Vidwan Saketharaman, Shriram Groups MD Akhila Srinivasaa, Dr Nithayasree Mahadevan and popular orator Bharathi Bhaskar.

==Kala Shiksha==
Saketharaman runs a music school called Kala Shiksha. Over 200 school students learn Carnatic music, Nama Sankeerthanam and Tamil Isai in this school. Objective is to teach Carnatic music, Nama Sankeerthanam and Tamil Isai to all, regardless of economic and social barriers.

==Divya Desa Sangeetha Yatrai==
Divya Desa Sangeetha Yatrai is a web series-a musical journey to all the Divya Desams. There will be at least one Pasuram of the 12 Alwars that will be sung on every Divya Desam, along with explanation of the Pasuram and the significance of the Divya Desam. The Pasurams are either pre-tuned by legendary carnatic musicians or set to tune by Vidwan Saketharaman or sung in Virutham or free style format. This is available for listening at Saketharaman's official youtube channel.

==Awards==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title / Award !! Presented By !! Year
|-

|Best performer, adjudged by audience poll
||Learn Quest Music Conference, Boston||2019
|-
|-

|Gold medal for Outstanding Ragam Thanam Pallavi
||Music Academy, Chennai||2018
|-
|-

|Yuva Kala Ratna
||PSG Institutions, Coimbatore||2017
|-
|-

|M. S. Subhalakshmi Award
||Narada Gana Sabha, Chennai||2016
|-
|-

|Yuva Puraskar
||Sangeet Natak Akademy, Delhi||2014
|-
|-

|Isai Peroli
||Karthik Fine Arts, Chennai||2014
|-
|-
|Vani Kala Nipuna
||Thyaga Brahma Gaana Sabha, Vani Mahal, Chennai||2014
|-
|Shanmukha Sangeetha Shiromani ||Shanmuganandha Sabha, Mumbai|| 2012
|-
|Vocational Excellence award
||Rotary Club, Chennai|| 2012
|-
|Kalki Krishnamurthy Award || Kalki Tamil Magazine ||2011
|-
|Yuva Kala Bharathi || Bharath Kalachar Chennai||2008
|-
|Best vocalist || Music Academy Chennai|| for 3 consecutive years
|-
|Yagnaraman Award of Excellence for music||Krishna Gana Sabha||2008
|-
|Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer Youth Excellence Award || Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer Trust ||2007
|-
|Ramabhadran centenary award||Tag centre Chennai ||2006
|}

==Discography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}
Here is a comprehensive list of his albums 
''Vandhaan Raghuraman'' Saketharaman Live at Paris-Swathi Soft Solutions 2012 
''Saketharaman, Live concert 2010 in Narada Gana Sabha'' -Charsur 
''Aatma Nivedhanam 2009'' -Swathi Soft Solutions along with Vidwan Shri [[Umayalpuram Sivaraman]] and Vidwan Shri Mysore Nagaraj 
''Nadha Geetham 2009''-Amudham 
''Saketharaman, Live concert 2008 in Bharath Sangeeth Utsav''-Carnatica 
''Live concert 2001 in Naradha Gana Sabha''- [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]

==Personal life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}
Saketharaman's mother, Vijaya Santhanam, is a postgraduate in Chemistry and an ardent follower of Shri Shri Krishna Premi Swamigal. His father, Santhanam, is a Chartered Accountant. His elder sister, [[Vishaka Hari]] is a well known [[Harikatha]] exponent. His wife, Vidhya, is a doctor. The couple reside in [[Chennai]] and have a daughter and a son.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saketharaman}}
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sringapuram

2025-11-07T15:13:32Z

Snehasis: added first stub first draft...

{{refimprove|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sringapuram
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Sringapuram Mahadeva Temple.jpg
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Kerala| subdivision_type2 = Village
| subdivision_name2 = Methala| established_title = 
| established_date =
| governing_body = Methala Grama Panchayat
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]]{{,}} [[English]]
| demographics1_title2 =speaking languages
| demographics1_info2 = Malayalam, English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 680664| area_code_type = Telephone codetemplatedata
| area_code = 91 (0)485 XXX XXXX
| registration_plate = KL-47| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| blank5_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank5_info_sec1 = Methala Grama Panchayat
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Weather]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Am/Aw]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1700|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|27.2|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank5_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert|24.4|°C|°F}}
| website =
}}
'''Sringapuram''' is a [[village]] in the [[Thrissur]] district of [[Kerala]] state, [[India]]. It is located about 2 km from the town of [[Kodungallur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pincodes.info/in/Kerala/Thrissur/Kandamkulam/Sringapuram-PO-KODUNGALLUR-THRISSUR|title=Pincode of Sringapuram PO KODUNGALLUR THRISSUR, Kerala|website=pincodes.info|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref>
== Places of worship ==
* [[Sringapuram Mahadeva Temple]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nativeplanet.com/kodungallur/attractions/sringapuram-mahadeva-temple/
|title=Sringapuram Mahadeva Temple, Kodungallur
|publisher=Native Planet
|accessdate=2014-11-06}} - {{cite web
|url=http://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g735202-d3705085-Reviews-Sringapuram_Shiva_Temple-Thrissur_Kerala.html
|title=Sringapuram Shiva Temple
|publisher=TripAdvisor
|accessdate=2014-11-06}}</ref>
* Sri Kumara Subramanya Swamy Temple
* Kunnumpuram Temple
* Durga Bhagwati Temple at Pararath
* Thiruvanchikkulam Mahadeva Temple
* Sri Dharmashastha Temple Sringapuram
* St. Mary's Church

== Educational institutions ==
* Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan's Vidya Mandir School
* Government Higher Secondary School

== Roads ==
* Kodakara Kodungallur Highway
* Palpu College Road

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category: Villages in Thrissur district]]

Sonali Mukherjee

2025-10-24T23:22:22Z

Snehasis: added the bio more to come...

{{Short description|Acid attack victim}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
'''Sonali Mukherjee''' is a woman from [[Dhanbad]], India, whose face was permanently disfigured by an [[acid attack]] in 2003 when she was 18.<ref>[http://www.matpal.com/2012/11/sonali-mukherjee-acid-attack-2003.html Sonali mukherjee [ Acid attack 2003 ] Biography ~ Matpal]</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/I-have-lost-a-lot-Sonali-Mukherjee/articleshow/17305437.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831100516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-21/tv/35257478_1_acid-attack-separate-law-big-star | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-08-31 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=I have lost a lot: Sonali Mukherjee}}</ref><ref>[http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/beautiful-life-melted-away-acid-attack/51451 A beautiful life melted away in an acid attack Punjab News | Breaking News | Latest Online News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108233622/http://punjabnewsline.com/content/beautiful-life-melted-away-acid-attack/51451 |date=8 November 2012 }}</ref> Her family has spent all their savings on her treatment.

==Early life==
Mukherjee was born in [[Dhanbad]]. She was a [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] cadet, which she had to quit after her attack.{{cn|date=May 2020}}

==Incident==
In 2003, almost one and half months prior to the incident, three alleged assailants - Tapas Mitra, and his two friends Sanjay Paswan and Bhrahmadev Hajra - told her that she was a ''Ghamandi'' (arrogant) person, and they would teach her a lesson. Her father later complained to the families of the three men. On 22 April, when she was asleep on the roof of her house, she was attacked with acid and left with a burnt face and other severe injuries. Her sister was also injured in the incident.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/beautiful-life-melted-away-acid-attack/51451 |title=A beautiful life melted away in an acid attack Punjab News | Breaking News | Latest Online News |publisher=Punjabnewsline.com |date=22 April 2003 |accessdate=25 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108233622/http://punjabnewsline.com/content/beautiful-life-melted-away-acid-attack/51451 |archivedate=8 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The perpetrators were sentenced to nine years in jail, but were granted bail when they appealed to the High Court. Mukherjee's family approached the court and various other authorities for justice, including the Chief Minister of Jharkhand, multiple MPs, but she received "aashwasan [assurances] ... nothing else".<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Chandidas Mukherjee, Sonali's father, later stated in an interview: "We appealed in the high court... Nothing happened. They were sent to jail, but were released soon after. Now, they are busy enjoying their lives. The law against acid attackers needs to be made tougher. Otherwise, we will have many more Sonalis".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dhanbad-acid-attack-victim-gets-help-from-unlikely-source-109566-2012-07-15|title = Dhanbad acid attack victim gets help from unlikely source| date=15 July 2012 }}</ref>

In February 2014, the State Government of Jharkhand appointed Sonali Mukherjee as Grade III clerk in the welfare department of the Bokaro deputy commissioner's office.

==Appearance in Kaun Banega Crorepati==
Mukherjee drew global attention when she appealed for euthanasia. Her wish to meet [[Amitabh Bachchan]] on the sets of ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Ajanta Paul|url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/emotional-amitabh-bachchan-lauds-acid-attack-victim-on-kbc-2012-11-01-1.481280 |title=Emotional Amitabh Bachchan lauds acid attack victim on KBC |publisher=Emirates 24/7 |date=1 November 2012 |accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> season 6 was granted in 2012. Accompanied by [[Lara Dutta]] in the game, they won {{INRConvert|2.5|m}}.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Sonali-Mukherjee-acid-attack-victim-who-became-a-TV-millionaire/Article1-979676.aspx Sonali Mukherjee – acid attack victim who became a TV millionaire – Hindustan Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230183129/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Sonali-Mukherjee-acid-attack-victim-who-became-a-TV-millionaire/Article1-979676.aspx |date=30 December 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120720130807/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_D0LTNZNno&gl=US&hl=en Sonali Mukherjee's Petition for Justice]

{{Violence against women/end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Sonali}}
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Acid attack victims]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Poova Thalaya (TV series)

2025-10-23T19:50:35Z

Snehasis:

{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Poova Thalaya serial.jpg
| image_size =
| native_name =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| director = [[S. P. Rajkumar]]
| writer = K. Sukumaran
| screenplay = P. Ragavan (Dialogue)
| based_on =
| creator = Hari Baskaran
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]
* Dharshna Sripal Golecha
* Kishor Dev
}}
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Anuradha Sarin
* R. Sathish Kumar
}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| language = Tamil
| country = [[India]]
| open_theme = "Thai Polave" [[K. S. Chithra]] Namitha Babu (Vocals) [[Pa. Vijay]] (Lyrics)
| theme_music_composer = [[Ajesh]]
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| company = [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] Citram Studios
| runtime = 20–22 minutes per episode
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|10|30|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|7|13|df=yes}}
| editor = N.A.V.Vishwa
| cinematography = Ma. Ilayaraja
}}

'''''Poova Thalaya''''' (transl. Heads or Tails?) is a 2023-2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Tamil television drama|television series]] directed by [[S. P. Rajkumar]] and starring [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], Dharshna Sripal Golecha, Suveta Shrimpton and Kishor Dev.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sithara-dharshna-sripal-starrer-poova-thalaiya-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/111510458.cms|title=Sithara-Dharshna Sripal starrer 'Poova Thalaiya' to go off-air soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 July 2024}}</ref> The show Created by Hari Baskaran and Produced by Anuradha Sarin and R. Sathish Kumar under Citram Studios and [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]].

It aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from 30 October 2023 to July 13, 2024 on Monday and Saturday.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sithara-dharshna-sripal-starrer-poova-thalaiya-to-go-off-air-on-july-13/articleshow/111633066.cms|title='Poova Thalaiya' to go off-air on July 13|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 July 2024}}</ref> It is also available for streaming on [[Sun NXT]].

==Cast==
=== Main ===
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]<ref>{{cite web |title=பாசமான அம்மாவாக களம் காணும் சித்தாரா... சன் டிவியில் விரைவில் 'பூவா தலையா' சீரியல்..!|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/actress-chitara-starrer-in-upcoming-new-serial-poova-thalaiya-in-sun-tv-146195|website=tamil.abplive.com|date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023|language=ta}}</ref> as Rajeshwari Chakaravarthy
** Chakaravarthy's wife's and Surya, Illamathy's mother; Pandi's adoptive mother; Muthu's sister.
* Dharshna Sripal Golecha<ref name="Krishore & Dharshna"/> as Soundharya Surya; Surya's Wife
* Suveta Shrimpton as Ilamathy Kathir (Kathir's wife and Surya's Sister)
* Kishor Dev<ref name="Krishore & Dharshna"/> as Surya
** Soundharya's husband and Rajeshwari's son.

=== Recurring ===
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1951)|Vijay Babu]] as Chakravarthy (Rajeshwari's husband)
* [[Ram G|Ramji]] as Muthu (Rajeshwari's brother)
* Latha Rao as Selvi (Muthu's wife)
* Shiva Subramanian as Mohan (Chakravarthy's brother)
* Ranjana/Remyaa Joseph as Neelaveni (Mohan's wife)
* Soumya as Rudhra (Chakravarthy's sister)
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as (Soundharya's father, dead)
* Pandi Kamal as Pandi
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Singam
* Rindhu Ravi as Kamatchi (Lavanya, Kowsalya and Soundharya's mother)
* Durgaa as Lavanya Parthiban (Parthiban's wife and Soundharya's first elder sister)
* Salma Arun as Kowsalya Kannan (Soundharya's second elder sister)
* Madhumika Srinivasu as Monika (Neelaveni's daughter)
* Feroz Khan as Parthiban (Lavanya's husband)
* Harish G as Kannan (Kowsalya's husband)
* Rohith Balaiya as Kathir ( Ilamathy's husband and Soundharya's brother)

=== Special appearances ===
* Vijay as Arjun
* Queency Stanly as Deepika
* [[Keerthana (actress)|Keerthana]] as Malini
* [[M. J. Shriram|M. J. Sriram]] as (Malini's husband and Deepika's father)

==Production==

===Development===
After the ending of the [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s serial ''[[Magarasi]]'', its production company 'Citram Studios' decide to produce Poova Thalaya, to be produced by Anuradha Sarin and R. Sathish Kumar under the banner of Citram Studios. The show is a fresh take on the mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationship.

Initially, the title of the serial was named 'Iravi', After some reasons the first promo was released in the name of as 'Poova Thalaya' on 18 October 2023.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Singapennae|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWC8feBsDv4|title=Poova Thalaya - Promo 1 {{!}} Sun TV|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=2023-10-18|archive-url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Frrm07CVyjo|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Actress [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-poova-thalaiya-fame-sithara-had-shared-the-screen-with-rajinikanth-in-padayappa/articleshow/111553411.cms|title=Did you know Poova Thalaiya fame Sithara had shared the screen with Rajinikanth in Padayappa?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=சித்திரா நடிக்கும் புதிய தொடர்....|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/oct/22/announcement-of-the-new-series-starring-sithara-4094189.html|website=www.dinamani.com|date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023|language=ta}}</ref> was cast as Rajeshwari, marking her return after seven years in [[Television in Tamil language|Tamil television industry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Popular actress Sithara to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Poova Thalaiya'|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=117082|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109211946/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=117082|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2023|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=19 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=சின்னத்திரையில் ரீ என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் பிரபல நடிகை. |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/oct/22/announcement-of-the-new-series-starring-sithara-4094189.html|website=www.dinamani.com|date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023|language=ta}}</ref> Dharshna Sripal Golecha was cast as Sountharya, marking her first project as a lead.<ref>{{cite web |title=ஹீரோவுக்கு ஜோடியாக வில்லி நடிகை? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sithara-enters-sun-tv-new-serial-poova-thalaiya-and-suvetha-acts-heroine-role-1566969|website=tamil.abplive.com|access-date=22 October 2023|language=ta}}</ref> Kishor Dev was cast as the male lead, Surya.<ref name="Krishore & Dharshna">{{cite web |title=Actors Krishore and Dharshna Sripal to play titular role in upcoming show 'Poova Thalaiya'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actors-krishore-and-dharshna-sripal-to-play-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-poova-thalaiya/articleshow/104643706.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> Made his comeback after ''[[Pachakili (TV series)|Pachakili]]''.

=== Release ===
The show premiered from 30 October 2023 at 12:30 (IST), replacing ''[[Pandavar Illam]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-pandavar-illam-ended-its-journey/articleshow/104518109.cms|title=Tamil TV show 'Pandavar Illam' ended its journey|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 October 2023}}</ref> and ended on 13 July 2024 ended with 218 episodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=விரைவில் முடிவுக்கு வரப்போகும் சன் டிவி பூவா தலையா சீரியல்|url=https://www.tamilstar.com/poova-thalaiya-climax-in-coming-soon/|website=www.tamilstar.com|date=5 July 2024 |access-date=5 July 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt29705669}}
* [https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-poova-thalaya-episodeno-Oct30-2023/detail/176546/0 ''Poova Thalaya''] at [[Sun NXT]]
* [https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=0/AiHHp3H6s=&ShowType=Mega%20Serials ''Poova Thalaya''] at [[Sun Network]]

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Tarannum Riyaz

2025-10-16T17:19:46Z

Snehasis: added basic details added tags...

{{Short description|Indian writer (1960–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{sources|date=January 2012}}
[[File:Suman Pokhrel, Tarannum Riaz and (31650416668).jpg|thumb|Nepali poet [[Suman Pokhrel]], Riyaz (in middle) and Afghan poet Somaia Ramish at the 2017 South Asian Literature Festival in New Delhi]]
'''Tarannum Riyaz''' (9 August 1960 – 20 May 2021) was an Indian writer and a senior fellow with the Indian [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]].

==Biography==
Tarannum Riyaz was born on 9 August 1960. Students in several universities in India have done their M.Phil. and Ph.D. research on the works of Tarannum Riyaz.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}} She lectured in institutions of art and literature in India and abroad. Her books are part of the curriculum in different levels of educational institutions in India.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

== Death ==
Riyaz died from [[COVID-19]] in 2021, a month after the death of her husband, [[Riyaz Punjabi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Prof Riyaz Punjabi's wife passes away in Delhi|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/prof-riyaz-punjabis-wife-passes-away-in-delhi/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=20 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Published works ==
*"Zer e Sabza Mehw e Khwaab" (poetry – 2015)
*"Ajnabee Jazeeron Men" (essays – 2015)
*"Bhadon K Chaand Taley" (poetry – 2015)
*''Barf Aashna Parindey'' (novel – 2009, second edition 2010; Hindi edition 2013)
*''Meraa Rakhte Safar'' (short stories – 2008)
*''Fareb E Khitta E Gul'' (4 novellas – 2008)
*''Purani Kitaabon Ki Khusbhu'' (poetry – 2005)
*''Chashme Naqshe Kadam'' (critical essay – 2005)
*''Beeswi Sadi Mein Khawateen Ka Urdu Adab'' (anthology – 2005)
*''Moorti'' (novel – 2002)
*''Yimberzal'' (short stories – 2002)
*''Abbabeelain Laut Aaengi'' (short stories – 2000)
*''Yeh Tang Zameen'' (short stories – 1998)<ref>Shujaaat Bukhari, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100411014410/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/04/03/stories/2010040351041100.htm "Letters of life"], ''The Hindu''</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{SAARC Literary Award}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Riyaz, Tarannum}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Indian critics]]
[[Category:Urdu-language novelists]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]

Pyaar Ki Luka Chuppi

2025-07-12T10:25:46Z

Snehasis: Put up details.

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pyaar Ki Luka Chuppi title card.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Rashmi Sharma
| writer = {{ubl |Shirish Latkar|Sharad Tripathi}}
| director = Pushkar Pandit
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Rahul Sharma (actor)|Rahul Sharma]] [[Aparna Dixit]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 154
| producer = Rashmi Sharma
| cinematography =
| editor = {{ubl|Hemant Kumar Varun Singh}}
| screenplay = Amit Jha
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| music =
| open_theme = Pyar Ki Luka Chupi
| network = [[Dangal TV]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|12|10|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|09|06|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Pyaar Ki Luka Chuppi''''' ({{translation |Hide and Seek of Love}}) is an Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series. Produced by Rashmi Sharma under Rashmi Sharma Telefilms, premiered on 10 December 2019 on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-16 |title='Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi' crosses 100-episode milestone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pyar-ki-luka-chuppi-crosses-100-episode-milestone/articleshow/76995902.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It stars [[Rahul Sharma (actor)|Rahul Sharma]] and [[Aparna Dixit]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-29 |title=Dangal to entertain viewers with fresh content |url=https://www.afaqs.com/companies/dangal-to-entertain-viewers-with-fresh-content |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=afaqs!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-08 |title=With safety norms in place, Aparna Dixit resumes the shoot of Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/with-safety-norms-in-place-aparna-dixit-resumes-the-shoot-of-pyar-ki-luka-chuppi/articleshow/76859641.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Srishti and Sarthak are childhood friends. They grew up playing hide and seek and later fell in love with each other. Neither they nor their family members knew it. When their families became aware, they disapproved and became their dear enemies. So they tried to gain their families' approval. Srishti's family members are from a rich family and Sarthak's family is from a middle-class family.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |date= 9 December 2019|title=Dangal launches new fiction show 'Pyaar Ki Luka Chuppi' on weekday primetime: Best Media Info |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2019/12/dangal-launches-new-fiction-show-pyaar-ki-luka-chuppi-on-weekday-primetime |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=bestmediainfo}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Rahul Sharma (actor)|Rahul Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-27 |title=Rahul Sharma had declined Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi not once but twice initially? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/did-you-know-rahul-sharma-had-declined-pyar-ki-luka-chuppi-not-once-but-twice-initially/articleshow/77206722.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Sarthak Yadav
*[[Aparna Dixit]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi Actress Aparna Dixit Reveals It is quite challenging to do a wedding sequence in the Covid 19 era |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-pyar-ki-luka-chuppi-actress-aparna-dixit-reveals-it-is-quite-challenging-to-do-a-wedding-sequence-in-the-covid-19-era-20588147.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-08 |title=With safety norms in place, Aparna Dixit resumes the shoot of Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/with-safety-norms-in-place-aparna-dixit-resumes-the-shoot-of-pyar-ki-luka-chuppi/articleshow/76859641.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Srishti Yadav
*Shahab Khan as Sarthak's father
*Malika Ghai as Shartak's mother
*[[Shweta Gautam]] as Srishti's mother
*[[Chetanya Adib]] as Srishti's father
*Jasmine Avasia as Myra
*[[Sheetal Maulik]] as Kalyani
*Alan Kapoor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi actor Alan Kapoor on shooting amid coronavirus {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/events/jaipur/pyar-ki-luka-chuppi-actor-alan-kapoor-on-shooting-amid-coronavirus/videoshow/77207788.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-31 |title=Alan Kapoor on 'Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi' ending abruptly: I am feeling numb |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/alan-kapoor-on-pyar-ki-luka-chuppi-ending-abruptly-i-am-feeling-numb/articleshow/77856775.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Angad
*Devanshi Vyas/Preet Kaur Madan as Naveli<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-27 |title=Preet Kaur Madan replaces Devanshi Vyas in 'Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/preet-kaur-madan-replaces-devanshi-vyas-in-pyar-ki-luka-chuppi/articleshow/77197484.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Broadcast ===
The production and airing of the show was halted indefinitely in late March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]] outbreak in India. The series was last broadcast on the last week of March 2020 airing its remaining episodes. After three months, the filming of the series resumed with precautions on 23 June 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |title=TV back in action: Permissions received, sets erected, actors quarantined |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/small-screen-s-big-leap-of-faith-shooting-for-some-tv-shows-resumes-efforts-underway-to-iron-out-glitches/story-E8Y9WUyZ6RE5LXFZx3lutK.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> while the broadcast resumed on 2 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 24 June 2020|title='Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi' Actor on Resuming Shoot With Precautions |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/pyar-ki-luka-chuppi-dangal-tv-first-show-to-resume-shoot-post-coronavirus-lockdown |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The series was announced on [[Dangal TV]] by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms. [[Rahul Sharma (actor)|Rahul Sharma]] and [[Aparna Dixit]] were signed as the leads.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-16 |title=TV Show Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi Crosses 100-episode Milestone |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pyar-ki-luka-chuppi-crosses-100-episode-milestone-2718627.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The first promo was released in November 2019. In June 2020 Alan Kapoor Cast to Play the role of Angad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-26 |title=Alan Kapoor joins cast of 'Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/alan-kapoor-joins-cast-of-pyar-ki-luka-chuppi/articleshow/76640847.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Show released on 10 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2020-07-16 |title=Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi hits century, completes 100 episodes |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-pyar-ki-luka-chuppi-hits-century-completes-100-episodes-1287940 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> It Went Off Air on 6 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Sharma On His Show Pyaar Ki Lukka Chuppi Ending Abruptly: 'This Is My 7th Show As A Lead And I Am Used To It'- EXCLUSIVE {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/rahul-sharma-on-his-show-pyaar-ki-lukka-chuppi-ending-abruptly-this-is-my-7th-show-as-a-lead-and-i-am-used-to-it-exclusive/5f50f24a7e1bb3623acf87be |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-31 |title=Aparna Dixit expresses shock as 'Pyar Ki Luka Chuppi' ends abruptly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aparna-dixit-express-shock-as-pyar-ki-luka-chuppi-ends-abruptly/articleshow/77853100.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|12855346}}
*[https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/pyaar-ki-luka-chuppi/pyaar-ki-luka-chupi-ep-number-10 ''Pyaar Ki Luka Chuppi''] on ''Dangal Play''
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]

Mothpur

2025-05-31T23:58:18Z

Snehasis: creating the info basic info

{{Orphan|date=March 2023}}
{{moresources|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Mothpur''' is a village and gram panchayat located in [[Atru]] Tehsil of [[Baran district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Mothpur is a medium-sized village with a total of 851 families residing there. It comes under Atru Tehsil, which is about 22 kilometers away from Mothpur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mothpur Village Population - Atru - Baran, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/102929-mothpur-rajasthan.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
== Population ==
Mothpur village has a population of 4497, according to the Population Census of 2011; 2332 men and 2165 women.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Coord|24.741449|76.6203053|type:city_region:India|format=dms|display=title}}
[[Category:Gram Panchayats and Villages in Atru Tehsil]]

Chanduria

2025-05-20T00:19:19Z

Snehasis: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chanduria
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0483|N|88.5063|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.9911
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12700
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741248
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03454
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chakdaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chakdaha]]
| website = {{URL|http://nadia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chanduria''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Chakdaha (community development block)|Chakdaha]] [[Community development block|CD block]] in the [[Kalyani subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|0|0|N|88|29|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Kalyani subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|6|0|N|88|32|40|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Punglia | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Punglia]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|4|15|N|88|39|2|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Darappur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Darappur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|5|10|N|88|32|37|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Lalpur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Lalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|2|53|N|88|29|40|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Chanduria | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= Chanduria (CT)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|2|40|N|88|30|37|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Shimurali | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Shimurali]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|2|0|N|88|30|37|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Priyanagar | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Priyanagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|1|18|N|88|29|28|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Jangal | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Jangal, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|1|42|N|88|28|48|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Madanpur | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Madanpur, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|0|15|N|88|29|48|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Saguna | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Saguna, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|59|20|N|88|29|40|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Kulia | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kulia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|56|50|N|88|33|15|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Simhat | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Simhat]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|58|15|N|88|35|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Subarnapur | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Subarnapur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|33|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Digha | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Digha, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|59|40|N|88|25|55|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Kalyani |label-size14=13 | numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Kalyani, West Bengal]] (M)|label-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|3|50|N|88|32|0|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Chakdaha |label-size15=13 | numbered15=M| mark-title15= [[Chakdaha]] (M)|label-color15=#800000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|57|31|N|88|29|43|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Gayespur |label-size16=13 | numbered16=M| mark-title16= [[Gayespur]] (M)|label-color16=#800000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|58|25|N|88|34|30|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Haringhata |label-size17=13 | numbered17=M| mark-title17= [[Haringhata]] (M)|label-color17=#800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|2|32|N|88|36|55|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Chaugacha| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Chaugacha]] (R)| shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|31|49|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Mohanpur| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Mohanpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|3|41|N|88|30|40|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Palpara| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Palpara]] (R)| shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|59|0|N|88|25|20|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= University of Kalyani| numbered21=F| mark-title21= [[University of Kalyani]] (F) |shape-color21=#967117
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|59|15|N|88|31|28|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= AIIMS Kalyani| numbered22=F| mark-title22= [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]] (F) |shape-color22=#967117
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|6|40|N|88|28|40|E}}|label23= Hooghly| labela23=River|label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 0| label-pos23=top| label-size23=11| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none}}

===Location===
Chanduria is located at {{coord|23.0043|N|88.5063|E|display=inline}}.

According to the map of Chakdaha CD block, in the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', Chanduria, [[Priyanagar]], [[Shimurali]], [[Jangal, Nadia|Jangal]], [[Madanpur, India|Madanpur]], [[Saguna, Nadia|Saguna]], and [[Kulia, Nadia|Kulia]] form a cluster of census towns between [[Chakdaha]] and [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]/ [[Gayespur]].<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Chakdaha CD block, page 511| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 12 October 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Nadia district is part of the large alluvial plain formed by the Ganges-Bhagirathi system. The Kalyani subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi/ Hooghly]] on the west. Topographically, Kalyani subdivision is a part of the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | accessdate = 17 October 2020}}</ref> The smallest subdivision in the district, area-wise, has the highest level of urbanisation in the district. 76.73% of the population lives in urban areas and 23.27% lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 17 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Chanduria had a total population of 12,700, of which 6,453 (51%) were males and 6,247 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,004. The total number of literate persons in Chanduria was 10,029 (85.75% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 8 October 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', Chanduria covered an area of 1.9911 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved overhead tank, tubewell/ borewell, hand pump. It had 1,241 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities it had 3 primary schools, 2 senior secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 635-656; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 635; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 641; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 643; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 646; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 655; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 2833 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 30 September 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Simurali railway station]], located nearby, is on the [[Sealdah-Ranaghat line]] of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-ranaghat-local-31611/16083/325/1163 | title = Sealdah Ranaghat Local | work = Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | accessdate = 11 October 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]

Mamluk Ali Nanautawi

2025-05-16T19:41:26Z

Snehasis:

{{short description|Indian Muslim scholar (1789–1851)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|name = Mamluk Ali Nanautawi
|citizenship = [[Mughal India]]
|birth_date = 1789
|birth_place = [[Nanauta]], [[Mughal Empire]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1851|10|07|1789}}
|image = Grave of Mamluk Ali Nanautawi.jpg
|caption = Gravestone of Nanautawi
|resting_place = [[Mehdiyan]], Delhi, India
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam]]
| Maddhab = [[Hanafi]]
| school_tradition = [[Maturidi]]
|children = [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]] (son)
|relatives = [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]] (grandson)
|students = [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]], [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]], [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]]
}}
'''Mamluk Ali Nanautawi''' (also written as '''Mamluk al-Ali Nanautawi''') (1789 – 7 October 1851) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Sunni Muslim scholar who served as the head teacher of Arabic language at the [[Zakir Husain Delhi College]]. His notable students include [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]], [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] and [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]].

==Birth and education==
Mamluk Ali Nanautawi was born in 1789 into the [[Siddiqi family of Nanauta|Siddiqi family]] of [[Nanauta]].{{Sfn|KZN|2020|p=35}}{{Sfn|Kāndhlawi|2000|p=125}} Not much has been found on the primary education of Nanautawi. However it is said that he may have completed his primary education from the elders of his family. Nūr al-Hasan Rāshid Kāndhlawi assumes that Nanautawi's studies might have taken place under the supervision of Nanautawi students{{efn|Nanautavi students here refers to the students of Mufti Ilāhi Bakhsh who hailed from Nanuata, namely Abdur Rahmān and Abdur Raheem.}} of Mufti Ilāhi Bakhsh namely Abdur Rahmān and Abdur Raheem.{{Sfn|Kāndhlawi|2000|p=125}} He completed his middle studies under Mufti Ilāhi Bakhsh Kāndhlawi and Muhammad Qalandar Jalālābadi. He is reported to have studied one discourse with [[Shah Abdul Aziz]]. There is another narration stating that he studied from Abdullah Khan Alvi. He completed his higher studies under Rasheed-ud-Dīn Khan.{{Sfn|Kāndhlawi|2000|p=127}}

==Career==
After completing his studies, Mamluk Ali started teaching in Delhi.{{Sfn|KZN|2020|p=37}} In June 1825, he was appointed as a lecturer of Arabic in [[Zakir Husain Delhi College]] and was promoted to the post of head teacher on 8 November 1841.{{Sfn|Kāndhlawi|2000|pp=136–137}} He continued as the head teacher of this college throughout his life. Besides teaching the books on rational sciences, Arabic language, and [[fiqh]], he also taught the books of ''[[Sihah Sittah]]''.{{Sfn|KZN|2020|p=37}}

According to [[Asir Adrawi]], Nanautawi spent his entire career teaching in Delhi. The known scholars of that era are reported to have studied alongside him.{{Sfn|Adrawi|2016|p=246}}

==Students==
His notable students include:{{Sfn|Khan|pp=455-456}}{{Sfn|Rizwi|1980|pp=73–75}}{{Sfn|Kāndhlawi|2000|p=149}}
* [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]], Founder of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
* [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], Founder of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. {{efn|This claim has however been rejected by Nūr al-Hasan Rāshid Kāndhlawi. He says that, "some scholars have stated that Syed Ahmad Khan also studied under Mamlūk Ali, but it is baseless and we could not trace any proof to prove it.{{Sfn|Kāndhlawi|2000|p=149}}}}
* [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], Hanafi jurist.
* [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]], First Principal of Darul Uloom Deoband.
* [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]], Father of Urdu novel.
* [[Muhammad Mazhar Nanautawi]]
* [[Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri]], Hadīth scholar
* [[Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi]] (Co-founder of Darul Uloom Deoband and father of [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]])
* [[Fazlur Rahman Deobandi]] (Co-founder of Darul Uloom Deoband and father of [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]])
* [[Muhammad Munir Nanautawi]] (Former [[List of Vice Chancellors of Darul Uloom Deoband|VC of Deoband]])
* [[Zakaullah Dehlvi]]

==Death and legacy==
Nanautawi died of jaundice on 7 October 1851 and was buried in [[Munhadiyan]], [[New Delhi]] near the graveyard of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]].{{Sfn|Kāndhlawi|2000|p=150}}{{Sfn|KZN|2020|p=40}} His son Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi served as the first Principal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=126}} Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi, the founder of Darul Uloom Deoband studied most of his books with Mamluk Ali.{{Sfn|Adrawi|2015|p=59}} [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]], the author of ''Badhl al-Majhud'', an eighteen volume commentary on ''[[Sunan Abu Dawud]]'' was Nanautawi's grandson.<ref name=mashaikh>{{cite book|title=Tarikh-i Mashā'ikh-i Chisht|trans-title=The Mashāyikh of Chisht: The Spiritual Tree (Shajarah) and Life Episodes of the Noble Auliya and Mashāyikh of Chisht|author=Zakariyya Kandhlawi|translator=Majlisul Ulama of South Africa|author-link=Zakariyya Kandhlawi|chapter=Hadhrat Aqdas Mawlāna al-Haaj Khalīl Ahmad|language=English}}</ref>

Syed Ahmad Khan, the founder of Aligarh Muslim University commended him saying that, "the memory that Mamlūk Ali possessed was so profound that if per chance the entire library of knowledge was lost, Mawlāna would have once again written it all down from the treasure chest of his memory."{{Sfn|KZN|2020|p=38}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Asir |author1-link=Asir Adrawi |title=Karwān-e-Rafta: Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind |trans-title= The Caravan of the Past: Discussing Indian scholars|date=April 2016 |publisher=Darul Muallifeen |location=Deoband |edition=2nd|language=ur}}
* {{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Asir |title=Mawlāna Muhammad Qāsim Nanautawi: Hayāt awr Kārnāme |trans-title = Mawlāna Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi: Life and Works] |publisher=Shaykhul Hind Academy |location=[[Deoband]] |date=2015 |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |last1= Kāndhlawi |first1=Mawlāna Nūr al-Hasan Rāshid |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband |publisher=Nawaz Publications |location=[[Deoband]]|volume = 1 |pages=122–150 |date=January 2000 |language=Urdu |chapter=Hadhrat Mawlāna Mamlūk al-Ali Nanautawi}}
* {{cite book |title=Hadhrat Moulana Muhammad Qaasim Nanotwi: A Glimpse Into His Life |publisher=Jamiatul Ulama (KZN) |location=[[Isipingo]] |isbn=978-0-6398423-0-1 |pages=35–41 |edition=1st |date=January 2020 |chapter=Hadhrat Moulana Mamlook Ali Saahib | ref = {{harvid|KZN|2020}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |author1-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |translator= Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi |volume= 1 |title=History of Dar al Ulum Deoband |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheDarAlUlumDeoband1980Volume1|date=1980 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |location=Darul Uloom Deoband |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator= Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi |volume= 2 |title=History of Dar al-Ulum Deoband |url=https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband1981VolumeTwo|date=1981 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |location=Darul Uloom Deoband |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Syed Ahmad |author1-link=Syed Ahmad Khan |editor1-last=Shahjahanpuri |editor1-first=Abu Salman |editor1-link = Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri|title=Tazkirah Khānwāda-e-Wali'ullāhi |url=https://archive.org/details/TazkiraEKhanvadaEWaliullahi |publisher=[[University of Sindh]] |location=[[Hyderabad, Sindh]] |language=ur}}
{{refend}}

{{Siddiqi family of Nanauta}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}

[[Category:1789 births]]
[[Category:1851 deaths]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:People from Nanauta]]
[[Category:Burials at Mehdiyan]]