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Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao

2026-05-08T10:06:04Z

SnehAnchliya: adding a bio

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao కూనంనేని సాంబశివ రావు
| image = Ksambasivarao.jpg
| caption = Kunamneni in a press meet
| birth_date = 1966
| death_date =
| office1 = [[Communist Party of India|Secretary of the Communist Party of India]] Telangana State Council
| term_start1 = 8 September 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Chada Venkata Reddy
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Andhra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]]
| term_start2 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Vanama Venkateswara Rao]]
| term_end2 = 16 May 2014
| successor2 = [[Jalagam Venkat Rao]]
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]]
| term_start = 6 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Vanama Venkateswara Rao]]
| term_end =
| successor =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao''' (born 1956) known [[mononym]]ously by his [[surname]] as '''Kunamneni''', is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician and leader of [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). He was elected as secretary of CPI Telangana State Council in September 2022.<ref name="Kunamneni elected new CPI State secretary">{{cite news |date=9 September 2022 |title=Kunamneni elected new CPI State secretary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/sep/09/kunamneni-elected-new-cpi-state-secretary-2496290.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910114353/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/sep/09/kunamneni-elected-new-cpi-state-secretary-2496290.html |archive-date=10 September 2022 |access-date=10 September 2022 |work=}}</ref><ref name="Kunamneni elected as CPI state secretary again at the 4th State Conference">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |author1-link=23 August 2025 |title=Kunamneni elected as CPI state secretary again at the 4th State Conference |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kunamneni-elected-as-cpi-state-secretary-again-at-the-4th-state-conference/article69965942.ece |access-date=23 August 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=22 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823045521/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kunamneni-elected-as-cpi-state-secretary-again-at-the-4th-state-conference/article69965942.ece |archive-date=23 August 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He is the current MLA from Kothagudem.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sridhar |first=P. |date=2023-12-11 |title=Lone CPI MLA Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao vows to make people's voice heard in Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/lone-cpi-mla-kunamneni-sambasiva-rao-vows-to-make-peoples-voice-heard-in-assembly/article67628084.ece |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kunamneni was elected as a member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh 2004|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> He won the 2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly Election from Kothagudem Constituency on CPI ticket as an alliance candidate supported by Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Telangana Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/kunamneni-sambasiva-rao-54117-2 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-06 |title='Will be voice of oppressed in assembly' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cpi-state-secretary-kunamneni-sambasiva-rao-voice-of-the-oppressed-in-assembly/articleshow/105768459.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothagudem assembly election results 2023: Kothagudem Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/kothagudem-assembly-result-29117 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Kunamneni Sambasiva}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

{{CPIndia-politician-stub}}
{{AndhraPradesh-politician-stub}}
{{Telangana-politician-stub}}

KD: The Devil

2026-05-08T02:34:59Z

SnehAnchliya: adding new bio

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Prem}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= August 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = KD: The Devil
| image = KD - The Devil poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Prem (director)|Prem]]
| producer = Venkat K. Narayana
| writer = Prem
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dhruva Sarja]]
* [[Sanjay Dutt]]
* [[Shilpa Shetty]]
* [[Reeshma Nanaiah]]
* [[Ramesh Aravind]]
}}
| cinematography = [[William David]]
| editing = Sanketh Achar
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| studio = [[KVN Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2026|04|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes<ref name="CBFC">{{cite web |access-date=29 April 2026 |title=Dhruva Sarja Starrer KD: The Devil Gets ‘A’ Certificate Ahead Of April 30 Release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/dhruva-sarja-starrer-kd-the-devil-gets-a-certificate-ahead-of-april-30-release-10063582.html |website=News18}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''KD: The Devil''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller]] film written and directed by [[Prem (film director)|Prem]] and produced by Venkat K. Narayana for [[KVN Productions]]. The film stars [[Dhruva Sarja]] in the title role, alongside [[Sudeepa]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Reeshma Nanaiah]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]] and [[Nora Fatehi]]. The music was composed by [[Arjun Janya]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[William David]] and Sanketh Achar, respectively.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Dhruva Sarja- Prems's film titled 'KD-The Devil', title teaser out! |url=https://deccanherald.com/entertainment/dhruva-sarja-prems-film-titled-kd-the-devil-title-teaser-out-1155432.html |date=20 October 2022|access-date=8 August 2023 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |author=NP Jayaram}}</ref>

''KD: The Devil'' was theatrically released on 30 April 2026.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2026}}
Kaalidasa, also known as Kaali or KD, who begins as a small-time, good‑natured individual with modest ambitions—often depicted as a kerosene dealer or petty criminal living within a close-knit social and family circle. His life changes when a series of missteps and external circumstances push him into contact with powerful crime syndicates. Influenced by his admiration for the feared don Dhak Deva and further complicated by his relationships—particularly with his principled brother Dharma and his assertive love interest Lakshmi—Kaali gradually becomes drawn into a world defined by violence, loyalty, and shifting power dynamics. Kaali’s involvement in the underworld intensifies into a broader struggle for survival and identity.

What begins as accidental involvement evolves into a conflict driven by family protection, betrayal, and revenge, with the protagonist transforming from an underdog into a feared figure within the criminal hierarchy. Secondary elements—such as law enforcement manipulation, political pressures, and rival gang interests—expand the stakes, portraying a chaotic ecosystem where alliances are unstable and moral boundaries blur.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dhruva Sarja]] as Kaalidasa "KD"
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Dhak Deva
* [[Shilpa Shetty]] as Satyavati
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as Annayappa
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Dharma
* [[Reeshma Nanaiah]] as Machhlakshmi
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Rudra Mishra
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]]
* [[Nora Fatehi]] as Senorita in item number "Sarse Ninna Seraga Sarse"
* [[Sudeepa]] as Kaala Bhairava (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
Actor [[Dhruva Sarja]] announced his new project with director [[Prem (film director)|Prem]] and producer Venkat K. Narayana under the [[KVN Productions]], on 18 April 2022, tentatively titled ''#KVN4''.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhruva-sarjas-kvn4-muhurath-ceremony-to-be-held-on-april-24/articleshow/90915948.cms |title=Dhruva Sarja's #KVN4 muhurath ceremony to be held on April 24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> The film's title as ''KD: The Devil'' was announced on 20 October 2024.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dhruva-sarja-prems-film-titled-kd-the-devil-title-teaser-out-1155432.html |title=Dhruva Sarja-Prem's film titled 'KD - the Devil', title teaser out! |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref> [[Reeshma Nanaiah]] joined the cast to play the female lead.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 April 2023 |title=Reeshma Nanaiah to play the female lead in Prem-Dhruva Sarja's 'KD – The Devil' |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/reeshma-nanaiah-to-play-the-female-lead-in-prem-dhruva-sarjas-kd-the-devil/article66792445.ece |access-date=8 August 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810224824/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/reeshma-nanaiah-to-play-the-female-lead-in-prem-dhruva-sarjas-kd-the-devil/article66792445.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sanjay Dutt]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jul/30/sanjay-dutt-as-dhak-deva-in-prems-kd-the-devil-draws-inspiration-from-khal-nayak | title=Sanjay Dutt as Dhak Deva in Prem's 'KD - the Devil' draws inspiration from Khal Nayak | date=30 July 2024 }}</ref> [[Shilpa Shetty]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Shilpa Shetty Kundra joins the cast of Dhruva Sarja's 'KD- The Devil' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shilpa-shetty-kundra-joins-the-cast-of-dhruva-sarjas-kd-the-devil/article66649182.ece |date=22 March 2023 |access-date=8 August 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230558/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shilpa-shetty-kundra-joins-the-cast-of-dhruva-sarjas-kd-the-devil/article66649182.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Ramesh Aravind]] and [[Nora Fatehi]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/nora-fatehi-to-make-acting-debut-in-kannada-film-industry-with-kd-the-devil/cid/1995895 |title=Nora Fatehi to make acting debut in Kannada film industry with KD-The Devil |date=24 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |accessdate=6 April 2024}}</ref> joined the cast in important roles. [[Principal photography]] of the film began after a [[muhurat shot]] on 24 April 2022 and filming commenced on 22 October 2024.<ref name=":1"/>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = KD: The Devil
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| prev_title = [[45 (2025 film)|45]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2026
| next_title = Trishulam
| next_year = TBA
}}
The music of the film was composed by [[Arjun Janya]]. The music rights of the film were acquired by [[Anand Audio]].<ref name=":0"/> The first single titled "Shiva Shiva" was released on 24 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 December 2024 |title=Soul-stirring folk anthem 'Shiva Shiva' from 'KD - The Devil' released |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/soul-stirring-folk-anthem-shiva-shiva-from-kd-the-devil-released-932275 |work=The Hans India|date=24 December 2024 }}</ref> The second single titled "Settagalla" was released on 29 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=KD-The Devil {{!}} Song - Settagalla (Lyrical) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/kd-the-devil-song-settagalla-lyrical/amp_videoshow/119932633.cms |work=The Times of India|date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s) and Artist(s)
| title1 = Shiva Shiva
| extra1 = [[Prem (film director)|Prem]], [[Kailash Kher]]
| lyrics1 = Manjunath BS
| length1 = 3:37
| title2 = Settagalla
| extra2 = [[Mika Singh]]
| length2 = 3:40
| lyrics2 = Prem
| title3 = Annthamma Jodetthu Kano
| lyrics3 = Manjunath B.S.
| extra3 = Prem
| title4 = Sarse Ninna Sarega Sarse
| length4 = 3:55
| lyrics4 = Prem
| extra4 = Aishwarya Rangarajan
| title5 = Nuggi Hodi
| length5 = 4:08
| lyrics5 = Prem
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title6 = Come On Kaali
| length6 = 3:15
| lyrics6 = Prem
| extra6 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| length3 = 3:57
}}

==Release==
''KD: The Devil'' was theatrically released on 30 April 2026 after facing multiple delays.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 December 2025 |title=Prem-Dhruva Sarja's KD: The Devil locks new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/27/prem-dhruva-sarjas-kd-the-devil-locks-new-release-date |website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 April 2026 |title=Rs 1500 cr on 3 films: With Toxic, Jana Nayagan, has KVN Productions bitten off more than it can chew? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/toxic-jana-nayagan-kvn-productions-rs-1500-crore-on-3-films-10662886/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The film received an [[A certificate|A (adults only) certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] due to gory violence.<ref name="CBFC"/>

== Reception ==
Sruthi Ganapathy Raman, writing for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' commented that "Excess is the real devil here".<ref>{{cite web|first=Sruthi Ganapathy|last=Raman|title=‘KD: The Devil’ Review: Fleeting Moments Of Kitschy Fun In An Otherwise Jarring Action Drama|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/kd-the-devil-review-fleeting-moments-of-kitschy-fun-in-an-otherwise-jarring-action-drama|date=30 April 2026|website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>
Latha Srinivasan of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and said that "The film makes a big entrance but doesn't keep you hooked till the end".<ref>{{cite web|first=Latha|last=Srinivasan|title=KD The Devil Review: This Dhruva Sarja Flick Is All Style And Little Substance|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kd-the-devil-review-this-dhruva-sarja-flick-is-all-style-and-little-substance-11431338|date=30 April 2026|website=NDTV}}</ref>

Susmita Sameera reviewing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and writes that "Overall, KD – The Devil delivers a mixed cinematic experience"<ref>{{cite web|first=Susmita|last=Sameera|title=KD: The Devil Movie Review: A Star-Studded Spectacle with a Cliffhanger End|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kd-the-devil-a-star-studded-spectacle-with-a-cliffhanger-end/movie-review/130627972.cms|date=30 April 2026|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
Vivek M.V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observed that "With a semblance of story and a decent character arc for the protagonist, ‘KD’, starring Dhruva Sarja and directed by Prem, is aimed at lovers of loud ‘masala’ movie lovers who care less for depth in writing."<ref>{{cite web|first=Vivek|last=M.V.|title=‘KD: The Devil’ movie review: Prem, Dhruva Sarja offer a fan service that’s just about watchable|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kd-movie-review-dhruva-sarja-prem-kd-the-devil-sanjay-dutt-shilpa-shetty-fan-service-arjun-janya/article70924231.ece|date=30 April 2026|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' feels that "Despite a star-studded ensemble, including veterans such as Doddanna and Dattanna, and a guest appearance by Sudeepa, the film does little justice to its talent pool."<ref>{{cite web|first=Jagdish|last=Angadi|title=KD: The Devil Review: Grand spectacle, no narrative heft|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kd-the-devil-review-grand-spectacle-no-narrative-heft-3986423|date=30 April 2026|website=Deccan Herlad}}</ref>
Sanjay Ponnappa of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 2.5/5 stars out of 5 and said that "This Dhruva Sarja-Sanjay Dutt-starrer period action drama is entertaining in bits but is mostly loud, messy and violent."<ref>{{cite web|first=Sanjay|last=Ponappa|title=KD The Devil review: Dhruva Sarja's film is a brain-rot commercial entertainer|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kd-the-devil-review-dhruva-sarja-prem-scale-but-excess-hurts-2903663-2026-04-30|date=30 April 2026|website=India Today}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
The film's director Prem and production house KVN Productions faced criticism over the lyrics of the song "Sarse Ninna Seraga Sarse", which was released as the third single from the soundtrack.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.youtube.com/shorts/OVtRBXdPam0 |via = [[YouTube]]| title = WTF ARE THESE LYRICS? |access-date= 17 March 2026}}</ref> The music video of the song, which prominently featured a Hindi-language version of the song, starred Nora Fatehi and Sanjay Dutt. The song faced backlash, while online users expressed their ire towards the lyrics, labeling them as “vulgar” and “suggestive”.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kd-the-devil-song-kvn-productions-vulgar-lyrics-social-media-taken-down-prem-dhruva-sarja-sanjay-dutt-nora-fatehi/article70752457.ece/amp/| title =‘KD: The Devil’ song: KVN Productions takes down track after severe backlash over ‘vulgar’ lyrics |website = The Hindu|access-date= 17 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kd-the-devil-nora-fatehi-sanjay-dutt-vulgar-song-sarse-ninna-seraga-sarse-10584951/lite/| title=KD The Devil song Sarse Ninna Seraga Sarse: Netizens call Nora Fatehi-Sanjay Dutt number ‘vulgar’, fans say they’ll disown director Prem |website = The Indian Express|access-date= 16 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kd-the-devil-makers-set-to-re-release-sanitized-version-of-sarse-ninna-seraga-sarse-3936234|title=‘KD: The Devil’ makers set to re-release ‘sanitized’ version of ‘Sarse Ninna Seraga Sarse’ |website = Deccan Herald|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Sarke Chunariya' row: Director Prem apologises, says lyrics misinterpreted |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2026/Mar/19/sarke-chunariya-row-director-prem-apologises-says-lyrics-misinterpreted |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref> The song was soon removed from YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-19 |title=Nora Fatehi 'Sarke Chunar' song controversy: Writer Raqueeb Alam says 'maine nahi likhe hain' after 'KD: The Devil' movie song pulled down amid backlash |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/nora-fatehi-sarke-chunar-song-controversy-writer-raqueeb-alam-says-maine-nahi-likhe-hain-after-kd-the-devil-movie-song-pulled-down-amid-backlash/articleshow/129652675.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-21 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
In the film's end credits, a sequel titled ''KD 2: Evil's Kingdom'' was announced.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15295368}}

{{Prem (director)}}

[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prem]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]

Guru Khushwant Saheb

2026-05-05T06:59:11Z

SnehAnchliya: adding basic pg w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Guru Khushwant Saheb
| image =
| caption = Saheb in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|03|27|df=y}}
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = Guru Baldas Saheb (father)
| birth_place = [[Arang]], [[Raipur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] {{small|(now [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]])}}
| alma_mater = [[MATS University]] ([[M.Tech.]])
| office = [[Sai ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start = 20 August 2025
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = * Skill development
* Technical Education and Employment
* Scheduled Caste Development
| office1 = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| constituency1 = [[Arang Assembly constituency|Arang]]
| predecessor1 = [[Shivkumar Dahariya]]
}}

'''Guru Khushwant Saheb''' (born 27 March 1989) is an [[India]]n [[politician]] from [[Raipur]] [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is a member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Arang Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bjp Guru Khushwant Saheb Arang Chhattisgarh Candidate Assembly Election Result 2023 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/chhattisgarh/candidates/guru-khushwant-saheb-bjp-2023-arang-52-chhattisgarh |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress">{{cite news |last1=mint |date=3 December 2023 |title=Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210105307/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html |archivedate=10 December 2023 |accessdate=10 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, he was appointed as a [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] in the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]], holding the portfolios of Skill Development, Technical Education and Employment, and Scheduled Caste Development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-20 |title=Chhattisgarh cabinet expanded; 3 first-term MLAs take oath, strength rises to 14 - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/chhattisgarh-cabinet-expanded-3-first-term-mlas-take-oath-strength-rises-to-14-19656705.htm |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Saheb is from [[Arang]], Raipur District, Chhattisgarh. He is the son of Baldas Guru. He completed his M.Tech. in 2017 at [[MATS University]], Gullu Arang, Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Khushwant Saheb(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ARANG (SC)(RAIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=311 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political life ==
Saheb won from Arang Assembly constituency representing the BJP in the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]. Three months before the election he quit the [[Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee|Indian National Congress]] and joined the BJP. He polled 94,039 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Shivkumar Dahariya]] of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 16,538 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arang Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Guru Khushwant Saheb Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/arang-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687249.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results 2023: Check full and final list of winners here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-result-2023-whos-winning-it-for-bjp-congress-complete-list-of-leading-candidates/articleshow/105700937.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Arang Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Guru Khushwant Saheb with 94039 defeats INC's Dr. Shivkumar Dahariya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/arang-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470870-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Subject bar|auto=yes|portal2=India|portal1=Biography|portal3=Politics|d=Q123882889}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saheb, Guru Khushwant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Raipur]]
[[Category:People from Raipur district]]

Ranga Maarthaanda

2026-04-29T00:40:57Z

SnehAnchliya: starting some info w/ sources...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ranga Maarthaanda
| image = Rangamarthanda.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Krishna Vamsi]]
| producer = Kalipu Madhu S. Venkat Reddy
| based_on = {{Based on|''Natsamrat'' (drama)|[[Kusumagraj|V. V. Shirwadkar]]}}
| writer = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] Dialogue: Akella Siva Prasad
| starring = {{ubl |[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]]|[[Brahmanandam]]|[[Shivathmika Rajashekar]]|[[Rahul Sipligunj]]|[[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]]|[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]|[[Aadarsh Balakrishna]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Raj K. Nalli
| editing = Pavankumar Vinnakota
| studio = Raja Shyamala Entertainments Housefull Movies
| released = {{Film date|2023|03|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ranga Maarthanda''''' ({{translation}} ''The Sun of Theatre'') is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranga Marthanda movie review: A nuanced, emotional film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ranga-marthanda-movie-review-a-nuanced-emotional-film-8510795/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=21 March 2023}}</ref> It is a remake of the 2016 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''[[Natsamrat]]''. The film stars [[Prakash Raj]], [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]], and [[Brahmanandam]] in the lead roles along with [[Shivathmika Rajashekar]], [[Rahul Sipligunj]], [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]], [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]], and [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]] in supporting roles. The film is produced by Kalipu Madhu, S. Venkat Reddy under the banner of Rajashyamala Entertainments, Housefull Movies and [[Mythri Movie Makers]]. The film features music scored by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with cinematography by Raj K Nalli, and editing by Pavan VK.

The film released on 22 March 2023, opening to highly positive reviews praising the performances, proper adaptation of the remake, emotional weight, and direction, as well as noting it as a return to form for Krishna Vamsi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishna Vamsi's Rangamarthanda Gets A Thumbs Up From Audience |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/trailer-of-krishna-vamsis-rangamarthanda-gets-a-thumbs-up-from-audience-7346179.html |access-date=10 April 2023 |work=News18 |date=21 March 2023}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Raghava Rao, the king of drama theater
* [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]] as Raju Garu, Raghava Rao's wife
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Chakrapani, Raghava Rao's best friend
* [[Jayalalita]] as Chakrapani’s wife
* [[Shivathmika Rajashekar]] as Bangaram, Raghava Rao's daughter and Rahul's wife
* [[Rahul Sipligunj]] as Rahul, Bangaram's husband
* [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] as Geeta, Ranga Rao's wife
* [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]] as Ranga Rao, Raghava Rao's son and Geeta's husband
* [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]] as Siddharth
* Vamsi Chaganti
* Prabhakar Podakandla
* Satyanand
* [[Raj Madiraju]]
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]]
* [[Priyadarshini Ram]]
* [[Shanoor Sana]]
* [[Venu Yeldandi]]
* Bhadram
*Raja Pakurthi
{{colend}}

== Release ==
''Ranga Maarthanda'' was released in theaters on 22 March 2023. It was later made available for streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 7 April 2023.

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "This emotionally stirring family drama may not have commercial elements, but even with its imperfections, the film will keep the audience hooked and has a universal recall. Actors Prakash Raj and Brahmanandam came up with performances of a lifetime. Watch it".<ref>{{cite news |title=Rangamarthanda Movie Review : Extraordinary performances make this emotional family drama a classic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rangamarthanda/movie-review/98882212.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 March 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=6 April 2023}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="4" |[[68th Filmfare Awards South|3 August 2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards Telugu 2024 are out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-telugu-2024-are-out-67264.html |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 20242">{{cite news |last1=Filmfare |date=4 August 2024 |title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804051630/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html |archivedate=4 August 2024 |accessdate=4 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024: Check out the winners2">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=4 August 2024 |title=69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024: Check out the winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-check-out-the-winners/articleshow/112251936.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804052211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-check-out-the-winners/articleshow/112251936.cms |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Brahmanandam]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Ramya Krishnan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|14 September 2024]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Brahmanandam]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=17 July 2024 |title=SIIMA 2024 Nominations Revealed: Nani's Dasara and Rajinikanth Starrer Jailer Lead with 11 Nominations Each |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/siima-2024-nominations-revealed-nanis-dasara-and-rajinikanth-starrer-jailer-lead-with-11-nominations-each-enn24071700580 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11773308 }}
{{Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi}}

[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Marathi films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishna Vamsi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]

K. Shankaraiah

2026-04-28T14:53:32Z

SnehAnchliya: adding new article

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''K. Shankaraiah''' (born 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Shadnagar Assembly constituency]] in [[Ranga Reddy district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shadnagar assembly election results 2023: Shadnagar Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/shadnagar-assembly-result-29084 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Shadnagar Election Result 2023 Live, Shadnagar Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-shadnagar-constituency-84.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shankaraiah is from [[Shadnagar]], Ranga Reddy district. His father K. Ramaiah is a farmer. He completed his Bachelor of Arts in 1992 at City College, which is affiliated with [[Osmania University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=K Shankaraiah(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SHADNAGAR(RANGAREDDY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=303 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shankaraiah won from [[Shadnagar Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 77,817 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Yelganamoni Anjaiah of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a margin of 7,128 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shadnagar Constituency Election Results 2023: Shadnagar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/shadnagar |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=K Shankaraiah, INC Candidate from Shadnagar Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/k-shankaraiah-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a084e2023c004/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PAC chairman’s appointment in Telangana triggers political row">{{cite news|title=PAC chairman’s appointment in Telangana triggers political row|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pac-chairman-s-appointment-in-telangana-triggers-political-row-101726168020539.html|accessdate=28 April 2026|date=13 September 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209075925/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pac-chairman-s-appointment-in-telangana-triggers-political-row-101726168020539.html|archivedate=9 December 2024|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankaraiah, K.}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Ranga Reddy district]]

Seleucid–Mauryan War

2026-04-27T08:15:59Z

SnehAnchliya: Put Up A Post W/ Refs - done

{{Short description|c. 305–303 BCE conflict in South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Seleucid–Mauryan War
| partof = Conquests of [[Chandragupta Maurya]]
| image = EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander with ceded territories.jpg
| image_size = 200
| caption = [[Alexander the Great]]'s Eastern Satrapies in [[South Asia]]
| date = 305–303 BCE
| place = [[Indus Valley]], Northwestern [[South Asia]]
| result = [[Strabo]]: "[[Seleucus Nicator]] gave [territories that lie along the Indus] to [[Sandrocottus]] [Chandragupta], upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange five hundred elephants."<ref name="xv.2.9">[[Strabo]], ''Geography'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15B*.html#2.9 xv.2.9]</ref>{{efn|{{harvtxt|Jansari|2023|p=35}}: "None of the ancient authors depicted either Seleucus or Chandragupta as the clear victor of this battle."}}
| territory = Parts of Seleucid Empire's eastern satrapies ceded to the Maurya Empire: [[Gandhara]], [[Paropamisadae]], eastern part of [[Gedrosia]], possibly also [[Arachosia]] and [[Aria (region)|Aria]] up to modern-day [[Herat]]{{efn-la|name="ceded_territories"}}
| combatant1 = [[Maurya Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Seleucid Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Chandragupta Maurya]] [[Chanakya]]
| commander2 = [[Seleucus I Nicator]]
}}
{{Campaignbox Chandragupta}}{{Campaignbox Iranian-Indian Wars and Conflicts}}
The '''Seleucid–Mauryan War''' was a confrontation between the Seleucid and Mauryan empires that took place sometime between 305 and 303 BCE,{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=32}} when [[Seleucus I Nicator]] of the [[Seleucid Empire]] crossed the [[Indus River]] into the former Indian [[satrapies]] of the [[Macedonian Empire]], which had been conquered by Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the [[Maurya Empire]].

The confrontation resulted in a dynastic marriage-alliance between Seleucus and Chandragupta, the gift of war elephants to Seleucus, and the transferring of control over the [[Indus Valley]] region and (possibly){{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=452-453}} part of Afghanistan to Chandragupta.{{efn-la|name="ceded_territories"}} The alliance freed Seleucus to turn his attention toward his [[Diadochi|rivals in the west]], while Chandragupta secured control over the areas that he had sought, the Maurya Empire emerging as the dominant power of the [[Indian subcontinent]].

== Background ==
{{See also|Nanda–Mauryan War}}
[[File:Joppen Alexander's Empire 326BC ivory.jpg|thumb|right|Alexander's empire (from Charles Joppen SJ, ''Historical Atlas of India: For the use of High Schools, Colleges, and Private Students'', London: Longman, Green & Co., 1907]]
[[File:Baydad.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bagadates I]] (Minted 290–280 BC), the first indigenous satrap to be appointed by the [[Seleucid Empire]]<ref>{{cite book| first= Otto |last= Mørkholm| title= Early Hellenistic Coinage: From the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea| publisher= Cambridge University Press| year= 1991| page= 73f| isbn= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first1= John |last1= Curtis| first2= Nigel | last2= Tallis | first3= Béatrice |last3= André-Salvini| title= Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia| year= 2005 |at=pp. 258–59, fig. 454, Silver tetradrachm of Bagadates}}</ref>]]

In the wake of Alexander's Indian campaign, [[Chandragupta Maurya]] led a successful revolt from north-western India against the [[Nanda Dynasty]], rulers at the time of the [[Gangetic Plain]], establishing himself as Emperor of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] around 321 BC. He fought the empire for eleven years with successful guerrilla campaigns, and captured the Nanda capital of [[Pataliputra]]. This led to the fall of the empire and the eventual creation of the [[Maurya Empire]] with Chandragupta Maurya as its emperor.

The Persian provinces in what is now modern Afghanistan, together with the wealthy kingdom of [[Gandhara]] and the states of the [[Indus Valley]], had all submitted to [[Alexander the Great]] and become part of his empire. When Alexander died, the [[Wars of the Diadochi]] ("Successors") split his empire apart; as his generals fought for control of Alexander's empire. In the eastern territories one of these generals, [[Seleucus I Nicator]], was taking control and was starting to establish what became known as the [[Seleucid Empire]]. According to the Roman historian [[Appian]], ''History of Rome'', Seleucus was
{{blockquote|Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired [[Mesopotamia]], [[Ancient Armenia|Armenia]], 'Seleucid' [[Cappadocia]], [[Persis]], [[Parthia]], [[Bactria]], [[Arabia]], Tapouria, [[Sogdia]], [[Arachosia]], [[Hyrcania]], and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river [[Indus]], so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from [[Phrygia]] to the Indus was subject to Seleucus.<ref name="livius1">{{cite web | url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-syrian-wars/appian-the-syrian-wars-11/ | title=Appian, the Syrian Wars 11 – Livius }}</ref>}}

The Roman historian [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] described how Sandrocottus ([[Greek language|Greek]] version of Chandragupta's name) assassinated Greek governors and established an oppressive regime "after taking the throne":
{{blockquote|"India, after the death of Alexander, had assassinated his prefects, as if shaking the burden of servitude. The author of this liberation was Sandracottos [Chandragupta], but he had transformed liberation in servitude after victory, since, after taking the throne, he himself oppressed the very people he has liberated from foreign domination." | [[Junianus Justinus]]|''Histoires Philippiques Liber'', XV.4.12–13 <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030902205057/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/trad15.html Justin XV.4.12-13]}}</ref>}}

== Confrontation ==
Details of the conflict are lacking, and the only sources mentioning the confrontation between Seleucus and Chandragupta are a few references by Strabo, Appian, Plutarch, and Justin.{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=33}} According to Appian,
{{blockquote|text=[Seleucus] crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward.|sign=[[Appian]]|source=''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars<ref name="livius1"/>}}

While numerous authors interpret the Greek sources as describing a Mauryan victory, others are more cautious, and stay close to what the Greek sources say.{{efn|name="Mauryan victory"}} The details of the conflict,{{sfn|Grainger|2014|pp=108–110}} and if there was in fact a [[pitched battle]],{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33–34}} are unknown, and Jansari warns that "there are very little details about the battle or skirmish they fought, and that none of the ancient authors depicted either Seleucus or Chandragupta as the clear victor of this battle. This lack of information about the encounter and the ensuing treaty means that it is impossible to reconstruct them."{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=35}} Wheatley and Heckel suggest that the degree of friendly Maurya-Seleucid relations established after the war implies that the hostilities were probably "neither prolonged nor grievous".{{sfn|Wheatley|Heckel|2011|p=296}}

== Dynastic marriage-alliance ==
The confrontation was followed by a dynastic marriage-alliance, briefly mentioned by, or alluded to, by Greco-Roman authors [[Strabo]] (64 or 63 BCE – c. 24 CE) XV 2,9,{{sfn|Sherwin-White|Kuhrt|1993|p=93}}{{sfn|Grainger|2014|p=66}} [[Plutarch]] (1st c. CE),{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=34}} [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] (2nd c. CE),{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33}} and [[Appian]] (2nd c. CE) '''Syr.'' 55.{{sfn|Sherwin-White|Kuhrt|1993|p=93}}{{sfn|Grainger|2014|p=66}} According to Jansari, Strabos and Plutarch may have drawn information from the same source, possibly [[Megasthenes]].{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=34}} No Indian sources record the events,{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=32}} and Jansari warns that "the dependence on a small group of sources from only one literary tradition necessitates a cautious approach to these texts and the events they describe."{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=33}}

Three terms are recorded by these ancient sources.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33}} Seleucus Nicator seems to have ceded territories to Chandragupta,{{efn-la|name="ceded_territories"}} and received [[war elephant]]s from [[Chandragupta Maurya]], which subsequently influenced the [[Wars of the Diadochi]] in the west. Seleucus and Chandragupta also agreed to a marriage alliance, probably the marriage of Seleucus' daughter to Chandragupta.

===Overview of the alliance===
[[Strabo]] mentions the exchange of elephants and territory as part of the dynastic marriage-alliance.{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=34}} In his ''[[Geographica]]'', composed about 300 years after Chandragupta's death, he describes a number of tribes living along the Indus, and then states that "The Indians occupy [in part] some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians":<ref>Strabo, Geography, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D15%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D9 XV, 2, 9]</ref>
{{blockquote|The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the [[Paropamisadae]], above whom lies the [[Paropamisus Mountains]]: then, towards the south, the [[Arachosia|Arachoti]]: then next, towards the south, the [[Gedrosia|Gedroseni]], with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. Alexander [III 'the Great' of Macedon] took these away from the Arians and established settlements of his own, but [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave them to [[Sandrocottus]] [Chandragupta], upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange five hundred elephants.<ref name="xv.2.9"/>}}

Jansari notes that "them" refers to "territories previously held by Alexander, but it is not specified which these were."{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=34}}

V.A. Smith (1914):

{{blockquote|...the cession made in 303 b.c. by Seleukos Nikator to Chandragupta Maurya included provinces of the Paropanisadae (Kabul), Aria (Herat), Arachosia (Kandahar), and probably Gedrosia (Makran), or a large part of that satrapy.{{sfn|Smith|1914|p=149}}}}

Kosmin summarizes those sources as follows, cautiously interpreting which territories may have been transferred:
{{blockquote|The ancient historians Justin, Appian, and Strabo preserve the three main terms of what I will call the Treaty of the Indus: (i) Seleucus transferred to Chandragupta's kingdom the easternmost satrapies of his empire, certainly [[Gandhara]], [[Parapamisadae]], and the eastern parts of [[Gedrosia]], and possibly also [[Arachosia]] and [[Aria (region)|Aria]] as far as [[Herat]]. (ii) Chandragupta gave Seleucus 500 Indian war elephants. (iii) The two kings were joined by some kind of marriage alliance (ἐπιγαμία οι κῆδος); most likely Chandragupta wed a female relative of Seleucus.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33}}}}

Jansari notes that, in the 20th century, diverging views on Chandragupta have developed between western academics and Indian scholars.{{sfn|Jansari|2023}} While westerners tend to take a reserved view on Chandragupta's accomplishments, Indian authors have portrayed Chandragupta as a very successful king who established the first Indian nation.{{sfn|Jansari|2023}}

===Transferred territories===

====Gedrosia (Baluchistan)====

=====Malan mountain range (Purali/Hingol river)=====
[[File:Malan Range.jpg|thumb|right|Malan Range and limit of ceded territory according to Tarn (1922).{{efn-la|name="Tarn_limit"}}]]
V.A. Smith (1914), ''Early History of India'',:<ref>V.A. Smith (1914), ''Early History of India'', [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283158/page/n173/mode/2up?q=Aria p.151]</ref>
{{blockquote|The satrapy of Gedrosia (or Gadrosia) extended far to the west, and probably only the eastern part of it was annexed by Chandragupta. The Malin range of mountains,{{efn-la|name="Malin_mountain_range"}} which Alexander experienced such difficulty in crossing,{{efn-la|name="Malin_Eggermont_Cummings"}} would have furnished a natural boundary.}}

Tarn limits the ceded part of Gedrosia to the territory east of the Porali Hingol) river, referring to [[Eratosthenes]] (c.276 BC – c.195/194 BCE), who states (in Tarn words) that
{{blockquote|Alexander [...] took away from Iran the parts of these three satrapies which lay along the Indus and made of them separate [...] governments or province; it was these which Seleucus ceded, being districts predominantly Indian in blood. In Gedrosia the boundary is known: the country ceded was that between the Median [[Hydaspes]]{{efn-la|name="Hydaspes"}} (probably the Purali{{efn-la|Porali, a tributary of the Hingol river.<ref>Narmeen Taimor (2023), [https://www.graana.com/blog/an-overview-of-rivers-of-balochistan/ ''An Overview of Rivers of Balochistan''], Graana.com</ref>}}) and the Indus."{{sfn|Tarn|1922|p=100}}}}

[[File:Makran Coast v01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Makran]] coast, Pakistan, which according to [[Thomas Trautmann]] was ceded to Chandragupta, referreing to Smith (1924).{{sfn|Trautmann|2015|p=235}} Smith actually takes the Malan mountain range, which lies east of the Makran coast, as the western limit.{{sfn|Smith|1924|p=160}}{{efn-la|name="Trautman_2015_p.235_Makran_coast"}}]]
With regard to Gedrosia, more recent authors mention either "Gedrosia," which gives the impression that Baluchistan as far as Iran was hand over, or '[the eastern] part of Gedrosia'. According to Thapar (1963), referring to Smith (1914), ''History of India'',
{{blockquote|"Certain areas in the north-west were acquired through the treaty with Seleucus. There is no absolute certainty as to which these areas were and it has been suggested{{efn-la|name="Smith_1914"}} that the territory ceded consisted of [[Gedrosia]], [[Arachosia]], [[Aria (region)|Aria]] [modern-day Herat], and the [[Paropamisadae]]."{{sfn|Thapar|1963|p=16}}}}

In ''History of Early India'', also from 1963, Thapar writes that "Some Seleucid territories that today would cover eastern Afghanistan, Baluchistan and [[Makran]] were ceded to the Maurya."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfEarlyIndiaFromTheOriginsToAD1300Thapar/page/n206/mode/1up|title=History Of Early India From The Origins To AD 1300 - author Romila Thapar|last=Thapar|first=Romila|date=2002-01-01|pages=176|quote=.}}</ref>

According to Kosmin, Seleucus "certainly" transferred "the eastern parts of [[Gedrosia]]."{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33}} [[Thomas Trautmann]] includes the [[Makran]] Coast, referring to Smith (1924), and taking the Ashokan Edict of Kandahar as a validation for a maximum interpretation of Strabo.{{efn-la|name="Trautman_2015_p.235_Makran_coast"}} Smith actually takes the Malin range, east of the Makran coast, as the western limit,{{sfn|Smith|1924|p=160}} The validation by the Ashokan edicts is questioned by Coningham & Young and "a growing number of researchers," as the Ashokan edicts may rather point to the maximum extent of contact, and not of institutionalized control.{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=452-453}}

=====Lower Indus Valley=====
Coningham & Young also question the extent of control over the lower Indus Valley, following Thapar, noting that this may hve been an area of peripheral control.{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=452}} [[Raymond Allchin]] also notes the absence of major cities in the lower Indus Valley.{{sfn|Allchin|1995|p=208}}{{efn-la|name="Haig_1894_LIV"}}

====Paropamisadae (Gandhara and Kabul) and Arachosia (Kandahar)====
{{See also|Aramaic inscription of Laghman|Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription|Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka|Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription}}

According to Tarn, "the Paropamisadae itself was never Chandragupta's."{{sfn|Tarn|1922|p=100}} Tarn, writing in 1922 before the discovery of the [[edicts of Ashoka]] in Kandahar and [[Laghman Province]] in the 1930s-60s, limits the exchanged territory to the Indus Valley. According to Tarn, the limit followed the Kunar river, east of Kabul and ending in Jalalabad,{{efn|See [https://www.unomaha.edu/international-studies-and-programs/center-for-afghanistan-studies/academics/transboundary-water-research/DLM12/DLM12.php this map]}} further south along the watershed, and ending at the Hingol river.{{sfn|Tarn|1922|p=101}}{{efn-la|name="Tarn_limit"|{{harvtxt|Tarn|1922|p=101}}: "The Paropamisadae was not among the provinces ceded by Seleucus to Chandragupta [...] there is a passage from Eratosthenes, usually neglected, which seems plain enough. It says that, before Alexander, the Paropamisadae, Arachosia, and Gedrosia all stretched to the Indus; the reference is to the Achaemenid satrapies, and it implies that in Persian times the Paropamisadae and Gandhara were one satrapy. Alexander (it continues) took away from Iran the parts of these three satrapies which lay along the Indus and made of them separate [caroikia] (which must here mean governments or provinces); it was these which Seleucus ceded, being districts predominantly Indian in blood [...] Of the satrapy which Eratosthenes calls Paropamisadae Chandragupta got Gandhara, the land between the [[Kunar River]] and the [[Indus River]]; this is certain, because Eratosthenes says that he did not get the whole, while the thorough evangelisation of Gandhara by Asoka shows that it belonged to the Mauryas. The boundary in Arachosia cannot be precisely defined; but, speaking very roughly, what Chandragupta got lay east of a line starting from the Kunar River and following the watershed to somewhere near [[Quetta]] and then going to the sea by [[Kalat, Balochistan|Kalat]] and the [[Porali River]]; that will serve as an indication. The Paropamisadae itself was never Chandragupta’s. See [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Arid-region-location-and-drainage-pattern_fig1_335692129 this map] for Porali River, close to the [[Hingol River]].}}

Kosmin writes that Seleucud "certainly" ceded [[Gandhara]] and [[Parapamisadae]] (this includes Gandhara), but "possibly" also Arachosia.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33}} Trautmann includes most of Afghanistan, including Herat, and Pakistan,{{efn-la|name="Trautman_2015_p.235_Makran_coast"}} noting that this extent has been doubted. He refers to Smith, stating that Smith "convincingly supported the veracity of the territorial cession," and arguing that the Ashokan inscription in Gandhara "confirmed the accuracy of the ancient testimony."{{sfn|Trautmann|2015|p=235}}

Coningham & Young question the extent of control over eastern Afghanistan, noting that "a growing number of researchers would now agree that the Ashokan edicts may have represented 'an area of maximum contact rather than streamlined bureaucratic control'."{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=452-453}}

====Aria (Herat)====
{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=right|frame-width=200|type=line|id=Q8515|text=Interactive Map}}

The acquisition of [[Aria (region)|Aria]] (modern Herat) is disputed. Smith included a large part of Aria, referring to Strabo and Pliny.{{sfn|Smith|1914|p=149}} Strabo XV, 1, 10:
{{blockquote|the Indus River was the boundary between India and Ariana, which latter was situated next to India on the west and was in the possession of the Persians at that time; for later the Indians also held much of Ariana, having received it from the Macedonians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A1*.html|title=LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XV Chapter 1 (§§ 1‑25)|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>}}

[[Pliny the Elder]] (23/24–79 CE):
{{blockquote|Most geographers, in fact, do not look upon India as bounded by the river Indus, but add to it the four satrapies of the [[Gedrosia]], the [[Arachosia|Arachotë]], the [[Aria (region)|Aria]], and the [[Paropamisadë]], the [[Kabul River|River Cophes]] [Kabul River], thus forming the extreme boundary of India. According to other writers, however, all these territories, are reckoned as belonging to the country of the Aria.<ref>Pliny, Natural History VI.(23).78. [http://attalus.org/translate/pliny_hn6b.html#78 Pliny, Natural History VI.(23).78]</ref>}}

Smith reads Strabo XV 1,10 as implying that "Strabo informs us that the cession included a large part of Ariane."{{sfn|Smith|1914|p=149}} He further argues that Pliny, in his treatment of the borders of India, when referring to various authors who "include in India the four satrapies of Gedrosia, Arachosia, Aria, and the Paropanisadae," this
{{blockquote|...must have been based on the fact that at some period previous to A.D. 77, when his book was published, these four provinces were actually reckoned as part of India. At what time other than the period of the Mauryan dynasty is it possible that these provinces should have formed part of India?{{sfn|Smith|1914|p=150}}}}

According to Tarn, explicitly criticising Smith for his interpretation of the extent of Aria,{{efn-la|name="Tarn_extravagant"}} the idea that Seleucus handed over more than what is now eastern Afghanistan is an exaggeration originating in a statement by Pliny the Elder in his Geographia VI, 69, referring not specifically to the lands received by Chandragupta, but rather to the various opinions of geographers regarding the definition of the word "India."{{sfn|Tarn|1922|p=100, and note 1}}

According to Kosmin, Seleucid "possibly" gave away "Aria as far as Herat."{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33}} According to Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee, Aria "has been wrongly included in the list of ceded satrapies by some scholars [...] on the basis of wrong assessments of the passage of Strabo [...] and a statement by Pliny."{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|Mukherjee|1997|p=594}} According to John D. Grainger, "Seleucus "must [...] have held Aria", and furthermore, his "son [[Antiochus I|Antiochos]] was active there fifteen years later."{{sfn|Grainger|2014|p=109}} According to Sherwin-White and [[Amélie Kuhrt|Kuhrt]] (1993), "The region of Aria is definitely known to have been Seleucid under Seleucus I and Antiochus I as it definitely was after [[Antiochus III]]'s great campaign in the east against the Parthians and Bactrians. [...] There is no evidence whatever that it did not remain Seleucid, like [[Drangiana]], with which it is linked by easy routes."{{sfn|Sherwin-White|Kuhrt|1993|p=79-80}}{{efn|"For more than a century, the Seleucids remained in control of the [Drangiana] region. [...] Drangiana was conquered by the Parthians." [https://www.livius.org/articles/place/drangiana/]}}

===Military consequences===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2/2
| total_width = 240
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| image1 = Seleukos elephant.jpg
| caption1 = Seleukos I Nikator. 312–281 BC. AR Stater (22 mm, 16.88 g, 12 h). Susa mint. Struck circa 288/7 BC. Head of Zeus right, wearing laurel wreath / Elephant advancing right; above, spearhead right.
| image2 = Sophytes hemidrachm.jpg
| caption2 = [[Sophytes]] may have been the [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] satrap of [[Arachosia]], succeeding [[Sibyrtius]], after Seleucus had ceded the Hellenistic territory of Arachosia to [[Chandragupta Maurya]] in the Seleucid–Mauryan war (305–303 BC).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernard |first1=Paul |last2=Pinault |first2=Georges-Jean |last3=Rougemont |first3=Georges |title=Deux nouvelles inscriptions grecques de l'Asie centrale |journal=Journal des Savants |date=2004 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=301 ff |doi=10.3406/jds.2004.1686 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jds_0021-8103_2004_num_2_1_1686}}</ref>}}
The arrangement proved to be mutually beneficial.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33–34}} The border between the Seleucid and Mauryan Empires remained stable in subsequent generations, and friendly diplomatic relations are reflected by the ambassador [[Megasthenes]], and by the envoys sent westward by Chandragupta's grandson [[Ashoka]]. Chandragupta's gift of war elephants "may have alleviated the burden of fodder and the return march"{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33–34}} and allowed him to appropriately reduce the size and cost of his large army, since the major threats to his power had now all been removed.{{sfn|Grainger|2014|pp=108–110}}

With the war elephants acquired from the Mauryas, Seleucus was able to defeat his rival, [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]], along with his allies at the [[Battle of Ipsus]]. Adding Antigonus's territories to his own, Seleucus would found the [[Seleucid Empire]], which would endure as a great power in the Mediterranean and the [[Middle East]] until 64 BC.

Mauryan control of territory in what is now Afghanistan helped guard against invasion of India from the northwest.{{sfn|Grainger|2014|pp=108–110}} Chandragupta Maurya went on to expand his rule in India southward into the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].{{sfn|Grant|2010|p=50}}

While Seleucus surrendered territory west of the Indus and in Afghanistan, he was accepted by satraps of the eastern provinces in present-day Iran. His Iranian wife, Apama, may have helped him implement his rule in [[Bactria]] and [[Sogdiana]].<ref>[[Vincent Arthur Smith|Vincent A. Smith]] (1998). ''Ashoka''. Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|81-206-1303-1}}.</ref><ref>[[Walter Eugene Clark]] (1919). "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology", ''Classical Philology'' '''14''' (4), p. 297-313.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kalinga War]]
* [[Nanda–Mauryan War]]
* [[Shunga–Greek War]]
* [[Indo-Greek Wars]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]
* [[Military history of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha|35em|refs=


<ref group=lower-alpha name="ceded_territories">Ceded territories:
* V.A. Smith and Tarn agree that the Malan mountain range and the Porali river, a tributary of the Hingol river, formed the western limit of the part of Gedrosia (Baluchistan) ceded to Chandragupta.
* {{harvtxt|Thapar|1963|p=16}}: "Certain areas in the north-west were acquired through the treaty with Seleucus. There is no absolute certainty as to which these areas were and it has been suggested [Smith (1914), ''Early History of India'', p.159] that the territory ceded consisted of [[Gedrosia]], [[Arachosia]], [[Aria]] [modern-day Herat], and the [[Paropamisadae]]."
The acquisition of Aria (modern Herat) is disputed. According to Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee (1996), p.594, it "has been wrongly included in the list of ceded satrapies by some scholars [...] on the basis of wrong assessments of the passage of Strabo [...] and a statement by Pliny." According to John D Grainger (2014, p. 109), "Seleucus "must [...] have held Aria", and furthermore, his "son Antiochos was active there fifteen years later".</ref>


{{efn-la|name="Haig_1894_LIV"|{{harvtxt|Haig|1894|p=24}}: "...the general rising of the northern peoples headed by Chandragupta, the founder of the Maurya dynasty of Pataliputra, followed in rapid succession. The Lower Indus Valley now became free from foreign rule, and the local chiefs were no doubt left to their own devices. Nominally the territory may have been a dependency of the Mauryan kingdom, but, separated from the main body of that kingdom by a wide expanse of desert, and at a vast distance from the capital on the Ganges, its tie of allegiance must have been of the slightest. This independence, or semi-independence, lasted under no doubt varying degrees of definiteness […] till […] [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]], in the second century B.C., invaded [[Patalene]] in force and completely subjected it to Bactria."}}

<ref group=lower-alpha name="Hydaspes">The "Median Hydaspes" river is not the Jhelum here. The Purali/Porali river seems to be [https://www.dawn.com/news/1709546 this river] of the [[Lasbela District]], which is prone to devasting floods in the rainy season but running almost dry at other times of the year. If that is correct, Tarn/Eratosthenes are telling us that the extent of the land ceded by the Seleucids to the Mauryas went barely farther west than Karachi, obviously nowhere near Iran.</ref>


<ref group=lower-alpha name="Malin_mountain_range">Nothing can be found out about "Malin", but there is a "Malan" mountain range, that is described as "an offshoot of the [[Makran Coastal Range]]", and it was a barrier to Alexander's passage; see Pierre Eggermont (1975), ''Alexander's Campaign in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=nG0_xoDS3hUC&pg=PA58 p.58]. It seems to be a little to the west of [[Hingol National Park]] and [[Hinglaj Mata Temple]].</ref>

{{efn-la|name="Malin_Eggermont_Cummings"|Alexander not crossing the Malin mountain range:
* {{harvtxt|Eggermont|1975|p=58}} describes the area, stating that the Malan range is an offshoot of the [[Makran Coastal Range]], which was explored by Sir [[Aurel Stein]], who found out that "the Buzelak, or "Goat's Pass", leading from the Malan plain across the Malan range into the plain of [[Ormara]] proved to be very steep," concluding that it was unlikely that Alexander had passed over the Malan range.
* {{harvtxt|Cummings|2004|pp=395–396}} also gives a description of the struggles of Alexander's army at hteir retreat from India: "They turned west, reaching the mouth of the Tomerus (Hingol) River [...] Alexander, true to his tactical principles, prepared to advance along the coast [...] An unexpected obstacle arose to the continuance of the line of march. On the other side of the river loomed the utterly impossible barrier of the Malan (modern name) mountain range, its seaward end dropping abruptly and precipitately into the ater, and barring passage."}}

{{efn|name="Mauryan victory"|The greek sources have been interpreted somewhat differently, with some concluding or stating that Chandragupta was victorious over Seleucus, but others more cautiously staying close to the primary sources:
* {{harvtxt|Keay|2018|p=84}} states that "perhaps he was roundly defeated. The terms of the peace treaty certainly suggest so."
* {{harvtxt|Grainger|2014|pp=108-109}} concludes that Seleucus invaded India, and was defeated, but states that "[b]eyond that, it is not possible to go without further evidence." There is "little or no evidence" for the idea that Chandragupta drove back Seleucus' forces as far back as Bactria. {{harvtxt|Grainger|2014|pp=108}}
* {{harvtxt|Basham|1986|p=52}} states that Seleucus "seems to have suffered the worst of the engagement, for he failed in his attempt to recover Alexander's Indian provinces, and was compelled to yield parts of what is now Afghanistan to Chandragupta, receiving in return only 500 elephants."
* {{harvtxt|Thapar|2004|p=176}} speaks of "a campaign against Seleucus, in which Chandragupta seems to have been succesfull, judging by the terms of the treaty of 303 BC."
* {{harvtxt|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|p=39}} state that Chandragupta "stopped his march east," and then present the terms of the peace treaty.
* {{harvtxt|Jansari|2023|p=1-2}}: "Richard Billows suggested that Seleucus was ‘reasonably successful’ in the war against Chandragupta [...] Frank Holt wrote that Seleucus accepted a token submission from Chandragupta, while Susan Sherwin-White and Amélie Kuhrt agreed with F. W. Walbank that the elephants Seleucus received constituted a major prize. "}}


{{efn-la|name="Smith_1914"|Smith (1914), ''early History of India'' Third Edition, p.149: Appendix F, ''The Extent of the Cession of Ariana hy Seleukos Nikator to Chandragupta Maurya''; Smith notes that he was criticised by a Mr.Bevan.}}


{{efn-la|name="Tarn_extravagant"|{{harvtxt|Tarn|1922|p=100, and note 1}}: "Extravagant ideas have been put forard as to what Seleucus did cede [...] The worst has been that of V. A. Smith, who gave Chandragupta the satrapies of Gedrosia, Arachosia, Paropamisadae, ''and'' Aria on the strength of Pliny VI, 69, a historical absurdity of unknown origin."}}

{{efn-la|name="Trautman_2015_p.235_Makran_coast"|{{harvtxt|Trautmann|2015|p=235}}: "Seleucus ceded a vast territory, comprising most of what is now Afghanistan, plus southern Pakistan; the region of present-day Kabul (Paropamisadae), Kandahar (Arachosia) and Herat (Aria) ; and the Makran coast of Pakistan in the province of Baluchistan (Gedrosia )." Trautman refers to {{harvtxt|Smith|1924|pp=158–160}}, "The extent of the cession of Ariana by Seleukos Nikator to Chandragupta Maurya," in Which Smith actually writes: "The satrapy of Gedrosia (or Gadrosia) extended far to the west, and probably only the eastern part of it was annexed by Chandragupta. The Malin range of mountains, which Alexander experienced such difficulty in crossing, would have furnished a natural boundary."}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

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* {{cite book | last =Basham | first =A. L. | year =1986 | orig-year =1954 | title =The Wonder That Was India | publisher =Rupa & Co. | url =https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12501/page/n8/mode/1up?q=seleucus}}

* {{cite book | last1 =Coningham | first1 =Robin | last2 =Young | first2 =Ruth | year =2015 | title =The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-1-316-41898-7}}
* {{cite book | last =Cummings | first =Lewis Vance | year =2004 |title =Alexander the Great | publisher =Grove Press}}

* {{cite book | last =Eggermont | first =Pierre | year =1975 | title =Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahman Town of Harmatelia | publisher =Peeters Publishers | isbn =978-90-6186-037-2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=nG0_xoDS3hUC&pg=PA58}}

* {{citation |last=Grainger | first =John D. | date=2014 | title=Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0r3KAgAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-80099-6}}
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* {{cite book | last =Haig | first =Malcolm Robert | year =1894 | title =The Indus Delta Country: A Memoir, Chiefly on Its Ancient Geography and History | publisher =K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, Limited}}

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* {{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John | year =2018 | orig-year =2000 |title=India: A History |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0006387848 |pages=84}}
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* {{cite book | last1 =Raychaudhuri | first1 =Hem Chandra | last2 =Mukherjee | first2 =B.N. | year =1997 | edition =eight | orig-year=1923 | title =Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty | publisher =Oxford University Press India | url =https://www.scribd.com/document/786334583/Political-History-of-Ancient-India-From-the-Accession-of-Parikshit}}

* {{cite book | last1 =Sherwin-White | first1 =Susan | last2 =Kuhrt |first2 =Amelie | year =1993 | title =From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire | publisher =University of California Press}}
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* {{cite book | last =Smith | first =V.A. | year =1924 | title =The Early History Of India Fourth Edition | edition =fourth | publisher =Oxford University Press | url =https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.187995/page/n171/mode/2up}}

* {{cite book | last =Tarn | first =W. W. | year =1922 | title =The Greeks in Bactria and India | publisher =Cambridge University Press | url =https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125997/page/n3/mode/2up}}
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* {{cite book | last =Trautmann | first =Thomas | year =2015 | title =Elephants and Kings: An Environmental History | publisher =The University of Chicago Press | isbn =978-0-226-26436-3 }}

* {{citation | last1 =Wheatley | first1 =Pat | last2 =Heckel | first2 =Waldemar | title =Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus: Volume II| chapter ="Commentary (Book 15)"| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=UQJTek1salEC| publisher=Oxford University Press| date=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-927759-9}}
{{refend}}

{{India topics}}
{{Ancient Greek Wars|state=autocollapse}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seleucid-Mauryan war}}
[[Category:Wars involving ancient India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Seleucid Empire|Mauryan]]
[[Category:300s BC conflicts]]
[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of ancient India]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]
[[Category:Seleucus I Nicator]]

Gondia Airport

2026-04-25T18:55:05Z

SnehAnchliya: adding new details first draft!

{{short description|Airport in Gondia, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Gondia Airport
| nativename =
| image = Gondia Airport.jpg
| image-width = 260
| IATA = GDB
| ICAO = VAGD
| type = Public
| city-served = [[Gondia]]
| location = Zilmili, [[Gondia district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1940|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref name="MPWD"/>
| elevation-f = 987
| elevation-m = 301
| coordinates = {{coord|21.522|N|80.288|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/gondia Gondia Airport]
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label = '''GDB'''
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Maharashtra
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| r1-number = 04/22
| r1-length-f = 7,005
| r1-length-m = 2,135
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| caption = |
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 32,116 ({{increase}} 119.6%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 824 ({{increase}} 98.6%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = —
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>
| owner-oper = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| image2 = Gondia Aiport Apron.jpg
| image2_size = 260
}}

'''Gondia Airport''' {{airport codes|GDB|VAGD}}, also known as '''Birsi Airport''', is a [[domestic airport]] serving the city of [[Gondia]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located at Zilmili near Birsi village, {{cvt|17|km}} north-east of the city centre. It is also home to the [[Gondia Airport#National Flying Training Institute (NFTI)|National Flying Training Institute]] (NFTI), where purposes of general aviation and pilot training are conducted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gondia Airport|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/gondia|website=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="MPWD">{{cite web |title=Airstrips in Maharashtra |url=http://www.mahapwd.com/statistics/airstrips.htm |publisher=Maharashtra Public Works Department |accessdate=1 April 2012 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001075044/http://www.mahapwd.com/statistics/airstrips.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CAE">{{cite web |title=CAE Gondia |url=http://website.cae.com/gondia/ |website=[[CAE Inc.]]|accessdate=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120716061501/http://website.cae.com/gondia/ |archivedate=16 July 2012 }}</ref> Other nearby airports include [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur]] (NAG) (124.8 km), [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Raipur]] (RPR) (163.2 km) and [[Jabalpur Airport|Jabalpur]] (JLR) (192.2 km).

==History==
The airstrip was built by the British in 1940 during [[World War II]] as an air force base of the [[Royal Indian Air Force]].<ref name="MPWD"/> After independence, it was initially run by the Public Works Department, and then taken over by the state-owned [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC) from August 1998 to December 2005, after which it has been operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI).<ref>{{cite web |title=MIDC airports |url=http://midcindia.org/Pages/SectorialStrength.aspx#3 |accessdate=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328122747/http://www.midcindia.org/Pages/SectorialStrength.aspx#3 |archivedate=28 March 2012 }}</ref> The AAI extended the runway at the airport to 7,500 feet to handle larger aircraft such as the [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]] and [[Boeing 737]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Akola, Gondia next aviation hot spots |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-21/nagpur/27964352_1_gondia-akola-airport-national-flying-training-institute |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711090457/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-21/nagpur/27964352_1_gondia-akola-airport-national-flying-training-institute |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |date= 27 November 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref>

In March 2022, the low-cost regional airline, [[FlyBig]], commenced regular and direct flight services to [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]] under the [[Government of India|government's]] [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]] for improving regional connectivity and accessibility to remote regions through air from major regions of India. However, the airline indefinitely suspended operations in August 2022 for unspecified reasons after operating only for five months. Since then, the airport has remained inoperative, until in October 2023, [[List of airlines of India|India's largest airline]], [[IndiGo]], announced it would restart commercial operations in the airport by starting new flights to [[Hyderabad airport|Hyderabad (HYD)]] on 1 December 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Commercial flight operations from Birsi airport to resume from Dec 1|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/commercial-flight-operations-from-birsi-airport-to-resume-from-december-1/104839530|work=[[The Economic Times|ET Infra]]|date=31 October 2023|access-date=31 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> In September 2025, regional airline [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]] commenced direct flights to [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore (IDR)]]. Currently these are suspended due to unspecified reasons. They will restart from 1 June 2026, and will operate on a Tri-weekly basis (Mon,Wed,Sat) to and from [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore (IDR)]] and also provide a 1-stop connection to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai Airport (BOM)]]. The flights to [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]] are operational till 30th April 2026.

==Facilities==
The airport has a single runway, oriented 04/22, measuring {{cvt|3200|m}} in length and 45 metres in width, with a parallel taxiway connecting to it, measuring {{cvt|1697|m}} in length. The main [[Airport ramp|apron]] measures 100 m × 150 m. The airport is equipped with a [[Non-directional beacon]] (NDB), [[VHF omnidirectional range#DVOR|DVOR]], [[Distance Measuring Equipment]] (DME) and [[Instrument Landing System]] (ILS) to support the nighttime landing of aircraft.

==Airlines and destinations==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2026}}
{{Airport-dest-list
|[[IndiGo]]|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport| Hyderabad]] (Until 30 April 2026)|[[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]|[[Devi Ahilyabai Holkar International Airport|Indore]],[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]] (Restarts from 1 June 2026)}}

==National Flying Training Institute (NFTI)==
CAE Global Academy Gondia/NFTI commenced operations at the airport after receiving the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]]'s (DGCA) approval on 19 February 2009. The academy is a joint venture between the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) and [[CAE Inc.]], a [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[aerospace]] company. The Gondia School is one of 11 members of the CAE Global Academy network.<ref name="CAE"/>

== Statistics ==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=GDB}}

== See also ==
* [[List of airports in Maharashtra]]
* [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]]
* [[CAE Inc.]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Gondia district|Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Airports in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Vidarbha]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1940]]
[[Category:1940 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

==External links==
* [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/gondia Official website]

Avinash Umesh Jadhav

2026-04-25T02:40:32Z

SnehAnchliya: Made The Stub W/ Sources

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = 
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="PRS India">{{Cite web
|title = Avinash Umesh Jadhav
|url = https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/avinash-umesh-jadhav-1
|work = PRS India
|date =
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|language = en
}}</ref>
| constituency = [[Chincholi Assembly constituency|Chincholi]]
| term_start = 2019<ref name="Livemint">{{Cite news
|title = Karnataka bypolls: BJP leads in Chincholi and closing in on Congress in Kundgol
|url = https://www.livemint.com/news/india/karnataka-bypolls-bjp-leads-in-chincholi-and-closing-in-on-congress-in-kundgol-1558598045633.html
|work = Livemint
|date = 2019-05-23
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|language = en
}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Umesh. G. Jadhav|Umesh Jadhav]]
| successor =
| father = [[Umesh. G. Jadhav|Umesh Jadhav]]
}}

'''Dr. Avinash Umesh Jadhav'''<ref name="MyNeta">{{Cite web
|title = Expenditure Details of Avinash Umesh Jadhav (Karnataka 2023 Election)
|url = https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/expense.php?candidate_id=7205
|work = MyNeta.info
|date =
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|language = en
}}</ref> is an Indian politician serving as a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]], representing [[Chincholi Assembly constituency|Chincholi]] assembly constituency since from 2019. He contested and won the 2023 Karnataka elections gaining 69963 votes.<ref name="News18">{{Cite web
|title = Avinash Umesh Jadhav - Chincholi Karnataka Election Candidate 2023 Profile, News, Results
|url = https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/avinash-umesh-jadhav-chincholi-candidate-s10a042c009/
|work = News18
|date = 2023-04-20
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="India TV">{{Cite news
|title = Karnataka Assembly Election 2023: Key candidates from Chincholi Assembly constituency
|url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023/gulbarga/key-candidates-avinash-umesh-jadhav
|work = India TV News
|date = 2023-04-20
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{Cite news
|title = Karnataka Assembly Election 2023: Avinash Umesh Jadhav - Candidate Profile
|url = https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/avinash-umesh-jadhav-10042-1
|work = NDTV
|date = 2023-04-20
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|language = en
}}</ref> He first won the constituency in 2019 Karnataka bypolls by a margin of 8,030 votes, defeating Congress candidate Subash Rathod.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{Cite news
|title = Avinash Jadhav wins Chincholi for BJP
|url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/240519/avinash-jadhav-wins-chincholi-for-bjp.html
|work = Deccan Chronicle
|date = 2019-05-24
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="Vartha Bharati">{{Cite news
|title = By-Election: Congress, BJP name candidates for Chincholi, Kundgol
|url = https://english.varthabharati.in/karnataka/by-election-congress-bjp-name-candidates-for-chincholi-kundgol
|work = Vartha Bharati English
|date = 2019-04-09
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="Moneycontrol">{{Cite news
|title = BJP names candidates for Kundgol and Chincholi bypolls
|url = https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs-trends/bjp-names-candidates-for-kundgol-and-chincholi-bypolls-3905931.html
|work = Moneycontrol
|date = 2019-04-09
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="Udayavani">{{Cite news
|title = Assembly by-polls: Avinash Umesh Jadhav wins Chincholi, Kusumavati wins Kundgol
|url = https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/assembly-by-polls-avinash-umesh-jadhav-wins-chincholi-kusumavati-wins-kundgol
|work = Udayavani
|date = 2019-05-23
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|language = en
}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Avinash Umesh Jadhav began his political career with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], winning the [[Chincholi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chincholi]] seat in the 2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly byelection. He successfully retained the seat in [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] as a Bharatiya Janata Party candidate. Avinash Umesh Jadhav's development agenda.<ref name="DH2023">{{cite news |title='Will finish works envisaged by my father': Avinash Umesh Jadhav |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/will-finish-works-envisaged-by-my-father-avinash-734468.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=2023-05-03 |access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref>

=== Constituency work ===
During his tenure (2019–present), Avinash Umesh Jadhav has focused on:
* Water infrastructure: Initiated pipeline projects and new borewells in drought-affected villages<ref name="Deccan Herald">{{Cite news
|title = 'Will finish works envisaged by my father': Avinash
|url = https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/will-finish-works-envisaged-by-my-father-avinash-734468.html
|work = Deccan Herald
|date = 2023-04-20
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|language = en
}}</ref>
* Rural connectivity: Upgraded 35 km of roads connecting agricultural lands to markets (Karnataka Assembly Records, 2022<ref>https://kla.kar.nic.in/</ref>)
* Education support: Distributed scholarships to 1,200 SC/ST students (''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'', 15 June 2023)
* Healthcare access: Established 3 new primary health centers in remote areas (''[[Prajavani]]'', 8 March 2024)

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]

Debaprasad Roy

2026-04-24T18:34:56Z

SnehAnchliya: adding basic data first draft!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 8 May 2006
| term_end = 18 April 2011
| term_start1 = 10 May 2011
| term_end1 = 4 April 2016
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Gobinda Roy]]
| predecessor2 = Nirmal Das
| succeeded = [[Sukhbilas Barma]]
| succeeded1 = [[Sourav Chakraborty (politician)|Sourav Chakraborty]]
| constituency1 = [[Alipurduars Assembly constituency]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Debaprasad Roy,''' popularly known as '''Mithuda,''' is an Indian politician from [[Jalpaiguri]]. He was a [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 2006 to 2016, representing the [[Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency|Jalpaiguri]] and [[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurduars Assembly constituencies]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=DUTTA |first=TATHAGATA |date=5 May 2006 |title=Mithuda, Jalpaiguri's Centre of attraction |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mithuda-jalpaiguri-s-centre-of-attraction/cid/1077495 |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Alipurduars Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Alipurduars assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/alipurduars-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-alipurduars-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9133131.htm |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2016 |title=Axe Roy, says Cong leader |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/axe-roy-says-cong-leader/cid/1524672 |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Debaprasad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Jalpaiguri district]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

Shah Zohair

2026-04-24T18:06:45Z

SnehAnchliya: Put Up First Post Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shah Zohair
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1972
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| constituency = [[Arwal Assembly constituency|Arwal]]
| predecessor = Budhan Mehta
| successor = Rang Bahadur Singh
}}

'''Shah Zohair''' was an Indian politician who has been Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Arwal Assembly constituency]] for 2 consecutive terms he was elected in 1967<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. Zohair winner in Arwal, Bihar Assembly Elections 1967 |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1967/arwal/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Arwal Election Result Live: बीजेपी की हार, CPI(ML) नेता महानंद सिंह ने 19950 वोटों से दर्ज की जीत |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/arwal-bjps-defeat-cpi-ml-leader-mahanand-singh-wins-by-19950-votes-3257949.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-02 |title=अरवल विधानसभा सीट: RJD फिर चाहेगी जीत दर्ज करना, BJP से चुनौती |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/arwal-assembly-constituency-bihar-election-2020-jdu-rjd-bjp-congress-cpiml-1138876-2020-10-02 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> and in 1969<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Zohair winner in Arwal, Bihar Assembly Elections 1969 |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1969/arwal/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statical Data of 1969 elections |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1969.pdf}}</ref> being associated with the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=कौमी एकता के प्रतीक थे स्वतंत्रता सेनानी शाह जुबेर: प्रो. पांडेय |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/munger/story-freedom-fighter-shah-zubair-was-a-symbol-of-national-unity-prof-pandey-4470510.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-29 |title=Arwal 1969 Assembly MLA Election Bihar {{!}} ENTRANCE INDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/arwal-constituency-bihar-assembly-election-1969-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-09 |title=Arwal Assembly Seat: अरवल विधानसभा सीट के पिछले नतीजे II Bihar Election 2020 |url=https://bihar.punjabkesari.in/national/news/arwal-assembly-seat-results-2015-2010-2005-bihar-election-2020-1257572 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> He was the younger brother of [[Shah Mohamad Umair|Shah Muhammad Umair]], Former Rajya Sabha Member and Shah Mohammad Zubair, grandfather of [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]], Former Member of the Lok Sabha.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zohair, Shah}}
[[Category:People from Arwal district]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1969–1972]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Shankar Dolai

2026-04-21T11:53:41Z

SnehAnchliya: Put Up Initial Details First Draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shankar Dolai
| image = 
| caption =
| birth_date = 3 January 1958
| birth_place =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ghatal Assembly constituency|Ghatal (SC)]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2021
| predecessor = Ratan Pakhira
| successor = [[Sital Kapat]]
| occupation = Social worker
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater = College affiliated with [[University of Calcutta]]
| spouse = 
| children = 
| website = 
}}
'''Shankar Dolai''' (3 January 1958)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankar Dolai, AITC MLA from Ghatal - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/shankar-dolai/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ghatal Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Paschim Medinipur district]]. He was elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Ghatal (SC) profile: TMC fields two-time MLA Shankar Dolai |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-ghatal-sc-profile-tmc-fields-two-time-mla-shankar-dolai-9479111.html |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dolai is from [[Ghatal]], Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Haripada Dolai. He completed his graduation in arts at a college affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Shankar Dolai (All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)) Constituency - Ghatal (SC) (Paschim Medinipur) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=141 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dolai was elected in the Ghatal Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 107,682 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Kamal Chandra Dolui of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 19,479 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghatal Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Shankar Dolai of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ghatal-election-result-2021-live-updates-ghatal-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695696.html |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2011, he polled 101,355 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Chhabi Pakhira of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), by a margin of 16,277 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Ghatal (SC) 2016 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/36898 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> However, his attempt to win for a third time was foiled by [[Sital Kapat]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], who won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Dolai, by a margin of 966 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghatal Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/ghatal-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Ghatal Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Ghatal Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-ghatal-constituency-231.html |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dolai. Shankar}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]

Mebo Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:47Z

SnehAnchliya: New...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mebo
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| type=SLA
| constituency_no = 39
| map_image = Mebo Assembly constituency map.svg
| district = [[East Siang district|East Siang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = ST
| mla = Oken Tayeng
| party = {{Party index link|People's Party of Arunachal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 12,410
}}
'''Mebo''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[East Siang district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mebo Election and Results 2019, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/arunachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mebo.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan="4" |[[Lombo Tayeng]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Ralom Borang
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Lombo Tayeng]]<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Congress legislature party leader in Arunachal joins BJP ahead of Assembly polls">{{cite news |date=4 March 2024 |title=Congress legislature party leader in Arunachal joins BJP ahead of Assembly polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/congress-legislature-party-leader-in-arunachal-joins-bjp-ahead-of-assembly-polls/article67914334.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530083353/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/congress-legislature-party-leader-in-arunachal-joins-bjp-ahead-of-assembly-polls/article67914334.ece |archivedate=30 May 2025 |accessdate=30 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Oken Tayeng]]
|{{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mebo<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Oken Tayeng]] |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=6,287 |percentage=53.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lombo Tayeng]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,270 |percentage=45.07% |change={{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shoney Pertin |party=Independent politician |votes=105 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=31 |percentage=0.27% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,017 |percentage=8.70% |change= {{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,693 |percentage=94.22% |change= {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,410 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mebo<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lombo Tayeng]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,238 |percentage=51.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Dangi Perme |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,866 |percentage=47.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shoney Pertin |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=81 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=38 |percentage=0.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=372 |percentage=3.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,223 |percentage=94.03% |change= {{increase}}94.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,872 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mebo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Lombo Tayeng]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,265 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,265 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mebo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ralom Borang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,142 |percentage=53.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lombo Tayeng]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,555 |percentage=46.97% |change={{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=587 |percentage=6.05% |change= {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,697 |percentage=90.36% |change= {{increase}}3.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,732 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mebo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lombo Tayeng]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,607 |percentage=50.82% |change={{decrease}}5.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ralom Borang |party=Independent politician |votes=3,490 |percentage=49.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=117 |percentage=1.65% |change= {{decrease}}17.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,097 |percentage=85.17% |change= {{increase}}12.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,193 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mebo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lombo Tayeng]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,612 |percentage=56.32% |change={{increase}}8.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Katon Borang |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=2,392 |percentage=37.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tomkin Borang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=409 |percentage=6.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,220 |percentage=19.02% |change= {{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,413 |percentage=75.64% |change= {{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,621 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mebo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lombo Tayeng]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,772 |percentage=48.08% |change={{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bakin Pertin |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,872 |percentage=32.47% |change={{decrease}}5.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naklom Modi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,121 |percentage=19.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=900 |percentage=15.61% |change= {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,765 |percentage=85.54% |change= {{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,839 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mebo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lombo Tayeng]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,232 |percentage=46.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maliyang Perme |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,816 |percentage=37.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onyok Rome |party=Independent politician |votes=754 |percentage=15.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=416 |percentage=8.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,802 |percentage=77.68% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,260 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[East Siang district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|28.17|95.43|display=title}}

[[Category:East Siang district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Aerial bombing of Gujranwala (1919)

2026-04-07T06:16:25Z

SnehAnchliya: Made The Article and Citations

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Aerial bombing of Gujranwala
| width =
| partof =
| image =
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| alt =
| caption =
| date = April 1919
| place = [[Gujranwalla]], British India
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
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| map_label =
| territory =
| result =
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 =
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| commander1 =
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| units1 =
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| strength1 =
| strength2 =
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| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
On 14 April 1919, the day after the [[Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]] in [[Amritsar]], three [[Royal Air Force]] aircraft, piloted by [[Douglas Carbery]], Oddie, and Second-Lieutenant Vincent, equipped with bombs and machine guns, flew from [[Lahore]] to [[Gujranwala]], Punjab.<ref name=Joppan2024>{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Joppan |title=Gujranwala, 14 April 1919: Terror from air and airmindedness in late colonial India |journal=The Journal of Transport History |date=1 December 2024 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=445–467 |doi=10.1177/00225266241262473 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00225266241262473 |language=EN |issn=0022-5266|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Raghaven2005>{{cite journal |last1=Raghaven |first1=Srinath |title=Protecting the Raj: The Army in India and Internal Security, c. 1919–39|journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |date=1 September 2005 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=253–279 |doi=10.1080/09592310500220528 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592310500220528 |issn=0959-2318|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{efn|According to the official British report (Hunter Report), a fourth aircraft also flew out though did not fire or bomb.<ref name=RCAGIIDP>{{cite book |title=Report of the Committee Appointed by the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |pages=132-138 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOk2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA132 |language=en |chapter=6. Armoured trains and aeroplanes}}</ref>}} In total, during the 40 minute operation, Carbery reported firing 200 rounds and dropping eight bombs, four of which failed to detonate.<ref name=Joppan2024/> Bombing and firing was aimed at people in a farm, on a village road, in a school courtyard and boarding house, and in the town itself.<ref name=Joppan2024/> He acknowledged making no distinction between agitators and bystanders and said he often kept firing into crowds as they ran for cover, intending "to do more damage".<ref name=Joppan2024/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lloyd |first1=Nick |title=Sir Michael O'Dwyer and ‘Imperial Terrorism’ in the Punjab, 1919 |date=1 December 2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |pages=363–380 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856401.2010.520648|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{efn|British officials in London and Delhi agreed that all British personnel should receive amnesty for their actions in Punjab.<ref name=Dhillon2024>{{cite journal |last1=Dhillon |first1=Hardeep |title=Imperial Violence, Law, and Compensation in the Age of Empire, 1919–1922 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2024 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=512–537 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000560 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/imperial-violence-law-and-compensation-in-the-age-of-empire-19191922/87CA76CCDC42510B5D5497BE6469141D#fn17 |language=en |issn=0018-246X|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, the Colonial Office rejected Viceroy Lord Chelmsford’s demand that any inquiry be narrowly limited to a few incidents such as the aerial bombing of Gujranwala, and coupled with guaranteed immunity, instead insisting on a broader investigation into official conduct.<ref name=Dhillon2024/>}}

At a House of Commons sitting on 28 May 1919 [[Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood|Colonel Josiah Wedgwood]] asked [[Edwin Montagu]], Secretary of State for India, whether aircraft had bombed rioters in India, who authorised it, and whether such attacks on civilians would be stopped.<ref name=Smith>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Brian |title=A History of Military Morals: Killing the Innocent |date=2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-51548-2 |page=347 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LptEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA347 |language=en|location=Leiden |chapter=3.7. Interwar approaches to bombing}}</ref><ref name=Hansard1919>{{cite web |title=Bombing by aeroplanes. |date=8 May 1919 |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1919/may/28/bombing-by-aeroplanes |website=api.parliament.uk |publisher=Hansard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208083956/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1919/may/28/bombing-by-aeroplanes |archive-date=8 February 2026 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> Montagu responded by calling the bombing effective to which Wedgwood replied "In view of the fact that these aeroplanes cannot drop bombs accurately, and that therefore in large towns bombs are about certain to hit the wrong people, would it not be more humane to employ the other efficient means of defence in our power?"<ref name=Smith/><ref name=Hansard1919/> When Wedgwood asked about the death toll, Montagu said he had no information.<ref name=Smith/><ref name=Hansard1919/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{coord missing|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujranwala 1919}}
[[Category:Interwar India]]
[[Category:Gujranwala|Aerial bombing 1919]]
[[Category:British military scandals]]
[[Category:April 1919]]
[[Category:1919 in British India]]
[[Category:Airstrikes in India]]
[[Category:Airstrikes conducted by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1919]]
[[Category:20th-century airstrikes]]
[[Category:20th-century history of the Royal Air Force]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:Military history of British India]]
[[Category:Residential building bombings in Asia]]
[[Category:Building bombings in India]]
[[Category:School bombings in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in India]]
[[Category:20th-century attacks on schools]]
[[Category:Attacks on residential buildings in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on farmhouses]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1910s]]

{{India-hist-stub}}
{{UK-mil-hist-stub}}
{{British-Empire-stub}}

Arundhati Roy

2026-03-27T13:37:45Z

SnehAnchliya: fix layout and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian author and activist (born 1961)}}
{{distinguish|Anuradha Roy (novelist)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Arundhati Roy
| image = Arundhati Roy W.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Roy in 2013
| birth_name = Suzanna Arundhati Roy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|11|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Undivided Assam|Assam]], India<ref name=britannica /> (now in [[Meghalaya]], India)
| parents = [[Mary Roy]] (mother)
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Gerard da Cunha]]|1978|1982|end=div}}<ref name="pel" /><ref name="elm">{{cite magazine|title=Arundhati Roy — "Every day, one is insulted in India|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/asia/2011/07/arundhati-roy-india-book|date=21 July 2011|first=Sophie|last=Elmhirst |author-link=Sophie Elmhirst|magazine=[[New Statesman]]}}</ref>|{{marriage|[[Pradip Krishen]]|1984}}<ref name="pel">{{cite web|title=Arundhati Roy|url=http://jpellegrino.com/teaching/roy.html|first=Joe|last=Pellegrino|website=jpellegrino.com}}</ref><ref name="elm" />}}
| relatives = [[Prannoy Roy]] (cousin)<ref name="toi" />
| education = [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|Lawrence School]]
| alma_mater = [[School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi|SPA Delhi]]
| occupation = Writer, essayist, activist
| genre = Fiction, non-fiction
| period = 1997–present
| notableworks = ''[[The God of Small Things]]''
| awards = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] (1988)
* [[Booker Prize]] (1997)
* [[Sydney Peace Prize]] (2004)
* [[Orwell Award]] (2004)
* [[Norman Mailer Prize]] (2011)
* [[PEN Pinter Prize]] (2024)
}}
| signature = Arundhati Roy signature.svg
| module = {{Listen|pos=center |embed= yes |filename= Arundhati Roy BBC Radio4 Bookclub 2 Oct 2011 b015brn8.flac |title=Arundhati Roy's voice|type= speech|description= Roy on the BBC programme ''[[Bookclub (radio)|Bookclub]]'', 2 October 2011.<ref>{{Cite episode |title= Arundhati Roy |series= Bookclub |series-link= Bookclub (radio) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b015brn8 |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 2 October 2011 |access-date= 18 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141201095351/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b015brn8 |archive-date= 1 December 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref> }}
}}
'''Suzanna Arundhati Roy''' ({{IPA|bn|orundʱoti rae̯}}; born 24 November 1961)<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia| url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/511182/Arundhati-Roy| title=Arundhati Roy| access-date=12 May 2013| encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613221408/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/511182/Arundhati-Roy| archive-date=13 June 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian author best known for her novel ''[[The God of Small Things]]'' (1997), which won the [[Booker Prize for Fiction]] in 1997 and became the biggest-selling book by a non-expatriate Indian author.<ref name=britannica /> She is also a political activist involved in human rights and [[environmental protection|environmental causes]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/todayevent/2012/November/todayevent_November12.xml&section=todayevent |title= 'Fairy princess' to 'instinctive critic' |first= Dhanusha |last=Gokulan |date= 11 November 2012 |newspaper= [[Khaleej Times]] |access-date= 2 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141103022947/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data%2Ftodayevent%2F2012%2FNovember%2Ftodayevent_November12.xml&section=todayevent |archive-date= 3 November 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref> She was the winner of the 2024 [[PEN Pinter Prize]], given by [[English PEN]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp4w8x4wypeo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627114153/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp4w8x4wypeo|url-status=live|title=Arundhati Roy wins PEN Pinter Prize for 'powerful voice'|first=Cherylann|last=Mollan|date=27 June 2024|archive-date=27 June 2024|publisher=[[BBC News]]|location=Mumbai}}</ref> and she named imprisoned British-Egyptian writer and activist [[Alaa Abd El-Fattah]] as the "Writer of Courage" with whom she chose to share the award.<ref name="Bookseller Spanoudi">{{cite magazine|url= https://www.thebookseller.com/news/arundhati-roy-shares-pen-pinter-prize-2024-with-alaa-abd-el-fattah|title=Arundhati Roy shares PEN Pinter Prize 2024 with Alaa Abd El-Fattah|magazine=[[The Bookseller]]|date=10 October 2024|first= Melina |last=Spanoudi|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Arundhati Roy was born on 24 November 1961 in [[Shillong]], in the erstwhile [[Indian state]] of [[Undivided Assam]] (now in [[Meghalaya]], India), into a [[Christianity in India|Christian]] family.<ref name = 'DDey' /><ref name="loc">{{cite web| title = Arundhati Roy, 1959– | work = The South Asian Literary Recordings Project| publisher = [[Library of Congress]], New Delhi Office| date = 15 November 2002| url = https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/arundhathiroy.html| access-date =6 April 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090404083736/http://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/arundhathiroy.html| archive-date= 4 April 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Her mother, [[Mary Roy]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aravind |first1=Indulekha |title='A benevolent dictator': How a former student remembers Mary Roy |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/how-will-we-now-remember-mary-roy |work=The News Minute |date=28 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arundhati Roy’s fierce memoir on life with her mercurial mother |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gzdnp43l8o |work=www.bbc.com |date=4 September 2025}}</ref> was a [[Christianity in Kerala|Malayali Christian]] women's rights activist from [[Aymanam|Aymanam, Kerala]], and belonged to the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobite Syrian]] denomination. Her father, Rajib Roy, was a [[Bengali Christian]]<ref name = 'DDey' /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Siddhartha |title=Arundhati Roy, the Not-So-Reluctant Renegade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/magazine/arundhati-roy-the-not-so-reluctant-renegade.html |work=The New York Times |date=5 March 2014}}</ref> tea plantation manager from [[Kolkata, West Bengal]],<ref name="nyt">Deb, Siddhartha (5 March 2014), [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/magazine/arundhati-roy-the-not-so-reluctant-renegade.html "Arundhati Roy, the Not-So-Reluctant Renegade"], ''The New York Times''. Accessed 5 March 2014. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421172502/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/magazine/arundhati-roy-the-not-so-reluctant-renegade.html |date=21 April 2016 }}".</ref><ref name = 'DDey'>{{cite news |last=Dey |first=Debalina |date=6 September 2020 |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/arundhati-roy-joins-shashi-tharoor-kangana-ranaut-in-list-of-casteless-upper-caste-indians/496720/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907064510/https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/arundhati-roy-joins-shashi-tharoor-kangana-ranaut-in-list-of-casteless-upper-caste-indians/496720/ |archive-date=7 September 2020 |title=Arundhati Roy joins Shashi Tharoor, Kangana Ranaut in list of 'casteless' upper-caste Indians |quote=I am not (a Brahmin)... My mother is a Christian and my father belonged to an organisation called Brahmo Samaj, which is not Brahmin, but he also became Christian... So I am not a Brahmin. |publisher=[[ThePrint|The Print]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> who was raised in the [[Brahmo Samaj]] monotheistic ethnoreligion and had [[Conversion to Christianity|converted]] to [[Christianity]] later in his life. In September 2020, Roy denied false rumours about her being a [[Brahmin]] by caste and clarified that she comes from a [[Christian]] family.<ref name = 'DDey' />

Roy's father was an [[alcoholic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Siddhartha |title=Arundhati Roy, the Not-So-Reluctant Renegade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/magazine/arundhati-roy-the-not-so-reluctant-renegade.html |work=The New York Times |date=5 March 2014}}</ref> When she was two years old, her parents divorced, and she returned to Kerala with her mother and brother.<ref name="nyt"/> For some time, the family lived with Roy's maternal grandfather in [[Ooty, Tamil Nadu]]. When she was five, the family moved back to Kerala, where her mother started a school.<ref name="nyt"/> She attended school at [[Pallikoodam (school)|Corpus Christi]] in [[Kottayam, Kerala]], followed by the [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|Lawrence School]] in [[Lovedale, Nilgiris|Lovedale, Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Pulse Connects"/>

Roy then studied [[architecture]] at the [[School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi|School of Planning and Architecture]] in [[New Delhi]], where she met architect [[Gerard da Cunha]]. They married in 1978 and lived in Delhi and then in [[Goa]] before divorcing in 1982.<ref name="pel"/><ref name="elm"/><ref name="nyt"/> Roy then returned to Delhi, where she obtained a position with the [[National Institute of Urban Affairs]].<ref name="nyt"/>

==Career==
===Early career: screenplays===
Early in her career, Roy worked in television and movies. She starred in [[Massey Sahib]] in 1985. She wrote the screenplays for ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]'' (1989), a movie based on her experiences as a student of architecture, in which she also appeared as a performer,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones: Indian writer Arundhati Roy's cult classic college film returns to spotlight |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn9exzl254xo |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> and ''[[Electric Moon]]'' (1992).<ref name="arun1">[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html "Arundhati Roy, Author-Activist"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124103723/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html |date=24 November 2010 }}, ''India Today''. Retrieved 16 June 2013</ref> Both were directed by her husband, Pradip Krishen, during their marriage. Roy won the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] in 1988 for ''In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones''.<ref name=" national award">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104103209/http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> She attracted attention in 1994 when she criticised [[Shekhar Kapur]]'s film ''[[Bandit Queen]]'', which was based on the life of [[Phoolan Devi]].<ref name="arun1"/> In her film review titled "The Great Indian Rape Trick", Roy questioned the right to "restage the rape of a living woman without her permission", and charged Kapur with exploiting Devi and misrepresenting both her life and its meaning.<ref>[http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html The Great Indian Rape-Trick] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html |date=14 April 2016 }} @ SAWNET -The South Asian Women's NETwork. Retrieved 25 November 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Arundhati Roy: A 'small hero' | work = BBC News | date = 6 March 2002 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1857495.stm | access-date = 8 December 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528102639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1857495.stm | archive-date = 28 May 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="live">{{cite news | last = Ramesh| first = Randeep| title = Live to tell|newspaper= The Guardian| date = 17 February 2007 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/feb/17/fiction.arundhatiroy| access-date =6 April 2009 | location=London| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090506064402/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2007/feb/17/fiction.arundhatiroy| archive-date= 6 May 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

===''The God of Small Things''===

Roy began writing her first novel, ''[[The God of Small Things]]'', in 1992, completing it in 1996.<ref name="social">{{cite book| last = Roy| first = Amitabh| title = The God of Small Things: A Novel of Social Commitment| publisher = Atlantic| year = 2005| pages = 37–38| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2LgYuhRK0yIC&q=%22Pradip+Krishen%22&pg=PA37|isbn=978-81-269-0409-9}}</ref> The book is semi-autobiographical and a major part captures her childhood experiences in [[Aymanam]].<ref name="loc"/>

The publication of ''The God of Small Things'' catapulted Roy to international fame. It received the 1997 Booker Prize for Fiction and was listed as one of ''[[The New York Times]]'' Notable Books of the Year.<ref>{{cite news | title = Notable Books of the Year 1997 |newspaper =[[The New York Times]] | date = 7 December 1997 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/12/07/reviews/notable-fiction.html | access-date =21 March 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081209051943/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/12/07/reviews/notable-fiction.html| archive-date=9 December 2008| url-status= live}}</ref> It reached fourth position on ''The New York Times'' [[The New York Times Best Seller list|Bestsellers list]] for Independent Fiction.<ref>{{cite news | title = Best Sellers Plus | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 25 January 1998 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/01/25/bsp/fictioncompare.html | access-date = 21 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081209175748/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/01/25/bsp/fictioncompare.html | archive-date = 9 December 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> From the beginning, the book was also a commercial success: Roy received a publishing advance of half a million pounds.<ref name="live"/> It was published in May, and the book had been sold in 18 countries by the end of June.<ref name="social"/>

''The God of Small Things'' received very favourable reviews in major American newspapers such as ''The New York Times'' (a "dazzling first novel",<ref>{{Cite news | last = Kakutani | first = Michiko | title = Melodrama as Structure for Subtlety | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 3 June 1997| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/03/books/melodrama-as-structure-for-subtlety.html | access-date = 5 February 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318065820/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/03/books/melodrama-as-structure-for-subtlety.html | archive-date = 18 March 2017| url-status = live }}</ref> "extraordinary", "at once so morally strenuous and so imaginatively supple"<ref>{{Cite news | last = Truax | first = Alice | title = A Silver Thimble in Her Fist | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 25 May 1997 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/25/reviews/970525.25truaxt.html | access-date = 5 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161213225528/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/25/reviews/970525.25truaxt.html | archive-date = 13 December 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>) and the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ("a novel of poignancy and considerable sweep"<ref>{{Cite news | last = Eder | first = Richard | title = As the world turns: rev. of ''The God of Small Things'' | newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] | page = 2 | date = 1 June 1997| url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/12168713.html?dids=12168713:12168713&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+01%2C+1997&author=RICHARD+EDER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=As+the+World+Turns%3B+THE+GOD+OF+SMALL+THINGS.++By+Arundhati+Roy+.+Random+House%3A+321+pp.%2C+%2423&pqatl=google | access-date = 18 January 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604044505/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/12168713.html?dids=12168713:12168713&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+01,+1997&author=RICHARD+EDER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=As+the+World+Turns%3B+THE+GOD+OF+SMALL+THINGS.++By+Arundhati+Roy+.+Random+House:+321+pp.,+$23&pqatl=google | archive-date = 4 June 2011| url-status = dead }}</ref>), and in Canadian publications such as the ''[[Toronto Star]]'' ("a lush, magical novel"<ref>{{Cite news | last = Carey | first = Barbara
| title = A lush, magical novel of India | work = [[Toronto Star]] | page = M.21 | date = 7 June 1997}}</ref>). It was one of the five best books of 1997 according to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Books: The best of 1997 | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date = 29 December 1997 |url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987619,00.html | access-date = 18 January 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100825144624/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987619,00.html | archive-date = 25 August 2010| url-status = dead }}</ref> Critical response in the United Kingdom was less favourable, and the awarding of the Booker Prize caused controversy; [[Carmen Callil]], a 1996 Booker Prize judge, called the novel "execrable" and a ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' journalist called the content "profoundly depressing".<ref>{{Cite news | title = The scene is set for the Booker battle | work = BBC News | date = 24 September 1998| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/179131.stm | access-date = 18 January 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111025085221/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/179131.stm | archive-date = 25 October 2011| url-status = live
}}</ref> In India, [[E. K. Nayanar]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kutty |first=N. Madhavan |date=9 November 1997 |title=Comrade of Small Jokes |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19971109/31350653.html |access-date=18 January 2010 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> then the chief minister of Roy's home state of Kerala, especially criticised the book's unrestrained description of sexuality, and she had to answer charges of obscenity.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Bumiller | first = Elisabeth | title = A Novelist Beginning with a Bang | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 29 July 1997 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/29/books/a-novelist-beginning-with-a-bang.html | access-date = 18 January 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130601012144/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/29/books/a-novelist-beginning-with-a-bang.html | archive-date = 1 June 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Later career===
Since the success of her novel, Roy has written a television serial, ''The Banyan Tree'',<ref>Sanghvi, Vir, [http://www.rediff.com/news/apr/05roy2.htm "I think from a very early age, I was determined to negotiate with the world on my own"], ''The Rediff Special''. Retrieved 18 April 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183922/http://www.rediff.com/news/apr/05roy2.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}.</ref> and the documentary ''DAM/AGE: A Film with Arundhati Roy'' (2002).

In early 2007, Roy said she was working on a second novel, ''[[The Ministry of Utmost Happiness]]''.<ref name="live"/><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.smh.com.au/news/books/an-activist-returns-to-the-novel/2007/03/08/1173166881043.html?page=fullpage |title= An activist returns to the novel |date= 10 March 2007 |work= The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date= 13 March 2007 |first= Randeep |last=Ramesh |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071016194725/http://www.smh.com.au/news/books/an-activist-returns-to-the-novel/2007/03/08/1173166881043.html?page=fullpage |archive-date= 16 October 2007 |url-status= live }}</ref>
[[File:Arundhati Roy, Man Booker Prize winner.jpg|thumb|Roy, [[Man Booker Prize]] winner]]
Roy contributed to ''We Are One: A Celebration of Tribal Peoples'', a book released in 2009<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/4981 |title=''We Are One: a celebration of tribal peoples'' published this autumn |publisher =Survival International |date=16 October 2009 |access-date=25 November 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091029175919/http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/4981| archive-date= 29 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> that explores the culture of peoples around the world, portraying their diversity and the threats to their existence. The royalties from the sale of this book go to the indigenous rights organisation [[Survival International]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/4776|title='We Are One: A celebration of tribal peoples' – new book published this autumn|date=21 July 2009|publisher=[[Survival International]]|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622161458/http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/4776|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Roy has written numerous essays on contemporary politics and culture. In 2014, they were collected by Penguin India in a five-volume set.<ref name="nyt"/> In 2019, her nonfiction was collected in a single volume, ''My Seditious Heart'', published by [[Haymarket Books]].<ref>Roy, Arundhati (2019), [https://www.haymarketbooks.org/books/1301-my-seditious-heart ''My Seditious Heart: Collected Nonfiction''], Haymarket Books.</ref>

In October 2016, [[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] and [[Hamish Hamilton|Hamish Hamilton UK]] announced that they would publish her second novel, ''[[The Ministry of Utmost Happiness]]'', in June 2017.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/arundhati-roy-announces-second-book-after-19-yrs-to-release-in-june-2017/story-2fTs1YGyD1sygJZqg5bXwJ.html "Arundhati Roy announces second book after 19 yrs; to release in June 2017"], ''Hindustan Times''. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018113908/http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/arundhati-roy-announces-second-book-after-19-yrs-to-release-in-june-2017/story-2fTs1YGyD1sygJZqg5bXwJ.html |date=18 October 2016 }}.</ref> The novel was chosen for the Man [[Booker Prize]] 2017 longlist,<ref>Book Depository [https://www.bookdepository.com/fiction-prizes Retrieved 27 July 2017.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727004459/https://www.bookdepository.com/fiction-prizes |date=27 July 2017 }}</ref> and was a finalist for the [[National Book Critics Circle Award]] for fiction in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/arundhati-roy-and-mohsin-hamid-among-five-finalists-for-top-us-book-critics-award/story-uu4DxNkbYvUuZRIyarrIQI.html|title=Arundhati Roy and Mohsin Hamid among five finalists for top US book critics award|agency=Press Trust of India|date=23 January 2018|work=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204043227/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/arundhati-roy-and-mohsin-hamid-among-five-finalists-for-top-us-book-critics-award/story-uu4DxNkbYvUuZRIyarrIQI.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Roy's book ''Mother Mary Comes to Me'' was published in September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/new-books-to-read-released-september-2025.html|title=8 New Books You Should Read This September|first1=Emma |last1= Alpern|first2= Jasmine|last2=Vojdani|date=2 September 2025|website=Vulture}}</ref> A memoir, it focuses on her early years living with her mother,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/sep/01/mother-mary-comes-to-me-by-arundhati-roy-review-brave-and-absorbing|title=Teview {{!}} Mother Mary Comes To Me by Arundhati Roy review – brave and absorbing|first=Amit|last=Chaudhuri|author-link=Amit Chaudhuri|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 September 2025|access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/470369/mother-mary-comes-to-me-by-roy-arundhati/9780241761717|title=Mother Mary Comes To Me|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> whom Roy calls "my shelter and my storm".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002j5q7|title=Arundhati Roy and maternal inheritance|website=Start the Week|publisher=BBC Radio 4|date=September 2025}}</ref> It was broadcast in five parts on [[BBC Radio 4]] as ''[[Book of the Week]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/series/m002j5qk|title=Mother Mary Comes to Me by Arundhati Roy|work=Book of the Week|publisher=BBC Radio 4|date=September 2025}}</ref>

Her 1989 film ''In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones'' was restored and scheduled for screening at the [[76th Berlin International Film Festival|2026 Berlin Film Festival]], at which Arundhati was due to appear. However, she withdrew after jury president, German filmmaker [[Wim Wenders]], made a statement in response to a journalist's question that the jury "has to stay out of politics".<ref>{{cite web | last=Khomami | first=Nadia | title=Arundhati Roy quits Berlin film festival over 'stay out of politics' comment | website=The Guardian | date=13 February 2026 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2026/feb/13/arundhati-roy-quits-berlin-film-festival-over-stay-out-of-politics-comment | access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

==Influences==
Roy cites [[William Shakespeare]], [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[James Baldwin]], [[Toni Morrison]], [[Maya Angelou]], [[John Berger]], [[James Joyce]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]], and [[Gabriel Garcia Marquez]] as influences and has said, "I’m grateful for the lessons one learns from great writers, but also from imperialists, sexists, friends, lovers, oppressors, revolutionaries—everybody. Everybody has something to teach a writer".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Altaf |first=Hasan |date=June 2021 |title=Arundhati Roy, The Art of Fiction No. 249 |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/7814/the-art-of-fiction-no-249-arundhati-roy |magazine=[[The Paris Review]] |access-date=6 May 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="the week">{{cite magazine |last=Mukerji |first=Debashish |date=26 October 1997 |title=Our life earlier was much saner |url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/interview-with-pia-krishen-roys-stepdaughter.html |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>

==Advocacy==
Since publishing ''The God of Small Things'' in 1997, Roy has spent most of her time on political activism and nonfiction (such as collections of essays about social causes). She is a spokesperson of the [[anti-globalization]]/[[alter-globalization]] movement and a vehement critic of [[neo-imperialism]] and US foreign policy. She opposes India's policies toward [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons]] as well as industrialisation and economic growth (which she describes as "encrypted with genocidal potential" in ''[[Listening to Grasshoppers|Listening to Grasshoppers: Field Notes on Democracy]]'').<ref name=necessary>{{cite news |title=Arundhati Roy: Necessary, but wrong |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2009/07/30/necessary-but-wrong |url-status=live |newspaper=The Economist |date=30 July 2009 |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222030915/http://www.economist.com/node/14120046 |archive-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> She has also questioned the conduct of the Indian police and administration in the case of the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] and the [[Batla House encounter case]], contending that the country has had a "shadowy history of suspicious terror attacks, murky investigations, and [[fake encounters]]".<ref name=":1" />

At the [[Wayanad Literature Festival]], in conversation with [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathi Thiruvothu]], Roy said her protests and writing are not shows of bravery, but of wanting space to breathe and create. She said that only if people have space can they create art and make mistakes. "Open the windows", she said.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuf9nP-9yrM |title=WLF 2024 {{!}} Arundhati Roy in Conversation with Parvathy Thiruvothu {{!}} For the Lovers, For the Haters |date=2025-01-04 |last=WLF {{!}} Wayanad Literature Festival |access-date=2026-01-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

===Support for Kashmiri separatism===
In an August 2008 interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', Roy expressed her support for the [[Kashmir conflict|independence of Kashmir]] from India after the massive demonstrations in 2008 in favour of independence took place—some 500,000 people rallied in Srinagar in the Kashmir part of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] state of India for independence on 18 August 2008, following the [[Amarnath land transfer controversy]].<ref>{{cite magazine| last = Thottam| first = Jyoti| title = Valley of Tears| magazine = Time| date = 4 September 2008| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html| access-date = 6 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100505142414/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1838586%2C00.html| archive-date = 5 May 2010| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to her, the rallies were a sign that Kashmiris desired secession from India, and not union with India.<ref>{{cite news | last = Ghosh | first = Avijit | title = Kashmir needs freedom from India: Arundhati Roy | work = The Times of India | date = 19 August 2008 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Kashmir_needs_freedom_from_India_Arundhati_Roy/articleshow/3378687.cms | access-date = 6 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090208102758/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Kashmir_needs_freedom_from_India_Arundhati_Roy/articleshow/3378687.cms | archive-date = 8 February 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> She was criticised by the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for her remarks.<ref name="ectimes20808">{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Cong_attacks_Roy_on_Kashmir_remark/articleshow/3384003.cms| title=Cong attacks Roy on Kashmir remark| date=20 August 2008| series=The Economic Times| location=India| work=The Times of India| access-date=25 March 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224030735/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Cong_attacks_Roy_on_Kashmir_remark/articleshow/3384003.cms| archive-date=24 December 2008| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sm"/>

[[All India Congress Committee]] member and senior Congress party leader [[Satya Prakash Malaviya]] asked Roy to withdraw her "irresponsible" statement, saying that it was "contrary to historical facts".<ref name=sm>{{cite news |title=Cong asks Arundhati Roy to withdraw statement on J-K |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cong-asks-arundhati-roy-to-withdraw-statement-on-jk/702254/0 |url-status=live|newspaper=The Indian Express |date=25 October 2010 |access-date=26 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101333/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cong-asks-arundhati-roy-to-withdraw-statement-on-jk/702254/0 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>
{{blockquote|It would do better to brush up her knowledge of history and know that the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir had acceded to the Union of India after its erstwhile ruler [[Maharaja Hari Singh]] duly signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] on 26 October 1947. And the state, consequently has become as much an integral part of India as all the other erstwhile princely states have.<ref name=sm /> }} She was charged with sedition along with separatist Hurriyat leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani and others by Delhi Police for their "anti-India" speech at a 2010 convention on Kashmir: "Azadi: The Only Way".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Case registered against Arundhati, Geelani|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/case-registered-against-arundhati-geelani/article922225.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 29 November 2010|access-date = 22 November 2015|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160207071513/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/case-registered-against-arundhati-geelani/article922225.ece|archive-date = 7 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Sedition case registered against Arundhati Roy, Geelani|url = http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sedition-case-registered-against-arundhati-roy-geelani-440611|website = NDTV.com|date=29 November 2010|access-date = 22 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160104212446/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sedition-case-registered-against-arundhati-roy-geelani-440611|archive-date = 4 January 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> In June 2024, the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA Act]] was invoked against them.<ref>{{cite web|title = 'Trying to prove they're back': Opposition slams 'political' UAPA action against Arundhati Roy for old Kashmir speech|url = https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-lg-vk-saxena-uapa-bjp-arundhati-roy-sheikh-showkat-hussain-kashmir-speech-mahua-moitra-priyanka-chaturvedi-11718443797452.html|website = livemint.com| date=15 June 2024 |access-date = 15 June 2024 | author1=Livemint }}</ref>

Roy has been the subject of censure for her comments which asserted that India has "perpetually waged war" on its own citizens at Kashmir, Manipur, Goa among other regions. Former Indian Foreign Secretary Kanwal Sibal accused her of endorsing terrorism against India and alleged that she “blatantly distorts the truth to support her deeply communal and anarchist agenda”, further describing her portrayal of India as “venomous against her own country” and “deeply anti-Hindu”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=‘Venomous, anti-Hindu’: Arundhati Roy's India-Pakistan analogy draws strong backlash |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/venomous-anti-hindu-arundhati-roys-shocking-india-pakistan-analogy-draws-strong-backlash-101758079254192.html |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title='Venomous against her own country': Arundhati Roy faces backlash for allegations against Indian state, citizenship questioned |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/arundhati-roy-india-state-of-war-controversy-tvoqx206 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

===Sardar Sarovar Project===
Roy has campaigned along with activist [[Medha Patkar]] against the [[Sardar Sarovar Project|Narmada dam project]], saying that the dam will displace half a million people with little or no compensation, and will not provide the projected irrigation, drinking water, and other benefits.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Roy | first = Arundhati | title = The Greater Common Good | journal = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] | volume = 16 | issue = 11 | date = 4 June 1999 | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1611/16110040.htm | access-date = 9 May 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070211021855/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1611/16110040.htm | archive-date = 11 February 2007 | url-status = usurped}}</ref> Roy donated her Booker prize money, as well as royalties from her books on the project, to the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]]. Roy also appears in [[Franny Armstrong]]'s ''[[Drowned Out]]'', a 2002 documentary about the project.<ref>{{IMDb title|title=Drowned Out |id=0424055}}</ref> Roy's opposition to the Narmada Dam project was criticised as "maligning Gujarat" by Congress and BJP leaders in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Playwright Tendulkar in BJP gunsight |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031213/asp/nation/story_2674388.asp |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |date=13 December 2003 |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224064723/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031213/asp/nation/story_2674388.asp |archive-date=24 December 2008}} The Telegraph – Calcutta: Nation.</ref>

In 2002, Roy responded to a contempt notice issued against her by the [[Supreme Court of India]] with an affidavit saying that the court's decision to initiate contempt proceedings based on an unsubstantiated and flawed petition, while refusing to inquire into [[Tehelka#Operation West End|allegations of corruption in military contracting deals]] pleading an overload of cases, indicated a "disquieting inclination" to silence criticism and dissent using the power of contempt.<ref>{{cite news | title = Arundhati's contempt: Supreme Court writes her a prison sentence | newspaper = The Indian Express | date = 7 March 2002 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/india-news/ie20020307/top3.html | access-date = 21 January 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080215114221/http://www.indianexpress.com/india-news/ie20020307/top3.html | archive-date = 15 February 2008 | url-status = live }}{{cite news | title = Of contempt and legitimate dissent | first = V. |last=Venkatesan |author2=Sukumar Muralidharan | work = Frontline | date = 31 August 2001 | url = http://www.flonnet.com/fl1817/18170910.htm | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120220161858/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1817/18170910.htm | archive-date = 20 February 2012}}</ref> The court found Roy's statement, which she refused to disavow or apologise for, constituted criminal contempt, sentenced her to a "symbolic" one day's imprisonment, and fined her {{Indian Rupee}}2500.<ref>{{cite court |litigants= In re: Arundhati Roy.... Contemner |reporter= JUDIS |court= Supreme Court of India bench, Justices G.B. Pattanaik & R.P. Sethi |date=6 March 2002 | url = http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=18299}}</ref> Roy served the jail sentence and paid the fine rather than serve an additional three months for default.<ref>{{cite news | last = Roy | first = Arundhati | title = Statement by Arundhati Roy | date = 7 March 2002 | publisher = Friends of River Narmada | url = http://www.narmada.org/sc.contempt/aroy.stmt.mar7.2002.html | access-date = 21 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060928143159/http://www.narmada.org/sc.contempt/aroy.stmt.mar7.2002.html | archive-date = 28 September 2006 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Environmental historian]] [[Ramachandra Guha]] has been critical of Roy's Narmada dam activism. While acknowledging her "courage and commitment" to the cause, Guha writes that her advocacy is hyperbolic and self-indulgent,<ref>Guha, Ramachandra, {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20101108121117/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/26/stories/13260411.htm "The Arun Shourie of the left"]}}, ''[[The Hindu]]'', 26 November 2000.</ref> and that "Ms. Roy's tendency to exaggerate and simplify, her [[Manichaean]] view of the world, and her shrill hectoring tone, have given a bad name to environmental analysis".<ref>Guha, Ramachandra (17 December 2000), [http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/17/stories/1317061b.htm "Perils of extremism"], ''The Hindu''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620101457/http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/17/stories/1317061b.htm |date=20 June 2014 }}.</ref> He faulted Roy's criticism of Supreme Court judges who were hearing a petition brought by the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] as careless and irresponsible.

Roy counters that her writing is intentional in its passionate, hysterical tone: "I ''am'' hysterical. I'm screaming from the bloody rooftops. And he and his smug little club are going 'Shhhh... you'll wake the neighbours!' I ''want'' to wake the neighbours, that's my whole point. I want everybody to open their eyes".<ref>{{cite news | last = Ram | first = N. | author-link = N. Ram | title = Scimitars in the Sun: N. Ram interviews Arundhati Roy on a writer's place in politics. | date = 19 January 2001 | work = Frontline, [[The Hindu]] | url = http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1801/18010040.htm | access-date = 30 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081223141300/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1801/18010040.htm | archive-date = 23 December 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[Gail Omvedt]] and Roy have had fierce yet constructive discussions in open letters on Roy's strategy for the Narmada Dam movement. The activists disagree on whether to demand stopping the dam building altogether (Roy) or search for intermediate alternatives (Omvedt).<ref>{{cite web | last = Omvedt | first = Gail | author-link = Gail Omvedt | title = An Open Letter to Arundhati Roy | publisher = Friends of River Narmada | url = http://www.narmada.org/debates/gail/gail.open.letter.html | access-date = 30 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081026041539/http://www.narmada.org/debates/gail/gail.open.letter.html | archive-date = 26 October 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===US foreign policy, war in Afghanistan===
[[File:Arundhati Roy 3.jpg|thumb|right| Roy delivering a talk "Can We Leave the [[Bauxite]] in the Mountain? Field Notes on Democracy" at [[Harvard Kennedy School]], 1 April 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sts.hks.harvard.edu/events/lectures/roy-mountain.html |title=Can We Leave the Bauxite in the Mountain? Field Notes on Democracy {{!}} Science & Democracy Lecture and Panel Discussion|website=sts.hks.harvard.edu| publisher=STS Program » Science and Democracy Lecture Series » News & Events |first=Arundhati|last=Roy |date=1 April 2010|access-date=18 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091220/http://sts.hks.harvard.edu/events/lectures/roy-mountain.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>]]
In a September 2001 opinion piece in ''The Guardian'' titled "The algebra of infinite justice", Roy responded to the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|US military invasion of Afghanistan]], finding fault with the argument that this war would be a retaliation for the [[September 11 attacks]]: "The bombing of Afghanistan is not revenge for New York and Washington. It is yet another act of terror against the people of the world." According to her, US president [[George W. Bush]] and UK prime minister [[Tony Blair]] were guilty of Orwellian [[doublethink]]:
{{blockquote|When he announced the air strikes, President George Bush said: "We're a peaceful nation." America's favourite ambassador, Tony Blair, (who also holds the portfolio of [[Premiership of Tony Blair|prime minister]] of the UK), echoed him: "We're a peaceful people." So now we know. Pigs are horses. Girls are boys. War is peace.}} She disputes US claims of being a peaceful and freedom-loving nation, listing China and 19 [[Third World]] "countries that America has been at war with—and bombed—since [[World War II]]", as well as previous US support for the [[Taliban]] movement and the [[Northern Alliance]] (whose "track record is not very different from the Taliban's"). She does not spare the Taliban: {{blockquote|"Now, as adults and rulers, the Taliban beat, stone, rape, and brutalise women, they don't seem to know what else to do with them."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roy|first1=Arundhati|title=The algebra of infinite justice|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/29/september11.afghanistan|access-date=1 June 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|date=29 September 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622165709/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/29/september11.afghanistan|archive-date=22 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

In the final analysis, Roy sees American-style capitalism as the culprit:
{{blockquote|"In America, the [[arms industry]], the [[Petroleum in the United States|oil industry]], the [[News media in the United States|major media networks]], and, indeed, [[U.S. foreign policy]], are all controlled by the same business combines".}}

She puts the attacks on the [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]] and on [[Afghanistan]] on the same moral level, that of terrorism, and mourns the impossibility of beauty after 2001: "Will it be possible ever again to watch the slow, amazed blink of a newborn gecko in the sun, or whisper back to the marmot who has just whispered in your ear—without thinking of the World Trade Centre and Afghanistan?"<ref name="brutality">{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |title='Brutality smeared in peanut butter': Why America must stop the war now |newspaper=The Guardian |date=23 October 2001|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4283081,00.html |access-date=11 March 2009|location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210190618/http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0%2C4273%2C4283081%2C00.html |archive-date=10 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2003, she delivered a speech titled "Instant-Mix Imperial Democracy (Buy One, Get One Free)" at [[Riverside Church]] in New York City, in which she described the United States as a global empire that reserves the right to bomb any of its subjects at any time, deriving its legitimacy directly from God. The speech was an indictment of the US actions relating to the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Roy | first = Arundhati | title = Instant-Mix Imperial Democracy (Buy One, Get One Free) {{!}} Transcript of speech at the Riverside Church | website = [[CommonDreams.org]] | date = 13 May 2003 | url = http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0518-01.htm | access-date = 6 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090404085415/http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0518-01.htm | archive-date = 4 April 2009 | url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Roy| first = Arundhati| title = Instant-Mix Imperial Democracy, Buy One Get One Free – An Hour With Arundhati Roy {{!}} Speech at the Riverside Church| website = [[Democracy Now!]]| url = http://www.democracynow.org/2003/10/24/instant_mix_imperial_democracy_buy_one|date=24 October 2003| access-date =6 April 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090408064017/http://www.democracynow.org/2003/10/24/instant_mix_imperial_democracy_buy_one| archive-date= 8 April 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> In June 2005, she took part in the [[World Tribunal on Iraq]], and in March 2006 she criticised President George W. Bush's visit to India, calling him a "war criminal".<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |title=George Bush Go Home |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/28/stories/2006022804301100.htm |url-status=dead |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 February 2006 |access-date=21 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223114145/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/28/stories/2006022804301100.htm |archive-date=23 February 2007}}</ref>

===India's nuclear weaponry===
In response to India's [[List of nuclear weapons tests of India|testing of nuclear weapons]] in [[Pokhran]], [[Rajasthan]], Roy wrote ''The End of Imagination'' (1998), a critique of the Indian government's [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear policies]]. It was published in her collection ''The Cost of Living'' (1999), in which she also crusaded against India's massive hydroelectric dam projects in the central and western states of [[Maharashtra]], Madhya Pradesh, and [[Gujarat]].

===Israel===
In August 2006, Roy, along with [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Howard Zinn]] and others, signed a letter in ''The Guardian'' calling the [[2006 Lebanon War]] a "war crime" and accusing Israel of "state terror".<ref>{{cite news |title=Letters: War crimes and Lebanon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,,1835915,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=3 August 2006 |access-date=6 April 2009}}</ref> In 2007, Roy was one of more than 100 artists and writers who signed an open letter initiated by [[Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism]] and the South West Asian, North African Bay Area Queers calling on the [[Frameline|San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival]] "to honor calls for an international boycott of Israeli political and cultural institutions, by discontinuing Israeli consulate sponsorship of the LGBT film festival and not cosponsoring events with the Israeli consulate".<ref>{{cite web |last=Bajko |first=Matthew S. |title=Political Notebook: Queer activists reel over Israel, Frameline ties |url=http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=1838 |work=The Bay Area Reporter|date=17 May 2007|access-date=1 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820041155/http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=1838|archive-date=20 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]], she defended [[Hamas]]'s rocket attacks, citing Palestinians' right to resistance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gazas-rockets-part-of-resistance-says-collective-led-by-arundhati-roy-nayantara-sahgal/article34580104.ece#comments_34580104|title = Gaza's rockets part of resistance, says collective led by Arundhati Roy, Nayantara Sahgal|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/350637-palestinians-have-right-to-resist-illegal-occupation-indias-leading-thinkers-say|title = Palestinians have right to resist illegal occupation, India's leading thinkers say|website=Geo News|date=18 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/836438-indias-notable-artistes-writers-say-palestinians-have-right-to-resist-israeli-occupation|title='Palestinians have right to resist Israeli occupation'|website=The News International|date=18 May 2021}}</ref> In December 2023, during Israel's [[Gaza war|bombing campaign in Gaza]], Roy said: "If we say nothing about Israel's brazen slaughter of Palestinians, even as it is live-streamed into the most private recesses of our personal lives, we are complicit in it."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Arundhati |title='Our country has lost its moral compass': Arundhati Roy |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/india-has-lost-its-moral-compass-arundhati-roy-on-israel-palestian-gaza-war/article67639421.ece |website=The Hindu |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref> In October 2024, Roy and thousands of other writers signed an open letter pledging to boycott Israeli cultural institutions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheehan |first1=Dan |title=Thousands of Authors Pledge to Boycott Israeli Cultural Institutions |url=https://lithub.com/hundreds-of-authors-pledge-to-boycott-israeli-cultural-institutions/ |website=Literary Hub |access-date=11 November 2024 |date=28 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Creamer |first1=Ella |last2=Knight |first2=Lucy |title=Sally Rooney, Rachel Kushner and Arundhati Roy call for boycott of Israeli cultural institutions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/oct/28/sally-rooney-percival-everett-arundhati-roy-boycott-israel-palestine-gaza |access-date=11 November 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=28 October 2024}}</ref> In February 2026, Roy withdrew from the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], stating that she was "disgusted" after jury president and film maker [[Wim Wenders]] said politics should be avoided as well as the jury members' "unconscionable statements" about [[Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war|Israel's actions in Gaza]].<ref>{{Cite news|title= Arundhati Roy 'shocked' by jury's Gaza remarks, quits Berlin film festival|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/14/arundhati-roy-shocked-by-jurys-gaza-remarks-quits-berlin-film-festival|work=Al Jazeera|date=14 February 2026|last=Rowlands|first=Lyndal|access-date=14 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title= Arundhati Roy quits Berlin film festival over 'stay out of politics' comment|url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/2026/feb/13/arundhati-roy-quits-berlin-film-festival-over-stay-out-of-politics-comment|work=The Guardian|date=13 February 2026|last=Khomami|first=Nadia|access-date=14 February 2026}}</ref> Roy referred to the [[2026 Iran war]] as "a continuation of the [[Gaza genocide|US-Israeli genocide in Gaza]]."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Arundhati |title='Iran Is Not Gaza': Read Arundhati Roy's Scathing Speech on the US-Israeli War |url=https://zeteo.com/p/iran-is-not-gaza-read-arundhati-roys |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=[[Zeteo]] |date=11 March 2026}}</ref>

===2001 Indian parliament attack===
Roy has raised questions about the investigation into the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] and the trial of the accused. According to her, [[Mohammad Afzal Guru]] was being [[scapegoated]]. She pointed to irregularities in the judicial and investigative process in the case and maintains that the case remains unsolved.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roy|first=Arundhati|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-perfect-day-for-democracy/article4397705.ece|title=A perfect day for democracy|date=10 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=21 April 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Roy|first=Arundhati|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/12/mumbai-arundhati-roy|title=Arundhati Roy: Mumbai was not India's 9/11|date=13 December 2008|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=21 April 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In her book about Guru's hanging, she suggests that there is evidence of state complicity in the terrorist attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/breaking-the-news/233403|title=Book Extract: The Strange Case of the attack on the Indian Parliament|last=Roy|first=Arundhati|date=18 December 2006|website=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> In an editorial in ''[[The Hindu]]'', journalist [[Praveen Swami]] wrote that Roy's evidence of state complicity was "cherry-picked for polemical effect".<ref>{{cite news|last=Swami|first=Praveen|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-vanity-of-1312-truthtelling/article4400821.ece|title=The vanity of 13/12 'truth-telling'|date=11 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=21 April 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Roy also called for Guru's death sentence to be stayed while a parliamentary enquiry into these questions was conducted, and denounced press coverage of the trial.<ref>Roy, Arundhati (30 October 2006), [http://www.countercurrents.org/hr-roy311006.htm "And His Life Should Become Extinct"], ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205046/http://www.countercurrents.org/hr-roy311006.htm |date=3 March 2016}}.</ref> BJP spokesperson [[Prakash Javadekar]] criticised Roy for calling Afzal a "prisoner of war" and called her a "prisoner of her own dogma".<ref name=ibn>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bjp-flays-arundhati-for-defending-afzal/24943-3-1.html |title=BJP flays Arundhati for 'defending' Afzal |date=28 October 2006 |access-date=24 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117050240/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bjp-flays-arundhati-for-defending-afzal/24943-3-1.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Afzal was hanged in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/afzal-guru-parliament-attack-convict-hanged-in-delhi-s-tihar-jail-328499?curl%3D1409555652 |title=Afzal Guru, Parliament attack convict, hanged in Delhi's Tihar Jail |editor-first= Surabhi |editor-last=Malik|date=9 February 2013|access-date=1 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903180530/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/afzal-guru-parliament-attack-convict-hanged-in-delhi-s-tihar-jail-328499?curl=1409555652 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> Roy called the hanging "a stain on India's democracy".<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy|first=Arundhati |date=10 February 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/10/hanging-afzal-guru-india-democracy |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220071458/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/10/hanging-afzal-guru-india-democracy |archive-date=20 December 2013 |title=The hanging of Afzal Guru is a stain on India's democracy |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-IN }}</ref>

===The Muthanga incident===
{{Main|Muthanga incident}}

In 2003, the [[Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha]], a social movement for [[Adivasi]] land rights in Kerala, organised a major land occupation of a piece of land of a former Eucalyptus plantation in the [[Wynad Wildlife Sanctuary|Muthanga Wildlife Reserve]], on the border of Kerala and Karnataka. After 48 days, a police force was sent into the area to evict the occupants. One participant of the movement and a policeman were killed, and the leaders of the movement were arrested. Roy travelled to the area, visited the movement's leaders in jail, and wrote an open letter to the then [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], [[A. K. Antony]], saying: "You have blood on your hands."<ref name="frontline">{{cite news| url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2006/stories/20030328002104500.htm| title=Arundhati Roy to Kerala Chief Minister Antony| last=Roy| first=Arundhati| date=15 March 2003| work=Frontline| volume=20| issue=6| access-date=25 March 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222014454/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2006/stories/20030328002104500.htm| archive-date=22 December 2008| url-status=usurped}}</ref>

===Comments on 2008 Mumbai attacks===
In an opinion piece for ''The Guardian'' in December 2008, Roy argued that the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] cannot be seen in isolation, but must be understood in the context of wider issues in the region's history and society such as widespread poverty, the [[Partition of India]] ("Britain's final, parting kick to us"), the atrocities committed during the [[2002 Gujarat violence]], and the ongoing [[Kashmir conflict]]. Despite this call for context, Roy stated in the article that she believes "nothing can justify terrorism", and calls terrorism "a heartless ideology". Roy warned against [[India–Pakistan relations|war with Pakistan]], arguing that it is hard to "pin down the provenance of a terrorist strike and isolate it within the borders of a single nation state", and that war could lead to the "descent of the whole region into chaos".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news | last = Roy | first = Arundhati | title = The Monster in the Mirror | newspaper = The Guardian | date = 13 December 2008| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/12/mumbai-arundhati-roy | access-date = 18 January 2010| location = London | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130905091642/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/12/mumbai-arundhati-roy | archive-date = 5 September 2013| url-status = live }}</ref> [[Salman Rushdie]] and others strongly criticised her remarks and condemned her for linking the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Mumbai attacks]] with [[Kashmir]] and economic injustice against [[Islam in India|Muslims in India]];<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/All_terrorism_roads_lead_to_Pakistan_says_Salman_Rushdie/articleshow/3855871.cms |title=All terrorism roads lead to Pakistan, says Rushdie |date=18 December 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=18 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221041010/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/All_terrorism_roads_lead_to_Pakistan_says_Salman_Rushdie/articleshow/3855871.cms |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rushdie criticised Roy for attacking the iconic status of the [[Taj Mahal Palace and Tower]].<ref>{{Cite news | title = Rushdie Slams Arundhati Roy | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 18 December 2008| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videoshow/3858343.cms | access-date = 18 January 2010| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170913024319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videoshow/3858343.cms | archive-date = 13 September 2017| url-status = live }}</ref> Indian writer [[Tavleen Singh]] called Roy's comments "the latest of her series of hysterical diatribes against India and all things Indian".<ref>{{cite news | last = Singh | first = Tavleen | title = The Real Enemies | newspaper = [[The Indian Express]] | date = 21 December 2008| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-real-enemies/400963/ | access-date = 18 January 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100106020522/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-real-enemies/400963/ | archive-date = 6 January 2010| url-status = live }}</ref>

===Criticism of Sri Lankan government===
In an opinion piece in ''The Guardian'', Roy pleaded for international attention to what she called a possible government-sponsored genocide of [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Tamils in Sri Lanka]]. She cited reports of camps into which Tamils were being herded as part of what she called "a brazen, openly racist war".<ref name="guardian1">{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |title=This is not a war on terror. It is a racist war on all Tamils |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/01/sri-lanka-india-tamil-tigers |url-status=live |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=11 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528044856/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/01/sri-lanka-india-tamil-tigers |archive-date=28 May 2017}}</ref> She also said that the "Government of Sri Lanka is on the verge of committing what could end up being genocide"<ref name="guardian1"/> and described the [[Sri Lankan IDP camps]] where Tamil civilians are being held as concentration camps. The Sri Lankan writer Ruvani Freeman called Roy's remarks "ill-informed and hypocritical" and criticised her for "whitewashing the atrocities of the [[LTTE]]".<ref>[http://newindianexpress.com/world/article53746.ece "Lankan writer slams Arundhati Roy"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401114045/http://newindianexpress.com/world/article53746.ece |date=1 April 2016}}, ''The Indian Express'', 4 April 2009.</ref> Roy has said of such accusations: "I cannot admire those whose vision can only accommodate justice for their own and not for everybody. However, I do believe that the LTTE and its fetish for violence was cultured in the crucible of monstrous, racist, injustice that the Sri Lankan government and to a great extent Sinhala society visited on the Tamil people for decades".<ref>{{cite news|title=Situation in Sri Lanka absolutely grim|url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=2582|newspaper=[[Tamil Guardian]]|date=25 October 2010|access-date=1 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125731/http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=2582|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Views on the Naxalites===
Roy has criticised the Indian government's [[Operation Green Hunt|armed actions]] against the [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]] in India, calling it "war on the poorest people in the country". According to her, the government has "abdicated its responsibility to the people"<ref name="Thapar">Karan Thapar, [http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-is-a-corporate-hindu-state-arundhati/130817-3.html "India is a corporate, Hindu state: Arundhati"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227204935/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-is-a-corporate-hindu-state-arundhati/130817-3.html |date=27 December 2013 }}, ''CNN-IBN'', 12 September 2010.</ref> and launched the offensive against Naxals to aid the corporations with whom it has signed [[Memorandum of Understanding|Memoranda of Understanding]].<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/govt-at-war-with-naxals-to-aid-mncs-arundhati/103627-3-single.html "Govt at war with Naxals to aid MNCs: Arundhati"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227204938/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/govt-at-war-with-naxals-to-aid-mncs-arundhati/103627-3-single.html |date=27 December 2013 }}, ''IBNLive'', 21 October 2009.</ref> While she has received support from various quarters for her views,<ref>Amulya Ganguli, [http://www.dnaindia.com/opinion/main-article_rooting-for-rebels_1381959 "Rooting for rebels"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312064410/http://www.dnaindia.com/opinion/main-article_rooting-for-rebels_1381959 |date=12 March 2013 }}, 11 May 2010. ''DNA India''.</ref> Roy's description of the Maoists as "[[Gandhism|Gandhians]]" raised a controversy.<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264738-0 "Walking With The Comrades"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015221518/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264738-0 |date=15 October 2013 }}, ''Outlook'' cover story, 29 March 2010.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cops-shouldnt-have-used-public-bus-Arundhati/articleshow/5946936.cms "Cops shouldn't have used public bus: Arundhati"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522084054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cops-shouldnt-have-used-public-bus-Arundhati/articleshow/5946936.cms |date=22 May 2010 }}, ''The Times of India'', 19 May 2010.</ref> In other statements, she has described Naxalites as patriots "of a kind"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Naxals-are-patriots-Arundhati/Article1-629303.aspx |title=Naxals are patriots: Arundhati |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120023756/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Naxals-are-patriots-Arundhati/Article1-629303.aspx |archive-date=20 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> who are "fighting to implement the Constitution, (while) the government is vandalising it".<ref name="Thapar"/>
[[File:Arundhati Roy delivering a talk on “The Doctor and The Saint- The Ambedkar-Gandhi Debate,” JMI.jpg|thumb|Roy at the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in March 2014]]

===Sedition charges===
In November 2010, Roy, [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]], and five others were brought up on charges of [[Sedition#India|sedition]] by the [[Delhi Police]]. The filing of the [[First Information Report]] came following a directive from a local court on a petition filed by Sushil Pandit, who alleged that Geelani and Roy had made anti-India speeches at a conference on "Azadi-the Only Way" on 21 October 2010. Roy's words were that "Kashmir has never been an integral part of India. It is a historical fact. Even the Indian government has accepted this."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/sedition-case-registered-against-arundhati-roy-geelani-69431 |title= Sedition case registered against Arundhati Roy, Geelani |work= NDTV |date= 29 November 2010 |access-date= 18 August 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121004151802/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/sedition-case-registered-against-arundhati-roy-geelani-69431 |archive-date= 4 October 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kashmir-has-never-been-integral-part-of-india-arundhati/701793 | title = Kashmir has never been integral part of India: Arundhati | newspaper =The Indian Express| date = 25 October 2010 | access-date = 18 August 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101252/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kashmir-has-never-been-integral-part-of-india-arundhati/701793/ | archive-date = 16 January 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=HTsed>{{cite news|url =http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Arundhati-Geelani-charged-with-sedition/Article1-632402.aspx|title =Arundhati, Geelani charged with sedition|date =29 November 2010|newspaper =[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date =17 October 2012|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130117033145/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Arundhati-Geelani-charged-with-sedition/Article1-632402.aspx|archive-date =17 January 2013|url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/26/arundhati-roy-kashmir-india |title= Arundhati Roy faces arrest over Kashmir remark |first= Gethin |last=Chamberlain |newspaper= The Guardian |date= 26 October 2010 |access-date= 17 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130917125852/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/26/arundhati-roy-kashmir-india |archive-date= 17 September 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref> A Delhi city court directed the police to respond to the demand for a criminal case after the central government declined to charge Roy, saying that the charges were inappropriate.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/02/stories/2011010258361600.htm |title = Binayak Sen among six charged with sedition in 2010 |first = Priscilla |last=Jebaraj |newspaper = The Hindu |date = 2 January 2011 |access-date = 17 October 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116135948/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/02/stories/2011010258361600.htm |archive-date = 16 January 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/12/india-drop-sedition-charges-against-cartoonist| title =India: Drop Sedition Charges Against Cartoonist| website =[[Human Rights Watch]]| date =12 October 2012| access-date =17 October 2012| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121015164500/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/12/india-drop-sedition-charges-against-cartoonist| archive-date =15 October 2012| url-status =live}}</ref>

===Criticism of Anna Hazare===
On 21 August 2011, at the height of [[Anna Hazare]]'s [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|anti-corruption campaign]], Roy criticised Hazare and his movement in an opinion piece published in ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref>Roy, Arundhati (21 August 2011), [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/id-rather-not-be-anna/article2379704.ece "I'd rather not be Anna"], ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 18 June 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201172552/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/id-rather-not-be-anna/article2379704.ece |date=1 February 2024}}.</ref> In the article, she questioned Hazare's secular credentials, pointing out the campaign's corporate backing, its suspicious timing, Hazare's silence on private-sector corruption, expressing her fear that the [[Lokpal]] will only end up creating "two oligarchies, instead of just one". She stated that while "his means may be Gandhian, his demands are certainly not", and alleged that by "demonising only the Government they" are preparing to call for "more privatisation, more access to public infrastructure and India's natural resources", adding that it "may not be long before Corporate Corruption is made legal and renamed a Lobbying Fee". Roy also accused the electronic media of blowing the campaign out of proportion. In an interview with ''[[Kindle Magazine]]'', Roy pointed out the role of media hype and target audience in determining how well hunger strikes "work as a tool of political mobilization" by noting the disparity in the attention Hazare's fast has received in contrast to the decade-long fast of [[Irom Sharmila]] "to demand the repealing of a law that allows non-commissioned officers to kill on suspicion—a law that has led to so much suffering."<ref name="Kejriwal">{{cite news|last=Kejriwal|first=Pritha|title=Love is the Centre, an Interview with Arundhati Roy|url=http://kindlemag.in/love-is-the-centre|work=Kindle Magazine|date=10 September 2011|access-date=15 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419133313/http://kindlemag.in/love-is-the-centre/|archive-date=19 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Roy's comparison of the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] with the Maoists, claiming both sought "the overthrow of the Indian State", met with resentment from members of [[Team Anna]]. Medha Patkar reacted sharply calling Roy's comments "highly misplaced" and chose to emphasise the "peaceful, non-violent" nature of the movement.<ref>Mukherjee, Vishwajoy (22 August 2011). [https://archive.today/20120913231839/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ws220811LOKPAL_BILLII.asp "We Are Not Like the Maoists: Medha Patkar"]. ''Tehelka''. Retrieved 29 August 2011.</ref> Roy also has stated that "an 'anti-corruption' campaign is a catch-all campaign. It includes everybody from the extreme left to the extreme right and also the extremely corrupt. No one's going to say they are for [[Corruption in India|corruption]] after all...I'm not against a strong anti-corruption bill, but corruption is just a manifestation of a problem, not the problem itself."<ref name="Kejriwal"/>

===Views on Narendra Modi===
In 2013, Roy called [[Narendra Modi]]'s nomination as [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] a "tragedy". She said business houses were supporting his candidacy because he was the "most militaristic and aggressive" candidate.<ref>{{cite news |title= Arundhati Roy writing her second novel |url= http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/arundhati-roy-writing-her-second-novel/article5336323.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 11 November 2013 |access-date= 13 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193301/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/arundhati-roy-writing-her-second-novel/article5336323.ece |archive-date= 13 November 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref> She has argued that Modi has control over India to a degree unrecognised by most people in the Western world: "He ''is'' the system. He has the backing of the media. He has the backing of the army, the courts, a majoritarian popular vote{{nbsp}}... Every institution has fallen in line." She has expressed deep despair for the future, calling Modi's long-term plans for a highly centralised Hindu state "suicidal" for the multicultural subcontinent.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/sKzYudbe21M Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20191210003539/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKzYudbe21M Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite AV media |people=Goodman, Amy |title=Arundhati Roy: It's Hard to Communicate the Scale and the Shape of This Shadow Taking India Over |medium=Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKzYudbe21M |publisher=[[Democracy Now!]] |date=28 November 2019 |time=26:30 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 28 April 2021, ''[[The Guardian]]'' published an article by Roy describing the [[Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|Indian government's response]] to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] as a "crime against humanity",<ref name="Roy 2021">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Arundhati |title='We are witnessing a crime against humanity': Arundhati Roy on India's Covid catastrophe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/apr/28/crime-against-humanity-arundhati-roy-india-covid-catastrophe |access-date=29 April 2021 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 April 2021}}</ref> in which ''[[The Washington Post]]'' said Roy "slammed Modi for his handling of the pandemic".<ref name="Cunningham 2021">{{cite news |last1=Cunningham |first1=Erin |last2=Farzan |first2=Antonia Noori |title=U.S. coronavirus aid to begin arriving in India amid record surge of cases |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/29/white-house-covid-aid-india-virus/ |access-date=29 April 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=29 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Slater 2021">{{cite news |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |last2=Masih |first2=Niha |title=In India's devastating coronavirus surge, anger at Modi grows |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/29/india-coronavirus-modi/ |access-date=30 April 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=30 April 2021}}</ref> Roy's op-ed was also published in ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]''<ref name="Cunningham 2021"/> with the title "It's Not Enough to Say the Govt Has Failed. We Are Witnessing a Crime Against Humanity."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Arundhati |title=It's Not Enough to Say the Govt Has Failed. We Are Witnessing a Crime Against Humanity. |url=https://thewire.in/government/india-covid-19-government-crime-against-humanity |access-date=30 April 2021 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=29 April 2021}}</ref>

=== Remarks about National Registers ===
On 25 December 2019, while speaking at [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]], Roy urged people to mislead authorities during the upcoming enumeration by the [[National Population Register]], which she said can serve as a database for the [[National Register of Citizens]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-bjp-slam-arundhati-roy-over-her-remarks-on-npr-1631654-2019-12-26|title=Congress, BJP slam Arundhati Roy over her remarks on NPR |date=26 December 2019 |website=India Today |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> The remarks were criticised by the Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/cong-bjp-slam-arundhati-roy-over-her-remarks-on-npr/1694289|title=Cong, BJP slam Arundhati Roy over her remarks on NPR|website=Outlook (India)|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/arundhati-roy-idiolises-criminals-like-ranga-billa-uma-bharti-hits-out-congress-joins-1502837570.html|title='Arundhati Roy idiolises criminals like Ranga-Billa': Uma Bharti hits out, Congress joins|date=26 December 2019|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> A complaint against her was registered at Tilak Marg police station, Delhi, under sections 295A, 504, 153 and 120B of the [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/police-complaint-against-arundhati-roy-for-her-du-speech-1631874-2019-12-27|title=Police complaint against Arundhati Roy for her DU speech|date=27 December 2019 |website=India Today |access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/complaint-against-arundhati-roy-by-sc-lawyer-over-false-information-for-npr-remarks-politicos-slam-activist-7829241.html|title=Complaint against Arundhati Roy by SC lawyer over false information for NPR remarks; politicos slam activist|website=Firstpost|date=26 December 2019|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> Roy responded, "What I was proposing was civil disobedience with a smile", and claimed that her remarks were misrepresented.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/12/27/civil-disobedience-with-smile-arundhati-roy-complaint-filed-against-her-npr-remark.html|title=Civil disobedience with a smile: Arundhati Roy on complaint filed against her NPR remark|website=The Week|date=27 December 2019|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/947994/full-text-arundhati-roy-defends-her-npr-remarks-even-as-she-faces-complaint|title=Full text: Arundhati Roy clarifies her NPR remarks even as she faces criminal complaint|author=|website=Scroll.in|date=27 December 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Roy was awarded the 1997 [[Booker Prize]] for her novel ''[[The God of Small Things]]''. The award carried a prize of approximately US$30,000<ref>{{cite news |title=Arundhati Roy interviewed |first=David |last=Barsamian |work=The South Asian |date=September 2001 |url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/Sept2001/Arundhati_Roy-Interview1.htm |author-link=David Barsamian |access-date=21 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225031554/http://www.the-south-asian.com/Sept2001/Arundhati_Roy-Interview1.htm |archive-date=25 December 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a citation that noted, "The book keeps all the promises that it makes".<ref>{{cite web | title = Previous winners – 1997 | publisher = Booker Prize Foundation | url = http://www.themanbookerprize.com/about/previous/1997.php | access-date =21 March 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070127162449/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/about/previous/1997.php |archive-date = 27 January 2007}}</ref> Roy donated the prize money she received, as well as royalties from her book, to human rights causes. Prior to the Booker, Roy won the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] in 1989, for the screenplay of ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]'', in which she captured the anguish among the students prevailing in professional institutions.<ref name="national award"/> In 2015, she returned the national award in protest against religious intolerance and the growing violence by rightwing groups in India.<ref>{{cite news |first = Hannah |last=Ellis |title = Arundhati Roy returns award in protest against religious intolerance in India |url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/05/arundhati-roy-returns-award-protest-religious-intolerance-india-bollywood-modi-government-violence |newspaper = The Guardian |date = 5 November 2015 |access-date = 5 November 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151106021810/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/05/arundhati-roy-returns-award-protest-religious-intolerance-india-bollywood-modi-government-violence |archive-date = 6 November 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2002, she won the [[Lannan Foundation]]'s Cultural Freedom Award for her work "about civil societies that are adversely affected by the world's most powerful governments and corporations", in order "to celebrate her life and her ongoing work in the struggle for freedom, justice and cultural diversity".<ref>{{cite web | title = 2002 Lannan Cultural Freedom Prize awarded to Arundhati Roy | website = [[Lannan Foundation]] | url = http://www.lannan.org/lf/cf/detail/2002-prize-for-cultural-freedom-roy | access-date = 21 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070206132403/http://www.lannan.org/lf/cf/detail/2002-prize-for-cultural-freedom-roy | archive-date = 6 February 2007 | url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 2003, she was awarded "special recognition" as a Woman of Peace at the [[Global Exchange]] Human Rights Awards in [[San Francisco]] with [[Bianca Jagger]], [[Barbara Lee]], and [[Kathy Kelly]].

Roy was awarded the [[Sydney Peace Prize]] in May 2004 for her work in social campaigns and her advocacy of [[Nonviolence|non-violence]].<ref>Bhandari, Neena (29 May 2004), [http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=224910 "Arundhati Roy gets Sydney Peace Prize"], ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', Retrieved 1 April 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821011747/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=224910 |date=21 August 2013 }}.</ref><ref>Roy, Arundhati (8 November 2004), [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?225601-0 "Peace?..."], ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', Retrieved 1 April 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219223418/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?225601-0 |date=19 February 2015 }}.</ref> That same year she was awarded the [[Orwell Award]], along with [[Seymour Hersh]], by the [[National Council of Teachers of English]].<ref>{{cite web|title=George Orwell Award|url=https://ncte.org/awards/george-orwell-award/|website=ncte.org}}</ref>

In January 2006, she was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], a national award from [[India's Academy of Letters]], for her collection of essays on contemporary issues, ''[[The Algebra of Infinite Justice]]'', but she declined to accept it "in protest against the Indian Government toeing the US line by 'violently and ruthlessly pursuing policies of brutalisation of industrial workers, increasing [[Military history of India#Recent developments|militarisation]] and [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic neo-liberalisation]]{{'"}}.<ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0116-01.htm "Sahitya Akademi Award: Arundhati Roy Rejects Honor"], ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', 16 January 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821132821/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0116-01.htm |date=21 August 2013 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Van Gelder|first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Van Gelder|date=17 January 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/17/books/arts/arts-briefly.html?ref=arundhatiroy|title=Award-Winning Novelist Rejects a Prize|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=18 December 2011}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306020244/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE6D6143FF934A25752C0A9609C8B63&ref=arundhatiroy |date=6 March 2016 }}.</ref>

In November 2011, she was awarded the [[Norman Mailer Prize]] for Distinguished Writing.<ref>[http://hamishhamilton.co.uk/news/from-norman-mailer-to-arundhati-roy "From Norman Mailer to Arundhati Roy"]. [[Hamish Hamilton]]. Retrieved 13 December 2015). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222130200/http://hamishhamilton.co.uk/news/from-norman-mailer-to-arundhati-roy |date=22 December 2015 }}.</ref>

Roy was featured in the 2014 list of [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]], the 100 most influential people in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/collection-post/70812/arundhati-roy-2014-time-100/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914200636/http://time.com/70812/|url-status=dead|title=Arundhati Roy: The World's 100 Most Influential People|first=Pankaj|last=Mishra|author-link=Pankaj Mishra|website=TIME|date=23 April 2014|archive-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

[[Saint Louis University (United States)|St. Louis University]] gave Roy the 2022 [[St. Louis Literary Award]], granted to the "most important writers of our time" to celebrate "the contributions of literature in enriching our lives".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slu.edu/library/st-louis-literary-award-programs/literary-award/arundhati-roy.php|title=St. Louis Literary Award: Arundhati Roy|publisher=St. Louis University|access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slu.edu/news/2022/april/literary-award.php|title=Arundhati Roy Receives the 2022 St. Louis Literary Award|first=Maggie |last=Rotermund|publisher=Saint Louis University|date=29 April 2022|access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stlmag.com/culture/Literature/2022-st-louis-literary-award-Arundhati-Roy/|title=A conversation with 2022 St. Louis Literary Award recipient Arundhati Roy|first=Tobeya|last=Ibitayo|work=St. Louis Magazine|date=22 April 2022|access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> The award ceremony was on 28 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-SVAFgEd5g|title=2022 St. Louis Literary Award Winner Arundhati Roy|date=4 May 2022 |publisher=Saint Louis University Library Associates|access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stlpr.org/show/st-louis-on-the-air/2022-04-28/for-arundhati-roy-the-st-louis-literary-award-allowed-her-to-see-the-river-of-her-childhood-dreams|title=For Arundhati Roy, the St. Louis Literary Award allowed her to see the river of her childhood dreams|first=Sarah|last=Fenske|date=28 April 2022|website=St. Louis Public Radio |publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>

In September 2023, Roy received the lifetime achievement award at the 45th European Essay Prize for the French translation of her book ''Azadi''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |date=14 September 2023 |title=Arundhati Roy: The dismantling of democracy in India will affect the whole world |url=https://scroll.in/article/1055943/arundhati-roy-the-dismantling-of-democracy-in-india-will-affect-the-whole-world |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2024, Roy was announced as winner of the annual [[PEN Pinter Prize]], given by the human rights organisation [[English PEN]] to a writer who, in the words of late playwright [[Harold Pinter]], casts an "unflinching, unswerving" gaze on the world and shows "fierce intellectual determination ... to define the real truth of our lives and our societies".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jun/27/arundhati-roy-wins-pen-pinter-prize-amid-prosecution-threat-over-kashmir-comments|title=Arundhati Roy wins PEN Pinter prize amid prosecution threat over Kashmir comments|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Ella|last=Creamer|date=27 June 2024|access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> English PEN chair [[Ruth Borthwick]] said Roy tells "urgent stories of injustice with wit and beauty".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/campaigns/arundhati-roy-awarded-pen-pinter-prize-2024/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627114825/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/campaigns/arundhati-roy-awarded-pen-pinter-prize-2024/|url-status=live|title=Arundhati Roy awarded PEN Pinter Prize 2024|date=27 June 2024|archive-date=27 June 2024|publisher=[[English PEN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/6992921/arundhati-roy-pen-pinter-prize-winner/|title=Arundhati Roy Wins PEN Pinter Prize Amid Indian Prosecution Threat|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|first=Armani|last=Syed|date=27 June 2024|access-date=29 June 2024}}</ref>

In August 2024, Roy and [[Toomaj Salehi]] shared the Disturbing the Peace Award, a recognition the Vaclav Havel Center accords to courageous writers at risk. The award committee chair, [[Bill Shipsey]], called them "wonderful exemplars of the spirit of [[Václav Havel]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://havelcenter.org/2024/08/15/winners-of-the-vhc-2024-disturbing-the-peace-award/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816015447/https://havelcenter.org/2024/08/15/winners-of-the-vhc-2024-disturbing-the-peace-award/|url-status=live|title=Arundhati Roy and Toomaj Salehi win the 2024 'Disturbing the Peace' Award for a Courageous Writer at Risk|date=15 August 2024|archive-date=16 August 2024|publisher=Vaclav Havel Center}}</ref>

On 10 October 2024, Roy named imprisoned British-Egyptian activist [[Alaa Abd El-Fattah]] as the international "writer of courage" with whom she chose to share the 2024 PEN Pinter Prize, announced at a ceremony at the [[British Library]], where Roy delivered her acceptance speech.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/oct/10/imprisoned-british-egyptian-activist-named-pen-writer-of-courage-2024|title=Imprisoned British-Egyptian activist named PEN writer of courage 2024|first=Lucy|last=Knight|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/palestine-israel-apartheid-arundhati-roy-pen-pinter-prize|title='No Propaganda on Earth Can Hide the Wound That Is Palestine: Arundhati Roy's PEN Pinter Prize Acceptance Speech|first=Arundhati|last=Roy|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|location=India|date=11 October 2024|access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> Author and journalist [[Naomi Klein]] also spoke, praising Roy's and Abd El-Fattah's work, and [[Lina Attalah]], editor-in-chief of independent online Egyptian newspaper ''[[Mada Masr]]'', accepted the award on Abd El-Fattah's behalf.<ref name="Bookseller Spanoudi" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.faber.co.uk/journal/alaa-abd-el-fattah-named-writer-of-courage-2024/|title=Alaa Abd el-Fattah named Writer of Courage 2024|publisher=[[Faber & Faber|Faber]]|date=11 October 2024|access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>

In March 2026, Roy's autobiography, ''[[Mother Mary Comes to Me]]'' won the [[National Book Critics Circle Award for Memoir and Autobiography]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=2026-03-27 |title=Han Kang Among National Book Critics Circle Award Winners |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/26/books/national-book-critics-circle-awards.html |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1984, Roy met independent filmmaker [[Pradip Krishen]], who offered her a role as a goatherd in his award-winning movie ''[[Massey Sahib]]''.<ref>{{IMDb title|0234211|Massey Sahib}}</ref> They married the same year. They collaborated on a television series about India's independence movement and on two films, ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]'' (1989) and ''[[Electric Moon]]'' (1992).<ref name="nyt"/> Disenchanted with the film world, Roy experimented with various fields, including running aerobics classes. Roy and Krishen are still married but live separately.<ref name="elm"/><ref name="pel"/><ref name="nyt"/>

Roy is a cousin of [[Prannoy Roy]], former head of the Indian television media group [[NDTV]].<ref name="toi">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/Theres-something-about-Mary/articleshow/15871684.cms| title=There's something about Mary| first=Nayare |last=Ali| newspaper=Times of India| date=14 July 2002| access-date=12 May 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104212446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/Theres-something-about-Mary/articleshow/15871684.cms| archive-date=4 January 2016| url-status=live}}</ref> She lives in Delhi.<ref name="nyt"/> She reads, writes, and speaks English, [[Hindi]], and [[Malayalam]].<ref name="Pulse Connects">{{cite web|title=The Currency of Caste: Arundhati Roy in Conversation with Ken Hunt|url=http://www.pulseconnects.com/currency-caste-arundhati-roy-conversation-ken-hunt|date=Summer 2015|first=Ken|last=Hunt|website=Pulse}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Fiction===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Title
!Publisher
!Year
![[ISBN]]
|-
|1
|''[[The God of Small Things]]''
|[[Flamingo (imprint)|Flamingo]]
|1997
|{{ISBNT|0-00-655068-1}}
|-
|2
|''[[The Ministry of Utmost Happiness]]''
|[[Hamish Hamilton]]
|2017
|{{ISBNT|0-241-30397-4}}
|}

===Non-fiction===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Title
!Publisher
!Year
![[ISBN]]
|-
|1
|''The End of Imagination''
|Kottayam: [[DC Books|D.C. Books]]
|1998
|{{ISBNT|81-7130-867-8}}
|-
|2
|''The Cost of Living''
|Flamingo
|1999
|{{ISBNT|0-375-75614-0}}
|-
|3
|''The Greater Common Good''
|Bombay: India Book Distributor
|1999
|{{ISBNT|81-7310-121-3}}
|-
|4
|''[[The Algebra of Infinite Justice]]''
|Flamingo
|2002
|{{ISBNT|0-00-714949-2}}
|-
|5
|''Power Politics''
|Cambridge: [[South End Press]]
|2002
|{{ISBNT|0-89608-668-2}}
|-
|6
|''War Talk''
|Cambridge: South End Press
|2003
|{{ISBNT|0-89608-724-7}}
|-
|7
|''An Ordinary Person's Guide To Empire''
|Consortium
|2004
|{{ISBNT|0-89608-727-1}}
|-
|8
|''Public Power in the Age of Empire''
|New York: [[Seven Stories Press]]
|2004
|{{ISBNT|978-1-58322-682-7}}
|-
|9
|''The Checkbook and the Cruise Missile: Conversations with Arundhati Roy'' (Interviews by [[David Barsamian]])
|Cambridge: South End Press
|2004
|{{ISBNT|0-89608-710-7}}
|-
|10
|''[[The Shape of the Beast|The Shape of the Beast: Conversations with Arundhati Roy]]''
|New Delhi: [[Penguin Books|Penguin]]
|2008
|{{ISBNT|978-0-670-08207-0}}
|-
|11
|''[[Listening to Grasshoppers|Listening to Grasshoppers: Field Notes on Democracy]]''
|New Delhi: Penguin
|2010
|{{ISBNT|978-0-670-08379-4}}
|-
|12
|''Broken Republic: Three Essays''
|New Delhi: [[Hamish Hamilton]]
|2011
|{{ISBNT|978-0-670-08569-9}}
|-
|13
|''[[Walking with the Comrades]]''
|New Delhi: Penguin
|2011
|{{ISBNT|978-0-670-08553-8}}
|-
|14
|''[[Kashmir: The Case for Freedom]]''
|[[Verso Books]]
|2011
|{{ISBNT|1-84467-735-4}}
|-
|15
|''The Hanging of Afzal Guru and the Strange Case of the Attack on the Indian Parliament''
|New Delhi: Penguin
|2013
|{{ISBNT|978-0-14-342075-0}}
|-
|16
|''Capitalism: A Ghost Story''
|Chicago: [[Haymarket Books]]
|2014
|{{ISBNT|978-1-60846-385-5}}<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jean |last=Drezet|date=24 October 2015|title=The dark underbelly of state capitalism in India|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=386|issue=10004|page=1620|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00543-7|s2cid=54264685}}</ref>
|-
|17
|''Things that Can and Cannot Be Said: Essays and Conversations'' (with [[John Cusack]])
|Chicago: Haymarket Books
|2016
|{{ISBNT|978-1-60846-717-4}}
|-
|18
|''[[The Doctor and the Saint]]: Caste, Race, and Annihilation of Caste''
(The Debate Between B. R. Ambedkar and M. K. Gandhi)
|Chicago: Haymarket Books
|2017
|{{ISBNT|978-1-60846-797-6}}
|-
|19
|''[[My Seditious Heart]]: Collected Non-Fiction''
|Chicago: Haymarket Books
|2019
|{{ISBNT|978-1-60846-676-4}}
|-
|20
|''Azadi: Freedom, Fascism, Fiction''
|Haymarket Books
|2020
|{{ISBNT|978-164259-260-3|}}
|-
|21
|''Mother Mary Comes to Me''
|UK: [[Hamish Hamilton]]
|2025
|{{ISBNT|978-166809-471-6|}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[Indian English literature]]
* [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
* [[Iraq War]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
===Books and articles on Roy===
* {{cite book
| last = Balvannanadhan
| first = Aïda
| title = Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things
| publisher = Prestige Books
| year = 2007
| location = New Delhi
|isbn=978-81-7551-193-4}}
* {{cite book
| last = Bhatt
| first = Indira
| author2=Indira Nityanandam
| title = Explorations: Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things
| publisher = Creative Books
| year = 1999
| location = New Delhi
|isbn=81-86318-56-9}}
* "The Politics of Design", in {{cite book
| last = Ch'ien
| first = Evelyn Nien-Ming
| title = Weird English
| publisher = [[Harvard University Press]]
| year = 2005
| pages = 154–199
|isbn=978-0-674-01819-8}}
* {{cite book
| last = Dhawan
| first = R.K.
| title = Arundhati Roy: The Novelist Extraordinary
| publisher = Prestige Books
| year = 1999
| location = New Delhi
|isbn=81-7551-060-9}}
* {{cite book
| last = Dodiya
| first = Jaydipsinh
| author2 = Joya Chakravarty
| title = The Critical Studies of Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things
| publisher = Atlantic
| year = 1999
| location = New Delhi
|isbn=81-7156-850-5
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/criticalstudieso0000unse
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Durix
| first = Carole
| author2=Jean-Pierre Durix
| title = Reading Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things
| publisher = Editions universitaires de Dijon
| year = 2002
| location = Dijon
|isbn=2-905965-80-0}}
* {{cite book
| last = Ghosh
| first = Ranjan
| author2=Antonia Navarro-Tejero
| title = Globalizing Dissent: Essays on Arundhati Roy
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2009
| location = New York
|isbn=978-0-415-99559-7}}
* {{cite book
| last = Mullaney
| first = Julie
| title = Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things: A Reader's Guide
| publisher = Continuum
| year = 2002
| location = New York
|isbn=0-8264-5327-9
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/arundhatiroysgod0000mull
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Navarro-Tejero
| first = Antonia
| title = Gender and Caste in the Anglophone-Indian Novels of Arundhati Roy and Githa Hariharan: Feminist Issues in Cross-cultural Perspective
| publisher = Edwin Mellen
| year = 2005
| location = Lewiston
|isbn=0-7734-5995-2}}
* {{cite book
| last = Pathak
| first = R. S.
| title = The Fictional World of Arundhati Roy
| publisher = Creative Books
| year = 2001
| location = New Delhi
|isbn=81-86318-84-4}}
* {{cite book
| last = Prasad
| first = Murari
| title = Arundhati Roy: Critical Perspectives
| publisher = Pencraft International
| year = 2006
| location = Delhi
|isbn=81-85753-76-8}}
* {{cite book
| last = Roy
| first = Amitabh
| title = The God of Small Things: A Novel of Social Commitment
| publisher = Atlantic
| year = 2005
| pages = 37–38
|isbn=978-81-269-0409-9}}
* {{cite book
| last = Sharma
| first = A. P.
| title = The Mind and the Art of Arundhati Roy: A Critical Appraisal of Her Novel, The God of Small Things
| publisher = Minerva
| year = 2000
| location = New Delhi
|isbn=81-7662-120-X}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shashi
| first = R. S.
| author2=Bala Talwar
| title = Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things: Critique and Commentary
| publisher = Creative Books
| year = 1998
| location = New Delhi
|isbn=81-86318-54-2}}
* {{cite book
| last = Tickell
| first = Alex
| title = Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2007
| location = New York
|isbn=978-0-415-35842-2}}

===Other===
* ''We'', a political documentary about Roy's words. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060629021718/http://www.weroy.org/ Available online.]
* [http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/937 Arundhati Roy denounces Indian democracy] by Atul Cowshish, Asian Tribune, 2006-07-06
* Carreira, Shirley de S. G. [http://sincronia.cucsh.udg.mx/carreirasummer08.htm "A representação da mulher em ''Shame'', de Salman Rushdie, e ''O deus das pequenas coisas'', de Arundathi Roy"]. In: MONTEIRO, Conceição & LIMA, Tereza M. de O. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Caetés, 2005
* Ch'ien, Evelyn Nien-Ming, "The Politics of Design" in ''Weird English''. Cambridge, MA: [[Harvard University Press]], 2004; 154–199. Essay on Roy's language.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Arundhati Roy}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Sister project links|Arundhati Roy|s=no|wikt=no|}}
* {{IMDb name|0746936}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050907203309/http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Roy+Arundhati SAWNET biography] South Asian Women network, authors
* {{Guardian topic}}
* [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/arundhati-roy Column archive] at ''[[The Guardian]]''
* {{C-SPAN|55192}}

; Interviews and speeches
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article/How-Deep-Shall-We-Dig/223821 How Deep Shall We Dig] – Full text of I.G. Khan Memorial Lecture delivered at Aligarh Muslim University on 6 April 2004, ''Outlook'', 6 May 2004
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Come-September/217403 Come September] – Interview with [[Howard Zinn]], ''Outlook'', September 2008
* [http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/faultlines/2010/05/20105610311806602.html "Arundhati Roy"] – interview by [[Avi Lewis]] on Al Jazeera Fault Lines, 2010-8-29 (video, 23 mins)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mO36E8xMPCk "Arundhati Roy - Things That Can and Cannot Be Said: The dismantling of the world as we knew it"]. The [[Stuart Hall Foundation]]'s Annual Autumn Keynote with Arundhati Roy, September 2022.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3neHSe1qMQ "Arundhati Roy talks about her life and views on the world"], ''Storytellers' Studio'', Higher Education Channel, 29 September 2022.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHdUUcBy__w "Arundhati Roy – Lecture / Conférence – European Essay Prize / Prix Européen de l'Essai"]. Lecture given on award of the 45th European Essay Prize, [[Lausanne]], 12 September 2023.

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Government of Bihar

2026-03-24T11:38:11Z

SnehAnchliya: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian State Government}}
{{infobox government
| government_name = Government of Bihar
| image = File:Seal of Bihar.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| division_type = [[Seat of government|Seat of Government]]
| division = [[Patna]]
| leader_type = [[Governor of Bihar|Governor]] (Head of the State)
| leader_title = [[Syed Ata Hasnain]]
| leader_type2 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]] (Head of Government)
| leader_title2 = [[Nitish Kumar]], {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United) }}
| leader_type3 = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]] (Deputy Head of Government)
| leader_title3 = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]], {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}} [[Samrat Choudhary]], {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| legislature_label = [[State legislative assemblies of India|Assembly]]
| legislature = {{ubl|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]|}}
| speaker_label = [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]]
| speaker = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BJP's Nand Kishore Yadav elected unopposed as Bihar Assembly Speaker |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bihar/bjps-nand-kishore-yadav-elected-unopposed-as-bihar-assembly-speaker-2895649 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=15 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| deputy_speaker_label = [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the House]]
| deputy_speaker = [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]<ref>{{cite web |title=JD(U)'s Narendra Narayan Yadav elected unopposed as Bihar assembly deputy speaker |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/jdus-narendra-narayan-yadav-bihar-assembly-deputy-speaker-9176762/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=23 February 2024 |language=en |date=23 February 2024}}</ref>
| members_in_assembly_label = [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha|Members in Assembly]]
| members_in_assembly = 243
| legislative_council_label = [[State legislative councils of India|Council]]
| legislative_council = [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| chairman_label = [[List of chairpersons of the Bihar Legislative Council|Chairperson of Council]]
| chairman = [[Awadhesh Narain Singh]]
| deputy_chairman =
| members_in_council_label = [[Bihar Vidhan Parishad|Members in Council]]
| leader_type4 = [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] (Head of Civil Service)
| leader_title4 = Pratyaya Amrit, ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| members_in_council = 75 (63 Elected + 12 Nominated)
| branch4 = [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary]]
| government_form = [[Bicameralism|Bicameral]]
| country = {{flag|India}}

| court_name = [[High courts of India|High Court]]
| court = [[Patna High Court]]
| chief_justice_label = [[List of current Indian chief justices|Chief Justice]]
| chief_justice = Justice Sangam Kumar Sahoo
| seat = 53
| image4 =
| website = {{URL|https://state.bihar.gov.in}}
}}
{{Politics of Bihar}}

The '''Government of Bihar''' is the [[State governments of India|state government]] of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]] and its nine [[Divisions of Bihar|divisions]] which consist of [[Districts of Bihar|districts]]. It consists of an executive, led by the [[Governor of Bihar]], a [[Administration in Bihar#Judiciary|judiciary]] and [[Administration in Bihar#Legislature|legislative branches]].

Like other [[States and territories of India|states in India]], the head of state of Bihar is the [[Governor]], appointed by the [[President of India]] on the advice of the [[Government of India|central government]]. The head of state is largely ceremonial. The [[Chief Minister]] is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. [[Patna]] is the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of Bihar hence, it serves as the headquarter for almost all the departments.

The [[Patna High Court]], located in Patna, has jurisdiction over the whole state. The present legislative structure of Bihar is [[bicameral]]. The [[Legislative]] houses are the [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]] ([[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]) and [[Bihar Vidhan Parishad]] ([[Bihar Legislative Council]]). Their normal term is five years, unless dissolved earlier.

==Executive ==

=== Governor ===
{{Main|Governor of Bihar}}
{{See also|Governor (India)}}
The '''Governors''' of the [[states of India]] have similar powers and functions at the state level as those of the [[President of India]] at Union level. Governors exist in the [[States of India|states]] while lieutenant governors or administrator exist in [[union territories]]. According to the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] is a state's head, but ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with the chief minister. The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the [[Chief Ministers of India|Chief ministers of the states]]{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} and his/her councils of ministers. The Governor of a State is appointed by the President of India. The factors based on which the President evaluates the candidates is not mentioned in the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|title=article 155, Constitution of India|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf}}</ref> In his ex-officio capacity, the Governor of Bihar is Chancellor of the universities of Bihar (at present 12) as per the Acts of the Universities.

=== Chief Minister ===
{{Main|Chief Minister of Bihar}}

{{See also|Chief minister (India)}}
In the [[Republic of India]], a '''chief minister''' is the elected [[head of government]] of the each state out of 28<ref>{{cite web|title=States and Union Territories|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818054533/http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 18, 2017|website=knowindia.gov.in}}</ref> states and sometimes a union territory (currently, only the UTs of [[Delhi]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] have serving Chief Ministers). Following elections to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]], the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Bihar as well.</ref>

In 1946 First Cabinet of Bihar formed; consisting<ref>{{cite web|author=S Shankar|title=The Sri Babu-Anugrah babu government|url=http://www.indiarightsonline.com/Sabrang/india7.nsf/38b852a8345861dd65256a980059289d/43f22a268865987a652570de007d9457?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527160946/http://www.indiarightsonline.com/Sabrang/india7.nsf/38b852a8345861dd65256a980059289d/43f22a268865987a652570de007d9457?OpenDocument|archive-date=2013-05-27|access-date=2005-04-08|publisher=website}}</ref> of two members, Dr. [[Sri Krishna Sinha]] as first [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] and Dr. [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Kamat|title=Anugrah Narayan Sinha|url=http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/anugrah_narayan_sinha.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109021214/http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/anugrah_narayan_sinha.htm|archive-date=2006-11-09|access-date=2006-11-25|publisher=Kamat's archive}}</ref> as Bihar's first [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]] cum Finance<ref>{{cite book|author=Dr. Rajendra Prasad's Letters to Anugrah Narayan Sinha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQCRixJzOgsC&q=anugrah+babu&pg=PA123|title=First Finance cum Labour Minister|publisher=Rajendra Prasad's archive|year=1984|isbn=9788170230021|access-date=2007-06-25}}</ref> Minister (also in charge of Labour, Health, Agriculture and Irrigation). Other ministers were inducted later. The cabinet served as the first Bihar Government after independence in 1947. From 1946, 23 people have been Chief Minister of Bihar. The inaugural holder was [[Sri Krishna Sinha]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], he also has the longest incumbency. The current incumbent is [[Nitish Kumar]] who is having incumbency since 22 February 2015.

=== Deputy Chief Minister ===
{{Main|Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar}}

[[File:Samrat Chaudhary wishing Nitish Kumar on his birthday.jpg|thumb|Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Samrat Chaudhary]] meeting with longest serving Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Nitish Kumar]] in 2024.]]
Despite being not mentioned in the constitution or law, the Deputy-Chief minister office is often used to pacify factions within the party or coalition. It is similar to the rarely used Deputy-Prime minister post in Central government of India. During the absence of the Chief minister, the deputy-CM may chair cabinet meetings and lead the Assembly majority. Various deputy chief ministers have also taken the oath of secrecy in line with the one that chief minister takes. This oath has also sparked controversies.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dhananjay Mahapatra|date=27 December 2017|title=Deputy CM: Not in Constitution, yet a post with a long history|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deputy-cm-not-in-constitution-yet-a-post-with-a-long-history/articleshow/62259990.cms|access-date=28 June 2019|publisher=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=S. Rajendran|date=13 July 2012|title=Of Deputy Chief Ministers and the Constitution|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/of-deputy-chief-ministers-and-the-constitution/article3632410.ece|access-date=28 June 2019|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Ministry ===
{{See also|Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry}}

The government is headed by the governor who appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. The governor is appointed for five years and acts as the constitutional head of the state. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers is vested.. The secretariat headed by the secretary to the governor assists the council of ministers. The council of ministers consists of cabinet ministers, ministers of state and deputy ministers. The chief minister is assisted by the chief secretary, who is the head of the administrative services.
{{transcluded section|Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry#Council of Ministers}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry|Council of Ministers}}}}

== Legislature ==
[[State government]]s in India are the governments ruling [[states of India]] and the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]] heads the state government.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Prasad|first1=R. C.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1600996|title=Local Government and Development in India|journal=International Political Science Review / Revue Internationale de Science Politique |year=1980 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=265–279|doi=10.1177/019251218000100210 |jstor=1600996 |s2cid=145673733 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Power is [[Federalism in India|divided]] between union government and state governments.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jagannadham|first1=V.|title=Division of Powers in the Indian Constitution |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |year=1947 |volume=8 |issue=3 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42743171|pages=742–751|jstor=42743171 }}</ref> State government's legislature is [[bicameral]] in [[List of states of India by type of legislature|6 states]] and [[unicameral]] in the rest.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=de Miñón|first1=Miguel Herrero|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/839106|title=The Passing of Bicameralism|journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |year=1975 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=236–254|doi=10.2307/839106 |jstor=839106 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Bihar is one of the six states where bicameral legislature exists. Other [[States and territories of India|states]] are [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra Vidhan Parishad|Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The [[Bihar Legislative Council]] is [[Vidhan Parishad]] serves as the upper house and [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] is [[Vidhan Sabha]] serves as the lower house of the [[bicameral]] legislature of the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]]. Lower house is elected with 5 years term, while in upper house 1/3 of the total members in the house gets elected every two years with six-year term.

=== Vidhan Sabha ===
{{main|Bihar Vidhan Sabha}}

{{See also|Vidhan Sabha}}The Vidhan Sabha is also known as Legislative Assembly. The Bihar Legislative Assembly first came into being in 1937 and not a permanent body and subject to dissolution. The tenure of the [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] is five years from the date appointed for its first sitting unless dissolved sooner. Members of the Legislative Assembly are directly elected by the people. There are three sessions (Budget session, Monsoon session, Winter session) every year. The Sessions of Legislative Assembly are presided by Speaker. The Speaker certifies that whether a bill is ordinary bill or money bill. Generally he does not participate in voting but he casts his vote in the case of tie. The current strength of the House is 243.

=== Vidhan Parishad ===
{{main|Bihar Vidhan Parishad}}

{{See also|Vidhan Parishad}}The [[Vidhan Parishad]] is also known as Legislative Council. Bihar Legislative Council is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution. But as nearly as possible, one-third of the members thereof retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every second year. Members are now elected or nominated for six years and one-third of them retire every second year. The presiding officers of Vidhan Parishad are now known as chairman and deputy chairman. Members of the upper house, the [[Legislative Council]] are indirectly elected through an electoral college. There are 27 Committees which are, at present, functional in the council. Besides, there are three Financial Committees consisting of the members of the two Houses of the State Legislature.

== Judiciary ==
=== High Court ===
{{main|Patna High Court}}

The [[Patna High Court]] ({{langx|hi|पटना उच्च न्यायालय}}) is the [[High Courts of India|High Court]] of the [[Indian state|state]] of Bihar. The [[Patna High Court]] is the principal court of the state of [[Bihar]]. However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of pecuniary, territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated Specially in a state or federal law It was established on February 3, 1916, and later affiliated under the [[Government of India Act 1915]] ([[5 & 6 Geo. 5]]. c. 61). The court is headquartered in Patna, the administrative [[List of Indian state and union territory capitals|capital]] of the [[States and territories of India|state]]. A proclamation was made by the Governor-General of India on 22 March 1912. The foundation-stone of the High Court Building was laid on 1 December 1913 by the late Viceroy and Governor-General of India, [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Sir Charles Hardinge]] of Penshurst. The Patna High Court building on its completion was formally opened by the [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|same Viceroy]] on 3 February 1916. Hon. Sir Justice [[Edward Maynard Des Champs Chamier]] was the first Chief Justice of Patna High Court. This High Court has given two [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justices of India]]: Hon'ble Mr. Justice [[Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha]], the 6th [[Chief Justice of India|C.J.I.]], and Hon. Mr. Justice [[Lalit Mohan Sharma]], the 24th C.J.I.. Hon. Mr Justice Sudhir Singh is the current Acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court. [[Patna High Court]] has strength of 53 Judges which includes 40 permanent and 13 additional judges.

=== District Courts ===
The '''District Courts''' of [[India]] are the [[district court]]s of the [[State governments in India]] for every district or for one or more districts together taking into account of the number of cases, population distribution in the district. They administer justice in India at a [[Districts of India|district]] level. Bihar has [[List of district courts in India#Bihar (37)|37 district courts]] in total.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar/District Court in India {{!}} Official Website of District Court of India|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/bihar|access-date=2021-05-18|website=districts.ecourts.gov.in}}</ref>

The Civil Court/District Court is judged by District and Sessions Judge. It is the principal court of [[Original jurisdiction|original]] [[Civil law (common law)|civil jurisdiction]] besides the High Court of the State and which derives its jurisdiction in civil matters primarily from the code of civil procedure. The district court is also a court of sessions when it exercises its jurisdiction on criminal matters under the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]]. The district court is presided over by a district judge appointed by the state governor with on the advice of chief justice of that high court. In addition to the district judge there are a number of additional district and sessions judges and assistant district judges. The additional district judge and the court presided over by the additional district judge have equivalent rank, status and jurisdiction as the district judge and presiding court.<ref name="District Courts of India - official website">{{cite web|title=District Courts of India - official website|url=http://www.indiancourts.nic.in/districtcourt.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122225727/http://indiancourts.nic.in/districtcourt.html|archive-date=22 January 2013|access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> Assistant sessions judge is subordinate to the district judge and additional(s).

== Elections and Politics ==
{{Main|Elections in Bihar|Politics of Bihar}}

{{See also|Election Commission of India}}India has a [[Federalism|quasi-federal]] form of government, called "union" or "central" government,<ref>{{cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416084719/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2016|access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> with elected officials at the union, state and local levels. At the national level, the [[head of government]], the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], is appointed by the [[president of India]] from the party or coalition that has the majority of seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]. The members of the [[Lok Sabha]] (Center) and [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]] are directly elected for a term of five years by [[Universal suffrage|universal adult suffrage]] through a [[first-past-the-post]] voting system. Members of the [[Rajya Sabha]], which represents the [[States of India|states]], are elected by the members of State legislative assemblies by [[proportional representation]], except for 12 members who are nominated by the president. In [[Bihar Vidhan Parishad]], 1/3 of the total members in the house gets elected every 2 years with 6-year term.<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Nitish Kumar took oath as Chief Minister for the ninth time, Samrat Chaudhary and Vijay Sinha became Deputy CM for the first time |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/nitish-kumar-took-oath-as-chief-minister-for-9th-time-samrat-chaudhary-and-vijay-sinha-became-deputy-cm-asj |access-date= |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

{{As of|2023|post=,}} there are two main political formations: the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) which comprises [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP, Indian People's Party), [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] (LJP (RV)) and [[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party]] (RLJP); and a second alliance between [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD, National People's Party), [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]], [[Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal]] and [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). There are many other political formations. The [[Communist Party of India]] had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, which has since weakened.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Wise Seat Won & Valid Votes Polled by Political Parties|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424233926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2015|access-date=20 September 2015|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] CPI(M) and CPM and [[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB) have a minor presence, along with the other extreme leftist parties.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 September 2011|title=The Decline of Communist Mass Base in Bihar: Jagannath Sardar|url=http://kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/|url-status=live|access-date=20 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106132116/http://kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/|archive-date=6 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Administration and Local governments ==
{{Main|Administration in Bihar}}

Local governments function at the basic level. It is the third level of government apart from union and state governments. It consists of [[Local self-government in India|panchayats]] in rural areas and [[Municipal governance in India|municipalities]] in urban areas. They are elected directly or indirectly by the people. {{Administrative structure of Bihar}}

== Government agencies ==
*[[Information and Public Relations Department, Bihar]]

== See also ==
* [[Administration in Bihar]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar]]
* [[Government of India]]
* [[Bihar Economic Survey]]
*[[Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://gov.bih.nic.in}}

{{Government of Bihar}}
{{Government of India by state or territory}}

[[Category:Government of Bihar| ]]

Adhikari

2026-03-21T20:13:20Z

SnehAnchliya: further rework content for consistency additionally and updated info per standard format

{{for multi|the railway station|Adhikari railway station|the Tamil movie|Adhikari (film)}}
{{Short description| Indian surname in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, India}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox surname
| name = Adhikari
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| language = [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Odia language |Odia]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]
| languageorigin = [[Sanskrit]]
| origin = [[South Asia]]
| derivation = Adhikar (Right/Authority)
| meaning = Officer<ref name="hindi2"/>
| variant = Adhikary
| cognate =
| derivative =
| seealso =
| family =
}}
'''Adhikari''' ([[Devanāgarī]]: अधिकारी, [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: අදිකාරී, [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: অধিকারী, [[Odia language| Odia]] : ଅଧିକାରୀ; also spelt '''Adhikary''') is a [[surname]] originating in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Those having their surname as Adhikari are mainly found in [[Nepal]] and Indian states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[West Bengal]] and also in fewer parts of Southern [[Bihar]] such as [[Bhagalpur]], [[Purnea]] etc. as these areas have a greater influence of [[Bengali culture]] and many [[Bengalis]] have settled in these area. In Bengal Adhikari surname is mainly found among Baishnab
, and other communities as well.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6nrAAAAMAAJ |title=Bharatiya Samajik Chintan |date=2000 |publisher=Indian Academy of Social Sciences |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref> In Nepal, Adhikari are of [[Bahun|Brahmin]], [[Chhetri]] and [[Rajbanshi people|Rajbanshi]]. The surname is also found among several groups including [[Bengali Hindus|Bengalis]], [[Bihari people|Biharis]], [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]], [[Marathi people|Marathis]], [[Odia people|Odias]], [[Nepali people|Nepalese]], [[Rajbanshi people|Kamatapuri]] and [[Kumaoni people|Kumaonis]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Shibani Roy |author2=S. H. M. Rizvi |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian surnames |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgAdAAAAYAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=B.R. |isbn=978-81-7646-247-1 |page=3 }}</ref><ref name="Subba1989">{{cite book|title=Dynamics of a hill society: Nepalis in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas|author=Subba, Tanka Bahadur|date=1989|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788173041143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yZuAAAAMAAJ|quote=Some of the [[Chhetri]] clans are Adhikari, Baniya, Basnet, Bist, Bohra, Bura or Burathoki, Gharti, Karki, Khadka, Khatri, Khulal, Mahat, Raut, Rana, Roka, Thapa, etc.}}</ref> Adhikari is literally translated as ''Officer''.<ref name="hindi2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindi2dictionary.com/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-meaning-english.html|title=अधिकारी Meaning in English|website=hindi2dictionary.com}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Ayush Adhikari]], Indian professional footballer
* [[Amrit Bhushan Dev Adhikari]], Indian writer from Assam
* [[Bharat Mohan Adhikari]], Nepalese politician
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Deepak Adhikari]], Indian film personality, better known as Dev
* [[Dibyendu Adhikari]], Indian politician
* [[Gangadhar Adhikari]], Indian communist leader
* [[Haribhakta Adhikari]], Indian politician
* [[Hemu Adhikari]], Indian cricketer
* [[Indra Adhikari]], Bhutanese journalist in exile
* [[Keki Adhikari]], Nepalese actress
* [[Khagaraj Adhikari]], Nepalese politician from Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)
* [[Khushal Singh Adhikari]], Indian politician
* [[Kshetra Pratap Adhikary]], Nepalese lyricist
* [[Man Mohan Adhikari]], 31st Prime Minister of Nepal
* [[Michael Sushil Adhikari]], Bangladesh politician
* [[Miriam Adhikari]], South African physician
* [[Mohamed Adhikari]], South African professor
* [[Mohan Chandra Adhikari]], Nepalese communist politician
* [[Nanda Prasad Adhikari]], Nepalese activist
* [[Narayan Prasad Adhikari]], Nepalese politician
* [[Nisha Adhikari]], Nepalese actress and model
* [[Rabindra Prasad Adhikari]], Nepalese politician from [[CPN UML]]
* [[Rajesh Singh Adhikari]], Indian soldier
* [[Ram Nath Adhikari]], Nepalese politician
* [[Rana X. Adhikari]], American experimental physicist
* [[Ranu Devi Adhikari]], Nepalese singer
* [[Sadhan Kumar Adhikari]], Indian physics professor
* [[Saroj Kumar Nath Adhikari]], Bangladeshi educationist and political activist
* [[Shantidas Adhikari]], Indian Hindu missionary
* [[Sisir Adhikari]], Indian politician
* [[Suvendu Adhikari]], Indian politician

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Bahun communities}}
{{Chhetri communities}}

[[Category:Bengali Hindu surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Sinhalese origin]]
[[Category:Khas surnames]]

Knowledge and News Network

2026-03-21T17:51:05Z

SnehAnchliya: adding new info

{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = Knowledge and News Network (KNN) Logo.png
| name = Knowledge and News Network (KNN)
| founded = 25 July 2013
| locations = 3
| location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| location_country = India
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.knnindia.co.in}}
|}}

'''Knowledge & News Network''' (KNN) is a community-owned not-for-profit [[alternative media]]<ref>(27 July 2013.) [http://www.indianmuslimobserver.com/2013/07/media-service-for-msme-knowledge-news.html "Media service for MSME Knowledge & News Network launched"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131016104816/http://www.indianmuslimobserver.com/2013/07/media-service-for-msme-knowledge-news.html |date=16 October 2013 }} Indian Muslim observer.</ref> platform established to address the problems of Indian MSMEs arising from gaps in information and knowledge flows. It is promoted by [[GTZ|GIZ]]<ref>(26 July 2013.) [https://archive.today/20131016104839/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-26/news/40814979_1_investment-cap-investment-limit-msme-ministry "MSME Ministry in favour of raising investment cap for SMEs: KNN."] The Economic Times.</ref>-German Agency for International Cooperation and the [[FISME|Federation of Indian Micro and Small & Medium Enterprises (FISME)]]<ref>(25 July 2013.) [http://www.fisme.org.in/vewdetails_ractivities.php?EventId=166 "Knowledge & News Network (KNN) launched by MSME Minister"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016125021/http://www.fisme.org.in/vewdetails_ractivities.php?EventId=166 |date=16 October 2013 }} FISME.</ref> under the aegis of an umbrella bilateral development programme jointly supported by Government of Federal Republic of Germany and [[Government of India]].<ref>(10 August 2013.) [http://profit.ndtv.com/videos/ndtv-special-ndtv-profit/video-knowledge-and-news-network-celebrates-the-msme-sector-286279 "Knowledge and News Network celebrates the MSME sector"] NDTV Profit.</ref>

KNN provides news and information to the mainstream media – both print and electronic, fed through a national network of over [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019123954/http://www.knnindia.co.in/about-knn/industry 156 KNN member industry associations].<ref>[http://www.knnindia.co.in/about-knn/industry "156 KNN member industry associations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019123954/http://www.knnindia.co.in/about-knn/industry |date=19 October 2013 }} KNN India industry associations.</ref> and [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019124148/http://www.knnindia.co.in/about-knn/institution 110 institutions].<ref>[http://www.knnindia.co.in/about-knn/institution "110 institutions"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019124148/http://www.knnindia.co.in/about-knn/institution |date=19 October 2013 }} KNN India institutions.</ref>

The [[Small and medium enterprises|Micro, small and Medium Enterprises]].<ref>(8 July 2013.) [http://www.supportbiz.com/articles/news/knn-fisme-initiative-highlight-sme-challenges.html "KNN: FISME initiative to highlight SME challenges"] Support Biz.</ref> (MSME) are considered the back bone of the [[Indian economy]].<ref>(25 July 2013.) [http://www.elcina.com/FortnightlyNewsletter/31-07-2013.htm#Knowledge%20&%20news%20network%20%28KNN%29: "KNN: FISME initiative to highlight SME challenges"] Elcina.</ref> Over 40 million in number, cumulatively they are the second largest employer after agriculture and contribute over 35% to exports and almost 40% to industrial production. However, the MSME sector is largely unorganized and operates in informal setting. Due to their unorganized nature, their views and news seldom reach to policy makers. This results in a structural gap in information-feedback-loop critical for formulation of demand driven policies and schemes. While MSMEs rightly complain about bad policies, the policy makers do not have sufficient information to frame right response. KNN aims to enable two-way flow of information from MSMEs to both policy makers and institutions and vice versa.

[[File:KNN Operating Architecture.jpg|thumb|300px|Knowledge and News Network (KNN) Nodes Map]]

==Operating Architecture==
KNN's back-end is based on an architecture comprising a central hub, bureau, and studio in New Delhi, with regional hubs in Bangalore and Hyderabad connected via video-conferencing. The network includes a team of journalists and approximately 260 nodes consisting of MSME associations and institutions, including [[research and development]] facilities, engineering colleges, and management institutes. These nodes provide text and video reports which are uploaded following a validation process.

==History==
Knowledge & News Network (KNN)<ref>Knowledge & News Network (KNN)</ref> was conceived and implemented through 2012-13 by FISME with support of GIZ. KNN became operational on 25 July 2013. It was flagged off by Union Minister of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises Mr. K.H. Muniyappa in New Delhi in presence of senior officials of the Ministry Mr. Madhav Lal and Additional Secretary and Development Commissioner Mr. Amarendra Sinha. Also present during the occasion of were CEO of [[Prasar Bharati]] Mr. Jawhar Sircar, Mr. Manfred Haebig, Director, Private, Sector Development, GIZ India and President FISME Mr. D. Gandhikumar.
[[File:Knowledge & News Network (KNN) launched.jpg|thumb|right|300px|alt=Knowledge & News Network (KNN) launched by MSME Minister|Knowledge & News Network (KNN) launched by MSME Minister]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Additional sources==

*[http://www.fisme.org.in/vewdetails_ractivities.php?EventId=166 Knowledge & News Network (KNN) launched by MSME Minister] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016125021/http://www.fisme.org.in/vewdetails_ractivities.php?EventId=166 |date=16 October 2013 }} (25 July 2013) FISME.
*[https://archive.today/20131016104839/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-26/news/40814979_1_investment-cap-investment-limit-msme-ministry MSME Ministry in favour of raising investment cap for SMEs] (26 July 2013)[[The Economic Times]].
*[https://archive.today/20131016104816/http://www.indianmuslimobserver.com/2013/07/media-service-for-msme-knowledge-news.html Media service for MSME Knowledge & News Network launch] (27 July 2013) Indian Muslim observer.
*[http://profit.ndtv.com/videos/ndtv-special-ndtv-profit/video-knowledge-and-news-network-celebrates-the-msme-sector-286279 Knowledge and News Network celebrates the MSME sector] (10 August 2013) NDTV Profit.
*[http://www.supportbiz.com/articles/news/knn-fisme-initiative-highlight-sme-challenges.html KNN: FISME initiative to highlight SME challenges] (8 July 2013) Support Biz.
*[http://www.elcina.com/FortnightlyNewsletter/31-07-2013.htm#Knowledge%20&%20news%20network%20%28KNN%29: Policy Scan Govt. Policy, Business Procedures & Regulations] (25 July 2013) Elcina.

==External links==
*{{official website|http://knnindia.co.in/home }}
*{{official website|http://www.knnindia.co.in}}
*{{official website|http://www.knnindia.com}}
*{{official website|http://www.knnindia.org}}
*{{official website|http://www.knnindia.net}}
*{{official website|http://www.knnindia.in}}

[[Category:Indian news websites]]
[[Category:News agencies based in India]]

2023 Chennai Super Kings season

2026-03-21T09:00:04Z

SnehAnchliya: Made Basic Details V1...

{{short description|Indian cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Chennai Super Kings
| image =
| season = [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
| coach = [[Stephen Fleming]]
| coachtitle = Coach
| captain = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]
| captaintitle = Captain
| ground = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| comp1 = [[Indian Premier League]]
| comp1 result = Champions (5th titles)
| most runs = [[Devon Conway]] (672)
| most wickets = [[Tushar Deshpande]] (21)
| most catches = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (17)
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2022|2022]]
| nextseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2024|2024]]
}}

The 2023 season was the 14th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Chennai Super Kings]]. They are one of ten teams that competed in the [[2023 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2023 Chennai Super kings retained players, ahead of Mini Auction|url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/ipl-2023-chennai-super-kings-retained-players-released-players-purse-remaining-ahead-of-mini-auction-4380/|work=CricTracker|access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref> The team have won the IPL title four times. This team qualified for the final of IPL 2023 for the 10th time. Chennai Super Kings won their 5th IPL Title after defeating [[Gujarat Titans]] in the rain affected [[2023 Indian Premier League final]].

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
*Ages are given as if 31 March 2023, the date of the first match of the season
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Notes
|-
! colspan="8" style=text-align:center;"| Captain
|-
|7|| '''[[MS Dhoni]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1981|7|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2018 ||[[Wicket-keeper]]
|-
! colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"" | Batters
|-
|9|| '''[[Ambati Rayudu]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1985|9|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 ||
|-
|21||'''[[Ajinkya Rahane]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1988|6|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2023 ||
|-
|88 ||'''[[Devon Conway]]'''||{{cr|NZ}}|| {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1991|7|8|df=y}}|| Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 || Overseas [[Wicket-keeper]]
|-
|30|| [[Subhranshu Senapati]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1996|12|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 ||
|-
|31|| '''[[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1997|01|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2019 ||
|-
|66|| [[Shaik Rasheed]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|2004|9|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Leg spin]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2023 ||
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;" | All-rounders
|-
|18|| '''[[Moeen Ali]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1987|6|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2021 || Overseas
|-
|8|| '''[[Ravindra Jadeja]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1988|12|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|slow orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2018 ||
|-
|29|| '''[[Dwaine Pretorius]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1989|3|29|df=y}}|| Right-handed|| Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]|| style="text-align:center;" |2022||Overseas
|-
|55|| '''[[Ben Stokes]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} ||{{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1991|6|4|df=y}} ||Left-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" |2023||Overseas
|-
|74|| '''[[Mitchell Santner]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} ||{{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1992|2|5|df=y}} ||Left-handed ||Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|slow orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" |2018||Overseas
|-
|25|| '''[[Shivam Dube]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1993|6|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 ||
|-
|19|| [[Ajay Mandal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1996|2|25|df=y}}||Left-handed||Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|slow orthodox]]|| style="text-align:center;" |2023||
|-
|28|| [[Bhagath Varma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1998|09|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 ||
|-
|10|| [[Rajvardhan Hangargekar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|2002|11|10|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]]|| style="text-align:center;" |2022||
|-
|27|| [[Nishant Sindhu]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|2004|4|9|df=y}}||Left-handed||Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|slow orthodox]]|| style="text-align:center;" |2023||
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin bowlers
|-
|46|| [[Prashant Solanki]] || {{cr|IND}} ||{{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|2000|2|22|df=y}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm [[leg spin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
|61||'''[[Maheesh Theekshana]]'''|| {{cr|SL}} ||{{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|2000|8|1|df=y}} ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace bowlers
|-
|58||'''[[Sisanda Magala]]'''|| {{cr|SA}} ||{{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1991|01|07|df=y}} ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || Overseas
|-
|90||'''[[Deepak Chahar]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} ||{{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1992|8|7|df=y}} ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 ||
|-
|12|| '''[[Kyle Jamieson]]''' || {{cr|NZ}}|| {{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1994|12|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|Fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || Overseas
|-
|24|| [[Tushar Deshpande]] || {{cr|IND}} ||{{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1995|5|15|df=y}} || Left-handed||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
|33|| [[Mukesh Choudhary (cricketer)|Mukesh Choudhary]] || {{cr|IND}} ||{{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1996|7|6|df=y}} ||Left-handed||Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]]|| style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
|17|| [[Simarjeet Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} ||{{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|1998|1|17|df=y}} ||Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]]|| style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||
|-
|26||[[Akash Singh (cricketer, born 2002)|Akash Singh]]|| {{cr|IND}} ||{{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|2002|4|26|df=y}} ||Right-handed ||Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 ||
|-
|81||'''[[Matheesha Pathirana]]'''|| {{cr|SL}} ||{{birth date and age2|2023|03|31|2002|12|18|df=y}} ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas
|-
|}

== Administration and support staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|CEO|| Kasinath Viswanathan
|-
|Team manager|| Russell Radhakrishnan
|-
|Consultant|| [[Sundar Raman]]
|-
|Head coach|| [[Stephen Fleming]]
|-
|Batting coach || [[Michael Hussey]]
|-
|Bowling coach|| [[Dwayne Bravo]]
|-
|Fielding coach||[[Rajiv Kumar (cricketer)|Rajiv Kumar]]
|-
|}
*Source: Chennai Super Kings<ref>[http://www.chennaisuperkings.com/CSK_WEB/module/news/html/team-page.html Team], Chennai Super Kings.</ref>

== Matches ==
=== League stage ===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}
The schedule for the group stages was published on 17 February 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 February 2023 |title=BCCI Announces Schedule For TATA IPL 2023 |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3860/bcci-announces-schedule-for-tata-ipl-2023 |website=IPLT20.com. |publisher=Indian Premier League. |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217132838/https://www.iplt20.com/news/3860/bcci-announces-schedule-for-tata-ipl-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 March 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 178/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 92 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 182/5 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 63 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Rajvardhan Hangargekar]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359475.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Tushar Deshpande]] for [[Ambati Rayudu]] (Chennai Super Kings) and [[Sai Sudharsan]] for [[Kane Williamson]] (Gujarat Titans) were the first Impact Players to be used in the IPL.
| round = {{anchor|match1}}'''Match 1'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 April 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = (H) [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 217/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 57 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 205/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kyle Mayers]] 53 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Moeen Ali]] 4/26 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 12 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359480.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Moeen Ali]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match6}} '''Match 6'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 April 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = (H) [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 157/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 32 (21)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 159/3 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 61 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Kumar Kartikeya]] 1/24 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359486.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match12}} '''Match 12'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 April 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 175/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 52 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 172/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devon Conway]] 50 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 3 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359491.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind) and Vinod Seshan (Ind)
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match17}} '''Match 17'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 April 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] (H)
| score1 = 226/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Devon Conway]] 83 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 1/21 (2 overs)
| score2 = 218/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Glenn Maxwell]] 76 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Tushar Deshpande]] 3/45 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 8 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359498.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Devon Conway]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match24}} '''Match 24'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 April 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 134/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 34 (26)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 138/3 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devon Conway]] 77[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets2 = [[Mayank Markande]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359503.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match29}} '''Match 29'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 April 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| score1 = 235/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 71[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets1 = [[Kulwant Khejroliya]] 2/44 (3 overs)
| score2 = 186/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jason Roy]] 61 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 49 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359507.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match33}} '''Match 33'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 April 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = (H) [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 202/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 77 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Tushar Deshpande]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 170/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivam Dube]] 52 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Adam Zampa]] 3/22 (3 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 32 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359511.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match37}} '''Match 37'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 April 2023
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = (H) [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 200/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Devon Conway]] 92[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets1 = [[Sikandar Raza]] 1/31 (3 overs)
| score2 = 201/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] 42 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Tushar Deshpande]] 3/49 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359515.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Devon Conway]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match41}} '''Match 41'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 May 2023
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = (H) [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 125/7 (19.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ayush Badoni]] 59[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Moeen Ali]] 2/13 (4 overs)
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359519.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = No further play was possible due to rain.
| notes = The match was shifted from May 4 to May 3 due to the Lucknow Municipal Corporation elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Change in fixture – Match 46: LSG vs CSK |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3903/change-in-fixture-match-46-lsg-vs-csk |access-date=18 April 2023 |work=[[Indian Premier League|IPLT20]] |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418065913/https://www.iplt20.com/news/3903/change-in-fixture-match-46-lsg-vs-csk |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match45}} '''Match 45'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 May 2023
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 139/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nehal Wadhera]] 64 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] 3/15 (4 overs)
| score2 = 140/4 (17.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devon Conway]] 44 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Piyush Chawla]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359523.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Raghav Goyal (Mumbai Indians) made his T20 debut.
| round = {{anchor|match49}} '''Match 49'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = (H) [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 167/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shivam Dube]] 25 (12)
| wickets1 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 3/18 (3 overs)
| score2 = 140/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rilee Rossouw]] 35 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 27 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359529.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match55}} '''Match 55'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = (H) [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 144/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shivam Dubey]] 48[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets1 = [[Sunil Narine]] 2/15 (4 overs)
| score2 = 147/4 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nitish Rana]] 57[[not out|*]] (44)
| wickets2 = [[Deepak Chahar]] 3/27 (3 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359535.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind) and Vinod Seshan (Ind)
| motm = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match61}} '''Match 61'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 May 2023
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| score1 = 223/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Devon Conway]] 87 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Chetan Sakariya]] 1/36 (4 overs)
| score2 = 146/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 86 (58)
| wickets2 = [[Deepak Chahar]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 77 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359541.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Chennai Super Kings qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match.
| round = {{anchor|match67}} '''Match 67'''
}}
----

== Playoffs ==
=== Qualifier 1 ===
<section begin="match71" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 172/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 60 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 157 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 42 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 15 runs
| report =
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1370350.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Chennai Super Kings qualified for the final for the 10th time in IPL history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=CSK squeeze the Titans to enter their tenth IPL final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/chennai-super-kings-vs-gujarat-titans-qualifier-1-1370350/match-report |access-date=2023-05-24 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524044429/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/chennai-super-kings-vs-gujarat-titans-qualifier-1-1370350/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match71}}
}}<section end="match71" />
----

== Final ==
{{main|2023 Indian Premier League final}}

<section begin="match74" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 214/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 96 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] 2/44 (4 overs)
| score2 = 171/5 (15 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devon Conway]] 47 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 3/36 (3 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 5 wickets ([[Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method|DLS]] method)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1370353.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Devon Conway]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was scheduled to be held on 28 May, but was pushed to 29 May owing to rain. It ended on 30 May at 01:35 IST, thus, becoming the longest ever IPL final.{{efn | It was the first IPL in history which had a reserved day and the game held on it}}<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 May 2023 |title=CSK vs GT IPL 2023 final moved to reserve day; title winner to be decided on Monday |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-moved-reserve-day-rain-no-play-possible-chennai-super-kings-gujarat-titans-ahmedabad/article66905080.ece/ |website=SportStar |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529101132/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-moved-reserve-day-rain-no-play-possible-chennai-super-kings-gujarat-titans-ahmedabad/article66905080.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=‘Longest Ever IPL Final’ Fans React As Rain ‘Stretches’ CSK vs GT IPL 2023 Final to 'Three Days' |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/cricket/longest-ever-ipl-final-fans-react-as-rain-stretches-csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-to-three-days-5163383.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=LatestLY |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529193152/https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/cricket/longest-ever-ipl-final-fans-react-as-rain-stretches-csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-to-three-days-5163383.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Chennai Super Kings were set a revised target of 171 runs from 15 overs due to rain.
| notes = By winning in the final, Chennai Super Kings equalled Mumbai Indians for winning the most IPL trophies (5).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stats - Dhoni equals Rohit, CSK level with Mumbai Indians |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2023-final-stats-ms-dhoni-equals-rohit-sharma-and-csk-level-with-mumbai-indians-1379035 |access-date=2023-05-30 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530115702/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2023-final-stats-ms-dhoni-equals-rohit-sharma-and-csk-level-with-mumbai-indians-1379035 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match74}}
}}<section end="match74" />

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 0
! 4s
! 6s
|-
| 1 || [[Devon Conway]] || rowspan=3|16 || rowspan=2|15 || 2
! 672
|| 92[[Not out|*]] || 51.69 || 481 || 139.70 || rowspan=5|0 || 6 || 1 || 77 || 18
|-
| 2 || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || 1
! 590
|| 92 || 42.14 || 400 || 147.50 || 4 || rowspan=4|0 || 46 || 30
|-
| 3 || [[Shivam Dube]] || 14 || 3
! 418
|| 52 || 38.00 || 264 || 158.33 || 3 || 12 || 35
|-
| 4 || [[Ajinkya Rahane]] || 14 || 11 || 1
! 326
|| 71[[Not out|*]] || 32.60 || 189 || 172.48 || 2 || 24 || 16
|-
| 5 || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || 16 || 12 || 4
! 190
|| 25[[Not out|*]] || 23.75 || 133 || 142.85 || 0 || 11 || 9
|}
* '''Source: '''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2023-15129?team=4343|title=Chennai Super Kings most runs in 2023|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Match
!Inns
!Overs
!Maidens
!Runs
!Wickets
!BBI
!Ave.
!Econ.
!SR
!4W
!5W
|-
| 1 || [[Tushar Deshpande]] || rowspan=2|16 || rowspan=2|16 || 56.5 || rowspan=5|0 || 564
! 21
|| 3/45 || 26.85 || 9.95 || 16.23 || rowspan=5|0 || rowspan=5|0
|-
| 2 || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || 57.0 || 431
! 20
|| 3/20 || 21.55 || 7.56 || 17.10
|-
| 3 || [[Matheesha Pathirana]] || 12 || 12 || 46.2 || 376
! 19
|| 3/15 || 19.52 || 8.00 || 14.63
|-
| 4 || [[Deepak Chahar]] || 10 || 10 || 34.0 || 297
! 13
|| 3/22 || 22.84 || 8.73 || 15.69
|-
| 5 || [[Maheesh Theekshana]] || 13 || 13 || 49.0 || 392
! 11
|| 2/23 || 35.63 || 8.00 || 26.72
|-
|}
* '''Source: '''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2023-15129?team=4343|title=Chennai Super Kings most wickets in 2023|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2023 Indian Premier League}}
{{Chennai Super Kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Super Kings in 2023}}
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings seasons|2023]]
[[Category:2023 Indian Premier League]]

Badrukhan

2026-03-20T15:39:29Z

SnehAnchliya: Made First Details and Citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badrukha
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.252319|N|75.791675|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Badrukhan''' is a big village about 5 km from [[Sangrur]], the district headquarters, on Sangrur-[[Barnala]] road in [[Punjab, India]].

==History==
The residents of five small villages, Vada Agwarh, Vichla Agwarh, Dalamwal, Dhaliwas and Thagan wali Patti, under the leadership of Pandit Badru, approached Great [[Jats|Jat]] ruler [[Gajpat Singh|Maharaja Gajpat Singh]], the Maharaja of [[Jind State|Jind]], for security from dacoits. Maharaja Gajpat Singh amalgamated these villages and named it Badrukhan. In 1763, when Gajpat Singh captured the town of Jind, Badrukhan was made the capital of [[Jind]] State. He also built a fort here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangrur.gov.in/html/placestovisit.html|title=Official website of Sangrur|accessdate=24 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624145915/http://sangrur.gov.in/html/placestovisit.html|archive-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Present==
The village has a Government Senior Secondary school, a 4-bedded subsidiary health center and a post office.

==Notable people==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}
* Lt. Gen. [[Harbaksh Singh]], Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Vir Chakra
* Maj. Gen. [[Gurbakhsh Singh]], DSO, OBE
* Pandit Durga Das Bhardwaj, revenue minister of Jind State
* Amaranth Patwari (Kaka Patwari)
*Tarsem Chand Bhardwaj, Manager, Punjab Agro
*Dr Vikram Bhardwaj, doctor of ear, nose, throat and cancer surgery in Delhi.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sangrur district}}
[[Category:Villages in Sangrur district]]

Economy of Uttar Pradesh

2026-03-20T02:14:49Z

SnehAnchliya: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Refimprove|date=February 2026}}

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox economy
| country = Uttar Pradesh
| image = Gomti Nagar.jpg {{!}}Gomti Nagar in Lucknow
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Lucknow - The capital of Uttar Pradesh
| year = 1 April - 31 March
| currency = [[Indian Rupee]] (INR, [[₹]])
| group = {{plainlist|
*[[Developing country|Developing/Emerging]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>
*Lower income economy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=World Bank |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}}
| gdp = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|39.8|t|lk=on}} ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2026-27)<ref name="PRS">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2026–27
|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/uttarpradesh-budget-analysis-2026-27|publisher=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>
| gdp rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|3rd]]
| growth = {{increase}} 28% (2025-26 est.)<ref name="PRS">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2026–27
|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/uttarpradesh-budget-analysis-2026-27|publisher=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>
| per capita = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|152366|}} (2026 est.)<ref name="PRS">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2026–27
|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/uttarpradesh-budget-analysis-2026-27|publisher=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>
| sectors = [[Agriculture]] 25.8% [[Industry (economics)|Industries]] 27.2% [[Service (economics)|Services]] 47.0%, (2024-25)<ref>https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/indicators/ups-economy-more-than-doubles-in-8-years-to-rs-30-25-lakh-crore-eco-survey/articleshow/128116061.cms</ref>
| components =
| poverty = {{decreasepositive}} [[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate|19.40%]] in poverty (2022-23)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-07/National-Multidimentional-Poverty-Index-2023-Final-17th-July.pdf |title=National Multidimentional Poverty Index |publisher=NITI Aayog}}</ref>
| hdi = {{increase}} 0.650 (2023) {{color|orange|medium}} [[List of Indian states and union territories by HDI|34th]]
| labor =
| occupations = [[Agriculture]] 59.3% [[Industry (economics)|Industries]] 10.5% [[Service (economics)|Services]] 30.2%, (2019)
| unemployment = {{decreasepositive}} 2.9% (June 2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=Unemployment Rate in India |url=https://dge.gov.in/dge/sites/default/files/2024-01/2160.pdf|publisher=Directorate General of Employment (DGE)|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>
| average gross salary =
| gross median =
| average net salary =
| net median =
| industries =
| exports = {{increase}} $19.05 billion (FY 2024-25)
| export-goods = *[[Electronics industry|Electronics]]
*[[Garment]]
*[[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
*[[Leather]]
*[[Livestock]]
*[[Farming]]
*[[Fishing]]
| export-partners =
| imports =
| import-goods =
| import-partners =
| FDI =
| current account =
| gross external debt =
| NIIP =
| debt = {{increasenegative}}₹7.84lakh crore ($94.4 billion )
| balance = {{increasenegative}} {{INRConvert|91400|c}} 2.98% of GSDP (2025–26 est.)<ref name="Budget Highlights"/>
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|6.65|lc|nolink=yes}} (2025–26 est.)<ref name="Budget Highlights"/>
| expenses = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|7.57|lc|nolink=yes}} (2025–26 est.)<ref name="Budget Highlights">{{cite web|title=UP Budget Highlights 2025–26|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/uttar-pradesh-budget-analysis-2025-26|website=PRS India |access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref>
| aid =
| credit =
| presentUS$asdefault = no
| population = {{increase}} 246,270,000 (2025)
}}

[[Uttar Pradesh]] has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|3rd largest economy among]] [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] and is also the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|most populous]], supporting a population of nearly 240 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Population 2022 {{!}} Sex Ratio & Literacy rate 2024 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html#:~:text=no%20correct%20answer.-,The%20last%20census%20of%20Uttar%20Pradesh%20was%20done%20in%202011,population%20is%20approximately%2024.14%20Crores. |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

[[Uttar Pradesh]] is the largest producer of food grains in India and accounted for about 17.83% share in the country's total food grain output in 2016–17. Food grain production in the state stood at 49,903.1 thousand tonnes in 2016-17 and 51,252.7 thousand tonnes in 2017–18.<ref name="About Uttar Pradesh">{{Cite web |title=About Uttar Pradesh: Tourism, Agriculture, Industries, Economy & Geography |url=https://www.ibef.org/states/uttar-pradesh |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=India Brand Equity Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Major food grains produced in the state include [[rice]], [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[Millet|millet (bajra)]], gram, [[pea]]s and [[lentil]]s.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Uttar Pradesh is a favoured tourist destination in India with [[Varanasi]], considered to be one of the oldest living city of the world, a holy place for devotees of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] and [[Taj Mahal]], one of the eight Wonders of the World, is also located here in Agra. In 2022, domestic tourist arrivals in the state stood at 317.91 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Year-wise Tourist Statistics {{!}} Welcome to UP Tourism-Official Website of Department of Tourism, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India |url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/post/Year-wise-Tourist-Statistics |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.uptourism.gov.in |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101223312/https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/post/Year-wise-Tourist-Statistics |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Varanasi]], [[Agra]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Mathura]] and [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]] were among the most visited cities. The [[2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela]] attracted more than 550 million devotees and was estimated to generate ₹3.50 lakh crore in revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Namita |date=2025-01-08 |title=Maha Kumbh may generate Rs 2-4L crore in 46-day-long mela |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/15/maha-kumbh-may-generate-rs-2-4l-crore-in-46-day-long-mela |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Cities such as [[Noida]], [[Meerut]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Kanpur Nagar]], [[Agra]], [[Lucknow]], [[Varanasi]] [[Gorakhpur]] and [[Prayagraj]] are leading economic centres in the state.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The growth of [[Noida]] has come due to [[Yamuna Expressway]]. Now the government is pushing to create [[Meerut]] as the next Industrial hub and the [[Ganga Expressway]] is expected to fuel this.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Land earmarked for 2 logistics hubs along Delhi-Meerut Expressway |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/land-earmarked-for-2-logistics-hubs-along-delhi-meerut-e-way/articleshow/92792559.cms |access-date=2023-11-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Agriculture, livestock and fishing ==
Uttar Pradesh is a major contributor to the national food grain stock. In FY 2020–21, the state produced 5.81 crores (58.10 million) tonnes of food grain, 18.68% of the country's total production. This is partly due to the fertile regions of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indo-Gangetic plain]] and also the well-developed irrigation facilities, such as canals and tube wells. It has been the foremost producer of food grains in India since the 1950s, due to high-yielding varieties of seed, greater availability of fertilisers, and increased use of irrigation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-46093/Uttar-Pradesh|title=Uttar Pradesh {{!}} History, Government, Map, & Population|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=6 November 2018|language=en}}</ref>

[[Western Uttar Pradesh]] is more advanced in terms of agriculture then the other regions in the state.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}} The majority of the state's population depends upon farming activities. Wheat, rice, pulses, oilseeds, and potatoes are major agricultural products. Sugarcane is the most important cash crop throughout the state. Uttar Pradesh is one of the most important states in India as far as [[horticulture]] is concerned. [[Mango]]es are extensively grown in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sarkariduniya.com/en/up-agriculture/|title=UP Agriculture – Need for Transparent Agricultural Scheme|date=3 November 2018|work=Get news on PM's schemes, central and state government schemes, central ministries and government departments|access-date=6 November 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132144/https://sarkariduniya.com/en/up-agriculture/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Industry ==
Uttar Pradesh has a robust industrial infrastructure, including 15 industrial areas, 12 specialised parks, four growth centres and industrial infrastructure development centres (IIDC). As of January 2019, Uttar Pradesh had 21 notified, 12 operational SEZs and 24 formally approved SEZs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSDP of Uttar Pradesh, Economic Growth of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} IBEF |url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/uttar-pradesh-presentation |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=India Brand Equity Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

The Noida-Greater Noida- Yamuna Expressway belt has been a keen choice for many IT/ITES and electronic manufacturing firms. This belt alone has contributed about 40 percent to the manufacturing of mobiles in the country and about 55 per cent of their components.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-06 |title=45% of mobile manufacturing in country is done in UP, asserts CM Yogi Adityanath |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/45-of-mobile-manufacturing-in-country-is-done-in-up-asserts-cm/articleshow/94016704.cms |access-date=2023-08-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
[[File:Panaromic View of Dudhichua Coal Mine of NCL.jpg|thumb|276x276px|'''Dudhichua Coal Mine, Singrauli''']]
There are a huge quantity of mineral resources found in the Vindhya mountain range of Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh has many resources like limestone, Magnesite, Copper, Gypsum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-16 |title=List of Mineral Resources found in the districts of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-mineral-resources-found-in-uttar-pradesh-1539697220-1 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> There are several cement plants in [[Mirzapur]] in the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] region, a bauxite-based aluminium plant in the [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] region, and the [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://planning.up.nic.in/Go/BOOK-2/PDF-Manufacturing/4.33.%20MANUFACTURING%20PAPER-33.pdf |author=GP Singh |title=Mineral Resources of Uttar Pradesh |website=planning.up.nic.in |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref> [[Coal]] deposits are found in the [[Singrauli Coalfield|Singrauli]] region.

Main Industries of Uttar Pradesh{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}
*[[Agriculture]]
*[[Livestock]]
*[[Farming]]
*[[Fishing]]
*[[Pottery]]
*[[Gold market]]
*[[Brass]]
*[[IT industry in India|IT]]
*[[Construction]]
*[[Infrastructure]]
*[[IT Consulting]]
*[[Electronics industry|Electronics]]
*[[Garment]]
*[[Textile industry|Textile]]
*[[Advertising]]
*[[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
*[[Leather]] and others

Cottage industries, such as [[Loom|handloom]] and handicrafts, have traditionally provided livelihood to a large number of people in the state. These industries include:
* [[Meerut]] is a leading logistics hub for good, transportation, and also has India's biggest sports and good production. Meerut also has tyre, textile, transformer, sugar, distillery, chemical, engineering, paper, publishing, and other industries.
* [[Varanasi]] is world-famous for handloom-woven, [[Embroidery|embroidered]] textiles, called "[[Sari|Banarasi Saree]]"; the main products are Zari-embroidery and [[brocade]]-work on silk [[Sari|sarees]]. Varanasi along with neighboring town of [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]] is also home to many [[Food industry|Agricultural and food product]] industries.
* [[Lucknow]] is a centre of '[[Chikan (embroidery)|Chikan]]' embroidery, renowned for its grace and delicacy, a skill more than 200 years old. Uttar Pradesh produces about 15% of the total fabric production of the country, employs about 30% of the total workforce of artisans in India.
* The state has two major production centres of leather and leather products, with over 11,500 units; [[Agra]] and [[Kanpur]] are the key centres. About 200 [[Tanning (leather)|tanneries]] are located in Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of One District One Product Uttar Pradesh / kanpur Nagar |url=https://odopup.in/en/article/kanpur-nagar |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=odopup.in}}</ref>
* [[Shahjahanpur]] is a distinguished industrial district. It is famous for its carpet works. Further, the city boasts of major plant and machinery infrastructure with the presence of Kribhco fertilizer plant,<ref>https://www.kfl.net.in/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref> Reliance [[Rosa Thermal Power Plant]], Indane bottling plant, [[Ordnance Clothing Factory, Shahjahanpur|Ordinance clothing factory]], K R Papermill<ref>{{cite web | url=https://krpapers.com/about/ |title=About - KR Papers | date=20 April 2022 }}</ref> and several other sugar and paper mills.
* [[Moradabad]] is renowned for brass work and has carved a niche for itself in the handicraft industry throughout the world. Lately, other products that are produced here like iron sheet metal wares, aluminium artworks, woodworks, and glass wares have become popular with numerous foreign buyers, and are therefore being exported in large quantities. On average, Moradabad exports goods worth {{INR}}3000–4000 crore each year, which constitutes 40% of total exports from India under this category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economy {{!}} District Moradabad {{!}} India |url=https://moradabad.nic.in/economy/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Bhadohi district is biggest carpet manufacturing centre in India. It is known for its hand-knotted carpet. The Mirzapur-Bhadohi region is the largest handmade carpet weaving cluster, engaging around 3.2 million people in the industry. Bhadohi employs 22 lakh rural artisans.
*Dibiyapur is a notable industrial town in the Kanpur–Agra region. The town is well equipped with industries. Many small scale industries also operate in the town. Agriculture being the most popular occupation in the rural sides of the town, shops, and organised retail outlets also serve as "money raisers in the town".{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Large-scale industries===
Dibiyapur is a notable industrial town of Auraiya district which has installations of India's leading public sector enterprises viz.

Cycle power plant of NTPC.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Pata Petrochemical plant
Gas compressor station of GAIL{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} (previously known as Gas Authority of India Limited).

===Small-scale industries===
The Rice-mills and Dal-mills are working well. Other than these mills some steel furniture and cement products small scale industries are there in town located at different places. The raw material for these small-scale industries is imported from Agra and Kanpur. Mainly, the rice, pulses and desi ghee is transported at large scale to the other districts and states. In the Dibiyapur town itself the wooden furniture work is on large scale and due to its cost and quality factor, the furniture has made a good place in the market of nearby districts.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[Meerut]] is one of the biggest gold markets in Asia. It is one of the largest exporters of sports-related items and musical instruments in the country.
* [[Bulandshahr]] is renowned for [[Khurja pottery|Khurja Pottery]] worldwide. There are nearly 23 export-oriented units and they are exported to foreign countries such as United Kingdom, United States, Australia, New Zealand, United Arab Emirates, and others. The [[Sikandrabad]] industrial area, developed by [[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation|UPSIDC]], has a large number of national and multinational companies working here successfully.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pradesh |first1=city Location in Uttar |last2=Total 69 |first2=India Coordinates: 28 4495248°N 77 6941538°ECoordinates: 28 4495248°N 77 6941538°E Country India State Uttar Pradesh District Bulandshahr Population• |last3=bulandshahar.nic.in |first3=902 Languages • Official Hindi Time zone ISTPIN 203205 Telephone code 05735 Vehicle registration UP-13 Website |title=Sikandrabad industrial Area |url=https://www.sikandrabadindustry.com/2016/08/sikandrabad-industrial-area.html |access-date=2024-02-01}}</ref>
* [[Prayagraj]] city is home to glass and [[wire]]-based industry.<ref name="industries">{{cite web |title=Minor industries |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010050631/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=25 September 2012 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> The main industrial areas of Prayagraj are [[Naini]] and [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]], where several [[Public sector|public]] and [[private sector]] companies have offices and factories.<ref name="Industries1993">{{cite book |author=Office of the Development Commissioner (Small Scale Industries) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yLtAAAAMAAJ |title=Report on the second all-India census of small scale industrial units |publisher=Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries, Ministry of Industry, Govt. of India |year=1993 |page=72 |access-date=4 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523061131/http://books.google.com/books?id=9yLtAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=23 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[BPCL|Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited]], India's largest oil company (which is state-owned), is constructing a 7 million MTPA (70 lakh tonnes per annum) capacity refinery in Lohgara with an investment estimated at ₹6,200&nbsp;crore.<ref name="GDP">{{cite news |date=8 March 2010 |title=GDP & per capita income of Allahabad |newspaper=Planning Commission of India |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-1/chap%201.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904083127/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-1/chap%201.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> [[Allahabad Bank]], which began operations in 1865,<ref name="Small scale Industries">{{cite web |title=Summary results of third census |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/ssiindia/census/sumryres.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505002618/http://dcmsme.gov.in/ssiindia/census/sumryres.htm |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=4 August 2012 |publisher=All India Census of Small scale Industries}}</ref> [[Bharat Pumps & Compressors]] and A. H. Wheeler and Company have their headquarters in the city. Major companies in the city are [[Reliance Industries]], [[ITI Limited]], [[BPCL]], Dey's Medical, [[Food Corporation of India]], Raymond Synthetics, Triveni Sheet Glass, Triveni Electroplast, EMC Power Ltd, [[Steel Authority of India]], [[HCL Technologies]], [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative]] (IFFCO), Vibgyor Laboratories, Geep Industries, [[Hindustan Cables|Hindustan Cable]], Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Baidyanath Ayurved,[[Mudra International Ltd - Beverages ]], Hindustan Laboratories.<ref name="Companies">{{cite web |last=of the city. |first=accelerating the development |title=significant industrial organizations |url=http://www.exploreallahabad.com/economy-of-allahabad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112171203/http://www.exploreallahabad.com/economy-of-allahabad |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=12 January 2014 |publisher=Explore Allahabad Press}}</ref><ref name="Popular industries">{{cite web |title=List of Companies |url=http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/Section25_Companies_6nov2008.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916030108/http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/Section25_Companies_6nov2008.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2012 |access-date=25 September 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Corporate Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Industries that play a vital role in the economy of the district |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/districts/allahabad.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909031533/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/districts/allahabad.htm |archive-date=9 September 2012 |access-date=24 September 2012 |publisher=Maps of India}}</ref>

== Minerals and heavy industries ==
[[File:Coal Handling Plant Dudhichua Coal Mine Singrauli.jpg|thumb|Dudhichua Coal Mine, Singrauli]]
[[Meerut]], [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district|Gautam Buddh Nagar]], [[Kanpur]], [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]], [[Mirzapur]], and [[Balrampur]] are the most industrious areas in the state.

[[Mathura Refinery]] situated in [[Mathura]] is the only [[oil refinery]] in Uttar Pradesh, and is the 6th largest oil refinery in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathura refinery gearing up to provide BS-VI fuel to Delhi this year |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mathura-refinery-provide-bsvi-fuel-delhi-1131288-2018-01-10 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=India Today |date=10 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Handloom and handicrafts ==
Handlooms and handicrafts are a very important source of income in Uttar Pradesh. There are thousands of power looms and handlooms in the state, most of which are situated in eastern UP. Many people depend on it for their livelihood. Main centres in eastern Uttar Pradesh include [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]], [[Varanasi]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Helen Regan, Omar |date=2019-11-10 |title=Fine silk over fast fashion: The last hand-weavers of India's holiest city |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/silk-weavers-varanasi-banarasi-sari-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> [[Azamgarh]], [[Bhadohi]], Mirzapur, [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] and Mau Aima (Prayagraj). In Western Uttar Pradesh some of the important centres are Meerut, [[Etawah]], [[Etah]] and [[Kasganj]]. In [[Purvanchal|Eastern UP]], Tanda is a small town with a population of approximately 1,50,000 people with over 1,00,000 [[power loom]]s. The main products include [[Lungi]]s, [[Gamucha|Gamchas]], [[Shawl]]s, [[Rumāl|Rumaal]], and garment clothes.

=== One District One Product scheme ===
[[One District One Product]] is a State Government scheme to encourage local handicrafts and specialized product from each district by helping workers financially. By providing them machineries and tools government helps small local workers.

== Services ==
[[File:IT Park, Noida, Uttar Pradesh (2011-06-18).jpg|thumb|263x263px|'''IT Park, Noida, Uttar Pradesh''']]
Uttar Pradesh is the 'IT-Hub' of [[North India|northern India]], with a share of software exports next to that of [[Karnataka]]. IT enterprises are limited to particular areas, such as [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]], which lie in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR), commercial capital [[Kanpur]] and in the state capital [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IT/Software Sector {{!}} Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India |url=https://www.meity.gov.in/content/software-and-services-sector |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.meity.gov.in}}</ref>

In recent years, Noida has emerged as a major center for software and mobile app development, attracting global companies such as [[Microsoft]], Arm Holdings, [[HCLTech|HCL]], [[Samsung]], and [[Barclays]]. These firms play a vital role in boosting the city's economy through [[software development]] and by exporting services that generate foreign exchange.
Noida is also famous for [[Media of India|TV News broadcasters]]. Almost all News channels such as [[ABP News]], [[Zee News]] and [[Mahuaa News|Mahua News]] are located in Film City.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film City - Noida |url=https://ffo.gov.in/en/film-cities/noida |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=ffo.gov.in}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==

[[File:Kanpur MetroTrain at a station.jpg|thumb|Kanpur Metro]]
The infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh is improving in comparison to the other advanced states of India. In 2013, the Government of India declared the construction of [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] in [[Lucknow Metro|Lucknow]] and [[Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport|Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] in [[Varanasi]], and both became operational in 2016.

[[Lucknow Metro]] and [[Kanpur Metro]] became operational in September 2017 and December 2021 respectively with Kanpur Metro being the fastest built metro network in India. The [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] bus service is one of the largest in the country with more than 10,000 buses. UPSRTC ALSO introduced Volvo, Scania, and Janrath ac buses service across the state.

The length of the [[National highways of India|national highway]] and railway track is highest in India. A new international airport had been proposed in [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district|Gautambudh Nagar]] is under construction and supposed to start by 2024. [[Kushinagar]] International Airport become operational in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-05 |title=Kushinagar Airport |url=https://kushinagarairport.in/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Kushinagar Airport |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Paintings in Ayodhya Airport.jpg|thumb|297x297px|Ayodhya International Airport]]
[[Ayodhya]] [[Ayodhya International Airport|airport]] was inaugurated in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM inaugurates Maharishi Valmiki International Airport at Ayodhya Dham |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1991757 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh has the most national highways and the state's 8th airport [[Bareilly Airport]] began operation in March 2021, with the first route between Bareilly and Delhi, the flight will take an hour. The [[Yamuna Expressway]], which is between New Delhi to Agra, is one of the best highways in the country. In 2015, the state government started another expressway project between Agra to Lucknow that has reduced the journey time; it was inaugurated on 21 November 2016.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

=== RRTS & Freight Corridors ===
[[File:Namo Bharat Train closeup.jpg|thumb|330x330px|Namo Bharat RRTS]]
India's first inter city metro, [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi Meerut RRTS]] is also partially operational. Delhi – Meerut RRTS (RAPIDX) is an 82.15&nbsp;km under-construction semi-high speed rail line with 22 stations connecting Delhi – Meerut through a series of tunnels and elevated viaducts as part of Delhi's Regional Rapid Transit System.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Uttar Pradesh is also set to get operational [[Dedicated freight corridors in India|Eastern and Western dedicated freight corridors]]. The primary objective of the National Rail Plan is to increase the freight share of railways from 28 per cent to 44 per cent by the year 2051. Uttar Pradesh will have big logistic hubs at [[Meerut]] and [[Khurja]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

=== Ganga Expressway ===
[[Ganga Expressway]], from prayagraj to meerut is an under-construction, 594&nbsp;km (369&nbsp;mi) long, 6-[[lane]] (expandable to 8) wide greenfield expressway in the state. Pharma parks, textile parks will be developed around Ganga Expressway. Plans are underway to build large industrial corridors at the beginning and end of the expressway. Due to its proximity to the expressway, many investors are expected to set up industries here.

The land around the departure points of [[Meerut]], from where the expressway is to begin, will be developed for industries.
[[File:Delhi-Meerut-Express-Highway-India.png|thumb|[[Delhi–Meerut Expressway|Delhi Meerut Expressway]]|284x284px]]
On 31 December 2015, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced an expressway between [[New Delhi]] and [[Meerut]], which will cost {{INR}}7,500 crore. It will reduce the journey time to one hour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development of 6 lane Delhi-Meerut Expressway (DME) & 8 laning of NH-24 from Nizamuddin Bridge to UP Gate (Existing Km. 0.000 to existing Km. 8.360 in NCT of Delhi on Hybrid Annuity Mode. Permission for laying of underground ducgt line (40mm dia) and OFC line of (IPCON international (p) Ltd. From (0+000 to Ch. 3+740) total section length for ROW applied is 3740M along (Delhi-Ghaziabad Road) National Highway No. NH-09 (Old NH-24) in the state of Delhi {{!}} Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India |url=https://morth.nic.in/development-6-lane-delhi-meerut-expressway-dme-8-laning-nh-24-nizamuddin-bridge-gate-existing-km |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=morth.nic.in}}</ref> Delhi-Meerut expressway was opened for public use in April 2021. In 2018 four new expressways - Purvanchal expressway, Bundelkhand expressway, Kanpur-Lucknow expressway, Gorakhpur Link expressway, Ganga expressway, Ballia link expressway are being constructed. [[Purvanchal Expressway|Purvanchal expressway]] has been opened for public use in February 2022, while the Bundelkhand expressway has started operating in July 2022.

=== Noida International Airport ===
India's largest airport is also expected to open in [[Noida International Airport|Jewar]], Uttar Pradesh.

== GSDP Of Uttar Pradesh ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!GSDP Of U.P (Current Prices)<ref name="GS"/>
|-
|2011-12
|{{increase}}₹ 7.24 Lakh crore
|-
|2012-13
|{{increase}}₹ 8.22 Lakh crore
|-
|2013-14
|{{increase}}₹ 9.40 Lakh crore
|-
|2014-15
|{{increase}}₹ 10.12 Lakh crore
|-
|2015-16
|{{increase}}₹ 11.38 Lakh crore
|-
|2016-17
|{{increase}}₹ 12.89 Lakh crore
|-
|2017-18
|{{increase}}₹ 14.40 Lakh crore
|-
|2018-19
|{{increase}}₹ 15.82 Lakh crore
|-
|2019-20
|{{increase}}₹ 17.00 Lakh crore
|-
|2020-21
|{{decrease}}₹ 16.45 Lakh crore
|-
|2021-22
|{{increase}}₹ 19.76 Lakh crore
|-
|2022-23
|{{increase}}₹ 22.58 Lakh crore
|-
|2023-24
|{{increase}}₹ 25.48 Lakh crore
|-
|2024-25
|{{increase}}₹ 30.25 Lakh crore
|-
|2025-26
|{{increase}}₹ 36.00 Lakh crore (Projected)
|-
|}

== Economic distribution ==
There is a huge income parity in Uttar Pradesh. Western Uttar Pradesh contributes more than 50% of revenues to the state government. Also the per capita income is also visibly higher in districts in western Uttar Pradesh.

This is also due to more fertile soil, suitable infrastructure for industries, better transportation and logistic channels like expressways and dedicated freight corridors and also due to its proximity to national capital Delhi.

Cities like [[Noida]] which is an IT hub in the state, [[Meerut]] and [[Agra]] are leading districts in the state with highest per capita income.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Per Capita Income of Top 10 Districts of Uttar Pradesh
!District
!Per Capita Income (2019–20)<ref name="GS">{{Cite web |title=GSDP of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://iced.niti.gov.in/economy-and-demography/key-economic-indicators/gdp |access-date= |website=NITI Aayog}}</ref>
|-
|Noida
|Rs. 612,617
|-
|Meerut
|Rs. 127,306
|-
|Agra
|Rs. 106,354
|-
|Ghaziabad
|Rs. 101,878
|-
|Hamirpur
|Rs. 100,673
|-
|Amroha
|Rs. 97,175
|-
|Lucknow
|Rs. 95,990
|-
|Hapur
|Rs. 91,764
|-
|Kanpur
|Rs. 86,709
|-
|Mahoba
|Rs. 83,593
|Prayagraj
|Rs.65,704
|}
While west UP accounts for 71.71% of state GDP, the lagging Bundelkhand accounts for just 5.22%, though it has risen from 4.95% bringing some solace to the government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-13 |title=Noida tops Uttar Pradesh GDP & per capita income again, Lucknow is second |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/noida-tops-state-gdp-per-capita-income-again-lucknow-is-second/articleshow/74602571.cms |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
{{Further|Tourism in Uttar Pradesh}}
[[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, India edit3.jpg|thumb|259x259px|'''Taj Mahal, Agra''']]
Among all the monuments in India, the [[Taj Mahal]], Agra (5.65 million) was the most visited monument in 2018-19 for domestic visitors. In respect of foreign visitors too Taj Mahal (10.87 million) was the most visited monument.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Tourism Distribution by 10 Most Popular Monuments
|url = https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-04/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202019.pdf
|publisher = India Tourism Department
}}</ref>

Just an hour's drive from Agra, on the banks of the river Yamuna, is situated the birthplace of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]], [[Mathura]]. The entire land is dotted with [[Hindu temple|magnificent temples]], dedicated to various aspects of his life. Gokul, [[Barsana]] and [[Govardhan Hill|Govardhan]] are the other township associated with the legend of Lord Krishna. Gokul is the hideout where Lord Krishna was secretly brought up- away from the eyes of his maternal uncle Kansa. His consort [[Radha|Goddess Radha]] belonged to [[Barsana]], where the unique [[Holi]] festival Latthamar Holi is celebrated with great gusto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathura Vrindavan |url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/page/mathura-vrindavan |website=UP Tourism |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608052211/https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/page/mathura-vrindavan |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Varanasi Munshi Ghat3.jpg|thumb|263x263px|Munshi Ghat, Varanasi]] [[Varanasi]], in eastern Uttar Pradesh is among the oldest living cities in the world and its antiquity finds place in ancient scriptures. Located along the banks of [[Ganges|Ganga]] it is a sacred place for all Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varanasi |url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/page/varanasi-sarnath |website=UP Tourism |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401082158/https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/page/varanasi-sarnath |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Percentage share of Top 10 States/UT in Domestic Tourist Visits In 2022.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Domestic Tourism Distribution
|url = https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202022%20%28English%29.pdf
|publisher = India Tourism Department
}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|value1 = 18.4
|color1 = Red
|label2 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|value2 = 12.6
|color2 = Orange
|label3 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|value3 = 11.1
|color3 = Yellow
|label4 = [[Karnataka]]
|value4 = 10.5
|color4 = Purple
|label5 = [[Maharashtra]]
|value5 = 6.4
|color5 = Blue
|label6 = [[Rajasthan]]
|value6 = 6.3
|color6 = Green
|label7 = Other
|value7 = 34.7
|color7 = Black
}}[[Lucknow]], the capital of Uttar Pradesh, famed for its Nawabi era finesse and amazing food, is a unique mix of the ancient and the modern. It is home to extraordinary monuments depicting a fascinating blend of ancient, colonial and oriental architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucknow Tourism |url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/article/lucknow |website=UP Tourism |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401073919/https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/article/lucknow |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Kushinagar]] is one of the principal centres of the Buddhist pilgrimage, is the place where [[The Buddha|Lord Buddha]] left his corporal self and attained Mahaparinirvana. It attracts thousands of visitors from all over the world every year. In the uniquely designed Mahaparinirvana temple is a huge statue of the reclining Buddha, excavated in 1876. The monuments here are clustered in three groups – the [[Nirvana]] site, the central [[Stupa]] and the surrounding monasteries, Mathakuar Kot and Ramabhar Stupa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushinagar |url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/page/kushinagar |website=UP Tourism |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328173245/https://uptourism.gov.in/en/page/kushinagar |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Located on the east bank of River [[Ghaghara|Saryu]] in central Uttar Pradesh, [[Ayodhya]] is brimming with the remnants of a bygone era. The famous epics, [[Ramayana]] and [[Ramcharitmanas|Shri Ramcharitmanas]] exhibit the splendor of [[Ayodhya]]. Many eminent kings such as [[Ikshvaku]], [[Prithu]], [[Mandhatri|Mandhata]], [[Harishchandra]], Sagar, [[Bhagiratha|Bhagirath]], Raghu, Dileep, Dashrath and [[Rama|Lord Rama]] ruled the capital city of [[Kosala Kingdom|Kosala.]] It was during their reign, that the grandeur of the kingdom reached its pinnacle and epitomized Ram Rajya. An episode of [[Ramayana]], a page of ancient history and a cluster of tourist attractions, this town has been a major centre for pilgrims, historians, archaeologists and students alike.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayodhya |url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/page/ayodhya |website=UP Tourism |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401070850/https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/page/ayodhya |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Further|Education in Uttar Pradesh}}

The literacy rate of Uttar Pradesh is 74% with male literacy rate at 82% and female literacy rate at 66.1%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NFHS-5 State Factsheet- Uttar Pradesh 2019-21 |url=https://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5_FCTS/Uttar_Pradesh.pdf |website=NFHS-5}}</ref>

== Poverty ==

According to NITI Aayog's Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) based on NFHS-5, 22.93% population of Uttar Pradesh is poor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023 |url=https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-07/National-Multidimentional-Poverty-Index-2023-Final-17th-July.pdf |website=NITI Aayog}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Economy of India]]
* [[Economy of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Economy of Bihar]]
* [[Economy of Uttarakhand]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Economy of India topics}}

[[Category:Economy of Uttar Pradesh| ]]

Lens (film)

2026-03-18T23:57:49Z

SnehAnchliya: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Jayaprakash Radhakrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lens
| image = Lens (film) poster.jpg
| caption = Poster in Tamil
| director = [[Jayaprakash Radhakrishnan]]
| producer = {{ubl|Jayaprakash Radhakrishnan|[[Vetrimaaran]]|[[Siddharth Vipin]]}}
| writer = Jayaprakash Radhakrishnan
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Anandsami]]
* Jayaprakash Radakrishnan
* [[Vinutha Lal|Aswathy Lal]]
* [[Misha Ghoshal]]
}}
| music = '''Score:''' Siddharth Vipin '''Song:''' [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[S. R. Kathir]]
| editing = {{ubl|Gaugin|G. B. Venkatesh|Jainul Abdeen}}
| studio = {{ubl|Glowing Tungsten|Mini Studio}}
| distributor = {{ubl|[[Lal Jose|LJ Films]] (Kerala)|[[Vetrimaaran|Grassroot Film Company]]}}
| released = {{Film date|2016|06|17|Kerala|2017|05|12||df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil English
| runtime = 109 minutes
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Lens''''' is 2016 Indian [[drama film|drama]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Jayaprakash Radhakrishnan]]. The film features dialogues predominately in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2015 |title='Lens' is a hostage drama set in the digital world |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Lens-is-a-hostage-drama-set-in-the-digital-world/articleshow/49168079.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329112414/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Lens-is-a-hostage-drama-set-in-the-digital-world/articleshow/49168079.cms |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=2016-08-05 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Dealing with the subject of [[voyeurism]], it features [[Anandsami]] and Jayaprakash Radhakrishnan in the lead roles.

''Lens'' has been screened in several film festivals including {{ill|CLAM Festival Internacional Cinema Solidari|ca|CLAM - Festival Internacional de Cinema Social de Catalunya}}, South Asian International Film Festival, Jagran Film Festival, [[Chennai International Film Festival]], [[Pune International Film Festival]], [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]], Lonavala International Film Festival, and Bioscope International Film Festival. The film was distributed by LJ Films in Kerala and by producer Vetrimaaran under his company Grassroot Film Company.

The film was later released on Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LENS (Netflix -Overview) |url=http://www.netflix.com/title/80158920 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116081933/https://www.netflix.com/title/80158920 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=2018-08-16 |website=netflix.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=July 2025}}
Aravind's growing estrangement with his wife, owing to his indulgence in virtual sexual relationships, paves way for his encounter with a stranger. This random experience takes a turn for the worse when the stranger requests Aravind to witness his suicide on a Skype call.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-03 |title=Now, a Tamil kidnap drama set in a digital world, Lens |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/now-a-tamil-kidnap-drama-set-in-a-digital-world-lens/story-1wA6pQK6mli0MWSDX6LufP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914190220/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/now-a-tamil-kidnap-drama-set-in-a-digital-world-lens/story-1wA6pQK6mli0MWSDX6LufP.html |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=2016-08-05 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Anandsami]] as Yohan
* [[Jayaprakash Radhakrishnan]] as Aravind
* [[Vinutha Lal]] as Angel
* [[Misha Ghoshal]] as Swathi
* Kulothungan Udayakumar as the Inspector in Munnar

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/moongil-nila-from-lens/JJAGxEzRamo_|title=Moongil Nila (From "Lens") - - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=9 May 2017|via=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref>
| title1 = Moongil Nila
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length1 = 4:46
| total_length = 4:46
}}

==Reception==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote, "Lens is a refreshingly grown-up film...not only does it deal with a grown-up subject, it also refuses to infantilise the audience by treating its points as messages. Lens understands that a movie isn't a pharmacological product: pop one and cure a social ill. It lays out problems without the comfort of easy solutions."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=11 May 2017 |title=Lens Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/lens-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204012944/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/lens-movie-review |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lens-review-average-fare-review-malayalam-qguiUodffjffe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620072043/http://www.sify.com/movies/lens-review-average-fare-review-malayalam-qguiUodffjffe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2016|title=Lens review: Average fare|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==Awards==
*Best Debut Director – 19th Gollapudi Srinivas National Award
*Best Screenplay – Lonavala International Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-05 |title=LIFFI: Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Tannishtha Chatterjee grabs Best Actors awards |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/liffi-nawazuddin-siddiqui-tannishtha-chatterjee-best-actors-awards-3015292/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906170023/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/liffi-nawazuddin-siddiqui-tannishtha-chatterjee-best-actors-awards-3015292/ |archive-date=6 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-06 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
*Best Direction – Lonavala International Film Festival
*Best Screenplay – Bioscope Global Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=AWARD WINNING MOVIES |url=http://thebioscope.in/award_2015.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917101013/http://thebioscope.in/award_2015.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=2016-08-05 |website=Bioscope Global Film Festival}}</ref>
*Best Director – 7th Jagaran Film Festival

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=4818776}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDd8myAMr1s Lens official trailer] on [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQwY1ezozOY Special screening of Lens in Chennai as part of Gollapudi National Awards ceremony.]
{{Vetrimaaran}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]
[[Category:2016 thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 English-language films]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jayaprakash Radhakrishnan]]

{{2010s-Tamil-film-stub}}
{{2010s-thriller-film-stub}}

Nihari

2026-03-17T13:30:16Z

SnehAnchliya: improve references for consistency

{{Short description|Meat stew originating in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2026}}
{{Other uses|Nahari (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Nihari
| image = Nalli Nihari India.jpg
| caption = Nihari with Khamiri Roti served in Delhi
| place_of_origin = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| region = [[Lucknow]], [[Delhi]]<ref name="SenBhattacharyya"/><ref name="Hussain2025"/>
| year = 18th-century
| associated_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] ([[Awadhi cuisine|Awadhi]]), [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistani]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladeshi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Colleen Taylor |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Sourish |last3=Saberi |first3=Helen |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine |date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-12864-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jusEAAAQBAJ |page=258}}</ref>
| course = [[Main course]] (breakfast, lunch, dinner)
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = [[Shank (meat)|Shank cut]] of [[beef]], [[lamb and mutton]], [[goat meat]], or [[Camel#Islam|camel meat]], as well as [[Chicken as food|chicken]] and [[Bone marrow (food)|bone marrow]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other = Served with [[naan]] or [[rice]] or [[Roti]]
}}

'''Nihari''' ([[Hindi]]: {{lang|hi|निहारी}}, [[Urdu]]: {{lang|ur|نہاری}}) is a [[stew]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]], which consists of slow-cooked meat, mainly a [[Shank (meat)|shank cut]] of [[beef]], [[lamb and mutton]], or [[goat meat]], as well as [[Chicken as food|chicken]] and [[Bone marrow as food|bone marrow]]. The two most common theories of origin postulate that nihari originated either in the [[India]]n cities of [[Lucknow]] or [[Delhi]].<ref name="SenBhattacharyya">{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Colleen Taylor |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Sourish |last3=Saberi |first3=Helen |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine |date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-12864-4 |language=en|quotation=Some claim it originated in Delhi in the late eighteenth century, others that ir originated in the kitchens of Awadh (see Lucknow).}}</ref><ref name="Hussain2025">{{cite web |last1=Hussain |first1=Sadaf |title=Food history: How nihari went from being the humble food of the poor to a dish for the high table |url=https://scroll.in/article/1077553/food-history-how-nihari-went-from-being-the-humble-food-of-the-poor-to-a-dish-for-the-high-table |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=16 March 2026 |language=en |date=14 January 2025|quote=The debate intensifies when the origins of nihari are discussed, with proponents from both Delhi and Lucknow vying for the culinary crown.}}</ref> It is flavoured with [[long pepper]] (pippali), a relative of [[black pepper]] and is often served with [[naan]], [[roti]] or rice.

== Etymology ==
The [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] name {{Transliteration|hi|nihari}} originates from [[Arabic]] ''{{Transliteration|ar|nahâr}}'' ({{Langx|ar|نهار|label=none}}), meaning "morning";<ref name="McGregor1993">{{cite book |last1=McGregor |first1=Ronald Stuart |title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-864317-3|page=576 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="TOI"/><ref name="Hom">{{cite web|url=https://homtainment.com/beef-nihari-a-historical-recipe/|title=Nihari- historical recipe|date=23 December 2020|website=Homtainment|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527175059/https://homtainment.com/beef-nihari-a-historical-recipe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> it was originally eaten by [[nawab]]s in the [[Mughal Empire]] as a breakfast course following [[Fajr prayer]].<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Sushmita|date=3 January 2018|title=Nihari: History Of The Meaty and Buttery Breakfast Staple of The Mughals|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/nihari-history-of-the-meaty-and-buttery-breakfast-staple-of-the-mughals-1795358|access-date=3 January 2018 |work=NDTV Food}}</ref><ref name="Hom"/> It is served in the morning, though certain eateries, such as [[Shahjahanabad#Kallu_Nihari|Kallu Mian]] of [[Delhi]], serve it in the afternoon.<ref name="SenBhattacharyya2023">{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Colleen Taylor |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Sourish |last3=Saberi |first3=Helen |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine |date=23 February 2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-12864-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The exact origins of Nihari are a subject of culinary debate, with ''The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine'' asserting the city of origin to be in the Indian cities of [[Lucknow]] or [[Delhi]].<ref name="SenBhattacharyya"/> One largely accepted tradition attributes that nihari may have originated in the royal kitchens of the Indian city of [[Lucknow]], [[Oudh State|Awadh]] (modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]), in the late 18th-century, during the last throes of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|first=Deblina |last=Chakravorty |date=12 April 2012|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Nihari-a-gift-from-Nawabs/articleshow/11577016.cms|title=Nihari, a gift from Nawabs|work=The Times of India|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Husain |first=Chef Izzat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhppDwAAQBAJ |title=Izzat Ka Khana: Mughlai Cuisine Recipes |date=16 August 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1643241500 |pages=06 |language=en |quote=The well known Nihari originated in Lucknow during the construction of the Rumi Gate; It was invented for labourers who worked for construction in huge numbers. A vital food was required for workers, then some Bawarchis, the Chefs, and Hakeems, the medicos decided to cock the dish with the whole buff in a large vessel prepared overnight with some energetic spices and herbs. A whole buff cooked in a large dek and was served with tandoori roti. All the workers were served in the Morning. Nehar is a Arabic word which means "Morning" therefore it got its term "Nahari." When the taste and other benefits of Nahari got popular widely among officials including the king, who turned a fan of Nahari himself. Then he ordered Nahari for his royal kitchen. Later, Nahari was placed in the menu of the royal kitchen moderating with a lot of improvements, which was later turned into "Shahi-Nahari." Apparently, Delhi and Lahore were also administrative cities that time. Nehari also toured these cities, and it was stretched to the world of Urdu speaking nations. One can easily observe its popularity among the restaurants of Lucknow along with the double layered crispy kulcha.}}</ref> Another theory postulates its origin in [[Delhi]] during the [[medieval India|medieval period of India]].<ref name="SenBhattacharyya"/><ref name="Hussain2025"/> The dish later gained widespread popularity and eventually became a staple of the royal cuisine of Mughal-era [[nawab]]s, coming to be eaten throughout the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite news |title=In celebration of winter's perfect dish, the mutton nihari! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/in-celebration-of-winter-s-perfect-dish-the-mutton-nihari/story-aWAvsL8kFp5CKmk535PYDK.html |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Do you know what is Nalli Nihari? History of Nihari and recipe of Nalli Nihari |url=https://infusecooking.com/what-is-nalli-nihari/ |website=infusecooking.com |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306164331/https://infusecooking.com/what-is-nalli-nihari/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Popularity==
Nihari is a traditional dish of the [[India]]n cities of [[Lucknow]], [[Delhi]], and [[Bhopal]].<ref name="SenBhattacharyya2023"/> Following the [[partition of India]] in 1947, many [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Urdu-speaking Muslims]] from [[North India|northern India]] migrated to [[Karachi]] in [[West Pakistan]] and [[Dhaka]] in [[East Pakistan]], and established a number of restaurants serving the dish. In Karachi, nihari became a large-scale success and soon spread in prominence and availability across [[Pakistan]].<ref name="th">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2007/05/25/stories/2007052500230300.htm|title=Nihari a la Mexican style|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523114642/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2007/05/25/stories/2007052500230300.htm|archive-date=23 May 2013|first1=Asif|last1=Noorani}}</ref> Nihari is eaten in [[Bangladesh]] as well.<ref name="SenBhattacharyya2023"/>

[[File:Beef_Nihari,_made_by_Saleha_Atif,_Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Beef nihari prepared by a [[Karachi|Karachiite]] chef in [[Ras Tanura]], [[Saudi Arabia]] – garnished with [[ginger]], [[Coriander|coriander leaves]], and [[Chili pepper|green chillies]].]]

In some restaurants, a few kilograms from each day's leftover nihari is added to the next day's pot; this reused portion of the dish is known as {{Transliteration|hi|taar}} and is believed to provide a unique flavour. Some nihari outlets in [[Old Delhi]] claim to have kept an unbroken cycle of ''{{Transliteration|hi|taar}}'' going for more than a century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Sushmita |date=20 January 2022 |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/nihari%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98taar%E2%80%99-to-dahi%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98jamun%E2%80%99-the-desi-art-of-using-remains-of-previous-batch-to-flavour-next-1637066963216 |title=Nihari's 'Taar' to Dahi's 'Jamun': The Desi Art Of Using Remains Of Previous Batch To Flavour Next |work=Slurrp.com |access-date=22 December 2023 }}</ref> Nihari may be consumed with Khamiri Roti.<ref name="Ahuja2017">{{cite web |last1=Ahuja |first1=Aashna |title=The Legacy of Kallu Mian, Old Delhi's Legendary Nihari Walla |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/the-legendary-story-of-old-delhis-nihari-walla-1398357 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=16 March 2026 |date=9 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Deepak2016">{{cite web |last1=Deepak |first1=Sharanya |title=The Indian Meal That Is a National Sentiment, a Political Rebellion, and a Piece of History |url=https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2016/the-indian-meal-that-is-a-national-sentiment-a-political-rebellion-and-a-piece-of-history/ |publisher=Roads & Kingdoms |access-date=16 March 2026 |date=8 January 2016}}</ref>

==Medicinal remedies==
Nihari is also used as a [[Traditional medicine#Home remedies|home remedy]] for [[fever]], [[rhinorrhea]], and the [[common cold]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Nihari? |url=http://www.indiacurry.com/faqterms/whatnihari.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219082004/http://www.indiacurry.com/faqterms/whatnihari.htm |archive-date=19 December 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014 |website=indiacurry.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Awadhi cuisine]]
*[[Cuisine of the Indian subcontinent]]
*[[List of stews]]

==References==
{{Portal|India|Pakistan|Bangladesh|Food}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[https://www.tasteatlas.com/nihari Nihari] at [[TasteAtlas]]

{{Indian Dishes}}

[[Category:South Asian curries]]
[[Category:Indian meat dishes]]
[[Category:Indian soups and stews]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi meat dishes]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi soups and stews]]
[[Category:Pakistani soups and stews]]
[[Category:Pakistani meat dishes]]
[[Category:Bone marrow dishes]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Mughlai cuisine]]
[[Category:Telangana cuisine]]
[[Category:Hyderabadi cuisine]]
[[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]
[[Category:Lahori cuisine]]

Hemachandra

2026-03-17T09:04:59Z

SnehAnchliya: updated details

{{Short description|Jain polymath (1088–1173)}}
{{Distinguish|Herachandra}}
{{For|other people named Hemachandra|Hemachandra (name)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Acharya
| name = Hemachandra
| image = Hemachandra.gif
| alt = Hemachandra
| caption = Drawing of Hemchandra based on ''[[Vikram Samvat]]'' 1294 palm leaf
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvētāmbara]]
| official_name = Acharya Hemchandra Suri
| birth_name = Changadeva
| birth_date = {{Circa|1088}} (''see notes'')
| birth_place = [[Dhandhuka]]
| death_date = {{Circa|1173}} (''see notes'')
| death_place = [[Anhilwad Patan]]
| parents = Chachinga, Pahini
| initiation_name = Somchandra
| initiator = Devchandrasuri
| initiation_place = [[Khambhat]]
| honorific-suffix = Suri
| notable_works = Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana, [[Yogaśāstra]], [[Parishishtaparvan]], Sthaviravalicharitra
| post = [[Acharya (Jainism)]]
| background =
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Hemachandra''' ({{circa|1088|1172/1173}}) was a 12th century [[Śvetāmbara]] Jaina [[acharya|ācārya]], scholar, poet, mathematician, [[philosopher]], [[yogi]], [[wikt:grammarian|grammarian]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA15|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|date=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=15–16|language=en}}</ref> [[Law|law theorist]],<ref name="Flügel 5">{{Cite journal|last=Flügel|first=Peter|title=A Short History of Jaina Law|url=https://www.academia.edu/58340051|journal=|pages=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hemachandra {{!}} Jaina author {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hemachandra|access-date=2022-02-07|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> [[historian]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|pages=241|language=en}}</ref> [[Lexicography|lexicographer]], [[rhetoric]]ian, [[logic]]ian, and [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosodist]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA15|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|date=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=15|language=en}}</ref> Noted as a prodigy by his contemporaries, he gained the title ''kalikālasarvajña'', "the knower of all knowledge in his times" and is also regarded as father of the [[Gujarati language]].

Born as Caṅgadeva, he was ordained in the [[Śvētāmbara|Śvetāmbara]] school of Jainism in 1110 and took the name Somacandra. In 1125 he became an adviser to King Kumārapāla and wrote ''Arhannīti'', a work on politics from Jaina perspective. He also produced ''Triśaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣacarita'' (“Deeds of the 63 Illustrious Men”), a Sanskrit epic poem on the history of important figures of Jainism. Later when he was consecrated as ācārya, his name was changed to Hemacandra.

==Early life==
Hemacandra was born in [[Dhandhuka]], in present-day [[Gujarat]], on Kartika Sud Purnima (the full moon day of Kārtika month). His year of birth differs according to sources but 1088 is generally accepted.<ref group=note>The dates of birth and death differs according to sources. He was initiated aged 21.</ref><ref name="Joshi2005">{{cite book|first=Dinkar|last=Joshi|title=Glimpses of Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fw-0iBvmMAC&pg=PA80|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Star Publications|isbn=978-81-7650-190-3|pages=79–80}}</ref> His father, Cāciga was a Moḍha Bania. His mother, Pāhini, was a [[Jainism|Jaina]].<ref name="Dundas2002">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Dundas|title=The Jains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jt6-YXE2aUwC&pg=PA134|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-26606-2|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref name="Dattavarious2006">{{cite book|first1=Amaresh|last1=Datta|author2=various|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (A To Devo)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA15|volume=1|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=15–16}}</ref> Hemacandra's birth name was Caṅgadeva. In his childhood, the [[Jain monasticism|Jaina monk]] Devacandra Sūri visited Dhandhuka and was impressed by the young Hemacandra's intellect. His mother and maternal uncle concurred with Devachandra, in opposition to his father, that Hemacandra be a disciple of his. Devachandra took Hemacandra to [[Khambhat]], where Hemacandra was placed under the care of the local governor Udayana. Cāciga came to Udayana's place to take his son back, but was so overwhelmed by the kind treatment he received, that he decided to willingly leave his son with Devachandra.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=97}}

Some years later, Hemacandra was initiated a Jaina monk on Magha Śukla Chaturthī (4th day of the bright half of Magha month) and was given a new name, Somacandra. Udayana helped Devacandra Suri in the ceremony.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> He was trained in religious discourse, philosophy, logic and grammar and became well versed in Jaina and non–Jaina scriptures. At the age of 21, he was ordained an [[acharya|acārya]] of the [[Śvētāmbara]] school of Jainism at [[Nagaur]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]]. At this time, he was named Hemacandra Suri.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/><ref name="Hema" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283442|title=The Kumarapalacarita (Prakrta Dvyasraya Kavya) of Hemachandra with commentary of Purnakalashagani|publisher=The Bhandarkar Oriental Institute|others=P. L. Vaidya (revision)|year=1936|editor-last=Pandit|editor-first=Shankar Pandurang|edition=2|series=Bombay Sanskrit and Prakrit Series Book LX|location=Poona|pages=xxiii-xxv}}</ref>

==Hemacandra and Siddharaja==
[[File:Bust of Acharya Hemachandra.jpg|thumb|Bust of Hemacandra at [[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]]]]
At the time, Gujarat was ruled by the [[Chaulukya dynasty]] from [[Patan, Gujarat|Aṇahilavāda]] (Patan). It is not certain when Hemacandra visited Patan for the first time. As Jain monks are [[mendicant]]s for eight months and stay at one place during [[Chaturmas]], the four monsoon months, he started living at Patan during these periods and produced the majority of his works there.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/>

Probably around 1125, he was introduced to [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Jayasiṃha Siddharāja]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1092–1141) and soon rose to prominence in the Caulukya royal court.<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> According to the ''[[Prabhavakacarita]]'' of [[Prabhācandra]], the earliest biography of Hemacandra, Jayasiṃha spotted Hemacandra while passing through the streets of his capital. The king was impressed with an impromptu verse uttered by the young monk.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=83}}

In 1135, when Siddharāja conquered [[Malwa]], he brought the manuscripts of [[Bhoja]] from Dharā aalong with other things. One day Siddhraja came across the manuscript of ''[[Sarasvati-Kanthabharana|SarasvatiīKanṇṭaābharanṃ]]'' (also known as the ''Lakshana Prakash''), a treatise on [[Sanskrit grammar]]. He was so impressed by it that he told the scholars in his court to produce a grammar that was as easy and lucid. Hemachandra requested Siddharaja to find the eight best grammatical treatises from [[Kashmir]]. He studied them and produced a new grammar work in the style of [[Pāṇini]]'s ''Aṣṭādhyāyī''.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> He named his work ''Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana'' after himself and the king. Siddharaja was so pleased with the work that he ordered it to be placed on the back of an elephant and paraded through the streets of AnṇaiīwdvāḍaPatan.<ref name="Meghani2003">{{cite book|first=Jhaverchand|last=Meghani|author-link=Jhaverchand Meghani|title=A Noble Heritage: A Collection of Short Stories Based on the Folklore of Saurashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scNjAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=xviii}}</ref> Hemacandra also composed the ''Dvyasśaya Kāvya'', an epic on the history of the [[Chaulukya dynasty]], to illustrate his grammar.<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/>

==Hemacandra and Kumārapāla==
[[File:Hemachandra JCNJ.jpg|thumb|Idol of Hemacandra at Jain Center of New Jersey, US]]
According to the ''Prabhācandra'', there was an incident where Siddharāja wanted to kill his nephew [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarāpala]] because it was prophesied that the kingdom would meet its demise at Kumarapāla's hands. Hemacandra hid Kumarapāla under a pile of manuscripts to save him.<ref name="Dundas2002"/> However, such motifs are common in Indian folk literature, so it is unlikely it was an actual historical event. Also, many sources differ on Siddharāja's motives.<ref name="Dundas2002"/>

Hemacandra became the advisor to Kumārapāla.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> During Kumarapala's reign, Gujarat became a center of culture. Using the Jaina approach of ''[[Anekantavada]]'', Hemacandra is said to have displayed a broad-minded attitude, which pleased Kumārapāla.<ref name=Hema>{{cite web | title =Hemacandra | publisher =Jain World | url =http://www.jainworld.com/literature/story28.htm | access-date =6 May 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080429205050/http://www.jainworld.com/literature/story28.htm | archive-date =29 April 2008 | url-status =dead }}</ref> Kumārapāla was a [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and ordered the rebuilding of [[Somnath]] at [[Prabhas Patan]]. Some Hindu saints who were jealous of Hemacandra's rising popularity with the Kumārapāla complained that Hemacandra was a very arrogant person, that he did not respect the [[Deva (Hinduism)|vedic deities]] and that he refused to bow down to Hindu God [[Shiva]]. When called upon to visit the temple on the inauguration with Kumārapāla, Hemacandra readily bowed before the [[lingam]] but said:{{blockquote|"भवबीजाङ्कुरजनना रागाद्याः क्षयमुपगता यस्य। ब्रह्मा वा विष्णुर्वा हरो जिनो वा नमस्तस्मै॥ I bow down to him who has destroyed the passions like attachment and malice which are the cause of the cycle of birth and death; whether he is [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] or [[Tirthankara|Jina]].<ref name="Hema" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy|year = 2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgNHE-48jNcC&pg=PA278|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|isbn=978-81-8220-113-2|page=278}}</ref>}}

Ultimately, the king became a devoted follower of Hemacandra and a champion of Jainism.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Hema" />

Starting in 1121, Hemacandra was involved in the construction of the [[Jain temple]] at [[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga]]. His influence on Kumārapāla resulted in Jainism becoming the official religion of Gujarat and animal slaughter was banned in the state. The tradition of [[animal sacrifice]] in the name of religion was completely uprooted in Gujarat. As a result, even almost 900 years after Hemacandra, Gujarat still continues to be a predominantly [[lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] state, despite having an extensive coastline.<ref name="Dundas2002"/><ref name="Dattavarious2006"/>

==Death==
He announced about his death six months in advance and fasted in his last days, a Jaina practice called ''[[sallekhana]]''. He died at Aṇahilavāḍa Patan. The year of death differs according to sources but 1173 is generally accepted.<ref name="Joshi2005"/>

==Works==

A prodigious writer, Hemacandra wrote [[grammar]]s of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]], [[poetry]], [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], [[lexicons]], texts on [[science]] and [[logic]] and many branches of [[Indian philosophy]].

===Jain philosophy===

{{anchor|Yogasastra}}

[[File:12th-century Yogasastra, Hemachandra Jainism, Sanskrit, 1 mm Devanagari script.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A 12th-century manuscript of Hemacandra's ''Yogasastra'' in Sanskrit. The text is notable for using 1 mm miniaturized Devanagari script.]]

His systematic exposition of the Jain path in the [[Yogaśāstra]] and its auto-commentary is a very influential text in Jain thought. According to Olle Quarnström it is "the most comprehensive treatise on [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jainism]] known to us".<ref>Olle Quarnström, The Yogasastra of Hemacandra : a twelfth century handbook of Svetambara Jainism, 2002, introduction</ref>

===Grammar===

[[File:Instruction by Monks, Folio from a Jain text of Sanskrit Grammar, the Siddhahemashabdanushasana by Hemachandra (1089-1172) LACMA M.88.62.2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Hemacandra's grammar text ''Siddhahemashabdanushasana'' in Sanskrit]]

The ''Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana'' includes six languages: [[Sanskrit]], the "standard" [[Prakrit]] (virtually [[Maharashtri Prakrit|Mahārāṣṭrī Prākrit]]), [[Shauraseni language|Śaurasenī]], [[Magahi language|Māgadhī]], [[Paiśācī]], the otherwise-unattested Cūlikāpaiśācī and [[Apabhraṃśa]] (virtually Gurjar Apabhraṃśa, prevalent in the area of Gujarat and [[Rajasthan]] at that time and the precursor of [[Gujarati language]]). He gave a detailed grammar of Apabhraṃśa and also illustrated it with the folk literature of the time for better understanding. It is the only known Apabhraṃśa grammar.<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> He wrote the grammar in form of rules, with 8 Adhyayas (Chapters) and its auto-commentraries namely – "Tattvaprakāśikā Bṛhadvṛtti" with "Śabdamahārṇava Nyāsa" in one year. [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] had installed the grammar work in Patan's (historically Aṇahilavāḍa) state library. Many copies were made of it, and many schemes were announced for the study of the grammar. Scholars like Kākala Kāyastha were invited to teach it.<ref>'Prastaavna', Haim Sanskrit Praveshika by Pandit Shivlal Nemchand Shah, Bhadrankar Prakashan.</ref> Moreover, an annual public examination was organized on the day of Jñāna-pañcamī.<ref>{{cite book |last=Buhler |first=g |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.141999/page/n29/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The Life Of Hemacandracarya |date=1936}}</ref> [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn|Kielhorn]] regards this as best grammar of Indian middle ages.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kielhorn |first=F. |date=1888 |title=A brief account of Hêmachandras Sanskrit Grammar |jstor=23861252 |journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes |volume=2 |pages=18–24}}</ref>

===Politics===
In 1125, he became an adviser to Kumārapāla and wrote the ''Arhannīti'', a work on politics from a Jain perspective.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hemachandra {{!}} Jaina author {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hemachandra|access-date=2021-11-14|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Flügel 5"/>

===Poetry and Poetics===
[[File:Worship of Parshvanatha, Folio from a Jain text of Sanskrit Grammar, the Siddhahemashabdanushasana by Hemachandra (1089-1172) LACMA M.88.62.1.jpg|thumb|Worship of Parshvanatha, Folio from the Siddhahemashabdanushasana]]

To illustrate the grammar, he produced the epic poetry ''Dvyāśraya Kāvya'' on the history of [[Chaulukya dynasty]]. It is an important source of history of region of the time.<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> The [[epic poetry|epic poem]] ''Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritam'' or "Lives of Sixty-Three Great Men" is a [[hagiography|hagiographical treatment]] of the twenty four [[tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]]s and other important persons instrumental in defining the Jain philosophical position, collectively called the "[[Salakapurusa|śalākāpuruṣa]]", their asceticism and eventual liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth, as well as the legendary spread of the Jaina influence. It still serves as the standard synthesis of source material for the early history of Jainism.<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> The appendix to this work, the ''[[Parishishtaparvan|Pariśiṣṭaparvan]]'' or ''Sthavirāvalīcarita'',{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}} contains accounts of the ācārya tradition starting from Jambūsvāmī.<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/> It has been translated into English as ''The Lives of the Jain Elders''.<ref name="HemacandraFynes1998">{{cite book|author1=Hemacandra|author2=R. C. C. Fynes|title=The Lives of the Jain Elders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=quNpKVqABGMC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283227-6}}</ref> In the test, Hemachandra accepts the polyandry of [[Draupadi]] and further suggests that Draupadī was Nāgaśrī in one of her previous lives and had poisoned a Jaina monk. Therefore, she had to suffer in hell and animal incarnations for several lives before being born as woman who later became a Jaina nun. After her death, she was reborn as Draupadī and was married to five Pāṇḍavas.{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=241}}

His ''Kāvyānuśāsana'' follows the model of Kashmiri rhetorician Mammaṭa's ''Kāvya-Prakāśa''. He has authored a commentary called ''Alaṅkāracūḍāmaṇi'' and annotation called ''Viveka''. He has quoted other scholars like [[Anandavardhana|Ānandavardhana]] and [[Abhinavagupta]] in his works.<ref name="Dattavarious2006" />

=== Lexicography ===
''[[Abhidhanacintamani|Abhidhānacintāmaṇi]]'' is a ''Saṃskṛta'' [[lexicon]] while ''Anekārthakoṣa'' is a lexicon of words bearing multiple meanings. ''Deśīnāmamālā'' is the lexicon of local or non-Sanskrit origin. ''Nighaṇṭu Śeṣa'' is a botanical lexicon.<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/>

===Prosody===
He composed the ''Chandonuśāsana'', a work on [[Metre (poetry)|prosody]], with commentary.

===Mathematics===
[[File:Thirteen ways of arranging long and short syllables in a cadence of length six.svg|thumb|Thirteen ways of arranging long and short syllables in a cadence of length six, here shown with [[Cuisenaire rods]] of length 1cm and 2cm]]
Hemacandra, following the earlier Gopala, described the [[Fibonacci number#History|Fibonacci sequence]] in around 1150, about fifty years before [[Fibonacci]] (1202). He was considering the number of cadences of length ''n'', and showed that these could be formed by adding a short syllable to a cadence of length ''n'' − 1, or a long syllable to one of ''n'' − 2. This recursion relation ''F''(''n'') = ''F''(''n'' − 1) + ''F''(''n'' − 2) is what defines the Fibonacci sequence.<ref name="kosh" /><ref name="tetlow" />

He ({{Circa|1150 CE}}) studied the rhythms of Sanskrit poetry. Syllables in Sanskrit are either long or short. Long syllables have twice the length of short syllables. The question he asked is How many rhythm patterns with a given total length can be formed from short and long syllables?
For example, how many patterns have the length of five short syllables (i.e. five "beats")? There are eight: SSSSS, SSSL, SSLS, SLSS, LSSS, SLL, LSL, LLS. As rhythm patterns, these are xxxxx, xxxx., xxx.x, xx.xx, x.xxx, xx.x., x.xx., x.x.x <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://people.sju.edu/~rhall/Multi/rhythm2.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303192415/http://people.sju.edu/~rhall/Multi/rhythm2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Other works===
His other works include a commentary in rhetoric work called ''Pramana-Mīmāṃsā (''a work on logic and epistemology), ''Vitaraga-Stotra'' (praise of Jina).<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/>

==See also==
*[[Devardhigani Kshamashraman]]
*[[Manatunga]]
*[[Hiravijaya]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
* As per ''Dundas'', (1089–??)<ref name="Dundas2002"/>
* As per ''Datta'' and ''Jain World'', (1088–1173)<ref name="Dattavarious2006"/><ref name="Hema" />
* As per ''Gujarat Gazetteers, Volume 18'', (1087–1174)<ref name="(India)1984">{{cite book|author=Gujarat (India)|title=Gazetteers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFNuAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications|page=183}}</ref>
* As per ''Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs'', (1089–1173)<ref name="Mehta1991">{{cite book|first=Makrand|last=Mehta|title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective: With Special Reference to Shroffs of Gujarat, 17th to 19th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA65|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-017-1|page=65}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="kosh">{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Koshy |title=Fibonacci and Lucas numbers with applications |year=2001 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |quote=... before Fibonacci proposed the problem; they were given by Virahanka (between 600 and 800 AD), Gopala (prior to 1 135 AD), ... | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_juAAAAMAAJ&q=Fibonacci+gopala|isbn= 9780471399698}}</ref>
<ref name="tetlow">{{cite book |first=Philip |last=Tetlow |title=The Web's awake: an introduction to the field of Web science and the concept |year=2007 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |quote=This sequence was first described by the Indian mathematicians Gopala and Hemachandra in 1150, who were investigating the possible ways of exactly packing items of length 1 and 2 into containers. In the West it was first studied by ... | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBskd46jR10C&q=Gopala+Hemachandra&pg=PA79 |isbn=978-0-470-13794-9 }}</ref>}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |editor-link=Wendy Doniger |title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC |year=1993 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=0-7914-1381-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}
* Cinnaiya, S., Nayara, H. K., & [[Mathura]], R. (2017). ''Cakita kare Fibonācī''. [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]: Pratham Books.

==Further reading==
*Hemacandra. ''Sthavirāvalīcarita'' or ''Pariśiṣṭaparvan'', ed. H. Jacobi, Calcutta, 1883; trans. Fynes (1998).
*Hemacandra. ''Yogaśāstra'', ed. Muni Jambūvijaya, 3 vols, Bombay, 1977–86.

==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213981.html Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra of Hemchandra] English translation of books 1-10
* [http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/ckeyt/txt3.htm Bibliography of Hemacandra's works, Item 687] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113104432/http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/ckeyt/txt3.htm |date=13 November 2021 }}, Karl Potter, University of Washington
* [https://drive.google.com/file/d/16OhgBxSRynSYEKB0fD71wUUXcoel4L1u/view Acharya Hemchandra by Madhya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716224803/http://www.sju.edu/~rhall/Multi/rhythm2.pdf The Rhythm of Poetry]
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0411195 The Golden Mean and the Physics of Aesthetics]

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Hatha yoga}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hemachandra, Acharya}}
[[Category:1080s births]]
[[Category:1172 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:Fibonacci numbers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:12th-century Jain poets]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian Jain poets]]
[[Category:12th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Jain law]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]

R.A.W Hitman 2: The Assassinations

2026-03-15T16:24:06Z

SnehAnchliya: starting new details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Book by Hussain Zaidi}}
{{Third-party|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox book
| name = R.A.W Hitman 2: The Assassination
| image = RAW Hitman 2 Poster.jpg
| caption = second edition
| author = [[Lucky Bisht]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Utkarsh Garhwan |title=R.A.W. एजेंट Lucky Bisht ने अपनी बायोपिक नोवेल के सीक्वल का किया ऐलान, इस मशहूर क्राइम राइटर ने किया है क्यूरेट |work=NBT |date=13 December 2024 |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/famous-snipper-raw-agent-lucky-bisht-announces-sequel-of-his-biopic-novel-know-all-about-it/articleshow/116286857.cms |accessdate=2 January 2025}}</ref>

| translator =
| language = English
| country = India, United States
| genre = Narrative, nonfiction<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.simonandschuster.co.in/books/R-A-W-Hitman-2/S-Hussain-Zaidi/9788197949203 |title= R.A.W. Hitman 2: The Assassinations |date=2024-12-03 |isbn=978-81-97949-20-3|language=en}}</ref>
| publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]]
| release_date = 3 December 2024
| media_type = Print (paperback, hardback)
| pages = 256
| isbn = 9788197949203
}}

'''R.A.W Hitman 2: The Assassination'''<ref>{{Cite news |author=Atiqual Habib |title= Meet Lucky Bisht: PM Modi's former bodyguard, ex-RAW agent turned crime thriller writer
|work=India Tiday |date=15 January 2025 |url=https://www.asianage.com/amp/books/raw-agent-lucky-bisht-announces-biopic-sequel-raw-hitman-2-1847872 |accessdate=16 January 2025}}</ref> is a non-fiction novel by former [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] agent [[Lucky Bisht]],<ref>{{Cite news |author=Jaspreet Kaur |title=RAW एजेंट लकी बिष्ट ने रचा इतिहास ! अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर सुर्खियों में छाई सच्चे देशभक्त की कहानी “Raw Hitman 2” |work=Punjab Kesari |date=23 December 2024 |url=https://m.punjabkesari.in/national/news/raw-agent-lucky-bisht-announces-biopic-sequel-raw-hitman-2-2079106 |accessdate=1 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Simran Jain |title=Lucky Bisht And S. Hussain Zaidi Unite Once Again For Thrilling Biopic Sequel |work=Times of India |date=17 December 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/lucky-bisht-and-s-hussain-zaidi-unite-once-again-for-thrilling-biopic-sequel/articleshow/116396391.cms |accessdate=3 December 2024}}</ref> created by author S. Hussain Zaidi.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Mudit Bhatnagar |title=RAW Agent-Turned-Screenwriter Lucky Bisht Reveals PM Modi's Unmatched Work Ethic: Never Took Holidays Or Rested More Than...' - EXCLUSIVE |work=Times Now |date=18 December 2024 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/raw-agent-turned-screenwriter-lucky-bisht-reveals-pm-modi-unmatched-work-ethic-never-took-holidays-or-rested-more-than-exclusive-article-116396617/amp |accessdate=24 December 2024}}</ref> Published by [[Simon & Schuster]] on December 3, 2024, it is the sequel to [[R.A.W. Hitman: The Real Story of Agent Lima]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Vipin Sharma |title=RAW Agent Lucky Bisht Announces Biopic Sequel RAW Hitman 2 |work=The Asian Age |date=18 December 2024 |url=https://www.asianage.com/amp/books/raw-agent-lucky-bisht-announces-biopic-sequel-raw-hitman-2-1847872 |accessdate=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Sakshi Gupta |title=देश के जांबाजों को करना पड़ता है ये काम, कभी दोस्ती तो कभी लेनी होती है जान, Ex RAW Agent के अनसुने किस्से |work=ABP News |date=16 December 2024 |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/lucky-bisht-secret-service-for-india-former-nsg-commando-of-pm-narendra-modi-when-cm-in-gujarat-book-interview-hitman-the-assassinations-2843428/amp |accessdate=2 January 2025}}</ref>

The book’s launch was attended by author [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]], Bollywood actor [[Jimmy Shergill]], and directors [[Abbas-Mustan]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Atiqual Habib |title= Meet Lucky Bisht: PM Modi's former bodyguard, ex-RAW agent turned crime thriller writer
|work=India Today |date=15 January 2025 |url= https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/meet-lucky-bisht-pm-modis-former-bodyguard-ex-raw-agent-turned-crime-thriller-writer-1155233-2025-01-15 |accessdate=16 January 2025}}</ref> & Soumya Pandey.<ref>{{Cite news |author=vijay Jain |title= R.A.W. एजेंट Lucky Bisht की बायोपिक 'R.A.W. Hitman' के सीक्वल का ऐलान, 8 रोमांचक ऑपरेशन्स की होगी झलक|work=Nidar Chhattisgarh |date=23 December 2024 |url= https://nidarchhattisgarh.com/r-a-w-agent-lucky-bisht-biopic-r-a-w-hitman-sequel-announced-8-exciting-operations-will-be-glimpsed/ |accessdate=2 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Ankit Sharma |title= RAW एजेंट लकी बिष्ट के बायोपिक के सीक्वल का हुआ ऐलान, दुनिया हिला देने वाले ऑपरेशन्स की है कहानी
|work=यूपी तक |date=23 December 2024 |url= https://www.uptak.in/apna-up/story/sequel-of-biopic-novel-of-raw-agent-lucky-bisht-announced-the-story-is-of-operations-that-shook-the-world-3150658-2024-12-14 |accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian English-language novels]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:2024 debut novels]]
[[Category:Simon & Schuster books]]

{{2020s-novel-stub}}

Third India–Africa Forum Summit

2026-03-15T12:16:33Z

SnehAnchliya: Put Up First Entry Nd Citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox summit meeting
| summit_name = 3rd India-Africa Forum Summit
| other_titles =
| image = Third India-Africa Forum Summit Logo.jpg
| caption = The lion logo depicting [[African lion|African]] and [[Indian lion]]
| country = [[India]]
| date = 26–29 October 2015
| motto = Reinvigorated Partnership-Shared Vision
| venues = [[Indira Gandhi Arena]]
| cities = [[New Delhi]]
| participants =
| chairperson =
| follows = 2nd India-Africa Forum Summit
| precedes = 4th India-Africa Forum Summit
| website = {{URL|http://mea.gov.in/india-africa-forum-summit-2015/index.html#}}
| keypoints =
}}

The '''Third India-Africa Forum Summit ([[India-Africa Forum Summit|IAFS]]-III)''' was held in [[New Delhi]], India from 26–30 October 2015. The five-day summit started with consultations on official level followed by the head of states/governments level summit on 29 October 2015 with scheduled bilateral meetings on 30 October 2015. This is going to be India's biggest diplomatic outreach involving delegates from a large number of African nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Biggest-diplomatic-event-India-Africa-summit-from-October-26/articleshow/46691914.cms|title=Biggest diplomatic event: India-Africa summit from October 26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-government-pulls-out-all-stops-to-host-the-first-all-africa-summit-in-india/articleshow/48862655.cms|title=Narendra Modi government pulls out all stops to host the first all-Africa Summit in India|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=8 September 2015|accessdate=8 September 2015}}</ref>

==Background==
The Summit was earlier scheduled to be held in December 2014, with a three-year gap after the 2011 Summit in [[Addis Ababa]]. But [[Syed Akbaruddin]], the official spokesperson of [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Foreign Ministry]], told the media that the scheduled summit was postponed to 2015 and would include a higher number of African leaders unlike the previous two summits where the event was restricted to only 10–15 African countries. Although media reports claimed that [[Ebola]] outbreak in Western African nations played key role behind the postponement of the summit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Ebola-Scare-Pushes-India-Africa-Summit-to-2015/2014/09/21/article2441381.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927042144/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Ebola-Scare-Pushes-India-Africa-Summit-to-2015/2014/09/21/article2441381.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2014|title=Ebola Scare Pushes India-Africa Summit to 2015|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 September 2014|accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref>

Invitations were sent out to all 54 African nations through the respective Indian missions but it was not delivered only in Libya, as there is no government functioning at the time, and the Indian embassy also had to move to Tunisia. India's Foreign Minister [[Sushma Swaraj]] herself handed over the invitation to South African President [[Jacob Zuma]] during her visit to the African country in May 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/MEA-Overdrive-to-Ensure-India-Africa-Summit-a-Success/2015/05/20/article2823787.ece|title=MEA Overdrive to Ensure India-Africa Summit a Success|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|accessdate=4 June 2015}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-africa-summit-50-african-leaders-set-to-attend-115082000552_1.html|title=India-Africa Summit: 50 African leaders set to attend|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=20 August 2015|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref>

==Logo==
The logo depicts a lion with one half of an [[African lion]] and another half of an [[Indian lion]]. The official website mentioned about the logo: "Proud, Courageous, Bold and on the Prowl, ready to take on the future and seize every opportunity". In the background African map overlapping merges with Indian map in a reference to ancient [[Gondwanaland]] when Indian subcontinent used to be part of today's Africa's continental landmass millions of years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/proud-bold-and-on-the-prowl-the-india-africa-forum-summit-lion-115081301043_1.html|title=Proud, bold and on the prowl - the India-Africa Forum Summit lion|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=13 August 2015|accessdate=}}</ref>
The [[India Gate]], one of the iconic landmark of Delhi, the host city will be illuminated with 3D laser projection showing India-Africa shared heritage and India's contribution in African peace and prosperity, throughout the summit week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Laser-show-planned-at-India-Gate-in-October/articleshow/48780625.cms|title=Laser show planned at India Gate in October|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 September 2015|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref>

==Participants==
The host country, India, had sent invitations to all 54 African [[head of state]]/[[head of government|government]] and trying to ensure maximum participation at the highest level. As of September 2015, the following dignitaries were expected to attend the summit in Delhi, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/35-of-54-heads-of-state-to-attend-India-Africa-summit/articleshow/48841484.cms|title=35 of 54 heads of state to attend India-Africa summit|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 September 2015|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:14em" |Country
! Title
! Leader
|-
| {{flag|African Union}} || Chairperson || [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]]
|-
| {{DZA}} || Prime Minister || [[Abdelmalek Sellal]]
|-
| {{ANG}} || Vice President || [[Manuel Vicente]]
|-
| {{BEN}} || President || [[Yayi Boni]]
|-
| {{BOT}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs || [[Phandu Skelemani]]
|-
| {{BUR}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs || [[Moussa Nébié]]
|-
| {{BDI}} || First Vice President || [[Gaston Sindimwo]]
|-
| {{CPV}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs || Jorge Homero Tolentino Araujo
|-
| {{TCD}} || President || [[Idriss Déby]]
|-
| {{CMR}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs || [[Lejeune Mbella Mbella]]
|-
| {{flag|Central African Republic}} || Economic Advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs || Julienne Desiree Gaudeuille
|-
| {{COM}} || President || [[Ikililou Dhoinine]]
|-
| {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} || Minister of Industry and Mines || Brou Kasi Jean-Claude
|-
| {{flag|Republic of the Congo|name=Congo–Brazzaville}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs || [[Jean-Claude Gakosso]]
|-
| {{DJI}} || President || [[Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]]
|-
| {{flag|COD|name=DR Congo}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs || [[Raymond Tshibanda]]
|-
| {{EGY}} || President || [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]
|-
| {{flag|Eritrea}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs || [[Osman Saleh]]
|-
| {{GNQ}} || President || [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]
|-
| {{ETH}} || Prime Minister || [[Hailemariam Desalegn]]
|-
| {{GAB}} || President || [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]]
|-
| {{GMB}} || Vice President || [[Isatou Njie-Saidy]]
|-
| {{GHA}} || President || [[John Dramani Mahama]]
|-
| {{GUI}} || President || [[Alpha Condé]]
|-
| {{GNB}} || President || [[José Mário Vaz]]
|-
| {{KEN}} || President || [[Uhuru Kenyatta]]
|-
| {{LES}} || Prime Minister || [[Pakalitha Mosisili]]
|-
| {{LBR}} || President || [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]
|-
| {{LBY}} || Prime Minister || [[Abdullah al-Thani]]
|-
| {{MDG}} || President || [[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]]
|-
| {{MWI}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs || [[George Chaponda]]
|-
| {{MLI}} || President || [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta]]
|-
| {{MRT}} || President || [[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]
|-
| {{MUS}} || Prime Minister || [[Anerood Jugnauth]]
|-
| {{MAR}} || King || [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]]
|-
| {{MOZ}} || President || [[Filipe Nyusi]]
|-
| {{NAM}} || President || [[Hage Geingob]]
|-
| {{NER}} || President || [[Mahamadou Issoufou]]
|-
| {{NGA}} || President || [[Muhammadu Buhari]]
|-
| {{RWA}} || Prime Minister G|| [[Anastase Murekezi]]
|-
| {{STP}} || Prime Minister || [[Patrice Trovoada]]
|-
| {{SEN}} || President || [[Macky Sall]]
|-
| {{SEY}} || President || [[James Michel]]
|-
| {{SLE}} || President || [[Ernest Bai Koroma]]
|-
| {{SOM}} || President || [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]]
|-
| {{ZAF}} || President || [[Jacob Zuma]]
|-
| {{SSD}} || President || [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]
|-
| {{SUD}} || President || [[Omar AlBashir|Omar Hassan Ahamed Albashir]]
|-
| {{SWZ}} || King || [[Mswati III]]
|-
| {{TZA}} || Vice President || [[Mohamed Gharib Bilal]]
|-
| {{TOG}} || Minister of Foreign Affairs || [[Robert Dussey]]
|-
| {{TUN}} || Foreign Minister || [[Taïeb Baccouche]]
|-
| {{UGA}} || President || [[Yoweri Museveni]]
|-
| {{ZMB}} || Vice President || [[Inonge Wina]]
|-
| {{flag|Zimbabwe}} || President || [[Robert Mugabe]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://mea.gov.in/india-africa-forum-summit-2015/index.html#]

{{International fora on Africa}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

[[Category:2015 in international relations]]
[[Category:October 2015 in India]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Africa]]
[[Category:India–Africa relations]]
[[Category:21st century in New Delhi]]

Aurangabad district, Bihar

2026-03-11T19:59:16Z

SnehAnchliya: cleanup

{{Short description|District in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Aurangabad, Bihar|other uses|Aurangabad (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aurangabad district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Bihar|District]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Adari River.JPG
| image_caption = Adari River
| image_map = Bihar district location map Aurangabad.svg
| map_caption = Location of Aurangabad district in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|24.70|N|84.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Aurangabad, Bihar
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Magadh division|Magadh]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Aurangabad, Bihar]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 3305
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2,540,073
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 72.77%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 916
| leader_title = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
| leader_name = [[Abhay Kushwaha]]
| leader_title1 = District Magistrate & Collector
| leader_name1 =Shrikant Shastree [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title2 = Superintendent of police
| leader_name2 = Ambrish Rahul, [[Indian Police Service|I.P.S]]<ref>https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH2 now [[National Highway 19 NH 139(India)|NH19]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2016)}}
| blank_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.555<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324538742|title=Development of Human Development Index at District Level for EAG States|date=March 2016|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> ({{color|#fc0|medium}})
| website = {{URL|https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
| governing_body =
| government_type =
| leader_party =
}}
'''Aurangabad district''' is one of the thirty-eight [[districts of Bihar]] [[States and union territories of India|state]], India. It is currently a part of the [[Red Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |title=83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme |publisher=IntelliBriefs |date=11 December 2009 |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-date=27 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027115807/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aurangabad played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence struggle]],<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH
| title=First Bihar Deputy CM cum Finance Minister;Dr. A N Sinha
|author=Indian Post
| publisher=official Website
| access-date=20 May 2008
}}</ref> and is also the birthplace of eminent nationalist & first [[Deputy Chief Minister]] of state, Bihar Vibhuti Dr. [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]], a participant of [[Champaran Satyagraha]] who is regarded among makers of modern independent Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.exammaterial.com/aurangabad-districtbihar/ |title=Aurangabad district, Bihar · Exam MaterialExam Material |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020140140/http://www.exammaterial.com/aurangabad-districtbihar/ |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Aurangabad district occupies an area of {{convert|3389|km2|sqmi}},<ref name='Reference Annual'>{{cite book | editor = Srivastava, Dayawanti | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Bihar: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1118–1119 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Russia]]'s [[Vaygach Island]].<ref name='Islands'>{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 11 October 2011 | date = 18 February 1997 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Vaygach Island 3,329km2 | archive-date = 1 December 2015 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20151201081219/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] town is the administrative headquarters of this district. Aurangabad district is a part of [[Magadh division]].

Aurangabad became a fully-fledged district when it was split from the [[Gaya district]] in 1972. Aurangabad celebrates its formation day on every 26 January .<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date =11 October 2011 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 25 September 2011 | work = Statoids}}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2006, the Indian government named Aurangabad one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 36 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). Cultivation of Strawberry have significantly contributed to the economy of the farmers of the district. Many farmers from the south and south-west blocks e.g. Amba, Nabinagar Block are growing straberries and are gaining good profits.

The Famous GI tag holder [[Magahi Paan]] is also grown by the Chaurasia community of some villages from Deo block.<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

==History==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Welcome to Aurangabad Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Since the first Indian general elections in 1952, the [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad Lok Sabha Constituency]], which forms a part of Aurangabad district has elected Member of Parliament from Rajput caste only. Other family clans represented in Aurangabad include the Mauryans, Guptas and the Gahadavalas (locally spelt “Gadhwal, Gaharwal in Bihar”).

In ancient times, Aurangabad was located in the [[Mahajanapadas|Mahajanapada kingdom]] of Magadh (1200 – 322 BCE). The ancient rulers of the town included [[ Bimbisara]] (late 5th century BCE), [[Ajatashatru]] (early 4th century BCE), [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (321 – 298 BCE) and [[Ashoka]] (268 – 232 BCE).

During the rule of [[Sher Shah Suri]] (1486 – 1545 CE), Aurangabad became strategically important as part of the Rohtas Sirkar(district). After the death of Sher Shah Suri Aurangabad fell under the rule of Akbar. The [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] upsurge in the area was suppressed by [[Todar Mal]]. Some elements of Afghan architecture remain.

After the downfall of the [[Mughal Empire]], Aurangabad was ruled by the zamindars. the wealthy landowners, including those of [[Deo (clan)|Deo]], [[Kutumba]], Mali, [[Pawai]], Chandragarh, and Siris. The zamindars resisted British rule. For example, Fateh Narayan Singh of Deo, descendent of Shakti Singh, supported [[Kunwar Singh]] against the British.

In 1865, Bihar District was separated from [[Patna District]]. Aurangabad was made a subdivision of Bihar district. Stement was the first subdivisional officer of Aurangabad subdivision. The first Member of Parliament from the district was the former Chief Minister of Unified Bihar, [[Satyendra Narayan Singh]] (Chhote Saheb).

On 26 January 1973, Aurangabad district, Bihar was created (government notification number 07/11-2071-72 dated 19 January 1973). K. A. H. Subramanyam was the first district magistrate and Surjit Kumar Saha was the sub-divisional officer. This district has remained a hotbed of Dalit assertion as a part of Naxalite-Maoist insurgency. It has also witnessed caste wars between the Rajput landlords and [[Dalit]]s, the latter were led in this struggle by the peasant [[caste]]s like [[Koeri]] and [[Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/end-of-a-dynasty-in-chittorgarh-of-bihar-728009.html|title=End of a dynasty in 'Chittorgarh of Bihar'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612163248/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/end-of-a-dynasty-in-chittorgarh-of-bihar-728009.html|archive-date=12 June 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=10 April 2019 |accessdate=12 June 2022}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography |url=https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/demography/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.aurangabad.bih.nic.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! S.No. !! Description !! Value
|-
| 1 || Actual Population || 2,540,073
|-
| 2 || Male || 1,318,684
|-
| 3 || Female || 1,221,389
|-
| 4 || Population Growth || 26.18%
|-
| 5 || Area (Sq. Km) || 3,305
|-
| 6 || Density (/km²) || 769
|-
| 7 || Proportion to Bihar Population || 2.44%
|-
| 8 || Sex Ratio (per 1000 males) || 926
|-
| 9 || Child Sex Ratio (0–6 Age) || 944
|-
|10 || Average Literacy (%) || 70.32
|-
|11 || Male Literacy (%) || 80.11
|-
|12 || Female Literacy (%) || 59.71
|-
|13 || Total Child Population (0–6 Age) || 455,394
|-
|14 || Male Population (0–6 Age) || 234,256
|-
|15 || Female Population (0–6 Age) || 221,138
|-
|16 || Literates || 1,466,002
|-
|17 || Male Literates || 868,733
|-
|18 || Female Literates || 597,269
|-
|19 || Child Proportion (0–6 Age) || 17.93%
|-
|20 || Boys Proportion (0–6 Age) || 17.76%
|-
|21 || Girls Proportion (0–6 Age) || 18.11%
|}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Aurangabad district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Bihari Muslims|Islam]]|green|9.34}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.46}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Aurangabad district, Bihar has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,540,073,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Aurangabad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/252/download/658/DH_2011_1033_PART_A_DCHB_AURANGABAD.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Kuwait 2,595,62 | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> or the US state of [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Nevada 2,700,551 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 172nd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|760|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Aurangabad district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]] |value1 = 69.69 |color1 = crimson
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 24.68 |color2 = Orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 5.17 |color3 = Green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.46 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 69.69% of the population spoke [[Magahi language|Magahi]], 24.68% [[Hindi]] and 5.17% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
==Administrative Setup==
Aurangabad one of the important districts of South Bihar, is bounded on the north by [[Arwal district]], on the south by [[Palamu district]] of [[Jharkhand]], on the East by [[Gaya district]] and on the west by [[Sone River]] beyond which lies [[Rohtas district]]. The people of this district mainly speak [[Magahi]] and have largely taken up agriculture and other related activities as their occupation. The Grand Trunk Road[[National Highway 19 (India)|(NH-19)]] passes through the district and provides easy transport facility to [[Kolkata]] in the east and [[Delhi]] in the west. The district headquarters is at Aurangabad, about 170 kms from [[Patna]], the state capital.

==District Magistrate==
[[District Magistrate]] is posted in the district who is the top most official of Revenue and civil administration. He often belongs to [[I.A.S.]] cadre. District Magistrate conducts development and welfare works in the district. ADM and other officers are posted in order to help D.M.

==Superintendent of Police==
The [[Superintendent of Police]], Aurangabad is the head of the district police administration. The [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] are posted to assist the police superintendent who are either from the [[Indian Police Service]] or the [[Bihar Police|Bihar Police Service]]. In each subdivision of the district, the Deputy Superintendent of Police are posted who keep control on police administration.

==Judicial Administration==
Judicial Administration: The Judges and magistrates are posted at district and sub-division who administer and deliver justice of different kinds. The district judiciary is part of Indian judicial system as envisaged in [[Indian Constitution]] and independent of district administration.

==Sub-divisions(Tehsil)==
The district has been divided into two [[Subdivision (India)|subdivisions]], which are headed by sub-divisional officers either from [[I.A.S.]] or [[Bihar Public Service Commission|B.P.S.C.]] cadre. S.D.Os. are under direct authority of D.M.

#[[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
#[[Daudnagar]]

==Blocks==
These [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivisions]] are divided in 11 [[Community development block|development blocks]] where B.D.Os. are posted who undertake development and welfare projects. Aurangabad district has 1884 villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} Welcome to Aurangabad Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!CD Blocks
!Tehsil (Sub-division)
|-
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|-
| [[Barun, Bihar|Barun]]
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|-
| [[Nabinagar]]
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|-
| [[Kutumba Assembly constituency|Kutumba]]
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|-
| Madanpur
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|-
| [[Deo, Bihar|Deo]]
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|-
| [[Rafiganj]]
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|-
| [[Obra, Bihar|Obra]]
| [[Daudnagar]]
|-
| [[Daudnagar]]
| [[Daudnagar]]
|-
| [[Goh Assembly constituency|Goh]]
| [[Daudnagar]]
|-
| [[Haspura, Aurangabad|Haspura]]
| [[Daudnagar]]
|}

==Villages and Panchayats==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Block-wise distribution of Panchayats and Villages in Aurangabad district<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Welcome to Aurangabad Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>
! Sl. No. !! Block !! No. of Panchayats !! No. of Villages
|-
| 1 || [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] || 14 || 172
|-
| 2 || [[Barun, Bihar|Barun]] || 17 || 201
|-
| 3 || Madanpur || 18 || 124
|-
| 4 || [[Nabinagar]] || 25 || 352
|-
| 5 || [[Obra, Bihar|Obra]] || 20 || 152
|-
| 6 || [[Haspura, Aurangabad|Haspura]] || 14 || 73
|-
| 7 || [[Rafiganj]]|| 23 || 220
|-
| 8 || [[Deo, Bihar|Deo]] || 16 || 122
|-
| 9 || [[Kutumba Assembly constituency|Kutumba]] || 20 || 228
|-
|10 || [[Daudnagar]] || 15 || 64
|-
|11 || [[Goh Assembly constituency|Goh]] || 20 || 176
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Total''' || '''202''' || '''1,884'''
|}

== Politics ==

=== Constituencies ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTITUENCIES {{!}} Welcome to Aurangabad Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/constituencies/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Aurangabad district is represented in both the Parliament (Lok Sabha) and the Bihar Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha). The district is divided between two parliamentary constituencies—[[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]] and [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]—and includes six assembly constituencies.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies in Aurangabad District
! S.No !! District !! Parliamentary Constituency No. !! Parliamentary Constituency Name !! Assembly Constituency No. !! Assembly Constituency Name
|-
| 1 || Aurangabad || 35 || [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]] || 219 || [[Goh Assembly constituency|Goh]]
|-
| 2 || Aurangabad || 35 || [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]] || 220 || [[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]]
|-
| 3 || Aurangabad || 35 || [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]] || 221 || [[Nabinagar Assembly constituency|Nabinagar]]
|-
| 4 || Aurangabad || 37 || [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]] || 222 || [[Kutumba Assembly constituency|Kutumba]]
|-
| 5 || Aurangabad || 37 || [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]|| 223 || [[Aurangabad, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurangabad]]
|-
| 6 || Aurangabad || 37 || [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]] || 224 || [[Rafiganj Assembly constituency|Rafiganj]]
|}
{{transcluded section|source=18th Bihar Assembly}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|Aurangabad district, Bihar}}
|}

==Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Results==
Source:<ref>{{cite web |title= Results of Lok Sabha Constituencies of Bihar
|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/partywiseresult-S04.htm}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="2" |Parliamentary Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner<ref name="Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Results: Full List of winners on all 543 seats">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Results: Full List of winners on all 543 seats |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-winners-in-lok-sabha-elections-2024-9364542/ |access-date=18 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618161622/https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-winners-in-lok-sabha-elections-2024-9364542/ |archive-date=18 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
! colspan="4" |Runner Up
! colspan="1" |Margin
|-
!No.
!Name
!Candidate
!colspan=2| Party
!data-sort-type=number|Votes
!Candidate
!colspan=2| Party
!data-sort-type=number|Votes
!Votes
|-
|35
|[[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karakat]]
|[[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|3,80,581
|[[Pawan Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|2,74,723
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation }} ; color:white;" | 1,05,858
|-
|37
|[[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
|[[Abhay Kushwaha|Abhay Kumar Sinha]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|4,65,567
|[[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3,86,456
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal }} ; color:white;" | 79,111
|-
|}

==Tourism==
* [[Deo Surya Mandir]]
* [[Deo Fort]]
* [[Umga Sun Temple]]
* Biodiversity Park, Deo in Aurangabad district <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/aurangabad/story-biodiversity-park-will-open-to-the-general-public-next-year-page-4-flyer-9060135.html|title=अगले साल आम लोगों के लिए खुल जाएगा जैव विविधता पार्क पेज 4 फ्लायर |work=Live Hindustan}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Barun, India]] town in Aurangabad District
* [[Daudnagar]], A major town of Aurangabad district
* [[Deo, Bihar|Deo]], town in Aurangabad district
* [[Surkhi, Bihar|Surkhi]], a village in Aurangabad district
* [[Uphara]], a village in Aurangabad district

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/ Aurangabad information portal]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Aurangabad district
|North =
|Northeast = [[Arwal district]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Gaya district]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Palamu district]], Jharkhand
|West =
|Northwest = [[Rohtas district]]
}}

{{Aurangabad district, Bihar topics}}
{{Districts of Bihar}}
{{Magadh Division}}
{{Magadh Division topics}}
{{Son basin}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aurangabad district, Bihar| ]]
[[Category:Magadh division]]
[[Category:Districts of Bihar]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Bihar]]

Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar

2026-03-07T06:39:26Z

SnehAnchliya: update content and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian writer (1872–1948)}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Krishnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar
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| citizenship = Indian
| education = Deccan College
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| notableworks = Kichak Vadh
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{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
'''Krishnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar''' (25 November 1872 – 26 August 1948) was a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] writer from [[Bombay Presidency]], British India. George calls him "a prominent lieutenant of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokmanya Tilak]]". He was editor of [[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]], [[Lokmanya (newspaper)|Lokmanya]] and [[Nava Kaal|Navakal]]. The subject of '''navakal''' is political, trade and market price Khadilkar in the beginning of his career wrote prose-plays, but achieved "even greater recognition" with plays like ''Svayamvara'' – which had songs which were based on Indian classical music. The notability of his dramatic technique, in his fifteen plays, was to "endow ancient Hindu legends and tales with contemporary political significance".<ref name="GeorgeAkademi1995">{{cite book|author1=K. M. George|author2=Sahitya Akademi|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTXougCB-NMC&pg=PA449|accessdate=15 February 2012|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-783-5|pages=449–}}</ref> The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), remarks that while [[Annasaheb Kirloskar]] "laid the foundation of popular sangit natak", it saw its great rise and gradual decline with the advent of Khadilkar. It considers Khadilkar along with [[Bal Gandharva]] as "the architect of what later on came to be called the golden age of the Marathi drama".<ref name="Datta2006">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1088|accessdate=15 February 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1088–}}</ref>

In 1921, after Tilak's death, ''Lokmanya'' was founded by admirers of Tilak. Khadilkar assumed its editorship. In 1923 he resigned because of his support of Gandhi's position in division of nationalist political opinion, under opposition from the promoters who rejected it. In March 1923 Khadilkar started his own newspaper [[Nava Kaal]], which "supported [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s programme" and its editorials "preached Gandhi's philosophy.<ref name="(India)1972">{{cite book|author=National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|title=Quarterly journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bYiAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 February 2012|year=1972|publisher=[Bombay]}}</ref><ref name="TopeCulture1986">{{cite book|author1=Trimbak Krishna Tope|author2=Maharashtra State Board for Literature & Culture|title=Bombay and Congress movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHoeAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 February 2012|year=1986|publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Khadilkar was born on 25 November 1872 in [[Sangli]]. At the age of 15, he wrote a novel, and the next year he wrote a play. He received his B.A. degree in 1892 from [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]] in [[Pune]]. Out of his abiding interest in plays, he closely studied during his college years the plays of [[Sanskrit]] and English playwrights.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

==Association with Tilak==
In 1897, Khadilkar joined the editorial staff of Bal Gangadhar Tilak's daily ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'' (केसरी). His ideas and literary style so closely matched those of Tilak that the readers of ''Kesari'' never knew as to which of the two had written the editorials appearing in the newspaper. In 1908 the colonial government arrested Tilak on charges of sedition for an article written by Khadilkar.<ref name="Ramaswamy2003">{{cite book|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|title=Re-searching Indian women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oihkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=12 February 2012|year=2003|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-496-0}}</ref> Tilak was sentenced to six years [[Penal transportation|transportation]] to be served in [[Mandalay]].<ref name="Vohra2001">{{cite book|author=Ranbir Vohra|title=The making of India: a historical survey|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofindiahis00vohr|url-access=registration|accessdate=12 February 2012|year=2001|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-0711-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingofindiahis00vohr/page/113 113]–}}</ref>

During 1908–10, Khadilkar served as the chief editor of Tilak's English daily ''Maratha'' besides serving on the editorial board of ''Kesari''. In 1910, he left the editorship of both ''Kesari'' and ''Maratha'', but returned to work as the editor of ''Keasari'' during 1917–20.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

===Plotted Nepalese invasion of India===
Khadilkar was a part of plot that envisioned the invasion of India by the only indedendent Hindu King of a part of India: The king of Nepal. This invasion was to spark an uprising within the country in his support, so that India would be one sovereign Hindu state under the King of Nepal. Tilak's trusted lieutenants [[Vasukaka Joshi]] and Khadilkar, entered Nepal, "where they set up a tile factory, as a respectale front for an arms and munitions plant designed to supply to the invading Nepalese army." A Maharashtrian school teacher Mataji, introduced the two to the King of Nepal. They received a contract to retile the palace roof. They were joined by Hanmantrao Kulkarni of [[Jabalpur]] and Ketkar from [[Gwalior]]. The King of Nepal was influenced to send Nepalese students to Japan for technical training. Joshi went to Japan and the United States. The German arms manufacturing machinery never arrived. The plot never "even approached fruition".<ref name="Wolpert1962">{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Wolpert|title=Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India|url=https://archive.org/details/tilakgokhalerevo0000wolp|url-access=registration|accessdate=15 February 2012|year=1962|publisher=University of California Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tilakgokhalerevo0000wolp/page/326 326]–|id=GGKEY:49PR049CPBX}}</ref>

==Later career==
After Tilak's death in 1920, Khadilkar worked as the editor of daily ''Lokamanya'' (लोकमान्य) during 1921–23. In 1923, he founded daily [[Nava Kaal|Nava Kal]] (नवा काळ), which supported Gandhi.<ref name="(India)1972" /><ref name="TopeCulture1986" /> In 1929, British authorities imprisoned Khadilkar for a year for the crime of disloyalty to the colonial government.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} His grandson, Neelkanth Khadilkar (1934-2019) later served as editor of Nava Kal, and was known for his front page editorials. In 1920s, more than hundred years after it was founded, the newspaper is run by Neelkanth's three daughters - Vasanti Unni, Jayashri, and Rohini Khadilkar, who were known as chess prodigies around 1980. <ref>https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/nilkanth-khadilkar-the-scribe-who-criticised-balasaheb-thackeray-but-also-shared-an-excellent-rapport-with-him/articleshow/72183725.html</ref>

Khadilkar presided over [[Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]] at [[Nagpur]] in 1933.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

He died on 26 August 1948.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

==''Kichak Vadh''==

''Kichak Vadh'' (The Slaying of Kichak) (1907) is a play based on an episode in the [[Mahabharat]],<ref name="Hochmaninc1984">{{cite book|author1=Stanley Hochman|author2=McGraw-Hill, inc|title=McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of world drama: an international reference work in 5 volumes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo5os6d0rvMC&pg=PA38|accessdate=13 February 2012|year=1984|publisher=VNR AG|isbn=978-0-07-079169-5|pages=38–}}</ref> [[Kichak]] is a minister at the court of Virat who attempts to molest [[Draupadi]], he is assassinated by her husband [[Bhima]] as a result. The play was a manifestation of resistance to British rule. This molestation is used as a metaphor for the policies of the British colonial government in India. Kichak represented [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]]: [[Viceroy]] to the King, just as Kichak was minister to King Virat; Draupadi represented India and Bhima represented an extremist nationalist, in contrast to [[Yudhishthira|Yudhishtar]], standing for moderate nationalism. ''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature...'' states that "Kichaka was cast in the mould of the then Viceroy, Lord Curzon, and some of his aggressively arrogant utterances (like, 'the rulers are rulers and the slaves are slaves') found direct echoes in the words of Kichaka, while the popular mood of resentment and revolt was vehemently expressed by the fiery speeches of Draupadi and Bhima"<ref name="DattaAkademi1987">{{cite book|author1=Amaresh Datta|author2=Sahitya Akademi|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 February 2012|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> Bhatia considers that the playwright contrasts the aggression and hatred of the government for its colonial subjects with the resistance of those who attempt rescue the nation from colonial evils. Themes of sacrifice, war and duty "sharpened the quest of freedom". The play was an allegorical attack on the colonial government.<ref name="Bhatia2004">{{cite book|author=Nandi Bhatia|title=Acts of authority, acts of resistance: theater and politics in colonial and postcolonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIr2TX3NiAwC&pg=PA46|accessdate=12 February 2012|date=20 May 2004|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-11263-0|pages=46–}}</ref> Nagendra considers the play as a notable example of the use of a mythological character as a symbol of oppression.<ref name="Nagendra1989">{{cite book|author=Nagendra|title=Jayashankar Prasad his Mind and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZEk3D2-4e8C&pg=PA172|accessdate=12 February 2012|year=1989|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|pages=172–}}</ref>

===Audience reaction to Kichak Vadh===
[[Ignatius Valentine Chirol]]'s 1910 book ''Indian Unrest'' describes the play's plot and explains the allegories. According to Chirol, the play provides a response to [[John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn]], who ridiculed the boast of radical nationalists that they could free their country and defend it from invaders. Chirol suggests that any Englishman who saw the play would remember vividly the tense scowling face of the men as they watch the outrages of Kichak and tearful eyes of the ladies as they watch "Draupadi's entreaties", "their scorn for Yudhishthira's tameness, their admiration of Bhima's passionate protests, and the deep hum of satisfaction which approves the slaughter of the tyrant."<ref name="Indian Unrest">{{cite book|title=Indian Unrest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABDCwzf5Za8C&pg=PA337|accessdate=13 February 2012|publisher=Forgotten Books|isbn=978-1-4400-7748-7|pages=337–}}</ref>

===Ban===
The Press Act in India was requested for sanction by the Government of India, in response to the sudden rise in revolutionary activities in 1909. Morley refused in deference to hostile reactions from the English public and "'Friends of India' members of the Parliament." [[Charles Augustus Kincaid|Kincaid]] was asked to write on the "seditious climate fostered by the native papers". Kincaid wrote four articles in the Times, amongst them was "A seditious play of the Deccan', a critique of the Marathi play Kichak Vadh by K. P. Khadilkar" as an example of sedition.<ref name="DossalMaloni1999">{{cite book|author1=Mariam Dossal|author2=Ruby Maloni|title=State intervention and popular response: western India in the nineteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EkGKKvJ0lsC&pg=PA166|accessdate=12 February 2012|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-855-2|pages=166–}}</ref> These articles written on 18 January 1910, not only hastened the passage of the India Press Act of 1910 but also called for Kichak Vadh to be banned. The articles were reproduced by [[The Times of India]] and Bombay Gazette on 5 and 7 February 1910 respectively. The play was finally banned.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram'' mentions that "the London Times, in an eloquent outburst against this play, said in effect, Khadilkar is a most dangerous extremist, and Kichak Vadha is a cleverly veiled incitement to murder the European officials."<ref name="DattaAkademi1987"/>

==Plays==
The following is the list of Khadilkar's plays:<ref name="bharatnatyamandir">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatnatyamandir.org/Eng/MarathiTheatrePDF/KrishnajiPrabhakar.pdf|title=Krishnaji Prabhakar alias Kakasaheb Khadilkar|work=bharatnatyamandir.org|publisher=Bharat Natya Sanshodhan Mandir|accessdate=15 February 2012|location=Pune}}</ref>
# ''Savai Madhavrao Yancha Mrutyu'' (सवाई माधवराव यांचा मृत्यु)(1895–96)<ref name="Akademi1995">{{cite book|author=Sangeet Natak Akademi|title=Sangeet natak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZCfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 February 2012|year=1995}}</ref>
# ''Bhaubandaki'' (भाऊबंदकी) (1909): Described as his last political play.<ref name="BallhatchetTaylor1984">{{cite book|author1=Kenneth Ballhatchet|author2=David D. Taylor|author3=University of London. Centre of South Asian Studies|title=Changing South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z848AAAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 February 2012|year=1984|publisher=Published for the Centre of South Asian Studies in the School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London, by Asian Research Service}}</ref>
# ''Kanchangadachi Mohana'' (कांचनगडची मोहना)
# ''Manapman'' (मानापमान) (1911)<ref name="Datta2006" />
# ''Swayamvar'' (स्वयंवर) (1916)<ref name="Datta2006" />
# ''Keechak-Wadh'' (कीचकवध) (1906)<ref name="Ramaswamy2003" />
# ''Menaka'' (मेनका)
# ''Widyaharan'' (विद्याहरण) (1913)<ref name="Ramaswamy2003" />
# ''Sawitri'' (सावित्री)
# ''Draupadi'' (दौपदी) (1920)<ref name="Ramaswamy2003" />
# ''Sawati Matsar'' (सवतीमत्सर)
# ''Satwa Pariksha'' (सत्त्वपरीक्षा))
# ''Bayakanche Banda'' (बायकांचे बंड)<ref name="Lal2004">{{cite book|author=Ananda Lal|title=The Oxford companion to Indian theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=16 February 2012|date=20 September 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564446-3}}</ref>
# ''Tridandi Sanyas'' (त्रिदंडी संन्यास)
# ''Prem''

Sarkar considers Khadilkar a versatile genius who created "several types of womanhood in some of his dramas in verse." Vidyaharan (Stealing of learning) "will be found to be more complex in treatment of the relations between the sexes than is [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s Chitra. ... Rukmini-swayamvara (The Choosing of her husband by Rukmini) and Draupadi, Marathas can see the female sex in its atmosphere of freedom, individualism." He notes that Kirloskar was "a genuine poet in whose songs the people find the flow of the soul which as a rule is not characteristic of Khadilkar's compositions"<ref name="Sarkar1922">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Benoy Kumar|title=THE FUTURISM OF YOUNG ASIA AND OTHER ESSAYS ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST |publisher=Julius Springer|location=Berlin|year=1922|chapter=Songs of the Marathas|url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/benoy-kumar-sarkar/the-futurism-of-young-asia-and-other-essays-on-the-relations-between-the-east-a-hci/page-33-the-futurism-of-young-asia-and-other-essays-on-the-relations-between-the-east-a-hci.shtml|accessdate=17 February 2012}}</ref> According to [[Padma Anagol]], [[Girijabai Kelkar]] wrote ''Purushanche Band'' to counteract the "effects of vilification of Indian women in Khadilkar's ''Striyancha Band''".<ref name="Anagol2005">{{cite book|first=Padma|last=Anagol|title=The emergence of feminism in India, 1850–1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YICroPrSyz4C&pg=PA230|accessdate=17 February 2012|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-3411-9|pages=230–}}</ref>

===Revised Sangeet Maanapmaan===
A revised version of Sangeet Maanapmaan played in [[Maharashtra]] in 2011–2012, the centenary year of the play's first performance. It has been revised by [[Rahul Deshpande]]. "Originally, the play has five parts with around 52 classical songs. Deshpande's version will have two parts and 22 classical songs."<ref name="bengrut">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/act-100/888011/|title=Act 100|last=Bengrut|first=Dheeraj|date=15 December 2011|work=indianexpress.com|publisher=The Indian Express Limited|accessdate=15 February 2012|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

==References==
{{Wikisourcelang|mr|साहित्यिक:कृष्णाजी प्रभाकर खाडिलकर|कृष्णाजी प्रभाकर खाडिलकर}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Marathi Theatre}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khadilkar, Krushnaji Prabhakar}}
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Carmo Rod

2026-03-05T02:17:00Z

SnehAnchliya: adding first pg w/ refs

{{short description|Indian singer and director (1939–1975)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Carmo Rod
| image = Carmo Rod.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Rodrigues during his youth
| birth_name = Carmo Piedade Rodrigues
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|7|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Assolna]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1975|8|13|1939|7|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]] (now Mumbai), India
| notable_works = ''[[Nirmon]]'' (1966)
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|playwright|theatre director}}
| years_active = 1960s–1970s
}}

'''Carmo Piedade Rodrigues''' (16 July 1939 – 13 August 1975), known professionally as '''Carmo Rod''', was an Indian singer, playwright, and [[theatre director]] known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Carmo Piedade Rodrigues was born on 16 July 1939 in [[Assolna]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He was born to Caetano Jose Rodrigues and the [[homemaker]] Maria Avelina Cardoso, who hailed from [[Cuncolim]] into a [[Goan Catholic]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Pedro Francisco |date=1939 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030120953/https://goaonline.gov.in/ |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Goa Online}}</ref>

==Career==
Rodrigues achieved fame for his composition "Nach Atanche" in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] ''[[Nirmon]]'', where it was picturised on the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actor A. R. Souza Ferrao. The song encountered challenges regarding suitable performers, but Rodrigues showcased his talent, earning him the opportunity to deliver a standout performance in the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-10 |title=Tiatr Ani Tiatrist |url=http://www.goa-world.com/goa/tiatr%26tiatrist/p48.htm |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Goa World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310200207/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/tiatr%26tiatrist/p48.htm |archive-date=2016-03-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Wilson Mazarello]], in his observations, characterizes Rodrigues as a singer with a distinctive style, known for his involvement as a [[crooner]] in the band AVC Pops alongside fellow band member Johnny Boy in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famous for his flourish on stage |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=119172 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108122157/http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=119172 |url-status=live }}</ref> Singing came naturally to Rodrigues, and his contributions to ''[[tiatrs]]'', the [[Goan]] [[musical theater]] tradition, garnered significant applause. He lent his voice to productions by ''[[tiatrist]]s'' such as [[C. Alvares]], [[M. Boyer]], Jacint Vaz, [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], and Robin Vaz, among others.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |language=en |access-date=2024-01-08 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rodrigues is particularly known for his popular solo track "Don Panam," which resonated with the sentiments of preserving Goan identity during the [[Goa Opinion Poll|1967 Opinion Poll]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-07-23 |title=TAG to remember tiatrists of yesteryears – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/07/23/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-tiatrists-of-yesteryears/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108122204/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/07/23/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-tiatrists-of-yesteryears/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This song captured the outcome of the poll and evoked a sense of pride and preservation among Goans.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-07-22 |title=TAG to remember tiatr artistes of yesteryears – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/07/22/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears-2/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108122125/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/07/22/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His last documented appearance was in Jephsis Hitler's ''tiatr Bhau ani Zhau'' before his departure for [[Kuwait]].<ref name=":0" />

According to ''[[The Navhind Times]]'', Rodrigues possessed a captivating voice and exhibited the ability to sing in both Konkani and English. His vocals led to numerous requests for him to perform the number "Nach Atanche."<ref name=":1" /> Alongside fellow ''tiatrists'' M. Boyer, [[Kid Boxer]], M. Dod de Verna, and the Trio Kings Conception-Nelson-Anthony, Rodrigues actively contributed to strengthening the effort to oppose mergers during the 1967 Opinion Poll.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-16 |title=The exciting run-up to the 1967 Goa Opinion Poll |url=https://issuu.com/mygoa/docs/md_my_goa_jan_15__web |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=My Goa |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226034842/https://issuu.com/mygoa/docs/md_my_goa_jan_15__web |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, he upheld a strong connection with [[John Claro]], participating in his ''tiatrs'' alongside A.M.B. Rose and Domnick Vaz.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Sa |first=Victor |date=27 July 2012 |title=Late Tiatrists remembered at Somplolea Tiatristancho Ugddas |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210194355/https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |archive-url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg90141.html |archive-date=27 July 2012 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]}}</ref> In addition to his singing prowess, Rodrigues ventured into writing and directing, creating a ''tiatr'' titled ''Girestkayek Lobdon''. He also lent his vocal talents to the Konkani film ''Yam-Bam-Boh''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=J. P. |date=2013-05-18 |title=Adle Tiatr ani Tiatrist |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/18_may_avaz |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826080650/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/18_may_avaz |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout his career, Rodrigues composed approximately five ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
A few years after moving to [[Kuwait]], Rodrigues died on 13 August 1975<ref name=":1" /> at a hospital in [[Bombay, Maharashtra]]. In line with his final request, he was laid to rest in [[Goa, India]].<ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1966
|''[[Nirmon]]''
|Singer
|Debut film
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Yam-Bam-Boh''
|Singer
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|
|''Girestkayek Lobdon''
|Writer/director
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|
|''Bhau ani Zhau''
|
|Final production
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==Select discography==
*''Nach Atanche'' (1966)<ref name=":1" />
*''Don Panam'' (1967)<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rod, Carmo}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]

Priyanka Penchi

2026-03-04T19:59:57Z

SnehAnchliya:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Priyanka Meena
| office1 = Member of the [[16th Madhya Pradesh Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Chachoura Assembly constituency|Chachoura]]
| term_start1 = December 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|02|03}}
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Praduman Meena
| education = [[Bachelor of Technology]]
| alma_mater = [[Rajasthan Technical University]]
}}
'''Priyanka Penchi''' (born 1991)<ref name="mn" /> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She is a member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Chachoura Assembly constituency]] in [[Guna district]]. She won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=डिप्टी कमिश्नर के घर हमला; पत्नी ने पूर्व विधायक के पति को कहा गुंडा, शख्स ने पूछा- देवी जी... |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/guna-irs-praduman-meena-house-attack-priyanka-penchi-accuses-ex-mla-mamta-husband-retired-ips-raghuvir-singh-meena-mpns-4228537.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Candidates Detail: Priyanka Penchi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-elections/priyanka-penchi-candidate-26360 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Penchi is from [[Chachoura]], Guna district, Madhya Pradesh, India. She married Praduman Meena, an Indian Revenue Service [IRS] officer.<ref name="mn">{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=119 |title=Priyanka Penchi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHACHOURA(GUNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |publisher=myneta.info |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> She completed her graduation in [[Bachelor of Technology]] (Electrical and electronics) at [[Rajasthan Technical University]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], in 2014.<ref name="mn" />

== Early Political Career ==
Priyanka Penchi began her political career by contesting the [[District council (India)|Zila Panchayat]] member election in 2022. She lost to former MLA [[Mamta Meena]] by 235 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पहले ही मैच में दिग्विजय सिंह के भाई को बोल्ड करने वाली बीजेपी की प्रियंका पेंची कौन? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/guna/mp-election-2023-who-is-31-year-old-priyanka-penchi-meena-defeated-digvijay-singh-brother-laxman-singh-in-first-match/articleshow/105789479.cms |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> Later in February 2023, Penchi joined BJP.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MP Political News: IRS अधिकारी की पत्नी ने थामा BJP का दामन, वीडी शर्मा ने दिलाई सदस्यता|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/madhya-pradesh/state/guna/mp-irs-officer-wife-join-bjp-priyanka-meena-joins-bjp-with-thousands-of-supporters/mp20230227113847603603132|website=ETV Bharat News|date=2023-02-27|language=hi|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat}}</ref>

== Career ==
Priyanka Penchi was elected to the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for the first time in the 2023 elections, representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from the [[Chachoura Assembly constituency]]. She secured 110,254 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 61,570 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |title=priyanka madhya-pradesh chachoura candidate Profile, Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP Telugu News |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/elections/priyanka-madhya-pradesh-chachoura-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Penchi(प्रियंका पेंछी) Of Chachoda (Madhya Pradesh) Constituency Election Results 2023 - NDTV.in |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2023/priyanka-penchi-12030-1 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=mpcg.ndtv.in}}</ref> Penchi was nominated as the BJP candidate for the Chachoura Assembly constituency, ahead of former MLA Mamta Meena, who contested the 2018 assembly elections on a BJP ticket and lost to Lakshman Singh, brother of former chief minister [[Digvijaya Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |title=priyanka madhya-pradesh chachoura candidate Profile, Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP Desam |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/elections/priyanka-madhya-pradesh-chachoura-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-BJP MLA Mamta Meena Joins AAP In Madhya Pradesh Ahead Of Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-bjp-mla-mamta-meena-joins-aap-in-madhya-pradesh-ahead-of-polls-4411518 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-20 |title=Denied assembly ticket, BJP's 'ghayal sherni' quits party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/denied-assembly-ticket-bjps-ghayal-sherni-quits-party/articleshow/103804581.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In June 2025, Penchi wrote a letter to the chief minister Mohan Yadav making allegations on Guna district Superintendent of Police Ankit Soni. She objected to some police transfers in her constituency some of which were stayed later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=Guna BJP MLA accuses SP of mental torture: Priyanka Panchi writes to CM Yadav, alleging daily harassment through fabricated stories, says she's targeted for being a woman - Madhya Pradesh News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/mp/news/bjp-mla-priyanka-penchi-says-sp-mentally-harassing-her-writes-to-cm-alleges-daily-false-stories-against-her-135294969.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MP में BJP की सबसे युवा MLA ने CM मोहन को लिखी चिट्ठी, SP पर लगाया बड़ा आरोप |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/mp/bjp-mla-priyanka-penchi-wrote-letter-to-cm-mohan-yadav-accusing-guna-sp-of-mental-harassment/2812757 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> Later, Gwalior range IGP Arvind Saxena said that the issue was resolved.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-24 |title=BJP MLA alleges harassment over transfers, says targeted for being woman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bjp-mla-alleges-harassment-over-transfers-says-targeted-for-being-woman/articleshow/122032594.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Penchi, Priyanka}}
[[Category:People from Guna, India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri

2026-03-03T22:14:59Z

SnehAnchliya: Stub

{{Short description|Indian scholar, poet, astrologer, composer and mathematician (c. 1540-1610)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri''' (Nārāyaṇa of Mahiṣamaṅgalṃ) (c. 1540–1610) was an Indian scholar, Poet, Astrologer, Composer and Mathematician belonging to the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]].<ref name="SarmaKriya">{{cite book |last1=K. V. Sarma |title=Lilavati Of Bhaskaracharya With Kriya Karmakari Of Shankara And Narayana |date=1975 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute |location=Hoshiarpur, Panjab |pages=xxii-xxiv |url=https://archive.org/details/zNEE_lilavati-of-bhaskaracharya-with-kriya-karmakari-of-shankar-and-narayan-by-k.-v.-/page/n25/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=Sarma>{{cite book |last1=K. V. Sarma |title=A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy |date=1972 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University, Hoshiarpur |url=https://archive.org/details/KeralaSchoolOfAstronomy|access-date=15 July 2014| pages=57–58}}</ref> Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri hailed from [[Peruvanam]] village in present-day Thrissur district in Kerala. His father was [[Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Śaṅkaran Naṃpūtiri]] himself a respected scholar and writer who had authored a large number of books on astronomy and astrology in the vernacular [[Malayalam]] language in an effort to popularize astronomy among the lay public.

There is a legend to the effect that in the early days of his life Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri was a spendthrift and lived a wayward life. One day, at the place of the performance of a ''yāga'', he was hugely insulted for his ignorance of ''veda''-s and other scriptures, and being deeply humiliated he left to ''Chola'' country, spent several years there and returned as a great scholar in ''veda''-s, ''śrauta-śāstra'' and ''smārtta-sāstra'' to the amazement of those who had insulted him earlier. Thereafter, he used to be given a respectful and prominent place at the performance in all such rituals, and even after his death, his spiritual presence used to be invoked on the occasion of the performance of the rituals. His highly respected work ''Smārta-prāyaścitta-vimarśinī'' stands testimony to his deep knowledge of ''veda''-s and other scriptures.<ref name=Ulloor/>

His deep knowledge in astronomy and mathematics is reflected in his works. When Śaṅkara Vāriyar, who was composing an erudite and elaborate commentary on ''Līlāvatī'', had to abandon his work due to some inconveniences while he was half-way through the work the task of completing the commentary was entrusted to Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri. The commentary known as ''Kriyākramakarī'' is of the joint authorship of Śaṅkara Vāriyar and Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri. This commentary has become a very valuable source of information regarding the mathematical achievements of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.<ref name=SarmaKriya/>

Initially Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri was staying at his ancestral home at Peruvanam. Later he moved to [[Thrissur]] and took up the position of the chief priest of the local [[Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple]]. While at Thrissur, he married a Brāhmaṇi, a woman of the [[Nambeesan]] caste. There was a custom of these Brāhmaṇi-s performing ritualistic singing of devotional songs on the occasions marriage ceremonies. The songs sung during these rituals are called Brāhmaṇi songs. Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri composed as many as five such songs for the benefit of his wife.<ref name=Ulloor>{{cite book |last1=Ulloor S. Paramesvara Aiyer |title=Kerala Sahithya Charithram Part II |date=September 1954 |publisher=Department of Publications, University of Travancore |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/292/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=15 July 2024}} (pages 293-301)</ref>

== Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri's works ==

=== Work on expiatory rituals ===

Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri's reputation rests mainly on his literary works and on his ''magnum opus'' titled ''Smārta-prāyaścitta-vimarśinī'', a work dealing with expiatory rituals. This treatise deals with the expiatory rituals to be carried out in connection with the performance of mega-rituals like [[Somayajna]] and is very popular in Kerala.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

=== Astronomy and mathematics ===

In one of the verses in ''Smārta-prāyścitta-vimarśinī'', the author has described himself as a ''gaṇitavid'' (meaning, "scholar in mathematics"). There are not many works authored by him which can be cited in support of this appellation. An important work that can be cited in this context is a part commentary on [[Bhāskara II]]'s ''[[Līlāvatī]]''. The first half of this commentary called ''Kriyākramakarī'' (up to verse 199 in ''Līlāvatī'') has been composed by [[Sankara Variyar|Śaṅkara Vāriyar]], a prominent member of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, and the commentary on the remaining verses was composed by Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri.<ref name=SarmaKriya/> Two other works on astronomy have been identified as authored by Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri: One of them is a brief commentary called ''Karmadīpikā'' or ''Karmapradīpikā'' on the textual verses in ''Līlāvatī'' and the other is a treatise in five chapters, titled ''Uparāgakriyākrama'', on some new methods for the computation of lunar and solar eclipses.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

=== Literary works in Sanskrit ===

* ''[[Vyavahāramālā]]'': A work on Indian jurisprudence (Full text is available in the Internet Archive at the link [https://archive.org/details/vyavaharamalavenkatasarmavidyabhusanvenkataramasharmaanandashram121_202003_736_N/mode/2up?view=theater HERE].)<ref>For a detailed account of the work, see the PhD thesis on ''Vyavahaaramālā'' submitted to Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskri in 2008: {{cite book |last1=Rajee P V |title=Vyavaharamala _ a text on Indian jurisprudence |date=2008 |publisher=Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskri |hdl=10603/135998 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/135998 |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>
* ''Mahiṣamaṅgalaṃ Bhāṇaṃ'' (Full text is available in the Internet Archive at the link [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277117/mode/2up?view=theater HERE]. Full text with translation and detailed explanations in Malayalam is available at the link [https://ksaorg.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/uploads/2023/04/V65-1894.pdf HERE].)
* ''Uttara Rāmaayaṇa Caṃpu''
* ''Rāsakrīdā Kāvyaṃ''

=== Literary works in Malayalam ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 800px;|
* ''Naiṣadham'' (''[[Champu|caṃpu]]'')
* ''Rājarathnāvalīyam'' (''caṃpu'')
* ''Koṭiyaviraham'' (''caṃpu'')
* ''Bānayuddham'' (''caṃpu'')
* ''Rāsakrīḍa'' (Brāhmaṇi songs)
* ''Viṣṇumayācaritam'' (Brāhmaṇi songs)
* ''Tirunṛittam'' (Brāhmaṇi songs)
* ''Dārikavadham'' (Brāhmaṇi songs)
* ''Pārvatīstuti'' (Brāhmaṇi songs)
}}

== Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri: the inventor of ''pañcāri mēḷaṃ'' ==

[[Panchari Melam|Pañcāri mēḷaṃ]] is a percussion ensemble, performed during temple festivals in Kerala, India.<ref>Watch an autheentic performance of the ''Pañcāri mēḷaṃ'' in YouTube: {{YouTube|id=8_jTEm1tm64|title=Panchari Melam under the leadership of Padmasree Peruvanam Kuttan Marar perforemed at Arattupuzha Sree Sastha Temple in January 2021}}</ref> It is one of the major forms of ''ceṇṭa mēḷaṃ'' (ethnic drum ensemble), and is the best-known and most popular drum ensemble in the ''kṣtra-vādyaṃ'' (temple percussion) genre. Pañcāri mēḷaṃ, comprises the instruments ''ceṇḍa'', ''ilattāḷaṃ'', ''koṃbu'' and ''kuzhal''. It was Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri, with the support of Pandarathil Raman Marar, who conceptualized, designed and helped to perform first the percussion ensemble known as ''pañcāri mēḷaṃ''. According to traditions, the first performance took place in the precincts of Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple.<ref>{{cite news |last1=V. Kaladharan |title=And the beats goes on . . . |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/Peruvanam-in-Thrissur-is-the-nerve-centre-of-Melam/article17352967.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 February 2017 |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Urakam to celebrate 500 years of panchari melam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/urakam-to-celebrate-500-years-of-panchari-melam/articleshow/28201892.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=January 2014 |publisher=Times of India |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=txrFjrt4vrs|title=Panchari Melam History By Chakkamkulam Appu Marar}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Śaṅkaran Naṃpūtiri]]
* [[List of astronomers and mathematicians of the Kerala school]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Additional reading==

* More detailed information about the works of Mazhamaṅgalam Nārāyaṇan Nampūtiri is available in the classic multi-volume Malayalam work "''Kerala Sahithya Charithram''" ("''History of Literature in Kerala''") by Ulloor S. Paramesvara Aiyer: {{cite book |last1=Ulloor S. Paramesvara Aiyer |title=Kerala Sahithya Charithram Part II |date=September 1954 |publisher=Department of Publications, University of Travancore |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/292/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=15 July 2024}} (pages 293–301)
* For a detailed description of the structure of ''pañcāri mēḷaṃ'' see: {{cite journal |last1=Vishnu Achutha Menon and Boobalakrishnan. N |title=The Rhythmic Structure of Melam |journal=The Chitralekha Journal on Art and Design |date=2020 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–14 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343235630 |access-date=16 July 2024}}.

{{Kerala School}}
{{Malayalam Literature|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Scientists of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]
[[Category:Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]

Broker (2010 film)

2026-03-03T21:51:23Z

SnehAnchliya: adding first article and citations!

{{short description|2010 Indian film by R.P. Patnaik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Broker
| native_name =
| image = Broker (2010 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| producer = Maddineni Ramesh Venkat Vardineni
| writer =
| story =
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| starring = R. P. Patnaik [[Asha Saini]] [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
| music = R. P. Patnaik
| cinematography = [[Sarath Mandava]]
| editing = S. B. Uddhav
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2010|12|31|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=|title=Broker to bid goodbye!|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/11362/tollywood/broker-to-bid-goodbye-news-details|website=supergoodmovies.com|publisher=Supergood Movies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728071304/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/11362/tollywood/broker-to-bid-goodbye-news-details|archive-date=28 July 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Broker''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[political thriller film]] written, directed and composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]] who also portrays the lead role in the film.<ref>{{cite web|last1=|title=Music Director RP Patnaik's new film 'Broker'|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/6276/tollywood/music-director-rp-patnaik-s-new-film-broker-news-details|website=supergoodmovies.com|publisher=Supergood Movies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728071029/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/6276/tollywood/music-director-rp-patnaik-s-new-film-broker-news-details|archive-date=28 July 2016|url-status=usurped|date=20 June 2010}}</ref> The Kannada film ''[[Agraja]]'' (2014) was loosely inspired from this film. A sequel titled ''Broker 2'' was released in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Broker-2/movie-review/35815522.cms |title=Broker-2 Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520102006/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Broker-2/movie-review/35815522.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
Ganapati alias Gani is a mediator who has a lot of contacts with politicians and government officers. Several people approach him and offer bribe to the officials to get their things done quickly. He is the right hand of a big politician in dealing with land encroachments. He also saves a corrupt officer Dharmateja when ACB officials rides his house and got suspended. Many people suffer due to this. Once he helps his old teacher to receive his retirement benefits in exchange for a bribe. Being principled, he kills himself when he learns of it. Gani also loses his son in a fly-over collapse incident. Gani helped the contractor in getting the project from officials through bribes. His wife hates him because of his lobbying job. But he continues.

He meets Dharmateja and knows about his charity work. He explains to him why he is a changed man now. Gani feels guilty for all his past actions, and goes to a TV studio to reveal all the connections he had with corrupt officials and the amount of money they had taken as bribes. He reveals a couple of connections which shocks everybody. Then he refuses to reveal all the names, requesting those corrupt officials reveal themselves. Many calls from throughout the state inundate the TV station. The Chief minister declares that there would no cases against those who voluntarily surrendered their illegal money and it would be utilized for the people.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[R. P. Patnaik]] as Ganapathi
* [[Asha Saini]] as Ganapathi's wife
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Corrupt politician
* [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] as a retired school teacher
* [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as Dharma Teja
* [[M. V. S. Haranatha Rao]] as Chief Minister
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as a corrupt officer
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Surya Prakash, TV9 journalist
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as CBI Officer
* [[Veda Sastry]] as Harini, TV9 Reporter
* Surekha Vani as Surekha, Dharma Teja's wife
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Flyover Builder
* [[Keerthi Chawla]] as Film actress Urvasi (guest appearance)
* [[Shankar Melkote]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as a man who sells plots on the moon
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Inspector Surya, Harini's fiancé
* Giri
}}

== Production ==
[[Srihari]] signed the film to fulfill a promise after [[R. P. Patnaik]] sang in one of his films. He plays a broker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Creating-a-niche-image/article15608204.ece|title=Creating a niche image|newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 December 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The album consists of five songs composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].<ref>http://www.atozmp3.in/broker-2010-telugu-mp3-songs-download.html</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kukka Thoka Vankara
| extra1 = Simha
| title2 = Atu Vangapadu
| extra2 = [[Varikuppala Yadagiri]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| title3 = Purudu Posthe Lancham
| extra3 = Priya Subrahmanyam
| title4 = Sare Jahase Acha
| extra4 = [[Sreerama Chandra]]
| title5 = Bolo Jai Jai Jai Ganapathi
| extra5 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was scheduled to release on11 December 2010 but was delayed to 31 December.<ref>{{cite web|last1=|title=Broker goes back|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/10906/tollywood/broker-goes-back-news-details|website=supergoodmovies.com|publisher=Supergood Movies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728070533/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/10906/tollywood/broker-goes-back-news-details|archive-date=28 July 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

A critic from ''SuperGoodMovies.com'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "''Broker'' is a fine film and works partly for the people who likes to watch serious cinema. On the commercial front it has very less chances to survive but will bag a couple of awards for the honesty factor".<ref>{{cite web|last1=|title=Broker Movie Review|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/11479/tollywood/broker-movie-review-movie-review-details|website=supergoodmovies.com|publisher=Supergood Movies|accessdate=10 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726063353/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/11479/tollywood/broker-movie-review-movie-review-details|archive-date=26 July 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer]] – [[R. P. Patnaik]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1815623}}

[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Telugu-language films]]
{{2010s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Raveena Tandon filmography

2026-03-03T19:22:35Z

SnehAnchliya:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Featured list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Raveena Tandon in Umang 2020.jpg|thumb|alt=A picture of Raveena Tandon looking forward, smiling and posing for the camera|Tandon in 2020]]

[[Raveena Tandon]] is an Indian actress known for her work in [[Hindi films]]. She made her acting debut in the 1991 action film ''[[Patthar Ke Phool]]'', which earned her the [[Filmfare Award for New Face of the Year]].<ref name=birthday>{{cite web|title=Happy Birthday Raveena Tandon: Mast @40 |work=NDTVMovies.com |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/happy-birthday-raveena-tandon-mast-40-16251 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=11 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706054953/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/happy-birthday-raveena-tandon-mast-40-16251 |archive-date= 6 July 2015 }}</ref> This was followed by a series of unsuccessful films including ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1993 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' and ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]'' (both 1993).<ref name=birthday/><ref name=boi>{{cite web|title=Raveena Tandon(Ramika Sen) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Star_Cast/actor_detail/raveena_tandon/actor#.VcocubUpqA4 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005021211/http://boxofficeindia.com/Star_Cast/actor_detail/raveena_tandon/actor |archive-date= 5 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1994, she appeared in eight Hindi films, most of them were commercial successes. Among these were two of the top-grossing films {{ndash}} the romantic musical drama ''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]'' and the action drama ''[[Mohra]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box office 1994|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1994.htm|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=11 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206183759/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1994.htm|archive-date=6 December 2006}}</ref> The success of the latter marked a turning point in her career, establishing Tandon as a leading actress in Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite web|title=Star of The Week-Raveena Tandon |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/13sotw.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=28 February 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109112206/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/13sotw.htm |archive-date= 9 November 2013 }}</ref> The same year, her performance in the drama ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]'', earned her a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]. Her other film was the comedy ''[[Andaz Apna Apna]]'', which though initially a [[box office bomb|box office disappointment]], attained [[Cult film|cult]] status over the years.<ref name=birthday/>

Tandon subsequently played leading roles in the action thrillers ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996) and ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]'' (1997). Both films were among the highest grossing Bollywood films of their respective years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/1996 |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 1996 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724225200/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/1996 |archive-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/1997 |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 1997 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724225202/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total/1997 |archive-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1998, she starred opposite [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] in the commercially successful comedies ''[[Dulhe Raja]]'', and ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''.<ref name=boi/> Tandon had five film releases in 1999. While the comedy ''[[Anari No.1]]'' was a commercial success, her other four releases that year performed poorly at the box office.<ref name=boi/> Nevertheless, she received praise for her performance in the crime drama ''[[Shool]]''.<ref name=sify>{{cite web|title=Actors Raveena Tandon, Asin share birthday |url=http://www.sify.com/news/actors-raveena-tandon-asin-share-birthday-news-entertainment-mk0pB0bcbbhsi.html |website=[[Sify]] |date=26 October 2012 |access-date=11 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924214801/http://www.sify.com/news/actors-raveena-tandon-asin-share-birthday-news-entertainment-mk0pB0bcbbhsi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

In the early 2000s, she ventured into more serious dramatic roles and turned towards [[arthouse|arthouse cinema]]. She received critical acclaim for her performances in them.<ref name=birthday/><ref name=sify/> She won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for playing a victim of domestic abuse in the 2001 social drama ''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman]]''.<ref name=sify/> The same year, her performance in the supernatural thriller ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'' won her the [[Filmfare Special Performance Award]].<ref name=birthday/> She received further praise for portraying a politician in [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s 2003 drama ''[[Satta (2003 film)|Satta]]''.<ref name=sify/> Later, she starred on the [[Sahara One]] television series ''[[Sahib Biwi Gulam]]'', [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s adaptation of [[Bimal Mitra]]'s [[Saheb Bibi Golam|novel]]. After her marriage in 2004, she took a break from films, appearing occasionally on television.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood has challenging roles for married actresses: Raveena |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bollywood-has-challenging-roles-for-married-actresses-raveena-73928-2010-05-10 |author=Press Trust of India |author-link=Press Trust of India |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 May 2010 |access-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154253/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Bollywood%20has%20challenging%20roles%20for%20married%20actresses%3A%20Raveena%20/1/96829.html |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}</ref> In 2012, she hosted a talk show titled ''Issi Ka Naam Zindagi'' on [[NDTV]].

==Films==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
*''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1991
! scope="row"| ''[[Patthar Ke Phool]]''
| Kiran Khanna
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Filmfare Award for Lux New Face of the Year]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Patthar Ke Phool (1991) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508307 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901060714/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508307 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref> <ref name=awards>{{cite web|title=Raveena Tandon: Awards & Nominations|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10641/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529195548/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10641/index.html|archive-date=29 May 2009|access-date=7 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
! scope="row"| ''[[Jeena Marna Tere Sang]]''
| Asha
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeena Marna Tere Sang (1992)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5699/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514054505/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5699/index.html|archive-date=14 May 2009|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1993
! scope="row"|''[[Divya Shakti]]''
| Priya
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Divya Shakti (1993) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534222 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221011714/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534222 |archive-date=21 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]''
| Neelima
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kshatriya (1993) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534562 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022230628/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534562 |archive-date=22 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Ratha Saradhi''
| Rekha
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Ratha-Saradhi-Telugu-Movie-ANR/dp/B006TH225O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508021521/http://www.amazon.com/Ratha-Saradhi-Telugu-Movie-ANR/dp/B006TH225O |url-status=dead |title=Ratha Saradhi Telugu Movie|archive-date=8 May 2016|via=Amazon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdU9w7vqNBs|title=Ratha Sarathi Telugu Full Movie | ANR, Vinod Kumar, Raveena Tandon, Srikanth |Original Telugu Movies|via=www.youtube.com|access-date=1 April 2016|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023002813/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdU9w7vqNBs|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]''
| Vijaya
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506267 |title=Parampara (1993) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905123753/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506267 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Pehla Nasha]]''
| Avantika Bajaj
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Pehla Nasha (1993) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508327 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905151837/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508327 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)|Bangaru Bullodu]]''
| Priya
| Telugu film
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=telugu>{{cite web|title=Raveena Tandon loves being a busy bee |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/raveena-tandon-loves-being-a-busy-bee-612025 |author=Indo-Asian News Service |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=NDTV |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920050524/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/raveena-tandon-loves-being-a-busy-bee-612025 |archive-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite video|title=Bangaru Bullodu Telugu Full Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvLP7rPYs0k|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1993 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]''
| Priya Choudhry
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534246 |title=Ek Hi Rasta (1993) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910114720/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534246 |archive-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1994
! scope="row"| ''[[Zamane Se Kya Darna]]''
| Anju Rajpal
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Zamane Se Kya Darna (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508519 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909071509/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508519 |archive-date= 9 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]''
| Sapna Puri
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dilwale (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201719 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906224132/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201719 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Insaniyat (1994 film)|Insaniyat]]''
| Salma
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Insaniyat (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539330 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908110540/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539330 |archive-date= 8 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Imtihaan]]''
| Preeti
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Imtihaan (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539451 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190035/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539451 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]''
| Kajal
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=awards/> <ref>{{cite web|title=Laadla (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539752 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022231634/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539752 |archive-date=22 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Andaz Apna Apna]]''
| Raveena alias Karishma
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Andaz Apna Apna (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533169 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906173955/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533169 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Aatish: Feel the Fire|Aatish]]''
| Nisha
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Aatish (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538714 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926130516/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538714 |archive-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Mohra]]''
| Roma Singh
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohra (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201564 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905171047/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201564 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''
| Herself
| [[Cameo appearance]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Main Khiladi Tu Anari (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201794 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906132456/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201794 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Sadhu (film)|Sadhu]]''
| Selvi
| [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sadhu (1994) |url=http://www.pvasu.com/sadhu.html |publisher=Pvasu.com |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203010/http://www.pvasu.com/sadhu.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995
! scope="row"| ''[[Taqdeerwala]]''
| Lilly
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Taqdeerwala (1995) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508271 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221011241/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508271 |archive-date=21 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Zamaana Deewana]]''
| Priya Singh
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Zamaana Deewana (1995) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534822 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905190705/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534822 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Saajan Ki Baahon Mein]]''
| Sapna Narang
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Saajan Ki Baahon Mein (1995) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508541 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906214147/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508541 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1996
! scope="row"| ''[[Vijeta (1996 film)|Vijeta]]''
| Vijaya
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vijeta (1996) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508674 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926113222/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508674 |archive-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]''
| Priya
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi (1996) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533191 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905111407/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533191 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Rakshak (1996 film)|Rakshak]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance in song "Shahar Ki Ladki"
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Rakshak (1996) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54574 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906215304/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54574 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1997
! scope="row"| ''Anjaane''
|
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Anjaane (2000)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/12388/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612092839/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/12388/index.html|archive-date=12 June 2009|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]''
| Jaya
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ziddi (1997) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538463 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012125233/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538463 |archive-date=12 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Daava]]''
| Seema
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Daava (1997) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534413 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204173908/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534413/ |archive-date= 4 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Deewana Mastana]]''
| Herself
| Cameo
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Deewana Mastana |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533188 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903090655/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533188 |archive-date= 3 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Ghulam-E-Mustafa]]''
| Kavita
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghulam-E-Mustafa (1997) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533190 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125131/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533190 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Vinashak – Destroyer]]''
| Kajal
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vinashak (1997) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508673 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001101952/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508673 |archive-date= 1 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1998
! scope="row"| ''[[Keemat – They Are Back]]''
| Sharmili
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Keemat – They Are Back (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534490 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906232637/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534490 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Salaakhen (1998 film)|Salaakhen]]''
| Neha
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Salaakhen (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540330 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221013537/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540330 |archive-date=21 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Aunty No. 1]]''
| Sandhya
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Aunty No. 1 (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535149 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001053127/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535149 |archive-date= 1 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Gharwali Baharwali]]''
| Kajal
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Gharwali Baharwali (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539515 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905121421/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539515 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dulhe Raja]]''
| Kiran Singhania
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Dulhe Raja (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54499 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907001131/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54499 |archive-date= 7 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Barood (1998 film)|Barood]]''
| Neha Singhal
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Barood (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538956 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905173904/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538956 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
| Seema
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201666 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221004005/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201666 |archive-date=21 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pardesi Babu]]''
| Karuna
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Pardesi Babu (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535240 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905111528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535240 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1999
! scope="row" | ''[[Anari No.1]]''
| Sapna
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Anari No.1 (1999) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535128 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221012122/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535128 |archive-date=21 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Jai Hind''
| Gulnar
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Jai Hind (1999) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539549 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802230236/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539549/ |archive-date= 2 August 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rajaji (film)|Rajaji]]''
| Payal
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajaji (1999) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508328 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906021249/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508328 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shool]]''
| Manjari Singh
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shool-review-bollywood-pcltSrcffcfcb.html |title=Shool |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211134801/http://www.sify.com/movies/shool-review-bollywood-pcltSrcffcfcb.html |archive-date=11 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gair (film)|Gair]]''
| Madhu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Gair (1999) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534120 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100112/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534120 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Upendra (film)|Upendra]]''
| Keerthi
| [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=First Looks of Sudeep's "Ranna", Upendra's "Uppi 2" Out |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/first-looks-sudeeps-ranna-upendras-uppi-2-out-612818 |author=Upadhyaya, Prakash |work=International Business Times |date=1 November 2014 |access-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721174216/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/first-looks-sudeeps-ranna-upendras-uppi-2-out-612818 |archive-date=21 July 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2000
! scope="row" | ''Tune Mera Dil Le Liya''
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Tune Mera Dil Le Liya (2000) |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tune-mera-dil-le-liya/ |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427041312/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tune-mera-dil-le-liya/ |archive-date=27 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jung (2000 film)|Jung]]''
| Naina
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Jung (2000) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539607 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906173404/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539607 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bulandi (2000 film)|Bulandi]]''
| Meena
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Bulandi (2000) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55954 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022235340/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55954 |archive-date=22 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Khauff]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Review of Khauff |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/mar/03khauf.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=3 March 2000 |access-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712144600/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/mar/03khauf.htm |archive-date=12 July 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye (2000 film)|Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye]]''
| Nisha
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye (2000) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534411 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902093444/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534411 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ghaath (2000 film)|Ghaath]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=A cop-out! |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/09ghaath.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |author=Das, Ronjita |date=9 December 2000 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604124712/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/09ghaath.htm |archive-date= 4 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2001
! scope="row" | ''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence]]''
| Durga
| Credited as Raveena [[National Film Award for Best Actress]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="birthday" /> <ref>{{cite web|title=Daman (2001) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539104 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920015732/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539104 |archive-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]''
| Neeta
| [[Filmfare Special Award|Filmfare Award for Special Performance]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="birthday" /> <ref>{{cite web|title=Aks (2001) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200450 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905200447/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200450 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]''
| Indu
| Telugu film
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="telugu" /> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-akasa.html |title=Movie review – Akasa Veedhilo |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]] |date=23 August 2001 |access-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127014217/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-akasa.html |archive-date=27 January 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aalavandhan]]''
| Tejaswini || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/16/stories/2001111600670200.htm | title=Aalavandhaan | date=16 November 2001 | access-date=31 January 2017 | last=Rangarajan | first=Malathi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009011326/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/16/stories/2001111600670200.htm | archive-date=9 October 2003 | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=unfit}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Abhay (2001 film)|Abhay]]''
|Tejaswini
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/19/stories/09190704.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131113052/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/19/stories/09190704.htm | archive-date=31 January 2017 | title=Music with a sixth sense | date=19 August 2001 | access-date=31 January 2017 | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170131051923/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/13abhay.htm |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/13abhay.htm |title=Kamal falls... hard! |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=13 November 2001 |access-date=31 January 2017 |last=Swaminathan |first=R |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Officer (2001 film)|Officer]]''
| Meenal alias Pari
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The Rediff Review: Officer |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/02offi.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509185339/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/02offi.htm |archive-date= 9 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002
! scope="row" | ''[[Akhiyon Se Goli Maare]]''
| Kiran Bhangare
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Akhiyon Se Goli Maare (2002) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200452 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012120903/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200452 |archive-date=12 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-

|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Soch]]''
| Preeti Sardesai
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Soch (2002) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/66597 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905164524/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/66597 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Agni Varsha]]''
| Vishaka
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Agni Varsha (2002) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533211 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910105149/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533211 |archive-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Waah! Tera Kya Kehna]]''
| Salma Khan
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Waah! Tera Kya Kehna |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201808 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906011327/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201808 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2003
! scope="row" | ''[[Satta (2003 film)|Satta]]''
| Anuradha Sehgal
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Satta (2002) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508453 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905211915/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508453 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye]]''
| Laxmi Rathod
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye (2003) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201608 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905142044/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201608 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Stumped (2003 film)|Stumped]]''
| Reema Seth
| Also producer
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Stumped (2003) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201652 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901211317/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201652 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Qayamat: City Under Threat]]''
| Mamta
| Cameo in song "Mujhe Tumse Mohabbat Hai"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Qayamat (2003) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540268 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906192220/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540268 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite video|title=Mujhe Tumse Mohabbat Hai (Qayamat) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNKBiO8j_oo |publisher=Youtube |access-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030152646/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNKBiO8j_oo |archive-date=30 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[LOC Kargil]]''
| Deepak's wife
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=LOC Kargil (2003) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201799 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125459/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201799 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2004
! scope="row" | ''[[Jaago (2004 film)|Jaago]]''
| Shraddha
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/06jaago.htm |title=Why make a film on rape? |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |work=Rediff.com |date=6 February 2004 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020755/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/06jaago.htm |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke]]''
| Jaya
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510941 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905155706/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510941 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Police Force: An Inside Story]]''
| Roma
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Police Force (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201606 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905134201/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201606 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aan: Men at Work]]''
| Roshni Verma
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/04aan.htm |title=The great big testosterone rush! |work=Rediff.com |last=Fernandes |first=Vivek |date=4 June 2004 |access-date=24 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404061950/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/04aan.htm |archive-date= 4 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ek Se Badhkar Ek (2004 film)|Ek Se Badhkar Ek]]''
| Kanchan Dhillon
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Se Badhkar Ek (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538485 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906182559/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538485 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dobara]]''
| Ria
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Dobaara (2004) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201721 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117113139/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201721 |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2005
! scope="row"| ''[[Pehchaan: The Face of Truth]]''
| Mridula
| Also producer
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Pehchaan (2005) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506502 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905221143/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506502 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title='Experiments can fail. But what the heck, I'm trying' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/03rave.htm |author=Jha, Subhash K. |work=Rediff.com |date=3 February 2003 |access-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329195636/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/03rave.htm |archive-date=29 March 2016 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|title=Pehchaan : the face of truth |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |oclc=62157573 }}</ref>
|-
| 2006
! scope="row"| ''[[Sandwich (2006 film)|Sandwich]]''
| Nisha
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandwich Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/505387 |author=Adarsh, Taran |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 August 2006 |access-date=25 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034829/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/505387 |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2010
! scope="row"| ''Laboratory''
| Sohini
| [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Laboratory Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Laboratory/movie-review/6995550.cms |author=Dashupta, Priyanka |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 November 2010 |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302191845/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Laboratory/movie-review/6995550.cms |archive-date= 2 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2011
! scope="row"| ''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]''
| Kamini
| Cameo
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap (2011) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542573 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905124729/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542573 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2014
! scope="row"| ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda]]''
| Satya
| Telugu film
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda Review |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/pandavulupandavulutummeda.html |publisher=Idlebrain.com |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127164004/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/pandavulupandavulutummeda.html |archive-date=27 November 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
! scope="row"| ''[[Bombay Velvet]]''
| Club singer
| Cameo
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Bombay Velvet is an epic misfire |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-bombay-velvet-is-an-epic-misfire/20150515.htm |author=Sen, Raja |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=15 May 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811015803/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-bombay-velvet-is-an-epic-misfire/20150515.htm |archive-date=11 August 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Jai Hind''
| Evana "Eve" Chaudhary
| Short film
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/watch-short-film-jai-hind-starring-manoj-bajpayee-and-raveena-tandon-is-jingoistic-not-patriotic-2392430.html |title=Watch: Short film Jai Hind starring Manoj Bajpayee and Raveena Tandon is jingoistic not patriotic |last=D' Cunha |first=Zenia |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=14 August 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117010830/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/watch-short-film-jai-hind-starring-manoj-bajpayee-and-raveena-tandon-is-jingoistic-not-patriotic-2392430.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''2 Chehare''
| Radha
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Film review: 2 Chehare |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-2-Chehare/articleshow/48028583.cms |last=Guha |first=Kunal |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=11 July 2015 |access-date=24 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230210830/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-2-Chehare/articleshow/48028583.cms |archive-date=30 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
! scope="row"| ''[[Maatr]]''
| Vidya Chauhan
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/maatr-movie-review-riveting-as-raveena-tandons-performance-is-the-plot-is-terribly-convenient-3396666.html |title=Maatr movie review: Riveting as Raveena Tandon's performance is, the plot is terribly convenient |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |publisher=Firstpost |date=22 April 2017 |access-date=23 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424173846/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/maatr-movie-review-riveting-as-raveena-tandons-performance-is-the-plot-is-terribly-convenient-3396666.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Hanuman Da' Damdaar]]''
| [[Añjanā]] (voice)
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-turns-hanuman-in-hanuman-ka-damdar-raveena-tandon-plays-his-mother-watch-video-4679429/|title=Salman Khan turns Hanuman in Hanuman Ka Damdar, Raveena Tandon plays his mother. Watch video|work=The Indian Express|date=29 May 2017|access-date=2 June 2017|archive-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603203256/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-turns-hanuman-in-hanuman-ka-damdar-raveena-tandon-plays-his-mother-watch-video-4679429/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Shab (film)|Shab]]''
| Sonal Modi
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raveena-tandon-wraps-up-shab/ |title=Raveena Tandon wraps up 'Shab' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 January 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029185651/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raveena-tandon-wraps-up-shab/ |archive-date=29 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row"'' | ''[[Khandaani Shafakhana]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Sheher Ki Ladki"
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/suneil-shetty-raveena-tandon-in-new-sheher-ki-ladki-bring-back-the-90s-1502774291.html|title=Suniel Shetty, Raveena Tandon in new 'Sheher Ki Ladki' bring back the 90s|publisher=The Statesman|date=5 July 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809054238/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/suneil-shetty-raveena-tandon-in-new-sheher-ki-ladki-bring-back-the-90s-1502774291.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
! scope="row"'' | ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''
|Ramika Sen
|[[Kannada]] film
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/raveena-tandon-play-indira-gandhi-yash-s-kgf-2-102935|title=Raveena Tandon to play Indira Gandhi in Yash's 'KGF 2'?|publisher=The Newsminute|date=3 June 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809054238/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/raveena-tandon-play-indira-gandhi-yash-s-kgf-2-102935|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
! scope="row"'' | ''[[One Friday Night]]''
| Lata Verma
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/one-friday-night-trailer-raveena-tandon-milind-soman-pair-up-riveting-drama-watch-101690372775748.html|title=One Friday Night trailer: Raveena Tandon, Milind Soman pair up for a riveting drama. Watch|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=27 July 2023|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2024
! scope="row" |''[[Patna Shuklla]]''
|Tanvi Shukla
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/feature/patna-shuklla-trailer-shows-raveenas-fight-for-justice-as-lawyer-late-satish-kaushik-also-in-the-film/1996676/|title='Patna Shuklla' trailer shows Raveena's fight for justice as lawyer; late Satish Kaushik also in the film|publisher=The Print|date=12 March 2024|access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Ghudchadi]]''
|Menaka
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/sanjay-dutt-and-raveena-tandon-team-up-for-ghudchadi-372649|title=Sanjay Dutt and Raveena Tandon team up for Ghudchadi|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
! scope="row" |''[[Inn Galiyon Mein]]''
| Sapna Joshi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2026
| {{Pending film|Welcome to the Jungle}}
| rowspan="2"| {{TableTBA}}
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |last=Kaur |first=Loveleen |title=Welcome To The Jungle: Akshay Kumar, Suniel Shetty, Raveena Tandon's film to hit cinemas on June 26 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/welcome-to-the-jungle-akshay-kumar-suniel-shetty-raveena-tandons-film-to-hit-cinemas-on-june-26-1400237 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Vishwanath & Sons}}
| Tamil film; Filming
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-05-12 |title=Suriya 46 officially launched; Mamitha Baiju, Raveena Tandon join cast |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/19/suriya-46-officially-launched-mamitha-baiju-raveena-tandon-join-cast |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2004
!scope="row"| ''[[Sahib Biwi Gulam]]''
| Choti Bahu
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Raveena Tandon on Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam'|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/raveena-tandon-on-sahib-bibi-aur-ghulam-news-bollywood-kkfvMvgacfjsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129142037/http://www.sify.com/movies/raveena-tandon-on-sahib-bibi-aur-ghulam-news-bollywood-kkfvMvgacfjsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2018|author=Jha, Subhash K.|website=[[Sify]]|date=1 April 2004|access-date=7 September 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam: Raveena reprises Meena Kumari|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/30slide1.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=22 February 2016|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141302/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/30slide1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
!scope="row"| ''[[Chak De Bachche]]''
| Judge
| [[Reality television|Reality]] dance show
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=In Pictures: 20 forgotten TV shows of Bollywood stars |url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/in-pictures-20-forgotten-tv-shows-of-bollywood-stars/7169/73046 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131100452/http://www.mid-day.com/photos/in-pictures-20-forgotten-tv-shows-of-bollywood-stars/7169/73046 |archive-date=31 January 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009
!scope="row"| ''Chhote Miyan''
| Judge
| Reality comedy show
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Comfortable with kids|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090721/jsp/entertainment/story_11260640.jsp|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=21 July 2009|access-date=22 February 2016|archive-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091341/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090721/jsp/entertainment/story_11260640.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
!scope="row"| ''[[Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala]]''
| Judge
| Reality comedy show
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Raveena to judge Comedy Ka Maha Muqabla |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/raveena-to-judge-comedy-ka-maha-muqabla/story-WQ2lgJqwTtMRP7CvGatNJN.html |last=Dubey |first=Rachana |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 March 2011 |access-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307181752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/raveena-to-judge-comedy-ka-maha-muqabla/story-WQ2lgJqwTtMRP7CvGatNJN.html |archive-date= 7 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2012
!scope="row"| ''Issi Ka Naam Zindagi''
| Host
| [[Talk show]]
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Raveena Tandon to host Issi Ka Naam Zindagi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Raveena-Tandon-to-host-Issi-Ka-Naam-Zindagi/articleshow/11927252.cms|work=The Times of India|date=17 February 2012|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130015149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Raveena-Tandon-to-host-Issi-Ka-Naam-Zindagi/articleshow/11927252.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2014
!scope="row"| ''CEO's Got Talent''
|Judge
|[[Talent show]]
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/raveena-tandon/raveena-tandon-mahesh-bhatt-become-judges-ceos-got-talent |title=Raveena Tandon, Mahesh Bhatt become judges of 'CEOs got Talent' | PINKVILLA |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713205206/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/raveena-tandon/raveena-tandon-mahesh-bhatt-become-judges-ceos-got-talent |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2014
!scope="row"| ''[[Simply Baatien with Raveena]]''
| Host
| Talk show
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Raveena Tandon: My show connects with people from all walks of life|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Raveena-Tandon-My-show-connects-with-people-from-all-walks-of-life/articleshow/44784223.cms|author=Maheshwri, Neha|work=The Times of India|date=12 October 2014|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023002836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Raveena-Tandon-My-show-connects-with-people-from-all-walks-of-life/articleshow/44784223.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
! scope="row"| ''[[Sabse Bada Kalakar]]''
| Judge
| Kids Reality Show
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sabse-bada-kalakar-judge-raveena-tandon-judging-a-kids-reality-show-is-easy-4599724/|title=Sabse Bada Kalakar judge Raveena Tandon: Judging a kids reality show is easy as they are uncomplicated|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|date=4 April 2017|access-date=25 May 2017|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511015738/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sabse-bada-kalakar-judge-raveena-tandon-judging-a-kids-reality-show-is-easy-4599724/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row"| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''
| Judge
| Reality Dance Show
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-photos-nach-baliye-9-govinda-reunites-with-raveena-tandon-on-salman-khan-s-show-wife-sunita-accompanies-too-2779853|title=PHOTOS! Nach Baliye 9: Govinda reunites with Raveena Tandon on Salman Khan's show, wife Sunita accompanies too|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=7 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807154410/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-photos-nach-baliye-9-govinda-reunites-with-raveena-tandon-on-salman-khan-s-show-wife-sunita-accompanies-too-2779853|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
!scope="row"| ''[[Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives]]''
| Herself
|Guest
|<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Sompura |first1=Preeti |date=2020-12-01|title=Raveena wows netizens with her cameo in Netflix's latest|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/raveena-wows-netizens-with-her-cameo-in-netflixs-latest/|access-date=5 August 2022|website=The Daily Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
!scope="row"| ''[[Aranyak (TV series)|Aranyak]]''
| Kasturi Dogra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aranyak {{!}} Netflix Official Site|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81226180|access-date=2021-07-07|website=www.netflix.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190554/https://www.netflix.com/title/81226180|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
!scope="row"| ''[[Karmma Calling]]''
| Indrani Kothari
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-15|title=Karmma Calling teaser: Raveena Tandon goes ultra glam for Disney Plus Hotstar new series|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karmma-calling-teaser-raveena-tandon-goes-ultra-glam-for-disney-plus-hotstar-new-series-9069546/|access-date=2023-12-15|website=The Indian xpress|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Music videos ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Performer
!{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}.
|-
| 2013
! scope="row"|"Betiyaan" (Save the Girl Child)
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/news/musical-campaign-for-girl-child-news-lifestyle-ngku5sbffcesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823162943/http://www.sify.com/news/musical-campaign-for-girl-child-news-lifestyle-ngku5sbffcesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2017 |title=Musical campaign for girl child |date=10 June 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Music song===
* 2003: Appeared in ''Hum Ko To Hai Poora Yakeen'' made by msn cricket and sports (MSN India) to support The Indian Cricket team for the ICC Cricket World Cup 2003

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0849199|name=Raveena Tandon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120126011524/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/index/id/5980 Raveena Tandon] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandon, Raveena filmography}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

Thirumathi Palanisamy

2026-03-03T04:58:26Z

SnehAnchliya: Put Up Initial Details W/ Sources

{{short description|1992 Tamil comedy-drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thirumathi Palanisamy.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[R. Sundarrajan]]
| writer = R. Sundarrajan
| producer = Ramanathan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]}}
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Raaj Films International
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|10|25}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thirumathi Palanisamy''''' ({{translation|Mrs. Palanisamy}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[R. Sundarrajan]]. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]. It was released on 25 October 1992.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2022}}
Palanisamy is an uneducated man who dreams to marry a teacher and lives with his friend Dhandapani. Palanisamy falls in love with Hamsaveni at first sight. He decides to go to her village [[Irugur]]. First reluctant, she finally agrees to marry him, but only under three conditions: to continue to work as a teacher, to live in her hometown and with her father. After the marriage, Palanisamy imposes her three conditions: she must leave her hometown, be a teacher in the city that he has chosen and leave her father. She accepts them and Palanisamy explains the reason for these conditions.

In the past, Palanisamy lived in a village where a don Aandhavar forced the children to work in his fireworks factory. Palanisamy's father was a doctor and tried to save the children; knowing it, Aandhavar killed him. Aandhavar also killed his sister for the only reason that she was educated. Palanisamy asked many teachers to come to his village but everyone refused for fear of Aandhavar. Palanisamy's only hope is now Hamsaveni. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Palanisamy
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Hamsaveni
*[[Goundamani]] as Dhandapani
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Kunju Gounder
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] (guest appearance)
*[[Srividya]]
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as School Teacher and Salem Annakili
*[[Babu Antony]]
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Palanisamy's father
*Kripa Shanker as Aandhavar
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as House Owner
*Mannangatti Subramaniam as Marimuthu Gounder
*[[Typist Gopu]]
*Balambika as Palanisamy's sister
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Aandal
*Kamala Kamesh
*Ram-Lakshman
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*Tirupur Ramasamy
*[[Joker Thulasi]]
*[[Vikram Dharma]] in a cameo appearance
*[[Rajendran]]
* [[Balu Anand]] as Kovil Pusari
}}

== Production ==
Due to the shortage of comedians in Tamil cinema at the time, director Sundarrajan decided to take on a role in the film, making this an early film for him as a comedian.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 Aug 2025 |title=கவுண்டமணி ஹீரோ ஆனார், இங்க காமெடி வொர்க் அவுட் ஆகல; நான் நடிக்க வந்த காரணம்; இயக்குனர் சுந்தர்ராஜன் ஓபன் டாக்! |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/director-sunder-rajan-openup-about-his-acting-career-and-share-goundamani-is-one-of-the-reason-for-that-9765278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920114829/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/director-sunder-rajan-openup-about-his-acting-career-and-share-goundamani-is-one-of-the-reason-for-that-9765278 |archive-date=2025-09-20 |access-date=2025-11-10 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirumathi Palanisaamy (1992) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0002975 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106223515/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0002975 |archive-date=6 January 2013 |access-date=26 February 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Walter Vetrivel- Thirumathi Palanisamy Tamil Audio CD by Ilaiyaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/walter-vetrivel-thirumathi-palanisamy-tamil-audio-cd-by-ilaiyaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201042312/https://mossymart.com/product/walter-vetrivel-thirumathi-palanisamy-tamil-audio-cd-by-ilaiyaraja/ |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Nadu Samathile" is set in Pahadi raga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2014 |title=தமிழ்த்திரை இசையில் ராகங்கள் : [ 19 ] : T.சௌந்தர் |url=https://inioru.com/%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%88-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%9a%e0%af%88%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%95-11/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227132300/https://inioru.com/%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%88-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%9a%e0%af%88%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%b0%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%95-11/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=Inioru |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Amman Kovil" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Sundarrajan, [[Minmini]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 5:07
|-
| "Kuthalakuyile" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Minmini || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 5:05
|-
| "Nadu Samathile" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]] || rowspan=3|Vaali || 5:05
|-
| "Othaamal Oru" || S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 6:15
|-
| "Paatha Kolusu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 5:05
|-
| "Rendula Nee Onna Thodu Mama" || S. Janaki, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || Gangai Amaran || 5:02
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Thirumathi Palanisamy'' was released on 25 October 1992,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 1992 |title=Thirumathi Palanisamy |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921025&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 June 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=13 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=16 October 1992 |title=Deepavali releases |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921016&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a mixed review citing that "the first half was highly enjoyable and humorous" and she criticised the latter part.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=23 October 1992 |title=Partly hilarious |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QJBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2024%2C2848203 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516084131/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QJBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2024%2C2848203 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=26 September 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the director for the message of the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=8 November 1992 |title=திருமதி பழனிச்சாமி |url=https://ibb.co/tM7s39C |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203061402/https://ibb.co/tM7s39C |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=12–13 |language=Ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{R. Sundarrajan}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films about the education system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Sundarrajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by R. Sundarrajan]]

Sleeping Partner (film)

2026-03-02T04:27:49Z

SnehAnchliya: expand section to improve readability and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|2020 short film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sleeping Partner
| image =
| caption =
| director = Punarvasu Naik
| producer = {{Unbulleted list|[[Guneet Monga]]|Achin Jain|Guneet Dogra}}
| writer = Charudutt Acharya
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Divya Dutta]]|[[Sanjay Kapoor]]}}
| music = Rohan-Vinayak
| cinematography = Akash Agarwal
| editing = Unnikrishnan Prabhakaran
| studio = [[Sikhya Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Flipkart Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|02|19}}
| runtime = 22 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Sleeping Partner''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Hindi-language]] drama film that sheds light on [[domestic violence]] and [[marital rape]].<ref>{{cite news |title=करियर का यह दौर मजेदार है : संजय कपूर |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/entertainment/news/this-phase-of-career-is-fun-sanjay-kapoor-110514 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=23 February 2020 |language=hindi}}</ref> Starring [[Divya Dutta]] and [[Sanjay Kapoor]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=KBR |first1=Upala |title=Sanjay Kapoor, Divya Dutta discuss marital rape in Sleeping Partner |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sanjay-kapoor-divya-dutta-discuss-marital-rape-in-sleeping-partner/22522181 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=1 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Kapoor: I find this phase of my career interesting |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sanjay-kapoor-i-find-this-phase-of-my-career-interesting/22636247 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=23 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Flipkart Video's anthology 'Zindagi inShort' has restless women and lots of twists |url=https://scroll.in/reel/953496/flipkart-videos-anthology-zindagi-inshort-has-restless-women-and-lots-of-twists |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=20 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Pratishruti |title=Zindagi inShort review: Guneet Monga serves a versatile mix of small, delectable shorts in her life-affirming omnibus |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zindagi-inshort-review-guneet-monga-serves-a-versatile-mix-of-small-delectable-shorts-in-her-life-affirming-omnibus-8058751.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=20 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> this film is a [[Flipkart Video]] Original and part of an anthology of seven short films titled ''[[Zindagi inShort]]'' produced by [[Guneet Monga]] of [[Sikhya Entertainment]]. The film was released on 19 February 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zindagi inShort trailer: Guneet Monga's slice-of-love anthology explores broken marriages, infidelity, nascent love |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zindagi-inshort-trailer-guneet-mongas-slice-of-love-anthology-explores-broken-marriages-infidelity-nascent-love-8036671.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=13 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Guneet Monga collaborates with seven film-makers for anthology series, starring Neena Gupta among others |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/guneet-monga-collaborates-with-seven-filmmakers-for-anthology-series-starring-neena-gupta-among-others/articleshow/74061908.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Beena
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Sahay
* Jitin Gulati as Ravish

== Reception ==
Pratishruti Ganguly of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave a mixed review stating "Despite the superb acting though, one may find ''Sleeping Partner'' a tad too melodramatic and [[Bollywood]]-ised, especially in the end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2020 |title=Zindagi inShort review: Guneet Monga serves a versatile mix of small, delectable shorts in her life-affirming omnibus |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zindagi-inshort-review-guneet-monga-serves-a-versatile-mix-of-small-delectable-shorts-in-her-life-affirming-omnibus-8058751.html |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> In contrast, Ruchi Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and Nandini Ramanath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' gave a positive note and also praised Divya Dutta's characterisation, with the former stating that "It’s enough to leave you impressed not just with Divya’s character arc but also how a woman finds courage inside herself."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2020 |title=Zindagi inShort movie review: Guneet Monga's rainbow of short films infuses hope and happiness |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zindagi-inshort-review-guneet-monga-s-rainbow-of-short-films-infuses-hope-and-happiness/story-6X41UBPgyf2zZrE4w2x1fO.html |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and the latter wrote "The feminist lite treatment ensures a conclusion that nobody saw coming. Yet, Dutta is affecting as the bruised wife, and Sanjay Kapoor is turning out to be a fine cameo artist in small but well-written parts."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flipkart Video's anthology 'Zindagi inShort' has restless women and lots of twists |url=https://scroll.in/reel/953496/flipkart-videos-anthology-zindagi-inshort-has-restless-women-and-lots-of-twists |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=Scroll.in |date=20 February 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[Film Companion]]'' noted "The film subverts the extramarital template and pitches a woman against the general arrogance of mankind: a tightrope walk that doesn’t fall prey to the woke, kitchen-sink-brand feminism expected from storytellers these days."<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2020 |title=Zindagi inShort Review - A Largely Enjoyable And Versatile Collection Of Homegrown Short Films |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/short-film-review/zindagi-inshort-review-a-largely-enjoyable-and-versatile-collection-of-homegrown-short-films/ |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=Film Companion |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dl.flipkart.com/dl/videos/dp?id=916829 Zindagi inShort] on [[Flipkart]]

[[Category:2020 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:2020 short films]]
[[Category:2020 drama films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]

Dhaka Division

2026-02-17T16:42:53Z

SnehAnchliya: content fix

{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{distinguish|Dhaka|Dhaka District|Greater Dhaka|Dhaka City Corporation}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhaka Division
| native_name = ঢাকা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn
| settlement_type = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division of Bangladesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| caption_align = center
| perrow = 1/3/2/3/1
| image1 = Dhaka April (33244268934).jpg
| caption1 =[[Dhaka City|Dhaka Skyline]]
|image2= Sonargaon Folk Art and Craft Museum (31000427270).jpg
| caption2 = [[Sonargaon]]
| image3= A Road of Bhawal Nationa Park, Gazipur.jpg
| caption3 = [[Bhawal National Park]]
|image4= Idrakpur kella 17.jpg
| caption4 =[[Idrakpur Fort]]
|image5= Ahsan-Monzil-Dhaka--Rezowan.jpg
| caption5 = [[Ahsan Manzil]]
|image6= Lalbag Fort Front.jpg
| caption6 = [[Lalbagh Fort]]
| image7= Baitul Mukarram National Mosque in 2022.09.jpg
| caption7 = [[Baitul Mukarram]]
|image8= Skyline_in_Narayanganj_(02).jpg
| caption8 = [[Narayanganj|Narayanganj Skyline]]
| image9 = Baliati Palace, Saturia, Manikganj (32).jpg
| caption9 = [[Baliati Zamindari|Baliati Palace]]
|image10 = Hajiganj-fort1.jpg
| caption10 = [[Hajiganj Fort]]
}}
| image_seal =
| image_map = Dhaka in Bangladesh.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Dhaka in [[Bangladesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24|10|N|90|25|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1829
| seat_type = Capital {{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}
| seat = [[Dhaka]]
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Divisional Commissioner of Bangladesh|Divisional Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Sharf Uddin Ahmed Choudhury
| leader_title1 = [[Parliament of Bangladesh|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jatiya Sangsad]] ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Dhaka Division|70 seats]])
| unit_pref = Metric<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dhakadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/93b7900c-9d2f-43cd-9324-fd18ecd7c84d/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2|title=ঢাকা বিভাগ|access-date=2021-10-28|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028081324/http://dhakadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/93b7900c-9d2f-43cd-9324-fd18ecd7c84d/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 20508.8
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2022">{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925220139/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total = 44215759 (Enumerated)
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_density_km2 = 2156
| population_urban = 20752075
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="census2022"/>
| population_rural = 23454222
| population_rural_footnotes = <ref name="census2022"/>
| population_metro = 13,941,452
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="census2022"/>
| population_blank1_title = Adjusted Population<ref name="census2022"/>
| population_blank1 = 45644586
| population_demonym = Dhakaiya
| population_note = 
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| timezone1 = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-C
| website = {{URL|dhakadiv.gov.bd}}
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec2 = Notable sports teams
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Dhaka Capitals]] [[Dhaka Metropolis cricket team|Dhaka Metropolis]] [[Dhaka Division cricket team|Dhaka Division]]
| official_name =
| other_name = Dacca Division
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2022)}}
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.698<ref>{{cite web | url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019 | title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Table - Global Data Lab | access-date=25 September 2022 | archive-date=25 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925135059/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Dhaka Division''' ({{langx|bn|ঢাকা বিভাগ|Ḍhaka Bibhag}}) is an [[Divisions of Bangladesh|administrative division]] of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |author=Sajahan Miah |chapter=Dhaka Division |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhaka_Division |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701165842/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhaka_Division |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dhaka]] serves as the [[capital city]] of Dhaka Division, the [[Dhaka District]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The division remains a population magnet, and covers an area of 20,508.8 km2 with a population in excess of 44 million, it is one of the fastest growing populous [[administrative divisions]] of the world, growing at a rate of 1.94% since prior count, compared with the national average of 1.22%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/dhaka/2022/07/27/census-2022-dhaka-home-to-44-million-people-now | title=Census 2022: Dhaka division home to 44 million people now | date=27 July 2022 | access-date=14 August 2022 | archive-date=14 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814122848/https://www.dhakatribune.com/dhaka/2022/07/27/census-2022-dhaka-home-to-44-million-people-now | url-status=live }}</ref> However, national figures may include data skewing expatriation of male labor force as gender ratio is skewed towards females.

Dhaka Division borders every other division in the country except [[Rangpur Division]]. It is bounded by [[Mymensingh Division]] to the north, [[Barisal Division]] to the south, [[Chittagong Division]] to the east and south-east, [[Sylhet Division]] to the north-east, and [[Rajshahi Division]] to the west and [[Khulna Division]]s to the south-west.

== Etymology ==
The origins of the name Dhaka are uncertain. It may derive from the ''[[Butea monosperma|dhak]]'' tree, which was once common in the area, or from [[Dhakeshwari]], the 'patron goddess' of the region.<ref name=britannicaetymology>{{cite encyclopaedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |title=Dhaka |encyclopaedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |date=26 June 2023 |quote=Dhaka's name is said to refer to the dhak tree, once common in the area, or to Dhakeshwari (“The Hidden Goddess”), whose shrine is located in the western part of the city. |access-date=11 February 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143325/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=dailystaretym>{{cite news |last=Ayan |first=Anindya J. |title=History of Dhaka's origin |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/video-stories/watch-glimpse-the-history-dhakas-origin-208639?amp |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=28 January 2018 |access-date=15 April 2023 |quote=In history, it is often believed that Raja Ballal Sen of the Sen Dynasty of Bengal founded the Dhakeshwari Temple in the 12th century to mark the place of his birth and to pay tribute to the patron goddess of this region. The name Dhaka is believed to have originated from Dhakeshwari in the same way Athens got its name from Athena, the patron goddess of the Greek city. |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415135035/https://www.thedailystar.net/video-stories/watch-glimpse-the-history-dhakas-origin-208639?amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Another popular theory states that Dhaka refers to a [[membranophone]] instrument, ''[[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]]'' which was played by order of [[Subahdar]] [[Islam Khan I]] during the inauguration of the Bengal capital in 1610.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam_Khan_Chisti|website=[[Banglapedia]]|title=Islam Khan Chisti|access-date=4 February 2013|archive-date=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002132/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam_Khan_Chisti|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some references also say it was derived from a [[Prakrit]] dialect called Dhaka Bhasa; or Dhakka, used in the [[Rajtarangini]] for a watch station; or it is the same as Davaka, mentioned in the [[Allahabad]] pillar inscription of [[Samudragupta]] as an eastern frontier kingdom.<ref name="banglapedia">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Dhaka}}</ref> According to [[Rajatarangini]] written by a Kashmiri Brahman, [[Kalhana]],<ref name="Mamoon 2010">{{cite book |last=Mamoon |first=Muntassir |author-link=Muntassir Mamoon |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1993 |title=Dhaka: Smiriti Bismiritir Nogori |publisher=Anannya |page=94}}</ref> the region was originally known as ''Dhakka''. The word ''Dhakka'' means ''watchtower''. [[Bikrampur]] and [[Sonargaon]]—the earlier strongholds of Bengal rulers were situated nearby. So Dhaka was most likely used as the watchtower for the fortification purpose.<ref name="Mamoon 2010" />

==History==
{{main|History of Dhaka}}

The history of urban settlements in the area of modern-day Dhaka dates to the first millennium.<ref name="Britannica-Dhaka">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160598/Dhaka|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|title=Dhaka|access-date=4 February 2013|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116092341/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160598/Dhaka|url-status=live}}</ref> The Greater Dhaka region was under the kingdom of [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] and [[Gangaridai]] in ancient period.<ref>{{cite book |author=Enamul Haque |title=Excavation at Wari-Bateshwar: A Preliminary Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_FtAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=International Center for Study of Bengal Art |isbn=978-984-8140-02-4}}</ref> The region was part of the ancient division of [[Bikrampur]], which was ruled by the [[Sena dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Dhaka City Corporation |date=5 September 2006 |url=http://www.dhakacity.org/his_pre_mughal.html |title=Pre-Mughal Dhaka (before 1608) |access-date=1 December 2015 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410184215/http://www.dhakacity.org/his_pre_mughal.html |archive-date=10 April 2008}}</ref> The ancient city of [[Bikrampur]] in Dhaka was also one of the capitals of [[Pala Empire|Palas]], [[Chandra dynasty|Chandras]], [[Varman dynasty (Bengal)|Varmans]] and [[Deva Dynasty|Devas]]. The ancient city of Dholsamudra in present-day Gazipur served as one of the capitals of the Buddhist [[Pala Empire]]. In the sixth century, forts were built in [[Kapasia Upazila|Toke and Ekdala]] which continued to be used as late as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Period]]. Chinashkhania was the capital of the Chandalas and Shishu Pal had his capital in modern-day [[Sreepur Upazila, Gazipur|Sreepur]], which the ruins of can still be seen today. Another fort was built in Dardaria in 1200.<ref name=Banglapedia/> Under [[Islamic]] rule, the centre moved to the historic district of [[Sonargaon]], the regional administrative hub of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]] and the [[Bengal Sultanate]]s.<ref name="archive.thedailystar.net">{{cite news |title=From Jahangirnagar to Dhaka |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm |url-status=live |department=Forum |work=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208123832/http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref>

At the end of the [[Karrani Dynasty]] (1564–1575), the nobles of [[Bengal]] became fiercely independent. [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]] carved out an independent principality in the Bhati region comprising a part of greater [[Dhaka district]] and parts of [[Mymensingh district]]. During that period [[Taj Khan Karrani]] and another Afghan chieftain helped [[Isa Khan]] to obtain an estate in [[Sonargaon]] and [[Mymensingh]] in 1564. By winning the grace of the Afghan chieftain, Isa Khan gradually increased his strength and status and by 1571, the Mughal Court designated him as the ruler of Bhati.<ref>{{cite news |title=A tale of Baro-Bhuiyans |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=239574:a-tale-of-baro-bhuiyans&catid=175:weekend-independent&Itemid=213 |newspaper=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |date=5 December 2014 |access-date=1 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203062510/http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=239574:a-tale-of-baro-bhuiyans&catid=175:weekend-independent&Itemid=213 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mughal histories, mainly the ''[[Akbarnama]]'', the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' and the ''[[Baharistan-i-Ghaibi]]'' refers to the low-lying regions of Bengal as ''Bhati.'' This region includes the Bhagirathi to the [[Meghna River]] is Bhati, while others include Hijli, [[Jessore District|Jessore]], Chandradwip and [[Barisal Division]] in Bhati. Keeping in view the theatre of warfare between the Baro-Bhuiyans and the Mughals, the Baharistan-i-Ghaibi mentions the limits of the area bounded by the [[Ichamati River|Ichamati]] River in the west, the [[Ganges]] in the south, the [[Tripura]] to the east; Alapsingh pargana (in present [[Mymensingh District]]) and Baniachang (in greater [[Sylhet]]) in the north. The Baro-Bhuiyans rose to power in this region and put up resistance to the Mughals, until [[Islam Khan Chisti]] made them submit in the reign of [[Jahangir]].<ref name=":0" /> Throughout his reign Isa Khan put resistance against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasion. It was only after his death, when the region went totally under [[Mughal emperors|Mughals]].<ref name=":0">{{cite Banglapedia|author=Abdul Karim|article=Bara Bhuiyans, The}}</ref> [[Isa Khan]] was buried in the village of [[Kaliganj Upazila, Gazipur|Bakhtarpur]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/priyo-desh/2017/11/19/567241 |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |date=19 Nov 2017 |script-title=bn:ঈশা খাঁর কবর গাজীপুরে! |language=bn |trans-title=Isa Khar Qobor Gazipure |author=Sharif Ahmad Shamim |location=[[Gazipur]] |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021164023/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/priyo-desh/2017/11/19/567241 |archive-date=21 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Lalbagh Kella (Lalbagh Fort) Dhaka Bangladesh 2011 54.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Ruins of [[Lalbagh Fort]]]]
Dhaka became the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1610 with a jurisdiction covering modern-day Bangladesh and [[east India|eastern India]], including the modern-day [[Indian state]]s of [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa]]. This province was known as [[Bengal Subah]]. The city was founded during the reign of [[Jahangir|Emperor Jahangir]]. Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] visited Dhaka in 1624 and stayed in the city for a week, four years before he became emperor in 1628.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/my-dhaka/news/shah-jahans-dhaka-visit-he-became-the-mughal-emperor-3413231 | title=Shah Jahan's Dhaka visit before he became the Mughal emperor | date=7 September 2023 | access-date=8 September 2023 | archive-date=8 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908153928/https://www.thedailystar.net/my-dhaka/news/shah-jahans-dhaka-visit-he-became-the-mughal-emperor-3413231 | url-status=live }}</ref> Dhaka became one of the richest and greatest cities in the world during the early period of Bengal Subah (1610–1717). The prosperity of Dhaka reached its peak during the administration of governor [[Shaista Khan]] (1644-1677 and 1680–1688). Rice was then sold at eight maunds per rupee. Thomas Bowrey, an English merchant sailor who visited the city between 1669 and 1670, wrote that the city was 40 miles in circuit. He estimated the city to be more populated than [[London]] with 900,000 people.<ref>Historical Background for the Establishment of Naib-Nazimship (Deputy Governorship for the four Divisions of Subah Bangla), ''Asiatic Society of Bangladesh''</ref>

Bengal became the economic engine of the Mughal Empire. Dhaka played a key role in the [[proto-industrialisation]] of Bengal. It was the centre of the [[muslin trade in Bengal]], leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets as far away as [[Central Asia]].<ref>Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760, page 202, University of California Press</ref> [[Islam Khan I]] was the first Mughal governor to reside in the city.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Kraas |editor-first=Frauke |editor-last2=Aggarwal |editor-first2=Surinder |editor-last3=Coy |editor-first3=Martin |editor-last4=Mertins |editor-first4=Günter |year=2013 |title=Megacities: Our Global Urban Future |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwHFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |publisher=Springer |page=60 |isbn=978-90-481-3417-5}}</ref> Khan named it "Jahangir Nagar" (''The City of Jahangir'') in honour of the Emperor Jahangir. The name was dropped soon after the English conquered. Dhaka became home to one of the richest elites in Mughal India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shay |first=Christopher |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110815-saving-dhakas-heritage |title=Travel – Saving Dhaka's heritage |work=[[BBC Online]] |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205130440/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110815-saving-dhakas-heritage |url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the Nawabs of Bengal, the [[Naib Nazim of Dhaka]] was in charge of the city. The Naib Nazim was the deputy governor of Bengal. He also dealt with the upkeep of the Mughal Navy. The Naib Nazim was in charge of the Dhaka Division, which included Dhaka, [[Comilla]], and Chittagong. Dhaka Division was one of the four divisions under the Nawabs of Bengal. The Nawabs of Bengal allowed European trading companies to establish factories across Bengal. The region then became a hotbed for European rivalries. The British moved to oust the last independent Nawab of Bengal in 1757, who was allied with the French. Due to the defection of Nawab's army chief [[Mir Jafar]] to the British side, the last Nawab lost the [[Battle of Plassey]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In the northern part of the Dhaka division, [[Bhawal Estate]] was a large [[zamindari]] in [[Bengal]] (in modern-day [[Gazipur]], Bangladesh) until it was abolished according to ''East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950''. In the late 17th century, Daulat Ghazi was the zamindar of the Ghazi estate of Bhawal. Bala Ram was Diwan of Daulat Ghazi. In 1704, as the consequence of change in the policy of revenue collection, Bala Ram's son Sri Krishna was installed as the zamindar of Bhawal by [[Murshid Quli Khan]]. Since then, through acquisitions the zamindari expanded. The family turned into the proprietor of the whole Bhawal pargana after purchasing the zamindari of J. Wise, an indigo grower for Rs 4,46,000.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bhawal Estate}}</ref> In 1878, [[British Raj]] conferred ''Raja'' title to Zamindar Kalinarayan Roy Chowdhury who oversaw the Bhawal estate.<ref name=bpedia/> At its peak, the estate comprised over 1,500 square kilometer, which included 2,274 villages and around 55,000 villagers.<ref name="haunted">{{Cite web |author=Apurba Jahangir |author-link=Apurba Jahangir |date=13 May 2016 |title=The Haunted Estate |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/the-haunted-estate-1222729 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626180541/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/the-haunted-estate-1222729 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

On the southern side the notable township was Fatehabad located by a stream known as the Dead Padma, which was {{convert|20|mi|km|order=flip}} from the main channel of the Padma River. Sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] established a [[Mint (facility)|mint]] in Fatehabad during his reign in the early 15th century. Fatehabad continued to be a mint town of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] until 1538. In [[Ain-i-Akbari]], it was named as ''Haweli Mahal Fatehabad'' during the reign of [[Emperor Akbar]] in the [[Mughal Empire]]. The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] cartographer [[João de Barros]] mentioned it as ''Fatiabas''. The Dutch map of Van den Brouck described it as ''Fathur''.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Fathabad}}</ref> By the 19th century, the town was renamed as Faridpur in honour of the [[Sufi]] saint Shah Fariduddin Masud, a follower of the [[Chishti order]] of [[Ajmer]].<ref name="en.banglapedia.org"/> [[Haji Shariatullah]] and [[Dudu Miyan]] led the conservative [[Faraizi movement]] in Faridpur during the early 19th century. The Faridpur District was established by the British in 1786. The Faridpur Subdivision was a part of Dacca Division in the [[Bengal Presidency]] established by the [[East India Company]]. The municipality of Faridpur was established in 1869.<ref name="global.britannica.com">{{cite web|url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Faridpur|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310001530/http://global.britannica.com/place/Faridpur|archive-date=10 March 2021|title=Faridpur|website=Britannica}}</ref> The subdivision covered modern day Faridpur, [[Rajbari District|Rajbari]], [[Madaripur]], [[Shariatpur]] and [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj]] districts (collectively known as Greater Faridpur). It was included in [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] during the [[British Raj]] between 1905 and 1912.

[[File:Bengal gazetteer 1907-9.jpg|thumb|Dhaka was the capital of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] in the [[British Raj]] between 1905 and 1912]]
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian mutiny of 1857]], Dhaka witnessed revolts by the [[Bengal Army]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rare-1857-reports-on-Bengal-uprisings/articleshow/4637780.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Rare 1857 reports on Bengal uprisings |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105205019/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rare-1857-reports-on-Bengal-uprisings/articleshow/4637780.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> [[British Raj|Direct rule by the British crown]] was established following the successful quelling of the mutiny. It bestowed privileges on the Dhaka Nawab Family, which dominated the city's political and social elite. In 1885, the Dhaka State Railway was opened with a 144 km metre gauge (1000 mm) rail line connecting [[Mymensingh]] and the [[Port of Narayanganj]] through Dhaka.<ref name="banglapedia.railway">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Railway}}</ref> The city later became a hub of the [[Eastern Bengal Railway|Eastern Bengal State Railway]].<ref name="banglapedia.railway"/> The electricity supply began in 1901.<ref name="tusher.kobiraj.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tusher.kobiraj.com/history-electricity-bangladesh.html |title=History of Electricity in Bangladesh | Thcapriciousboy |publisher= |date=18 July 2013 |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216195149/http://www.tusher.kobiraj.com/history-electricity-bangladesh.html |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dhaka's fortunes changed in the early 20th century. British neglect of Dhaka's urban development was overturned with the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition of Bengal]] in 1905, which restored Dhaka's status as a regional capital. The city became the seat of government for [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], with a jurisdiction covering most of modern-day Bangladesh and all of what is now [[Northeast India]]. The partition was the brainchild of [[Lord Curzon]], who finally acted on British ideas for partitioning Bengal with a view to improving administration, education, and business. Dhaka became the seat of the [[Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council]]. Dhaka was the seat of government for 4 administrative divisions, including the Assam Valley Division, Chittagong Division, Dacca Division, Rajshahi Division, and the Surma Valley Division. There were a total of 30 districts in Eastern Bengal and Assam, including Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur and [[Barisal Division|Backergunge]] in Dacca Division; [[Comilla Division|Tippera]], Noakhali, Chittagong and the [[Hill Tracts]] in Chittagong Division; Rajshahi, Dinajpur, [[Jalpaiguri division|Jalpaiguri]], Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna and [[Malda division|Malda]] in Rajshahi Division; Sylhet, [[Barak Valley|Cachar]], the [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills]], the [[Nagaland|Naga Hills]] and the [[Mizoram|Lushai Hills]] in Surma Valley Division; and [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup]], the [[Meghalaya|Garo Hills]], [[Darrang]], [[Nagaon district|Nowgong]], [[Sivasagar district|Sibsagar]] and [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] in Assam Valley Division.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Eastern Bengal and Assam}}</ref> The province was bordered by [[Cooch Behar State]], [[Hill Tipperah]] and the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]].

[[File:Time-lapse of the urban growth of Dhaka, Bangladesh as seen from space (1972 to 2001).webm|thumb|NASA animation showing the urban growth of Dhaka from 1972 to 2001.]]
The development of the "real city" began after the [[partition of India]].<ref name="himalmag1">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.himalmag.com/zafar-sobhan-dhaka-bangladesh/ |title=Out of place, out of time |magazine=Himal Southasian |date=26 March 2019 |access-date=28 September 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164534/https://www.himalmag.com/zafar-sobhan-dhaka-bangladesh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After partition, Dhaka became known as the ''second capital'' of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="himalmag1"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/opinion/the-grudging-urbanist/how-politics-and-architecture-blended-dhaka-1623103 |title=How politics and architecture blended in Dhaka |work=The Daily Star |date=20 August 2018 |type=Opinion |access-date=28 September 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164532/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/opinion/the-grudging-urbanist/how-politics-and-architecture-blended-dhaka-1623103 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was formalized in 1962 when [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] declared the city as the legislative capital under the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|1962 constitution]]. The economy began to industrialize. On the outskirts of the city, the [[Adamjee Jute Mills|world's largest jute mill]] was built. The mill produced jute goods which were in high demand during the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Unthreading Partition: The politics of jute sharing between two Bengals |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/unthreading-partition-the-politics-jute-sharing-between-two-bengals-1778560 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106084737/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/unthreading-partition-the-politics-jute-sharing-between-two-bengals-1778560 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[InterContinental Dhaka|Intercontinental hotel]], designed by [[William B. Tabler]], was opened in 1966. Estonian-American architect [[Louis I. Kahn]] was enlisted to design the Dhaka Assembly, which was originally intended to be the federal parliament of Pakistan and later became independent Bangladesh's parliament. The [[East Pakistan Helicopter Service]] connected the city to regional towns.

The [[Dhaka Stock Exchange]] was opened on 28 April 1954. The first local airline [[Orient Airways]] began flights between Dhaka and [[Karachi]] on 6 June 1954. The [[RAJUK|Dhaka Improvement Trust]] was established in 1956 to coordinate the city's development. The first master plan for the city was drawn up in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11996774_06.pdf |title=Part II: Formulation of Urban and Transport Plan |access-date=11 February 2018 |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084236/http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11996774_06.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] established a medical research centre (now called [[ICDDR,B]]) in the city in 1960.

After independence, Following the [[History of Bangladesh#People's Republic of Bangladesh|independence of Bangladesh]] in 1971, the country had four divisions: [[Chittagong Division]], Dacca Division, [[Khulna Division]], and [[Rajshahi Division]]. In 1982, the English spelling of the Dacca Division (along with the name of the capital city) was changed into Dhaka Division.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} In the 1990s and 2000s, Dhaka experienced improved economic growth and the emergence of affluent business districts and satellite towns.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Shahadat |date=January 2008 |title=Rapid Urban Growth and Poverty in Dhaka City |url=http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/BEJS%205.1%20Rapid%20Urban%20Growth%20and%20Poverty%20final.pdf?q=dhaka |journal=Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology |volume=5 |issue=1 |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818115752/http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/BEJS%205.1%20Rapid%20Urban%20Growth%20and%20Poverty%20final.pdf?q=dhaka |url-status=live}}</ref> Between 1990 and 2005, the city's population doubled from 6 million to 12 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhaka: fastest growing megacity in the world |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2010-09-08/dhaka-fastest-growing-megacity-world |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=The World from PRX |date=2 August 2016 |language=en |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119194102/https://theworld.org/stories/2010-09-08/dhaka-fastest-growing-megacity-world |url-status=live }}</ref> There has been increased [[Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] in the city, particularly in the financial and textile manufacturing sectors.

==Administrative divisions==

Dhaka Division consisted before 2015 of four [[city corporation]]s, 13 districts, 123 upazilas and 1,248 union parishads. However, four of the most northerly of the 17 districts were removed in 2015 to create the new [[Mymensingh Division]], and another five districts (those situated to the south of the [[Ganges]]/[[Padma River]]) are in the process of being removed to create a new [[Faridpur Division]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
|+
! Name !! Capital !! Area (km2)
!Area (sq mi)!! Population 1991 Census !! Population 2001 Census !! Population 2011 Census !! Population 2022 census
|-
| [[Dhaka District]] || [[Dhaka]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1463.60}}
|565.10|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 5839642}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 8511228}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 12043977}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:14734024}}
|-
| [[Gazipur District]] || [[Gazipur City|Gazipur]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1806.36}}
|697.44|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1621562}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2031891}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3403912}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:5262978}}
|-
| [[Manikganj District]] || [[Manikganj]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1383.66}}
|534.23|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1175909}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1285080}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1392867}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1557927}}
|-
| [[Munshiganj District]] || [[Munshiganj Sadar Upazila|Munshiganj]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1004.29}} ||387.76|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1188387}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1293972}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1445660}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1625354}}
|-
| [[Narayanganj District]] || [[Narayanganj]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 684.37}}
|264.24|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1754804}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2173948}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2948217}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:3908898}}
|-
| [[Narsingdi District]] || [[Narsingdi]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1150.14}}
|444.07|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1652123}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1895984}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2224944}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:2584335}}
|-
| [[Kishoreganj District]]|| [[Kishoreganj]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 2,688.53}}
|1038.05|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 2306079}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 2594954}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 2911907}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:3267626}}
|-
| [[Tangail District]] || [[Tangail]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3414.35}}
|1,318.29|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 3002428}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3290696}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3750781}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:4037316}}
|-
| [[Faridpur District]]|| [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 2052.68}}
|792.54|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1505686}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1756470}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1912969}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:2162754}}
|-
| [[Gopalganj District (Bangladesh)|Gopalganj District]]|| [[Gopalganj, Bangladesh|Gopalganj]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1468.74}}||567.08|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1060791}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1165273}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1172415}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1295005}}
|-
| [[Madaripur District]]|| [[Madaripur Sadar Upazila|Madaripur]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1125.69}}||434.63|| align="right" j |{{formatnum: 1069176}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1146349}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1165952}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1292963}}
|-
| [[Rajbari District]]|| [[Rajbari Sadar Upazila|Rajbari]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1092.28}}
|421.73|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 835173}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 951906}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1049778}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1189743}}
|-
| [[Shariatpur District]]|| [[Shariatpur]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1174.05}}
|453.30|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 953021}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1082300}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1155824}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1294511}}
|-
| ''Total Districts'' * || 13 || align="right" |{{formatnum: 20508.80}}
|7,918.49|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 23964789}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 29180051}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 36433505}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:44213278}}
|}

Note: * revised area and its population after excluding the districts transferred to the new [[Mymensingh Division]].

== Sources ==
Census figures for 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2022 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2022 Census figures are based on preliminary results.

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Dhaka Division (2022)<ref name="census2022"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|93.40}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|6.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.28}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.06}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religious group with 93.40%, while Hindus are main minority with 6.26% population. Christians and others are 0.28% and 0.06% respectively. Out of 44,213,278 population, 41,295,740 are Muslims, 2,766,723 are Hindus, 124,349 are Christians, 20,341 are Buddhist, with some other faiths small population.<ref name="census2022"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

{{Geographic location
|Center = Dhaka Division
|North = [[Mymensingh Division]]
|Northeast = [[Sylhet Division]]
|East = [[Chittagong Division]]
|Southeast = [[Chittagong Division]]
|South = [[Barisal Division]]
|Southwest = [[Padma Division]]
|West = [[Rajshahi Division]]
|Northwest = [[Rangpur Division]]
}}

{{Divisions of Bangladesh}}
{{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:Divisions of Bangladesh]]

Bhawani Singh (politician)

2026-02-14T22:17:37Z

SnehAnchliya: cleaned up citations also and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian judge and politician (1911–1956)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhawani Singh
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1911|5|25}}
| birth_place = [[Pokhran]], Rajasthan
| death_date = {{death year and age|1956|1911}}<ref name="Debates">{{cite book|title = Lok Sabha Debates|publisher = [[Lok Sabha]]|volume = 2|year = 1956|location = [[New Delhi]]|page = 3|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c2HVAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhawani+Singh+Jalore}}</ref>
| office = [[Member of Parliament]]
| term = 1952–1956
| predecessor = none
| successor = [[Raghunath Singh Bahadur]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| spouse = Vidya Vati Kumari
| nationality =
}}

'''Bhawani Singh''' (25 May 1911 – 1956) was an Indian judge and politician from [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=lok/> A former [[jagirdar]] of [[Pokhran]] a feudal estate ([[thikana]]) in [[Jodhpur State]] of Rajasthan in pre-independence India, he became a [[Member of Parliament|member]] of the [[1st Lok Sabha]], the Lower house of [[Indian parliament]] from [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barmer]]-[[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore]] constituency, after getting elected as an Independent candidate in the [[1952 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1951 to The First Lok Sabha: List of Successful Candidates |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |page=164 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=2014-06-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archivedate=8 October 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Members Of Lok Sabha | publisher = [[Parliament of India]] website | url = http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/comb/combalpha.htm | accessdate = 2014-06-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130627204233/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/comb/combalpha.htm | archive-date = 27 June 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Members Bioprofile: First Lok Sabha | url = http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/biodata_1_12/623.htm | publisher = [[Lok Sabha]] | access-date = 23 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140624083100/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/biodata_1_12/623.htm | archive-date = 24 June 2014 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Born in [[Pokhran]] to Thakur Chain Singh, [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]] of Pokhran in present [[Jaisalmer district]], who was [[Pradhan]] of the Champawat [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] clan and also a judge at [[Allahabad High Court]]. Bhawani Singh did his schooling from [[Mayo College]], a boarding school in [[Ajmer]], followed by [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]], Pune (University of Pune), M.A. from Cambridge University and L.L.B. and F.R.E.S from [[Lincoln's Inn]], London.<ref name=lok>{{cite web | title = Members Bioprofile: First Lok Sabha | url = http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/biodata_1_12/623.htm | publisher = Lok Sabha website | accessdate = 2014-06-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140624083100/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/biodata_1_12/623.htm | archive-date = 24 June 2014 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> He remained District and Sessions Judge from 1941 to 1947. He was a judge at [[Sessions Court]] when he retired to join politics in the first general elections of independent India.<ref name=lok/> He was married to Vidya Vati Kumari of Katesar, and the couple had three sons.<ref name=lok/><ref>{{cite web | title = Pokhran (thikana) Genealogy | url = http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pokhran.html | accessdate = 2014-06-24 | first = Henry | last = Soszynski | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222170614/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pokhran.html | archive-date = 22 December 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhawani}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Jaisalmer district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Mayo College alumni]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:Pokhran]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:People from Barmer, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Jalore district]]

{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

Tarenna asiatica

2026-02-13T13:52:44Z

SnehAnchliya: Put Up The Post V1

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}

{{Speciesbox
| image = Tarenna asiatica - Asiatic Tarenna 01.jpg
| image_caption = ''Tarenna asiatica'' seen in Mahanthalingapura in the outskirts of Bangalore
| genus = Tarenna
| species = asiatica
| authority = (L.) Kuntze ex K.Schum.
| synonyms = ''Rondeletia asiatica'' L.
}}

'''''Tarenna asiatica''''', the '''Asiatic tarenna''', is a species of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Rubiaceae]].<ref>Revisio Generum Plantarum 1:278. 1891</ref><ref>Bot. Tidsskr. 24: 332 (1902)</ref><ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN|sp|80058|09-Oct-10}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Tarenna asiatica (Linn.) Alston. |work=SpringerReference |date=2011 |url=http://www.springerreference.com/index/doi/10.1007/springerreference_69541 |access-date=2025-12-09 |place=Berlin/Heidelberg |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/springerreference_69541 |doi-broken-date=9 December 2025 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarenna asiatica - Asiatic Tarenna |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Asiatic%20Tarenna.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarenna asiatica – eFlora of India |url=https://efloraofindia.com/efi/tarenna-asiatica/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K.Schum. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60434903-2 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>

==Medicinal uses==
Extracts of ''T. asiatica'' have been evaluated for use against [[dengue virus]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pratheeba |first1=T. |last2=Taranath |first2=V. |last3=Sai Gopal |first3=DVR |last4=Natarajan |first4=D. |date=November 2019 |title=Antidengue potential of leaf extracts of Pavetta tomentosa and Tarenna asiatica (Rubiaceae) against dengue virus and its vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) |journal=Heliyon |volume=5 |issue=11 |article-number=e02732 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02732 |pmid=31844692 |pmc=6889234 |bibcode=2019Heliy...502732P |doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440}}</ref> and ''[[Brucella]].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manojj |first1=D. |last2=Yasasve |first2=M. |last3=Kanmani |first3=K. |last4=Sai Ramesh |first4=A. |date=2020-01-01 |title=In vitro cytotoxicity study and anti-Brucella activity of Tarenna asiatica (L) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629919314401 |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=128 |pages=54–61 |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2019.09.021 |bibcode=2020SAJB..128...54M |issn=0254-6299|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commonscat|Tarenna asiatica}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15056632}}

[[Category:Tarenna|asiatica]]
[[Category:Flora of Asia]]

{{Ixoroideae-stub}}
[[Category:Rubiaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Flora of Indo-China]]

Dhulkot

2026-02-06T13:21:28Z

SnehAnchliya: adding first entry from scratch!

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhulkot
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Burhanpur District|Burhanpur]]
| population_total = 8809
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.49|N|76.17|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Dhulkot''' is a town located in [[Nepanagar]] Tehsil of [[Burhanpur District]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Dhulkot.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Dhulkot, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It is 34 km away from District Headquarter [[Burhanpur]].

According to the [[Census of India 2011|2011 Census of India]], Dhulkot has a population of 8,809, of which 4,496 are males and 4,313 are females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/506386-dhulkot-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Dhulkot Village Population - Nepanagar - Burhanpur, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The Pin Code of Dhulkot is 450331.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indore Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Burhanpur district]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

Kolanka Cup

2026-02-05T02:17:47Z

SnehAnchliya: adding a entry

{{Short description|Indian polo trophy}}
{{moresources|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:The Rajah of Kolanka with the Kolanka Cup.jpg|thumb|The Rajah of Kolanka with the Kolanka Cup in 1936]]

The '''Kolanka Cup''' is a [[polo]] trophy awarded in India. According to the [[Guinness Book of World Records]], it is the "tallest sports trophy in the world".{{Failed verification|date=February 2026}} It is named after the ''[[Rajah]]'' of Kolanka <ref>Sri Rajah Rao Pradyumna Krishna Mahipati Suryarao Bahadur</ref> Sri Rajah Rao Pradyumna Krishna Mahipati Suryarao Bahadur who commissioned it while playing polo for the Kolanka team. The ''[[Rajah]]'' of ''Kolanka'' was the 4th ''Rajakumar'' of [[Venkatagiri]]. He was the fourth son of the 29th ''[[Raja]]'' of Venkatagiri and the grandson of [[Rajagopala Krishna Yachendra of Venkatagiri]] and was adopted by the childless ''[[Rani]]'' of Kolanka.{{Failed verification|date=February 2026}}

The Kolanka Cup is 6 feet tall and is made out of pure silver.

The last match for the Kolanka Cup is said to have been played in 1998. Since then the cup has been in storage.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 August 2011|title=Memories of Madras – Riders of a bygone era|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2316273.ece}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu Sports}}

[[Category:Indian sports trophies and awards]]
[[Category:Polo in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Polo competitions]]

{{Sports-award-stub}}

Terence Keyes

2026-01-29T19:15:10Z

SnehAnchliya: updated section further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|British Army general (1877–1939)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Brigadier-general (United Kingdom)|Brigadier-General]]
|name = Sir Terence Keyes
|honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCIE|CSI|CMG|FRGS|FZS}}
|image=
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1877|05|28|df=yes}}
|birth_place=
|death_date= {{death date and age|1939|02|26|1877|05|28|df=yes}}
|death_place= [[Hastings]], East Sussex
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]
|serviceyears= 1897–1932
|rank= [[Brigadier-General]]
|unit=
|commands=
|battles= [[Tirah Campaign|Tirah Expedition]] [[First World War]] [[Russian Civil War]]
|awards= [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (4) [[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Officer of the Order of the Crown]] (Romania) [[Order of Saint Anna|Order of Saint Anna, 1st Class]] (Russia) [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus, 1st Class]] (Russia) [[Order of Saint Vladimir|Order of Saint Vladimir, 4th Class]] (Russia)
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
[[Brigadier-General]] '''Sir Terence Humphrey Keyes''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCIE|CSI|CMG|FRGS|FZS}} (28 May 1877 – 26 February 1939) was a British officer in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] and the [[Indian Political Service]].<ref>''[[Who Was Who]]''</ref><ref name=Times>Obituary, ''[[The Times]]'', 28 February 1939</ref>

==Early life and family==
Keyes was born on 28 May 1877. He was the son of General [[Charles Patton Keyes|Sir Charles Keyes]], the younger brother of Admiral of the Fleet [[Roger Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes|Lord Keyes]] and older brother of Commander Adrian Keyes, who served with distinction during the [[Gallipoli campaign]]. He was educated at [[Haileybury College]] and as Queen's India Cadet at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], from which he was commissioned [[second lieutenant]] in the Indian Army in January 1897.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26815 |date=19 January 1897|page=341}}</ref>

==Military career==
Keyes served in the [[Tirah Campaign|Tirah Expedition]] in 1897–1898, attached to the 2nd Battalion, [[King's Own Scottish Borderers]], where he was slightly wounded in the hand by a splinter and hit by a spent bullet in the chest at the [[Battle of Chagru Kotal]] on 18 October 1897.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26943 |date=1 March 1898|page=1266}}</ref> He was [[mentioned in despatches]] for these operations,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26943 |date=1 March 1898|page=1262}}</ref> and promoted [[lieutenant]] in April 1899.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27100 |date=18 July 1899|page=4446}}</ref> In 1900 he served with troops helping to relieve the famine in the [[Central Provinces]].

In October 1904, he received his first political post when he was appointed [[vice-consul]] in [[Seistan]] and [[Qaen|Kain]] in [[Persia]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27734 |date=11 November 1904|page=7262}}</ref> He was promoted [[Captain (OF-2)|captain]] in January 1906,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27900 |date=3 April 1906|page=2336}}</ref> and in February he became [[consul (representative)|consul]] in [[Turbat-i-Haidari]] and [[Kariz, Razavi Khorasan|Karez]], also in Persia.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27891 |date=2 March 1906|page=1514}}</ref> He served in the [[Baluchistan Campaign]] in 1908 and in 1914 was appointed [[Political Resident|political agent]] in [[Bahrain]]. Promoted [[Major (rank)|major]] in 1915, he served in the [[Mesopotamian campaign]] during the [[First World War]]. In 1916, he headed the [[Mekran]] Mission, for which he was appointed [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in June 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30111 |date=1 June 1917|page=5462|supp=y}}</ref> In 1917 he was attached to the Russian army in Romania, was promoted temporary [[lieutenant-colonel]] in January 1918,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30506 |date=1 February 1918|page=1593|supp=y}}</ref> and [[brevet (military)|brevet]] lieutenant-colonel in June.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30883 |date=3 September 1918|page=10498|supp=y}}</ref> For the next two years, he served on "special duty" in Russia during the [[Russian Revolution|revolution]]. He served in the [[Russian Civil War]] in 1919–1920, serving as [[Brigadier-General]] [[General Staff]] South Russia and [[Army of the Black Sea]] from December 1919 to June 1920,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31878 |date=23 April 1920|page=4817|supp=y}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32124 |date=12 November 1920|page=11080|supp=y}}</ref> and being mentioned in despatches three times and appointed [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (CMG) in November 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31764 |date=30 January 1920|page=1378|supp=y}}</ref> From 1919 to 1920, he served as deputy [[high commissioner]] and acting high commissioner in South Russia. For his war service he also received several foreign orders: Officer of the [[Order of the Crown of Romania]] with Swords,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31736 |date=13 January 1920|page=706|supp=y}}</ref> [[Order of St Anna]] 1st Class, [[Order of St Stanislaus]] 1st Class, and [[Order of St Vladimir]] with Swords 4th Class, all Russian.

After the war he returned to India, serving in Baluchistan again from 1921 to 1928, for which he was appointed [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) in 1928. He was promoted substantive lieutenant-colonel in January 1923.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32844 |date=13 July 1923|page=4859}}</ref> In 1928, he was appointed British envoy at the court of [[Nepal]]; from 1928 to 1929, he was [[British resident]] in [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]]; in 1929, he was agent to the [[Viceroy of India|Governor-General]] in the [[princely states]] of Western India; and from 1930 to 1933, he was resident in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. A school in [[Secunderabad]], the Keyes High School for Girls, was named after him, as he helped Dewan Padma Rao Mudaliar secure land to establish a permanent home for a school established by Venu Gopal Pillai that had six dispersed campuses. He retired from the army in May 1932 with the honorary rank of brigadier-general,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33848 |date=22 July 1932|page=4796}}</ref> and the following year returned to England to live at Freezeland Farm, near [[Ninfield]], [[Sussex]]. He was appointed [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) shortly before his retirement from the IPS in the [[1933 New Year Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33898 |date=30 December 1932|page=6|supp=y}}</ref>

==Personal and later life==
He married Edith Beatrice M'Mahon, daughter of Lieutenant-General C. A. M'Mahon. They had three sons, Roger (who became a well-known [[BBC]] journalist), Patrick and Michael, and two daughters, Rosemary and Lavender. Keyes was a committed Christian and a supporter of the [[Oxford Group]] and its principles of "moral rearmament", as well as an active [[freemason]], serving as the Master of Lodge Ekram at [[The St. John's (Secunderabad)|St. John's Masocic Hall]] during his stay at [[Secunderabad]] in 1931 <ref name=Times /> He died in hospital in [[Hastings]] on 26 February 1939 after a long illness.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keyes, Terence}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:Indian Political Service officers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Zoological Society of London]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Tirah campaign]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Nepal]]
[[Category:British Christians]]
[[Category:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the Crown (Romania)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class]]
[[Category:People from Wealden District]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:King's Own Scottish Borderers officers]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:Military personnel from East Sussex]]

Manisha

2026-01-17T23:09:04Z

SnehAnchliya: added new stub

{{Short description|Sanskrit term meaning intelligence and desire}}
{{about||the kabaddi player|Manisha (kabaddi)|the actress|Manisha Koirala|the singer|Manizha}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}

'''Manisha''' ({{Langx|sa|मनीषा|translit=Manīṣā}}) is a Sanskrit term meaning intelligence and desire.

== Usage ==
Manisha is used as a Hindu female name in India.

The Sanskrit term ''Manīṣā'' can be transliterated into English as Manisa or Manisha. The noun Manisha appears as early as the [[Rigveda|Rigveda Samhita]] and also in the [[Aitareya Upanishad]], which is a part of the second book of [[Aranyaka|Aitareya Aranyaka]] of Rigveda. And in the Rigveda Samhita, Manisha in most of the places is used to mean, ‘''praise''’.

However, both [[Adi Shankara]]charya and [[Sayana]]charya have stated that Manisha means "the independence of intellect (mati)’. Therefore, Manisha can be deciphered as "the intelligence which is capable of independent logical reasoning and rational analysis in determining truth or facts".

However, in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Manisha is reference given to goddess of wish.

While, according to Sanskrit-English dictionary, Manisha has several meanings, some of them are:
* Desire, wish; यो दुर्जनं वशयितुं तनुते मनीषाम् ''(yo durjanam vashayitum tanute manisham)''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2018-07-31|title=Manisha, Manīṣā: 11 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/manisha|access-date=2021-06-13|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref>
* Intelligence, wisdom, understanding; अतः साधोऽत्र यत् सारं मनुद्धृत्य मनीषया ''(atah sadhotra yat saaram manuddhartya manishya)''; प्रविभज्य पृथङ्मनीषया स्वगुणं यत्किल तत्करिष्यसि ''(pravibhajya prathamanishya svagunam yatkila tatkarishyasi)''<ref name=":0" />
* In Rigveda as hymn, praise, prayer.
* A thoughtfulness, reflection, idea, notion.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language names]]
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Indian feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]

Indon Ki Dhani

2026-01-12T16:11:49Z

SnehAnchliya: adding a pg

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Indon Ki Dhani
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.752056|72.788587|}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 329
| population_total = 876
| population_as_of = 
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map =
}}

'''Indon Ki Dhani''' is a village located in the [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur District]] of [[Rajasthan]], India. It is situated in the [[Osian tehsil|Osian Tehsil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosh Devi (Sarpanch - Gram Panchayat Indo Ki Dhani, Lohawat) Jodhpur |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Rajasthan Link |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indon Ki Dhani village in Osian taluka, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India |url=https://vill.co.in/rajasthan/jodhpur/osian-113005680/indon-ki-dhani-005680845480/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==
Indon Ki Dhani is situated at an altitude of 329 meters [[above sea level]].

=== Connectivity ===
Indon Ki Dhani is served by both public and private bus services within the village. The nearest railway stations are Bhikamkor Railway Station (7.7 km away) and [[Osiyan railway station|Osiyan Railway Station]] (14 km away).

=== Nearby cities and villages ===
The village is surrounded by cities such as [[Jodhpur]], [[Pipar City]], Siana, and [[Nagaur]]. Nearby villages include Banakabas, [[Khetasar]], [[Cherai, Rajasthan|Cherai]], Ekalkhori, and [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]].

=== Local administration ===
The village is governed by the Indon Ki Dhani Gram Panchayat. The current Sarpanch is Menka Devi, and the Secretary is Mohanlal Vishnoi.

=== Healthcare and education ===
Indon Ki Dhani has primary health centers and schools, including GSS Indon Ki Dhani and GUPS Kavo Ki Dhani. Nearby colleges include Govt College Osian, Bbhagwati College Khetasar, Dgp Dhogdi Memorial, and Tanwar Group Of Institute.

=== Weather ===
The current temperature in Indon Ki Dhani is 31.4 °C with clear sky conditions. The humidity is 24%, and the wind speed is 3.72 mt/sec towards S.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]

Nicholas B. Dirks

2026-01-11T07:08:11Z

SnehAnchliya:

#REDIRECT [[Nicholas Dirks]]
{{R from long}}

Kshitij Wagh

2026-01-08T00:52:07Z

SnehAnchliya: adding new stub

{{short description|Indian playback singer and a composer (born 1977)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kshitij Wagh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|10|21|df=yes}}<ref name=Sify/>
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]], Madhya Pradesh, India<ref name=Sify/>
| death_date =
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer, composer
| years_active = 2000–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
'''Kshitij Wagh''' is an Indian playback singer and a composer.

He was contestant at the [[Indian Idol 2|second season of ''Indian Idol'']] in 2005 and 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051212/asp/calcutta/story_5590548.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202151941/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051212/asp/calcutta/story_5590548.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Idol pick |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=12 December 2005 |accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> His early education in music came from his father Ramesh Wagh. Later he also learnt music from Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, New Delhi.<ref name=Sify>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/indianidol2/contestants/kshitij/ |title=Contestants – Kshitij Wagh |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329150648/http://www.sify.com/indianidol2/contestants/kshitij/ |archive-date=29 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Partial discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Song title !! Film !! Co-singer !! Music director !! Language
|-
| 2012 || "Kata Rutla" || ''[[Yedyanchi Jatra]]'' || || himself || Marathi
|-
| 2012 || "Uthale Vadal" || ''Yedyanchi Jatra'' || || himself || Marathi
|-
| 2012 || "Saanj Gandhaalali"- || ''Yedyanchi Jatra'' || || himself || Marathi
|-
| 2012 || "Yedyanchi Jatra" || ''Yedyanchi Jatra'' || || himself || Marathi
|-
| 2011 || "Mehki Mehki"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/game-soundtrack-edgy-with-international-feel/144244-45-76.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226061329/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/game-soundtrack-edgy-with-international-feel/144244-45-76.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2011 |title='Game' soundtrack edgy with international feel |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |date=30 March 2011 |accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> || ''[[Game (2011 film)|Game]]'' || [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] || Hindi
|-
| 2010 || "Motu Master" || ''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]'' || [[Raman Mahadevan]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Bonnie Chakraborty]], Sriram Iyer, Tochi Raina, Amit Trivedi, [[Anurag Kashyap]] || [[Amit Trivedi]] || Hindi
|-
| 2010 || "Aashaon Ke Pankh"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/503905 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203152641/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/503905 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2014 |title=Critic Review: Bumm Bumm Bole |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 April 2010 |accessdate=1 February 2014 |author=Joginder Tuteja}}</ref> || ''[[Bumm Bumm Bole]]'' || Rishikesh Kamerkar, Rajeev Sundaresan, Kirti Sagathia || Tapas Relia || Hindi
|-
| 2010 || "Thakalo Thakalo" || ''On Duty 24 Taas'' || || Panjak-Pushkar || Marathi
|-
| 2010 || "Aanandacha Dis Aala" || ''On Duty 24 Taas'' || || Panjak-Pushkar || Marathi
|-
| 2009 || "Mukya Mukya" || ''Anolkhi He Ghar Majhe'' || || K C Loy || Marathi
|-
| 2006 || "Amhi Tumchya" || ''Aila re'' || || Pranay Pradhan || Marathi
|-
| 2006 || "Thembanche Moti Leyun" || ''Aila re'' || || Pranay Pradhan || Marathi
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4066431}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wagh, Kshitij}}
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Indian Idol participants]]

C. F. D'Costa

2026-01-02T09:59:50Z

SnehAnchliya: adding basic stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian writer (1931–1992)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{infobox writer
| name = C. F. D'Costa
| image = Cha Fra DCosta.png
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|10|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Marnamikatta, [[Mangalore]], [[India]]
| death_date = 1992 (aged 61)<ref>{{harvnb|Sardesai|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA275 275]}}</ref>
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Soshyache Kan''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1989)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Charles Francis D'Costa''' (10 October 1931 – 1992), popularly known as '''Cha. Fra. D'Costa''' (or '''Cha. Fra.'''), was a Konkani poet, dramatist, and journalist from [[Mangalore]].

==Early life==
Charles Francis D'Costa was born in [[Mangalore]] on 10 October 1931 in the Rosario area (near Marnamikatta) as the eldest of four children of Madthabai and Marcel D’Costa.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |last1=Navelkar |first1=V. R. |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol1.pdf/462 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=462 |volume=1 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref> He did his primary education at St. John the Baptist School in Cascia and high school studies at Milagres High School.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /><ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/40745036/Works-of-Cha-Fra-a-Study-UGC-Project-Report-by-Anil-Pinto-2008 Pinto, Anil. Works of Cha. Fra.: A Study]</ref> He left his formal studies in 1948.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

He moved to Bombay in 1948 and worked in the Election Commission for the first general election of independent India. Later he became an employee of B.E.S.T.<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/40745036/Works-of-Cha-Fra-a-Study-UGC-Project-Report-by-Anil-Pinto-2008 Pinto, Anil. Works of Cha. Fra.: A Study]</ref>

==Career==
===Journalism===
D'Costa began his writing career in the early days contributing to the paper ''Poinnari'', which was edited by [[V. J. P. Saldanha]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> He later served as the editor of ''Poinnari'' around 1959.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> After leaving ''Poinnari'' in 1959, Cha. Fra. D'Costa started Konkani periodicals such as ''Zag-mag'' (1956), ''Vixal Konkonn'' (1961), ''Jivit'' (1983), and ''Udev'' (1976).<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://tskk.org/content_disp.php?id=93 | title=A Brief History of Konknni Periodicals:Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr | access-date=6 January 2011 | archive-date=28 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728131727/http://tskk.org/content_disp.php?id=93 | url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 1999, he was the editor of ''Jivit''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
While most of his writing was in the [[Kannada script]], he also contributed to [[Devanagari]] periodicals such as ''Rashtramat'', ''Sunaparant'', and ''Kulagar''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

===Literature and Theatre===
He was a playwright who revolutionized Konkani theatre with his one-act plays. His plays were at par with European plays, in their substance and content. Though, many of his plays were adapted, some of them were better than the original. The lyrical beauty of his dialogues gave the plays a unique status of high quality. Because he was a progressive thinker, he questioned established values of religion and the state, through all his creative artistic expressions. His writings often utilized satire, irony, and humour to highlight flaws in society.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
His plays have been performed in [[Goa]], [[Mangalore]], [[Mumbai]], and the Gulf countries.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> Several of his works originally in the Kannada script, such as ''Sunnem Mazor Hansta'', ''Tornem Tornem Mornem'', and ''Soshyache Kan'', have been transliterated into the Devanagari script.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

===Activism and Music===
D'Costa was instrumental in the establishment of the Mangalore Konkani Bhasha Mandal.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> He served as the President of the 9th All India Konkani Writer's Conference held in [[Sanquelim]] in 1987.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
His lyrics were featured in the musical program ''Mand Sobhan'', which became popular from Mangalore to Goa. His songs were released on cassettes titled ''Rang Tarang'' and ''Mand Sobhan''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Works ==
=== Plays ===
# Sobit Sounsar (1955)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
# Sunnem Mazor Hansta (One-Act, 1977)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
# Tomato (One-Act)
# Vishenticho Bhav (One-Act)
# Tornem Tornem Mornem (Drama, 1973)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
# Poinnaryancho Mitr
# Bhangar Monis
# Jorji Buthel
# Mankddacho Pai
# Magirchem Magir
# Boklaak Sat Ji:v
# Kuvalyachi Val
# Handdo uttla
# Boncho Bandh
# Dev Polleit Asa
# Doro
# Them Tho ani Hanv
# Shirigundi Shimaon
# Dakther Dusman
# Jillacho Novro
# Moja Puthacho Kinkulo
# Rojik Kazar
# Avnkwar Mesthri (1957)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
# Zuze Dayal
# Macho
<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&q=History+of+Konkani+Literature |title = A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992|isbn = 9788172016647|last1 = Saradesāya|first1 = Manohararāya|year = 2000| publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref><ref>Stella’ D’Costa, Edited works of Cha. Fra</ref><ref>D’Sliva, Victor. Cha Fra D’Costa. Mangalore: Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy, 2000</ref>

=== Stories and Biographies ===
# ''Melle'' (Story, 1949)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
# ''Poinnaryancho Ixtt'' (Biography, 1954)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

=== Poetry ===
# Sonshayche Kan (published between 1986–88)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Awards ==
He won the Central [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1989 for his poetry collection ''Soshyache Kan''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Cite book
|last=Sardesai
|first=Manohar Rai
|authorlink=Manohar Rai Sardesai
|title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC
|isbn=81-7201-664-6
|publisher=Sahitya Akademi
|location=New Delhi
|pages=336
|date=1 January 2000

|access-date=2011-11-20}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Costa, C> F.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Writers from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Konkani-language poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

List of Indian organisations in Singapore

2025-12-25T20:09:32Z

SnehAnchliya: brief improved formatting for accuracy additionally and updated info

{{short description|None}}

{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2013}}
Among the population of [[Indians in Singapore]] there are many organisations and societies of a religious, cultural, social, educational, professional, business and sporting nature.

==Religious organisations==

===Indian-origin religions ===
{{ see also | Indian religions | l1= Indian-origin religions }}

====Government bodies====

* Hindu Advisory Board
* [[Hindu Endowments Board]]
* Sikh Advisory Board

====Unity organisations ====

* Global Association of Dharma-Dhamma Organisations, Singapore chapter
* Dharma Dhamma Conference, Singapore delegation

====Place of worship====

=====Buddhist temples=====
{{main|List of Buddhist temples in Singapore}}
* [[Palelai Buddhist Temple]]
* [[Sakya Muni Buddha Gaya Temple]]
* [[Sri Lankaramaya Buddhist Temple]]
* [[Wat Ananda Metyarama Thai Buddhist Temple]]

=====Hindu temples=====
{{main|List of Hindu temples in Singapore}}

* Darma Muneeswaran Temple
* Sree Guru Raghavendra Seva Samajam
* Shree Lakshmi Narayan Temple
* Sree Maha Mariamman Temple
* Sree Ramar Temple
* Sri Arasakesari Sivan Temple
* Sri Arulmigu Murugan Temple
* Sri Holy Tree Bala Subramaniam Temple
* Sri Krishna Bhagawan Temple
* Sri Layan Sithi Vinayagar Temple
* [[Sri Manmatha Karuneshvarar Temple]]
* Sri Mariamman Muneeswarar Temple
* [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore|Sri Mariamman Temple]]
* Sri Muneeswaran Temple
* Sri Murugan Hill Temple
* [[Sri Ruthra Kaliamman Temple]]
* Sri Senpaga Vinayagar Temple
* Sri Siva-Krishna Temple
* [[Sri Sivan Temple]]
* [[Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple]]
* [[Sri Thandayuthapani Temple Singapore|Sri Thendayuthapani Temple]]
* [[Sri Vadapathira Kaliamman Temple]]
* [[Sri Vairavimada Kaliamman Temple]]
* [[Sri Veeramakaliamman Temple]]
* [[Ramakrishna Mission]] Singapore
* Sri Muneeswarar Peetam

=====Jain gurudwaras=====

* [[Jainism in Singapore]]

=====Sikh gurudwaras=====

* [[Central Sikh Temple|Central Sikh Gurudwara Board]]
* Khalsa Dharmak Sabha
* Pardesi Khalsa Dharmak Diwan
* Silat Road Sikh Temple
* Sri Guru Nanak Sat Sang Sabha
* Sri Guru Singh Sabha
* Yishun Sikh Temple

====Other religious groups ====

=====Buddhist religious groups =====
* Singapore Sinhala Buddhist Association
* Buddhist Indian Association of Singapore

=====Hindu religious groups=====

* [[Arya Samaj in Singapore]]
* Durga Devi Amma Society
* Geeta Ashram
* Hindu Tamil Devotees Society
* Krishna Our Guide
* Ksihnam Vandey Jaga Gurum
* Namadwaar
* Narayana Gurukula
* Prasanthi Sai Mission
* Rajayoga Power Transcendental Meditation Centre, Singapore
* Ramakrishna Sangeetha Sabba
* Saiva Siddhantha Sangam
* Science of Living
* Shiv Mandir
* Shri Parmhans Advait Mat Society
* Singapore Ayyappa Seva Sangham
* Singapore Dakshina Bharata Brahmana Sabha
* [[Sri Aurobindo]] Society
* Sri Gnanananda Seva Samajam, Singapore
* Sri [[Sathya Sai Baba]] Centre Of Singapore
* Sri Sathya Sai Baba Service Centre
* Sri Sathya Sai Mission
* Sri Sathya Sai Prema Nilayam
* Sri Sathya Sai Seva Centre
* Sri Sathya Sai Society Singapore
* Sri Satya Sai Baba Centre Katong
* Sri Satya Sai Centre Selegie
* The Hindu Centre
* The Singapore Hindu Sabai
* Velmurugan Temple Society

=====Jain religious group=====

* [[Singapore Jain Religious Society]]

=====Sikh religious group=====

* Sikh Sewaks Singapore

===Abrahmic religions ===

====Place of worship ====

=====Indian churches=====
* Ang Mo Kio Tamil Methodist Church
* Cornerstone Tamil Fellowship, Under Cornerstone Community Church
* Ebenezer Malayalam Fellowship Singapore, a Malayalam Pentecostal Church
* Jireh Bible Presbyterian Church
* Jesus Lives Church
* Jurong Tamil Methodist Church
* King of Glory Church, Norris Road
* King of Glory Church, Bukit Batok
* Mar Thoma Syrian Church
* My Saviour's Church
* Pasir Panjang Tamil Methodist Church
* [[Philadelphia House of Fellowship]]
* New Hope Family Church<ref>[http://www.NHFC.sg New Hope Family Church]</ref> Tamil and Hindi church
* Seletar Tamil Methodist Church
* Sembawang Tamil Methodist Church
* Smyrna Assembly (Life Centre) (English, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam church)]
* [[South Asian International Fellowship]] (English, Tamil, Telugu and Hindi church in Singapore)<ref name="saifchurch">{{cite web|url=http://www.saifchurch.com|title=South Asian International Fellowship | To Know God And To Make Him Known|publisher=saifchurch.com|accessdate=2014-06-13}}</ref>
* St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Cathedral
* Tamil Methodist Church

=====Indian mosques=====

* [[Masjid Abdul Gafoor]]
* Masjid Al-Abrar
* [[Masjid Al-Falah, Singapore|Masjid Al-Falah]]
* [[Masjid Angullia]]
* [[Masjid Bencoolen]]
* [[Masjid Hajjah Fatimah]]
* [[Masjid Jamae]]
* [[Masjid Malabar]]
* Masjid Moulana Md Ali
* Masjid Radin Mas
* [[Masjid Sultan]]

====Other religious organisations====

=====Muslim religious groups=====
* Dakhni Urdu Association
* Federation of Indian Muslims
* Islamic Fellowship Association
* Indian Muslim Social Service Association (IMSSA)
* Kayalpatnam Welfare Association
* Kilakkarai Welfare Association
* Koothanallur Association of Singapore
* Malabar Muslim Jama-ath
* Muthupettai Association
* Nagapattinam Association Singapore
* Nagore Association
* [[Podakkudi]] Association
* Rifayee Thareeq Association of Singapore
* Singapore Kadayanallur Muslim League
* Singapore Tenkasi Muslim Welfare Society
* Singapore Thuckalay Muslim Association
* South Indian Jamiathul Ulama
* Tariqatu-l Arusiyyatu-l Qadiriyya Worldwide Association
* The Jameyathul Muslimin of B&C Mutlur
* Thiruvithancode Muslim Union
* Thopputhurai Muslim Association
* United Indian Muslim Association

==Arts and sports groups==

===Arts groups===
* AGAM Theatre Lab
* Apsaras Arts Performing Arts Company
* Association of Singapore Tamil Writers
* Bhaskar's Arts Academy Ltd
* Damaru Singapore
* Indian Arts Centre
* Indian Cultural Society
* Kala Mandhir
* Medasvi School of Dance
* Naujawan Orchestra
* Nrityalaya Aesthetics Society
* Sikh Cultural and Literary Society
* Singapore Indian Artistes' Association
* Singapore Indian Fine Arts Society
* Sakthi Fine Arts Singapore
* Singapore Kairalee Kala Nilayam
* Singapore Kairalee Film Forum
* Society Of Kalai Pithers
* Soorya (Singapore)
* Sri Saktivilas Mission
* Tamil Language And Cultural Society
* The [[Singapore Naval Base|Naval Base]] Kerala Library
* Vaineeka Music

===Sports and recreation clubs===
* [[Balestier Khalsa FC]]
* Ceylon Sports Club
* India International Insurance Sports & Recreation Club
* Indian Bank Recreation Club
* Indian Overseas Bank Recreation Club
* Sikh Sports Club
* Silambam Art Association
* [[Singapore Indian Association]]
* Singapore Indian Football Club
* [[Singapore Khalsa Association FC]]

==Education and welfare groups==

===Co-operatives and welfare groups===

* Annamalai University Alumni Association (Singapore Chapter)
* Gnananandam Mission Singapore Chapter Ltd
* Indian Community Welfare Centre
* IT Services Cooperative Ltd
* Jamal Mohamed College Alumni Association (Singapore Chapter)
* Navajeevan Centre
* [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
* SANA Hindu Aftercare
* SANA Sikh Aftercare
* Sikh Welfare Council
* [[Singapore Indian Development Association]] (SINDA)
* Singapore Haryanvi Kunba
* Singapore Indian Education Trust
* Singapore Sikh Education Foundation
* Singapore Tenkasi Muslim Welfare Society
* Sree Narayana Mission
* Thopputhurai Muslim Association (Singapore)

===Schools and educational institutions===
* Christ Church Kindergarten
* DAV Hindi School
* Hindi Society Singapore
* Hariprasad Childcare
* Khalsa Kindergarten
* Radha Soami Satsang Beas Singapore
* Saraswathy Education Centre
* Singapore Tamils IT Society
* Umar Pulavar Tamil Language Centre
* Urdu Development Society
* Vithya Kindergarten
* [[Bangla Language and Literary Society, Singapore]]

==Social and professional groups==

===Business and professional groups===
* Chettiars Nattukkottai Chamber Of Commerce
* Indian Institutes of Technology Alumni Association
* Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Alumni Association
* Professional Network of Young Indians
* Serangoon Merchants Association
* Sikh Money Lenders and Businessmen Association
* Sindhi Merchants Association
* [[Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce & Industry]]
* Singapore Sri Lanka Business Association
* Singapore Tamil Teachers' Union

===Social and cultural community groups===

* [[Bengali Association Of Singapore]]
* BiJhar (Singapore)
* Haryanvi Khap of Singapore
* Indian Hall of Fame Singapore
* Indian Heritage Centre
* Indian Muslim Social Service Association (Singapore)
* Kannada Sangha (Singapore)
* [[Koothanallur]] Family Club
* [[Little India Shopkeepers and Heritage Association]] (LISHA)
* [https://www.mmsingapore.org/ Maharashtra Mandal]
* Marwari Mitra Mandal
* National University of Singapore Tamil Language Society
*Nanyang Technological University Tamil Literary Society
* Odia Society of Singapore(OSS)
* Sembawang Tamils Association
* Singapore Tamil Community (STC online Group) https://www.SgTamilCommunity.online
* Singapore Bengali Society
* Singapore Ceylon Tamils Association
* Singapore Gujarati Society
* [[Singapore Indian Development Association]]
* Singapore Kerala Association
* [https://www.kairaleekalanilayam.com/ Singapore Kairalee Kalanilayam]
* Singapore Malayalee Hindu Samajam
* Singapore North Indian Hindu Association
* Singapore Indian League
* [https://www.styc.sg/ Singapore Tamil Youths' Club]
* Singapore Tamilian Association
* Singai Tamil Sangam
* Singapore Tamizhar Eyakkam
* Singapore Yadavar Association
* Singapore Telugu Samajam
* Society of Indian Students (formerly: Society of Indian Scholars)
* Tamils Information Technology Society, Singapore) -https://www.STiTSociety.org
* Tamils Representative Council (TRC)
* Tamils Reform Association
* Telangana Cultural Society (Singapore) - [[www.tcs-singapore.org]]
* Thamizhvel Narppani Mandram
* Thiruvalluvar Tamil Valarchik Kazhakam
* Yarthavar Association
* Surya Keeridam Association
* Odia Society of Singapore: http://singodia.org
* Malwa Cultural Association: https://malwa.sg/index.html

==See also==

* Context
** [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]]
** [[Greater India]]
** [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia]]
** [[History of Singaporean Indians]]
** [[Indian diaspora]]
** [[Indianisation]]
** [[Indian National Army in Singapore]]
** [[Hinduism in South East Asia]]
* Indian-origin religions and people in Singapore
** [[Arya Samaj in Singapore]]
** [[Hinduism in Singapore]]
** [[Jainism in Singapore]]
** [[Indian Singaporeans]]
** [[List of Hindu temples in Singapore]]
** [[Lists of Hindu temples]]
** [[Singaporean Indians]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.littleindia.com.sg/|title=Little India – Singapore – LISHA|publisher=littleindia.com.sg|access-date=2014-06-13}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.singaporetelugusamajam.org/|title=STS Home Page|publisher=singaporetelugusamajam.org|access-date=2014-06-13}}
*{{cite web|url=http://singara.org/|title=Singara | Kannada Sanhga (Singapore)|publisher=singara.org|access-date=2014-06-13}}

[[Category:Indian diaspora in Singapore]]
[[Category:Overseas Indian organisations]]

Ahmedabad–Okha Vande Bharat Express

2025-12-13T08:33:13Z

SnehAnchliya: Made Basic Article First Draft...

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Ahmedabad - Okha ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = File:Ahmedabad–Okha Vande Bharat Express.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{Start date|2023|09|24}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|25 September 2023}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway (WR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} '''(ADI)'''
| stops = 8
| end = {{stnlnk|Okha}} '''(OKHA)'''
| distance = {{convert|499|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 06 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays for ''22925'' and Wednesdays for ''22926''}}
| trainnumber = 22925 / 22926
| line_used = *[[Ahmedabad–Viramgam section]]
*[[Viramgam–Okha line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-15|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|reason= The anchor (Mini Vande Bharat Express) [[Special:Diff/1183623994|has been deleted]].}}
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|77|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Western Railway zone|Kankaria (KKF)]]
| map = {{Ahmedabad-Okha VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 22925/22926 '''Ahmedabad - Okha Vande Bharat Express''' is India's 34th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting the city of [[Ahmedabad]] with [[Okha, India|Okha]] in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=20 September 2023 |title=Jamnagar may get Vande Bharat Express train; PM Modi likely to flag it off on Sept 24 |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/09/20/jamnagar-may-get-vande-bharat-express-train-pm-modi-likely-to-flag-it-off-on-sept-24/ |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> This train was inaugurated on 24 September 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conference]] from [[New Delhi]] between [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Jn]] and [[Jamnagar railway station|Jamnagar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2023 |title=Vande Bharat Train : ગુજરાતમાં અમદાવાદ-જામનગર વંદે ભારત ટ્રેન 24 સપ્ટેમ્બરથી શરૂ થશે, જાણો નવી ટ્રેનનો રૂટ – સ્ટોપેજ અને ટાઇમ ટેબલ સહિતની તમામ વિગતો |url=https://gujarati.indianexpress.com/gujarat/gujarat-ahmedabad-jamnagar-vande-bharat-train-route-time-table-pm-modi-nine-vande-bharat-express-know-all-details-here-as/197351/ |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=Indian Express Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref> which was later extended to [[Okha, India|Okha]] on 12 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2024 |title=Ahmedabad – Jamnagar Vande Bharat Express Train to be extended upto Okha |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/03/10/ahmedabad-jamnagar-vande-bharat-express-train-to-be-extended-upto-okha/ |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=Desh Gujarat |language=gu}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Jn]], [[Sabarmati Junction railway station|Sabarmati Jn]], [[Sanand railway station|Sanand]], [[Viramgam Junction railway station|Viramgam Jn]], [[Surendranagar Junction railway station|Surendranagar Jn]], [[Wankaner Junction railway station|Wankaner Jn]], [[Rajkot Junction railway station|Rajkot Jn]], [[Jamnagar railway station|Jamnagar]], [[Dwarka railway station|Dwarka]] and [[Okha railway station|Okha]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 22925/22926 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi to Inaugurate 4th Vande Bharat Express in Western Railway's Impressive Fleet |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-4th-vande-bharat-express-in-western-railways-impressive-fleet |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2023 |title=Jamnagar-Ahmedabad Vande Bharat Train: ગુજરાતને મળી વધુ એક વંદે ભારત ટ્રેન, જાણો ટાઇમટેબલ સહિત ક્યાં-ક્યાં સ્ટોપેજ આપ્યું |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/photogallery/ahmedabad/jamnagar-to-ahmedabad-vande-bharat-train-24-september-pm-narendra-modi-inaugrate-vc-1560217.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=News18 Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the thirty-second [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and twentieth [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 22925/22926 Ahmedabad Jn - Okha Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Tuesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|499|km}} in a travel time of 6 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|77|km/h}}. The service has 8 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station]]
* [[Jamnagar railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmedabad-Okha Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Jamnagar]]

Mubarak Shah II

2025-10-10T20:01:42Z

SnehAnchliya: Created

{{Short description|Sultan of Delhi from 1421 to 1434}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mubarak Shah
| image = Coin of Mubarak Shah of the Delhi Sultanate (Sayyid dynasty).jpg
| caption = Coin of Mubarak Shah
| reign = 21 May 1421 – 19 February 1434
| coronation = 1421
| full name =
| predecessor = [[Khizr Khan]]
| regent = [[Shah Rukh]]
| reg-type = Under the nominal [[suzerainty]] of
| successor = [[Muhammad Shah IV|Muhammad Shah]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house = Sayyid dynasty
| dynasty =
| father = Sayyid Khizr Khan
| mother =
| birth_date = 1378
| birth_place =
| death_date = 19 February 1434 (aged 56)
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| succession = 26th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| title = Muizz-ud-Din
}}

[[File:Mubarak_Shahs_Tomb_(2769706808).jpg|thumb|Mubarak Shah's tomb in [[Kotla Mubarakpur]].{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}]]
'''Muizuddin Muhammad Mubarak Shah II''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|مبارک شاه}}}}معز الدین محمد, born '''Mubarak Khan'''; {{langx|fa|{{nq|مبارک خان}}}}معز الدین محمد; {{reign|1421|1434}}) was the second [[monarch]] of the [[Sayyid dynasty]] which ruled the [[Delhi Sultanate]].

== Ancestry ==
Sultan Mubarak Shah was the son of [[Khizr Khan]].

== Life ==
{{See also|Jasrat's rebellion}}
He succeeded his father, [[Khizr Khan]] to the throne in 1421. Born "Mubarak Khan", he took up the [[regnal name]] of ''Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah'' or simply ''Mubarak Shah''. The Sayyids were subservient to [[Timur]]'s successor, [[Shahrukh Mirza|Shah Rukh]], and while Khizr Khan did not assume the title of sultan, Mubarak Shah was acknowledged as one and However, it is also known that Mubarak Shah received a robe and a ''chatr'' (a ceremonial parasol) from the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] capital of [[Herat]] which indicates that the fealty continued in his time.

During his reign, Mubarak Shah had to deal with the rise of local dynasties in the aftermath of the Timurid invasion of India. However, the biggest threat to his power was that of [[Jasrat|Jasrat Khokhar]], a Punjabi Muslim Khokhar chieftain from [[Punjab]] who had conquered vast territories from the Delhi sultanate and even aimed for [[Delhi]] in 1431. However, Jasrat Khokhar retreated once Mubarak Shah marched with a large army against him.<ref>{{Cite journal|author-link=K. S. Lal |last=Lal |first=K. S. |date=1958 |title=Jasrat Khokhar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145212 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=21 |pages=274–281 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Two years after this great victory, however, Mubarak Shah was murdered in 1434 and succeeded by his nephew, [[Muhammad Shah IV|Muhammad Shah]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003}}{{sfn|EB}}

==See also==
* [[Kotla Mubarakpur]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate : a political and military history|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521543293|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC}}
* {{cite web|title=Sayyid dynasty|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sayyid-dynasty|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|ref={{harvid|EB}}|language=en}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sayyid dynasty]]
[[Category:1434 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Budhan Murmu

2025-09-29T23:37:17Z

SnehAnchliya: adding a article needs work!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Saraskana Assembly constituency|Saraskana]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Bhadav Hansdah]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| image =
}}
'''Budhan Murmu''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 2019, representing [[Saraskana Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saraskana, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/odisha/saraskana-constituency-s18aed2008a027/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saraskana Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Saraskana Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/saraskana-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murmu, Budhan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Manipuri Poetry Day

2025-08-27T03:21:42Z

SnehAnchliya: Created...

{{Short description|Annual event in India for Meitei literature}}
{{About|an annual event for [[Meitei literature]]|the annual event dedicated to [[Meitei language]] in India|Meitei language day|the annual event dedicated to the same language in Bangladesh|Meitei language festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox event
| title =
| image = Manipuri Poetry Day 2023 — 28th October — ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ (Meitei Mayek transliteration of the Classical Meitei language translation).jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt = Manipuri Poetry Day 2023 logo
| caption =
| native_name = {{langx|mni|Meiteilon Sheirenggi Numit}}
| native_name_lang = mni
| english_name = Meitei poetry day
| time = Meragee Thanil ([[full moon]] day of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of "Mera")
| timezone =
| duration = 
| date = 
| venue = [[Manipur]], other [[Northeast India]]n states and [[West Bengal]].<ref name=ajit>{{Cite web |last=Ajit |first=Sh |title=Manipuri in Kolkata observes "Manipuri Poetry Day" - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/15818-manipuri-in-kolkata-observes-manipuri-poetry-day |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
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| type = annual literary event
| theme = Meitei-language poetry
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* [[Sahitya Akademi]]
* Divine Life Club, Langthabal
* Fiction and Poetry Club, Manipur
* JN Manipur Dance Academy
* Manipur Dramatic Union, Yaiskul
* Naharol Sahitya Premee Samiti, [[Imphal]]
* [[St. Joseph University, Nagaland]]
* Manipuri in Kolkata
* Manipur Bhavan, [[Kolkata]]
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'''Manipuri poetry day''' ({{langx|mni|Manipuri Sheirenggi Numit}}), also known as Meitei Poetry Day, is an annual literary event organised to promote [[Meitei language]] (Manipuri) poetry. It takes place [[Manipur]] as well as in other Meitei-speaking areas, and aims to promote [[Manipuri literature]] to the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Poetry Day 2021 celebrated |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/21/IMPHAL-Oct-21Department-of-English-St-Joseph-University-Nagaland-in-collaboration-with-Fiction.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
It honours the contributions of the Meitei poets as well as the diverse and distinctive literary traditions of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Joseph University, Nagaland observes Manipuri Poetry Day 2022 |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/poetry/st-joseph-university-nagaland-observes-manipuri-poetry-day-2022 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Dates of celebrations ==
* 9 October, 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seireng thiba changdamnaba (Recitation Competition) pangthokchagadouri. |url=https://www.hoten.life/topics/490/update/8104/seireng-thiba-changdamnaba-recitation-competition-pangthokchagadouri |access-date=2023-03-09 |website= |language=mni}}</ref>
* 13 October, 2019<ref name=naresh>{{Cite web |last=Naresh |first=Huirem |title=Report on Curtain Rising Program of Manipuri Poetry Day, 2019 - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/15758-report-on-curtain-rising-program-of-manipuri-poetry-day-2019 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |date=4 October 2019 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Organisers ==
{{Incomplete list|date=March 2023}}

;National
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Sheirenggi Numit observed : 14th oct19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=29..141019.oct19 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

;Manipur
* [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]], [[Jiribam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Poetry Day observed at Jiribam : 14th oct19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..141019.oct19 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Divine Life Club, Langthabal<ref name=shyam>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-10 |title=Lets contribute for the society with a sense of sacrifice, says minister Shyam {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/10/10/lets-contribute-for-the-society-with-a-sense-of-sacrifice-says-minister-shyam/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB }}</ref><ref name=samom>{{Cite web |last=Samom |first=Sobhapati |date=2018-10-11 |title=Manipur: Dr Kamal Literary Complex inaugurated ahead of poetry festival |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur-dr-kamal-literary-complex-inaugurated-ahead-poetry-festival.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Fiction and Poetry Club, Manipur<ref name=samom/>
* JN Manipur Dance Academy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Poetry Day observed, 3 poets feted : 10th oct22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=42..101022.oct22 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Manipur Dramatic Union, Yaiskul<ref name=shyam/><ref name=samom/>
* Naharol Sahitya Premee Samiti, [[Imphal]]<ref name=shyam/><ref name=samom/>

;Nagalan
* [[St. Joseph University, Nagaland]] (SJU)<ref name=naresh/>

;West Bengal
* Manipuri in Kolkata
* Manipur Bhavan, Kolkata<ref name=ajit/>

== See also ==
* [[Meitei language movement]]
* [[Meitei Chanu (poem)]]
* [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]]
* [[Numit Kappa]]
* [[Tha Tha Thabungton]]
* [[Sana Leibak Manipur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Asia|Bangladesh|Books|Civilization|India|Language|Linguistics|Literature|Poetry|Writing}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Meitei poetry]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:Observances in India]]
[[Category:Poetry festivals]]