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Lists of Indian films

2026-05-08T17:00:26Z

Smasher: New The Info And Citations!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}

This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]].

==By year==
* [[List of Indian films of 1988]]
* [[List of Indian films of 1991]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2010]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2015]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2016]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2017]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2018]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2019]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2020]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2021]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2022]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2023]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2024]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2025]]
* [[List of Indian films of 2026]]

== By language ==

=== Assamese ===

* [[List of Assamese films before 2000]]
* [[List of Assamese films of the 2000s]]
* [[List of Assamese films of the 2010s]]
* [[List of Assamese films of the 2020s]]

=== Bengali ===
{{Bengali films}}{{For|the Bengali films produced in Bangladesh|List of Bangladeshi films}}

* [[List of Indian Bengali films before 1950]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1950s]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1960s]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1970s]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1980s]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1990s]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 2000s]]
* List of Indian Bengali films of the 2010s:
{{flatlist|
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2010|2010]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2011|2011]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2012|2012]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2013|2013]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2014|2014]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2015|2015]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2016|2016]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2017|2017]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2018|2018]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2019|2019]]|indent=1}}
* List of Indian Bengali films of the 2020s:
{{flatlist|
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2020|2020]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2021|2021]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2022|2022]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2023|2023]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2024|2024]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2025|2025]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2026|2026]]|indent=1}}

=== Punjabi ===
{{Punjabi film list|state=autocollapse}}

* [[List of Indian Punjabi films before 1970]]
* [[List of Indian Punjabi films of the 1970s]]
* [[List of Indian Punjabi films of the 1980s]]
* [[List of Indian Punjabi films of the 1990s]]
* [[List of Indian Punjabi films of the 2000s]]
* [[List of Punjabi films before 2000]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of the 2000s]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of the 2010s]]:
{{flatlist|
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2010|2010]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2011|2011]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2012|2012]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2013|2013]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2014|2014]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2015|2015]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2016|2016]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2017|2017]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2018|2018]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2019|2019]]|indent=1}}
* [[List of Punjabi films of the 2020s]]:
{{flatlist|
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2020|2020]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2021|2021]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2022|2022]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2023|2023]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2024|2024]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2025|2025]]|indent=1}}

=== Other ===
* [[Lists of Malayalam films]]
* [[Lists of Tamil-language films]]
* [[Lists of Telugu-language films]]
* [[Lists of Hindi films]]

==See also==
* [[:Category:Indian film awards]]

{{Indian film list}}
{{Film lists by country}}
{{list of lists|film}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian films}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian films by year|*]]

Meeravudan Krishna

2026-05-08T12:03:58Z

Smasher: New Basic Page More To Come!

{{Short description|2012 Tamil film by Krishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Meeravudan Krishna.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Krishna
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Krishna
*[[Shwetha Bandekar|Swetha Basu]]
}}
| cinematography = M. R. A. Vijay S. P. S. Guhan
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]
| music = K. K. Senthil Prasad
| studio = Dwarakamai Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|8|30|ref1=}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Meeravudan Krishna''''' ({{translation|Krishna with Meera}}) is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Krishna, who stars in the film alongside [[Shwetha Bandekar|Swetha Basu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=மீராவுடன் கிருஷ்ணா |trans-title=Meeravudan Krishna |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/movie-preview-in-tamil/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE-112032800050_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152238/https://tamil.webdunia.com/movie-preview-in-tamil/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE-112032800050_1.htm |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Webdunia |language=ta}}</ref> The film revolves around family issues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=13 March 2012 |title=Swetha excited about Meeravudan Krishna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/swetha-excited-about-meeravudan-krishna/articleshow/12245028.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508115638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/swetha-excited-about-meeravudan-krishna/articleshow/12245028.cms |archive-date=8 May 2026 |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> It was released on 30 March 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2012 |title=Friday Fury- March 30 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-30-news-tamil-md4l2digach.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203020857/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-30-news-tamil-md4l2digach.html |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=8 May 2026 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=May 2022}}

== Cast ==
*Krisshna as Krishna
*[[Shwetha Bandekar|Swetha Basu]] as Meera
*Radha
*[[Manobala]]

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of one-and-a-half out of five stars and noted that "The feeling you are left with in the end is that of having watched eight episodes of a mega serial on the big screen without a break".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeravudan Krishna Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/meeravudan-krishna/movie-review/12470457.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318145528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/meeravudan-krishna/movie-review/12470457.cms |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Critics from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' and ''[[Dinamalar]]'' criticised the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2012 |title=மீராவுடன் கிருஷ்ணா |trans-title=Meeravudan Krishna |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2012/03/30113911/Meeravudan-Krishna-Movie-revie.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317023530/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2012/03/30113911/Meeravudan-Krishna-Movie-revie.vpf |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2012 |title=மீராவுடன் கிருஷ்ணா |trans-title=Meeravudan Krishna |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=775 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317023647/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=775 |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

M. V. Rajamma

2026-05-07T18:09:53Z

Smasher:

{{Short description|Indian actress and producer (1918–1999)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. V. Rajamma
| image = MVRajamma.jpg
| caption = Rajamma in the 1940s
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|3|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Akandanahalli, [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Karnataka]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2000|7|6|1921|3|10|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/00jul8/nation.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Nation}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actress, film producer, playback singer
| years_active = 1932–1985
| spouse = M. C. Veerappa
| children =
| parents = Subbamma & Nanjappa
}}

'''M. V. Rajamma''' (10 March 1921 – 6 July 2000) was an Indian actress, producer and playback singer of films mostly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages from the 1930s through 1970s. She has the distinction of having acted as both heroine and mother to stalwart South Indian actors such as [[Dr. Rajkumar]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]] and [[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Oct10_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_MV_Rajamma.html |title=M. V. Rajamma, the favorite 'Amma' |publisher=Kalyanamalai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317051924/http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Oct10_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_MV_Rajamma.html |archive-date=17 March 2013 }}</ref> [[Karnataka Government]] established ''M. V. Rajamma Award'' in her honor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/599414/annual-film-awards-presented.html|title = Annual film awards presented|date = 4 March 2017}}</ref>

Making her debut as a lead actress in the 1936 released Kannada movie ''[[Samsara Nauka]]'' though she was part of the 1932 silent film Hari Maya, which was produced by Gubbi Veeranna and starred B. Jayamma. Rajamma enjoyed an elaborate career in feature films across South India. She was the first and foremost woman producer in South India and in Kannada films.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} She produced the film ''[[Radha Ramana (film)|Radha Ramana]]'' in 1943 under her own home banner Vijaya Films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reelbox.tv/kannada/cinenews/do-you-know-the-first-woman-producer-of-kannada-|title=Do you know the First Woman Producer of Kannada?|publisher=Reelbox|access-date=30 June 2014|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228093717/http://reelbox.tv/kannada/cinenews/do-you-know-the-first-woman-producer-of-kannada-|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her entry to the Tamil films was through the 1940 classic hit film ''[[Uthama Puthiran (1940 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]''. She went on to star in about 60 Kannada, 80 Tamil, 20 Telugu and one Hindi films in her career spanning around four decades.

==Early life==
Rajamma was born in 1921 at Agandanahalli, a village in today's [[Bangalore Urban district]], hitherto a part of [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. Her father Nanjappa, a merchant, was fond of [[Stage (theatre)|stage]] and encouraged her to act. Rajamma joined the theatre group Chandrakala Nataka Mandali as a teenager and performed in plays alongside [[B. R. Panthulu]], who she would go on to collaborate frequently on stage and in films.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhaktavatsala |first1=M. |title=The two of a pair |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug29/enter.htm |publisher=Deccan Herald |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000607193856/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug29/enter.htm |archive-date=7 June 2000 |date=29 August 1999}}</ref> She did her schooling at the Arya Balika school in Bangalore till the 8th grade. She later shifted base to Chennai for doing films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kannadaratna.com/cinema/nayaki/rajamma.html|title=MV Rajamma article|publisher=Kannada Ratna|access-date=30 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024031418/http://www.kannadaratna.com/cinema/nayaki/rajamma.html|archive-date=24 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
In the early 1930s, Rajamma was attracted to the stage theatre and entered the field at a time when male actors disguised themselves to play female characters. Rajamma enacted several inspiring roles in dramas such as ''Samsara Nauke'', ''Gauthama Buddha'' and ''Subhadra''. In 1935, when one of her stage plays ''Samsara Nauke'' was made into a film, she was cast again as the lead actress opposite to Panthulu. They went on to work together in many films for about 20 years. In 1940, she entered Tamil film industry in Chennai with the film ''[[Uthama Puthiran (1940 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]''. From then on, she became one of the most sought after actresses across all the South Indian film industries. After her marriage, she concentrated mainly on playing motherly roles to the actors whom she had paired as a heroine earlier.

In 1943, Rajamma took her career to another level by producing the Kannada film ''[[Radha Ramana (film)|Radha Ramana]]'' directed by Jyothish Sinha that featured herself opposite B. R. Panthulu in the lead. Acclaimed artists such as [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] and [[G. V. Iyer]] were introduced through this film. It went on to perform well at the box-office which resulted in her second production venture ''[[Makkala Rajya]]'' (1960). Though the film was lauded by the critics, the box-office collections soared which made her back off from film production for a long while. However, she went on to star in many box-office blockbusters in both Kannada and Tamil film industries.

Some of the most popular Kannada films featuring Rajamma as a lead actress were ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)|Bhakta Prahalada]]'' (1942), ''[[Rathnagiri Rahasya]]'' (1957), ''[[School Master (1958 film)|School Master]]'' (1958), ''[[Abba Aa Hudugi]]'' (1959) among others.

==Awards==
* 1997-98 - [[Dr. Rajkumar Award|Dr. Rajkumar Lifetime Achievement Award]] by the [[Karnataka Government]].

==Selected filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language
!Role!! Notes
|-
|1935 || ''[[Samsara Nauka]]'' || [[Kannada]]
| Sarala || Debut as actor
|-
|1938 || ''[[Yayathi]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Devayani ||
|-
|1940 || ''[[Uthama Puthiran (1940 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' || Tamil
| Meenatchi ||
|-
|1941 || ''[[Gumasthavin Penn]]'' || Tamil
| Seetha ||
|-
|1941 || ''[[Madana Kama Rajan]]'' || Tamil
| Sathyavathi ||
|-
|1942 || ''[[Ananthasayanam (1942 film)|Ananthasayanam]]'' || Tamil
| Susheela ||
|-
|1942 || ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Kannada film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1943 || ''[[Radha Ramana (film)|Radha Ramana]]'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1945 || ''[[Mayalokam]]'' || Telugu || ||
|-
|1946 || ''[[Arthanaari]]'' || Tamil
| Punyavathi ||
|-
|1946 || ''[[Vijayalakshmi (film)|Vijayalakshmi]]'' || Tamil
| Vijayalakshmi ||
|-
|1947 || ''[[Yogi Vemana (film)|Yogi Vemana]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ||
|-
|1948 || ''[[Gnana Soundari (Citadel film)|Gnana Soundari]]'' || Tamil
| Gnana Soundari ||
|-
|1948 || ''[[Gokuladasi]]'' || Tamil
| Anuradha ||
|-
|1949 || ''[[Velaikari]]'' || Tamil
| Amritham ||
|-
|1950 || ''[[Laila Majnu (1950 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' || Tamil
| [[Layla and Majnu#|Layla]] ||
|-
|1950 || ''[[Parijatham (1950 film)|Parijatham]]'' || Tamil
| [[Rukmini]] ||
|-
|1950 || ''[[Raja Vikrama]]'' || Tamil
| Kamini ||
|-
|1952 || ''[[Thai Ullam]]'' || Tamil
| Nirmala ||
|-
|1952 || ''[[Penn Manam]]'' || Tamil
|Meenakshi ||
|-
|1952 || ''[[Zamindar (1952 film)|Zamindar]]'' || Tamil
| Allikulam ||
|-
|1953 || ''[[Ulagam]]'' || Tamil
| Meena ||
|-
|1954 || ''[[Karkottai]]'' || Tamil
| ||
|-
|1954 || ''[[Iddaru Pellalu]]'' || Telugu
| Radha ||
|-
|1955 || ''[[Mudhal Thethi|Modala Thedi]]'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1955 || ''[[Shivasharane Nambekka]]'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1957 || ''[[Thangamalai Ragasiyam]]'' || Tamil
| Kumutha ||
|-
|1957 || ''[[Rathnagiri Rahasya]]'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1957 || ''[[Manalane Mangayin Bhagyam]]'' || Tamil
| ||
|-
|1958 || ''[[School Master (1958 film)|School Master]]'' ||Kannada
| Seetha ||
|-
|1958 || ''[[School Master (1958 film)|Engal Kudumbam Perisu]]'' || Tamil
| ||
|-
|1958 || ''[[Illarame Nallaram]]'' || Tamil
| Malathi ||
|-
|1959 || ''[[Bhaaga Pirivinai]]'' || Tamil
| Meenakshi ||
|-
|1959 || ''[[Abba Aa Hudugi]]'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1960 || ''[[Makkala Rajya|Kuzhandaigal Kanda Kudiyarasu]]'' || Tamil
| ||
|-
|1960 || ''[[Makkala Rajya]]'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1960 || ''Kairaasi'' || Tamil
| ||
|-
|1961 || ''[[Kittur Chennamma (film)|Kittur Chennamma]]'' || Kannada
| Rudrambe ||
|-
|1961 || ''[[Paava Mannippu]]'' || Tamil
| Maragatham ||
|-
|1961 || ''[[Thayilla Pillai]]'' || Tamil
| Parvathi ||
|-
|1962 || ''[[Padithal Mattum Podhuma]]'' || Tamil
| Rao Bahadur's wife ||
|-
|1962 || ''[[Aadi Perukku (film)|Aadi Perukku]]'' || Tamil
| Parvathi ||
|-
|1962 || ''[[Kudumba Thalaivan]]''|| Tamil
| Velamma ||
|-
|1962 || ''[[Thayi Karulu]]'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1962 || ''[[Deivathin Deivam]]'' || Tamil
| ||
|-
|1962 || ''[[Gaali Gopura]]'' || Kannada
| Shantha ||
|-
|1962 || ''Gaali Medalu'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1962 || ''[[Bandha Pasam]]'' || Tamil
| Meenakshi ||
|-
|1962 || ''[[Paadha Kaanikkai]]'' || Tamil
| Parvathi ||
|-
|1963 ||''[[Panathottam]]''|| Tamil
| Thangamma ||
|-
|1963 || ''[[Dharmam Thalai Kaakkum]]''|| Tamil
| Sadanandam's wife ||
|-
|1963 || ''[[Sathi Shakthi]]'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1963 || ''[[Kunkhumam]]'' || Tamil
| Vedhavalli ||
|-
|1964 || ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' || Kannada
| Meenakshi ||
|-
|1964 || ''[[Pasamum Nesamum]]'' || Tamil
| ||
|-
|1964 || ''[[Vazkai Vazhvatharke]]'' || Tamil
| ||
|-
|1964 || ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' || Tamil
| [[Kunti|Kunti Devi]] ||
|-
|1964 ||''[[Muradan Muthu]]'' || |Tamil
| Maruthamuthu's wife ||
|-
|1965 || ''Thayin Karunai'' || Tamil
| ||
|-
|1965 || ''[[Vaazhkai Padagu]]'' || Tamil
| ||
|-
|1966 || ''Enga Paapa'' || Tamil
| ||
|-
|1966 || ''[[Emme Thammanna]]'' || Kannada
| Kaveri ||
|-
|1966 || ''[[Dudde Doddappa]]'' || Kannada
| Sharada ||
|-
|1968 || ''[[Amma (1968 film)|Amma]]'' || Kannada
| Seetha ||
|-
|1970 || ''[[Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)|Sri Krishnadevaraya]]'' || Kannada
| Kamala ||
|-
|1970 || ''[[Thedi Vandha Mappillai]]'' || Tamil
| Parvati Ammal ||
|-
|1971 || ''[[Thayi Devaru]]'' || Kannada
| Gowri ||
|-
|1971 || ''Malathi Madhava'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1972 || ''[[Jaga Mecchida Maga]]'' || Kannada
| Kausalyadevi ||
|-
|1972 || ''Ondu Hennina Kathe'' || Kannada
| ||
|-
|1972 || ''[[Badi Panthulu]]'' || Telugu
| ||
|-
|1974 || ''[[Bangaarada Panjara]]'' || Kannada
| Nanjamma ||
|-
|1974 || ''[[Sampathige Savaal]]'' || Kannada
| Parvathi ||
|-
|1975 || ''[[Daari Tappida Maga]]'' || Kannada
| Prakash and Prasad's mother ||
|-
|1975 || ''[[Thrimurthy]]'' || Kannada
| Savitri ||
|-
|1976 || ''[[Besuge]]'' || Kannada
| Nagu ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0530820}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130317051924/http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Oct10_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_MV_Rajamma.html Potpourri of titbits about M. V. Rajamma]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajamma, M. V.}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Indian women songwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:People from Bangalore Rural district]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]

Patkata, West Bengal

2026-05-01T18:28:50Z

Smasher: new new pg

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patkata
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|34|15|N|88|40|17|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
| subdivision_name3 = Jalpaiguri
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| area_total_km2 = 71.92
| elevation_m = 89
| population_total = 43360
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 735133
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| area_code = 03561
| registration_plate = WB-71, WB-72
}}'''Patkata''' is a village in the suburb of [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri District]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is located near the border with [[Bangladesh]], approximately 4 kilometres northwest of the city center of [[Jalpaiguri]]. As of the year 2011, the village has a total population of 43,360.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Patkata is situated on the western shore of [[Teesta River]]. The West Bengal State Highway 12A passes through the south of the village. It covers an area of 7192.4 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of Patkata village in Jalpaiguri tahsil, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal |url=https://villagemap.net/west-bengal/jalpaiguri/jalpaiguri/patkata-02178307599/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=villagemap.net |language=en}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
1 Primary Health Sub-Centre, 2 RMP doctors are available in this village.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =2 July 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==Education==
Government Pre Primary, Private Pre Primary, Govt Primary and Govt Secondary Schools and one technical college are available in this village.

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Indian census|2011 Indian Census]], Patkata has 9,717 households. Among the 43,360 inhabitants, 22,203 are male, and 21,157 are female. The total literacy rate is 60.87%, with 15,100 of the male population and 11,294 of the female population being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalpaiguri district]]

Eight-thousander

2026-05-01T09:59:55Z

Smasher: starting a entry

{{Short description|Mountain peaks of over 8,000 metres in elevation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Eight Thousanders Map.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Locations of the world's 14 eight-thousanders, which are split between the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] (right, including [[Nanga Parbat]], left), and the [[Karakoram]] mountain ranges (left)]]

The '''eight-thousanders''' are 14 [[mountain]]s recognised by the [[International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation]] (UIAA) with summits that exceed {{convert|8000|m|ft|0}} in elevation above [[sea level]] and are sufficiently independent of neighbouring peaks as measured by [[topographic prominence]]. There is no formally agreed-upon definition of prominence, however, and at times the UIAA has considered whether the list of 8,000-metre peaks should be expanded to 20 peaks by including the major satellite peaks of the canonical 14 eight-thousanders. All of the Earth's eight-thousanders are located in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] and [[Karakoram]] mountain ranges in [[Asia]], and their summits lie in the altitude range known as the [[death zone]], where atmospheric oxygen pressure is insufficient to sustain human life for extended periods of time.

From 1950 to 1964, all 14 of the eight-thousanders were first summited by [[Expedition climbing|expedition climbers]] in the summer season (the first to be summited was [[Annapurna I]] in 1950, and the last was [[Shishapangma]] in 1964); from 1980 to 2021, all 14 were summited in the winter season (the first to be summited in winter was [[Mount Everest]] in 1980, and the last was [[K2]] in 2021). As measured by a variety of statistical techniques, the deadliest eight-thousander is [[Annapurna I]], with one death (climber or climber support) for every three summiteers, followed by [[K2]] and [[Nanga Parbat]] (each with one death for every four to five summiteers), and then [[Dhaulagiri]] and [[Kangchenjunga]] (each with one death for every six to seven summiteers).

The first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders was the Italian climber [[Reinhold Messner]] in 1986, who did not use any supplementary oxygen. In 2010, [[Edurne Pasaban]], a [[Basque people|Basque]] [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[mountaineer]], became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders, though with the aid of supplementary oxygen. In 2011, Austrian [[Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner]] became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders without the aid of supplementary oxygen. In 2013, South Korean [[Kim Chang-ho (climber)|Kim Chang-ho]] set a speed record by climbing all 14 eight-thousanders in 7 years and 310 days, without the aid of supplementary oxygen. In July 2023, [[Kristin Harila]] and [[Tenjen Sherpa|Tenjen Lama Sherpa]] set a speed record of 92 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders, with supplementary oxygen. In July 2022, [[Sanu Sherpa]] became the first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders twice, which he did from 2006 to 2022.

==Climbing history==

===First ascents===
[[File:Flight over himalaya annotated.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Flight over the [[Khumbu]] region; six eight-thousanders are visible]]
The first recorded attempt on an eight-thousander was when [[Albert F. Mummery]], [[Geoffrey Hastings]] and [[J. Norman Collie]] tried to climb [[Nanga Parbat]] in 1895. The attempt failed when Mummery and two [[Gurkha]]s, Ragobir Thapa and Goman Singh, died in an [[avalanche]].<ref name=Mummery1895/>

The [[first ascent#In mountaineering and alpinism|first successful ascent]] of an eight-thousander was by the French climbers [[Maurice Herzog]] and [[Louis Lachenal]], who reached the summit of [[Annapurna]] on 3 June 1950 using [[expedition climbing]] techniques as part of the [[1950 French Annapurna expedition]].<ref name=Herzog1951/> Due to its location in [[Tibet]], [[Shishapangma]] was the last eight-thousander to be ascended for the first time, which was completed by a Chinese team led by [[Xu Jing (mountaineer)|Xu Jing]] in 1964 (Tibet's mountains were closed by China to foreigners until 1978).<ref>{{cite web | magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] | url=https://vault.si.com/vault/2004/11/15/finding-china | title=Finding China | date=14 November 2004 | access-date=5 August 2022 | author=Yi Wyn Yen}}</ref>

The [[first winter ascent]] of an eight-thousander was by a Polish team led by [[Andrzej Zawada]] on [[Mount Everest]], with [[Leszek Cichy]] and [[Krzysztof Wielicki]] reaching the summit on 17 February 1980;<ref>{{cite journal |title = Mount Everest: The First Winter Ascent|url = https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1984_files/AJ%201984%2050-59%20Zawada%20Everest.pdf|first = Andrzej |last = Zawada |translator1-first=Ingeborga |translator1-last=Doubrawa-Cochlin|translator2-first=Peter|translator2-last = Cochlin|journal = The Alpine Journal|date = 1984|pages = 50–59}}</ref> all-Polish teams would complete nine of the first fourteen winter ascents of eight-thousanders.<ref name=PM5/> The final eight-thousander to be climbed in winter was K2, whose summit was ascended by a 10-person Nepalese team on 16 January 2021.<ref name=tele1>{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/01/16/former-gurkha-nirmal-purja-among-nepalese-climbers-complete/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/01/16/former-gurkha-nirmal-purja-among-nepalese-climbers-complete/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Former Gurkha Nirmal Purja among Nepalese climbers to complete first winter ascent of deadly K2 | first=Ben | last=Farmer | date=16 January 2021 | access-date=16 January 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Only two climbers have completed the first ascent of more than one eight-thousander, [[Hermann Buhl]] (Nanga Parbat and Broad Peak, in 1953 and 1957) and [[Kurt Diemberger]] (Broad Peak and Dhaulagiri, in 1957 and 1960). Buhl's summit of [[Nanga Parbat]] in 1953 is notable as being the only [[solo climbing|solo]] first-ascent of an eight-thousander.<ref name=Isserman>{{cite book | title = Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes | date=2008| last1 = Isserman | first1 =Maurice | first2 = Stewart| last2 = Weaver | isbn= 9780300164206 |publisher =Yale University Press |pages= 326–327 | access-date = 3 July 2025 | url =https://archive.org/details/fallengiantshist00isse/mode/2up?q=%22en+norbu%22 }}</ref> The Polish climber [[Jerzy Kukuczka]] is noted for creating over ten new routes on various eight-thousander mountains.<ref name=PM5>{{cite web|first=Nicholas | last=Hobley |title=Remembering Jerzy Kukuczka, the legendary Polish mountaineer |date=24 October 2019 |url=https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/alpinism/remembering-jerzy-kukuczka-the-legendary-polish-mountaineer.html |website=PlanetMountain |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> Italian climber [[Simone Moro]] made the first winter ascent of four eight-thousanders (Shishapangma, Makalu, Gasherbrum II, and Nanga Parbat),<ref>{{cite web | magazine=[[Climbing (magazine)|Climbing]] | url=https://www.climbing.com/people/simon-moro-worlds-greatest-winter-mountaneer/ |title="It's a Suffering Game": Simone Moro and the Fine Art of Climbing 8,000m Peaks in Winter | date=13 December 2021 | access-date=4 August 2022 | first=Marcello | last=Rossi}}</ref> while three Polish climbers have each made three first winter ascents of an eight-thousander, [[Maciej Berbeka]] (Cho Oyu, Manaslu, and Broad Peak), [[Krzysztof Wielicki]] (Everest, Kangchenjunga, and Lhotse) and [[Jerzy Kukuczka]] (Dhaulagiri I, Kangchenjunga, and Annapurna I).<ref name=PM5/>

===All 14===
[[File:Comparison_of_highest_mountains.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|Comparison of the heights of the Eight-thousanders (red triangles) with the [[Seven Summits]] and [[Seven Second Summits]]]]
[[File:30 highest peaks with more than 500m prominence.png|upright=1.35|thumb|The 30–highest peaks in the world with over {{cvt|500.|m}} in [[topographic prominence|prominence]]<ref>[https://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=201 PEAKBAGGER: World 7200-meter Peaks (Ranked Peaks have 500 meters of Clean Prominence)]</ref>]]

On 16 October 1986, Italian [[Reinhold Messner]] became the first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders. In 1987, Polish climber [[Jerzy Kukuczka]] became the second person to accomplish this feat.<ref name=PM5/> Messner summited each of the 14 peaks without the aid of [[Bottled oxygen (climbing)|bottled oxygen]], a feat that was only repeated by the Swiss [[Erhard Loretan]] nine years later in 1995 (Kukuczka had used supplementary oxygen while summiting Everest but on no other eight-thousander<ref name=PM5/>).<ref>{{cite web | website=PlanetMountain | url=https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/alpinism/erhard-loretan-good-bye-to-a-great-alpinist.html | title=Erhard Loretan, good-bye to a great alpinist | date=29 April 2011 | access-date=4 August 2022 | first=Vinicio |last=Stefanello}}</ref>

On 17 May 2010, Spanish climber [[Edurne Pasaban]] became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders.<ref name="explorersOK">{{cite web|url=http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19771|title=Oh Eun-Sun report, final: Edurne Pasaban takes the throne|publisher=ExplorersWeb|date=10 December 2010|url-access=subscription|access-date=2014-01-04|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416151948/http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19771|url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 2011, [[Austria]]n climber [[Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner]] became the first woman to climb the 14 eight-thousanders without the use of supplementary oxygen.<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14641414 |title=Austrian woman claims Himalayas climbing record |access-date=2011-08-24|work=BBC News|date=23 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/World/Story/A1Story20110823-295884.html|title=Austrian is first woman to scale 14 peaks without oxygen|publisher=AsiaOne|date=30 August 2011|access-date=2014-01-04}}</ref>

The first couple and team to summit all 14 eight-thousanders were the Italians [[Nives Meroi]] (who was the second woman to accomplish this feat without supplementary oxygen), and her husband {{ill|Romano Benet|it}} on 11 May 2017.<ref name="ansa">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2017/05/11/italians-become-first-couple-to-scale-all-eight-thousanders_d773a802-f6b2-4d88-b485-b1ce4c015618.html|title=Italians become first couple to scale all eight-thousanders|date=2017-05-11|work=ansa.it|access-date=2023-02-02|language=en}}</ref><ref name=PM10>{{cite web | website=PlanetMountain | url=https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/alpinism/nives-meroi-and-romano-benet-summit-annapurna-their-14th-8000er.html | title=Nives Meroi and Romano Benet summit Annapurna, their 14th 8000er | access-date=5 August 2022 | first=Vinicio | last=Stefanello | date=11 May 2017}}</ref> The couple climbed [[alpine style]], without the use of supplementary oxygen or other support.<ref name=PM10/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/sport/vari/2017/05/11/news/nives_meroi_romano_benet_prima_coppia_su_tutti_ottomila-165156761/|title=Alpinismo, il record di Meroi-Benet: è italiana la prima coppia su tutti gli Ottomila|date=11 May 2017}}</ref>

On 22 May 2024, [[Nepal]]i guide [[Kami Rita]] summited Everest for the 30th time (a record for Everest), also becoming the first-ever person to climb an eight-thousander 41 times.<ref>{{cite web | website=[[Guinness Book of Records]] | url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/384190-most-climbs-over-8-000-m | title=Most climbs over 8,000 metres | date=23 May 2023 | access-date=2023-08-01}}</ref> In July 2022, [[Sanu Sherpa]] became the first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders twice.<ref>{{cite web | website=Reuters | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nepali-sherpa-sets-climbing-record-pakistan-mountain-2022-07-21/ | title=Nepali Sherpa sets climbing record on Pakistan mountain | first=Gopal | last=Sharma | date=21 July 2022 | access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> He started with Cho Oyu in 2006, and completed the double by summiting Gasherbrum II in July 2022.<ref>{{cite web | website=LACrux | url=https://www.lacrux.com/en/alpinism/world-record-sanu-sherpa-has-climbed-all-14-eight-thousanders-twice/ | date=28 July 2022 | access-date=5 August 2022 | title=World record: Sanu Sherpa has climbed all 14 eight-thousanders twice}}</ref>

On 20 May 2013, [[Demographics of South Korea|South Korea]]n climber [[Kim Chang-ho (climber)|Kim Chang-ho]] set a new speed record of climbing all 14 eight-thousanders, without the use of supplementary oxygen, in 7 years and 310 days. On 29 October 2019, the [[British people|British]]-[[Nepali people|Nepali]] climber [[Nirmal Purja]] set a speed record of 6 months and 6 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders with the use of supplementary oxygen.<ref name=GWR>{{cite web | website=[[Guinness World Records]] | url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2021/12/14-peaks-all-the-records-nims-purja-broke-in-new-netflix-documentary-684255 | title=14 Peaks: All the records Nims Purja broke in new Netflix documentary | first=Sanj | last=Atwal | date=3 December 2021 | access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50217376 |title=Nirmal Purja: Ex-soldier climbs 14 highest mountains in six months |date=29 October 2019 | access-date=24 December 2019 | website=[[BBC News]] | author= | quote=A Nepali mountaineer and former British Marine has climbed the world's tallest 14 peaks in six months - beating an earlier record of almost eight years.}}</ref><ref name=NG>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/2019/05/climber-record-summits-six-eight-thousand-meter-peaks-one-month/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524222617/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/2019/05/climber-record-summits-six-eight-thousand-meter-peaks-one-month/|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2019|title=Nepal climber makes history speed climbing world's tallest peaks | author=Freddie Wilkinson | magazine=[[National Geographic]] | access-date=24 December 2019 | quote=On October 29th, Nirmal Purja Magar announced via Instagram that he had summited China's Shishapangma. This marked the fourteenth 8,000-meter peak he had climbed in seven months and the completion of an extraordinary project to speed climb the world's tallest mountains in rapid succession. }}</ref> On 27 July 2023, [[Kristin Harila]] and [[Tenjen Sherpa|Tenjen Lama Sherpa]] set a new speed record of 92 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders with supplementary oxygen.<ref name="AlanA2023" /><ref name="K2_2023_1" />

===Deadliest===
{{see also|List of deaths on eight-thousanders}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Estimated sample death rates for the 14 eight-thousanders<ref name=8000ersGen>{{cite web|url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/8000ers-mainmenu-205.html |title=General Info|publisher=8000ers.com | author=Eberhard Jurgalski | author-link=:de:Eberhard Jurgalski | access-date=2014-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarke |first=Owen |date=2025-04-02 |title=Has K2—the Savage Mountain—Been Tamed? |url=https://www.climbing.com/places/k2-worlds-second-highest-mountain/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Climbing |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="economist2013">{{cite web |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/05/daily-chart-18 | title=DAILY CHART: Stairway to heaven, how deadly are the world's highest mountains? | publisher=[[The Economist]] | date=29 March 2013|quote=For every three thrill-seekers that make it safely up and down Annapurna I, one dies trying, according to data from Eberhard Jurgalski of website ''8000ers.com'', collected in his forthcoming book "On Top of the World: The New Millennium", co-authored by Richard Sale.}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2" |Eight thousander
!colspan="3" |From 1950 to March 2012<ref name="economist2013"/>
!rowspan="2" |Climber death rate <ref name="HDB1">{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/downloads/hbnsampl.pdf|title=The Himalaya by the Numbers: A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya | author1=Elizabeth Hawley | author-link=Elizabeth Hawley | author2=Richard Sailsbury | date=2011 | page=129 |quote=Table D-3: Deaths for peaks with more than 750 members above base camp from 1950–2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/himalayan-death-tolls/2014/04/24/6eafed0e-cbee-11e3-93eb-6c0037dde2ad_graphic.html?noredirect=on|title=Himalayan Death Tolls|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=24 April 2014}}</ref>{{efn|Per ''[[The Himalayan Database]]'' (HDB) tables, the Climber (or Member) Death Rate is the ratio of deaths above base camp, of all climbers who were hoping to summit and who went above base camp, for 1950 to 2009, and is closer to a true ''probability of death''; the data is only for ''Nepalese Himalaya''. Summary tables from the HDB report for all mountains above 8,000 metres, imply that the death rate for the period 1990 to 2009 (e.g. modern expeditions), is roughly half that of the combined 1950 to 2009 period.<ref name="HDB1"/>}}
|-
!Total ascents{{efn|As recorded by [[:de:Eberhard Jurgalski|Eberhard Jurgalski]]}}
!Total deaths{{efn |name=EBJ1 |As recorded by [[:de:Eberhard Jurgalski|Eberhard Jurgalski]] and being any death (climber or other) above Base Camp.<ref name=EBJ>{{cite web|url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/downloads-info-mainmenu-231.html|title=Fatalities tables|access-date=23 November 2018|quote=Included are only fatalities from, at or above BC or caused from there. Fatalities on approach or return marches are not listed.|publisher=8000ers.com | author=Eberhard Jurgalski | author-link=:de:Eberhard Jurgalski }}</ref>}}
!Deaths as % of ascents{{efn|This should not be mistaken as being a '''death rate'''; it does not imply a ''probability of death'' for a climber attempting to climb an eight-thousander as it includes '''all''' deaths from '''all''' activities undertaken above base camp (e.g. training or reconnaissance trips, camp stocking activities by porters who will not be summiting the mountain, rescue attempts etc.). Thus it compares deaths from the larger group of people who were, and were not, making a summit attempt, with the smaller group who were making a summit attempt. While it is not a probability, the statistic does reflect the ratio of people who died above base camp for each climber who summited.}}

|-
|[[Mount Everest|Everest]]
| style="text-align: right;" |5656|| style="text-align: right;" | 223|| style="text-align: right;" |3.9%|| style="text-align: right;" |1.52%

|-
|[[K2]]
| style="text-align: right;"|800|| style="text-align: right;" |96|| style="text-align: right;" |12%|| style="text-align: right;" |–{{efn|name="pak"}}

|-
|[[Kangchenjunga]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 243 || style="text-align: right;" | 40 || style="text-align: right;" | 16% || style="text-align: right;" |3.00%

|-
|[[Lhotse]]
| style="text-align: right;" |461|| style="text-align: right;" |13|| style="text-align: right;" |2.8%|| style="text-align: right;" |1.03%

|-
|[[Makalu]]
| style="text-align: right;" |361|| style="text-align: right;" |31|| style="text-align: right;" |8.6%|| style="text-align: right;" |1.63%

|-
|[[Cho Oyu]]
| style="text-align: right;" |3138|| style="text-align: right;" |44|| style="text-align: right;" |1.4%|| style="text-align: right;" |0.64%

|-
|[[Dhaulagiri|Dhaulagiri I]]
| style="text-align: right;" |448|| style="text-align: right;" |69|| style="text-align: right;" |15.4%|| style="text-align: right;" |2.94%

|-
|[[Manaslu]]
| style="text-align: right;" |661|| style="text-align: right;" |65|| style="text-align: right;" |9.8%|| style="text-align: right;" |2.77%

|-
|[[Nanga Parbat]]
| style="text-align: right;" |335|| style="text-align: right;" |68|| style="text-align: right;" |20.3%|| style="text-align: right;" |–{{efn|name="pak"|Data is not available for the ''Karakoram Himalayas''}}

|-
|[[Annapurna I]]
| style="text-align: right;" |191|| style="text-align: right;" |61|| style="text-align: right;" |31.9%|| style="text-align: right;" |4.05%

|-
|[[Gasherbrum I]] (Hidden Peak)
| style="text-align: right;" |334|| style="text-align: right;" |29|| style="text-align: right;" |8.7%|| style="text-align: right;" |–{{efn|name="pak"}}

|-
|[[Broad Peak]]
| style="text-align: right;" |404|| style="text-align: right;" |21|| style="text-align: right;" |5.2%|| style="text-align: right;" |–{{efn|name="pak"}}

|-
|[[Gasherbrum II]]
| style="text-align: right;" |930|| style="text-align: right;" |21|| style="text-align: right;" |2.3%|| style="text-align: right;" |–{{efn|name="pak"}}

|-
|[[Shishapangma]]
| style="text-align: right;" |302|| style="text-align: right;" |25|| style="text-align: right;" |8.3%|| style="text-align: right;" |
|}

The eight-thousanders are some of the world's deadliest mountains. The extreme altitude and the fact that the summits of all eight-thousanders lie in the Death Zone mean that climber mortality (or ''death rate'') is high.<ref name=SIA>{{cite web | website=[[Statista]] | url=https://www.statista.com/chart/26383/expedition-death-rate-of-mountains-over-8-thousand-meters/ | title=Deadly Peaks | first=Martin | last=Armstrong | date=10 December 2021 | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> Two metrics are quoted to establish a ''death rate'' (i.e. broad and narrow) that are used to rank the eight-thousanders in order of ''deadliest''.<ref name=EBJ/><ref name=MIQ/>

* Broad death rate: The first metric is the ''ratio of total deaths{{efn |name=EBJ1}} on the mountain to successful climbers summiting'' over a given period.<ref name=EBJ/> The ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' uses this metric to name Annapurna I as the deadliest eight-thousander, and the world's deadliest mountain with roughly one person dying for every three people who successfully summit, i.e. a ratio of circa 30%.<ref name=GB>{{cite web | website=[[Guinness Book of World Records]] | url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/deadliest-mountain-to-climb | title=Deadliest mountain to climb | date=2019 | access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> Using consistent data from 1950 to 2012, mountaineering statistician [[:de:Eberhard Jurgalski|Eberhard Jurgalski]] (see table) used this metric to show Annapurna is the deadliest mountain (31.9%), followed by K2 (26.5%), Nanga Parbat (20.3%), Dhaulagiri (15.4%) and Kangchenjunga (14.1%).<ref name=EBJ/> Other statistical sources including ''MountainIQ'', used a mix of data periods from 1900 to Spring 2021 but had similar results showing Annapurna still being the deadliest mountain (27.2%), followed by K2 (22.8%), Nanga Parbat (20.75%), Kangchenjunga (15%), and Dhaulagiri (13.5%).<ref name=MIQ>{{cite web | website=MountainIQ | url=https://www.mountainiq.com/guides/eight-thousanders/ | first=Mark | last=Whitman | date=22 December 2020 | access-date=13 December 2021 | title=Eight Thousanders – The Complete 8000ers Guide}}</ref><ref name=SIA/> Cho Oyu was the safest at 1.4%.<ref name=EBJ/><ref name=MIQ/>
* Narrow death rate: The drawback of the first metric is that it includes the deaths of any support climbers or climbing sherpas that went above base camp in assisting the climb; therefore, rather than being the probability that a climber will die attempting to summit an eight-thousander, it is more akin to the total human cost in getting a climber to the summit.<ref name="HDB1"/> In the ''[[The Himalayan Database|Himalayan Database]]'' (HDB) tables, the climber (or member) "Death Rate" is the ''ratio of deaths above base camp, of all climbers who were hoping to summit and who went above base camp'' (calculated for 1950 to 2009), and is closer to a true ''probability of death'' (see table below).<ref name="HDB1"/> The data is only for the Nepalese Himalaya and therefore does not include K2 or Nanga Parbat.<ref name="HDB1"/> HDB estimates the probability of death for a climber attempting the summit of an eight-thousander is still highest for Annapurna I (4%), followed by Kangchenjunga (3%) and Dhaulagiri (3%); the safest is still Cho Oyu at 0.6%.<ref name="HDB1"/>

The tables from the HDB for eight-thousanders also show that the death rate of climbers for the period 1990 to 2009 (e.g. modern expeditions), is roughly half that of the combined 1950 to 2009 period, i.e. climbing is becoming safer for the climbers attempting the summit.<ref name="HDB1"/>

== List of first ascents ==
From 1950 to 1964, all 14 of the eight-thousanders were summited in the summer (the first was [[Annapurna I]] in 1950, and the last was [[Shishapangma]] in 1964), and from 1980 to 2021, all 14 were summited in the winter (the first being [[Everest]] in 1980, and the last being [[K2]] in 2021).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[First ascent]] and [[first winter ascent]] for each of the 14 eight-thousanders<ref name=8000ersGen/><ref name="economist2013"/>
|-
!colspan="4" |Mountain<ref name=8000ersGen/>
!colspan="2" |First ascent<ref name=8000ersGen/>
!colspan="2" |First winter ascent<ref name=8000ersGen/>
|-
!Name
![[topographic elevation|Height]]<ref name="pb">[https://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=200 PeakBagger: World 8000–metre Peaks]</ref>
![[topographic prominence|Prom.]]<ref name="pb"/>
!Country
!Date
!Summiteer(s)
!Date
!Summiteer(s)
|-
|[[Mount Everest|Everest]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8849|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}<ref name="ME">{{Cite news|title=Mount Everest is two feet taller, China and Nepal announce|work=[[National Geographic]]|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/new-height-of-mount-everest-announced-by-china-and-nepal/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208113343/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/new-height-of-mount-everest-announced-by-china-and-nepal/|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2020|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8849|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|China}} China}}
| style="text-align: right;" |29 May 1953{{efn|name="1924uk"|It remains unclear whether [[George Mallory]] and [[Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)|Andrew Irvine]] reached the summit in 1924 or not. For more details, see ''[[1924 British Mount Everest expedition]]''.}} 
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Edmund Hillary]]}}
{{flagicon|India|1930}} {{flagicon|Nepal|1930}} {{nowrap| [[Tenzing Norgay]]}} on [[1953 British Mount Everest expedition|British expedition]]{{efn|name="1924uk"}}
| style="text-align: right;" |17 February 1980 
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Krzysztof Wielicki]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Leszek Cichy]]}}

|- style="background:#efefef;"
|[[K2]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8611|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|4020|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|China}} China}}<ref name="Karakoram">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28500721|title=K2 lies in Pakistan, near the northern border with China|work=BBC News|date=26 July 2014 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |31 July 1954
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Achille Compagnoni]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Lino Lacedelli]]}} 
on [[1954 Italian Karakoram expedition to K2|Italian expedition]]
| style="text-align: right;" |16 January 2021<ref name=tele1/>
|{{flagicon|NPL}}{{flagicon|UK}} [[Nirmal Purja]]{{refn|name=resentment-etc|<ref name="NP">{{cite web|title=All-Nepali winter first on K2|date=16 January 2021 |access-date=10 February 2022|publisher=Nepali Times|url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/here-now/all-nepali-winter-first-on-K2/}}</ref><ref name="KP">{{cite web|author=Naresh Koirala |title=A matter of pride |date=16 January 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022|publisher=The Kathmandu Times |url=https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2022/01/16/a-matter-of-pride}}</ref><ref name="CNA">{{cite web|author=Tom Robbins |title=Life lessons from mountaineer Nirmal Purja, of Netflix's 14 Peaks fame |url=https://cnaluxury.channelnewsasia.com/people/nirmal-purja-netflix-14-peaks-193581 |publisher=CNA Luxury |date=1 January 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}} 
{{flagicon|NPL}} Gelje Sherpa 
{{flagicon|NPL}} [[Mingma Gyabu Sherpa|Mingma David Sherpa]] 
{{flagicon|NPL}} Mingma Gyalje Sherpa 
{{flagicon|NPL}} Sona Sherpa 
{{flagicon|NPL}} Mingma Tenzi Sherpa 
{{flagicon|NPL}} Pem Chhiri Sherpa 
{{flagicon|NPL}} Dawa Temba Sherpa 
{{flagicon|NPL}} Kili Pemba Sherpa 
{{flagicon|NPL}} Dawa Tenjing Sherpa

|-
|[[Kangchenjunga]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8586|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|3922|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|India}} India}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jul/13/lukeharding|title=Climbers banned from sacred peak|first=Luke|last=Harding|date=13 July 2000|website=the Guardian|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |25 May 1955
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|UK}} [[George Band]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|UK}} [[Joe Brown (climber)|Joe Brown]]}} on [[1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition|British expedition]]
| style="text-align: right;" |11 January 1986
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Krzysztof Wielicki]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Jerzy Kukuczka]]}}

|- style="background:#efefef;"
|[[Lhotse]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8516|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" data-sort-value="0,610" |{{convert|610|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} China}}
| style="text-align: right;" |18 May 1956
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|CH}} [[Fritz Luchsinger]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|CH}} [[Ernst Reiss]]}}
| style="text-align: right;" |31 December 1988
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Krzysztof Wielicki]]}}

|-
|[[Makalu]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8485|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|2378|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} China}}
| style="text-align: right;" |15 May 1955
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} [[Jean Couzy]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} [[Lionel Terray]] on [[1955 French Makalu expedition|French expedition]]}}
| style="text-align: right;" |9 February 2009
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Simone Moro]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Denis Urubko]]}}

|- style="background:#efefef;"
|[[Cho Oyu]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8188|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|2344|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} China}}
| style="text-align: right;" |19 October 1954
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} {{ill|Joseph Joechler|de|Sepp Jöchler}}}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|NEP|1930}} [[Pasang Dawa Lama]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Herbert Tichy]]}}
| style="text-align: right;" |12 February 1985
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Maciej Berbeka]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Maciej Pawlikowski]]}}
|-
|[[Dhaulagiri|Dhaulagiri I]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8167|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|3357|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal}}
| style="text-align: right;" |13 May 1960
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Kurt Diemberger]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|FRG}} {{ill|Peter Diener|de}}}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|NEP|1930}} [[Nawang Dorje]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|NEP|1930}} [[Nima Dorje]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|CH}} [[Ernst Forrer]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|CH}} [[Albin Schelbert]]}}
| style="text-align: right;" |21 January 1985
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Andrzej Czok]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Jerzy Kukuczka]]}}

|- style="background:#efefef;"
|[[Manaslu]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8163|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|3092|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal}}
| style="text-align: right;" |9 May 1956
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|JPN|1947}} {{ill|Toshio Imanishi|ja|今西壽雄}}}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|NEP|1930}} [[Gyalzen Norbu]]}}
| style="text-align: right;" |12 January 1984
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Maciej Berbeka]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Ryszard Gajewski]]}}

|-
|[[Nanga Parbat]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8125|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|4608|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan}}
| style="text-align: right;" |3 July 1953
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Hermann Buhl]]}} on [[1953 German–Austrian Nanga Parbat expedition|German–Austrian expedition]]
| style="text-align: right;" |26 February 2016
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Muhammad Ali Sadpara]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Simone Moro]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|SPA}} {{ill|Alex Txikon|es}}}}

|- style="background:#efefef;"
|[[Annapurna I]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8091|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|2984|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal}}
| style="text-align: right;" |3 June 1950
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} [[Maurice Herzog]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} [[Louis Lachenal]]}} 
on [[1950 French Annapurna expedition|French expedition]]
| style="text-align: right;" |3 February 1987
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Jerzy Kukuczka]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Artur Hajzer]]}}

|-
|[[Gasherbrum I]] (Hidden Peak)
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8080|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|2155|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|China}} China}}
| style="text-align: right;" |5 July 1958
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Andrew Kauffman]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Pete Schoening]]}}
| style="text-align: right;" |9 March 2012
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Adam Bielecki (climber)|Adam Bielecki]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} {{ill|Janusz Gołąb|pl}}}}

|- style="background:#efefef;"
|[[Broad Peak]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8051|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|1701|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|China}} China}}
| style="text-align: right;" |9 June 1957
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Fritz Wintersteller]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Marcus Schmuck]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Kurt Diemberger]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Hermann Buhl]]}} 
| style="text-align: right;" |5 March 2013
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Maciej Berbeka]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Adam Bielecki (climber)|Adam Bielecki]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} {{ill|Tomasz Kowalski (mountaineer)|lt=Tomasz Kowalski|pl|Tomasz Kowalski (wspinacz)}}}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} {{ill|Artur Małek|pl}}}}

|-
|[[Gasherbrum II]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8034|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|1524|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|China}} China}}
| style="text-align: right;" |7 July 1956
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Fritz Moravec]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} {{ill|Josef Larch|de}}}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUT}} {{ill|Hans Willenpart|de}}}}
| style="text-align: right;" |2 February 2011
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Simone Moro]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Denis Urubko]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cory Richards (climber)|Cory Richards]]}}

|- style="background:#efefef;"
|[[Shishapangma]]
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|8027|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align: right;" |{{convert|2897|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|China}} China}}
| style="text-align: right;" |2 May 1964
||{{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Xu Jing (mountaineer)|Xu Jing]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} Chang Chun-yen}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Wang Fuzhou]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Chen San]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Cheng Tien-liang]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Wu Tsung-yue]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Sodnam Doji]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Migmar Trashi]]}} {{flagicon|PRC}} Doji {{nowrap|{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Yonten]]}}
| style="text-align: right;" |14 January 2005
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Piotr Morawski]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Simone Moro]]}}
|}

== List of climbers of all 14 ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 510
| header = First to climb all 14 eight-thousanders
| image1 = GianAngelo Pistoia - Reinhold Messner - Foto 1.TIF
| caption1 = [[Reinhold Messner]], first to climb all 14, and without oxygen
| image2 = Edurne Pasaban recibe el Premio Vasco Universal 2010 4 (crop).jpg
| caption2 = [[Edurne Pasaban]], the first woman to climb all 14 after [[Oh Eun-sun]]'s claim was disputed
| image3 = Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner 2015-07-02 001.jpg
| caption3 = [[Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner]], the first woman to climb all 14 without oxygen
}}
There is no single undisputed source or arbitrator for verified ascents of Himalayan eight-thousander peaks.

Various mountaineering journals, including the ''[[Alpine Journal]]'' and the ''[[American Alpine Journal]]'', also maintain extensive records and archives on expeditions to the eight-thousanders, but do not always opine on disputed ascents, and nor do they maintain registers or lists of verified ascents of the eight-thousanders.<ref name=NYT1>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/sports/tallest-mountain-summit.html | title=What is a summit: Only 44 people have reached the summit of all 14 of the world's 8,000-meter peaks, according to the people who chronicle such things. | first=John | last=Branch | date=21 May 2021 | access-date=10 December 2021 | newspaper=[[New York Times]] | author-link=John Branch (journalist)}}</ref><ref name=AAJ1/>

[[Elizabeth Hawley]]'s ''[[The Himalayan Database]]'',<ref name="hdb">{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/|title=The Himalayan Database, The Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley|publisher=[[The Himalayan Database]]|author1=Elizabeth Hawley|author-link=Elizabeth Hawley|author2=Richard Salisbury|date=2018}}</ref> is considered as an important source for verified ascents for the ''Nepalese Himalayas''.<ref name="haw1"/><ref name="haw2"/> Online databases of Himalayan ascents pay close regard to ''The Himalayan Database'', including the website ''AdventureStats.com'',<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.adventurestats.com/#mountain|title=High Altitude Mountaineering statistics|publisher=AdventureStats.com|date=2021|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516115603/http://www.adventurestats.com/index.shtml#mountain|archive-date=16 May 2021}}</ref> and the ''[[:de:Eberhard Jurgalski|Eberhard Jurgalski]] List''.<ref name=NYT1/><ref name=AAJ1/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/download.html?func=startdown&id=155|title=Climbers who have ascended to the summits of all of the world's 14 mountains over 8000 metres| publisher=8000ers.com (Eberhard Jurgalski)|date=2018}}</ref>

{{clear}}

===Verified ascents===
{{legend|#ff0|First person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders, and first to do so without supplementary oxygen}}
{{legend|#cfc|First female to summit all 14 eight-thousanders; with supplementary oxygen}}
{{legend|#cff|First female to summit all 14 eight-thousanders; no supplementary oxygen (legacy)}}
{{legend|#0ff|Fastest ascent of all 14 eight-thousanders; with supplementary oxygen}}
{{legend|#0f0|Fastest ascent of all 14 eight-thousanders; no supplementary oxygen}}
{{legend|#fee7e6|Youngest person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders}}
{{legend|#fa2|First disabled person to have summited all 14 eight-thousanders}}

The "No O2" column lists people who have climbed all 14 eight-thousanders without supplementary oxygen.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of climbers who have summited all 14 eight-thousanders<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/download.html?func=startdown&id=155 |author=Eberhard Jurgalski |author-link=:de:Eberhard Jurgalski | title=Climbers – First 14 | publisher=8000ers.com |date=26 May 2012 |access-date=2014-02-21}}</ref>
!Order
!Order (No O2)
!Name
!Period climbing eight-thousanders
!Born
!Age
!Nationality
|-
|1
|1
|style="background:#ff0;text-align:left"|[[Reinhold Messner]]
|1970–1986
|1944
|42
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|2
|
|[[Jerzy Kukuczka]]
|1979–1987
|1948
| 39
|{{flagicon|Poland}} Polish
|- style="background:#fff;"
|3
|2
|[[Erhard Loretan]]
|1982–1995
|1959
| 36
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} Swiss
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|4
|<ref>Carlos Carsolio required emergency oxygen on his descent from Makalu in 1988.</ref>
|[[Carlos Carsolio]]
|1985–1996
|1962
| 33
|{{flagicon|Mexico}} Mexican
|- style="background:#fff;"
|5
|
|[[Krzysztof Wielicki]]
|1980–1996
|1950
| 46
|{{flagicon|Poland}} Polish
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|6
|3
|[[Juanito Oiarzabal]]
|1985–1999
|1956
| 43
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spanish
|- style="background:#fff;"
|7
|
|[[Sergio Martini]]
|1983–2000
| 1949
| 51
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|8
|
|[[Park Young-seok]]
|1993–2001
|1963
|38
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} Korean
|- style="background:#fff;"
|9
|
|[[Um Hong-gil]]
|1988–2001
|1960<ref>{{cite web
| last = EverestNews2004.com
| first = News (age calculated: in 2004 Hong-Gil Um was 44)
| title = Mr. Um Hong Gil has bagged his 15th 8000 meter peak
| url = http://www.kukuxumusu.com/web/news_nove1.php?id=36&lang=eng
| access-date = 2008-11-30
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090621213540/http://www.kukuxumusu.com/web/news_nove1.php?id=36&lang=eng
| archive-date = 2009-06-21
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>
| 40
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} Korean
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|10
|4
|[[Alberto Iñurrategi]]
|1991–2002<ref>{{cite web
| last = Kukuxumusu
| first = Spanish News
| title = Alberto Iñurrategi achieves his fourteenth "eight thousand meters"
| url = http://www.kukuxumusu.com/web/news_nove1.php?id=36&lang=eng
| access-date = 2008-11-30
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090621213540/http://www.kukuxumusu.com/web/news_nove1.php?id=36&lang=eng
| archive-date = 2009-06-21
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>
| 1968
| 33
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spanish
|- style="background:#fff;"
|11
|
|[[Han Wang-yong]]
|1994–2003
|1966
|37
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} Korean
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|12
|5<ref>{{cite web
| publisher = Mounteverest.net
| quote = ''...the American climber became one of only five men in the world to accomplish the quest entirely without supplementary oxygen.''
| title = Best of ExplorersWeb 2005 Awards: Ed Viesturs and Christian Kuntner
| url = http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=1332
| access-date = 2008-11-30
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222000019/http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=1332
| archive-date = 2008-12-22
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|[[Ed Viesturs]]
|1989–2005
|1959
|46
|{{flagicon|USA}} American
|- style="background:#fff;"
|13
|6<ref>{{cite web
| last = Mounteverest.net
| quote = ''Last year, Silvio 'Gnaro' Mondinelli broke the haunted 13 when he summited the last peak on his list of 14, 8000ers – becoming only the 6th mountaineer in the world to have bagged them all without supplementary oxygen.''
| title = The wolf is back: Gnaro bags Baruntse
| url = http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=17691
| access-date = 2008-11-30
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081028140452/http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=17691
| archive-date = 2008-10-28
| url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| publisher = PlanetMountain.com
| quote = ''13/07 interview with Silvio Mondinelli after the summit of his 14th 8000m peak without supplementary oxygen.''
| title = The day after: Silvio Mondinelli, Broad Peak and all 14 8000m summits
| url= http://www.planetmountain.com/english/News/shownews.lasso?l=2&keyid=35710
| access-date = 2008-11-30
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| publisher = Mounteverest.net
| quote = Implied in text: ''...Following Italian Silvio "Gnaro" Mondinelli last year and American Ed Viesturs in 2005, Ivan also became only the seventh mountaineer in the world to have done them all without supplementary oxygen.''
| title = The 14th knight: Ecuadorian Ivan Vallejo is ready to continue
| url = http://www.k2climb.net/news.php?id=17248
| access-date = 2008-11-30
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511145044/http://www.k2climb.net/news.php?id=17248
| archive-date = 2008-05-11
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|[[Silvio Mondinelli]]
|1993–2007
|1958
|49
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|14
|7<ref>{{cite web
| publisher = Mounteverest.net
| quote = ''...Ivan also became only the seventh mountaineer in the world to have done them all without supplementary oxygen.''
| title = The 14th knight: Ecuadorian Ivan Vallejo is ready to continue
| url = http://www.k2climb.net/news.php?id=17248
| access-date = 2008-11-30
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511145044/http://www.k2climb.net/news.php?id=17248
| archive-date = 2008-05-11
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|[[Iván Vallejo]]
|1997–2008
|1959
|49
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} Ecuadorian
|- style="background:#fff;"
|15
|8<ref>
{{cite web
| publisher = PlanetMountain.com
| title = Denis Urubko, Cho Oyu and all 14 8000m peaks
| url= http://www.planetmountain.com/english/News/shownews1.lasso?l=2&keyid=36767
| access-date = 2009-05-18
}}</ref>
|[[Denis Urubko]]
|2000–2009
|1973
|35
|{{flagicon|KAZ}} Kazakhstani
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|16
|
|[[Ralf Dujmovits]]
|1990–2009
|1961<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ralf-dujmovits.de/biografie.php |title=Ralf Dujmovits |publisher=Ralf-dujmovits.de |access-date=2010-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715141737/http://www.ralf-dujmovits.de/biografie.php |archive-date=2010-07-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|47
|{{flagicon|Germany}} German
|- style="background:#fff;"
|17<ref>{{cite web |url=https://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=18539 |title=GI summits - Veikka Gustafsson completes the 14x8000ers list! |publisher=Explorersweb.com |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
|9<ref>{{cite web |url=https://explorersweb.com/stats/news.php?id=18964 |title=Best of ExplorersWeb 2009 Awards: the 14x8000ers |publisher=Explorersweb.com |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
|[[Veikka Gustafsson]]
|1993–2009
|1968
|41
|{{flagicon|Finland}} Finnish
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|18<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andrew-lock.com/summit-8000.shtml |title=Summit 8000 – Andrew Lock's quest to climb all fourteen of the highest mountains in the world |publisher=Andrew-lock.com |access-date=2010-04-14 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033025/http://andrew-lock.com/summit-8000.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|[[Andrew Lock]]
|1993–2009
|1961<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andrew-lock.com |title=Australia's Most Accomplished Mountaineer |publisher=Andrew Lock |date=2 October 2009 |access-date=2010-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707160749/http://andrew-lock.com/ |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|48
|{{flagicon|Australia}} Australian
|- style="background:#fff;"
|19
|10
|[[João Garcia]]
|1993–2010
|1967
|43
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} Portuguese
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|20<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19295|title=Piotr Pustelnik summits Annapurna – bags the 14x8000ers!|publisher=Explorersweb.com|access-date=2014-02-21|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310233641/http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19295|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|[[Piotr Pustelnik]]
|1990–2010
|1951
|58
|{{flagicon|Poland}} Polish
|- style="background:#fff;"
|21<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19361|title=Shisha Pangma: Edurne Pasaban summits – completes the 14x800ers|publisher=Explorersweb.com|access-date=2014-02-21|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418152401/http://www.explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19361|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|style="background:#cfc;text-align:left"|[[Edurne Pasaban]]
|2001–2010
|1973
|36
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spanish
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|22<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetmountain.com/english/News/shownews1.lasso?keyid=38110 |title=Abele Blanc summits Annapurna and all 8000ers|publisher=Planetmountain.com|access-date=2014-02-21}}</ref>
|
|[[Abele Blanc]]
|1992–2011<ref name="8000ers.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/download.html?func=fileinfo&id=155 |title=Climbers - First 14, updated table on 8000ers.com|publisher=8000ers.com|access-date=2014-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mounteverest.net/story/ChristianKuntner-amountaineeringlegendisgoneMay182005.shtml |title=Everest – Mount Everest by climbers, news |publisher=Mounteverest.net |date=18 May 2005 |access-date=2014-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708033006/http://www.mounteverest.net/story/ChristianKuntner-amountaineeringlegendisgoneMay182005.shtml |archive-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|1954
|56
|{{flagicon|ITA}} Italian
|- style="background:#fff;"
|23
|
|[[Mingma Sherpa (mountaineer)|Mingma Sherpa]]
|2000–2011<ref name="8000ers.com"/>
|1978
|33
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|24
|11
|style="background:#cff;text-align:left"|[[Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner]]<ref>https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/103053-first-woman-to-climb-all-8-000-m-mountains-without-oxygen</ref>
|1998–2011<ref name="8000ers.com"/>
|1970
|40
|{{flagicon|AUT}} Austrian
|- style="background:#fff;"
|25
|
|{{ill|Vassily Pivtsov|de|Wassili Piwzow}}
|2001–2011<ref name="8000ers.com"/>
|1975
|36
|{{flagicon|KAZ}} Kazakhstani
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|26
|12
|[[Maxut Zhumayev]]
|2001–2011<ref name="8000ers.com"/>
|1977
|34
|{{flagicon|KAZ}} Kazakhstani
|- style="background:#fff;"
|27
|
|{{ill|Kim Jae-soo|de}}
|2000–2011<ref name="8000ers.com"/>
|1961
|50
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} Korean
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|28<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montagna.tv/cms/?p=40662|title=Mario Panzeri: sono in cima! E finalmente sono 14 ottomila|publisher=Montagna.tv|access-date=2014-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102005649/http://www3.montagna.tv/cms/?p=40662|archive-date=2013-11-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|13
|Mario Panzeri
|1988–2012
|1964
|48
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian
|- style="background:#fff;"
|29<ref name="nikkei0526">{{cite web|url=http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZZO41829260V20C12A5000000/ |title=日本人初の快挙、8000m峰14座登頂竹内洋岳|date=26 May 2012 |publisher=Nikkei.com|access-date=2014-02-21}}</ref>
|
|[[Hirotaka Takeuchi (mountaineer)|Hirotaka Takeuchi]] [[[:ja:竹内洋岳|ja]]]
|1995–2012<ref name="nikkei0526"/>
|1971
|41
|{{flagicon|Japan}} Japanese
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|30
|
|[[Chhang Dawa Sherpa (mountaineer)|Chhang Dawa Sherpa]]
|2001–2013<ref name="8000ers.com"/>
|1982
|30
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|- style="background:#fff;"
|31
|14
|[[Kim Chang-Ho (climber)|Kim Chang-ho]]
|2005–2013<ref name="8000ers.com"/>
|1970
|43
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} Korean
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|32
|
|{{ill|Jorge Egocheaga|eu}}
|2002–2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/download.html?func=startdown&id=155 |title=Climbers – First 14 |publisher=8000ers.com |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=2014-08-13}}</ref>
|1968
|45
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spanish
|- style="background:#fff;"
|33
|15
|[[Radek Jaroš]]
|1998–2014<ref name="8000ers.com"/>
|1964
|50
|{{flagicon| Czech Republic }} Czech
|-
|34/35<ref name="meroi">Nives Meroi and Romano Benet climbed all the Eight-thousanders together, it wasn't revealed if one of them climbed the last peak a few moments before the other, thus they share the same position</ref>
|16/17<ref name="meroi" />
|[[Nives Meroi]]
|1998–2017<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/alpinism/nives-meroi-and-romano-benet-summit-annapurna-their-14th-8000er.html|title=Nives Meroi and Romano Benet summit Annapurna, their 14th 8000er|work=PlanetMountain.com|access-date=2017-05-11|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sta.si/2385964/nives-meroi-in-roman-benet-preplezala-14-osemtisocakov|title=Nives Meroi in Roman Benet preplezala 14 osemtisočakov|work=Sta.si|access-date=2017-05-11|language=sl}}</ref>
|1961
|55
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian
|-
|34/35<ref name="meroi" />
|16/17<ref name="meroi" />
|{{ill|Romano Benet|it}}
|1998–2017<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.delo.si/zgodbe/nedeljskobranje/slovenec-s-15-osemtisocaka.html|title=Slovenec s 15. osemtisočaka|work=Delo.si|access-date=2017-05-11|language=sl}}</ref>
|1962
|55
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian / {{flagicon|Slovenia}} Slovenian
|-
|36
|
|{{ill|Peter Hámor|sk}}
|1998–2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skrsi.rtvs.sk/clanky/spravy/133615/pokoril-vsetky-osemtisicovky |title=Pokoril všetky osemtisícovky |publisher=skrsi.rtvs.sk |date=16 May 2017 |access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.montagna.tv/108135/e-vetta-per-peter-hamor-con-il-dhaulagiri-sono-14-anche-per-lui/ |title=È vetta per Peter Hamor. Con il Dhaulagiri sono 14 anche per lui |language=it |publisher=www.montagna.tv |date=15 May 2017 |access-date=2021-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20013308/hzds-flag-flies-from-everest-summit.html |author=Tom Nicholson |title=HZDS flag flies from Everest summit |publisher=spectator.sme.sk |date=4 June 1998 |access-date=2021-12-28}}</ref>
|1964
|52
|{{flagicon|Slovakia}} Slovak
|-
|37
|18
|[[Azim Gheychisaz]]
|2008–2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/6093547/%D9%82%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B4%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA |title=قیچی‌ساز حماسه ساز شد/کوهنورد تبریزی به هشت هزاری‌ها پیوست |publisher=yjc |date=19 May 2017|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref>
|1981
|37
|{{flagicon|Iran}} Iranian
|- style="background:#fff;"
|38
|
|[[Ferran Latorre]]
|1999–2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://desnivel.com/expediciones/ferran-latorre-completa-los-catorce-ochomiles-en-el-everest|title=Ferran Latorre completa los catorce ochomiles en el Everest|publisher=desnivel.com|date=27 May 2017|access-date=2017-05-27|language=es|archive-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705061639/http://desnivel.com/expediciones/ferran-latorre-completa-los-catorce-ochomiles-en-el-everest|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|1970
|46
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spanish
|-
|39
|19
|[[Òscar Cadiach]]
|1984–2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/otros-deportes/20170727/43126255449/alpinismo-oscar-cadiach-14-ochomiles-broad-peak.html|title=Cadiach, camino del campo 3 tras coronar el Broad Peak|publisher=La Vanguardia|date=27 July 2017|access-date=2017-07-27|language=es}}</ref>
|1952
|64
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spanish
|-
|40
|
|Kim Mi-gon
|2000–2018<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mountainjournal.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=183|title=김미곤 히말라야 14봉 등정 보고회 열려|publisher=Mountain Journal|date=27 July 2018|access-date=2019-11-26|language=ko}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gripped.com/news/south-korean-climbs-nanga-parbat-completes-8000ers/|title=South Korean Climbs Nanga Parbat, Completes 8,000ers|publisher=Gripped|date=12 July 2018|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>
|1973
| 45
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} Korean
|-
|41
|
|[[Sanu Sherpa]]
|2006–2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/sanu-sherpa-becomes-third-nepali-to-complete-14-peaks-as-sergi-mingote-scales-7-mountains-in-444-days/|title=Sanu Sherpa becomes third Nepali to complete 14 peaks as Sergi Mingote scales 7 mountains in 444 days|publisher=The Himalayan Times|date=3 October 2019|access-date=2019-11-11}}</ref>
|1975
| 44
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|-
|42
|
|style="background:#0f0;text-align:left"|[[Nirmal Purja]]<ref>https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/623486-fastest-ascent-of-all-mountains-over-8-000-m-without-supplementary-oxygen-male</ref><ref>https://www.nimsdai.com/post/nimsdai-completes-14-peaks-without-the-use-of-supplemental-oxygen</ref>
|2014–2019<ref name=NG/><ref name="Wanderlust">{{cite web|url=http://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/nirmal-purja-summits-5th-eight-thousander-in-12-days-ends-1st-phase-of-project-possible|title=Nirmal Purja summits 5th eight-thousander in 12 days, ends 1st phase of 'Project Possible'|date=May 24, 2019|publisher=Dreamwanderlust.com.com|author=Dream Wanderlust|access-date=May 26, 2019}}</ref>{{efn|Nirmal Purja climbed all fourteen 8,000m peaks between April 2019 and October 2019, but climbed his first, Dhaulagiri, in 2014.}}
|1983
| 36
|{{flagicon|UK}}British{{r|NP|KP|CNA}}
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|43
|
|[[Mingma Gyabu Sherpa]]
|2010–2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://explorersweb.com/2019/10/29/reflections-while-waiting-for-news-from-shishapangma/|title=Reflections While Waiting for News from Shishapangma|publisher=Explorersweb.com|date=29 October 2019|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/774350376/nepalese-climber-summits-worlds-14-highest-peaks-in-6-months-smashing-record|title=Nepalese Climber Summits World's 14 Highest Peaks in 6 Months, Smashing Record|website=[[NPR]]|date=29 October 2019 |last1=Kennedy |first1=Merrit }}</ref>
|1989
| 30
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|- style="background:#fff;"
|44
|
|style="background:#fa2;text-align:left"|[[Kim Hong-bin]]
|2006–2021<ref name="TimesUnion">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesunion.com/sports/article/South-Korean-missing-after-fall-while-scaling-16325874.php |author=Munir Ahmed |title=South Korean missing after fall while scaling Pakistani peak |work=Times Union |date=20 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720123713/https://www.timesunion.com/sports/article/South-Korean-missing-after-fall-while-scaling-16325874.php |archive-date=20 July 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TheKoreaTimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/sports/2021/07/600_312429.html |title=Fingerless Korean goes missing after achieving the feat of climbing all 14 Himalayan peaks |work=The Korea Times |date=20 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-20 }}</ref><ref name="AdventureMountain">{{cite web|url=https://abenteuer-berg.de/en/kim-hong-bin-without-fingers-on-13-eight-thousanders/ |author=Stefan Nestler |title=Kim Hong-bin: Without fingers on 13 eight-thousanders |work=Adventure Mountain |date=10 July 2019 |access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>
|1964
|57
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} Korean
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|45
|
|Nima Gyalzen Sherpa
|2004–2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://everestchronicle.com/nima-gyalzen-sherpa-becomes-the-6th-nepali-in-the-14-peaks-club/ |title= Nima Gyalzen Sherpa becomes the 6th Nepali in the 14 Peaks club |publisher=everestchronicle.com |date= 11 August 2022|access-date=2022-08-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220811215622/https://everestchronicle.com/nima-gyalzen-sherpa-becomes-the-6th-nepali-in-the-14-peaks-club/ |archive-date=2022-08-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/ampArticle/1014468 |title=Nima Gyalzen completes 14 peaks as Grace Tseng, Kristin Harila scale G-I |publisher=thehimalayantimes.com |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref>
|1985
| 37
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|-
|46
|
|Dong Hong Juan
|2015–2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benavides |first=Angela |date=2023-04-26 |title=Dong Hong Juan Climbs Shishapangma; May Be the First Woman to Summit all 14 8,000'ers » Explorersweb |url=https://explorersweb.com/dong-hong-juan-shishapangma-first-woman/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Explorersweb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=China's Dong becomes first woman to conquer all 14 peaks above-8,000m |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202305/01/WS644fb676a310b6054fad0a6f.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Chinadaily.com |language=en}}</ref>
|1981
|42
|{{Flagicon|China}} Chinese
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|47
|
| style="background:#0ff;text-align:left" |[[Kristin Harila]]
|2021–2023<ref>{{cite news |url=https://everestchronicle.com/kristin-harila-scales-mount-shishapangma/ |title=Kristin Harila scales Mount Shishapangma |publisher=everestchronicle.com |date=26 April 2023 |access-date=2023-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=Kristin Harila completes 14 peaks as she scales Cho Oyu |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/kristin-harila-completes-14-peaks-as-she-scales-cho-oyu |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|1986
|37
|{{Flagicon|Norway}} Norwegian
|- style="background:#fff;"
|48
|
|[[Sophie Lavaud]]
|2012–2023<ref name="TimeNews">{{cite web |url=https://time.news/sophie-lavaud-first-french-mountaineer-to-climb-all-the-peaks-over-8000-m-on-the-planet-liberation/ |title=Sophie Lavaud, first French mountaineer to climb all the peaks over 8,000 m on the planet – Liberation |work=Time News |date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-28 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="RFI">{{cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20230626-sophie-lavaud-becomes-first-french-person-to-climb-world-s-highest-peaks |title=Sophie Lavaud becomes first French person to climb world's highest peaks |work=RFI |date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-28 }}</ref><ref name="Explorersweb_2023_06_26">{{Cite web |last=Benavides |first=Angela |date=2023-06-26 |title=Nanga Parbat Summits » Explorersweb |url=https://explorersweb.com/nanga-parbat-summits/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Explorersweb}}</ref><ref name="EverestChronicle_2023_06_26">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title=A 17-year-old Nepali teenager scales the 'Killer Mountain' |url=https://everestchronicle.com/a-17-year-old-nepali-teenager-scales-the-killer-mountain/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Everest Chronicle}}</ref>
|1968
|55
|{{flagicon|Swiss}} Swiss / {{flagicon|France}} French / {{flagicon|Canada}} Canadian
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|49
|
|[[Tunç Fındık]]
|2001–2023<ref name="Explorersweb_2023_06_26" /><ref name="EverestChronicle_2023_06_26" />
|1972
|51
|{{flagicon|Turkey}} Turkish
|- style="background:#fff;"
|50
|
| style="background:#0ff;text-align:left" |[[Tenjen Sherpa|Tenjen Lama Sherpa]]
|2016–2023<ref name="AlanA2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |last=Arnette |first=Alan |title=K2 2023 Coverage: Kristin Harila gets K2 for her Last 8000er |url=https://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2023/07/27/k2-2023-coverage-kristin-harila-gets-k2-for-her-last-8000er/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=alanarnette.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="K2_2023_1">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=Kristin Harila, Tenjen Sherpa world's fastest to climb 14 peaks in 92 days |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/kristin-harila-tenjen-sherpa-worlds-fastest-to-climb-14-peaks-in-92-days |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Seven Sumit Treks">{{cite web |url=https://www.sevensummittreks.com/team/field-staffs/tenjen-sherpa-lama/ |title=Seven Summit Treks Tenjen Sherpa (Lama) |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728013647/https://www.sevensummittreks.com/team/field-staffs/tenjen-sherpa-lama |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|35<ref name="k2_2023_4">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |author=Gopal Sharma |title=Norwegian woman, Nepali sherpa become world's fastest to climb all 14 tallest peaks |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/norwegian-woman-nepali-sherpa-become-worlds-fastest-climb-all-14-tallest-peaks-2023-07-27/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|51
|
|Gelje Sherpa
|2017–2023<ref name="Gelje_1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://everestchronicle.com/gelje-sherpa-joins-the-14-peak-club/ |title= Gelje Sherpa joins the 14 peak club with summit on Cho Oyu; Nima Rinji sets youngest climber record |publisher=everestchronicle.com |date= 6 October 2023|access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whatthenepal.com/2023/10/06/nepali-and-pakistani-climbers-make-history-on-cho-oyu/ |title=Nepali and Pakistani Climbers Make History on Cho Oyu |publisher=whatthenepal.com |date= 6 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>
|1992<ref name="Gelje_1">{{cite web|url=https://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/after-k2-in-winter-gelje-sherpa-aims-to-become-the-youngest-to-climb-all-14-8ks |title=After K2 in Winter, Gelje Sherpa (28) aims to become the youngest to climb all 14 8Ks |author=Dream Wanderlust |publisher=DreamWanderlust.com |date=30 March 2021 |access-date=2023-11-02}}</ref>
|30
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|- style="background:#fff;"
|52
|
|Chris Warner
|1999–2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/everest/this-climber-just-became-the-second-american-to-summit-every-8000-meter-peak/|title=This Climber Just Became the Second American to climb Every 8,000 Meter Peak |magazine=[[Outside (magazine)|Outside]]| date=22 September 2023|access-date=20 March 2024 | first=Jake | last=Stern}}</ref>
|1965
|58
|{{flagicon|USA}} American
|-
|53
|20
|Marco Camandona
|2000–2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=Camandona completa la collezione degli ottomila, "quasi un gioco" - Notizie - Ansa.it |url=https://www.ansa.it/valledaosta/notizie/2024/07/30/camandona-completa-collezione-degli-ottomila-quasi-un-gioco_7382c518-03b1-493e-a7ff-97877769fcd2.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Agenzia ANSA |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Annapurna |first=Kris |date=2024-07-30 |title=More Summits on K2, Broad Peak, Gasherbrum II |url=https://explorersweb.com/more-summits-on-k2-broad-peak-gasherbrum-ii/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=ExplorersWeb}}</ref>
|1970
|54
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian
|-
|54
|
|[[Naoki Ishikawa (photographer)|Naoki Ishikawa]]
|2001–4 October 2024<ref name="ImagineNepal_2024_10" /><ref name="yimiuri071024">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2024|title=写真家・石川直樹さん、ヒマラヤ8000ｍ峰全14座を制覇…最後のシシャパンマに登頂 |url=https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/20241007-OYT1T50135/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202214817/https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/20241007-OYT1T50135/|publisher=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]|archive-date=2024-12-02|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref>
|1977
|47
|{{flagicon|Japan}} Japanese
|-
|54
|
|[[Tracee Metcalfe]]
|2016–4 October 2024<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Benavides |first=Angela |date=2024-10-07 |title=Tracee Metcalfe Becomes First U.S. Woman to Climb the World's Highest Peaks » Explorersweb |url=https://explorersweb.com/tracee-metcalfe-becomes-first-u-s-woman-to-climb-the-worlds-highest-peaks/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Explorersweb}}</ref><ref name="ImagineNepal_2024_10" />
|
|50<ref name=":2" />
|{{flagicon|USA}} American
|-
|54
|21
|[[Sirbaz Khan]]
|2017–4 October 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirbaz Khan becomes first Pakistani to conquer 14 world's highest peaks |url=https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/39357-sirbaz-khan-becomes-first-pakistani-to-conquer-14-worlds-highest-peaks |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.geosuper.tv |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Sirbaz to become first Pakistani to summit 14 eight-thousanders |url=https://www.app.com.pk/domestic/sirbaz-to-become-first-pakistani-to-summit-14-eight-thousanders/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirbaz Khan to Become First Pakistani Mountaineer to Summit All 14 Eight-Thousanders |date=3 October 2024 |url=https://propakistani.pk/2024/10/03/sirbaz-khan-to-become-first-pakistani-mountaineer-to-summit-all-14-eight-thousanders/}}</ref><ref name="ImagineNepal_2024_10">{{cite web |url=https://imagine-nepal.com/shishapangma-summit-2024 |title=Imagine Nepal: 11 climbers reach the true summit, where five of them complete all 14 highest peaks, and Mingma G sets an oxygen-free record. |publisher=imagine-nepal.com |date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2024-10-13 |language=en}}</ref>
|1987
|37
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistani
|-
|54
|
|Dawa Gyalje Sherpa
|?–4 October 2024<ref name="ImagineNepal_2024_10" />
|
|
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|-
|54
|22

|Mingma Gyalje Sherpa
|?–4 October 2024<ref name="ImagineNepal_2024_10" />
|
|
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|-
|59
|23
|{{ill|Mario Vielmo|it}}
|1998–9 October 2024<ref name="THT_2024_10">{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/seven-summit-treks-announce-100-summit-success-on-shisha-pangma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105152635/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/seven-summit-treks-announce-100-summit-success-on-shisha-pangma|title=Seven Summit Treks announces 100% summit success on Shisha Pangma |publisher=thehimalayantimes.com |date=2024-10-09|archive-date=2024-11-05|access-date=2024-10-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/notizie/vicenza/cronaca/24_ottobre_10/mario-vielmo-come-messner-ha-conquistato-anche-l-ultimo-ottomila-2e3cf537-0e2e-47f6-9b31-c2daa301fxlk.shtml?refresh_ce|title=Mario Vielmo come Messner, l'alpinista ha conquistato anche l'ultimo Ottomila|publisher=Corriere della Sera|date=10 October 2024|access-date=2024-10-10|language=it}}</ref>
|1964
|60
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian
|-
|59
|
|Naoko Watanabe [[[:ja:渡邊直子|ja]]]
|2006–9 October 2024<ref name="THT_2024_10" /><ref name="nhk1024">{{Cite web |date=|title=Face the Mountains, Face Yourself: Watanabe Naoko / Mountaineer, Nurse |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/shows/2105181/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206103601/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/shows/2105181/|publisher=[[NHK]]|archive-date=6 February 2025|access-date=6 February 2025 }}</ref><ref name="yahoo050225">{{Cite web |date=|title=日本人女性初「8000m峰」全14座を制覇登山家・渡邊直子さん（43）衝撃の苦労話も |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/d238fed6b7ad7204d208063de498db47e631cdfb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206102728/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/d238fed6b7ad7204d208063de498db47e631cdfb|publisher=Yahoo Japan News|archive-date=6 February 2025|access-date=6 February 2025 }}</ref>
|1981
|42
|{{flagicon|Japan}} Japanese
|-
|59
|
|Adrian Laza
|2016–9 October 2024<ref name="THT_2024_10" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=Reuşită în Himalaya. Adrian Laza, alt optmiar cucerit. "Este un alt fel de om. Nu face parte din această lume" FOTO |url=https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/piatra-neamt/reusita-in-himalaya-adrian-laza-alt-optmiar-2271473.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=adevarul.ro |language=ro}}</ref>
|1963
|60
|{{flagicon|Romania}} Romanian
|-
|59
|
|[[Pasang Nurbu Sherpa]]
|2016-9 October 2024<ref name="THT_2024_10" /><ref>https://www.nimsdai.com/post/breaking-kathmandu-celebration-for-nimsdai-team-and-fellow-record-breaking-</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Tenjen, Ming Temba, And Pasang Nurbu Sherpa Completed Ascent Of Mt Manaslu |url=https://tourismmail.com/news/detail/102716/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Tourism Mail |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Nima Rinji Sherpa becomes youngest to summit 14 highest peaks |url=https://everestchronicle.com/nima-rinji-sherpa-becomes-youngest-to-summit-14-highest-peaks/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Everest Chronicles |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|-
|59
|
|[[Shehroze Kashif]]
|2019–9 October 2024<ref name="THT_2024_10" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-09 |title=Shehroze Kashif sets record as youngest Pakistani to summit top 14 peaks |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2501668/shehroze-kashif-sets-record-as-youngest-pakistani-to-summit-all-14-peaks |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 October 2024 |title=Shehroze Kashif becomes youngest Pakistani to summit world's 8,000m peaks |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1864091 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Shehroze Kashif Becomes Youngest Pakistani To Summit All 8,000M Mountains |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/09-Oct-2024/shehroze-kashif-becomes-youngest-pakistani-to-summit-all-8-000m-mountains |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref>
|2002
|22
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistani
|-
|59
|
|{{ill|Dorota Rasińska-Samoćko|pl}}
|2021–9 October 2024<ref name="THT_2024_10" /><ref name="PSOnet">{{cite web |url=https://przegladsportowy.onet.pl/wspinaczka-sportowa/pierwsza-polka-z-korona-himalajow-i-karakorum-to-sie-naprawde-stalo-brawo/l0sk2zq |author=Maciej Skorupa |title=Pierwsza Polka z Koroną Himalajów i Karakorum! To się naprawdę stało, brawo! |publisher=przegladsportowy.onet.pl |date=2024-10-09 |access-date=2024-10-09|language=pl}}</ref><ref name="Wspinanie2024_10">{{cite web |url=https://wspinanie.pl/2024/10/shisha-pangma-dorota-rasinska-samocko-korona/ |title=Shisha Pangma: Dorota Rasińska-Samoćko wchodzi na szczyt i zdobywa Koronę Himalajów i Karakorum |publisher=wspinanie.pl |date=2024-10-09 |access-date=2024-10-09|language=pl}}</ref>
|
|
|{{flagicon|Poland}} Polish
|-
|59
|
|[[Adriana Brownlee]]
|2021–9 October 2024<ref name="THT_2024_10" />
|2001
|23
|{{flagicon|UK}} British
|-
|59
|
| style="background:#fee7e6;text-align:left" |[[Nima Rinji Sherpa]]
|2022–9 October 2024<ref name="THT_2024_10" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-09 |title=Nima Rinji becomes world's youngest to scale all 14 peaks |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nima-rinji-becomes-worlds-youngest-to-scale-all-14-peaks |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Benavides |first=Angela |date=2024-09-28 |title=No Oxygen Claims Create Uncertainty on Shisha Pangma » Explorersweb |url=https://explorersweb.com/no-oxygen-claims-create-uncertainty-on-shisha-pangma/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Explorersweb}}</ref>
|2006<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youngest person to climb the higher 8,000ers (male) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/771970-youngest-person-to-climb-the-higher-8-000ers-male |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206101401/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/771970-youngest-person-to-climb-the-higher-8-000ers-male |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB |url-status=live }}</ref>
|18
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|-
|59
|
|{{ill|Alasdair McKenzie|fr}}
|2022–9 October 2024<ref name="THT_2024_10" />
|2004
|20
|{{flagicon|France}} French / {{flagicon|UK}} British
|-
|59
|
|[[Alina Pekova]]
|2023–9 October 2024<ref name="THT_2024_10" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=More than a dozen newcomers to the list of climbers with all 14 eight-thousanders |url=https://abenteuer-berg.de/en/more-than-a-dozen-newcomers-to-the-list-of-climbers-with-all-14-eight-thousanders/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=abenteuer-berg.de |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|{{flagicon|Russia}} Russian
|-
|59
|
|Ko-Erh Tseng
|?–9 October 2024<ref name="THT_2024_10" />
|
|
|{{flagicon|ROC}} Taiwanese
|-
|70
|
|[[Mingtemba Sherpa]]
|2013-2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimsdai - BREAKING: Kathmandu celebration for Nimsdai team and fellow record-breaking Nepalis |url=https://www.nimsdai.com/post/breaking-kathmandu-celebration-for-nimsdai-team-and-fellow-record-breaking-nepalis |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.nimsdai.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Adriana Brownlee becomes youngest female climber to complete 14 peaks |url=https://everestchronicle.com/adriana-brownlee-becomes-youngest-female-climber-to-complete-14-peaks/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Everest Chronicles |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali

|-
|71
|
|[[Tejan Gurung]]
|2022-2024<ref>https://www.si.com/onsi/adventure/mountaineering-feed-page/british-army-veterans-make-mountaineering-history-with-summit-of-shishapangma-</ref><ref>https://www.si.com/onsi/adventure/mountaineering-feed-page/celebrations-held-in-kathmandu-recognizing-nepalis-mountaineers-accomplishments</ref>
|
|
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali / {{flagicon|UK}} British
|-
|72
|
|[[Pasang Tendi]]
|2011-2024<ref>https://www.si.com/onsi/adventure/mountaineering-feed-page/celebrations-held-in-kathmandu-recognizing-nepalis-mountaineers-accomplishments-</ref>
|
|
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|-
|73
|
|[[Uta Ibrahimi]]
|2017-2025 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2lonline.com/uta-ibrahimi-pushton-vargmalet-e-pakistanit-vajza-e-pare-ne-histori-nga-ballkani/|title=Uta Ibrahimi 'pushton' vargmalet e Pakistanit, vajza e parë në histori nga Ballkani|last=Sherifi|first=Elife|date=2019-07-23|website=2LONLINE|language=sq|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balkaneu.com/uta-ibrahimi-the-first-kosovar-to-conquer-the-himalayas/|title=Uta Ibrahimi, the first Kosovar to conquer the Himalayas|date=2017-05-22|website=Independent Balkan News Agency|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref>
| 1983
| 42
|{{flagicon|Kosovo}} Kosovo
|-
|74
|
|[[Saško Kedev]]
|2009-2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Macedonia to the Summits: Dr. Kedev Joins Mountaineering's Elite Club |url=https://everesttoday.com/from-macedonia-to-summits-dr-kedev-joins-mountaineerings-elite-club/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Everest Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|1962
|63
|{{flagicon|Macedonia}} [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]]
|-
|75
|
|[[Afsane Hesamifard]]
|2021-2025<ref name="tehrantimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Hesamifard becomes first Iranian woman to summit all 14 peaks above 8000m |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/519104/Hesamifard-becomes-first-Iranian-woman-to-summit-all-14-peaks/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=TehranTimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|1976
|49
|{{flagicon|Iran}} Iranian
|-
|76
|
| Chhiring Sherpa
|?-2025<ref name="tehrantimes.com"/>
|
|
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepali
|-
|75
|
|[[Nikol Algerdos Kovalchuk]]
|2023-2025<ref>https://www.mountainlifemedia.ca/2025/04/nikol-kovalchuk-and-the-true-explorers-grand-slam/</ref><ref>https://english.khabarhub.com/2025/23/469735/</ref>
|1983
|42
|{{flagicon|Russia}} Russian
|-
|}

=== Disputed ascents===
Claims have been made for summiting all 14 peaks for which not enough evidence was provided to verify the ascent; the disputed ascent in each claim is shown in parentheses in the table below. In most cases, the Himalayan chronicler [[Elizabeth Hawley]] is considered a definitive source regarding the facts of the dispute. Her ''[[The Himalayan Database]]'' is the source for other online Himalayan ascent databases (e.g. AdventureStats.com).<ref name="haw1">If a mountaineer wants worldwide recognition that they have reached the summit of some of the most formidable mountains in the world, they will need to get the approval of Elizabeth Hawley.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-10268549|title=Elizabeth Hawley, unrivalled Himalayan record keeper|work=BBC News|date=29 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="haw2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/26/obituaries/elizabeth-hawley-who-chronicled-everest-treks-dies-at-94.html|title=Elizabeth Hawley, Who Chronicled Everest Treks, Dies at 94|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 January 2018}}</ref> The ''Eberhard Jurgalski List'' is also another important source for independent verification of claims to have summited all 14 eight-thousanders.<ref name=NYT1/><ref name=AAJ1/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!width=530px|Name and details
!Period climbing eight-thousanders
!Born
!Age
!Nationality
|-
|{{ill|Fausto De Stefani|it}} (Lhotse 1997)<ref name="liz2">{{cite web | url= http://www.himalayandatabase.com/downloads/EAH%20Seasonal%20Stories.pdf|page=274|title=Seasonal Stories for the Nepalese Himalaya 1985–2014|author=Elizabeth Hawley|author-link=Elizabeth Hawley|date=2014|publisher=[[The Himalayan Database]]|quote=But a South Korean climber, who followed in their footprints on the crusted snow three days later [in 1997] in clearer weather, did not consider that they actually gained the top. While [Sergio] Martini and [Fausto] De Stefani indicated they were perhaps only a few meters below it, Park Young-Seok claimed that their footprints stopped well before the top, perhaps 30 meters below a small fore-summit and 150 vertical meters below the highest summit. Now in 2000 [Sergio] Martini was back again, and this time he definitely summited Lhotse.}}</ref> {{small|His partner [[Sergio Martini]] reclimbed Lhotse in 2000 to verify his 14, see above.}}
|1983–1998
|1952
|46
|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italian
|-
|[[Alan Hinkes]] (Cho Oyu 1990)<ref>{{cite web
| last = AdventureStats.net
| first = Official records
| title = Climbers that have summited 10 to 13 of the 14 Main-8000ers
| url = http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/10-13_8000er.shtml
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070803232853/http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/10-13_8000er.shtml
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 3 August 2007
| access-date = 2008-11-30 }}</ref><ref name="liz">{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayandatabase.com/downloads/EAH%20Seasonal%20Stories.pdf|page=347|title=Seasonal Stories for the Nepalese Himalaya 1985–2014|author=Elizabeth Hawley|author-link=Elizabeth Hawley|publisher=[[The Himalayan Database]]|date=2014|quote=But his claim to have now climbed all 8000ers is open to question. In April 1990 he and others reached the summit plateau of Cho Oyu. It was misty so they could not see well; nine years later Hinkes said he had “wandered around for a while” in the summit area but could see very little and eventually descended to join the others, one of whom said they had not reached the top.}}</ref> {{small|Hinkes rejected Hawley's decision to "unrecognise" his ascent, see "[[Alan Hinkes#Cho Oyu dispute|Cho Oyu dispute]]".}}
|1987–2005
| 1954
| 53
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} British
|-
|[[Vladislav Terzyul]] (Shishapangma (West) 2000, Broad Peak 1995<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.russianclimb.com/persons/terzyul.html|title=Vladislav Terz|website=www.russianclimb.com|access-date=2016-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/10-13_8000er.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803232853/http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/10-13_8000er.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 August 2007|title=AdventureStats – by Explorersweb|website=www.adventurestats.com|access-date=2016-04-28}}</ref>)<ref>
{{cite web
| last = Russianclimb.com
| first = Mountaineering World of Russia & CIS
| title = Vladislav Terzyul, List of ascents
| url = http://www.russianclimb.com/persons/terzyul.html
| access-date = 2009-10-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everestnews2004.com/everestnews4/missingonmaklau2004.htm |title=Sad results on Makalu and Unanswered Questions: 1 missing climber and 1 passed away on Makalu |publisher=Everestnews2004.com |access-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512112330/http://www.everestnews2004.com/everestnews4/missingonmaklau2004.htm |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> {{small|As he did not claim the main summit of Shishapangma, this status is unlikely to change.}}
|1993–2004 (deceased)
|1953
|49
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} Ukrainian
|-
|[[Oh Eun-sun]] (Kangchenjunga 2009)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19284 |title=Everest K2 News ExplorersWeb – More dark clouds mounting on Anna summit push; Miss Oh's Kanchen summit "disputed" after renewed accusations |publisher=Explorersweb.com |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=2014-01-21 |archive-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315125813/http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=19284 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10266282 | work=BBC News | title=New doubts over Korean Oh Eun-Sun's climbing record, Hawley to investigate | date=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref>What would appear to be the most serious blow to Miss Oh, on 26 August this year the Korean Alpine Federation, the nation's largest climbing association, concluded that Miss Oh had not reached the top of Kangchenjunga.{{cite web|url= http://www.himalayandatabase.com/downloads/EAH%20Seasonal%20Stories.pdf |page=394|title=Seasonal Stories for the Nepalese Himalaya 1985–2014|publisher=[[Elizabeth Hawley]] |date=2014}}</ref> {{small|As the potential first female climber of all 14, this dispute was followed internationally.}}<ref name="bbc"/>
|1997–2010
|1966
|44
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} Korean
|-
|{{ill|Carlos Pauner|es}} (Shishapangma 2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://desnivel.com/expediciones/carlos-pauner-consigue-la-cima-del-everest |title=Desnivel; Carlos Pauner consigue la cima del Everest |publisher=Desnivel.com |access-date=2014-01-21 |archive-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023003023/http://desnivel.com/expediciones/carlos-pauner-consigue-la-cima-del-everest |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{small|Pauner acknowledged his uncertainty as it was dark; said he might reclimb.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lainformacion.com/deporte/alpinismo-montanismo/carlos-pauner-no-tiene-claro-si-hollaron-la-cima-del-shisha-pangma-8-027_RtasCrUfYbQZ3CoKnrTlJ3/|title=Carlos Pauner is not sure if they hit the top of the Shisha Pangma (8,027)|publisher=lainformacion.com|date=18 February 2016|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921225955/https://www.lainformacion.com/deporte/alpinismo-montanismo/carlos-pauner-no-tiene-claro-si-hollaron-la-cima-del-shisha-pangma-8-027_RtasCrUfYbQZ3CoKnrTlJ3/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|2001–2013
|1963
|50
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spanish
|-
|Zhang Liang (Shishapangma 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.cctv.com/2018/09/29/ARTI8SX3cn1pzRqEScSdzaSU180929.shtml |title=CCTV; 罗静等23名中国登山者登顶希夏邦马峰 |publisher=CCTV |date=29 September 2018 | access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/four-chinese-climbers-complete-all-14-above-8000-metre-peaks-this-autumn/ |title=The Himalayan Times; Four Chinese climbers complete all 14 peaks above 8,000m this autumn |publisher=The Himalayan Times | date=29 September 2018 |access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.desnivel.com/expediciones/luo-jing-cuarta-mujer-con-los-14x8000-y-en-tiempo-record/ |title=Luo Jing no alcanzó la cima principal del Shisha Pangma | language=es | trans-title=Luo Jing did not reach the main peak of the Shishapangma |publisher=Desnivel.com |date=4 October 2018 |access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> {{small|Suspected the 2018 Chinese Shishapangma expedition stopped at central summit.}}
|2000–2018
|1964
|54
|{{flagicon|China}} Chinese
|}

===Verification issues===

A recurrent problem with verification is the confirmation that the climber reached the true peak of the eight-thousander. Eight-thousanders present unique problems in this regard as they are so infrequently summited, their summits have not yet been exhaustively surveyed, and summiting climbers are often suffering the extreme altitude and weather effects of being in the [[death zone]].<ref name=NYT1/><ref name=AAJ1/>

[[Cho Oyu]] for example, is a recurrent problem eight-thousander as its true peak is a small hump about a thirty minutes walk into the large flat summit plateau that lies in the death zone. The true peak is often obscured in very poor weather, and this led to the disputed ascent (per the table above) of British climber, Alan Hinkes (who has refused to re-climb the peak).<ref>I have summited Cho Oyu 4 times and will be heading for my fifth this coming season. Each time I have watched the Koreans and Japanese go only to where they can see Everest, not the summit because they know this is what will be asked.{{cite web|url= https://explorersweb.com/2017/05/09/cho-oyu-summit-where-is-it-exactly-2017-05-09-60289/|title=Cho Oyu summit: Where is it exactly|publisher=Explorersweb.com|date=September 2017}}</ref><ref>Many people who climb Cho Oyu in Tibet stop at a set of prayer flags with views of Everest and believe they’ve reached the top, unaware they still have to walk for 15 minutes across the summit plateau until they can see the Gokyo Lakes in Nepal.{{cite web|url= http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/when-is-a-summit-not-a-summit/|title=When is a summit not a summit?|publisher=Mark Horrell|date=12 November 2014}}</ref> [[Shishapangma]] is another problem peak because of its dual summits, which despite being close in height, are up to two hours climbing time apart and require the crossing of an exposed and dangerous snow ridge.<ref name=NYT1/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12199129002/Asia-Tibet-Cho-Oyu-and-Shisha-Pangma-Central-West-Summit|title=Asia, Tibet, Cho Oyu and Shisha Pangma Central (West) Summit|publisher=American Alpine Journal|date=1991}}</ref> When Hawley judged that [[Ed Viesturs]] had not reached the true summit of Shishapangma (which she deduced from his summit photos and interviews), he then re-climbed the mountain to definitively establish his ascent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Keeper of the Mountains: The Elizabeth Hawley Story|pages=185–195|publisher=Rocky Mountain Books|date=5 October 2012|isbn=978-1927330159}}</ref><ref name=NYT1/>

In a May 2021 interview with the ''New York Times'', Jurgalski pointed out further issues with false summits on Annapurna I (a long ridge with multiple summits), Dhaulagiri (misleading false summit metal pole), and Manaslu (additional sharp and dangerous ridge to the true summit, like Shishapangma), noting that of the existing 44 accepted claims (as per the table earlier), at least 7 had serious question marks (these were in addition to the table of disputed ascents), and even noting that "It is possible that no one has ever been on the true summit of all 14 of the 8,000-meter peaks".<ref name=NYT1/> In June 2021, Australian climber [[Damien Gildea]] wrote an article in the ''American Alpine Journal'' on the work that Jurgalski and a team of international experts were doing in this area, including publishing detailed surveys of the problem summits using data from the [[German Aerospace Center]].<ref name=AAJ1>{{cite aaj | date =June 2021 | first=Damien | last=Gildea | article_id=13201215692 | access-date=10 December 2021 | title=THE 8000-ER MESS | volume=62 | issue=94 | author-link=Damien Gildea}}</ref>

In July 2022, Jurgalski posted conclusions of the team's research (the wider team being of Rodolphe Popier and Tobias Pantel of [[The Himalayan Database]], and Damien Gildea, Federico Bernardi, and Thaneswar Guragai).<ref name="Alpinist" /><ref name="OutsideOnline1">{{cite web |url=https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/everest/manaslu-summit-debate-record-climbers/ |title=The Debate Over Manaslu's Summit Is Over. Now, Hundreds of Climbers Want to Reach It. |author=Dewan Rai |date=19 September 2022 |publisher=outsideonline.com |access-date=2024-11-04}}</ref> According to their analysis, only three climbers, [[Ed Viesturs]], [[Veikka Gustafsson]] and [[Nirmal Purja]] have stood on the true summit of all 14 eight-thousanders, and no female climber had yet done so.<ref name="Alpinist" /> Viesturs is also the first to have done so without the use of oxygen.<ref name="Alpinist" /> Jurgalski allowed for the fact that they had deliberately not stood on the true summit of [[Kangchenjunga]] out of religious respect.<ref name="Alpinist">{{cite web | magazine=[[Alpinist (magazine)|Alpinist]] | url=https://alpinist.com/newswire/researchers-challenge-historical-records-for-8000-meter-peaks/ | date=20 July 2022 | access-date=3 August 2022 | title=Researchers challenge historical records for 8000-meter peaks | first=Derek | last=Franz}}</ref> The team has not formally published their work, and according to Popier, they had not decided about "the best respectful form to present it".<ref name="Alpinist" />

==Proposed expansion==
In 2012, to relieve capacity pressure and overcrowding on the world's highest mountain, greater restrictions were placed on expeditions to the summit of Mount Everest.<ref name="bbc2">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/mounteverest/10260776/The-new-peaks-opened-as-alternatives-to-Mount-Everest.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/mounteverest/10260776/The-new-peaks-opened-as-alternatives-to-Mount-Everest.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The new peaks opened as alternatives to Mount Everest| publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Richard Gray|date=23 August 2013|quote=Nepal}}{{cbignore}}</ref> To address the growing capacity constraints, Nepal lobbied the [[International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation]] (or UIAA) to reclassify five subsidiary summits (two on [[Lhotse]] and three on [[Kanchenjunga]]), as standalone eight-thousanders, while Pakistan lobbied for a sixth subsidiary summit (on [[Broad Peak]]) as a standalone eight-thousander.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-24571309|title=Nepal mountain peak expansion bid stalls|work=BBC News|author=Navin Singh Khadka|date=18 October 2013}}</ref> See table below for list of all subsidiary summits of eight-thousanders.

In 2012, the UIAA initiated the ''ARUGA Project'', with an aim to see if these six new {{cvt|8000.|m}}-plus peaks could feasibly achieve international recognition.<ref name="bbc1"/> The proposed six new eight-thousander peaks have a [[topographic prominence]] above {{cvt|60.|m}}, but none would meet the wider UIAA prominence threshold of {{cvt|600.|m}} (the lowest prominence of the existing 14 eight-thousanders is Lhotse, at {{convert|610.|m}}).<ref name="horr1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2014/a-funny-name-for-a-mountain/|title=A funny name for a mountain|publisher=Mark Horrell|date=4 June 2014}}</ref> Critics noted that of the six proposed, only Broad Peak Central, with a prominence of {{convert|181|m}}, would even meet the {{convert|150.|m}} prominence threshold to be a [[List of Marilyns in the British Isles|British Isles Marilyn]].<ref name="horr1">{{cite web|url=https://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2013/do-we-really-need-more-8000m-peaks/|title=Do we really need more 8000m peaks|publisher=Mark Horrell|date=23 October 2013|quote=The most prominent one, Broad Peak Central is just 196m high and the least prominent, Lhotse Middle, is a meagre 60m. To put this in context, the highest mountain in Malta is 253m, while the Eiffel Tower stands a whopping 300m.}}</ref> The appeal noted the UIAA's 1994 reclassification of [[List of Alpine four-thousanders|Alpine four-thousander]] peaks used a prominence threshold of {{cvt|30.|m}},{{efn|The UIAA main list also includes summits that have a prominence far lower than 30 metres.}} amongst other criteria; the logic being that if {{cvt|30.|m}} worked for {{cvt|4,000.|m}} summits, then {{cvt|60.|m}} is proportional for {{cvt|8,000.|m}} summits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theuiaa.org/mountaineering/mountain-classification/|title=UIAA Mountain Classification: 4,000ERS OF THE ALPS|date=March 1994|publisher=[[UIAA]]|quote=Topographic criterium: for each summit, the level difference between it and the highest adjacent pass or notch should be at least {{cvt|30|m}} (calculated as average of the summits at the limit of acceptability). An additional criterium can be the horizontal distance between a summit and the base of another adjacent 4000er.|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=9 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909020135/https://www.theuiaa.org/mountaineering/mountain-classification/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{As of| April 2024}}, there has been no conclusion by the UIAA and the proposals appear to have been set aside.

{{legend|#cfc|Proposed to the [[UIAA]] in 2012 for reclassification as standalone eight-thousanders.<ref name="bbc1"/>}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of the subsidiary peaks of the 14 eight-thousanders<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/8000ers-mainmenu-205.html |publisher=8000ers.com|author=Eberhard Jurgalski|author-link=:de:Eberhard Jurgalski|access-date=23 November 2018|title=Subsidiary Peaks| quote=There are several different subsidiary peaks! Here are the geographical facts, from the one "relative independent Main-Peak" (EU category B) over the important subsidiary peaks (C) to the major notable points (D1) Especially the last category is just guessed by contours or from photographs.}}</ref>
|-
! Proposed new eight-thousander
! Height (m)
! [[Topographic prominence|Prominence]] (m)
! Dominance (Prom / Height) as a %<ref name="ed"/>
! Dominance classification<ref name="ed">{{cite web|url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/dominance-mainmenu-178.html| publisher =8000ers.com|author=Eberhard Jurgalski|author-link=:de:Eberhard Jurgalski|access-date=23 November 2018| title=Dominance| quote= Accordingly, the author introduced altitude classes (AC) and a proportional prominence, which he named orometrical dominance (D). D is calculated easily but fittingly: (P/Alt) x 100. Thus, it indicates the percentage of independence for every elevation, no matter what the altitude, prominence or mountain type it is. From a scientific point of view, altitude could be seen as the thesis, prominence as the antithesis, whereas dominance would be the synthesis.}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#cfc;text-align:left"|[[Broad Peak Central]]||8011||181||2.26||B2
|-
|
|-
|style="background:#cfc;text-align:left"|[[Yalung Kang|Kangchenjunga W-Peak (Yalung Kang)]]||8505||135||1.59||C1
|-
|
|-
|style="background:#cfc;text-align:left"|[[Kangchenjunga South|Kangchenjunga S-Peak]]||8476||116||1.37||C2
|-
|style="background:#cfc;text-align:left"|Kangchenjunga C-Peak||8473||63||0.74||C2
|-
|style="background:#cfc;text-align:left"|[[Lhotse Middle|Lhotse C-Peak I (Lhotse Middle)]]||8410||65||0.77||C2
|-
|style="background:#cfc;text-align:left"|[[Lhotse Shar]]||8382||72||0.86||C2
|-
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|K 2 SW-Peak||8580||30||0.35||D1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Lhotse C-Peak II||8372||37||0.44||D1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Everest W-Peak||8296||30||0.36||D1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Yalung Kang Shoulder||8077||40||0.49||D1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Kangchenjunga SE-Peak||8150||30||0.37||D1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|K 2 P. 8134 (SW-Ridge)||8134||35||0.43||D1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Annapurna I Middle Peak|Annapurna C-Peak]]||8013||49||0.61||D1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Nanga Parbat S-Peak||8042||30||0.37||D1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Annapurna I East|Annapurna E-Peak]]||7986||65||0.81||C2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Shisha Pangma C-Peak||8008||30||0.37||D1
|-
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Everest NE-Shoulder||8423||19||0.23||D2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Everest NE-Pinnacle III||8383||13||0.16||D2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Lhotse N-Pinnacle III||8327||10||0.12||D2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Lhotse N-Pinnacle II||8307||12||0.14||D2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Lhotse N-Pinnacle I||8290||10||0.12||D2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Everest NE-Pinnacle II||8282||25||0.30||D2
|}

==Gallery==
'''Note''': This gallery is arranged in order of height, from tallest to shortest, of the eight-thousanders.<gallery mode="packed">
File:Everest kalapatthar crop.jpg|No. 1 – [[Mount Everest]]
File:K2 2006b.jpg|No. 2 – [[K2]]
File:Kangchenjunga.JPG|No. 3 – [[Kangchenjunga]]
File:Lhotse-fromChukhungRi.jpg|No. 4 – [[Lhotse]]
File:Makalu from Island Peak.jpg|No. 5 – [[Makalu]]
File:ChoOyu-fromGokyo.jpg|No. 6 – [[Cho Oyu]]
File:DhaulagiriMountain.jos.500pix.jpg|No. 7 – [[Dhaulagiri]]
File:Manaslu, from base camp trip.jpg|No. 8 – [[Manaslu]]
File:Nanga parbat, Pakistan by gul791.jpg|No. 9 – [[Nanga Parbat]]
File:AnnapurnaSouthMountain.jos.500pix.jpg|No. 10 – [[Annapurna]]
File:HiddenPeak.jpg|No. 11 – [[Gasherbrum I]]
File:7 15 BroadPeak.jpg|No. 12 – [[Broad Peak]]
File:Gasherbrum2.jpg|No. 13 – [[Gasherbrum II]]
File:Shishapangma.jpg|No. 14 – [[Shishapangma]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Mountains}}
* [[List of deaths on eight-thousanders]]
* [[List of Mount Everest summiteers by frequency]]
* [[List of ski descents of Eight-Thousanders|List of ski descents of eight-thousanders]]
* [[Three Poles Challenge]], the North Pole, the South Pole, and Mount Everest
* [[Explorers Grand Slam]], the North Pole, the South Pole, and the Seven Summits
* [[Volcanic Seven Summits]], the highest volcanos on each continent
* [[Fourteener]], peak with at least 14,000 ft. elevation
* [[List of mountains by elevation]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Herzog1951>
{{cite book | last = Herzog | first = Maurice | author-link = Maurice Herzog
| year = 1951 | title = Annapurna: First Conquest of an 8000-meter Peak | page = 257
| publisher = E.P Dutton & Co. | location = New York
| others = Translated from the French by Nea Morin and Janet Adam Smith}}</ref>
<ref name=Mummery1895>{{cite web | url = http://climbing.about.com/od/8000metermountains/a/NangaParbatFact.htm | title = Fast Facts About Nanga Parbat | publisher = climbing.about.com | access-date = 2015-05-29 | archive-date = 4 April 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150404080329/http://climbing.about.com/od/8000metermountains/a/NangaParbatFact.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://summit8000.com/ 8000ers.com], a site dedicated to statistics on 8000m peaks and climbs
* [https://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=200 PeakBagger.com World 8000-meter Peaks], a database of global peaks
* [https://www.himalayandatabase.com/ The Himalayan Database], statistics on Nepalese Himalayan (but not Pakistan Himalaya) climbs from 1905 to 2018
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070803232531/http://www.adventurestats.com/statistics.shtml#mountain AdventureStats.com (High Altitude Mountaineering)]}}, a site dedicated to recording adventure statistics
* [https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/8000MeterPeaks NASA Earth Observatory: The Eight-Thousanders]

{{Eight-thousander}}
{{Climbing navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eight-Thousander}}
[[Category:Eight-thousanders| ]]
[[Category:Mountains by height]]
[[Category:Lists of mountains]]
[[Category:Mountaineering]]
[[Category:Oronyms]]
[[Category:Peak bagging international]]
[[Category:Mountains of the Himalayas]]

Pune–Lucknow Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:48:54Z

Smasher: new pg!

{{Short description|Indian express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Pune–Lucknow Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2006|10|06}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}} (PUNE)
| stops = 11
| end = {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}} (LJN)
| distance = {{convert|1481|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 24 hours 55 minutes
| frequency = Weekly{{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC first-class, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Below the seats
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12103/12104
| speed = {{cvt|59|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Pune–Lucknow Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}} in [[Maharashtra]] and {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}} of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is currently being operated with 12103/12104 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Several-trains-diverted-cancelled-after-accident/articleshow/48367255.cms Several trains diverted, cancelled after accident ]</ref><ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2858&did=1436610953883F5C015DF3BF464091169D9477B5FB559.web107 Trains Cancelled on 14.7.2015]</ref>

== Service==

The 12103/Pune–Lucknow Jn Superfast Express has an average speed of 59.2 km/h and covers 1481 km in 24 hrs 55 mins. 12104/Lucknow Jn–Pune Superfast Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 1481 km in 25 hrs 35 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kopargaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Khandwa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bina Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Orai}}
* {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
* {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 16 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 5 Sleeper coaches
* 3 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Bhusawal|Bhusawal Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Pune to Lucknow and vice versa.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}

== Rake Share ==

This train shares a rake with:-

* [[Pune–Lucknow Express]]
* [[Pune–Amravati Express]]
* [[Pune–Danapur Superfast Express]]
* [[Pune–Manduadih Gyan Ganga Express]]

== See also ==

* [[Pune–Lucknow Express]]
* [[Pune–Amravati Express]]
* [[Pune–Danapur Superfast Express]]
* [[Pune–Manduadih Gyan Ganga Express]]
*[[Muzaffarpur - Hadapsar (Pune) AC Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/pune-lucknow-jn-superfast-express-12103/1216/76/906 12103/Pune-Lucknow Jn Superfast Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/lucknow-jn-pune-sf-express-12104/1280/906/76 12104/Lucknow Jn-Pune Superfast Express] India Rail Info

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune-Lucknow Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2015]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Hippie trail

2026-04-28T21:28:50Z

Smasher: creating a pg nd citations

{{short description|Overland journey from Europe to Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

[[File:Hippie trail.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Routes of the Hippie Trail]]
The '''hippie trail''' (also '''the overland'''<ref name="richardgregory.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm|title=A Brief History of the Hippie Trail|access-date=8 May 2015|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728045152/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>) was an overland journey taken by members of the [[hippie]] subculture and others from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.research.southwales.ac.uk/events/2013/oct/11/touch-sky-hippie-trail-and-other-forms-alternative/ |title=Touch the Sky: the Hippie Trail and other forms of alternative tourism |first=Brian |last=Ireland |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607205600/http://history.research.southwales.ac.uk/events/2013/oct/11/touch-sky-hippie-trail-and-other-forms-alternative/ |archive-date=7 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> travelling from [[Europe]] and [[Western Asia|West Asia]] through South Asia via countries such as [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]],<ref name="Independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-lonely-planet-journey-the-hippie-trail-6257275.html|title=The Lonely Planet Journey: The Hippie Trail|work=Independent|date=5 November 2011|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]] to [[Thailand]]. The hippie trail was a form of [[alternative tourism]], and one of the key elements was travelling as cheaply as possible, mainly to extend the length of time away from home. The term "hippie" became current in the mid-to-late 1960s; "[[beatnik]]" was the previous term from the later 1950s.

In every major stop of the hippie trail, there were hotels, restaurants and cafés for Westerners, who networked with each other as they travelled east and west. The hippies tended to interact more with the local population than traditional sightseers did.<ref name="richardgregory.org.uk"/>

The hippie trail largely ended in the late 1970s primarily due to both the [[Iranian Revolution]] resulting in an anti-Western government, and the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]], closing the route to Western travelers.<ref name="richardgregory.org.uk" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite News |title=The Hippie Trail: See how Lonely Planet was born |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/travel/hippie-trail-history-lonely-planet/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |work=CNN}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Maclean |first=Rory |date=2007-08-13 |title=Legacy of the hippie trail |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/aug/13/legacyofthehippietrail |access-date=2022-05-14 |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref>

==Routes==
[[File:Kabul-04-Touristen beim Schuhputzer-1976-gje.jpg|upright|thumb|Visiting hippies in [[Kabul]], 1976]]
Journeys would typically start from cities in western Europe, often [[London]], [[Copenhagen]], [[West Berlin]], [[Paris]], [[Amsterdam]], or [[Milan]]. Many from the United States took [[Icelandic Airlines]] to [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]]. Most journeys passed through [[Istanbul]], where routes divided. The northern route typically went through [[Tehran]], [[Herat]], [[Kandahar]], [[Kabul]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Lahore]] before continuing to India, Nepal, and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Independent"/> An alternative route was from [[Turkey]] via [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]] to [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]]. All travellers had to cross through [[Afghanistan]] and the [[Khyber Pass]], traversing [[Peshawar]] and [[Lahore]] in Pakistan<ref name="Independent"/> and over the [[Pakistan-India border]] at [[Ganda Singh Wala]] (or later at [[Wagah]]).{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Common destinations in the east included [[Delhi]], [[Varanasi]] (then known as ''Benares''), [[Goa]], [[Bombay]], [[Madras]], [[Kathmandu]] and [[Bangkok]]. Kathmandu still has a road, ''Jhochhen Tole'', nicknamed [[Freak Street]] in commemoration of the many thousands of hippies who passed through.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Day |first=Meagan |date=2016-10-20 |title=The 1970s Hippie Trail: drugs, danger, and a magical pudding shop in Asia |url=https://timeline.com/hippie-trail-asia-drugs-55abce249d1 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Timeline |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522162718/https://timeline.com/hippie-trail-asia-drugs-55abce249d1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Further travel to [[southern India]], [[Kovalam beach]] in [[Trivandrum]] ([[Kerala]]) and [[Sri Lanka]] (then called Ceylon) was sometimes also undertaken.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Kathmandu was typically the terminus of the hippie trail, as [[Tibet]] was off-limits and overland travel through [[Myanmar|Burma]] was not possible. India had severely restricted travel to Burma due to clashes between insurgents and Indian armed forces, and the [[Ledo Road]] crossing into Burma had fallen into disrepair and been largely reclaimed by the jungle. However, one could fly from Kathmandu to Bangkok to continue the journey in [[Southeast Asia]] to [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]] (where [[Bali]] was a popular destination for hippies). From Indonesia, there was also the option of crossing to [[Australia]] by plane or ship. That led to the trail from [[Timor]] to Thailand being classified as Hippie Trail South East Asia Extension, which mainly attracted Australians and New Zealanders traveling the opposite way overland to London.<ref name="richardgregory.org.uk" />

[[Tony Wheeler]]'s travel guide, written in Australia for an Australian audience, covers the hippie trail in reverse order, traveling from Australia to Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, flying from Bangkok to Kathmandu (or [[Calcutta]]) and then continuing on to India and eventually to Europe.<ref name=":3" /> Beyond the major route, [[Jimi Hendrix]] also popularized [[Essaouira]] as a hippie destination in Morocco.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jimi Hendrix's Morocco |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/travel/2001/01/21/jimi-hendrixs-morocco/7549d729-d273-4aad-84cd-6e836954085d/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==Methods of travel==
[[File:Be Your Own Goddess art bus (1967 VW Kombi) IMG 0136.JPG|thumb|right|A 1967 [[Volkswagen Type 2|VW Kombi]] bus decorated with hand-painting of the hippie style]]
[[File:Inside a Bus on the Hippie Trail.jpg|thumb|Driving across northern India in 1973, in a bus of people who came overland from Europe]]
To keep costs low, journeys were carried out by [[hitchhiking]], or cheap, private [[bus]]es that travelled the route.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lonely Planet Journey: The Hippie Trail |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-lonely-planet-journey-the-hippie-trail-6257275.html#:~:text=took%20to%20this%20route%20because%20it%20could%20be%20travelled%20cheaply%20(mainly%20via%20hitchhiking%2C%20buses%20and%20trains) |website=Independent |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> There were also [[train]]s that travelled part of the way, particularly across [[Eastern Europe]] through [[Turkey]] (with a ferry connection across [[Lake Van]]) and to [[Tehran]] or east to [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]. From these cities, public or private transportation could then be obtained for the remainder of the trip. The bulk of travellers were Western Europeans, North Americans, Australians, and Japanese. Ideas and experiences were exchanged in well-known [[hostel]]s, hotels, and other gathering spots along the way, such as Yener's Café and [[Pudding Shop|The Pudding Shop]] in Istanbul, Sigi's on [[Chicken Street]] in Kabul or the Amir Kabir in Tehran. Many used [[Backpacking (travel)|backpacks]] and, while the majority were young, older people and families occasionally travelled the route. A number drove the entire distance.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

==Decline of the trail==
The hippie trail came to an end in the late 1970s with political changes in previously hospitable countries. In 1979, both the [[Iranian Revolution]]<ref name=":0">Kurzman, Charles, ''The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran'', Harvard University Press, 2004, p.111</ref> and the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] closed the overland route to South Asia for Western travellers, and [[Chitral]] and [[Kashmir]] became less inviting due to tensions and [[Kashmir conflict|territorial conflicts]] in the area.<ref name="richardgregory.org.uk"/> [[Meagan Day]] summarized that "radio stations in Iran swapped [[Blue Öyster Cult]] for speeches by [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]]."<ref name=":2" /> Other factors that led to difficult conditions for travellers were the [[Saur Revolution]] (1978),<ref name=":1" /> and the advent of a [[Operation Fair Play|military dictatorship in Pakistan]] (1977) that banned many hippie attractions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos of a forgotten Pakistan: Hippies in Lollywood, suave bands in Karachi nightclubs |url=https://scroll.in/roving/712846/photos-of-a-forgotten-pakistan-hippies-in-lollywood-suave-bands-in-karachi-nightclubs |work=scroll.in|date=13 March 2015 }}</ref>

In the Middle Eastern route, the [[Yom Kippur War]] in 1973 also put in place strict visa restrictions for Western citizens in [[Syria]], [[Iraq]] and [[Lebanon]]. The [[Lebanese Civil War]] had already broken out in 1975.<ref name="richardgregory.org.uk"/> [[Richard Nixon]] started a drug war which also included cannabis. Due to the constant pressure from USA, in 1976 Nepal enacted Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act prohibiting the trade, farming or any kind of cannabis activities in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=diwakar |date=2021-05-25 |title=Narcotics law in Nepal: Everything you need to know about - OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/narcotics-law-in-nepal-everything-you-need-to-know-about.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahat |first=Sunny |title=How the ban came about andhow long it will stay in place |url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/how-the-ban-came-about-andhow-long-it-will-stay-in-place-1479 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=[[The Annapurna Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Locals also became increasingly wary of Western travellers – notably in the region between [[Kabul]] and [[Peshawar]], where residents became increasingly frightened and repulsed by unkempt hippies who were drawn to the region for its famed [[opium]] and wild [[cannabis (plant)|cannabis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schofield|first1=Victoria|title=Afghan Frontier: At the Crossroads of Conflict|date=2010|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|isbn=9781848851887|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CXfd1johOAC&pg=PA267 |access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>

From the mid 2000s, the route has again become somewhat feasible, but continuing conflict and tensions in Iraq and Afghanistan mean the route is much more difficult and risky to negotiate than in its heyday. In September 2007, Ozbus embarked upon a short-lived service between London and Sydney over the route of the hippie trail,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/dec/10/1|title=End of the road for the OzBus after 84 days of mishaps and mayhem|author-link=Anita Sethi|first=Anita|last=Sethi|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 May 2015|date=10 December 2007}}</ref> and commercial trips were offered in 2010 between Europe and Asia, bypassing Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by going through Nepal and China to the old [[Silk Road]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odysseyoverland.co.uk|title=Overland Tours - Overlanding Expeditions - Overland Adventure Holidays|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>

== Guides and travelogues ==
The [[BIT (alternative information centre)|BIT]] Guide, recounting collective experiences and reproduced at a fairly low cost, produced the early duplicated stapled-together "[[Foolscap folio|foolscap]] bundle" with a pink cover providing information for travellers and updated by those on the road, warning of pitfalls and places to see and stay. BIT, under [[Geoff Crowther]] (who later joined [[Lonely Planet]]), lasted from 1972 until the last edition in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ashleycrowther.org/blog/2016/2/17/before-lonely-planet-there-was-the-bit-guides|title=Before Lonely Planet there was the BIT Guides|publisher=crowthercollective.org/Ashley Crowther|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109085051/https://www.ashleycrowther.org/blog/2016/2/17/before-lonely-planet-there-was-the-bit-guides|archive-date=9 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 1971 edition of ''The [[Whole Earth Catalog]]'' devoted a page<ref>Page 302</ref> to the "Overland Guide to Nepal." In 1973, [[Tony Wheeler]] and his wife [[Maureen Wheeler]] produced a publication about the hippie trail called ''Across Asia On The Cheap''. They wrote this 94-page pamphlet based upon travel experiences gained by crossing Western Europe, the Balkans, Turkey and Iran from London in a minivan. After having travelled through these regions, they sold the van in Afghanistan and continued on a succession of [[chicken bus]]es, third-class trains and long-distance trucks. They crossed Pakistan, India, Nepal, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia and arrived nine months later in [[Sydney]] with a combined 27 cents in their pockets.<ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130319020114/http://blog.waterstones.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Across-Asia-On-The-Cheap.pdf Across Asia on the Cheap] 2013-03-19 blog.waterstones.com</ref>

[[Paul Theroux]] wrote an account of the route in ''[[The Great Railway Bazaar]]'' (1975). Two later travel books, ''The Wrong Way Home'' (1999) by [[Peter Moore (travel author)|Peter Moore]] and ''Magic Bus'' (2008) by [[Rory Maclean]], also retrace the original hippie trail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://petermoore.net/books/the-wrong-way-home/|title=The Wrong Way Home|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rorymaclean.com/hippie-trail.html Magic Bus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017091856/http://www.rorymaclean.com/hippie-trail.html |date=17 October 2011 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[AH1]]
* [[Banana Pancake Trail]]
* [[Cannabis in Nepal]]
* [[Globe Trekker]]
* [[Grand Tour]] – 17th–19th century Continental tour undertaken by young European aristocrats, partly as leisure and partly educational.
* [[Gringo Trail]]
* [[India–United Kingdom bus routes]]
* [[Indomania]]
* [[Oxford and Cambridge Far Eastern Expedition]]
* [[Silk Road]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{commons}}
* {{Cite book | last = Brosnahan | first = Tom | year = 2005 | title = Turkey – Bright Sun, Strong Tea: On the Road with a Travel Writer | publisher = Travel Info Exchange | ISBN = 9780976753155}}
* {{Cite book | last = Dring | first = Simon |author-link = Simon Dring | year = 1995 | title = On the Road Again: Thirty Years On The Traveller's Trail To India | publisher = BBC Books | ISBN = 0-563-37172-2}}
* {{Cite book | last = Hall | first = Michael | year = 2007 | title = Remembering the Hippie Trail: travelling across Asia 1976-1978 | publisher = Island Publications | ISBN = 978-1-899510-77-1}}
* {{Cite book | last = MacLean | first = Rory | author-link = Rory MacLean | year = 2008 | title = Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India | publisher = Ig Publishing | ISBN = 978-0978843199}}
* {{Cite book | last = Moore | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Moore (travel author) | year = 1999 | title = The Wrong Way Home: London to Sydney the Hard Way | publisher = Bantam | ISBN = 978-0553817003}}
* {{Cite book | last = Silberman | first = Dan | year = 2013 | title = In the Footsteps of Iskander | publisher = Black Rose Writing | ISBN = 1612962467}}
* {{Cite book | last = Steves | first = Rick | author-link = Rick Steves | year = 2025 | title = On the Hippie Trail: Istanbul to Kathmandu and the Making of a Travel Writer | publisher = Avalon Publishing | ISBN = 9781641716444}}
* {{Cite book | last = Theroux | first = Paul | author-link=Paul Theroux | year = 1975 | title = [[The Great Railway Bazaar|The Great Railway Bazaar: By Train Through Asia]] | publisher = Mariner Books | ISBN = 9780547525150}}
* {{Cite book | last = Tomory | first = David | year = 1998 | title = A Season in Heaven: True Tales from the Road to Kathmandu | publisher = [[Lonely Planet]] | ISBN = 0864426291}}

{{Hippies}}

[[Category:Trails]]
[[Category:Hippie movement|Trail]]
[[Category:Scenic routes]]
[[Category:Types of tourism]]
[[Category:Khyber Pass]]
[[Category:Tourism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Tourism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Tourism in Iran]]
[[Category:Tourism in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Tourism in Nepal]]
[[Category:Tourism in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Tourism in Thailand]]
[[Category:Cannabis in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Cannabis in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Cannabis in India]]
[[Category:Cannabis in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Cannabis in Thailand]]

Ministry of Mining (Maharashtra)

2026-04-23T09:55:05Z

Smasher: New New Article From Scratch!

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Mining Department}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय खाणकाम विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Mining Department [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Shambhuraj Desai]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Pankaj Bhoyar]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Mining Department''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=SANDRP |date=2019-02-18 |title=Maharashtra Sand Mining 2018: Panegaon shows Way To stop Illegal Sand Mining |url=https://sandrp.in/2019/02/18/maharashtra-sand-mining-2018-panegaon-shows-way-to-stop-illegal-sand-mining/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=SANDRP |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-16 |title=Maharashtra lacks sand mining policy, says Centre’s report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-lacks-sand-mining-policy-says-centres-report/articleshow/63324684.cms |access-date=2026-04-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] minister. '''[[Shambhuraj Desai]]''' is Current Minister of Mining Department, [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>https://mining.maharashtra.gov.in/en/node/448</ref>

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Mining Department (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Mining Department}} '''मंत्री खाणकाम विभाग'''
|image=
| incumbent = [[Shambhuraj Desai]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural =
*'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]'''
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
(2024- 2024)
| deputy =
* '''[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Pankaj Bhoyar]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Mining Department
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sadashiv Govind Barve]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar Constituency No. 209]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shantilal Shah]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|
|
|'''[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola Constituency No. 235]]- [[Solapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Datta Meghe]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 15 - [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|30 December}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1991|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon Constituency No. 219]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|12|30|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Liladhar Dake]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup Constituency No. 168]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Liladhar Dake]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup Constituency No. 168]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Vasant Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Governor Nominated Constituency No. 11 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:rajendra_darda_wiki_profile.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Rajendra Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East Constituency No. 109]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 03 - [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Prakash Mehta in Mumbai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prakash Mehta]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East Constituency No. 170]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|06|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) Additional Charge
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
!{{ayd|2016|06|04|2016|07|08}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|04|2019|11|12}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Dadaji Bhuse]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer Constituency No. 81]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|47
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Shambhuraj Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Mining
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Aditi Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Subhash Desai]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant '''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Dadaji Bhuse]] (2022 - 2023)
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2023 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha Constituency No. 47]]- [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"|[[Shambhuraj Desai]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Subnational mining ministries]]

Parli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:46Z

Smasher: new info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra Vidhansabha (legislative assembly) in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parli
| map_image = 233-Parli.svg
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Beed district|Beed]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Dhananjay Munde]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 233
| electors = 338,441
}}
'''Parli Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref> and a segment of [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency]] located in [[Beed district]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=270–1}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The constituency covers entire Parli (परळी) tehsil and part of Ambajogai tehsil.<ref name=":0" /> The number of electors in 2009 were 254,178 (male 133,886, female 120,292).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2011|accessdate=14 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It came into existence in 2008, following the implementation of the delimitation of the legislative assembly constituencies. This constituency covers part of the erstwhile [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur constituency]] abolished in 2008.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| colspan="5" |{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Pankaja Munde]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Rowspan=2|[[Dhananjay Munde]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parli<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Parli">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Parli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13233.htm |access-date=11 January 2025 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111061530/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13233.htm |archive-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dhananjay Munde|Dhananjay Panditrao Munde]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 194,889 |percentage = 76.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajesaheb Shrikishan Deshmukh |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 54,665 |percentage = 21.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sahas Pandharinath Adode |party=Marathwada Mukti Morcha |votes = 2,573 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 912 |percentage = 0.36% |change={{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 140,224 |percentage = 54.85% |change= {{increase}}41.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 256,550 |percentage = 75.80% |change= {{increase}}2.60 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 255,638}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 338,441|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}21.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parli<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dhananjay Munde|Dhananjay Panditrao Munde]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 122,114 |percentage = 54.59% |change={{increase}}18.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pankaja Munde|Pankaja Gopinathrao Munde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 91,413 |percentage = 40.86% |change={{decrease}}9.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhimrao Munja Satpute |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,713 |percentage = 2.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raisoddin Jakiyoddin Pathan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,365 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 561 |percentage = 0.25% |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,701 |percentage = 13.72% |change= {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 224,368 |percentage = 73.15% |change= {{increase}}2.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 223,711}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 306,710|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parli<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pankaja Munde|Pankaja Gopinathrao Munde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 96,904 |percentage = 49.89% |change={{decrease}}7.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dhananjay Munde|Dhananjay Panditrao Munde]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 71,009 |percentage = 36.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. T.P.Munde |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,946 |percentage = 7.70% |change={{decrease}}28.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Uttam Yashwantrao |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,053 |percentage = 1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Anant Vaijnath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,699 |percentage = 0.87% |change={{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,304 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,895 |percentage = 13.33% |change= {{decrease}}8.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 195,544 |percentage = 71.25% |change= {{increase}}5.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,230}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,439|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parli<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pankaja Munde|Pankaja Gopinathrao Munde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 96,222 |percentage = 57.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Munde Trimbak Patloba |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 60,160 |percentage = 35.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vahvale Sanjay Santram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,662 |percentage = 2.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Madhav Limbrao |party=Shivrajya Party |votes = 1,915 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Lal Shaikh Miskin |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,683 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nagargoje Ramrao Shesherao |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,144 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,062 |percentage = 21.57% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 167,179 |percentage = 65.77% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,177}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 254,178|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Parli, Maharashtra]]
* [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Beed District]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Beed district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18|51|21.27|N|76|30|10.30|E|display=title}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Beed district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Davanagere South Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:42Z

Smasher: Adding some details needs work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Davanagere South
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 107
| map_image = 107-Davanagere South constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davangere]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:210708}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| established = 2008
| mla = ''Vacant''
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}

'''Davanagere South Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Davanagere district]] and [[Davangere Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="4" |Party
|-
|colspan=4 align=center|Until 2008: ''Seat does not exist. See '''[[Davanagere Assembly constituency]]'''''
|-
|[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
|-
|2026^
|
|
|
|}
^ - bypoll

== Election results ==

===2026 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 elections in India#State Legislative Assembly by-elections|2026 Davanagere by-election]]: [[Davanagere]]
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Samarth Mallikarajun|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Srinivas T. Dasakariyappa|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Afsar Kodlipete |party=SDPI|votes=
{{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khadar Adil Basha |party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=68.55|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Davanagere South }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 84,298 |percentage = 57.59% |change = {{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajay Kumar. B. G |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,410 |percentage = 38.54% |change = {{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ismail Zabiulla |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 1,311 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amanulla Khan. J |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,296 |percentage = 0.89% |change = {{decrease}}3.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 655 |percentage = 0.45% |change = {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,888 |percentage = 19.05% |change = {{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,406 |percentage = 69.48% |change = {{increase}}3.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,382}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,708 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Davanagere South }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,369 |percentage = 52.45% |change = {{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yashavantha Rao Jadhav |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 55,485 |percentage = 40.78% |change = {{increase}}25.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amanulla Khan. J |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,020 |percentage = 4.42% |change = {{decrease}}14.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 888 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nowshin Taj |party = All India Mahila Empowerment Party |votes = 869 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,884 |percentage = 11.67% |change = {{decrease}}18.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,123 |percentage = 65.84% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,073}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,760 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Davanagere South <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,320 |percentage = 49.12% |change = {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karekatte Syed Saifulla |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 26,162 |percentage = 19.37% |change = {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Lokesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,282 |percentage = 15.76% |change = {{decrease}}19.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Satish |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 3,200 |percentage = 2.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,158 |percentage = 29.74% |change = {{increase}}23.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,462 |percentage = 66.05% |change = {{increase}}3.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 135,030}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,370 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Davanagere South <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,675 |percentage = 41.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yashavantha Rao Jadhav |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,317 |percentage = 35.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Nagaraj |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 19,163 |percentage = 19.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Ravishankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,301 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narendra Rao Pawar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 899 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Athaulla |party = Indian Union Muslim League |votes = 723 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,358 |percentage = 6.33% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,418 |percentage = 62.20% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,415}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,435 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Davanagere district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Davanagere district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Davangere]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]
{{coord|14.43|75.92|display=title}}

Dhanbad Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:13Z

Smasher: starting article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| name = Dhanbad
| map_image = Dhanbad constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Raj Sinha]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:433191}}
| constituency_no = 40
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
''' Dhanbad Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||rowspan=2|Purushotam Chouhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Sheoraj Prasad
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||rowspan =2|Raghubansh Singh
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Chinmoy Mukherjee || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||rowspan=2|Yogeshwar Prasad 'Yogesh' || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||rowspan=2|Surendra Prasad Roy
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||rowspan=2|[[Pashupati Nath Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| [[Pashupati Nath Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Mannan Mallick || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Raj Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanbad<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raj Sinha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,36,336 |percentage=53.90% |change={{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Kumar Dubey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=87,595 |percentage=34.63% |change={{decrease}}4.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sapan Kumar Modak |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=16,664 |percentage=6.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,735 |percentage=0.69% |change={{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=48,741 |percentage=19.27% |change= {{increase}}6.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,52,960 |percentage=54.09% |change= {{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,67,636 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanbad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raj Sinha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,20,773 |percentage=52.31% |change={{decrease}}5.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mannan Mallick |party=Indian National Congress |votes=90,144 |percentage=39.04% |change={{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjeet Singh Alias Bablu Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,852 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikash Ranjan |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=2,426 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vipin Kumar |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,759 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradip Mohan Sahay |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=1,724 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saroj Kumar Singh |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,458 |percentage=0.63% |change={{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,630 |percentage=0.71% |change={{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,629 |percentage=13.27% |change= {{decrease}}10.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,30,893 |percentage=53.30% |change= {{decrease}}5.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,33,191 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanbad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raj Sinha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,32,091 |percentage=58.13% |change={{increase}}23.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mannan Mallick |party=Indian National Congress |votes=79,094 |percentage=34.81% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar Rahi |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=4,195 |percentage=1.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupendra Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=2,070 |percentage=0.91% |change={{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Mahato |party=Marxist Co-Ordination |votes=1,429 |percentage=0.63% |change={{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Triveni Das |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,371 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,521 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=52,997 |percentage=23.32% |change= {{increase}}22.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,27,217 |percentage=59.27% |change= {{increase}}16.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,83,351 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}23.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanbad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mannan Mallick |party=Indian National Congress |votes=55,641 |percentage=35.03% |change={{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raj Sinha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=54,751 |percentage=34.47% |change={{decrease}}10.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niraj Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=17,801 |percentage=11.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadanand Mahato Alias Mantu Mahato |party=Independent politician |votes=9,090 |percentage=5.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Awadh Kishore Sahay |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=5,157 |percentage=3.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Belal Khan |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=3,001 |percentage=1.89% |change={{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Narayan Lall |party=Marxist Co-Ordination |votes=2,602 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=890 |percentage=0.56% |change= {{decrease}}10.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,58,855 |percentage=42.75% |change= {{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,71,634 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanbad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pashupati Nath Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=83,692 |percentage=44.50% |change={{decrease}}4.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mannan Mallick |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,012 |percentage=32.97% |change={{increase}}16.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hatim Ansari |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=6,191 |percentage=3.29% |change={{decrease}}17.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pankaj Kumar Sharma |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=5,200 |percentage=2.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=4,280 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar Singh Choudhary |party=Jharkhand Vananchal Congress |votes=3,237 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopikant Bakshi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,898 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,680 |percentage=11.53% |change= {{decrease}}16.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,88,087 |percentage=50.02% |change= {{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,76,039 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanbad<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pashupati Nath Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=74,331 |percentage=48.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prasadi Sao |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=32,266 |percentage=21.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogeshwar Prasad Yogesh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,476 |percentage=16.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rekha Mandal |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=12,710 |percentage=8.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Prasad Rai |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,795 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarendra Narayan Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,657 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishwanath Bagi |party=Samajwadi Jan Parishad |votes=1,345 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,065 |percentage=27.63% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,52,242 |percentage=52.94% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,90,135 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|23.808|86.438|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Dhanbad]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Tushar Chaudhary

2026-04-18T17:53:55Z

Smasher: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Tushar Chaudhary
| image = File:Tusharbhai Chaudhary taking office in 2009 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Chaudhary in 2009
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|12|18}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Leader, [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee|Congress Legislative Party, Gujarat]]
| term_start = {{Start date|df=y|2025|7|17}}
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Amit Chavda]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Ashvin Kotwal]]
| constituency1 = [[Khedbrahma Assembly constituency|Khedbrahma]]
| office2 = Minister of State for Tribal Affairs (India)
| term_start2 = 28 May 2009
| term_end2 = 18 January 2011
| office3 = Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways
| term_start3 = 19 January 2011
| term_end3 = 14 October 2012
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| constituency4 = [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
| term_start4 = 2009
| term_end4 = 2014
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| constituency5 = [[Mandvi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandvi]]
| term_start5 = 2004
| term_end5 = 2009
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education = M.B.B.S, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|M. S. University]], [[Baroda]], [[Gujarat]]
| spouse = Dr. Dipti Chaudhary
| parents = [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]] (father)
| website =
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4039&lastls=15
}}
[[File:Shri Tusharbhai Chaudhary in his office after taking the charge as the Minister of State for Tribal Affairs, in New Delhi on June 01, 2009.jpg|thumb|Chaudhary in his office after taking the charge as the Minister of State for Tribal Affairs, in New Delhi on 1 June 2009]]
'''Tushar Chaudhary''' (born 18 December 1965) is an Indian politician and a leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Gujarat]]. He was elected to [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] in 2002 and 2022, and to [[Lok Sabha]] in 2004 and 2009.

== Early life ==
Chaudhary was born on 18 December 1965 in Bedkuvta Valod village in [[Surat district]] of Gujarat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4039&lastls=15 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> He is a son of [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]], a politician and former chief minister of Gujarat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-29 |title=Dr. Tushar Chaudhary declared Congress candidate for Bardoli (ST) Lok Sabha seat |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2019/03/29/dr-tushar-chaudhary-declared-congress-candidate-for-bardoli-st-lok-sabha-seat/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Dasgupta, Manas |date=16 August 2004 |title=Amarsinh's death, an irreparable loss to State |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/16/stories/2004081605771100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912083224/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/16/stories/2004081605771100.htm |archive-date=12 September 2004}}</ref> He has studied MBBS from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
He was elected from [[Vyara Assembly constituency|Vyara]] in [[2002 Gujarat legislative assembly election]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2004, he was elected to [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[Mandvi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandvi]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mandvi-lok-sabha|title=Mandvi Lok Sabha Election Result|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> In 2009, he was elected to the [[15th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bardoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardoli]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=45|publisher=Election Commission of India|format=PDF|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> He was the Union Minister of State for Tribal Affairs from 28 May 2009 to 28 September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1260862|title=MoS Tribal affairs to check on funds "embezzlement"|date=1 June 2009|publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]}}</ref> On 28 September 2012 he became the Union Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways.

He contested [[2014 Indian general election|2014]] and [[2019 Indian general election]]s from Bardoli but lost both times.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Congress finds a silver lining in Gujarat defeat, hopes new leadership will rise in state |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-finds-a-silver-lining-in-gujarat-defeat-hopes-new-leadership-will-rise-1114015-2017-12-20 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In [[2017 Gujarat legislative assembly election]], he lost from [[Mahuva, Surat Assembly constituency|Mahuva constituency]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Elections 2017 {{!}} First tribal CM's son Tushar Chaudhary against Mohan Dhodiya |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gujarat-elections-2017-first-tribal-cm-s-son-tushar-chaudhary-against-mohan-dhodiya-2565652 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> In [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022 Gujarat legislative assembly election]], he contested and was elected from [[Khedbrahma Assembly constituency|Khedbrahma constituency]] defeating his nearest rival [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Ashvin Kotwal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=હું કોઈ આ વિધાનસભાનો ઉમેદવાર ન હતો કોંગ્રેસના ઉમેદવારે કહ્યું |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/video/other-videos/gujarat-assembly-election-2022-tushar-chaudhary-in-khedbrahma-assembly-seat-candidate/gj20221116155856317317633 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Gujarat assembly polls: Congress announces 39 more candidates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/news/gujarat-assembly-polls-congress-announces-39-more-candidates/articleshow/95497160.cms |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાત વિધાનસભા ચૂંટણી પરિણામઃ કોંગ્રેસના સૂપડા સાફ, માંડ 17 સીટ જીતી, આપ પાર્ટીનો 5 બેઠક પર વિજય |url=https://gujarati.indianexpress.com/gujarat/gujarat-election-result-2022-congress-winner-only-17-seats-aap-party-gets-5-seat/28453/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Indian Express Gujarati |language=gu-IN}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 1991, Chaudhary married Dipti Chaudhary. They have a daughter and a son.<ref name=":0" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4039 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Tushar Amarsinh}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Tapi district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]

Lumla Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:18Z

Smasher: New New Details First Draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Lumla
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type = SLA
|constituency_no = 1
|map_image = Lumla Assembly constituency map.svg
|district = [[Tawang district|Tawang]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
|established = 1978
|reservation = ST
|mla = [[Tsering Lhamu]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|electors = 9,917
}}

'''Lumla Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 assembly constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a northeastern state of [[India]]. It is part of [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/arunachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/lumla.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Lumla Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.arunachalassembly.gov.in/ Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]</ref>

==Boundaries==
As per [[Delimitation Commission of India]] report 2008, No 1 Lumla(ST) consists of [[Lumla]] circle excluding villages Bongleng and Kharung, [[Zemithang]] circle and Kudung, Pamaghar, Sakpret and Thongleng villages of [[Tawang]] Circle.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Karma Wangchu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3 | T. G. Rinpoche || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=3 | [[Jambey Tashi]]
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2023 elections in India#Arunachal Pradesh|2023 By-election]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=India News {{!}} Arunachal: BJP's Tsering Lhamu Wins Lumla Bypoll Without Contest |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/india-news-arunachal-bjps-tsering-lhamu-wins-lumla-bypoll-without-contest-4824253.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> || rowspan=2 | [[Tsering Lhamu]]
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lumla<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tsering Lhamu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,040 |percentage=58.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jampa Thirnly Kunkhap |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,509 |percentage=40.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=65 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,531 |percentage=17.77% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,614 |percentage=86.86% |change= {{increase}}86.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,917 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 elections in India#Arunachal Pradesh|2023 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Lumla}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Tsering Lhamu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,169 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lumla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jambey Tashi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,567 |percentage=57.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jampa Thirnly Kunkhap |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,279 |percentage=41.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=145 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,288 |percentage=16.12% |change= {{decrease}}4.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,991 |percentage=89.61% |change= {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,918 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lumla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jambey Tashi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,254 |percentage=59.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heg Tse Rinpoche |party=Independent politician |votes=2,755 |percentage=38.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=138 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,499 |percentage=20.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,147 |percentage=87.40% |change= {{increase}}87.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,177 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lumla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Jambey Tashi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,022 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lumla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. G. Rinpoche |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,318 |percentage=53.79% |change={{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jambey Wangdi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,851 |percentage=46.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=467 |percentage=7.57% |change= {{decrease}}4.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,169 |percentage=87.37% |change= {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,007 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lumla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. G. Rinpoche |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,282 |percentage=56.03% |change={{increase}}21.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sange Nawang |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=2,576 |percentage=43.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=706 |percentage=12.05% |change= {{decrease}}10.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,858 |percentage=91.54% |change= {{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,511 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lumla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. G. Rinpoche |party=Independent politician |votes=3,031 |percentage=56.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jambey Wangdi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,834 |percentage=34.39% |change={{decrease}}28.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchin Norbu Gengla |party=Independent politician |votes=468 |percentage=8.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,197 |percentage=22.45% |change= {{decrease}}3.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,333 |percentage=94.64% |change= {{increase}}13.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,751 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lumla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Wangchu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,798 |percentage=63.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchin Norbu Gengla |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,635 |percentage=36.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,163 |percentage=26.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,433 |percentage=81.21% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,624 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Tawang district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.53|91.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tawang district]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Palwal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:22Z

Smasher: new data!

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palwal
| type = SLA
| map_image = Palwal Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Haryana]]
| region =
| division =
| constituency_no = 84
| established = 
| abolished = 
| district = [[Palwal district|Palwal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Gaurav Gautam]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,67,868
}}
'''Palwal''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Palwal district|Palwal]] district. As of 2019, it is represented by [[Deepak Mangla]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=results2019/>{{update after|2024|11}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Dhan Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Roop Lal Mehta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sham Lal Tewatia || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bhartiya Arya Sabha}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Mool Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Kalyan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Subhash Chand || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || rowspan=4 | [[Karan Singh Dalal]] || {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Subhash Choudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Karan Singh Dalal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Deepak Mangla]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Gaurav Gautam]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Palwal">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Palwal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0784.htm |access-date=11 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111164458/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0784.htm |archive-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gaurav Gautam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,09,118 |percentage=56.57% |change={{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karan Singh Dalal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=75,513 |percentage=39.15% |change={{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harit Kumar |party=Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes=2,578 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhishek Deshwal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,540 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=1,116 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=506 |percentage=0.26% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,605 |percentage=17.42% |change= {{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,92,880 |percentage=71.97% |change= {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,67,868 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deepak Mangla]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=89,426 |percentage=55.60% |change={{increase}}21.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karan Singh Dalal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=61,130 |percentage=38.01% |change={{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaya Lal |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=6,498 |percentage=4.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=910 |percentage=0.57% |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,296 |percentage=17.59% |change= {{increase}}13.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,60,830 |percentage=69.91% |change= {{decrease}}7.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,30,061 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}18.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karan Singh Dalal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,423 |percentage=37.51% |change={{decrease}}2.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Deepak Mangla]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=51,781 |percentage=33.82% |change={{increase}}30.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chaudhary |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=32,676 |percentage=21.34% |change={{decrease}}25.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand Katyal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,375 |percentage=4.82% |change={{decrease}}2.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=927 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,642 |percentage=3.69% |change= {{decrease}}2.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,53,093 |percentage=77.70% |change= {{increase}}5.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,97,019 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}8.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Choudhary |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=51,712 |percentage=46.42% |change={{increase}}17.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karan Singh Dalal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,040 |percentage=40.43% |change={{decrease}}16.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,161 |percentage=7.33% |change={{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anangpal Bainsla |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,376 |percentage=3.03% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Chand |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=759 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Chand Aggarwal |party=Independent politician |votes=692 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,672 |percentage=5.99% |change= {{decrease}}21.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,396 |percentage=72.20% |change= {{increase}}3.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,279 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karan Singh Dalal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=58,074 |percentage=57.30% |change={{increase}}51.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=29,751 |percentage=29.35% |change={{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tuhi Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,888 |percentage=8.77% |change={{decrease}}10.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay S/O Net Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,911 |percentage=2.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. K. P. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=932 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,323 |percentage=27.94% |change= {{increase}}12.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,01,355 |percentage=68.21% |change= {{decrease}}4.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,591 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Republican Party of India |swing= {{increase}}13.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karan Singh Dalal]] |party=Republican Party of India |votes=37,539 |percentage=43.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender Chauhan |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=24,487 |percentage=28.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chaudhary |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=16,933 |percentage=19.55% |change={{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogesh Gaur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,369 |percentage=6.20% |change={{decrease}}6.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Singh Rawat |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=1,601 |percentage=1.85% |change={{decrease}}48.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,052 |percentage=15.07% |change= {{decrease}}18.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,604 |percentage=74.18% |change= {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,18,450 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Republican Party of India |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karan Singh Dalal]] |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=40,219 |percentage=50.64% |change={{increase}}11.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chaudhary |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=13,832 |percentage=17.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,808 |percentage=12.35% |change={{decrease}}12.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender Chauhan |party=Samata Party |votes=7,203 |percentage=9.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=5,351 |percentage=6.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balkishan Saini |party=Janata Dal |votes=660 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Master Girraj Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=556 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,387 |percentage=33.22% |change= {{increase}}19.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,425 |percentage=69.85% |change= {{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,962 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}11.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karan Singh Dalal]] |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=27,882 |percentage=38.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nitya Nand Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,008 |percentage=25.02% |change={{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=16,811 |percentage=23.36% |change={{increase}}22.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chnder Bhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,805 |percentage=10.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=374 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,874 |percentage=13.72% |change= {{decrease}}7.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,975 |percentage=66.40% |change= {{decrease}}5.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,366 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}5.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Lokdal |votes=30,602 |percentage=43.91% |change={{increase}}31.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,139 |percentage=23.16% |change={{decrease}}18.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shriram Verma |party=Independent politician |votes=8,748 |percentage=12.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parmanand |party=Independent politician |votes=7,727 |percentage=11.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubir Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=4,045 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=441 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Narain |party=Janata Party |votes=384 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,463 |percentage=20.75% |change= {{increase}}6.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,691 |percentage=70.90% |change= {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,489 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalyan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,463 |percentage=41.98% |change={{increase}}12.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=15,232 |percentage=27.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narain Datt |party=Independent politician |votes=7,941 |percentage=14.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender |party=Lokdal |votes=6,973 |percentage=12.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Chand Aggarwal |party=Independent politician |votes=646 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tuhi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=472 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranvir Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=352 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranvir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=328 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Prabha |party=Independent politician |votes=307 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,231 |percentage=14.73% |change= {{decrease}}6.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,888 |percentage=70.64% |change= {{increase}}0.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,762 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mool Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=24,127 |percentage=50.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalyan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,112 |percentage=29.68% |change={{decrease}}11.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=5,476 |percentage=11.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harkrishan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,260 |percentage=4.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Pal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=825 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=753 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,015 |percentage=21.06% |change= {{increase}}12.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,553 |percentage=69.03% |change= {{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,652 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Akhil Bhartiya Arya Sabha |swing= {{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal |party=Akhil Bhartiya Arya Sabha |votes=24,253 |percentage=49.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalyan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,919 |percentage=40.89% |change={{decrease}}12.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanak Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,983 |percentage=6.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Prashad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,553 |percentage=3.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,334 |percentage=8.90% |change= {{decrease}}11.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,708 |percentage=71.11% |change= {{increase}}12.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,279 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Akhil Bhartiya Arya Sabha |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Lal Mehta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,231 |percentage=53.87% |change={{increase}}28.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=12,102 |percentage=33.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Republican Party of India |votes=3,259 |percentage=9.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandgi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,107 |percentage=3.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,129 |percentage=19.97% |change= {{increase}}19.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,699 |percentage=58.49% |change= {{decrease}}13.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,675 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}27.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palwal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,374 |percentage=26.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=11,012 |percentage=25.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Mehta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,843 |percentage=25.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=5,825 |percentage=13.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,411 |percentage=8.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=362 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,465 |percentage=74.01% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,436 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Palwal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|28.15|77.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Palwal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Devsar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:28Z

Smasher: starting new post...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Devsar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 81
| map_image = 81-Devsar, Madhya Pradesh.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Singrauli district|Singrauli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Rajendra Meshram]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Subhash Ram Charitra
}}
'''Devsar''' is one of the 230 constituencies in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] a central state of [[India]]. [[Deosar]] is also part of [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/devsar.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Devsar (SC) Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref><ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Bhai Lal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Laxmi Kant]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| T. Singh
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Balraj]]
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Jagannath Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Jagannath Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Patiraj Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" | Annath Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Patiraj Singh|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Manik Singh]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Jagannath Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Jagannath Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party |rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| Ramcharitra
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Rajendra Meshram]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Subhash Ram Charitra
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Rajendra Meshram]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Devsar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajendra Meshram]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:88660}}
|percentage = 46.07
|change = +8.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Banshmani Prasad Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:66206}}
|percentage = 34.4
|change = +3.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shiv Shankar Prasad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:17028}}
|percentage = 8.85
|change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Ratibhan Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:4423}}
|percentage = 2.3
|change = +0.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Lalpati Saket
|votes = {{formatnum:2991}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change = -9.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Shivkali Saket
|votes = {{formatnum:2938}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sushma Prajapati
|votes = {{formatnum:2589}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3241}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change = -1.49
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22454}}
|percentage = 11.67
|change = +5.3
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:192438}}
|percentage = 79.84
|change = +3.46
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Devsar<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subhash Ram Charitra
|votes = {{formatnum:63295}}
|percentage = 37.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Banshmani Prasad Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:52617}}
|percentage = 31.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Surendra Prajapati
|votes = {{formatnum:18320}}
|percentage = 10.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shiv Shankar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:14464}}
|percentage = 8.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Shiv Kali Saket
|votes = {{formatnum:2913}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Subhash Chandra Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:2585}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Ad. Shyamlal Saket
|votes = {{formatnum:2134}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Party of India (Democratic)
|candidate = Janardan Prasad Prajapti
|votes = {{formatnum:2108}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party of India (Athwale)
|candidate = Ramkripal Basor
|votes = {{formatnum:1603}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5307}}
|percentage = 3.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10678}}
|percentage = 6.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167596}}
|percentage = 76.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Deosar]]
* [[Singrauli district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|24.203|82.263|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Singrauli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Hosakote Anekal Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:32Z

Smasher: creating basic stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hoskote Anekal
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]] and [[Bangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| electors = 
| reservation =
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Hoskote Anekal Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the state assembly of [[Mysore State]], in India. It was part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]] and [[Bangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore]] Lok Sabha constituencies.<ref name="delimitation1952">{{cite web |date=1952 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1956 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Reservation
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/1assemblymemberslist.htm |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=kla.kar.nic.in|title=Members of first Mysore State Assembly}}</ref>
|align="center"|
|[[Lakshmidevi Ramanna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|align="center"|
|[[H. T. Puttappa]]
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" |1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Hosakote Assembly constituency|Hosakote]], [[Anekal Assembly constituency|Anekal]] and [[Bangalore South Assembly constituency|Bangalore South]]''
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosakote Anekal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmidevi Ramanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,081 |percentage = 27.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. T. Puttappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,423 |percentage = 22.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Channabyregowda |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 8,582 |percentage = 13.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharabanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,071 |percentage = 12.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Jayamuthuraju |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 5,344 |percentage = 8.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. C. Gulla Reddy Alias Venkataswamy Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,453 |percentage = 6.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Byanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,025 |percentage = 4.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,886 |percentage = 2.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Abdul Khareem Sait |party = Independent politician |votes = 795 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,499 |percentage = 14.69% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,660 |percentage = 43.17% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,660}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,885 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.991731|77.613025|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Rural district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]

{{India-election-stub}}

Kuhu Dular Hansda

2026-04-10T04:34:13Z

Smasher: creating new entry basic info

{{short description|Santali writer and Yuva Puraskar recipient}}

'''Kuhu Dular Hansdah''' is a Santali language Indian writer. in He received [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for 2016 for his poetry work ''Sisir Jali''.<ref name="SahityaAkademi_BalSahityaPuraskarList">{{cite web |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar (2010–2025) |website=Sahitya Akademi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi, Government of India |access-date=24 March 2026 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in Sahitya Akademi Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansda, Kuhu Dular}}
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Suraj: The Rising Star

2026-04-10T04:33:53Z

Smasher: stub

{{short description|Animated television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Suraj_—_The_Rising_Star_title_card.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on = ''[[Star of the Giants]]'' by [[Ikki Kajiwara]]
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = 
| voices = {{ubl|[[Nachiket Dighe]]}} 
| judges = 
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India Japan
| language =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 26
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor = 
| location = 
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera = 
| runtime = 
| company = {{ubl|[[Kodansha]]|[[TMS Entertainment]]|DQ Entertainment}}
| budget =
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2012|12|23}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2013|6|16}}
| related = 
}}
'''''Suraj: The Rising Star''''' is an Indian [[Animated series|animated]] television series presented by [[Kodansha]], [[TMS Entertainment]] and DQ Entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/baseball-to-cricket/article4176367.ece/|title=Baseball to cricket|website=The Hindu|date=8 December 2012|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/12/06/national/cricket-remake-of-popular-baseball-anime-to-hit-indian-tv/|title=Cricket remake of popular baseball 'anime' to hit Indian TV|date=6 December 2012|via=Japan Times Online}}</ref>
It is based on the Japanese animated series ''[[Star of the Giants]]'' and it aired on [[Colors TV]]. This series premiered on 23 December 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/suraj-the-rising-star-to-be-aired-on-colors-from-the-23rd-december|title=COLORS airs its first animation show 'SURAJ- THE RISING STAR|date=24 December 2012|website=Animation Xpress|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/companies/colors-to-air-japanese-animation-show-on-sunday-morning-112120200035_1.html|title=Colors to air Japanese animation show on Sunday morning|date=24 January 2013|website=Business Standard|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref>

==Voice cast==
* [[Nachiket Dighe]] as Suraj

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2555996}}

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Children television series in India}}

[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated television series]]
[[Category:Indian sports television series]]
[[Category:Indian teen drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:TMS Entertainment]]
[[Category:Cricket television series]]
[[Category:Indian anime-influenced animated television series]]
[[Category:Television shows based on manga]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Animated sports television series]]

Bhusawal Jamner Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:05:28Z

Smasher: made new info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhusawal Jamner
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52-124}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 107,773
| mla = Nilkanth Ganesh Vankhade Keshavrao Raghav
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}
Bhusawal Jamner Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. In 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]] and [[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Sane Nilkanth Ganesh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Vankhade Keshavrao Raghav
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhusawal Jamner <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sane Nilkanth Ganesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,473 |percentage = 32.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vankhade Keshavrao Raghav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,880 |percentage = 26.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavande Motiram Ramu |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 9,396 |percentage = 10.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalerao Tryambak Sonu |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 8,825 |percentage = 9.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pradhan Madhav Ramchandra |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 8,127 |percentage = 8.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khare Hari Sadashiv |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,232 |percentage = 5.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandel Umrosing Bisansing |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,436 |percentage = 4.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayagaonkar Soloman Abraham |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,710 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,077 |percentage = 22.64% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,079 |percentage = 86.37% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,079}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,773 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Arun Kumar Yadav (Saharsa politician)

2026-04-08T04:53:17Z

Smasher: made a bio - done

{{short description|Bihar politician}}
{{Distinguish|Arun Kumar Yadav (Bhojpur politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Arun Kumar Yadav
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Saharsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saharsa]]
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 2020
| predecessor = [[Alok Ranjan Jha]]
| successor = Alok Ranjan Jha
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|03|06}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Profile|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/75.pdf|website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha|accessdate=20 November 2015}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Saharsa district|Aaran]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = Lakshmi Prasad Yadav
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| alma_mater = Master of Arts
| occupation = Farmer
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Arun Kumar Yadav''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] of India. He represents the [[Saharsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saharsa]] constituency in [[Saharsa]] district of [[Bihar]], he was elected in 2015 as a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/saharsa.html|title=Bihar Legislative Assembly|website=election in india|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref> He also participated in the [[Bihar Movement]] in 1974.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Arun Kumar}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela

2026-04-07T14:08:52Z

Smasher:

{{Short description|Indian fair}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| logo = 
| logo_size =
| image =File:Pantoon bridge view 01.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Pilgrims at [[Triveni Sangam]]
| native_name_lang =
| date = {{start and end dates|df=yes|2025|01|13|2025|02|26}}
| venue = [[Triveni Sangam]]
| location = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.431|82.885|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Hindu festival]]
| budget = {{INRconvert|73.82|b}}
| patron = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| organisers = Prayagraj Mela Committee
| participants =
| website = {{URL|http://kumbh.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{hinduism}}
The '''2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela''' was the most recent iteration of the [[Kumbh Mela]], a [[Hindu]] pilgrimage festival that marked a full [[orbital revolution]] of [[Jupiter]] around the Sun. It was scheduled from 13 January to 26 February 2025, at the [[Triveni Sangam]] in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was the [[List of largest peaceful gatherings|world's largest gathering]], and according to data released on 26 February, more than 660 million (66 crores) people had taken a dip in the river.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2025 |title=Mahakumbh 2025 Mahashivratri LIVE: महाकुंभ में 66 करोड़ से ज्यादा ने लगाई डुबकी, समापन पर योगी ने प्रयागराज के लोगों को दिया विशेष धन्यवाद, बोले- आपके धैर्य एवं आतिथ्य सत्कार ने सबको सम्मोहित किया |trans-title=Mahakumbh 2025 Mahashivratri LIVE: More than 66 crore people took a dip in Mahakumbh, at the end Yogi gave special thanks to the people of Prayagraj, said- your patience and hospitality mesmerised everyone |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/mahakumbh-2025-mahashivratri-snan-live-update-snan-prayagraj-traffic-jam-sangam-latest-news-in-hindi/3848537/ |access-date=26 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Jansatta]] |language=hi |editor1-first=Sanjay |editor1-last=Dubey }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Whole World Is Surprised How...": PM Modi As Maha Kumbh Draws 66 Crore People |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-on-maha-kumbh-2025-sangam-prayagraj-yogi-adityanath-i-apologise-if-arrangements-inadequate-7805395 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> This event marked the completion of a 12-year Kumbh Mela cycle and was officially termed a Maha Kumbh Mela, spanning 45 days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why is Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 special? |date=21 January 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/destination-of-the-week/why-is-maha-kumbh-mela-2025-special-9771438/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=31 January 2025 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126003103/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/destination-of-the-week/why-is-maha-kumbh-mela-2025-special-9771438/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Kumbh Mela had been organised for many centuries with its commencement date unknown. As per astrological calculations, the 2025 edition was unique since the [[constellation]] alignment seen was witnessed once in 144 years.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 January 2025 |title=Kumbh Mela 2025 After 144 Years: क्या प्रयागराज में 144 साल बाद वाला महाकुंभ लगा है? |trans-title=Mahakumbh mela 2025 being held after 144 years |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/spirituality/mahakumbh-mela-2025-is-prayagraj-maha-kumbh-mela-2025-being-held-after-144-years-or-is-it-a-purna-kumbh-clear-the-confusion-article-117043734 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi |first1=Lavina |last1=Sharma}}</ref><ref name="jagranjosh-21Jan25">{{cite news |date=21 January 2025 |title=Mahakumbh 2025 Facts and Stats: Know About Prayagraj Kumbh Mela in Numbers and Records |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/mahakumbh-2025-facts-and-stats-about-prayagraj-kumbh-mela-1736858494-1 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=[[Jagranjosh]] |first1=Kriti |last1=Barua |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122083252/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/mahakumbh-2025-facts-and-stats-about-prayagraj-kumbh-mela-1736858494-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guardian-13Jan25">{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=13 January 2025 |title=India's Maha Kumbh Mela festival gets under way for first time in 144 years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/13/india-maha-kumbh-mela-festival-kicks-off-for-first-time-in-144-years |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2025 |title=A constellation that occurs once in 144 years: Why this Maha Kumbh is more special than others |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/a-constellation-that-occurs-once-in-144-years-why-this-maha-kumbh-is-more-special-than-others/articleshow/117062259.cms |access-date=22 January 2025 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |first1=Rajiv |last1=Mani }}</ref> The site of each Kumbh Mela was decided by the astrological alignment of [[Brihaspati|Jupiter]], the [[Surya|Sun]] and the [[Chandra|Moon]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title=Kumbh Mela, explained: Its mythology, history, astrology, and why millions flock to it |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/kumbh-mela-explained-its-mythology-history-astrology-appeal-9775169/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=15 January 2025 |author=Yashee }}</ref> The Kumbh Mela had been recognised as part of [[Intangible Cultural Heritage]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kumbh-mela-01258|title=Kumbh Mela|work=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207210911/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kumbh-mela-01258|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Financials ==
The budget for the event was about {{INRconvert|63.82|b}} and it is estimated that the event will generate a revenue of more than {{INRconvert|2|t}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 2,000,000,000,000: The Revenue Maha Kumbh Is Likely To Generate For UP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maha-kumbh-mela-2025-rs-2-00-00-00-00-000-the-amount-prayagraj-event-is-likely-to-generate-for-up-7461507 |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122083252/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maha-kumbh-mela-2025-rs-2-00-00-00-00-000-the-amount-prayagraj-event-is-likely-to-generate-for-up-7461507 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rs 2 lakh crore revenue, GDP boost: The 'Maha' impact of Maha Kumbh 2025 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/rs-2-lakh-crore-revenue-gdp-boost-the-maha-economic-impact-of-maha-kumbh-2025-12909243.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121070451/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/rs-2-lakh-crore-revenue-gdp-boost-the-maha-economic-impact-of-maha-kumbh-2025-12909243.html |date=13 January 2025 |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol.com]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Kumbh6.jpg|thumb|Night time view of the tents in the Kumbh Mela area]]

The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] have set up a temporary city covering {{convert|4000|ha|km2}} to accommodate the pilgrims attending the event. To expand the available land, four dredging machines were used to reclaim {{convert|26|ha|km2|adj=pre|additional}}, significantly increasing the capacity to three times more than in [[2019 Prayag Ardh Kumbh Mela]]. Prayagraj is also embracing smart city technologies to enhance urban living. The total length of the ghats is {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and the surrounding area has been divided into 25 sectors. About 150,000 tents were established to provide accommodation. Nearly 83 projects were completed at a cost of {{INRconvert|14.28|b}} for the event.<ref name="ku12">{{cite news |date=15 November 2024 |title=47 of 83 Maha Kumbh projects completed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/ahead-of-2025-maha-kumbh-47-of-83-key-projects-completed-in-prayagraj/articleshow/115311289.cms |access-date=19 November 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115013546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/ahead-of-2025-maha-kumbh-47-of-83-key-projects-completed-in-prayagraj/articleshow/115311289.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Transport ===
Parking facilities cover an area of {{convert|1850|ha|km2}}. The total road length within the area was increased over {{convert|450|km|mi|abbr=on}} to improve accessibility.<ref name="jagranjosh-21Jan25"/>
[[Indian Railways]] has announced an increase in the number of coaches in key trains, such as the [[Prayagraj Express]] and [[Lucknow Mail]], to accommodate the expected influx of pilgrims during the Mahakumbh 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Deepak |title=Mahakumbh 2025: Spiritual Festival and Indian Railway Updates |url=https://theinfomedias.com/mahakumbh-2025-indian-railway-updates/ |date=2 January 2025 |website=the info medias}}</ref> Indian Railways operated special trains to various railway stations in the area. About 360 trains including 190 special trains, 110 regular trains and 60 [[MEMU]] trains to cater to the pilgrims on the day of [[Mauni Amavasya]] on 29 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Railways operated all-time high trains from Prayagraj Railway Station| url=https://hindudayashankar.com/education/indian-railways-is-operating-an-all-time-high-of-360-trains-from-prayagraj-station-including-190-special-trains-110-regular-trains-and-50-60-memu-trains-to-cater-to-the-demand-for-mauni-a/|website= hindudayashankar.com|date=28 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Maha Kumbh: Railways Running 360 Trains In Prayagraj On 'Mauni Amavasya'|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maha-kumbh-railways-running-360-trains-in-prayagraj-on-mauni-amavasya-7581842|website= www.ndtv.com|date= 28 January 2025|access-date= 28 January 2025|archive-date= 29 January 2025|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250129061758/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maha-kumbh-railways-running-360-trains-in-prayagraj-on-mauni-amavasya-7581842|url-status= live}}</ref>
Prayagraj Airport (IATA Code:IXD) is another way to reach out to 2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela from other parts of India with daily flights from all major cities including Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, etc. <ref>{{cite web |title=Airport Authority of India| url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/flights-schedule/prayagraj|website= www.aai.aero|date=19 February 2025}}</ref>

=== Health and sanitation ===
The Prayagraj Mela Committee set up 150,000 toilets and urinals in the Maha Kumbh area, and a monitoring system was launched to track sanitation levels in toilets. About 10,000 sanitation workers were engaged for cleaning activity.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2025 |title=10,000 sanitation workers to make Kumbh clean & green |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10000-sanitation-workers-to-make-kumbh-clean-green/articleshow/117134518.cms |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113190358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10000-sanitation-workers-to-make-kumbh-clean-green/articleshow/117134518.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> One cleaner was allocated for every ten toilets with a supervisor monitoring a batch of ten such personnel.<ref name="ku2">{{cite news |title=Maha Kumbh 2025: Advanced sanitation standards set to ensure clean and safe experience for devotees and tourists in Prayagraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/maha-kumbh-2025-advanced-sanitation-standards-set-to-ensure-clean-and-safe-experience-for-devotees-and-tourists-in-prayagraj/articleshow/115414356.cms |access-date=18 November 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 November 2024 |archive-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118165608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/maha-kumbh-2025-advanced-sanitation-standards-set-to-ensure-clean-and-safe-experience-for-devotees-and-tourists-in-prayagraj/articleshow/115414356.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Uttar Pradesh State Government deputed 500 dedicated Ganga Praharis for cleaning the river during Maha Kumbh.<ref name="ku8">{{cite news |date=17 November 2024 |title=Mahakumbh 2025: Prayagraj gears up with 500 Ganga Praharis to maintain river sanctity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/mahakumbh-2025-prayagraj-gears-up-with-500-ganga-praharis-to-maintain-river-sanctity/articleshow/115381190.cms |access-date=19 November 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> During the Mahakumbh, the [[Central Pollution Control Board|CPCB]] released a report stating that the water quality at the Maha Kumbh was found unfit for dips.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doshi |first=Gautam Nirmal |date=2025-02-22 |title=Water quality at Maha Kumbh found unfit for dips on many days: Graphics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/water-quality-at-maha-kumbh-found-unfit-for-dips-on-many-days-graphics/article69247749.ece |access-date=2025-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, after the conclusion of the Maha Kumbh, the CPCB published a new report stating that the water was fit for bathing, and that water quality varied significantly at different spots. The earlier report, it noted, did not accurately represent the overall water quality across the entire river stretch.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-09 |title=Maha Kumbh water fit for bathing, says new CPCB report, cites 'variability in data' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maha-kumbh-water-fit-for-bathing-says-new-cpcb-report-cites-variability-in-data/articleshow/118817467.cms |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Mar 2025 |title=Now, CPCB tells green tribunal Maha Kumbh water fit for bathing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-cpcb-tells-green-tribunal-maha-kumbh-water-fit-for-bathing/article69304495.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Safety and security ===
About 40,000 police officers from the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] and surveillance systems were deployed for the event. Additionally, forces from the [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (UP-PAC), [[National Disaster Response Force]], and [[Central Armed Police Forces]] assisted in maintaining security.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh 2025 breaks records with 10 crore visitors |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/maha-kumbh-2025-breaks-records-with-10-crore-visitors/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=ddnews.gov.in |publisher=DD News |language=en-US}}</ref> A network of around 2,300 cameras provided round-the-clock monitoring, enhancing surveillance across the Mela area.<ref name="IndianExpress-14Jan25"/> Underwater drones capable of diving up to {{cvt|100|m|ft}} were used in recovery operations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=From Underwater To Air: Drones To Watch Over Pilgrims At Maha Kumbh 2025 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/drones-to-secure-maha-kumbh-2025-from-100-metre-underwater-to-120-metre-in-air-7355155 |date=29 December 2024 |access-date=13 February 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Maharashtra Police]] sent two teams to study the security arrangements and traffic management in the area during the Mahakumbh Mela, so they can use the same strategy with the [[Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha|Kumbh Mela in Nashik]] in 2027.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra teams to visit Prayagraj, Study Mahakumbh for Nashik Kumbh Preparations|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/maharashtra-teams-to-visit-prayagraj-study-mahakumbh-for-nashik-kumbh-preparations-1855028|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=18 January 2025 |first1=Sonu |last1=Shrivastava }}</ref>

The state government allocated {{INRconvert|1.31|b}} for the fire department. The Uttar Pradesh Fire and Emergency Services Department deployed 351 firefighting vehicles and 2000+ personnel across 50+ fire stations and 20 fire posts.<ref name="jagranjosh-21Jan25"/><ref name="ku4">{{cite news |date=17 November 2024 |title=Maha Kumbh 2025 to have 'fire bikes', offroaders as quick response vehicles: VIDEO |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/maha-kumbh-mela-2025-dates-safety-measures-1.10085588 |access-date=18 November 2024 |publisher=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ku9">{{cite news |date=16 November 2024 |title=Mahakumbh: Fire safety measures to exceed Kumbh 2019 standards with doubled resources |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mahakumbhfire-safety-measures-to-exceed-kumbh-2019-standards-with-doubled-resources-101731699721835.html |access-date=19 November 2024 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] }}</ref> It also deployed four articulating water towers to enhance fire fighting capabilities. These towers can extend {{cvt|30|m}} horizontally, and {{cvt|35|m}} vertically, and are designed to handle large fire events. Video recorders and thermal imaging cameras were deployed for real-time monitoring and precise firefighting.

The organising committee set up ten lost and found centres across various sectors to reunite missing individuals with their families. These centres use digital registration to keep track of people, with details on missing individuals displayed at all centres. Regular audio announcements, and messages across social media platforms were used to spread information on lost individuals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maha Kumbh 2025: Getting lost and finding your way back at Prayagraj |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maha-kumbh-2025-navigations-map-directions-lost-and-found-how-to-explained-trains-car-bus-2666238-2025-01-17 |date=18 January 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |first1=Sushim |last1=Mukul |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124124355/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maha-kumbh-2025-navigations-map-directions-lost-and-found-how-to-explained-trains-car-bus-2666238-2025-01-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> A mobile application was launched which provided information to the pilgrims.<ref name="ku15">{{cite news |date=3 November 2024 |title=Streamlining pilgrimage in Prayagraj: Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 navigation app launched for visitors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/streamlining-pilgrimage-in-prayagraj-introducing-the-maha-kumbh-mela-2025-navigation-app/articleshow/114909207.cms |access-date=19 November 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Artificial intelligence tools and chatbots were used to assist tourists and pilgrims.<ref name="ku14">{{cite news |date=24 October 2024 |title=Maha Kumbh 2025: UP steps up security, adds AI and chatbots for real-time assistance to travellers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/maha-kumbh-2025-up-steps-up-security-adds-ai-and-chatbots-for-real-time-assistance-to-travellers/articleshow/114547389.cms |access-date=19 November 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=24 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241024122011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/maha-kumbh-2025-up-steps-up-security-adds-ai-and-chatbots-for-real-time-assistance-to-travellers/articleshow/114547389.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Amrit Snan ==

[[File:महाकुंभ.jpg|thumb|Amrit Snan at Kumbh Mela]]

''Amrit Snan'' ({{Translation|Nectar Baths}}) or ''Shahi Snan'' ({{Translation|Royal Baths}}) are being held as follows:<ref name="ku10">{{cite news |date=13 November 2024 |title=Kumbh Mela 2025: Know The Exact Dates From The Start To The Amrit Snan |url=https://news.abplive.com/religion/kumbh-mela-2025-know-the-exact-dates-from-the-start-to-the-shahi-snan-prayagraj-1730932 |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=[[ABP News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2025 |title=Mahakumbh 2025 FAQs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/mahakumbh-2025-faqs-from-shahi-snan-dates-to-accomodation-details-here-is-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/117186318.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113054657/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/mahakumbh-2025-faqs-from-shahi-snan-dates-to-accomodation-details-here-is-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/117186318.cms |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2"| Day
! colspan="2"| Date
! rowspan="2"| Amrit Snan Occasions ([[English language|engl.]])
! rowspan="2"| अमृत स्नान के पर्व ([[हिन्दी]])
! rowspan="2"| Description
|-
! Gregorian
! [[Hindu calendar|Panchanga]]
|-
| Monday
| 13 January 2025
|
| [[Pausha Purnima]]
| पौष पूर्णिमा
| Official start of the Maha Kumbh Mela; significant bathing day
|-
| Tuesday
| 14 January 2025
|
| [[Makara Sankranti]]
| मकर संक्रांति
| First Amrit Snan (royal bath), a major highlight of the festival
|-
| Wednesday
| 29 January 2025
|
| [[Mauni Amavasya]]
| मौनी अमावस्या
| Second Amrit Snan; believed to be highly auspicious for cleansing sins
|-
| Monday
| 3 February 2025
|
| [[Vasant Panchami]]
| वसंत पंचमी
| Third Amrit Snan; marks the arrival of [[Spring (season)|spring]] and is significant for devotees
|-
| Wednesday
| 12 February 2025
|
| [[Magh Purnima|Magha Purnima]]
| माघ पूर्णिमा
| Important bathing day; an opportunity for spiritual renewal
|-
| Wednesday
| 26 February 2025
|
| [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| महा शिवरात्रि
| Concludes the Maha Kumbh Mela; another important bathing day
|}

==Cultural programmes==
The festival featured live performances by noted musicians including [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], and [[Kailash Kher]]. Exhibitions such as "One District, One Product" showcased local craftsmanship, while Kalagram served as a living museum of Indian arts and cuisine. Drone shows
recreating scenes from the ''Prayag Mahatmyam'' and the ''[[Samudra Manthan]]'' were also presented to visitors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maha Kumbh 2025 breaks records with 10 crore visitors |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/maha-kumbh-2025-breaks-records-with-10-crore-visitors/ |publisher=DD News |date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

==Incidents==
* On 19 January a fire caused by an exploding gas cylinder destroyed at least 18 temporary tents at the festival grounds. No injuries were reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fire burns through multiple tents at Maha Kumbh festival but causes no injuries |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-maha-kumbh-fire-hindus-40e782512fb6d2e0b7c5e9dbe1a75574 |date=20 January 2025 |work=[[AP News]] |archive-date=28 January 2025 |access-date=29 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128184038/https://apnews.com/article/india-maha-kumbh-fire-hindus-40e782512fb6d2e0b7c5e9dbe1a75574 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 15 February an SUV carrying pilgrims from [[Chhattisgarh]] heading to the festival collided with a bus in Prayagraj, killing all ten people aboard the SUV.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2025 |title=10 dead after bus crashes into pilgrims' vehicle in Prayagraj, probe underway |url=https://kalingatv.com/nation/10-dead-after-bus-crashes-into-pilgrims-vehicle-in-prayagraj-probe-underway/ |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Kalinga TV |author=Kirti }}</ref>
* On 22 February, an SUV carrying pilgrims from [[West Bengal]] crashed into a truck near [[Dhanbad]] while traveling to the festival, killing six people and injuring two others.<ref>{{Cite news |title=6 Kumbh pilgrims from Bengal killed in Dhanbad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/6-kumbh-pilgrims-from-bengal-killed-in-dhanbad/articleshow/118483857.cms |date=22 February 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* On 24 February, 6 pilgrims were killed and 2 injured after a minibus they were taking from [[Gokak]] turned upside down.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-24 |title=Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 {{!}} Six pilgrims from Belagavi dead in road accident |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/maha-kumbh-mela-2025-six-pilgrims-from-belagavi-dead-in-road-accident/article69257077.ece |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Crowd crush ===
{{main|2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela crowd crush}}

On 29 January 2025, a [[crowd crush]] at the festival grounds left at least 30 people dead and 60 others injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh stampede highlights: 30 dead, 60 injured in Prayagraj; judicial probe ordered |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maha-kumbh-mela-2025-stampede-in-prayagraj-on-mauni-amavasya-live-updates/article69153214.ece |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130045342/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maha-kumbh-mela-2025-stampede-in-prayagraj-on-mauni-amavasya-live-updates/article69153214.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A second crush in the following hours killed seven people including a three-year-old child.<ref>{{Cite news |last=John |first=Kenneth |date=31 January 2025 |title=A second crush 3km away claimed 7 lives |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maha-kumbh-stampede-a-second-crush-3km-away-claimed-7-lives-101738290896387.html |access-date=6 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] }}</ref> A report based on hospital and police records claimed the death toll was at least 79,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Basant |title=Exclusive: Hospital, police records suggest at least 79 deaths in Kumbh stampede |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/02/05/exclusive-hospital-police-records-suggest-at-least-79-deaths-in-kumbh-stampede |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=[[Newslaundry]] |date=5 February 2025}}</ref> and opposition parties said there were still 1,500 missing people as of 5 February.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM Modi Takes Holy Dip at Mahakumbh While People Search for Their Loved Ones |url=https://clarionindia.net/pm-modi-takes-holy-dip-at-mahakumbh-while-people-search-for-their-loved-ones/ |date=5 February 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025|work=[[Clarion India]] |language=en}}</ref> These discrepancies led to criticism of the government's handling of the incident and calls for greater transparency.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2025 |title= Moments before deadly stampede at India's Maha Kumbh, devotees pleaded to open more routes|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/india/moments-before-deadly-stampede-indias-maha-kumbh-devotees-pleaded-open-more-2025-01-30/ |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |first1=Saurabh |last1=Sharma |first2=Shivam |last2=Patel }}</ref> Later on 15 February, a [[2025 New Delhi railway station stampede|crowd crush]] at [[New Delhi railway station]] left 15 people dead after trains carrying pilgrims to the festival were delayed.<ref>{{cite news |title=15 Reported Dead in Stampede at New Delhi Rail Station |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/15/world/asia/kumbh-mela-stampede-delhi-station.html |date=15 February 2025 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref>

== Attendance ==
The 2025 Maha Kumbh Mela made preparations for the attendance of up to 40 crore (400 million) visitors.<ref name="IndianExpress-14Jan25">{{Cite news |date=14 January 2025 |title=Mahakumbh Mela 2025 Live Updates: Kicking off Day 2, Akharas participate in 1st Amrit Snan on Makar Sankranti |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maha-kumbh-mela-2025-live-updates-prayagraj-uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath-9774779/ |access-date=19 January 2025 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
Some reports claimed this figure was exceeded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/card/2025/02/27/world/asia/maha-kumbh-mela|title=Maha Kumbh Mela, World's Largest Religious Gathering, Comes to a Close|first1=Visuals by Atul|last1=Loke|first2=Text by Anupreeta|last2=Das|date=27 February 2025|accessdate=27 February 2025|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> As of 12 February 2025, the Maha Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj has seen an unprecedented number of devotees participating in the sacred bathing rituals. By 6 AM on 12 February, over 73 lakh (7.3 million) devotees had taken the ritual dip at the Triveni Sangam and other ghats during the Maghi Purnima Snan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maha Kumbh: 73.60 lakh devotees participate in Maghi Purnima snan in Prayagraj |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 February 2025 |agency=PTI |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maha-kumbh-73-60-lakh-devotees-participate-in-maghi-purnima-snan-in-prayagraj-101739336372409.html}}</ref>

According to the Economist, the attendance figures "implausibly imply that half of all Indians made the pilgrimage".<ref>{{cite news |magazine=[[The Economist]] |date=27 February 2025 |author=Banyan |title=How overt religiosity became cool in India. The Maha Kumbh Mela shows how tradition has become trendy |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/02/27/how-overt-religiosity-became-cool-in-india}}</ref> The ''[[Times of India]]'' estimated that on an average day, there were 50-60 lakh (5-6 million) devotees staying at Kumbh Mela plus 10-15 lakh (1.0-1.5 million) temporary visitors, for a total of 65-70 lakh (6.5-7.0 million) per day.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/117380827.cms | title=70 lakh present at Kumbh mela at any given time, shows AI-enabled tracker | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Ambika | last=Pandit | date=20 January 2025 | accessdate=27 July 2025 }}</ref> Attendance numbers were computed from a mix of manual counts, train arrivals, satellite imagery and camera footage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/how-footfall-is-counted-at-kumbh-mela-find-out-the-techniques-behind-the-numbers-4042867.html |title=How footfall is counted at Kumbh Mela |publisher=OneIndia |access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>

Many tourists and pilgrims came from various countries such as [[Australia]], [[Bhutan]],<ref name="TheHindu-04Feb25-King" /> [[Brazil]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Fiji]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Guyana]], [[Indonesia]], [[Israel]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mauritius]], [[Mexico]], [[Mongolia]], [[Nepal]], [[Netherlands]], [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title='Close to our culture': Pakistani pilgrims join Maha Kumbh in Prayagraj, hail India's hospitality |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/close-to-our-culture-pakistani-pilgrims-join-maha-kumbh-in-prayagraj-hail-indias-hospitality/articleshow/118003735.cms |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Russia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[Spain]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Taiwan]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=L2thdQDM9Z5Xng_b&v=V3rrttu41cE&feature=youtu.be |title=Taiwanese Professor In Mahakumbh 2025 : महाकुंभ में भावुक हुआ ताइवान का प्रोफेसर? {{!}} Prayagraj {{!}} N18K |date=29 January 2025 |work=News18 Bihar Jharkhand |access-date=8 February 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Thailand]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Ukraine]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prayagraj: Devotees from Russia, Ukraine participate in Maha Kumbh Mela, chant 'Hare Rama Hare Krishna' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/prayagraj-devotees-from-russia-ukraine-participate-in-maha-kumbh-mela-chant-hare-rama-hare-krishna20250124070111/ |date=24 January 2025 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] |language=en}}</ref> [[United Arab Emirates]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[United States]].<ref name="ku3">{{cite news |date=17 November 2024 |title=Kumbh: Global dignitaries & saints to attend Ganga aarti |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/maha-kumbh-2025-global-dignitaries-to-attend-spectacular-ganga-aarti/articleshow/115392059.cms |access-date=18 November 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=19 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119013026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/maha-kumbh-2025-global-dignitaries-to-attend-spectacular-ganga-aarti/articleshow/115392059.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yoon |first1=John |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |title=Maha Kumbh Mela: World's Largest Gathering Begins in India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/14/world/asia/india-hindu-festival-maha-kumbh-mela.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 January 2025 |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114135516/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/14/world/asia/india-hindu-festival-maha-kumbh-mela.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Biman |title=Why a Hindu festival in India became a political controversy |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3296457/why-hindu-festival-india-became-political-controversy |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en |date=27 January 2025}}</ref>

A delegation of 118 [[diplomat]]s, including the Heads of Mission, their spouses, and diplomats from 77 countries, visited the Maha Kumbh Mela on 1 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Foreign delegates from 77 countries to visit Mahakumbh today, UP CM conducts aerial survey of mela |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/foreign-delegates-from-77-countries-to-visit-mahakumbh-today-2025-02-01-974093 |work=[[India TV]] |editor-first1=Mohit |editor-last1=Pandey |date=1 February 2025}}</ref>

=== Arrival of President Droupadi Murmu ===
President [[Droupadi Murmu]] on 10 February visited the Maha Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj and took a holy dip at the Triveni Sangam. After taking the dip, she offered prayers at Triveni Sangam—which is a confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2025 |title=President Droupadi Murmu takes holy dip at Maha Kumbh in UP's Prayagraj |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-droupadi-murmu-takes-holy-dip-at-maha-kumbh-in-ups-prayagraj-2677423-2025-02-10 |access-date=10 February 2025 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |language=en |first1=Samarth |last1=Srivastava |editor-first1=Ajmal |editor-last1=Abbas }}</ref>

=== Arrival of Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar ===
On 3 February 2025, [[Vice President of India]] [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] along with his wife Sudesh Dhankhar, took a sacred dip at the [[Triveni Sangam#Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj|Prayagraj Sangam]] during Maha Kumbh 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vice President of India Takes a Holy Dip at Maha Kumbh 2025 with Shri Pundrik Goswami Ji Maharaj|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/vice-president-of-india-takes-a-holy-dip-at-maha-kumbh-2025-with-shri-pundrik-goswami-ji-maharaj/|newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)]] |date=3 February 2025 }}</ref>

=== Arrival of Prime Minister Narendra Modi ===
On 5 February 2025, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] arrived at Prayagraj to participate in the ongoing Kumbh Mela. As part of the sacred rituals, he took a dip in the Triveni Sangam. His visit was marked by grand ceremonial events and prayers,<ref name="EconomicTimes-Modi-05Feb25">{{Cite news |date=5 February 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh: PM Modi takes holy dip at Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/maha-kumbh-pm-modi-takes-holy-dip-at-triveni-sangam-in-prayagraj/videoshow/117941089.cms |access-date=5 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Businessline-Modi-05Feb25">{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=5 February 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh 2025: PM Modi takes holy dip at Sangam |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/maha-kumbh-2025-pm-modi-takes-holy-dip-at-sangam/article69182797.ece |access-date=5 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Hindu Businessline]] |language=en}}</ref> and a boat ride to the Sangam with Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref name="NDTV-Modi-05Feb25">{{Cite news |title=Watch: PM Modi's Boat Ride With Yogi Adityanath At Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-pm-modis-boat-ride-with-yogi-adityanath-at-maha-kumbh-7638097 |date=5 February 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> The visit was widely covered by media outlets.<ref name="EconomicTimes-Modi-05Feb25"/><ref name="Businessline-Modi-05Feb25"/><ref name="NDTV-Modi-05Feb25"/>

=== Arrival of King of Bhutan ===
On 4 February 2025, [[Bhutan]]'s King [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] visited the Maha Kumbh and took a holy dip at the Triveni Sangam.<ref name="TheHindu-04Feb25-King">{{cite news |title=Bhutan King arrives in Maha Kumbh; takes dip at sangam|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bhutan-king-arrives-in-maha-kumbh-takes-dip-at-sangam/article69180427.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 February 2025 }}</ref>

===Celebrities and public figures===
Several prominent business figures and celebrities visited the Maha Kumbh Mela. Industrialists [[Mukesh Ambani]] and [[Gautam Adani]] were among the notable attendees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 recap: Millions bid farewell to Prayagraj |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/how-it-works/maha-kumbh-mela-2025-recap-millions-bid-farewell-to-prayagraj-57752.htm |publisher=Storyboard18 |date=26 February 2025}}</ref> British musician [[Chris Martin]], lead singer of [[Coldplay]], also visited the festival.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deadly crowd crush at India's Mahakumbh Mela |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/29/deadly-crowd-crush-at-indias-mahakumbh-mela-all-to-know |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=29 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Notable people ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em|rules=yes|gap=4em|small=no|content=}}

==== Spiritual leaders ====
Various [[Akhara]]s such as [[Digambara#Digambar akhara|Digambar Akhara]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2025 |title=Ahead Of Maha Kumbh, Akharas Vie For First Royal Bath |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!lifestyle/ahead-of-maha-kumbh-akharas-vie-for-first-royal-bath-enn25011202692 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> Juna Akhara,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2025 |title=Over 100 women initiated into Juna Akhara at Maha Kumbh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/over-100-women-initiated-into-juna-akhara-at-maha-kumbh/articleshow/117404424.cms |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121171126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/over-100-women-initiated-into-juna-akhara-at-maha-kumbh/articleshow/117404424.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Agni Akhara,<ref name="Pioneer-18Jan25">{{Cite news |first1=Biswajeet |last1=Banerjee |title=The making of Naga Sadhus begins at Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/india/the-making-of-naga-sadhus-begins-at-maha-kumbh.html |date=18 January 2025 |access-date=30 January 2025 |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |language=en}}</ref> Avahan Akhara,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maha Kumbh Mela 2025: Shri Panch Dashnam Avahan Akhada makes grand entry to Sangam city |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/maha-kumbh-mela-2025-shri-panch-dashnam-avahan-akhada-makes-grand-entry-to-sangam-city20241223035105/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222231904/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/maha-kumbh-mela-2025-shri-panch-dashnam-avahan-akhada-makes-grand-entry-to-sangam-city20241223035105/ |url-status=live |date=23 December 2024 }}</ref> [[Kinnar Akhara]],<ref name="EconomicTimes-27Jan25" /> [[Mahanirvani Akhara]],<ref name="TimesOfIndia-22Jan25">{{Cite news |date=22 January 2025 |title=6 most famous Akhadas in Mahakumbh 2025 and their importance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/6-most-famous-akhadas-in-mahakumbh-2025-and-their-importance/photostory/117444830.cms |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127102434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/6-most-famous-akhadas-in-mahakumbh-2025-and-their-importance/photostory/117444830.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Atal Akhara,<ref name="TimesOfIndia-22Jan25" /> [[Niranjani Akhara]],<ref name="TimesOfIndia-22Jan25" /> [[Nirmohi Akhara]],<ref name="TimesOfIndia-22Jan25" /> and [[Udasi|Udasi Akhara]] were part of the Kumbh Mela.<ref name="Pioneer-18Jan25" /> Spiritual leaders who were part of the festivities include:

* [[Dhirendra Krishna Shastri]], Peethadhish of the Bageshwar Dham Sarkar<ref>{{cite news|title=Maha Kumbh पहुंचे पंड‍ित धीरेंद्र शास्त्री, संगम में लगाई डुबकी|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj-bageshwar-dham-chief-pandit-dhirendra-shastri-reached-maha-kumbh-2025-took-a-dip-in-sangam-23873137.html|newspaper=[[Dainik Jagran]]|date=26 January 2025|archive-date=26 January 2025|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126112944/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj-bageshwar-dham-chief-pandit-dhirendra-shastri-reached-maha-kumbh-2025-took-a-dip-in-sangam-23873137.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Swami Avdheshanand Giri]], Acharya Mahamandaleshwar of Juna Akhara<ref name="Mint-28Jan25"/>
* [[Nischalananda Saraswati|Swami Nischalananda Saraswati]], 145th [[Shankaracharya]] of the [[Govardhan Math|Purvamnaya Sri Govardhana Peetham, Puri]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/india/maha-kumbh-cm-adityanath-visits-camps-of-shankaracharya-other-saints/2452980/ |date=19 January 2025 |newspaper=[[ThePrint]] |agency=PTI |title=Maha Kumbh: CM Adityanath visits camps of Shankaracharya, other saints }}</ref>
* [[Rambhadracharya|Swami Ramabhadracharya]], founder of [[Tulsi Peeth]] and an incumbent [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Jagdguru Ramanandacharya]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maha Kumbh: Jagadguru Swami Rambhadracharya arrives at Triveni Sangam for Amrit Snan |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/maha-kumbh-jagadguru-swami-rambhadracharya-arrives-at-triveni-sangam-for-amrit-snan20250114135353/ |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114090550/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/maha-kumbh-jagadguru-swami-rambhadracharya-arrives-at-triveni-sangam-for-amrit-snan20250114135353/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ramdev|Swami Ramdev]], [[yoga guru]]<ref name="Mint-28Jan25"/>
* [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]], founder of the [[Art of Living Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Every day of Maha Kumbh is auspicious, devotees can take dip at any ghat: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/every-day-of-maha-kumbh-is-auspicious-devotees-can-take-dip-at-any-ghat-sri-sri-ravi-shankar20250129224200/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] |language=en |date=29 January 2025 }}</ref>

==== Government and politics ====
==== Chief Ministers ====
* [[Yogi Adityanath]], [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] with his [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|cabinet]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Maha Kumbh 2025: Yogi Adityanath, ministers take holy dip in Maha Kumbh at Sangam after Cabinet meet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/maha-kumbh-2025-yogi-adityanath-ministers-take-dip-in-maha-kumbh-after-cabinet-meet/article69127408.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Prem Singh Tamang]], [[List of chief ministers of Sikkim|Chief Minister of Sikkim]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamang: Maha Kumbh energising devotees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/tamang-maha-kumbh-energising-devotees/articleshow/118093195.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[N. Biren Singh]], [[List of chief ministers of Manipur|Chief Minister of Manipur]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Ahead of House session, Manipur CM prays for peace at Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maha-kumbh-manipur-cm-biren-singh-ministers-visit-prayagraj-to-pray-for-peace/article69186902.ece |work=The Hindu |date=6 February 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Manik Saha]], [[List of chief ministers of Tripura|Chief Minister of Tripura]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Maha Kumbh 2025 : त्रिपुरा के सीएम माणिक साहा ने परिवार सहित संगम में लगाई डुबकी |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/maha-kumbh-2025-tripura-cm-manik-saha-took-a-dip-in-sangam-along-with-his-family/ |work=ddnews.gov.in |agency=[[Doordarshan]] |date=13 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Mohan Yadav]], [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh 2025: Mohan Yadav, Bhajanlal Sharma and Anurag Thakur take a holy dip in Sangam - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/maha-kumbh-2025-mohan-yadav-bhajanlal-sharma-and-anurag-thakur-take-a-holy-dip-in-sangam-19555377.htm/amp |access-date=8 February 2025 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]], [[List of chief ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gujarat CM Bhupendra Patel arrives in Prayagraj to participate in Mahakumbh |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/gujarat-cm-bhupendra-patel-arrives-in-prayagraj-to-participate-in-mahakumbh20250207101248/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |date=7 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Chief Minister of Assam]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam CM Himanta, BJP's Suvendu Adhikari Take Dip At Prayagraj's Maha Kumbh|url=https://news.abplive.com/cities/assam-cm-himanta-bjp-s-suvendu-adhikari-take-dip-at-prayagraj-s-maha-kumbh-watch-1753029|work=[[ABP Live]]|date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sarma thanks Yogi Adityanath for Mahakumbh arrangements |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-thanks-yogi-adityanath-for-mahakumbh-arrangements20250221164906/ |work=[[Asian News International]]|date=21 February 2025|access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]], [[List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand|Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2025 |title=Uttarakhand CM Dhami takes holy dip at Sangam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/uttarakhand-cm-dhami-takes-holy-dip-at-sangam/articleshow/118093201.cms |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Vishnu Deo Sai]], [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh CM Vishnu Deo Sai takes holy dip in Triveni Sangam, congratulates Yogi govt for Mahakumbh arrangements |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/chhattisgarh-cm-vishnu-deo-sai-takes-holy-dip-in-triveni-sangam-congratulates-yogi-govt-for-mahakumbh-arrangements20250213145111/ |date=13 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] }}</ref>
* [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]], [[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=MP CM Mohan Yadav, Rajasthan CM Sharma take holy dip at Sangam in Mahakumbh |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/mp-cm-mohan-yadav-rajasthan-cm-sharma-take-holy-dip-at-sangam-in-mahakumbh20250208173705/ | date=8 February 2025 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |editor-last=Nimishas |date=19 January 2025 |title=महाकुंभ पहुंचे राजस्थान के CM भजनलाल शर्मा, संगम में लगाई आस्था की डुबकी, सामने आईं तस्वीरें |trans-title=Rajasthan CM Bhajanlal Sharma reached Maha Kumbh, took a holy dip in Sangam, pictures surfaced |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/maha-kumbh-2025-rajasthan-cm-bhajan-lal-sharma-takes-holy-dip-at-sangam-prayagraj-see-photos-2866027 |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=[[ABP News]] |language=hi |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121160617/https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/maha-kumbh-2025-rajasthan-cm-bhajan-lal-sharma-takes-holy-dip-at-sangam-prayagraj-see-photos-2866027 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Devendra Fadnavis]], [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra CM Devendra Fadnavis and wife Amruta attend Maha Kumbh, take holy dip at Triveni Sangam |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/maharashtra-cm-devendra-fadnavis-and-wife-amruta-attend-maha-kumbh-take-holy-dip-at-triveni-sangam-watch-11739536738012.html |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=14 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[D. K. Shivakumar]], [[List of deputy chief ministers of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2025 |title=Mahakumbh 2025: Karnataka Deputy CM DK Shivakumar With Family Takes Dip In Triveni Sangam |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/mahakumbh-2025-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-with-family-takes-dip-in-triveni-sangam-4066771.html |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=[[Oneindia]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Brajesh Pathak]], [[List of deputy chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Led by CM, UP cabinet takes a dip at Maha Kumbh|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/117464411.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |first1=Kapil |last1=Dixit |date=23 January 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Akhilesh Yadav]], former [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Maha Kumbh: Akhilesh Yadav takes holy dip at Sangam|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/maha-kumbh-akhilesh-yadav-takes-holy-dip-at-sangam-says-arrangements-could-have-been-better-3373729|date=26 January 2025|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-date=26 January 2025|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126142308/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/maha-kumbh-akhilesh-yadav-takes-holy-dip-at-sangam-says-arrangements-could-have-been-better-3373729|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Pramod Sawant]], [[List of chief ministers of Goa|Chief Minister of Goa]]<ref>{{cite news |title="Delighted to come here": Goa CM arrives in Prayagraj, to take part in Mahakumbh|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delighted-to-come-here-goa-cm-arrives-in-prayagraj-to-take-part-in-mahakumbh20250215141237/ |date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] }}</ref>
* [[Arjun Munda]], former [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]<ref>{{cite news|title=कुंभ को पूर्व सीएम अर्जुन मुंडा ने बताया देश और दुनिया के लिए शुभ मुहूर्त, कहा- 144 वर्ष बाद ऐसा संयोग - Former CM Arjun Munda on Kumbh |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/former-cm-arjun-munda-said-kumbh-is-an-auspicious-time-for-country-and-world-jharkhand-news-jhs25011805035 |trans-title=Former CM Arjun Munda described the Kumbh as an auspicious time for the country and the world, said - such a coincidence after 144 years - Former CM Arjun Munda on Kumbh |work=[[Ramoji Group#ETV Bharat]] |date=18 January 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Pawan Kalyan]], Deputy CM of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="IndiaToday-18Feb25">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2025 |title=Video: Pawan Kalyan, Juhi Chawla and singer Shaan at Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/video/pawan-kalyan-juhi-chawla-and-singer-shaan-at-maha-kumbh-2681892-2025-02-18 |access-date=18 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]], [[List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite news |title= Maha Kumbh: Himachal CM Sukhu, family take holy dip at Sangam|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/top-stories/maha-kumbh--himachal-cm-sukhu--family-take-holy-dip-at-sangam.html |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date=25 February 2025 |agency=PTI }}</ref>
* [[Eknath Shinde]], [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahatashtra Dy CM visits Mahakumbh with family, takes holy dip in Sangam|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/mahatashtra-dy-cm-visits-mahakumbh-with-family-takes-holy-dip-in-sangam20250224231736/ |date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] }}</ref>
* [[Mohan Charan Majhi]], [[List of chief ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]]<ref>{{cite news |title= Odisha CM Mohan Charan Majhi visits Mahakumbh 2025|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/odisha-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-visits-mahakumbh-202520250223193515/ |date=23 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref>

==== Union Ministers ====
* [[Amit Shah]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]<ref>{{cite news |title=महाकुंभ में आकर अमित शाह ने लगाई आस्था की डुबकी, फिर किए बड़े हनुमान और अक्षयवट के दर्शन |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/amit-shah-takes-holy-dip-at-triveni-sangam-in-prayagraj-during-maha-kumbh-visited-hanumanji-temple-and-akshayavat/articleshow/117601875.cms |newspaper=[[Navbharat Times]] |date= 27 January 2025 |trans-title=Amit Shah came to Maha Kumbh and took a holy dip, then visited Bade Hanuman and Akshayvat, it is easy to reach here |first1=Priyanka |last1=Sharma }}</ref>
* [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Defence Minister visits Maha Kumbh in Prayagraj, takes holy dip at Sangam|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/defence-minister-visits-maha-kumbh-in-prayagraj-takes-holy-dip-at-sangam/article69113340.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 January 2025 |first1=Mayank |last1=Kumar }}</ref>
* [[Kiren Rijiju]], [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minister for Minority Affairs]]<ref name="oneindia-28Jan25">{{Cite web |last1=Kripa |first1=Krishna |date=28 January 2025 |title=Kiren Rijiju and Hema Malini Attend Maha Kumbh 2025 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/kiren-rijiju-hema-malini-maha-kumbh-2023-011-4055001.html |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=[[Oneindia.com]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Piyush Goyal]], [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/kumbh-is-example-of-ek-bharat-shreshtha-bharat-piyush-goyal/articleshow/118284120.cms|title=Kumbh is example of 'Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat': Piyush Goyal|date=15 February 2025|accessdate=27 February 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Nitin Gadkari]], [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Road Transport & Highways]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh 2025: Union Minister Nitin Gadkari and Wife Take Holy Dip at Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj (Watch Video) |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/maha-kumbh-2025-union-minister-nitin-gadkari-and-wife-take-holy-dip-at-triveni-sangam-in-prayagraj-watch-video-a507/ |access-date=16 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Lokmat Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dharmendra Pradhan]], [[Ministry of Education (India)|Union Minister of Education]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan takes holy dip at Triveni Sangam |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/education-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-takes-holy-dip-at-triveni-sangam20250216135803/ |date=16 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] }}</ref>
* [[Chirag Paswan]], [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of Food Processing Industries]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Chirag Paswan takes holy dip in Triveni Sangam with family |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/chirag-paswan-takes-holy-dip-in-triveni-sangam-with-family20250215223150/ |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=15 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Pralhad Joshi]], [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution and Minister of New and Renewable Energy]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Union Minister Pralhad Joshi takes holy dip at Sangam with family at Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/prayagraj-union-minister-pralhad-joshi-takes-holy-dip-at-sangam-with-family-at-maha-kumbh20250218211420/ |date=18 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] }}</ref>
* [[J. P. Nadda]], [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health]]<ref>{{cite news |title=UJP Nadda takes holy dip at Triveni Sangam with his family during Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/jp-nadda-takes-holy-dip-at-triveni-sangam-with-his-family-during-maha-kumbh20250223033857/ |date=23 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref>
* [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]], [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Union Minister Jitan Ram Manjhi takes holy dip at Triveni Sangam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/union-minister-jitan-ram-manjhi-takes-holy-dip/articleshow/118394613.cms |date=19 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==== Others ====
* [[Suvendu Adhikari]], LoP, West Bengal Legislative Assembly<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/moment-of-pure-devotion-suvendu-adhikari-expresses-gratitude-after-taking-dip-in-prayagrajs-sangam20250221205359/ |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=21 February 2025 |title="Moment of pure devotion": Suvendu Adhikari expresses gratitude after taking dip in Prayagraj's Sangam }}
</ref>
* [[Nara Lokesh]], state minister, Andhra Pradesh<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mahakumbh 2025: चंद्रबाबू नायडू के बेटे लोकेश ने पत्नी नारा ब्राह्मणी और बेटे संग महाकुंभ में लगाई डुबकी, काशी विश्वनाथ भी पहुंचे, देखें तस्वीरें |trans-title=Mahakumbh 2025: Chandrababu Naidu's son Lokesh took a dip in the Mahakumbh with his wife Nara Brahmani and son, also reached Kashi Vishwanath, see photos |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/state-photogallery/mahakumbh-2025-ap-minister-nara-lokesh-visit-prayagraj-kumbh-mela-with-wife-nara-brahmani-and-son-see-photos/photoshow/118337498.cms |date=18 February 2025 |access-date=25 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Navbharat Times]] |first1=Sujit |last1=Upadhyay |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Sachin Pilot]], General Secretary of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] for [[Chhattisgarh|Chattishgarh]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tonk Assembly constituency|Tonk]] and former [[List of deputy chief ministers of Rajasthan|Deputy Chief Minister]] of [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jyotiraditya Scindia, Sachin Pilot take holy dip at Maha Kumbh, call it a divine experience |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/jyotiraditya-scindia-sachin-pilot-take-holy-dip-at-maha-kumbh-call-it-a-divine-experience-3405007 |date=13 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |agency=PTI }}</ref>
* [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]], [[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]] of [[Bihar]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=डिप्टी सीएम विजय सिन्हा ने महाकुंभ में लगाई आस्था की डूबकी, बोले- मोदी, योगी का आभार |trans-title=Deputy CM Vijay Sinha took a holy dip in Maha Kumbh, and said thanks to Modi and Yogi |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bihar-deputy-cm-vijay-sinha-took-a-dip-of-faith-in-mahakumbh-said-thanks-to-modi-and-yogi-201739096995814.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209145151/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bihar-deputy-cm-vijay-sinha-took-a-dip-of-faith-in-mahakumbh-said-thanks-to-modi-and-yogi-201739096995814.html |first1=Sudhir |last1=Kumar |date=9 February 2025 |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=hi-IN}}</ref>
* [[Dattatreya Hosabale]], General Secretary of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh Live Updates: RSS General Secretary Dattatreya Hosabale arrives at Prayagraj for two-day visit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/breaking-news-today-live-maha-kumbh-2025-india-weather-crime-news-bengaluru-maghi-purnima-latest-update/liveblog/118081735.cms |access-date=9 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Anurag Thakur]], [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maha Kumbh: Anurag Thakur, wife take holy dip in Sangam |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/maha-kumbh-anurag-thakur-wife-take-holy-dip-in-sangam/articleshow/118062683.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 February 2025 |date=8 February 2025 |agency=PTI |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] }}</ref>
* [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]], [[Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Maha Kumbh experience 'supernatural and beyond words": Deputy Chairman Harivansh|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/maha-kumbh-experience-supernatural-and-beyond-words-deputy-chairman-harivansh20250207181157/ |date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Asian News International]] }}</ref>
* [[Arun Govil]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP MP Arun Govil arrive at Prayagraj Airport|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/today-breaking-news-live-updates-cities-weather-update-political-crime-delhi-bengaluru-noida-gurugram-maha-kumbh/liveblog/117597318.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=27 January 2025|access-date=30 January 2025|archive-date=27 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127080858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/today-breaking-news-live-updates-cities-weather-update-political-crime-delhi-bengaluru-noida-gurugram-maha-kumbh/liveblog/117597318.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Hema Malini]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency|Mathura]]<ref name="oneindia-28Jan25" />
* [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha Constituency|Gorakhpur]]<ref>{{cite news |title=MP Ravi Kishan takes holy dip |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/feel-blessed-ravi-kishan-takes-holy-dip/articleshow/117338362.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=17 January 2025 |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=29 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120100715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/feel-blessed-ravi-kishan-takes-holy-dip/articleshow/117338362.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]], Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]] and former national vice President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilip Ghosh |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1159242642235959&set=a.530322138461349 |website=[[Facebook]] |date=11 February 2025 |first1=Dilip |last1=Ghosh |quote=Mahakumbh is not just a holy bath, it is a great awakening of Hindutva in India. Which will enrich and strengthen India in the next multiple years and monitor anti-India forces.}}</ref>
* [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahakumbh 2025: महाकुंभ में आज ज्योतिरादित्य सिंधिया, संगम में लगाएंगे डुबकी, संतों से होगी मुलाकात, जानें क्या है शेड्यूल |trans-title=Mahakumbh 2025: Jyotiraditya Scindia will take a dip in the Sangam today in the Maha Kumbh, and will meet saints; know the schedule |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/jyotiraditya-scindia-prayagraj-visit-triveni-sangam-ganga-puja-maha-kumbh-mela-2025-2883340 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=13 February 2025 |editor1-first=Pooja |editor1-last=Kumari }}</ref>
* [[Nupur Sharma]], ex-BJP spokesperson<ref>{{Cite news |title=हर-हर महादेव, हर-हर गंगे...नूपुर शर्मा ने महाकुंभ में लगाई आस्था की डुबकी |trans-title=Har-Har Mahadev, Har-Har Gange... Nupur Sharma took a holy dip in the Maha Kumbh |url=https://ndtv.in/india/nupur-sharma-took-a-dip-of-faith-in-mahakumbh-7790567 |date=25 February 2025 |work=[[NDTV India]] |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Navneet Kaur Rana]], Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP's Navneet Rana visits Prayagraj to take holy dip at Triveni Sangam |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bjps-navneet-rana-visits-prayagraj-to-take-holy-dip-at-triveni-sangam20250213175125/ |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=13 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Rachna Banerjee]], Indian actress, [[Trinamool Congress]] leader and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=TMC MP Rachna Banerjee takes holy dip at Sangam, praises Yogi govt for arrangements at Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/tmc-mp-rachna-banerjee-takes-holy-dip-at-sangam-praises-yogi-govt-for-arrangements-at-maha-kumbh-12931283.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213092946/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/tmc-mp-rachna-banerjee-takes-holy-dip-at-sangam-praises-yogi-govt-for-arrangements-at-maha-kumbh-12931283.html |date=5 February 2025 |archive-date=13 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Raghavendra Kumar Singh]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]] leader and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Akaltara Assembly constituency|Akaltara]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=Chhattisgarh CM, Cabinet, all-party MLAs head to Prayagraj for Maha Kumbh |url=https://tennews.in/chhattisgarh-cm-cabinet-all-party-mlas-head-to-prayagraj-for-maha-kumbh/ |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=Tennews.in |language=en }}</ref>
* [[Om Birla]], [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Speaker]] & [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Kota Lok Sabha constituency|Kota]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lok Sabha speaker Om Birla takes dip at Mahakumbh, calls it "congregation of India's spirituality, faith and culture"|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lok-sabha-speaker-om-birla-takes-dip-at-mahakumbh-calls-it-congregation-of-indias-spirituality-faith-and-culture20250215234001/ |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=15 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North East Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=surabhitiwariofficial_ |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DF-MHQTzgxd/?igsh=NDlsbGNvb3Y5dXFr |date=12 February 2025 |website=[[Instagram.com]] |first1=Surabhi |last1=Tiwari }}</ref>
* [[Arif Mohammad Khan]], [[List of governors of Bihar|Governor]] of [[Bihar]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maha Kumbh 2025: Bihar Governor Arif Mohammad Khan takes holy dip in Triveni Sangam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/maha-kumbh-2025-bihar-governor-arif-mohammad-khan-takes-holy-dip-in-triveni-sangam-3394850 |date=7 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |agency=PTI }}</ref>
*[[Raghuraj Pratap Singh|Raghuraj pratap singh]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of legislative assembly uttar pradesh]] from [[Kunda Assembly constituency|Kunda]]<ref>{{cite news |title=महाकुंभ में राजा भैया की अलग छावनी भदरी राज कैंप, हिंदू समाज की बुराइयों को लेकर दिया बड़ा बयान |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/raja-bhaiya-separate-camp-in-mahakumbh-badri-raj-gave-big-statement-on-hindu-society-up-news/articleshow/117828060.cms/ |work=[[Navbharat times]] |date=1 February 2025 }}</ref>
*[[Dhananjay Singh]]{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
*[[T. Raja Singh]] MLA [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
* [[Venkaiah Naidu]], Former [[List of vice presidents of India|Vice president of India]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Former VP Venkaiah Naidu takes dip at Maha Kumbh, lauds administration |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/former-vp-venkaiah-naidu-takes-dip-at-maha-kumbh-lauds-administration20250218224401/ |date=18 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] }}</ref>
* [[K. Laxman]], Former [[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|MLA]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Maha Kumbh is a divine gathering |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/maha-kumbh-is-a-divine-gathering/articleshow/118365538.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Tejasvi Surya]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]] and President of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|BJYM]]<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=19 February 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh: Sitharaman, other prominent leaders take holy dip at Sangam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maha-kumbh-sitharaman-other-prominent-leaders-take-holy-dip-at-sangam/article69240066.ece |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Sambit Patra]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sambit Patra visits Mahakumbh, lauds arrangements made by UP govt |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/sambit-patra-visits-mahakumbh-lauds-arragements-made-by-up-govt20250223184553/ |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=23 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Gurmit Singh (general)]], [[List of governors of Uttarakhand|Governor of Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand Governor Lt Gen Gurmit Singh (Retd) attends Mahakumbh 2025 in Prayagraj |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttarakhand-governor-lt-gen-gurmit-singh-retd-attends-mahakumbh-2025-in-prayagraj20250223205514/ |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=23 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[R. N. Ravi]], [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Governor of Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite news |title="Soul of India resides in Sanatan culture": TN Governor RN Ravi after taking holy dip at Mahakumbh |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/soul-of-india-resides-in-sanatan-culture-tn-governor-rn-ravi-after-taking-holy-dip-at-mahakumbh20250222214856/ |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=22 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]], [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor of Odisha]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha Governor Dr Hari Babu taken holy dip at Mahakumbh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/hp-cm-odisha-guv-isha-ambani-take-holy-dip-at-sangam/articleshow/118563336.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=25 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Gyanesh Kumar]], [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]]<ref>{{cite news |title=मुख्य निर्वाचन आयुक्त ने संगम में लगाई डुबकी |trans-title=Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar Dips in Ganga at Kumbh Mela with Family |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/story-chief-election-commissioner-gyanesh-kumar-dips-in-ganga-at-kumbh-mela-with-family-201740411432795.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=hi-IN |date=24 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Premchand Aggarwal]], [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rishikesh Assembly constituency|Rishikesh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड के मंत्री ने हवन में डाली आहुति |trans-title=Uttarakhand Minister Premchand Agarwal Attends Kumbh Mela Emphasizes Spirituality and Indian Culture |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/story-uttarakhand-minister-premchand-agarwal-attends-kumbh-mela-emphasizes-spirituality-and-indian-culture-201740409625991.html |date=24 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=hi-IN }}</ref>
* Annamalai Kuppusamy, State president of the Bharatiya Janata Party in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2025 |title=Mahakumbh : तमिलनाडु बीजेपी प्रमुख अन्नामलाई ने संगम में डुबकी लगाई, कहा- महाकुंभ में आना सौभाग्य की बात |trans-title=Tamil Nadu BJP chief K Annamalai took a dip in Sangam, said- it is a privilege to come to Mahakumbh |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/tamil-nadu-bjp-chief-k-annamalai-took-a-dip-in-sangam-said-it-is-a-privilege-to-come-to-mahakumbh-2025-02-23 |newspaper=[[Amar Ujala]] }}</ref>
* Sajeev Kandoth, Karayogam President, Rabigh

==== International Government and Politics ====
* [[Erik Solheim]], Former Norwegian Minister for Climate and Environment,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2025 |title='Once in a Lifetime Experience': Former Norwegian Minister Takes Dip At Prayagraj's Maha Kumbh |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/mahakumbh-2025-former-norwegian-minister-erik-solheim-takes-dip-at-prayagraj-s-maha-kumbh-1752026 |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=[[ABP News]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Film and media ====
* [[Adah Sharma]], [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] actress<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Adah Sharma recites Shiv Tandav Stotram at Maha Kumbh 2025|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/adah-sharma-recites-shiv-tandav-stotram-maha-kumbh-2025-2667720-2025-01-20 |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Anupam Kher]], Bollywood actor and producer<ref>{{cite news |title=Anupam Kher takes holy dip at Maha Kumbh, shares video: Tears started flowing|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/anupam-kher-takes-holy-dip-at-maha-kumbh-2025-shares-video-2668999-2025-01-23 |work=[[India Today]] |date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Akshay Kumar]], Bollywood actor.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 February 2025 |title=Akshay Kumar Takes Holy Dip At Maha Kumbh Mela, Praises Arrangements |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akshay-kumar-takes-holy-dip-at-maha-kumbh-mela-praises-arrangements/ |access-date=24 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Daily Excelsior]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Avinash Tiwary]], Indian actor<ref>{{cite news |title=Maha Kumbh is a once-in-a-lifetime experience, says Avinash|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/117508360.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=24 January 2025 |first1=Iti Shree |last1=Misra }}</ref>
* [[Bhagyashree]], Indian Bollywood actress<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhagyashree Shares Precious Moments From Her Maha Kumbh Visit With Family|url=https://www.ndtv.com/travel/watch-bhagyashree-shares-precious-moments-from-her-maha-kumbh-visit-with-family-7577638|website=[[NDTV]] |date=28 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Chris Martin]], British singer and co-founder of the rock band [[Coldplay]]<ref name="CNBCTV18-28Jan25">{{cite news |title=Celebrities attended Maha Kumbh Mela|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/india/maha-kumbh-2025-coldplay-chris-martin-gautam-adani-anupam-kher-celebrities-embrace-spirituality-19548021-10.htm |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=28 January 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Dakota Johnson]], American actress and daughter of [[Don Johnson]] and [[Melanie Griffith]]<ref name="CNBCTV18-28Jan25"/>
* [[Esha Gupta]], Indian actress and model<ref>{{cite news |title=Main Yaha Pe Sanatani Ke Dharam Se Aayi Hoon', Aashram Actress Esha Gupta Visits Maha Kumbh To Take The Holy Dip (Watch)|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/main-yaha-pe-sanatani-ke-dharam-se-aayi-hoon-aashram-actress-esha-gupta-visits-maha-kumbh-to-take-the-holy-dip-watch|date=6 February 2025 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] }}</ref>
* [[Guru Randhawa]], singer, songwriter and music composer<ref name="CNBCTV18-28Jan25"/>
* [[Himansh Kohli]], Indian Bollywood actor<ref>{{cite web |title=Hemansh Kohli Shares Captivating Photos From Maha Kumbh Visit In Prayagraj|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/photo-gallery/hemansh-kohli-shares-captivating-photos-from-maha-kumbh-visit-in-prayagraj-100227.html |website=filmibeat.com|date=28 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Juhi Chawla]], Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2025 |title=Juhi Chawla Takes Holy Dip At Mahakumbh, Calls It 'Sabse Khoobsurat Subah' Of Her Life |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/juhi-chawla-takes-holy-dip-at-mahakumbh-calls-it-sabse-khoobsurat-subah-of-her-life-article-118351392/amp |access-date=18 February 2025 |work=[[Times Now]] |language=en |first1=Simran |last1=Khan }}</ref>
* [[Katrina Kaif]], India-based British actress<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2025 |title=Katrina Kaif poses at Maha Kumbh 2025 with mother-in-law, visits ashram: 'Starting my experience here'. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-visits-maha-kumbh-2025-with-mother-in-law-visits-ashram-starting-my-experience-here-watch-9853651/ |access-date=24 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], director, screenwriter and cinematographer of [[Hindi Cinema|Bollywood]]<ref name="ToI-28Jan25">{{cite news|title=Kabir Khan taking holy dip at Sangam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/director-kabir-khan-on-taking-holy-dip-at-sangam-maha-kumbh-unites-us-all/articleshow/117648143.cms|date=28 January 2025|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|archive-date=28 January 2025|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128220552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/director-kabir-khan-on-taking-holy-dip-at-sangam-maha-kumbh-unites-us-all/articleshow/117648143.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kubbra Sait]], Indian actress<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2025 |title=Kubbra Sait takes a divine dip at Mahakumbh Mela |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/kubbra-sait-takes-a-divine-dip-at-mahakumbh-mela-1503393339.html |access-date=7 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mamta Kulkarni]], former [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] actress<ref name="EconomicTimes-27Jan25">{{cite news |title=Celebrities attended Maha Kumbh Mela|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/top-celebs-who-attended-maha-kumbh-2025-from-mamta-kulkarni-to-gautam-adani/remo-dsouza/slideshow/117599519.cms |date=27 January 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] }}</ref>
* [[Milind Soman]], Indian Bollywood actor<ref>{{cite news |title=Milind Soman takes holy dip with wife Ankita Konwar at Maha Kumbh Mela|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/milind-soman-takes-holy-dip-with-wife-ankita-konwar-at-maha-kumbh-mela-see-pics-9808321/ |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=30 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Neena Gupta]], Indian Bollywood actress<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=Neena Gupta, Sanjay Mishra Announce Vadh 2, Take A Holy Dip At Maha Kumbh 2025 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/neena-gupta-sanjay-mishra-announce-vadh-2-take-a-holy-dip-at-maha-kumbh-2025-article-118027825 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |first1=Tanmayi |last1=Savadi |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nas Daily]] (Nuseir Yassin), [[Arab citizens of Israel|Israeli-Palestinian]] vlogger<ref>{{Cite news |title='These guys from Adani…': Vlogger Nas Daily visits Maha Kumbh with Gautam Adani's group |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/these-guys-from-adani-nas-daily-visits-maha-kumbh-with-gautam-adanis-group-101738386562328.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]], Indian Bollywood actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2025 |title=Pankaj Tripathi talks about 'spiritual vibes' as he visits Mahakumbh Mela with family, poses with kids for pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-talks-about-spiritual-vibes-as-he-visits-mahakumbh-mela-with-family-poses-with-kids-for-pics-101739066366662.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209092201/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-talks-about-spiritual-vibes-as-he-visits-mahakumbh-mela-with-family-poses-with-kids-for-pics-101739066366662.html |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=11 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |editor-first1=Ananya |editor-last1=Das}}</ref>
* [[Neeti Mohan]], Indian singer<ref>{{citation |title=neetimohan18 |date=12 February 2025 |work=[[Instagram]] |first1=Neeti |last1=Mohan |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DF96MbjSecj/?igsh=MXBlcTB3dHZsd3h5dw== }}</ref>
* [[Poonam Pandey]], Indian model and actress<ref>{{cite news |title='Sab paap dhul gaye mere' says Poonam Pandey after taking a holy dip at Maha Kumbh Mela |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sab-paap-dhul-gaye-mere-says-poonam-pandey-after-taking-a-holy-dip-at-maha-kumbh-mela-check-pics/articleshow/117734142.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=30 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Preity Zinta]], Indian actress<ref>{{cite news |title=Preity Zinta heads to Maha Kumbh mela: 'All roads lead to Prayagraj|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/preity-zinta-heads-to-maha-kumbh-mela-all-roads-lead-to-prayagraj-101740392910377.html|date=24 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |first1=Sugandha |last1=Rawal }}</ref>
* [[Raj Arjun]], Indian Actor<ref name="ThePrint-07Feb25"/>
* [[Sara Arjun]], Indian actress<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=Raj Arjun and Sara Arjun on visiting Maha Kumbh, Prayagraj: Boat ride and divine dip at Triveni Sangam is beyond words |first1=Deep |last1=Saxena |date=4 February 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/trips-tours/raj-arjun-and-sara-arjun-on-visiting-maha-kumbh-prayagraj-boat-ride-and-divine-dip-at-triveni-sangam-is-beyond-words-101738586829148.html }}</ref>
* [[Remo D'Souza]], choreographer, film director, and producer<ref>{{cite news |title=Remo D'Souza attends Maha Kumbh in disguise, takes holy dip |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/remo-dsouza-attends-maha-kumbh-in-disguise-takes-holy-dip-3374962 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=27 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Rajkummar Rao]], Indian Bollywood actor<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=Rajkummar Rao Feels 'Fortunate' To Visit Maha Kumbh With Wife Patralekhaa: We Are Staying At Parmarth Niketan Ashram |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-feels-fortunate-to-visit-maha-kumbh-with-wife-patralekhaa-we-are-staying-at-parmarth-niketan-ashram-article-118015343 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |first1=Mudit |last1=Bhatnagar |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Roshni Walia]], Indian actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=roshniwaliaa |first1=Roshni |last1=Walia |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DF5ewVsTgPN/?igsh=MWt6aXJtNDJjMW5rZQ== |date=10 February 2025 |website=[[Instagram]] }}</ref>
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], Indian Bollywood actor<ref name="ThePrint-07Feb25">{{Cite news |agency=[[Asian News International]] |date=7 February 2025 |title=Sanjay Mishra visits Maha Kumbh 2025 in Prayagraj, lauds arrangements |url=https://theprint.in/feature/sanjay-mishra-visits-maha-kumbh-2025-in-prayagraj-lauds-arrangements/2484218/ |access-date=7 February 2025 |newspaper=[[ThePrint]] |language=en }}</ref>
* [[Sonal Chauhan]], Indian actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonal Chauhan Visits & Take Holy Dip In Sangam Prayagraj At Mahakumbh Mela 2025 |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/photo-gallery/sonal-chauhan-visits-take-holy-dip-in-sangam-prayagraj-at-mahakumbh-mela-2025-100569.html |date=10 February 2025 |website=Filmibeat|language=en |first1=Ghanshyam |last1=R }}</ref>
* [[Sourabh Raaj Jain]], Indian Bollywood actor<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sourabh Raaj Jain plays Braj Ki Holi at Maha Kumbh |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sourabh-raaj-jain-plays-braj-ki-holi-at-maha-kumbh/articleshow/117825377.cms |access-date=7 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Shankar Mahadevan]], singer and composer<ref name="CNBCTV18-28Jan25"/><ref name="EconomicTimes-27Jan25"/>
* [[Shivangi Joshi]], lead actress at [[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shivangi-joshi-takes-holy-dip-in-triveni-sangam-at-mahakumbh-with-her-family-see-video/articleshow/118088814.cms |title=Shivangi Joshi takes holy dip in Triveni Sangam at Mahakumbh with her family; see video |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Shreema Bhattacherjee]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=shreemabhattacherjee |work=[[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DFZlMdHBHO3/?igsh=MTBuYXI5aXVocTZ3Mg== |date=29 January 2025 |first1=Shreema |last1=Bhattacharjee |author-link=Shreema Bhattacharjee}}</ref>
* [[Siddharth Nigam]], Indian actor from Prayagraj<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddharth Nigam Pays A Visit To Maha Kumbh Mela: 'Truly A Blessing' |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/siddharth-nigam-pays-a-visit-to-maha-kumbh-mela-truly-a-blessing-aa-9189749.html |first1=Shreyanka |last1=Mazumdar |work=[[News18]] |date=15 January 2025 |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=29 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125204320/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/siddharth-nigam-pays-a-visit-to-maha-kumbh-mela-truly-a-blessing-aa-9189749.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Srinidhi Shetty]], Indian [[kannada]] actress<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=KGF Actress Srinidhi Shetty Takes Holy Dip At Triveni Sangam In Prayagraj |work=Live India |first1=Disha |last1=Rojhe |url=https://liveindia.tv/entertainment/kgf-actress-srinidhi-shetty-takes-holy-dip-at-triveni-sangam-in-prayagraj/ |language=en }}</ref>
* [[Sunil Grover]], actor and comedian, part of [[The Kapil Sharma Show]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahakumbh 2025: The Great Indian Kapil Show fame Sunil Grover feels 'blessed' after taking his 'much-awaited dip' at the Sangam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahakumbh-2025-the-great-indian-kapil-show-fame-sunil-grover-feels-blessed-after-taking-his-much-awaited-dip-at-the-sangam/articleshow/117698920.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=29 January 2025|archive-date=29 January 2025|access-date=30 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129181950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahakumbh-2025-the-great-indian-kapil-show-fame-sunil-grover-feels-blessed-after-taking-his-much-awaited-dip-at-the-sangam/articleshow/117698920.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Suniel Shetty|Sunil Shetty]], Indian Actor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=महाकुंभ पहुंचे सुनील शेट्टी : बोले- हर घंटे लाखों का डुबकी लगाकर निकल जाना, ऐसी व्यवस्था कहीं नहीं हो सकती |trans-title=Sunil Shetty reached Maha Kumbh: He said- lakhs of people take a dip and leave every hour, such a system cannot be done anywhere else |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/sunil-shetty-reached-mahakumbh-said-lakhs-of-people-take-a-dip-every-hour-2025-02-12 |date=12 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Amar Ujala]] |first1=Vinod |last1=Singh |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Tina Ambani]], former actress and wife of [[Anil Ambani]]<ref name="HindustanTimes-27Jan24">{{cite news |title=Tina and Anil Ambani visit Maha Kumbh, industrialist takes holy dip in Sangam|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/tina-and-anil-ambani-visit-maha-kumbh-industrialist-takes-holy-dip-in-sangam-watch-101737973931607.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=27 January 2025 |first1=Muskaan |last1=Sharma }}</ref>
* [[Vicky Kaushal]], Indian actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=Vicky Kaushal Reaches Maha Kumbh To Take Holy Dip At Triveni Sangam With Chhaava Producer Dinesh Vijan, Says 'Feeling Fortunate' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-reaches-maha-kumbh-to-take-holy-dip-at-triveni-sangam-with-chhaava-producer-dinesh-vijan-article-118207868 |access-date=13 February 2025 |work=[[Times Now]] |language=en |first1=Mudit |last1=Bhatnagar }}</ref>
* [[Tanishaa|Tanisha Mukherjee]], Indian actress<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/short-videos/k8vhlSbik6w |newspaper=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |title=Tanisha Mukherjee takes a sacred dip at the Maha Kumbh Mela |access-date=25 February 2025 |language=hi-IN }}</ref>
* [[Vidyut Jammwal]], Indian actor <ref>{{Cite news |agency=[[Asian News International]] |newspaper=[[ThePrint]] |date=11 February 2025 |title="We should not forget our culture," says Vidyut Jamwal as he attends Maha Kumbh |url=https://theprint.in/feature/we-should-not-forget-our-culture-says-vidyut-jamwal-as-he-attends-maha-kumbh/2489389/ |access-date=11 February 2025 |language=en }}</ref>
* [[Vijay Deverakonda]], Indian actor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris Martin, Vijay Deverakonda to Shivangi Joshi, celebs at Maha Kumbh 2025 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/chris-martin-vijay-deverakonda-shivangi-joshi-celebs-at-maha-kumbh-2025-104077/7 |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vinod Bhanushali]], Indian film producer<ref>{{cite news |title=Vinod Bhanushali Takes Holy Dip In Triveni Sangam At Maha Kumbh, Shares Enriching Journey|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/other/vinod-bhanushali-takes-holy-dip-in-triveni-sangam-at-maha-kumbh-shares-enriching-journey/ar-AA1yn6my |date=4 February 2025 |first1=Grace |last1=Cyril |website=[[msn.com]] }}</ref>
* [[Vivek Oberoi]], Indian actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=Vivek Oberoi and family attend Maha Kumbh 2025 in Prayagraj: 'We have come to thank god' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/prayagraj-mahakumbh-vivek-oberoi-mahakumbh-2025-uttar-pradesh-11739438227816.html |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] }}</ref>
* [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]], Indian percussionist.<ref name="TimesofIndia-14Feb25-Vicky">{{Cite news |date=14 February 2025 |title=Sivamani attend Maha Kumbh 2025 in Prayagraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/vicky-kaushal-vivek-oberoi-shivamani-take-dip-praise-yogi/articleshow/118224641.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
* [[Puneet Issar]], Indian actor, writer, director, producer and dialect coach.<ref name="TimesofIndia-14Feb25-Vicky"/>
* [[Rupali Ganguly]], Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=Rupali Ganguly joins divine Sangam Aarti at Mahakumbh in Prayagraj |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1271448 |work=[[Daijiworld.com]]}}</ref>
* [[Malina Joshi]], [[Nepalis|Nepali]] actress and [[Miss Nepal 2011]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=malinajoshi11 |first1=Malina |last1=Joshi |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DFUB3idz7Rm/?igsh=cWNqZ3RrbWhiYTFy |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>
* [[Malini Awasthi]], Indian folk singer.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Singer Malini Awasthi visits Maha Kumbh Mela |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/singer-malini-awasthi-visits-maha-kumbh-mela20250207192027/ |date=7 February 2025 |work=[[Asian News International]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Indian playback singer.<ref name="IndiaToday-18Feb25"/>
* [[Tejendra Majumdar]], Indian sarod player<ref name="Instagram-TejendraMajumdar">{{Cite web |title=tejendra narayan majumdar |first1=Tejendra |last1=Majumdar |url=https://www.instagram.com/tejendra_narayan_majumdar/p/DGKptZqBrTx/ |date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Instagram]] }}</ref>
* [[Tanmoy Bose]], Indian tabla player and composer<ref name="Instagram-TejendraMajumdar"/>
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], Indian actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DGX8_sPpT_o/?igsh=MTgyaXZhMnZyNTU2Yw== |date=22 February 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>
* Akhilesh Gundecha, Indian pakhawaj player{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
* KG Prasad, Carnatic and devotional singer, and percussionist{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
* [[Nimrat Kaur]], Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2025 |title=Nimrat Kaur on discovering the Maha Kumbh snan significance beyond her Sikh upbringing |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/nimrat-kaur-on-discovering-the-maha-kumbh-snan-significance-beyond-her-sikh-upbringing-1503399836.html |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)]] }}</ref>
* Sanchita Basu, lead actress at [[Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/story-sanchita-basu-takes-holy-dip-in-sangam-shares-photos-on-instagram-201739891801242.html |title='ठुकरा के मेरा प्यार की संचिता बसु ने संगम में लगाई डुबकी |trans-title=Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar's Sanchita Basu Took a Holy Dip in Sangam |newspaper=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=hi-IN |date=18 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Raveena Tandon]], Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh in pics: Katrina Kaif, Raveena Tandon and others take a holy dip in Sangam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/maha-kumbh-in-pics-katrina-kaif-raveena-tandon-and-others-take-a-holy-dip-in-sangam-101740471537539.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] }}</ref>
* [[Kailash Kher]], Indian music composer and singer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh fills heart with devotion: Kailash Kher |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/maha-kumbh-fills-heart-with-devotion-kailash-kher/articleshow/118510669.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] }}</ref>
* [[Mohit Chauhan]], Indian playback singer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2025 |title="Once-in-a-lifetime opportunity" : Mohit Chauhan on attending Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/once-in-a-lifetime-opportunity-mohit-chauhan-on-attending-maha-kumbh20250224215504/ |work=[[Asian News International]] }}</ref>
* [[Dalljiet Kaur]], Indian actress
* [[Kanikka Kapur]], Indian actress
* [[Aneri Vajani]], Indian actress

==== Business ====
* [[Balkrishna]], chairman of [[Patanjali Ayurved]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=महाकुंभ में पहुंचे आचार्य बालकृष्ण बोले : जिसके अंदर श्रद्धा होगी, वह गंगा स्नान को अनुभव कर सकता है |trans-title=Acharya Balkrishna, who reached Maha Kumbh, said: anyone who has faith can experience bathing in the Ganges |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/acharya-balkrishna-who-reached-mahakumbh-said-he-who-has-faith-can-experience-bathing-in-the-ganga-2025-01-28 |access-date=29 January 2025 |newspaper=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi |first1=Neelam |last1=Singh |date=28 January 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Anil Ambani]], chairman and managing director of [[Reliance Group]]<ref name="HindustanTimes-27Jan24" />
* [[:simple:Akash Ambani|Akash Ambani]], chairman of [[Reliance Jio]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title="Ambanis at Maha Kumbh!"- Viral video captures 4 generations in Prayagraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/ambanis-at-maha-kumbh-viral-video-captures-4-generations-in-prayagraj/articleshow/118150523.cms |access-date=20 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Gautam Adani]], founder and chairman of the [[Adani Group]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani visits Prayagraj, says Kumbh a blueprint for sustainable civilisation|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/adani-visits-prayagraj-says-kumbh-a-blueprint-for-sustainable-civilisation-125012701197_1.html|newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=27 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Isha Ambani|Isha M. Ambani]], Member of the Board of [[Reliance Industries]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2025 |title=Isha Ambani offers prayers at Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/isha-ambani-offers-prayers-at-triveni-sangam-in-prayagraj20250225162331/ |work=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref>
* [[Laurene Powell Jobs]], founder and president of the [[Emerson Collective]]<ref name="CNBCTV18-28Jan25"/><ref name="EconomicTimes-27Jan25"/>
* [[Mukesh Ambani]], chairman and managing director of [[Reliance Industries]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2025 |title=Mukesh Ambani attends Maha Kumbh with family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mukesh-ambani-attends-maha-kumbh-with-family/articleshow/118149465.cms |access-date=11 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nita Ambani]], chairman, founder and managing director of [[Reliance Foundation]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/reliance-industries-chairman-mukesh-ambani-family-at-mahakumbh-mela-2025-triveni-sangam-prayagraj-19556846.htm|title=Reliance Industries Chief Mukesh Ambani and family take holy dip at Triveni Sangam in Mahakumbh Mela 2025|access-date=11 February 2025 |date=11 February 2025 |website=CNBCTV 18 |first1=Ajay |last1=Vaishnav }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/india/reliance-chairman-mukesh-ambani-family-anant-ambani-nita-ambani-take-holy-dip-at-sangam-in-mahakumbh-mela-prayagraj-latest-news-9223608.html|title=Ambanis Take A Dip At Sangam In Mahakumbh Mela As Four Generations Visit Prayagraj "Watch Videos"|website=News 18|access-date=11 February 2025 |date=11 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Pieter Elbers]], CEO of [[IndiGo]]<ref name="ndtv-30Jan25-Elbers">{{cite news |date=30 January 2025 |title=Indigo CEO Pieter Elbers Shares His "Once-In-A-Lifetime" Maha Kumbh Experience |url=https://www.ndtv.com/travel/indigo-ceo-pieter-elbers-shares-his-once-in-a-lifetime-maha-kumbh-experience-7593157 |website=[[NDTV]] |editor-first1=Jigyasa |editor-last1=Kakwani}}</ref>
* [[Sudha Murty]], founder and chairperson of [[Infosys Foundation]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudha Murty's message for youth from Maha Kumbh: 'Embrace spirituality' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sudha-murty-message-for-youth-from-maha-kumbh-embrace-spirituality-2669091-2025-01-23|work= [[India Today]] |date=23 January 2025 |first1=Samarth |last1=Srivastava }}</ref>

==== Sports ====
* [[The Great Khali]], retired [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/the-great-khali-takes-holy-dip-at-maha-kumbh-devotees-security-officials-start-selfie-war-watch-7604417|title=Watch: The Great Khali Takes Holy Dip At Maha Kumbh. Devotees, Security Officials Start Selfie War|work=NDTV|access-date=2 February 2025|date=31 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Mary Kom]], former [[Amateur boxing|Olympic boxer]]<ref name="IndiaToday-26Jan25">{{cite news |title=Mary Kom, Suresh Raina take dip in Ganga at Maha Kumbh Mela|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/maha-kumbh-mela-mary-kom-suresh-raina-take-dip-in-ganga-2670404-2025-01-26|work=[[India Today]]|date=26 January 2025|access-date=29 January 2025 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126112321/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/maha-kumbh-mela-mary-kom-suresh-raina-take-dip-in-ganga-2670404-2025-01-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Suresh Raina]], former Indian cricketer<ref name="IndiaToday-26Jan25"/>
* [[Jay Shah]], [[Chairman of the International Cricket Council|Chairman]] of the [[International Cricket Council]]<ref name="Mint-28Jan25">{{cite news |title=Mahakumbh 2025 in pics: Top politicians, Swamis, Sadhus and other devotees throng to Triveni Sangam |url=https://www.livemint.com/photos/mahakumbh-2025-in-pics-top-politicians-swamis-sadhus-and-commoners-devotees-throng-to-triveni-sangam-11738038119387.html |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=28 January 2025 |first1=Arshdeep |last1=Kaur}}</ref>
* [[R. P. Singh]], former Indian cricketer<ref>{{Cite web |title=rpsingh99 |first1=R.P. |last1=Singh |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DFNjyTxt47q |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=[[Instagram]] |date=24 January 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Navdeep Singh (athlete)|Navdeep Singh]], Indian para-athletics<ref>{{Cite web |work=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DFhuX7QyD6e/?igsh=MXJteWNhNmRlMWp3dQ== |date=1 February 2025|access-date=8 February 2025 |title=navdeepjavelin |first1=Navdeep |last1=Singh }}</ref>
* [[Saina Nehwal]], Indian badminton player<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fortunate to be part of Kumbh: Saina Nehwal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/fortunate-to-be-part-of-kumbh-saina-nehwal/articleshow/117955932.cms |date=5 February 2025 |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Anil Kumble]], former Indian cricketer.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Blessed! Anil Kumble And Wife Visit Mahakumbh, Take Holy Dip In Sangam On Magh Purnima |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/blessed-anil-kumble-take-holy-dip-at-mahakumbh-with-wife-on-magh-purnima-9224418.html |date=12 February 2025 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sunil Gavaskar]], former Indian cricketer<ref>{{Cite news |title=After RP Singh and Anil Kumble, Sunil Gavaskar takes a holy dip at Mahakumbh in Prayagraj |url=https://www.insidesport.in/sports-gossip/after-rp-singh-and-anil-kumble-sunil-gavaskar-takes-a-holy-dip-at-mahakumbh-in-prayagraj/ |first1=Aman |last1=Verma |date=18 February 2025 |work=Insidesport.in }}</ref>
* [[Sandeep Lamichhane]], Nepali international cricketer<ref>{{Cite web |title=sandeep_lamichhane25 |first1=Sandeep |last1=Lamichhane |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DGI_fA3zcEp/?igsh=cnV1am1qZnlxem9h |date=16 February 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>
* [[Mayank Agarwal]], Indian cricketer<ref>{{Cite news |title=बदन पर भगवा कुर्ता, माथे पर तिलक... Mayank Agarwal ने पिता संग प्रयागराज में लगाई आस्था की डुबकी- VIDEO |trans-title=Mayank Agarwal along with his father visited Prayagraj Mahakumbh 2025 Watch the Video |url=https://www.jagran.com/cricket/headlines-mayank-agarwal-at-mahakumbh-2025-prayagraj-shares-video-his-father-also-seen-with-him-watch-the-video-23882711.html |access-date=19 February 2025 |newspaper=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi |first1=Priyanka |last1=Joshi }}</ref>
* [[Ishant Sharma]], Indian cricketer<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ishant Sharma takes holy dip at Mahakumbh, shares pics|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/ishant-sharma-takes-holy-dip-at-mahakumbh-shares-pics20250222220102/ |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=22 February 2025}}</ref>
{{end div col}} 

== See also ==
* [[Prayag Kumbh Mela]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://kumbh.gov.in/ Official Website]
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{{Kumbh Mela}}


[[Category:Kumbh Mela]]
[[Category:Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Prayagraj culture]]
[[Category:January 2025 in India]]
[[Category:February 2025 in India]]
[[Category:2025 in religion]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Uttar Pradesh]]

Janjira State

2026-04-06T17:11:41Z

Smasher: creating some pg first draft!

{{Short description|Princely state of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = जंजीरा रियासत
|conventional_long_name =Janjira State
|common_name =Janjira
|nation = [[British India]]
|status_text = [[Princely State]] of [[British India]] In union with [[Jafarabad State|Jafrabad]] (1759–1948)
|era =
|year_start = 1489
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Partition of India|Indian independence]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Janjira.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map = Janjira 1896.jpg
|image_map_caption =Janjira State, 1896
|stat_area1 =839
|stat_year1 = 1931
|stat_pop1 = 110,389
|today = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|footnotes =
}}
[[File:Janjira State Merchant Flag vector.svg|thumb|Merchant flag]]
[[File:Murud Janjira Fort.JPG|thumb|275px|View of Janjira Fort]]
[[File:Janjira-Bhor.jpg|thumb|Janjira State in the ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'']]
'''Janjira State''' was a [[princely state]] in [[India]] during the [[British Raj]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Janjira |volume=15 |page=152}}</ref> It was governed by the [[Siddi]] Khan dynasty of [[Habesha peoples|Habesha]] African descent<ref name=EB1911/> and the state was under the suzerainty of the [[Bombay Presidency]].

Janjira State was located on the [[Konkan coast]] in the present-day [[Raigad district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The state included the towns of [[Murud, Raigad|Murud]] and [[Shrivardhan]], as well as the fortified island of [[Murud-Janjira]], just off the coastal village of Murud, which was the capital and the residence of the rulers. The state had an area of 839 km2, not counting [[Jafarabad State|Jafarabad]], and a population of 110,389 inhabitants in 1931. Jafarabad State (also spelled Jafrabad) was a dependency of the [[Nawab]] of Janjira State, and located 320 km to its north-northwest.

==History==

=== Establishment ===
According to legend, Janjira was invaded in 1489 when the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] sent its [[admiral]] Piram Khan (of Ethiopian descent) with orders to capture the [[Murud-Janjira]] from [[Ram Patil]]. Owing to the castle's fortifications, Khan could not attack conventionally.

He and his team disguised themselves as merchants and asked Ram Patil to safeguard their three hundred large boxes containing silks and wines from [[Surat]]. As thanks, Piram Khan threw a party with wine. Once Ram Patil and his soldiers were intoxicated, Piram Khan opened the boxes, which contained his soldiers, and used the opportunity to capture the castle and the island on which it stands.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&q=Ram+Patil+Janjira&pg=PA92|title=An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change|last=Yimene|first=Ababu Minda|date=2004|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag|isbn=9783865372062|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bMIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ram+Patil+Janjira&pg=PA435|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kola'ba and Janjira|date=1883|publisher=Government Central Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xduAAAAMAAJ&q=Ram+Patil|title=African Elites in India: Habshi Amarat|last1=Robbins|first1=Kenneth X.|last2=McLeod|first2=John|date=2006|publisher=Mapin|isbn=9788188204731|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&q=Ram+Patil+Janjira&pg=PA158|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|last=Ali|first=Shanti Sadiq|date=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125004851|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdpcgy_aopwC&q=Ram+Patil+Janjira&pg=PA197|title=The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean|last1=Jayasuriya|first1=Shihan de S.|last2=Pankhurst|first2=Richard|date=2003|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=9780865439801|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhtzBAAAQBAJ&q=Ram+Patil+Janjira&pg=PT102|title=Sea Forts of India|last=Chilka|first=Amit|date=2014-09-08|publisher=Osmora Incorporated|isbn=9782765903611|language=en}}</ref>

In the century that followed the rulers put themselves under the overlordship of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]]. During the seventeenth and eighteenth century Janjira successfully resisted the repeated attacks of the [[Maratha Empire]].

=== Cooperation with the Ottomans ===
According to [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] records, a combined force from the Ottomans and Janjira mariners routed a Portuguese fleet in 1587 at [[Yemen]].<ref name="The Wonder that is Urdu A Multidisciplinary Analysis">{{cite book |last1=S. Dir |first1=Krishna |title=The Wonder that is Urdu A Multidisciplinary Analysis |date=2022 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120843011 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVx6EAAAQBAJ |access-date=5 June 2023 |language=english |format=ebook}}</ref> From this moment onwards Janjira played an important role in resisting Portuguese influence in the region.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ottoman court chroniclers |title=Muhimme Defterleri, Vol. 62 f 205 firman 457, Avail Rabiulavval 996|year=1588}}</ref>

There's further record of Cooperation with the [[Ottoman Empire]] when the Ottoman fleet first arrived in [[Aceh]] prior to [[Ottoman expedition to Aceh]] has included 200 [[Malabars|Malabar]] sailors from Janjira State to aid the region [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]] and the [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] in 1539.<ref>''Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792'' by Jeremy Black p.17 [https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA17]</ref>

=== Cooperation with the Mughals ===
According to one record, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] supplied the Siddis of Janjira state with 2,000 men, provisions and ammunition along with two [[frigates]] and two large [[men-of-war]]. The ship arrived at Bombay harbor under the commands of Siddi Kasim and Siddi Sambal in 1677.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shanti Sadiq Ali |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |publisher=Orient Blackswan |location=Paris |year=1996 |pages=260 Pages |isbn=8125004858}}</ref> The largest Mughal ship named [[Ganj-I-Sawai]] (Trading Ship) which was equipped with 800 guns and 400 musketeer type soldiers also stationed in the port of Surat.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|date=30 Mar 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136790874|page=13|edition=Volume 3 Asian States and Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&q=ottoman+janjira&pg=PA13|access-date=8 November 2015}}</ref>

Another record from an [[East India Company]] factory{{which|date=February 2024}} written 1673 reported the Siddi fleet which wintered from Bombay had five frigates, two men-of-war, and fifteen [[Grab (ship)grabs]]. It was because the formidable naval warfare skills of the Siddis in Janjira that Aurangzeb was granting an annual payment of 400.000 [[Rupees]] for the maintenance of their fleet.{{citation_needed|date=February 2024}}

=== Relations with the Marathas ===
{{Main|Shivaji's invasions of Janjira|Siege of Janjira}}

==== Rivalry with the Marathas ====
The main competitor of the Sidis was the [[Kanhoji Angre|Angrias]], a Maratha family with sea forts and ships, based in southern Konkan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Marathas, 1600-1818|author=Gordon, Stewart|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521268837|pages=123|oclc=25914184}}</ref>

==== Treaty with Marathas ====
In 1733, [[Baji Rao I|Peshwa Bajirao]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] launched a campaign against the Siddis of Janjira. Bajirao's forces, however, did not take [[Murud-Janjira|Janjira fort]], though they captured much of the surrounding area; a favorable treaty gave the Marathas some indirect control over virtually all of the Siddi's lands.<ref name=":0" /> According to the treaty, the Peshwa acknowledged Abdul Rehman as the 'legitimate ruler' of Janjira, bringing an end to all opposition to his succession by his rivals. The territorial holdings of the Siddi were restricted to Anjanwel and Gowalkot, along with the island of Janjira. All other territories on the mainland, previously liberated by the Marathas from Siddi control, including Raigarh, Rewas, Thal, Chaul, etc., were recognized by Abdul Rehman as integral parts of the Maratha state and off-limits to the Siddis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Post Maratha-rule ===
When the British came to the Konkan area, the repeated attacks of the Marathas against Janjira ceased. Janjira State was administered as part of the [[Deccan States Agency]] of the [[Bombay Presidency]], founded in 1799. In the nineteenth century the rulers maintained a military force of 123 men.<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908</ref>

Following the [[independence of India]] in 1947, the state was merged with India.

==Rulers==
The royal family of Janjira were [[Siddi]]s, also known as 'Habshi', assumed to be from [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]]. Initially the rulers of the state held the title of '[[Vizier|''wazir'']]', but after 1803 the title of '[[nawab]]' was officially recognized by the British Raj. They were entitled to an 11 [[gun salute]] by the British authorities after the [[1903 Durbar Honours|1903 Coronation Durbar]].<ref name=ai>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/janjira.html |title=Janjira Princely State (11 gun salute) |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721010248/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/janjira.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Durbar Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==

===Wazirs of Janjira===
* Siddi Fattekhan
*1676 - 1703 Kasim [[Yakut Khan]] II (d. 1703)
*1703 - 1707 Amabat Yaqut Khan II
*1707 - 1732 Surur Yakut Khan II (d. 1732)
*1732 - 1734 Hasan Khan (1st time) (d. 1746)
*1734 - 1737 Sumbul Khan
*1737 - 1740 `Abd al-Rahman Khan
*1740 - 1745 Hasan Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)
*1745 - 1757 Ibrahim Khan I (1st time) (d. 1761)
*1757 Mohammad Khan I (d. 1757)
*1757 - 1759 Ibrahim Khan I (2nd time) (s.a.)

===Thanadars of Jafarabad and Wazirs of Janjira===

*1759 - 1761 Ibrahim Khan I (s.a.)
*1761 - 1772 Yaqut Khan (usurper to 6 Jun 1772) (d. 1772)
*1772 - 1784 `Abd al-Rahim Khan (d. 1784)
*1784 - 1789 Jauhar Khan (d. 1789)
** - in dispute with -
***1784 - 1789 `Abd al-Karim Yaqut Khan
*1789 - 1794 Ibrahim Khan II (d. 1826)
*1794 - 1803 Jumrud Khan (d. 1803)

===Nawabs===

*1803 - 1826 Ibrahim Khan II (s.a.)
*1826 - 31 Aug 1848 Mohammad Khan I (d. 1848)
*31 Aug 1848 – 28 Jan 1879 Ibrahim Khan III (b. 1825 - d. 1879)
*28 Jan 1879 - 2 May 1922 Ahmad Khan (b. 1862 - d. 1922) (from 1 Jan 1895, Sir Ahmad Khan)
*28 Jun 1879 – 11 Oct 1883 .... -Regent
* 2 May 1922 – 15 Aug 1947 Mohammad Khan II (b. 1914 - d. 1972)
* 2 May 1922 - 9 Nov 1933 Kulsum Begum (f) -Regent (b. 1897 - d. 1959)<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Jafarabad State]]
*[[Murud-Janjira]]
*[[Sachin State]]
*[[Gowalkot]] and [[Anjanvel (Gopalgad)|Anjanvel]]
*[[Political integration of India]]
*[[Deccan States Agency]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaMaharashtra2.htm Janjira State coat of arms]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwqV10eIo7M A Trip to Murud Janjira Fort]
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Deccan States Agency}}
{{coord|18|18|N|73|00|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Siddhi people]]
[[Category:Konkan]]
[[Category:Raigad district]]
[[Category:African diaspora]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1489 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:City-states]]

Gomathy Babu Sadacharam Kulandaivelu

2026-04-03T13:33:28Z

Smasher: starting new info...

{{Short description|Indian healthcare entrepreneur}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gomathy Babu Sadacharam Kulandaivelu
| image = Gomathy Babu Sadacharam Kulandaivelu.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_place = Aralvaimozhy, Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[BITS Pilani]] (B.Pharm)|[[Loyola Institute of Business Administration|LIBA]] (MBA)}}
| occupation = Healthcare entrepreneur, business executive
| title = [[Consul (representative)|Honorary Consul]] of the [[Republic of Estonia]]
| awards =
}}

'''Gomathy Babu Sadacharam Kulandaivelu Velu'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-27 |title=Välisministeerium tunnustab kodanikupäeval rahvadiplomaate |url=https://kesknadal.ee/2021/11/27/valisministeerium-tunnustab-kodanikupaeval-rahvadiplomaate/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Kesknädal |language=et}}</ref> (also known as G. S. K. Velu) is an Indian healthcare entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaki |first=Deborshi |date=5 April 2017 |title=India: Carlyle threatens legal action against healthcare entrepreneur G.S.K. Velu |url=https://www.dealstreetasia.com/stories/carlyle-threatens-legal-action-against-g-s-k-velu-69546 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=[[DealStreetAsia]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Sneha |date=2017-12-14 |title=Entrepreneur Velu back in diagnostics |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/entrepreneur-velu-back-in-diagnostics/articleshow/62063317.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He is the founder of Trivitron Healthcare and Neuberg Diagnostics, companies operating in the medical technology and diagnostics sectors in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-12 |title=Healthcare entrepreneur GSK Velu to start food testing company |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/healthcare-entrepreneur-gsk-velu-to-start-food-testing-company/articleshow/53177421.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Velu was born in Aralvaimozhy, [[Kanyakumari district]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Mandlecha |first=Gaurav |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Pilani_Pioneers_Inspiring_Success_St/whU5EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22GSK+Velu%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT56&printsec=frontcover |title=The Pilani Pioneers: Inspiring Success Stories of 25 BITS Pilani Graduates |last2=Sethi |first2=Durjai |date=2021-08-03 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-81-949707-8-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Govardan |first=D |date=2022-05-16 |title=Life gave him tests, he made a career out of it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/life-gave-him-tests-he-made-a-career-out-of-it/articleshow/91056928.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He attended a Tamil‑medium school near [[Madurai]] before earning a pharmacy degree from [[BITS Pilani]] in 1988<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Aparajita |date=2011-10-06 |title=Equipped To Succeed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/equipped-to-succeed/articleshow/10251831.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and an MBA from [[Loyola Institute of Business Administration]], Chennai. He later completed doctoral studies in pharmacology at IBAM, Kolkata,<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Sajal |date=2023-09-22 |title=Neuberg's healthy growth |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/corporate-report/neubergs-healthy-growth |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Business India |language=en}}</ref> and was later awarded an honorary doctorate by [[Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies|Vel's University]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

== Career ==
Velu began his career in the medical devices and diagnostics sector in the late 1980s, working in technical and regional roles with companies involved in medical equipment and laboratory diagnostics in India and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1997, he founded Trivitron Healthcare in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metropolis founder Velu in talks with PEs for stake sale |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/metropolis-founder-velu-in-talks-with-pes-for-stake-sale-115042800046_1.html}}</ref> The company initially operated as a distributor for international medical equipment brands before moving into manufacturing.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Julka |first=Harsimran |last2=Abrar |first2=Peerzada |date=2013-02-08 |title=India spawning top notch medical devices companies with cutting-edge tech at affordable prices |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/india-spawning-top-notch-medical-devices-companies-with-cutting-edge-tech-at-affordable-prices/articleshow/18392746.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In the mid-2010s, Trivitron established a medical technology park in Chennai as part of its manufacturing expansion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kannan-Narasimhan |first=Rangapriya |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/cases/embed/trivitron-india-born-global-moving-up-value-chain-investing-people |title=Trivitron's India-Born Global Story: Moving Up the Value Chain by Investing in the Power of People |last2=Arcodia |first2=Antonio |last3=Patnaik Bhogela |first3=Lokapati |last4=Siddalinga Swamy |first4=Prakruti |last5=Syed |first5=Jennifer |date= |publisher=SAGE Publications: SAGE Business Cases Originals |isbn=978-1-5297-4066-0 |location=1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom |language=en |doi=10.4135/9781529740660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-04-22 |title=Trivitron, BioSystems, Spain to set up facility in Chennai |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/trivitron-biosystems-spain-to-set-up-facility-in-chennai/articleshow/4436645.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 1999 Velu acquired a 50% stake in a pathology laboratory business in [[Mumbai]], which was later corporatized as [[Metropolis Healthcare]].<ref name="Mint_Tussle2">{{cite news |last1=Lall |first1=Priti |date=2016-01-19 |title=How Ameera Shah took control of the Metropolis diagnostics chain |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/txyYMg7XcC9rUVXMZyiGlI/How-Ameera-Shah-took-control-of-the-Metropolis-diagnostics-c.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |newspaper=Mint}}</ref> His family retained a significant minority shareholding alongside the founding promoters and financial investors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trivitron and the Impending Rise of Medical Technology |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/trivitron-and-the-impending-rise-of-medical-technology/35461/1 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.forbesindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14 |title=Metropolis promoter rules out stake sale in near future - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/metropolis-promoter-gsk-velu-rules-out-stake-sale-in-near-future-144212-2015-01-14 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> He exited the company in 2015 by selling his remaining stake to private equity firm [[The Carlyle Group]], following a shareholder dispute relating to management control and [[Stock dilution|stake dilution]].<ref name="VCC_NonCompete2">{{cite web |date=2017-04-05 |title=Carlyle may lock horns with health entrepreneur GSK Velu over non-compete clause |url=https://www.vccircle.com/carlyle-may-lock-horns-with-health-entrepreneur-gsk-velu-over-non-compete-clause |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=VCCircle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2015 |title=Carlyle Group unit buys stake in India lab operator Metropolis Healthcare |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/carlyle-group-unit-buys-stake-in-india-lab-operator-metropolis-healthcare-idUSL4N11F3QJ/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tudor-Ackroyd |first=Alison |date= |title=Carlyle ends boardroom spat at India's Metropolis |url=https://www.financeasia.com/article/carlyle-ends-boardroom-spat-at-indias-metropolis/401732 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=FinanceAsia}}</ref>

=== Neuberg Diagnostics ===
In 2017, Velu re-entered the diagnostic sector by founding Neuberg Diagnostics,<ref name="VCC_Gameplan2">{{cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=GSK Velu's game plan in diagnostics business after Metropolis exit |url=https://www.vccircle.com/gsk-velus-game-plan-in-diagnostics-biz-despite-legal-tussle-with-metropolis |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=VCCircle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hariharan |first=Sindhu |date=2025-11-03 |title=Healthcare entrepreneur GSK Velu preparing firms for public listing |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/healthcare-entrepreneur-gsk-velu-preparing-firms-for-public-listing/article70232879.ece |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> an alliance of pathology laboratories operating across India and selected international markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bottomline: Can GSK Velu's Neuberg Diagnostics sustain its acquisition-led growth? |url=https://www.vccircle.com/bottomlinecangsk-velu-s-neuberg-diagnostics-sustain-its-acquisition-led-growth |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> By the mid-2020s, Neuberg Diagnostics had established laboratory operations in India, the United Arab Emirates, and South Africa.<ref name=":22"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Babu |first=Gireesh |date=6 September 2019 |title=Serial entrepreneur G S K Velu to ramp up diagnostics biz in west and south |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/serial-entrepreneur-g-s-k-velu-to-ramp-up-diagnostics-biz-in-west-and-south-119090600778_1.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=BusinessStandard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanjay |first=Satviki |date=11 November 2025 |title=Neuberg Diagnostics Said to Eye $350 Million India IPO in 2026 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-11-11/india-s-neuberg-diagnostics-said-to-eye-350-million-ipo-in-2026 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref>

=== Maxivision Eye Hospitals and other ventures ===
Velu partnered with ophthalmologist Kasu Prasad Reddy in the expansion of Maxivision Eye Hospitals, which operates a network of specialty eye hospitals and clinics across multiple regions in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-14 |title=Maxivision Group invests in Ojas Group to expand eye hospital network in Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/maxivision-group-invests-in-ojas-group-to-expand-eye-hospital-network-in-maharashtra/article69219983.ece |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balakrishnan |first=Reghu |date= |title=G.S.K. Velu's eye care chain seeks Rs200 crore funds |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/KniCxd4L72ZE2LCs3zC1GP/GSK-Velus-eye-care-chain-seeks-Rs200-crore-funds.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, Velu invested in Kauvery Hospital, a Chennai-based hospital chain, where he holds a minority stake and serves on the board of directors. The group operates hospitals across [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2022-01-28 |title=GSK Velu is FICCI T.N. Chair |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/gsk-velu-is-ficci-tn-chair/article38341350.ece |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has also entered into joint venture arrangements with Apollo Hospitals, resulting in minority shareholdings in Apollo Dialysis Clinics and Apollo Dental Ventures, which operate specialty dialysis and dental clinic networks in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Suraksha |date=2019-08-14 |title=Neuberg and GSK Velu's path(lab) to diagnostics redemption |url=https://the-ken.com/story/neuberg-and-gsk-velus-pathlab-to-diagnostics-redemption/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Ken |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Public and diplomatic roles ==
Velu has been active in industry advocacy, serving as the chairperson of the Tamil Nadu State Council for the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI) in 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Revathi |first=J. |last2=Rani |first2=S. Jansi |date=2019-04-01 |title=Analysis of Factors Influencing Medical Tourism in India Chennai and its Impacts. |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/doi:10.5958%2F0976-5506.2019.00674.0?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&id=ebsco:doi:10.5958%2F0976-5506.2019.00674.0 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=113 |doi=10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00674.0 |issn=0976-0245|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2023, he was appointed as the Honorary Consul of the [[Estonia|Republic of Estonia]] for the [[South India]]n states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Telangana]].<ref name=":3" />

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2017, Velu received the Industry Achievement Award in Medical Technology from Hurun Report India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-18 |title=Zoho, Pothys and Hatsun Agro appear on IIFL Wealth Hurun India Rich List 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/zoho-pothys-and-hatsun-agro-appear-on-iifl-wealth-hurun-india-rich-list-2019/articleshow/74195755.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was later conferred the [[Ministry of Defence (Estonia)#Awards conferred by Ministry of Defence|Cross of Merit]] by the [[Estonia|Republic of Estonia]] for contributions to bilateral engagement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Minister awards Crosses of Merit for contributions to Estonian statehood and foreign policy {{!}} Välisministeerium |url=https://www.vm.ee/en/news/foreign-minister-awards-crosses-merit-contributions-estonian-statehood-and-foreign-policy |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.vm.ee |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title=Foreign minister honors contributions to Estonian statehood, foreign policy |url=https://news.err.ee/1608782863/foreign-minister-honors-contributions-to-estonian-statehood-foreign-policy |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=ERR |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, he received an honorary doctorate from [[Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies|VISTAS]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-13 |title=Ram Charan awarded honorary doctorate in literature from Vels University |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ram-charan-awarded-honorary-doctorate-in-literature-from-vels-university/article68061679.ece |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Challenges and controversies ==

=== Metropolis Healthcare boardroom dispute ===
In 2015, a public boardroom dispute arose between Velu and the Shah family, in which Velu held a stake. The dispute followed a transaction in which the Shah family, led by managing director [[Ameera Shah]], increased their stake from 36% to 63% by purchasing the 27% shareholding held by private equity firm [[Warburg Pincus]], resulting in a shift in management control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=Metropolis boardroom becomes a battleground: Warburg Pincus' stake sale to Shahs irks partner Velu |url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/metropolis-boardroom-becomes-a-battleground-warburg-pincus-stake-sale-to-shahs-irks-partner-velu/46982378 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=ETHealthworld.com {{!}} Pharma |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mint_Tussle2" /> Velu alleged that the transaction had been carried out without adequate consultation and that his rights as a co-promoter had been bypassed.<ref name="TOI_Feud2">{{cite news |last1=Kurian |first1=Boby |last2=Ramalingam |first2=Aparna |date=2015-07-02 |title=Carlyle may end Metropolis feud with Rs 900cr stake buy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/carlyle-may-end-metropolis-feud-with-rs-900cr-stake-buy/articleshow/47903004.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

In September 2015, the matter concluded when Velu divested his remaining stake in [[Metropolis Healthcare]] to private equity firm [[The Carlyle Group]] for an estimated ₹850–900 crore, marking his exit from the company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlyle buys GSK Velu's stake in pathology chain Metropolis |url=https://www.vccircle.com/carlyle-buys-gsk-velus-stake-pathology-chain-metropolis |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Mint_Tussle2" />

=== Non-compete allegations ===
In 2017, [[The Carlyle Group]] issued a notice to Velu concerning potential breach of a non-compete agreement associated with Velu's 2015 exit from [[Metropolis Healthcare]].<ref name="VCC_NonCompete2"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaki |first=Deborshi |date= |title=Carlyle threatens legal action against G.S.K. Velu |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/22IxGwQVyDaDDgA3O1xEdL/Carlyle-threatens-legal-action-against-GSK-Velu.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The concerns were linked to his subsequent investments in the diagnostics sector through Neuberg Diagnostics. Velu denied any contractual violation, stating that he had complied with the terms of his exit agreement and that no legal proceedings were pending at the time.<ref name="VCC_Gameplan2"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates]]
[[Category:Honorary consuls]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

North Western Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church

2026-03-25T11:10:04Z

Smasher: new new stub

{{Short description|Lutheran denomination in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = North Western Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church
| image = G.E.L.Church, Ranchi - 1.jpg
| caption = North Western Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church in India and Nepal.
| founded_date = {{start date and age|1850|6|9|df=yes|p=yes}}
| leader = [[Rajiw Satish Toppo|Rt.Rev.Rajiw Satish Toppo]]
| main_classification = [[Protestant]]
| orientation = [[Mainline (Protestant)|Mainline]] [[Evangelical]] [[Lutheran]]
| associations = Bengal Christian Council Bihar Council of Churches Chhattisgarh Christian Council Jharkhand Council of Churches Madhya Pradesh Christian Council Utkal Christian Council
| congregations = 784
| members = 135,000 + Baptized members
| primary_schools = 29
| secondary_schools = 15
| website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20230527073839/http://nwgelc.org/|nwgelc.org}}
| logo =
| headquarters = Ranchi, Jharkhand
| area = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]
| structure = [[Synod]] [[Diocese]] [[Parish]] [[Church (congregation)|Congregations]]
}}
'''North Western Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church''' (NWGEL Church)<ref name="FahlbuschBromiley2003">{{cite book |author1=Fahlbusch |first=Erwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ly4DgtT3LkC&pg=PA357 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |author2=Bromiley |first2=Geoffrey William |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-12654-1 |page=357 |accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.cmcvellore.ac.in/admissions/SumAdd/authorised.htm |title=List Of Accredited Christian Churches And Organisations |publisher=Home.cmcvellore.ac.in |date= |accessdate=2013-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230154110/http://home.cmcvellore.ac.in/admissions/SumAdd/authorised.htm |archive-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is the fourth largest Lutheran church in India.<ref name="lutheranworld1">{{cite web |title=The Lutheran World Federation 2009 Membership Figures |url=http://www.lutheranworld.org/LWF_Documents/LWF-Statistics-2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821080424/http://www.lutheranworld.org/LWF_Documents/LWF-Statistics-2009.pdf |archivedate=2010-08-21 |accessdate=2010-08-21 |website=[[Lutheran World Federation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About NWGEL |url=http://www.nwgelcommunity.in/p/about-nwgel.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=NWGEL COMMUNITY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Website of Nwgel Church in Ranchi {{!}} Nwgel Church Reviews and Rating 352592 - Grotal.com |url=https://www.grotal.com/Website-of-Nwgel-Church-in-Ranchi-352592/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.grotal.com}}</ref> The NWGEL Church also has a presence in Nepal. Most NWGEL church members are from indigenous and tribal communities. NWGEL Church became an autonomous church on 10 July 1919. On 28 April 1989, the [[United Evangelical Lutheran Church in India]] gave provisional membership to NWGEL Church. NWGEL Church is a member of the [[National Council of Churches in India]] and local bodies such as Bengal Christian Council, Jharkhand Christian Council, Bihar Christian Council, and Chattishgarh Christian Council.

NWGEL Church undertook a partnership with the [[World Mission Prayer League]] (WMPL) in February 2005.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=India |url=http://wmpl.org/about/our-work/india/ |accessdate=2013-01-19 |publisher=[[World Mission Prayer League]]}}</ref> WMPL is helping in developing the Multi-purpose Training Center<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Multi-purpose Training Centre |url=http://wmpl.org/about/our-work/india/multi-purpose-training-centre/ |accessdate=2013-01-19 |publisher=[[World Mission Prayer League]]}}</ref> near Ranchi.

== Ministry areas ==

The NWGEL Church has congregations in the states of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[New Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Karnataka]], with a presence in various state capitals such as [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Bhopal]], [[Raipur]], [[Ranchi]], and [[Patna]]. NWGEL Church has 3 dioceses, 73 parishes, and about 784 congregations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lutheranmissions.org/history/history-of-lutherans-in-india-1909-2009/ |title=History of India, Lutherans in « Lutheran Missions .org |publisher=Lutheranmissions.org |date= |accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref>

The NWGEL Church also has eight congregations in [[Nepal]], with the majority of the members there being from the [[Oraon people|Oraon]] tribe.

== Bishops (1980 onward) ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Bishop'' !! Installation date
|-
| 1. [[Nirmal Minz]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcran.org/home.php |title=Gossner College, Ranchi |publisher=Gcran.org |date=2011-11-25 |accessdate=2013-01-19 |archive-date=1 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901125548/http://gcran.org/home.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nccindia.in/commissions/view.htm?no=37 |accessdate=September 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109113216/http://www.nccindia.in/commissions/view.htm?no=37 |archivedate=November 9, 2007 |title=Welcome to NCCI }}</ref>|| 3 June 1980
|-
| 2. [[Prabhudas Sunil Tirkey]]|| 1996
|-
| 3. [[Nirdosh Lakra]]|| 11 November 2007
|-
| 4. [[Dular Lakra]]
| 13 January 2013
|-
|5. [[Rajiw Satish Toppo]]
|24 January 2022
|}

== History ==

The Gossner Church was established in 1845<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lutheranforum.org/extras/the-lutheran-churches-of-india/ |title=The Lutheran Churches of India — Lutheran Forum |publisher=Lutheranforum.org |accessdate=2013-01-19 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120906075803/http://www.lutheranforum.org/extras/the-lutheran-churches-of-india/ |archivedate=2012-09-06 }}</ref> at [[Ranchi]] in the land of Chottanagpur. It is now in Jharkhand state separated from Bihar. It was the first church in the land of Chotanagpur at that time. The major part of the population was tribal people—[[Oraon people|Oraon]], [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Kharia people|Kharia]], and others. These people were very poor and innocent. They were exploited in several ways by the Jamindars (landlords) in many forms of cruel activity which made them flee to other cities of the country.
[[Image:Johannes Evangelista Goßner 1773-1858.jpg|thumb|Johannes Gossner]]
The deputy commissioner of Chottanagpur at that time requested Dr. Hoeberline, the Secretary of [[Bible Society of India]] at [[Kolkata]], to send missionaries to work among the tribal people of Chottanagpur. As the church grew in number and regions, different models of administration were introduced from time to time with a view to providing equal representation to different regions of the church. However, it seems that the people of region were not given adequate and just representation and legitimate space for their voice and concerns. This fact is to be verified in the reality of difference over time within the church, which led to North Zone, Jubilee synod, Dharamprant for the question of regional justice and adequate representation finally led to the split of Gossner Church in 1977.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shiv Charan Singh |date=2003-07-08 |title=After split, church sects in asset battle - Ownership issue rocks GEL |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030708/asp/ranchi/story_2142619.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102175625/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030708/asp/ranchi/story_2142619.asp |archive-date=2 November 2012 |accessdate=2013-01-19 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

== Establishment ==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2024}}
The missionaries reached Ranchi on 2 November 1845. They worked very hard for five years and there were many inquiries, but nobody accepted Jesus Christ, and as a result, the missionaries were very disappointed. The missionaries wanted permission to go to some other place for mission work, but [[Johannes Gossner]], leader of the Gossner Mission, asked them to continue preaching and depending on the Holy Spirit in conversations in Chottanagpur. So the missionaries continued to preach.

After five years, four Oraon people, Doman Tirkey, Ghuran, Bandhu, and Kesko, found the pamphlet distributed by the missionaries and they were struck by the missionaries' claim in the pamphlet that Jesus is Lord and He is alive. They went to the missionaries and asked about Jesus. The missionaries and four Oraon people had many serious discussions about Jesus Christ and the missionaries answered many questions, but the four Oraon people struggled with one question: they wanted to see Jesus Christ face to face because the missionaries had claimed that Jesus is alive. Both the missionaries and the four seekers were frustrated on this question. When the missionaries could not convince the four seekers on the point that Jesus is alive, the four wanted to quit seeking Him. It was very difficult for the missionaries; after five years of dedicated work, they had four genuine seekers, people who wanted to see Jesus Christ before being baptized. Therefore, they requested that the seekers pray together before they went away. In this prayer with great burden and passion, something happened. The seekers said that they had seen Jesus and now they were ready to take baptism. Apparently, when the prayer ended, the Lord Jesus gave vision to the four seekers and they were convinced. These Oraon people were baptized on 9 June 1850.

== Autonomy ==
When [[World War I]] broke out in 191,4 the Gossner mission faced another crisis. All the German missionaries returned to [[Germany]] and the church was without leadership. For four years there was great struggle in the church. The national missionary society tried to help the church. Their efforts finally led to the autonomy of the church on 10 July 1919. It is an important milestone in the history of the church that the ordinary people of the church took upon themselves the difficult responsibility of an independent church. The Gossner Church became one of the first three churches in [[Asia]] which attained autonomy as early as 1919. The autonomous church continued to grow under the leadership of tribal people of Chottanagpur.

== Women's ministry ==
On 15 November 2010, [[Chonhen Minz]] was appointed as the first woman priest of the NWGEL Church, Ranchi. She graduated from [[Ranchi University]], and studied theology in Chennai from 1994 to 1998. Prior to her appointment, she was engaged in missionary work in the state of Chhattisgarh.

== Educational institutions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Institution Name '' !! City !! State !! Est !! Head
|-
| 1. Navin Doman Theological College|| [[Ranchi]]||[[Jharkhand]]||2005 || Rev. Amol Ashish Kujur
|-
| 2. Lutheran High School|| [[Gumla]]||[[Jharkhand]]|| - || Smt. Gita
|-
| 3. Lutheran High School|| [[Lohardaga]]||[[Jharkhand]]|| - || Ms. Usha Kalen Minz
|-
| 4. Lutheran High School|| [[Ichkela]]||[[Chhattisgarh]]|| - || Sri. Klimkite Kujur
|-
| 5. Lutheran High School|| [[Sarhapani]]||[[Chhattisgarh]]|| 1979 || Sri. Titus Toppo
|-
| 6. Lutheran High School|| [[Kinkel, Jharkhand|Kinkel]]||[[Jharkhand]]|| - || Smt. Rose Romola Tirkey
|-
| 7. Lutheran High School|| [[Kochedega]]||[[Jharkhand]]|| - || Smt. Gracy Minz
|-
| 8. Lutheran High School|| [[Bandarchuwa]]||[[Chhattisgarh]]|| - || Sri. Nasrit TIgga
|-
| 9. Joel Lakra High School|| [[Ranikhatanga]]||[[Jharkhand]]|| - || -
|-
| 10. Gossner College|| [[Simdega]]||[[Jharkhand]]|| - ||Sri. Ajit Toppo
|-
| 11. Lutheran High School|| [[Chainpur block, Gumla|Chainpur]]||[[Jharkhand]]|| 1947 || Smt. Khusmaren Tirkey
|}

==See also==
*[[Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chotanagpur and Assam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

{{Churches in India}}

{{Refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church In Chotanagpur And Assam}}
[[Category:Lutheran World Federation members]]
[[Category:Lutheranism in India]]
[[Category:Lutheran denominations established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1919]]

Maniesh Paul

2026-03-21T08:16:53Z

Smasher: New Initial Info W/ Refs!

{{short description|Indian actor and anchor (born 1981)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maniesh Paul
| image = Manish Paul at ITA 2012.jpg
| caption = Paul at the [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|08|03}}
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| years_active = 2005–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Model|Comedian|Singer|Television presenter|[[Anchor]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Sanyukta Paul|2007}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/maniesh-paul-reveals-how-his-wife-sanyukta-supported-him-during-his-struggle-period-says-i-am-where-i-am-only-because-of-her/articleshow/82804300.cms | title=Maniesh Paul reveals how his wife Sanyukta supported him during his struggle period; says, 'I am where I am only because of her' | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 May 2021 | accessdate=21 May 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''Maniesh Paul''' (born 3 August 1981) is an Indian actor, tv host, anchor, model and singer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy in his space, Maniesh Paul |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_happy-in-his-space-manish-paul_1408673 |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date=12 July 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224181823/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_happy-in-his-space-manish-paul_1408673 |url-status=live }}</ref> Starting his career as an [[Radio jockey|RJ]] and [[Video jockey|VJ]], he moved to acting before taking up stand-up comedy and hosting. Paul is recognized as one of the most prominent television anchors and hosts of his generation, celebrated for his charisma, versatility, and engaging presentation style.

==Early life and background==
Paul was born and brought up in New Delhi to a Punjabi family originally from [[Sialkot|Sialkot, Pakistan]] to Delhi, involved in the financial business.<ref name=agenda/><ref name=mickeytoi/>
He did his schooling from Apeejay School, Sheikh Sarai New Delhi. After his schooling, he did his B.A. in Tourism from [[College of Vocational Studies]], [[Delhi University]]. Then he lived with his grandmother in [[Chembur]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name=agenda>{{cite web| title = Personal Agenda:Manish Paul| publisher = Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chunk-HT-UI-PunjabSectionPage-Brunch/Personal-Agenda/SP-Article1-1106173.aspx| quote = " I'm a die-hard Punjabi"| date = 10 August 2013| access-date = 2013-08-16| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130816052227/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chunk-HT-UI-PunjabSectionPage-Brunch/Personal-Agenda/SP-Article1-1106173.aspx| archive-date = 16 August 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==Career==

===Early career===
Paul started his career in Delhi, as a host, [[compering]] cultural events in schools and colleges.<ref name=mickeytoi>{{cite web| title = I shot my film near my father's office: Manish Paul| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-shot-my-film-near-my-fathers-office-Manish-Paul/articleshow/21268868.cms| date = 23 July 2013| access-date = 2013-08-16| work = [[The Times of India]]| archive-date = 5 October 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-23/news-interviews/40748549_1_manish-paul-mickey-virus-tv-actor| url-status = live}}</ref> Later he shifted to Mumbai,<ref name=ht13>{{cite web| title = I am not used to such adulation: Manish Paul| publisher = Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/I-am-not-used-to-such-adulation-Manish-Paul/Article1-1103524.aspx| date = 5 August 2013| access-date = 2013-08-16| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130815070735/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/I-am-not-used-to-such-adulation-Manish-Paul/Article1-1103524.aspx| archive-date = 15 August 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref> where his first break was hosting ''Sunday Tango'' on [[Star Plus]] in 2002.<ref name=agenda/> He also remained a VJ with [[Zee Music]],<ref name=bhaskar/> and a radio jockey with [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]'s morning drive time show ''Kasakai Mumbai''.
[[File:Manish Paul, Ragini Khanna on the sets of 'Jhalak Dikhhlaa Jaa 5'(7).jpg|thumb|Maniesh Paul and [[Ragini Khanna]] hosting ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]'', 2012. ]]

===Acting career===
Later he entered channel [[STAR One]]'s ''Ghost Bana Dost'' to play the role of a ghost. Paul has acted in many serials such as ''[[Radhaa Ki Betiyaan Kuch Kar Dikhayengi]]'' on [[NDTV Imagine]], ''Zindadil'' on ZeeNext, ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' on Star One, ''[[Wheel Ghar Ghar Mein]]'' and ''Kahani Shuru with Love Guru'' on [[Zee TV]] and ''Kuchh Cook Hota Hai'' on [[9X (TV channel)|9X]]. However, finding it unsatisfying, he quit daily soaps and was even out of work for eight months in 2008.<ref name=toi13/><ref name=agenda/>

Though he had appeared in cameo roles such as in the [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Katrina Kaif]]-starrer ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' (2010),<ref name=toi12>{{cite web| title = I've decided to keep away from fiction: Manish Paul| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Ive-decided-to-keep-away-from-fiction-Manish-Paul/articleshow/11602449.cms| date = 23 January 2012| access-date = 2013-08-16| work = [[The Times of India]]| archive-date = 12 December 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212204347/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/tv/30659790_1_pyaar-mein-twist-manish-paul-rjing| url-status = live}}</ref> Paul made his debut in a lead role of the computer geek ''Mickey'' in '' [[Mickey Virus]]'' (2013) which received a lot of appreciation.<ref>{{cite web| title = Manish Paul hopes to team up with Karan Johar soon| publisher = Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Manish-Paul-hopes-to-team-up-with-Karan-Johar-soon/Article1-1095642.aspx| date = 20 July 2013| access-date = 2013-08-16| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130723215028/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Manish-Paul-hopes-to-team-up-with-Karan-Johar-soon/Article1-1095642.aspx| archive-date = 23 July 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Manish-Paul-all-set-to-hit-the-silver-screen/articleshow/15055618.cms|title=Manish Paul all set to hit the silver screen|work=The Times of India
|access-date=2012-07-20}}{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref>

===Television host and presenter===
Subsequently, Paul started his career as a television host and presenter, and gained recognition after hosting ''Saa Ree Gaa Maa Paa Chhote Ustaad'', and later also appeared in the stand-up comedy series ''[[Comedy Circus]]''.<ref name=toi12/> He also hosted ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters]]'' on [[Zee TV]]. He also participated in ''Star Ya Rockstar'', a celebrity singing show on [[Zee TV]], and co-hosted the celebrity dance-reality competition ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]'' on [[Colors TV]] with [[Ranvir Shorey]].
He was also the host of [[Science of Stupid]] (IND) version.
<ref name=toi13>{{cite web | title = Daily soaps weren't creatively satisfying: Manish Paul | url = http://colors.in.com/in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa | access-date = 1 July 2014 | archive-date = 3 July 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140703224404/http://colors.in.com/in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2011, Paul won the Best Anchor award for [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters]]''.<ref name=toiaward11/>

Paul has also hosted ''[[Science of Stupid]]'' on [[National Geographic India|National Geographic]]. Over the years, Paul has hosted numerous award shows. In 2018, he hosted [[Sony TV]]'s ''[[Indian Idol|Indian Idol 10]]''.<ref name=toiaward11>{{cite news| title = Manish Paul's dream fulfilled!| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Manish-Pauls-dream-fulfilled/articleshow/9184663.cms| date = 11 July 2011| access-date = 2013-08-16| archive-date = 10 November 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131110003334/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-11/tv/29760669_1_dance-manish-paul-stunts| work = [[The Times of India]]| url-status = live}}</ref> Next, he hosted [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 9]]''.He is currently hosting discovery plus show History Hunter.

==Personal life==

He is married to Sanyukta Paul (m. 2007), who is a [[Bengali people|Bengali]]. They met each other in their school and started dating in late 1998. Soon, their families got to know each other and they finally got married in 2007.<ref name=bhaskar>{{cite web| title = Television's funny bone Manish Paul's love story with wife Sanyukta| publisher = Daily Bhaskar| url = http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/REL-televisions-funny-bone-manish-pauls-love-story-with-wife-sanyukta-4328628-PHO.html| access-date = 2013-08-16| archive-date = 5 September 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130905044426/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/REL-televisions-funny-bone-manish-pauls-love-story-with-wife-sanyukta-4328628-PHO.html| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Manish Paul opens his heart| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Manish-Paul-opens-his-heart/articleshow/9554248.cms| date = 10 Aug 2011| access-date = 2013-08-16| archive-date = 1 August 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130801180812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-10/tv/29871365_1_girlfriend-wife-of-four-years-life| work = [[The Times of India]]| url-status = live}}</ref> They have a daughter born in 2011 and a son born in 2016.

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2005/07 || '' [[Hero - Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai]]'' || Azgar
|-
|rowspan=2| 2007 || ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]'' || Farhaan Zaidi
|-
| ''Zindadil'' || Host
|-
| rowspan=6|2008 || ''[[Radhaa Ki Betiyaan Kuch Kar Dikhayengi|Radhaa Ki Betiyaan Kuch Kar Dikhayeng]]'' || Karan
|-
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai|Khooni Saaya]]'' || Prem
|-
|''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai|Kaali Chudail]]'' || Prashant
|-
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai|Honeymoon Hotel]]'' || Raj
|-
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai|Guest House]]'' || Sidharth
|-
| ''Ghost Bana Dost''|| Ghost
|-
| rowspan=2|2009 || ''Ghar Ghar Mein'' || Host
|-
|''Kuch Kook Hota Hai'' || Mannu
|-
|rowspan=4| 2010 || ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters]]'' ||rowspan=4| Host
|-
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar]]''
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo]]''
|-
| ''Kiski Daal Galegi''
|-
| rowspan=3|2011 || ''[[Pyaar Mein Twist (TV series)|Pyaar Mein Twist]]'' || Amol
|-
| ''[[Dance Ke Superstars]]'' || Host
|-
| ''Star Ya Rockstar'' || Contestant
|-
| rowspan=2|2012 || ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa#Season 5|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]'' || rowspan="20" | Host
|-
|''[[India's Got Talent]]''
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa#Season 6|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''
|-
| rowspan=3|2014 || ''Mad in India''
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa#Season 7|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''
|-
| ''[[Science of Stupid]]''
|-
| rowspan=2|2015 || ''Brain Boosters''
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa#Season 8|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]''
|-
| rowspan=2|2016 || ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa#Season 9|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9]]''
|-
|''[[Science of Stupid|Science of Stupid 3]]''
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Indian Idol]]''
|-
| rowspan=2|2019 || ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''
|-
| ''Movie Masti with Manish Paul''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020 || ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karoge]]''
|-
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2020]]''
|-
|''[[Beat The Genius]]''
|-
| 2021||[[India's Best Dancer|''India's Best Dancer 2'']]
|-
| rowspan=2| 2022
|''Smart Jodi''
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 10)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10]]''
|-
|}

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
|-
| 2009
!scope="row"|''Maruti Mera Dost''
| Varun
| Special appearance
|-
| 2010
!scope="row"|''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
| Master India
| Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
!scope="row"|''[[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mickey Virus]]''
| Mickey Arora
| Bollywood debut
|-
| 2015
!scope="row"| ''[[Ranbanka]]''
| Rahul Sharma
|
|-
| 2016
!scope="row"| ''[[Tere Bin Laden: Dead or Alive]]''
| Sharma
|
|-
| 2017
!scope="row"| ''[[Hrudayantar]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance, Marathi movie
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" |''[[Baa Baaa Black Sheep (film)|Baa Baaa Black Sheep]]''
| Baba
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/baa-baaa-black-sheep-teaser-will-maniesh-paul-succeed-this-time/story-qMI7tZfWmVXQ99t9mAPvIL.html|title=Baa Baaa Black Sheep teaser: Will Maniesh Paul succeed this time?|publisher=Hindustan TImes}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
!scope="row"| ''Banjar''
| Jaswant
|
|-
|2022
! scope="row" |''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''
| Gurpreet Sharma
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/maniesh-paul-joins-varun-dhawan-and-kiara-advani-in-raj-mehtas-next-jug-jug-jiyo/|title=Maniesh Paul joins Varun Dhawan and Kiara Advani in Raj Mehta's next Jug Jug Jiyo|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=9 November 2020|access-date=10 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2023
! scope="row" |''[[Rafuchakkar]]''
| Pawan Kumar
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/tv/rafuchakkar-trailer-out-maniesh-pauls-heist-drama-to-arrive-on-jiocinema-for-free-on-june-15-watch-video-5184656.html|title=Rafuchakkar Trailer Out! Maniesh Paul's Heist Drama to Arrive on JioCinema for Free on June 15 (Watch Video)|website=Latest LY|date=12 June 2023|access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2025
! scope="row" |''[[Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari]]''
| Kuku
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari' Goes On Floors |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sunny-sanskari-ki-tulsi-kumari-goes-on-floors |website=Outlook |date=5 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| {{Pending film|Vvan – Force of the Forrest}}
| {{TableTBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2026 |title='VVan– Force of the Forest': Sidharth Malhotra and Tamannaah Bhatia to Star in New Thriller |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/vvan-force-of-the-forest-sidharth-malhotra-and-tamannaah-bhatia-to-star-in-new-thriller |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !!Film!! Award !! Category !! Result
|-
|| 2023 || ''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]'' || [[Zee Cine Awards]] || Best Actor in a Comic Role || {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=ZEE Cine Awards 2023: Winner's list|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-cine-awards-2023-winners-list/|accessdate=21 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|| 2023 || ''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]'' || [[68th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] || {{nom}}<ref name="ff23win">{{cite news |title=Winners of the 68th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2023|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/winners|date=28 April 2023|work=Filmfare|access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
!Singer
! scope="col"|Music
! scope="col" |Lyrics
! scope="col"|Label
!
|-
| 2018
| ''Harjai''
|Himself
| colspan="2" | [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
| [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-08|title=Maniesh Paul on singing in Punjabi: It was very easy, I am a Dilli ka munda|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/maniesh-paul-on-singing-in-punjabi-it-was-very-easy-i-am-a-dilli-ka-munda/story-w3QdvLzY29pdO9ccaUqTdO.html|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Events and awards nights==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Year !! Event !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 2008 || ''GR8 Awards'' || Host || [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
|-
| 2008–2009 || ''Mumbai Police Show Organised by Cineyug'' || Host || [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]'' || Host || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Zee Gold Awards]]'' || Host || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2010 || ''Zee Diwali Dhamaka'' || Host || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Sahara India Pariwar]]'' || Host || [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]''|| Host || [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Indian Telly Awards]]'' || Host || [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]'' || Host || [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Femina Miss India]]'' || Host || [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
|-
|-
| 2012 || ''STAR Parivaar Awards'' || Host || [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Femina Miss India]]'' || Host || [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Indian Telly Awards]]'' || Host || [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2012 || ''Golden Petal Awards'' || Host || [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]''|| Host || [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2021 || ''[[52nd International Film Festival of India|Opening Ceremony of International Film Festival of India]]'' || Host ||[[DD India]] and [[DD National]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/iffi-52-salman-khan-ranveer-singh-puneeth-rajkumar-7630401/|title=IFFI: Salman Khan and Ranveer Singh to attend opening ceremony, Puneeth Rajkumar and Dilip Kumar to be honoured|date=19 November 2021|access-date=19 November 2021|website= The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Femina Miss India]]'' || Host || [[Colors TV]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2831773 Manish Paul] at [[IMDb]]
* {{BH person|maniesh-paul}}

{{Indian Telly Award Best Anchor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Manish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Masters of ceremonies]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
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[[Category:1981 births]]

Prayagraj Chheoki Junction railway station

2026-03-20T16:49:16Z

Smasher: creating new stub - done

{{short description|Railway station in Prayagraj district, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Prayagraj Chheoki Junction railway station
| native_name =
| other_name = Allahabad Chheoki railway station
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Prayagraj Chheoki junction.jpg
| image_caption =Prayagraj Chheoki Junction
| address = [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.3767|81.8672|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| elevation = {{convert|97|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone]]
| line = [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] [[Prayagraj–Jabalpur section]] [[Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line]]
| platforms = 4
| tracks = 11
| other =
| accessible =
| bicycle = No
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = No
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PCOI, formerly ACOI
| zone = [[North Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Prayagraj}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former =
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = 
}}

'''Prayagraj Chheoki Junction railway station''', formerly and colloquially knows as '''Allahabad Chheoki railway station'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prayagraj Chheoki Railway Station Map/Atlas NCR/North Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/prayagraj-chheoki-junction-pcoi/12851 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> (station code: '''PCOI'''),<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |last1=ANI |title=4 railway stations in Uttar Pradesh's Prayagraj get new names |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/railway-stations-uttar-pradesh-prayagraj-renamed-1648577-2020-02-21 |access-date=22 February 2020 |work=India Today |date=21 February 2020 }}</ref> is one of the major railways stations (besides [[Prayagraj Junction railway station]]) located in [[Prayagraj district]]. Chheoki is at a distance of 10 km from Prayagraj Junction on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]. Trains that bypass Prayagraj Junction and which come from [[Jabalpur]] and go towards [[Mughalsarai]] usually stop at Chheoki. To reduce the load on the main junction, trains were shifted to Chheoki.<ref name="IndiaRail">{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/chheoki-junction-allahabad-coi/3085| title=COI/Cheoki Junction| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> Chheoki has three platforms that are high-level platforms and one UTS.<ref name="IndiaTV">{{Cite news |title=4 railway stations in Uttar Pradesh's Prayagraj get new names |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-railway-stations-prayagraj-allahabad-590982 |work=India TV |date=21 February 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The station was constructed to decongest Prayagraj Junction and provide a separate route for trains to southern India and Jabalpur which originate from eastern India and Mughalsarai. A delay of more than 30 minutes for an engine change at Prayagraj is thus avoided. This allows trains on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line|New Delhi–Howrah route]] to run punctually since scarce platform space at Prayagraj Junction is freed up.

==Amenities==
The station is a B-class station and part of [[North Central Railways]] under the [[Prayagraj railway division]].

Some popular trains that stop at Chheoki are [[Bhagmati Express]], [[Khwaja Garib Nawaz Madar–Kolkata Express]], [[Bhagalpur–Ajmer Express]], [[Chambal Express]], [[Mahanagari Express]], [[Shipra Express]], [[Sanghamithra Express]] [[Tapti Ganga Express]], [[Howrah–Mumbai Mail]] and [[Pune–Danapur Superfast Express]], [[Bhagalpur]] [[Antyodaya Express]], [[Humsafar Express]], and [[Mahamana Express]]. Trains plying between [[Manikpur, Uttar Pradesh|Manikpur]]–[[Jabalpur]]–[[Itarsi]], [[Manikpur, Uttar Pradesh|Manikpur]]–[[Jhansi]]–[[Gwalior]], [[Manikpur, Uttar Pradesh|Manikpur]]–[[Katni]]–[[Bhopal]]–[[Indore]] and [[Manikpur, Uttar Pradesh|Manikpur]]–[[Nagpur]]–[[Gondia]]–[[Secunderabad]]–[[Yesvantpur]] transit through Cheoki.

The station currently lacks facilities like porters, however efforts are being made to convert the station to a satellite hub with better passenger amenities since several trains to southern India transit through this station.<ref name="IndiaTV"/><ref name="India Today"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Prayagraj district]]

List of Malayalam films of 1980

2026-03-07T04:51:47Z

Smasher: minor add references and updated info based on references

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Malayalam films}}

The following is a list of [[Malayalam film]]s released in the year 1980.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! colspan='2' | Opening !! Sl. No. !!Film !! Cast !! Director
!Lyricist!! Music director !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''J A N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 4
|valign="center" | {{center|1}}
| ''[[Makara Vilakku (film)|Makara Vilakku]]'' || [[Jose (actor)|Jose]], [[Sankaradi]] || [[P. K. Joseph]] ||[[Sreekumaran Thampi]]|| K. J. Joy ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 25
|valign="center" | {{center|2}}
| ''[[Ivar (1980 film)|Ivar]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]], [[Sukumaran]],[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], || [[I. V. Sasi]] ||[[P. Bhaskaran]]|| [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|3}}
| ''[[Kadalkkaattu]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]], [[Jayabharathi]], || [[P. G. Vishwambharan]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''F E B'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 8
|valign="center" | {{center|4}}
| ''[[Air Hostess (1980 film)|Air Hostess]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], Rajani Sharma || [[P. Chandrakumar]] ||[[O. N. V. Kurup]]|| [[Salil Chowdhary]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|5}}
| ''[[Chora Chuvanna Chora]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] || G. Gopalakrishnan ||[[Mullanezhi]], G. K. Pallath || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 12
|valign="center" | {{center|6}}
| ''[[Adhikaram]]'' || [[Sukumaran]],[[Seema (actress)|Seema]], || [[P. Chandrakumar]] ||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]|| [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 15
|valign="center" | {{center|7}}
| ''[[Aarohanam (1980 film)|Aarohanam]]''|| [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Prathap Pothen]] || [[A. Sheriff]] ||[[Poovachal Khader]]|| [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|8}}
| ''[[Kari Puranda Jeevithangal]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayan]],[[Jayabharathi]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 21
|valign="center" | {{center|9}}
| ''[[Vazhimariya Paravakal]]'' || || S. Jagadeesan || || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 22
|valign="center" | {{center|10}}
| ''[[Kochu Kochu Thettukal]]'' || [[Sukumaran]],[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] || [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 29
|valign="center" | {{center|11}}
| ''[[Dooram Arike]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]], [[Sukumaran]] || [[Jeassy]] || || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|12}}
| ''[[Love in Singapore (1980 Malayalam film)|Love in Singapore]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayan]] || [[Baby (director)|Baby]] || || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''M A R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 3
|valign="center" | {{center|13}}
| ''[[Ammayum Makalum]]'' || [[Jayabharathi]], [[Jose (actor)|Jose]] || Stanley Jose || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 7
|valign="center" | {{center|14}}
| ''[[Pavizha Mutthu]]'' ||[[M. G. Soman]], [[Sankaradi]], [[Bahadoor]] || [[Jeassy]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 14
|valign="center" | {{center|15}}
| ''Ithikkara Pakki'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayan]], [[Jayabharathi]], || [[J. Sasikumar]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| [[Traditional]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 21
|valign="center" | {{center|16}}
| ''[[Shalini Ente Koottukari]]'' ||[[Sukumaran]], [[Shobha]], [[Jalaja]] || [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|17}}
| ''[[Agni Kshethram]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Srividya]] || [[P. T. Rajan]] || || K. J. Joy ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|18}}
| ''[[Daaliya Pookkal]]'' || [[Pappan]], [[Roopesh]] || Prathap Singh || || Kanjangad Ramachandran ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 28
|valign="center" | {{center|19}}
| ''[[Iniyum Marichittillatha Nammal]]'' || [[Sashi Kumar]], [[T. V. Chandran]] || [[Chintha Ravi]] || || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''A P R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 3
|valign="center" | {{center|20}}
| ''[[Theekkadal]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]],[[Sukumaran]] || [[Navodaya Appachan]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| Guna Singh ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 11
|valign="center" | {{center|21}}
| ''[[Benz Vasu]]'' || [[Jayan]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]|| Hassan || || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 18
|valign="center" | {{center|22}}
| ''[[Angadi (film)|Angadi]]'' || [[Jayan]],[[Sukumaran]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] || [[I. V. Sasi]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|23}}
| ''[[Kaavalmaadam]]'' || [[Sukumaran]],[[Jose (actor)|Jose]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] || [[P. Chandrakumar]] || || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 24
|valign="center" | {{center|24}}
| ''[[Vilkkanundu Swapnangal]]'' || [[Sukumaran]], [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] || Azad || || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 25
|valign="center" | {{center|25}}
| ''[[Chandra Bimbam]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]],[[Jayabharathi]], [[Prathap Pothen]] || [[N. Sankaran Nair]] || || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|26}}
| ''[[Esthappan]]'' || Rajan Kakkanadan, Krishnapuram Leela || [[G. Aravindan]] || || Janardhan, G. Aravindan ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|27}}
| ''[[Theenalangal]]'' || [[Jayan]], [[Sheela]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|28}}
| ''[[Mr. Michael]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jose (actor)|Jose]] || [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]]||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 9
|valign="center" | {{center|29}}
| ''[[Maro Charitra]]'' || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Saritha]] || [[K. Balachander]] || || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|30}}
| ''[[Ambalavilakku]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Srividya]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 16
|valign="center" | {{center|31}}
| ''[[Akalangalil Abhayam]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sheela]], [[M. G. Soman]] || [[Jeassy]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|32}}
| ''[[Idi Muzhakkam]]'' || [[Jayan]], [[Sukumaran]],[[Ratheesh]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 6
|valign="center" | {{center|33}}
| ''[[Eden Thottam]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[P. Chandrakumar]] || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 12
|valign="center" | {{center|34}}
| ''[[Thirayum Theeravum]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]],[[M. G. Soman]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[K. G. Rajasekharan]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|35}}
| ''[[Kalika (film)|Kalika]]'' || [[Sukumaran]],[[Sheela]], || [[Balachandra Menon]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 14
|valign="center" | {{center|36}}
| ''[[Saraswathi Yaamam]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]],[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], [[Prameela]] || [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] || || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 19
|valign="center" | {{center|37}}
| ''[[Kaantha Valayam]]'' || [[Jayan]], [[Krishnachandran]] || [[I. V. Sasi]] || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 25
|valign="center" | {{center|38}}
| ''[[Chamaram]]'' || [[Prathap Pothan]], [[Nedumudi Venu]] || [[Bharathan]] || || [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 27
|valign="center" | {{center|39}}
| ''[[Thaliritta Kinakkal]]'' || [[Sukumaran]],[[Prathap Pothen]],|| [[P. Gopikumar]] || || Jithin Shyam ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U L'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 4
|valign="center" | {{center|40}}
| ''[[Youvanam Daaham]]'' || [[Jose (actor)|Jose]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] || [[Crossbelt Mani]] || ||[[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|41}}
| ''[[Cheriyachante Kroorakrithyangal]]'' || [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] || [[John Abraham (Director)|John Abraham]] || || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 11
|valign="center" | {{center|42}}
| ''[[Soorya Daaham]]'' || [[Sukumari]], [[Shobha]] || [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|43}}
| ''[[Rajaneegandhi]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 25
|valign="center" | {{center|44}}
| ''[[Ithile Vannavar]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]],[[Sukumaran]], [[Sheela]] || [[P. Chandrakumar]] || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''A U G'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 1
|valign="center" | {{center|45}}
| ''[[Dwik Vijayam]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Srividya]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|46}}
| ''[[Aniyaatha Valakal]]'' || [[Sukumaran]], [[M. G. Soman]] || [[Balachandra Menon]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 7
|valign="center" | {{center|47}}
| ''[[Prakriti Manohari]]'' || [[Jagannatha Varma]], Lisha || G. S. Panicker || || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 8
|valign="center" | {{center|48}}
| ''[[Avan Oru Ahankaari]]'' || [[Sheela]], [[Jose Prakash]] || [[K. G. Rajasekharan]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 15
|valign="center" | {{center|49}}
| ''[[Paalattu Kunjikannan]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || Boban Kunchacko || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|50}}
| ''Chandrahaasam'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayan]] || [[Baby (director)|Baby]]|| || K. J. Joy ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 22
|valign="center" | {{center|51}}
| ''[[Sakthi (1980 film)|Sakthi]]'' || [[Jayan]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] || [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| K. J. Joy ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 23
|valign="center" | {{center|52}}
| ''Meen'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayan]] || [[I. V. Sasi]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|53}}
| ''[[Lava (1980 film)|Lava]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] || [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|54}}
| ''[[Lorry (film)|Lorry]]'' || [[Prathap Pothen]], [[Achankunju]] || [[Bharathan]] || || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|55}}
| ''[[Swarga Devatha]]'' || [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[K. P. Ummer]] || Charles Ayyampally || || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 30
|valign="center" | {{center|56}}
| ''[[Malankattu]]'' || Babu, Prathima || Ramu Kariyat || || [[K. Raghavan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''S E P'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 5
|valign="center" | {{center|57}}
| ''[[Puzha (film)|Puzha]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]], [[Srividya]] || [[Jeassy]] || || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 19
|valign="center" | {{center|58}}
| ''[[Hridhayam Paadunnu]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]], [[Jose (actor)|Jose]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] || G. Premkumar || || K. J. Joy ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 27
|valign="center" | {{center|59}}
| ''[[Swattu]]'' || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[N. Sankaran Nair]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|60}}
| ''[[Bhaktha Hanuman]]'' || || [[Ganga]] || || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|61}}
| ''[[Vedikkettu]]'' || [[Sukumaran]], [[Jalaja]] || K. A. Sivadas || || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 2
|valign="center" | {{center|62}}
| ''[[Swandam Enna Padam]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Srividya]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 3
|valign="center" | {{center|63}}
| ''[[Pralayam]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayabharathi]] || [[P. Chandrakumar]] || || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 10
|valign="center" | {{center|64}}
| ''[[Shishirathil Oru Vasantham]]'' || [[Sukumaran]],[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]], || [[Keyaar]] || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 16
|valign="center" | {{center|65}}
| ''[[Karimpana]]'' || [[Jayan]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] || [[I. V. Sasi]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|66}}
| ''[[Oru Varsham Oru Maasam]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]], [[Jayabharathi]], [[Sankaradi]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || || [[Raveendran]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|67}}
| ''[[Chaakara (film)|Chaakara]]'' || [[Jayan]],[[Sukumaran]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] || [[P. G. Vishwambharan]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 31
|valign="center" | {{center|68}}
| ''[[Raagam Thaanam Pallavi]]'' ||[[M. G. Soman]], [[Srividya]], [[Sankaradi]] || A. T. Abu || || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|69}}
| ''[[Oormakale Vida Tharu]]'' || [[Srividya]], [[Prathap Pothen]] || Ravi Gupthan || || K. J. Joy ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|70}}
| ''[[Prakadanam]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]], [[Prathapachandran]], [[Balan K. Nair]] || [[J. Sasikumar]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''N O V'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 6
|valign="center" | {{center|71}}
| ''[[Ishtamanu Pakshe]]'' ||[[Sukumaran]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Venu Nagavally]] || [[Balachandra Menon]] || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|72}}
| ''[[Pappu (film)|Pappu]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]], [[Prathap Pothen]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] || [[Baby (director)|Baby]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| K. J. Joy ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 12
|valign="center" | {{center|73}}
| ''[[Muthuchippikal]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[M. G. Soman]], [[Srividya]] || [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] || || [[Traditional]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 14
|valign="center" | {{center|74}}
| ''[[Anthappuram]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] || [[K. G. Rajasekharan]] || || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|75}}
| ''[[Deepam (film)|Deepam]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayan]] || [[P. Chandrakumar]] || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 21
|valign="center" | {{center|76}}
| ''[[Moorkhan (film)|Moorkhan]]'' || [[Jayan]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] || [[Joshiy]] || || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|77}}
| ''[[Theeram Thedunnavar]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sukumaran]] || [[P. Chandrakumar]] || || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 27
|valign="center" | {{center|78}}
| ''[[Naayattu]]'' || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Jayan]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 28
|valign="center" | {{center|79}}
| ''[[Vaiki Vanna Vasantham]]'' || [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Srividya]] || [[Balachandra Menon]] || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''D E C'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 5
|valign="center" | {{center|80}}
| ''[[Mela (1980 film)|Mela]]'' || Sharaf || [[K. G. George]] || || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|81}}
| ''[[Aagamanam]]'' || [[M. G. Soman]], [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]], [[Srividya]] || [[Jeassy]] || || Vidyadharan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 12
|valign="center" | {{center|82}}
| ''[[Ival Eevazhi Ithu Vare]]'' || [[Jayabharathi]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] || [[K. G. Rajasekharan]] || || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|83}}
| ''[[Sathyam (1980 film)|Sathyam]]'' || [[Sreenath]], [[Sathaar]] || [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 17
|valign="center" | {{center|84}}
| ''[[Manushya Mrugam (1980 film)|Manushya Mrugam]]'' || [[Jayan]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] || [[Baby (director)|Baby]] || || K. J. Joy ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 19
|valign="center" | {{center|85}}
| ''[[Seetha (1980 film)|Seetha]]'' || [[Sukumari]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || P. Govindan || || [[M. K. Arjunan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 24
|valign="center" | {{center|86}}
| ''[[Arangum Aniyarayum]]'' || [[Sukumaran]],[[Sankaradi]], || [[P. Chandrakumar]] || || [[A. T. Ummer]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|87}}
| ''[[Ashwaradham]]'' || [[Srividya]], [[Raveendran]] || [[I. V. Sasi]] || || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 25
|valign="center" | {{center|88}}
| ''[[Manjil Virinja Pookkal]]'' || [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], [[Poornima Jayaram]] || [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] ||[[Bichu Thirumala]]|| [[Jerry Amaldev]] ||
|-
|valign="center" | {{center|89}}
| ''[[Nattuchakkeruttu]]'' || [[Sheela]], [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] || Ravi Gupthan || || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 30
|valign="center" | {{center|90}}
| ''[[Sooryante Maranum]]'' || [[Nedumudi Venu]], Ravi Alummoodu || [[Rajeevnath]] || || ||
|-
|}

==Dubbed films==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director(s)
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| ''[[Niram Maaratha Pookkal]]''
| [[Bharatiraja]]
| ''Niram Maaratha Pookkal''
| Tamil
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]''
| [[K. Viswanath]]
| ''Sankarabharanam''
| Telugu
| Somayajalu, Manju Bhargavi
|
|}

==References==
{{No footnotes|date=February 2011}}
*{{cite web|title=Kerala Government Public Relations Department |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828202957/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |archive-date=28 August 2005 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | title=Cinema of Malayalam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426081118/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/ | archive-date=26 April 2005 | url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net | access-date=18 September 2019 }}
*{{cite web | title=Official Site of Association of Malayalam Movie Artists | url=http://malayalamcinema.com | access-date=24 February 2011 }}

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1980 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 1980}}
[[Category:1980 Malayalam-language films| 1980]]
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|1980]]
[[Category:Lists of 1980 films by language]]
[[Category:1980s in Indian cinema|Fil]]

Battle of Saragarhi

2026-03-06T03:59:09Z

Smasher: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|1897 last stand battle in the British Raj}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Saragarhi
| partof = the [[Tirah Campaign]]
| image = Depiction of the Battle of Saragarhi of the Tirah Campaign, fought on 12 September 1897.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Depiction of the Battle of Saragarhi of the Tirah Campaign
| date = 12 September 1897
| place = [[Tirah]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[British India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|33|33|15|N|70|53|15|E|display=title,inline}}
| result = Afghan victory<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal| last = Kumar| first = MP Anil| title = Rezang La stands out| journal = Indian Defence Review| access-date = 29 July 2019| date = 8 July 2018| url = http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/rezang-la-stands-out/0/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160426091231/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/rezang-la-stands-out/0/| archive-date = 26 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/when-21-sikh-soldiers-stood-against-10000-men-the-battle-of-saragarhi/|publisher=BBC|title=The battle of Saragarhi: when 21 Sikh soldiers stood against 10,000 men|author=Jay Singh-Sohal|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref>
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|British Empire}} [[British Empire]]
• {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|India]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg|24px]] [[Afridi]] [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg|24px]] [[Orakzai]]
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|British Raj}} [[Ishar Singh (havildar)|Ishar Singh]]{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg|24px]] Gul Badshah
| strength1 = 21<ref name="londongaz">{{London Gazette |issue=26937 |date=11 February 1898 |page=863 }}</ref>
| strength2 = 10,000 to 12,000<ref name="LansfordTom">{{cite book |author=Tom Lansford |title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&q=600+killed+saragarhi&pg=PA408 |year=2017 |page=408 |publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=9781598847604 |quote=The Orakzais were joined by the Afridi swelling their numbers to more than 10000. Groups of tribesmen attacked Sangar on the night of September 11. The post was on a high ridge and well fortified. Although there were only 44 Sikh troops, the garrison repulsed the attack. The following morning, the natives attacked Saragarhi. The garrison numbered 21 Sikhs, led by Havildar Ishar Singh. Instead of withdrawing to one of the other posts, the Sikhs decided to remain in an effort to maintain communication between the two forts.}}</ref><ref name="SharmaGautam">{{cite book |author1=Sharma, Gautam |title=Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army |date=1990 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-8170231400 |page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLrTzZd0j1kC&pg=PA185 |access-date=22 February 2019 |quote=A mass attack came on Saragarhi on September 12 and the 21 strong detachment fought one of the most unequal engagements in the history of warfare. There were fierce onslaughts by the 10,000 Orakzai and Afridi tribesmen. The outnumbered defenders returned the fire in a most determined manner. After a series of abortive attempts, the tribesmen managed to reach the wall of the post by using an ingenious method. Effecting a breach, they were face to face with the brave Sikhs, most of whom had been wounded.}}</ref>
| casualties1 = 21 dead<ref name="londongaz"/>
| casualties2 = 450 (estimate) dead and wounded<ref>{{cite book |author=Col Kanwaljit Singh, Maj H S Ahluwalia |chapter=Saragarhi (1897) |title=Saragarhi Battalion: Ashes to Glory |year=1987 |isbn=9788170620228 |publisher=Lancer International |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAGzBgAAQBAJ |quote=The gallant defence of Saragarhi by Havildar Ishar Singh and twenty other ranks and a follower is estimated to have lost the enemy about four hundred and fifty killed and wounded}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dennis Showalter |title=Imperial Wars 1815–1914 |year=2013 |isbn=9781782741251 |publisher=Amber Books Ltd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvKxAgAAQBAJ
|quote=The Sikhs were wiped out after inflicting 450 casualties on their attackers.}}</ref> See [[#Aftermath|Aftermath section]]
}}
The '''Battle of Saragarhi''' was a [[Last stand|last-stand battle]] fought before the [[Tirah Campaign]] between the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] and [[Afghans|Afghan tribesmen]].<ref name="stewart">{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Jules |title=On Afghanistan's Plains: The Story of Britain's Afghan Wars |date=15 August 2011 |publisher=I.B. Tauris}}</ref> On 12 September 1897, an estimated 12,000–24,000 [[Orakzai]] and [[Afridi]] tribesmen were seen near Gogra, at Samana Suk, and around Saragarhi, cutting off Fort Gulistan from Fort Lockhart. The Afghans attacked the outpost of Saragarhi where thousands of them swarmed and surrounded the fort, preparing to assault it.<ref name="haughton">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/tirahhaughton.pdf |title=Life of Lieu. Col. John Haughton |last=Yate |first=Major A.C. |date=1900 |page=126 |quote=When day broke on the 12th, the Orakzai-Afridi "lashkar" was seen to be in force near Gogra on the east, at the Samana Suk on the west, and round the Saragarhi post, thus severing Gulistan from Fort Lockhart. (Their total number has been variously estimated at from twelve to twenty thousand.)It was, therefore, no longer possible for Colonel Haughton to carry aid to Saragarhi or Guhstan, as he had done twice before. The enemy turned the brunt of their attack on the little post of Saragarhi.}}</ref> Led by [[Havildar]] [[Ishar Singh (havildar)|Ishar Singh]], the 21 soldiers in the fort—all of whom were [[Sikhs]]—refused to surrender and were wiped out in a last stand. The post was recaptured two days later by another British Indian contingent.

All of the 21 soldiers involved in the battle were posthumously awarded the [[Indian Order of Merit]], which was the highest gallantry award that an Indian soldier could receive at the time. The [[Indian Army]]'s 4th Battalion of the [[Sikh Regiment]] commemorates the battle every year on 12 September as ''Saragarhi Day''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/the-21-sikhs-of-saragarhi-114091101117_1.html|title=The 21 Sikhs of Saragarhi|first=Jaisal|last=Singh|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=13 September 2014|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Photograph with the caption 'Native Sikhs of the 36th Sikhs. Tirah, 1897'.jpg|thumb|Photograph with the caption 'Native Sikhs of the 36th Sikhs. Tirah, 1897']]
Saragarhi was a small village in the border district of [[Kohat District|Kohat]], situated on the [[Samana Range]], which was located in the [[North-West Frontier Province]] of British India (present-day [[Pakistan]]). On 20 April 1894, the [[36th Sikhs]] of the [[British Indian Army]] was created under the command of Colonel J. Cook,<ref name="pall">Pall, S. J. S. 2004. ''The Story of Valiant Sikhs''. Amritsar: B. Chattar Singh. {{ISBN|978-8176016421}}. p. 98</ref> entirely composed of [[Jat Sikhs]].<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gautam |title=Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army |year=1990 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-140-0 |page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLrTzZd0j1kC&pg=PA185 |quote=36th Sikhs, which later became 4th Battalion of the Sikh Regiment, was the last to join the ranks of the elite in 1887 with a difference. It was a one-class Jat Sikh Battalion and within a decade, won for the regiment and the Indian Army immortal fame during the operations on the Samana ridge (1897). At that time the battalion was holding posts on the ridge. Those at Saragarhi, Gulistan and Fort Lockhart served as communication links.}}</ref> In August 1897, five companies of the 36th Sikhs under Lieutenant Colonel John Haughton were sent to the northwest frontier of [[British Raj|British India]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) and were stationed at Samana Hills, Kurag, Sangar, Sahtop Dhar, and Saragarhi.

The British had partially succeeded in getting control of this volatile area, but tribal [[Pashtuns]] continued to attack British personnel from time to time. Thus, a series of forts, originally built by [[Ranjit Singh]], the ruler of the [[Sikh Empire]], were consolidated. Two of the forts were Fort Lockhart (on the Samana Range of the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains), and Fort Gulistan ([[Sulaiman Range]]), situated a few miles apart. Fort Lockhart is located at {{Coord|33.5562|N|70.9188|E|display=}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-3831266&fid=4661&c=pakistan|title=Fort Lockhart Geo Location}}</ref> Due to the forts not being visible to each other, Saragarhi was created midway, as a [[heliograph]]ic communication post. The Saragarhi post, situated on a rocky ridge, consisted of a small [[block house]] with loop-holed ramparts and a signalling tower.

A general uprising by the Afghans began there in 1897 and, between 27 August and 11 September, many vigorous efforts by Pashtuns to capture the forts were thwarted by the 36th Sikhs. In 1897, insurgent and inimical activities had increased, and on 3 and 9 September [[Afridi]] tribesmen, allied with the Afghans, attacked Fort Gulistan. Both the attacks were repulsed, and a relief column from Fort Lockhart, on its return trip, reinforced the signalling detachment positioned at Saragarhi, increasing its strength to three [[non-commissioned officers]] (NCOs) and eighteen [[Other ranks (UK)|other ranks]] (ORs).

==The battle==
[[File:Battle of Saragarhi.png|thumb|Map of the battle site]]
[[File:Saragarhi Post Under Siege as seen from Fort Lockhart.jpg|thumb|Saragarhi Post under siege as seen from Fort Lockhart, based on a sketch by Lt. R.G. Munn, published in the ''London Graphic'' on 23 October 1897]]
Details of the Battle of Saragarhi are considered fairly accurate because [[Sepoy]] Gurmukh Singh signalled events to Fort Lockhart by [[heliograph]]<ref name=1908NZStar>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65010542 |title=Defense of Saragarhi PosT|newspaper=[[The Camperdown Chronicle|Camperdown Chronicle (Vic. : 1877–1954)]] |date=5 December 1907 |access-date=1 September 2014 |page=6 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> as they occurred.<ref name="pall"/>
* Around 09:00, approximately 6,000–10,000 Afghans reached the signalling post at Saragarhi.
* Sepoy Gurmukh Singh signaled to Colonel Haughton, situated in Fort Lockhart, that they are under attack.
* Haughton replied that he could not send immediate help to Saragarhi.
* The soldiers in Saragarhi decided to fight to the last to prevent the enemy from reaching the forts.
* Sepoy Bhagwan Singh was the first soldier to be killed, and [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Lal Singh was seriously wounded.
* Naik Lal Singh and Sepoy Jiwa Singh reportedly carried the body of Bhagwan Singh back to the inner layer of the post.
* The Afghans broke a portion of the wall of the picket.{{clarify|date=October 2024|reason=Picket?}}
* Haughton signaled that he estimated that there were between 10,000 and 14,000 Pashtuns attacking Saragarhi.
* The leaders of the Pashtun forces reportedly made promises to the soldiers to try to entice them to surrender.
* Reportedly two determined attempts were made to rush open the gate, but were unsuccessful.
* The wall was breached.
* Thereafter, some of the fiercest hand-to-hand fighting occurred.
* Havildar Ishar Singh ordered his men to fall back into the inner layer, whilst he remained to cover their retreat. After the inner layer was breached, all but one of the defending soldiers were killed, along with many of the Pashtuns.
* Sepoy Gurmukh Singh, who communicated the battle to Haughton as a signalman, was the last surviving defender. His last message was to ask for permission to pick up his rifle. Upon receiving permission, he packed up the heliograph and held the door of his signalling shed. He is stated to have killed 40 Afghans, and the Pashtuns were forced to set fire to the post to kill him. As he was dying, Singh is said to have yelled repeatedly the Sikh battle cry "[[Bole So Nihal]], [[Sat Sri Akal]]!" ("One will be blessed eternally, who says that God is the ultimate truth!")

===Weapons===
The weapons used by the [[British Indian Army|Indian troops]] were of an older generation compared to the small arms issued to British troops. This was intentionally done after the [[Indian Mutiny of 1857]] to prevent any further mutinies and uprisings from getting out of hand.<ref name="vohra">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/9464-book-review-forgotten-battle-saragarhi-brought-life-amarinder-singh |title=Book Review: The forgotten battle of Saragarhi brought to life by Amarinder Singh |last=Vohra |first=Pankaj |date=20 May 2017 |website=SundayGuardianLive }}</ref> The Afghans used the original and copy of [[Martini–Henry|Martini-Henry]] rifles. The Martini–Henry was [[Khyber Pass copy|copied on a large scale by North-West Frontier Province gunsmiths]]. The chief manufacturers were the Adam Khel Afridi, who lived around the [[Khyber Pass]]. The Khyber Pass gunsmiths first acquired examples of the various British service arms during nineteenth-century British military expeditions in the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]], which they used to make copies.<ref>Ian Skennerton, ''The Lee-Enfield Story'' (1993). Arms & Militaria Press, Gold Coast QLD (Australia) {{ISBN|1-85367-138-X}}</ref>

=== Soldiers ===
The 21 Sikh soldiers were:<ref name="londongaz" /><ref>Regimental numbers from [https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/why-the-battle-of-saragarhi-is-among-the-most-epic-battles-of-all-time-244503.html photo of Saragarhi memorial plaque]</ref>{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
# [[Havildar Ishar Singh]], {{post-nominals|commas=on|country=GBR|IOM|IDSM}} (regimental number 165)
# [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Lal Singh (332)
# [[Lance Naik]] Chanda Singh (546)
# [[Sepoy]] Sundar Singh (1321)
# Sepoy Ramm Singh (287)
# Sepoy Uttam Singh (492)
# Sepoy Sahib Singh (182)
# Sepoy Hira Singh (359)
# Sepoy Daya Singh (687)
# Sepoy Jivan Singh (760)
# Sepoy Bhola Singh (791)
# Sepoy Narayan Singh (834)
# Sepoy Gurmukh Singh (814)
# Sepoy Jivan Singh (871)
# Sepoy Gurmukh Singh (1733)
# Sepoy Ram Singh (163)
# Sepoy Bhagwan Singh (1257)
# Sepoy Bhagwan Singh (1265)
# Sepoy Buta Singh (1556)
# Sepoy Jivan Singh (1651)
# Sepoy Nand Singh (1221)
{{Div col end}}

==Aftermath==
[[File:Photograph with the caption 'Fort Saragarhi (Saragarhi) in Ruins, Showing the Main Entrance and Fort Lockhart in the Distance'.jpg|thumb|Photograph with the caption 'Fort Saragarhi (Saragarhi) in Ruins, Showing the Main Entrance and Fort Lockhart in the Distance']]
Having destroyed Saragarhi, the Afghans turned their attention to Fort Gulistan, but they had been delayed too long, and reinforcements arrived there on the night of 13–14 September before the fort could be captured.<ref name="londongaz"/> The Pashtuns later admitted that they had lost about 180 killed<ref name="ioss">Major General Jaswant Singh [http://www.sikhstudies.org/Periodicals.asp?TtlCod=471 Letter to H.M. Queen Elizabeth II] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012192736/http://www.sikhstudies.org/Periodicals.asp?TtlCod=471 |date=12 October 2007 }} Institute of Sikh Studies (1999) – accessed 30 March 2008</ref> and many more wounded<ref name="defending">Subramanian, L. M. (2006). [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/kargil/238-Defending-Saragarhi.html Defending Saragarhi, 12 September 1897] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102111152/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/kargil/238-Defending-Saragarhi.html |date=2 January 2017 }}, Bharat Rakshak. Accessed 21 April 2016.</ref> during the engagement against the 21 Sikh soldiers. Some 600 bodies<ref name="Sharma1">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gautam |title=Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army |year=1990 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-140-0 |pages=185–186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLrTzZd0j1kC&pg=PA185 |quote=At least 600 of them were later found dead outside the post.}}</ref> are said to have been seen around the ruined post when the relief party arrived (however, the fort had been retaken, on 14 September, by the use of intensive artillery fire,<ref name="Frontier_1897">"The Frontier War," ''Daily News'', London (16 Sep 1897)</ref> which may have caused some casualties). After it was retaken by the British, the burnt bricks of Saragarhi were used to make an obelisk for those fighters. The British also built [[gurdwara]]s at Amritsar and Ferozepur for them.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/battle-of-saragarhi-explained-when-21-men-fought-thousands-7503623/ | title=Explained: Why the Battle of Saragarhi continues to inspire India & world, 124 years on | date=14 September 2021 }}</ref> The total casualties in the entire campaign, including the Battle of Saragarhi, numbered around 4,800.

== Commemoration ==

===Commemorative tablet===
The inscription of a commemorative tablet reads:{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

{{Blockquote|The Government of India have caused this tablet to be erected to the memory of the twenty-one non-commissioned officers and men of the 36 Sikh Regiment of the Bengal Infantry whose names are engraved below as a perpetual record of the heroism shown by these gallant soldiers who died at their posts in the defense of the fort of Saragarhi, on the 12 September 1897, fighting against overwhelming numbers, thus proving their loyalty and devotion to their sovereign The Queen Empress of India and gloriously maintaining the reputation of the Sikhs for unflinching courage on the field of battle.}}

=== Order of Merit ===
The 21 Sikh non-commissioned officers and soldiers who died in the Battle of Saragarhi were from the [[Majha]] region of [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] and were posthumously awarded the [[Indian Order of Merit]], at that time the highest gallantry award which an Indian soldier could receive. The corresponding gallantry award was the [[Victoria Cross]]. The award is equivalent to today's [[Param Vir Chakra]] awarded by the [[President of India]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Remembrance and legacy==
[[File:Saragarhi Memorial Ferozepur.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Saragarhi Memorial Gurdwara of Firozpur, built in 1904]]

The battle has become iconic of [[Eastern Culture|Eastern military civilisation]], the [[British Empire]]'s military history, and Sikh history.<ref name="ashes">Singh, Kanwaljit & Ahluwalia, H.S. ''Saragarhi Battalion: Ashes to Glory'', India, Lancer International (1987) {{ISBN|81-7062-022-8}}</ref> The modern [[Sikh Regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]] continues to commemorate the Battle of Saragarhi on 12 September each year as the Regimental Battle Honours Day.

To commemorate the men, the British built two Saragarhi [[Gurudwara|Gurdwara]]s: one in [[Amritsar]], very close to the main entrance of the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]], and another in [[Firozpur Cantonment]], in the district that most of the men hailed from.

The epic poem "[[Khalsa Bahadur]]" is in memory of the Sikhs who died at Saragarhi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurdev|url=http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org/eos/KHALSA%20BAHADUR.html|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|year=1995|editor=Harbans Singh|edition=2nd|location=Patiala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903102912/http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org/eos/KHALSA%20BAHADUR.html|archive-date=3 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===In Indian schools===
The [[Indian Armed Forces]], in particular the [[Indian Army]], has been pushing for the battle to be taught in India's schools. They would like the heroism demonstrated by the Indian soldiers to be taught as an inspiration to children. In 1999, various articles were printed regarding the matter in Punjab's longest-established newspaper, ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', such as: "the military action at Saragarhi is taught to students the world over and particularly to students in France."<ref>Robin Gupta [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar20/saturday/head2.htm An epic performance: A slice of history] Chandigarh, ''The Tribune'' (20 March 1999) – accessed 19 April 2008</ref> Although there seems to be no evidence for this claim (it is not, for example, on France's national school curriculum),<ref>[http://eduscol.education.fr/ French Education Ministry website] – accessed 19 April 2008</ref> the news was enough to provoke political debate, and the battle has been taught in schools in Punjab since 2000:

{{Blockquote|The decision to include the battle story in the school curriculum was taken last year during a public rally presided over by the Punjab Chief Minister, Mr Parkash Singh Badal. Following this, the State Government issued a notification that the battle story should be included in the school curriculum from this session. There had been a constant demand from the Sikh Regiment and various ex-servicemen's associations that the battle be included in the school curriculum. A similar request had also been put forward to Mr Badal during the battle's state-level centenary celebrations at Ferozepore in 1997. A subsequent letter sent to the Punjab Government by the Saragarhi Memorial and Ethos Promotion Forum also urged the State Government that the battle has many inspiring lessons for children. On hearing the acts of valour, the British Parliament had then risen in unison to pay homage to the fallen soldiers.<ref name="trib3">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000405/cth1.htm|work=The Tribune |title=Recounting battle of Saragarhi|author=Vijay Mohan|date=2000-04-05|access-date=2007-11-01}}</ref>}}

===Saragarhi Day===
{{Infobox holiday |
|holiday_name=Saragarhi Day
|image=
|caption=
|official_name=Saragarhi Day
|nickname=
|observedby=India<ref name ="trib2">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050914/delhi.htm#11|work=The Tribune|title=Battle of Saragarhi remembered|author=Tribune News Service |date=14 September 2005|access-date=5 November 2007}}</ref> (also observed by [[Sikh]]s worldwide)
|date=12 September (or nearest weekday)
|observances=Parades, school history projects, government buildings
|longtype=national & international
|type=national & international
|significance=Honors the 21 military [[Sikh]] soldiers who died at the Battle of Saragarhi
|relatedto=[[Remembrance Day]]
}}
Saragarhi Day is a Sikh military commemoration day celebrated on 12 September every year to commemorate the Battle of Saragarhi.<ref name="trib2"/> Sikh military personnel and civilians commemorate the battle around the world every year on 12 September. All units of the [[Sikh Regiment]] celebrate Saragarhi Day every year as the Regimental Battle Honours Day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shri |title=21 Sikhs clashed with ten thousand Pathans – Battle of saragarhi |url=https://www.wiki.meramaal.com/2019/08/28/21-sikhs-clashed-with-ten-thousand-pathans-battle-of-saragarhi/ |access-date=31 January 2020 |work=Meramaal |date=28 August 2019}}</ref>

====Saragarhi Day in the UK====

The first recorded public discourse on Saragarhi was delivered by [[John Slim, 2nd Viscount Slim|Viscount Slim]] in 2001 when he delivered the annual ''Portraits of Courage'' lecture at the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This was hosted by the Maharaja Duleep Singh Centenary Trust. In May 2002, [[Prince Charles]] ( the future King Charles III) inaugurated the ''Jawans to Generals'' exhibition which featured a section on Saragarhi. The exhibition successfully toured the UK and was seen by over 100,000 visitors.

Saragarhi was introduced back into the UK by writer and filmmaker Jay Singh Sohal and the British Army with the launch of the book ''Saragarhi: The Forgotten Battle'' in 2013 at Old College, [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/15/the-army-is-not-to-blame-for-a-lack-of-diversity--communities-mu/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/15/the-army-is-not-to-blame-for-a-lack-of-diversity--communities-mu/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The army is not to blame for a lack of diversity – communities must step up|first=Jay|last=Singh-Sohal|date=15 April 2016|newspaper=The Telegraph }}{{cbignore}}</ref> It has since been commemorated each year on its battle honour day by the British Armed Forces. In 2014, the commemoration also took place at Sandhurst at the Indian Army Memorial Room. In 2015, it took place at the [[Honourable Artillery Company Museum]] in London,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/new/armed-forces-commemorate-the-battle-of-saragarhi|title=Armed Forces commemorate the Battle of Saragarhi|access-date=9 November 2017|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020012322/https://www.gov.uk/government/new/armed-forces-commemorate-the-battle-of-saragarhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> where was also due to take place in 2016.

Various senior ministers and armed forces generals have paid tribute to Sikh service by mentioning the story of Saragarhi. In April 2016 the Defence Secretary [[Michael Fallon]] MP made mention as a special [[Vaisakhi]] event at the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]]. In June 2016 the [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the General Staff]] [[Nick Carter (British Army officer)|Sir Nick Carter]] did the same at a special British Sikh Association dinner.

In November 2020, the [[City of Wolverhampton Council|Wolverhampton City Council]] approved plans for the erection of a 10 ft tall bronze statue commemorating the battle outside of the Guru Nanak Gurdwara in [[Wednesfield]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Memorial to Sikh soldiers to be created in Wednesfield {{!}} City of Wolverhampton Council|url=https://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/news/memorial-sikh-soldiers-be-created-wednesfield|access-date=13 December 2020|website=www.wolverhampton.gov.uk|date=19 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The statue of Havildar Ishar Singh, paid for by donations from the local Sikh community totalling £100,000,<ref>{{cite news|title=Bravery Memorialised|work=Soldier Magazine|date=October 2021|page=13}}</ref> was unveiled on 12 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 September 2021|title=Wolverhampton Memorial to Sikh soldiers is unveiled|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-58535760|access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In September 2017, ''Saragarhi: The True Story'', a documentary by UK-based journalist-filmmaker Jay Singh-Sohal, was screened at the [[National Memorial Arboretum]] in [[Staffordshire]] to mark the 120th anniversary of the epic frontier battle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/saragarhi-saga-captured-on-film-465601|title=Saragarhi saga captured on film|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> A TV series, ''[[21 Sarfarosh - Saragarhi 1897]]'' aired on [[Discovery Jeet]] from 12 February 2018 to 11 May 2018, starring [[Mohit Raina]], [[Mukul Dev]], and Balraj Singh Khehra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/after-roadies-city-lad-to-appear-in-tv-show-on-battle-of-saragarhi-462417|title=After Roadies, city lad to appear in a TV show on Battle of Saragarhi|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/television/here-re-some-exclusive-pictures-from-the-sets-of-contiloe-pictures-battle-of-saragarhi|title=Here're some exclusive pictures from the sets of Contiloe Pictures' 'Battle Of Saragarhi'!|date=18 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/now-the-battle-of-saragarhi-on-tv/articleshow/62028846.cms|title=Now, the Battle of Saragarhi on TV |publisher=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'' is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[war film]] based around the battle. Directed by [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]] and starring [[Akshay Kumar]],<ref>{{cite web|date=11 October 2017|title=Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar 'proudly present' new film Kesari, based on Battle of Saragarhi|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/akshay-kumar-karan-johar-proudly-present-new-film-kesari-based-on-battle-of-saragarhi/104992|publisher=Times Now}}</ref> it grossed over {{INR}}100 crores worldwide in its opening weekend during the [[Holi]] festival.<ref>"[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kesari/box-office/ Kesari]." ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</ref>
{{Clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|History|India}}
* [[Battle of Thermopylae]]
* [[Battle of Purandar]]
* [[Battle of Pavan Khind]]
* [[Tirah campaign]]
* Battle of [[Rezang La]]
* [[List of last stands]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Sharma, Anuj Harshwardhan. 2017. ''Against All Odds at Saragarhi''. New Delhi: Star Print-o-Bind. {{ASIN|BO77C94TXJ|country=India}}.
* Singh, Amarinder. 2017. ''Saragarhi and the Defence of the Samana Forts''. New Delhi: Bookwise Pvt. Ltd. {{ISBN|978-8187330677}}.
* Singh-Sohal, Jay. 2013. ''Saragarhi: The Forgotten Battle''. Birmingham: Dot Hyphen Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0957054073}}.
* Singh, Kanwaljit, and H.S. Ahluwalia. 1987. ''Saragarhi Battalion: Ashes to Glory.'' New Delhi: Lancer International. {{ISBN|81-7062-022-8}}.
* Sidhu, Daljeet Singh, and Amarjit Virdi 2011. ''The Battle of Saragarhi: The Last Stand of the 36th Sikh Regiment''. Gyan Khand Media. {{ISBN|9788190963749}} (Kindle ed.).

== External links ==
{{EB1911 poster|Saraghari}}
* Luscombe, Stephen. "[http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/samana.htm Tirah: Samana (1897)]." ''The British Empire''. Accessed 17 August 2020.
* {{Cite news |last=Bhullar |first=Pritam |date=4 October 1998 |title=They Dared to Defy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct04/sunday/head5.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Chandigarh, India |access-date=30 June 2019}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saragarhi}}
[[Category:1897 in Asia]]
[[Category:Battles involving British India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1897]]
[[Category:Last stands]]
[[Category:Military history of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Military history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Military of British India]]
[[Category:September 1897 in Asia]]
[[Category:Tirah campaign]]

Aamar Boss

2026-03-04T00:10:29Z

Smasher: made details - done

{{Short description|2025 Bengali family and workplace drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aamar Boss
| image = File:Amar boss.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nandita Roy]] [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
| producer = Nandita Roy Shiboprosad Mukherjee
| starring = [[Rakhee Gulzar]] Shiboprosad Mukherjee [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]
| screenplay = Nandita Roy
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Shiboprosad Mukherjee
}}
| story = Nandita Roy
| music = [[Anupam Roy]]
| cinematography = Indranath Marick
| editing = Malay Laha
| studio = Windows Production
| distributor = Windows Production [[Cinepolis]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|05|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 Minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|4.84 crore}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=৪ দিনেই ২ কোটির দোরগোড়ায় 'দ্য একেন', দ্বিতীয় সপ্তাহে 'আমার বস'-এর ঘরে এল কত টাকা? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aamar-boss-vs-the-eken-benaras-e-bibhishika-box-office-report-31747732754462.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614012028/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aamar-boss-vs-the-eken-benaras-e-bibhishika-box-office-report-31747732754462.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 May 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
}}

'''''Aamar Boss''''' ({{Translation|'''''My Boss'''''}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[drama film|corporate drama film]] written, produced and directed by [[Nandita Roy]] and [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] under the banner of Windows Production.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aamar Boss' trailer: Rakhee Gulzar and Shiboprosad Mukherjee play a mother and son at loggerheads. |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rakhee-gulzar-shiboprosad-mukherjee-play-a-mother-and-son-at-loggerheads/cid/2096145 |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-04 |title=''Aamar Boss'' explores a bittersweet mother-son relationship; teaser out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aamar-boss-teaser-depicts-the-bittersweet-relationship-between-a-mother-and-son/cid/2092443 |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Rakhee Gulzar]], marking her comeback in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] after twenty two years,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=Raakhee Gulzar returns to big screen after 22 years with 'Aamar Boss': Watch teaser - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/raakhee-gulzar-returns-to-big-screen-after-22-years-with-aamar-boss-watch-teaser-19584669.htm |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=''Aamar Boss'' teaser: Raakhee Gulzar's comeback film promises heartfelt moments |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aamar-boss-teaser-raakhee-gulzar-comeback-film-after-22-years-shiboprosad-mukherjee-nandita-ray-2704025-2025-04-04#:~:text=In%20Short&text=The%20teaser%20of%20Aamar%20Boss,%20which%20will%20mark%20veteran%20actor,just%20ahead%20of%20Mother's%20Day. |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Shiboprosad Mukherjee and [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] in lead roles, with [[Sauraseni Maitra]], Aishwarya Sen, Shruti Das and [[Gourab Chatterjee]] in supporting roles.

Inspired by real-life corporate day-care initiatives, the story explores themes of inclusive workplaces, intergenerational care, and transformative leadership.<ref>{{cite news |title='Aamar Boss' trailer starring Raakhee Gulzar tells heartwarming story of mother and son |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/aamar-boss-trailer-starring-raakhee-gulzar-tells-heartwarming-story-of-mother-and-son/articleshow/120641166.cms |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Actor-director Shiboprosad Mukherjee talks about Aamar Boss |url=https://t2online.in/tech/reviews/actor-director-shiboprosad-mukherjee-talks-about-aamar-boss/1440712 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=9 May 2025}}</ref> The film was announced in December 2023.<ref name=":0" /> [[Principal photography]] commenced in January 2024 and wrapped by February 2024.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Music of the film is composed by [[Anupam Roy]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Aamar Boss' explores a bittersweet mother-son relationship; teaser out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aamar-boss-teaser-depicts-the-bittersweet-relationship-between-a-mother-and-son/cid/2092443 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=4 April 2025}}</ref> The cinematography was done by Indranath Marick while Malay Laha handled the editing.

''Aamar Boss'' theatrically released on 9 May 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2025-05-05 |title='Windows Film Production' proudly announces the release of 'Aamar Boss' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/windows-film-production-proudly-announces-the-release-of-aamar-boss-609357 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> coinciding with [[Mother's Day]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Raakhee lights up the screen in the trailer of the upcoming film Aamar Boss |url=https://t2online.in/undefined/undefined/raakhee-lights-up-the-screen-in-the-trailer-of-the-upcoming-film-aamar-boss/1423278 |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=26 April 2025}}</ref> It was selected for screening under the Panorama Section at the [[55th International Film Festival of India]] and [[Chennai International Film Festival|22nd Chennai International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Raakhee Gulzar's Aamar Boss shines again as its selected for Indian Panorama at the 22nd Chennai International Film Festival |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/raakhee-gulzar-s-aamar-boss-shines-again-as-its-selected-for-indian-panorama-at-the-22nd-chennai-international-film-festival-article-12888720.html |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Pooja |date=2024-10-25 |title=Rakhee's comeback film Aamar Boss selected for Indian Panorama at IFFI |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rakhees-comeback-film-aamar-boss-selected-for-indian-panorama-at-iffi/cid/2058184 |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-14 |title=Bengali film Aamar Boss to compete for the ICFT-UNESCO Gandhi Medal at 55th edition of IFFI |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bengali-film-aamar-boss-to-compete-for-the-icft-unesco-gandhi-medal-at-55th-edition-of-iffi/cid/2063156 |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews from the audience and critics alike.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakhee Gulzar's acting comeback through Bengali film Aamar Boss lauded; netizens' reaction |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rakhee-gulzars-acting-comeback-through-bengali-film-aamar-boss-lauded-netizens-reaction/10b23a6437205 |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=12 May 2025}}</ref> Grossing over {{INR|4.84}} crore at the box office, it emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2025|one of the highest grossing Bengali film of 2025]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Fantastic performances':Raakhee Gulzar's comeback film Aamar Boss opens to positive response on the box-office and positive reviews on 'X' |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/fantastic-performances-raakhee-gulzar-comeback-film-aamar-boss-19603204.htm |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows Animesh, a 40-something owner of a publishing house, who struggles to balance his stressful job and his increasingly strained relationship with his wife, Mousumi. Meanwhile, his mother, Subhra—a retired head nurse recovering from bypass surgery—feels neglected and begins accompanying Animesh to his office. She eventually joins as a part-time proofreader, quickly forming warm connections with the staff.

When Animesh is forced to travel to Mumbai following his father-in-law's death, Subhra implements a unique daycare policy: employees are allowed to bring their elderly parents or in-laws to work. This decision enhances team morale and productivity, but soon raises financial concerns. After an intense confrontation between Subhra and Animesh, other companies recognize the value of the initiative and step in to support it—validating Subhra’s leadership and vision.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahma |first1=Sanjali |title=Aamar Boss cast shines in spring-themed shoot for Saraswati Puja ahead of film release |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/lgbtq/aamar-boss-cast-shines-in-spring-themed-shoot-for-saraswati-puja-ahead-of-film-release/1316909 |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rakhee Gulzar]] as Subhra Goswami, Animesh's mother
* [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] as Animesh Goswami, CEO
* [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] as Moushumi Banerjee, Animesh's wife
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Palliyath Unnikrishnan
* [[Sauraseni Maitra]] as Sharbani Banerjee
* [[Gourab Chatterjee]] as Barin Bagchi
* Aishwarya Sen as Aparna Dubey
* Shruti Das as Aditi Basu
* Avery Sinha Roy as Payel Adhikary
* Uma Banerjee as Jamini Biswas
* Rajat Ganguly as Barin's father
* Lokenath Dey as Subrata
* [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] as Jamini's mother
* [[Indrasish Roy]] as Shekhar, Mousumi's colleague in Mumbai
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Kalyan Banerjee, Mousumi's father
* [[Mithu Chakraborty]] as Mousumi's mother

=== Special appearances ===

* [[Joy Goswami]]
* [[Pracheta Gupta]]
* [[Tilottama Majumdar]]
* [[Smaranjit Chakraborty]]

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Gulzar mentioned in an interview that she liked the script after being narrated for the very first time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakhee to make a comeback with Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee's Bengali movie Amar Boss |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rakhee-make-comeback-nandita-roy-shiboprosad-mukherjees-bengali-movie-amar-boss/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 December 2023}}</ref> She signed the film as the story was relatable to her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakhee Gulzar wraps up shooting for her comeback film Aamar Boss; calls the script “fresh” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rakhee-gulzar-wraps-shooting-comeback-film-aamar-boss-calls-script-fresh/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 February 2024}}</ref> She loved the script as the film aptly captures how we are losing connection with our roots and everything has become superficial, technology has taken over relationships and close knitted families have diminished.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakhee Gulzar opens up about returning to acting with 'Aamar Boss,' cites disconnect from cultural roots |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rakhee-gulzar-opens-up-about-returning-to-acting-with-aamar-boss-cites-disconnect-from-cultural-roots/articleshow/120811592.cms |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=2 May 2025}}</ref> Nandita Roy said in an interview that she developed the character of Rakhee Gulzar based upon the relationship between Shiboprosad Mukherjee and his mother.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Subhadrika |title='Aamar Boss': Nandita Roy opens up on what went behind directing this Raakhee- Shiboprosad film |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/May/02/aamar-boss-nandita-roy-opens-up-on-what-went-behind-directing-this-raakhee-shiboprosad-film |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=2 May 2025}}</ref> The film also marks the acting debut of prominent screenwriters of the Bengali film industry including [[Tilottama Majumdar]], [[Smaranjit Chakraborty]] and [[Pracheta Gupta]] besides poets like [[Joy Goswami]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Joy Goswami, three other Bengali writers to make acting debut with Rakhee Gulzar-starrer 'Aamar Boss' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tilottama-majumder-smaranjit-chakraborty-pracheta-gupta-to-feature-in-rakhee-gulzar-starrer/cid/2082372 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Joy Goswami, three other Bengali writers to make acting debut with Rakhee Gulzar-starrer 'Aamar Boss' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tilottama-majumder-smaranjit-chakraborty-pracheta-gupta-to-feature-in-rakhee-gulzar-starrer/cid/2082372 |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=Renowned Bengali poet Joy Goswami and authors Tilottama Majumder, Smaranjit Chakraborty and Pracheta Gupta are set to make special appearances as guest artists in Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee’s upcoming Rakhee Gulzar-starrer bengali film ''Aamar Boss''.}}</ref>

=== Announcement and filming ===
Windows Production announced the film on 4 December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Rakhee Gulzar to star in Shiboprosad and Nandita's film |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/rakhee-gulzar-to-star-with-srabanti-chatterjee-in-shiboprosad-and-nanditas-film-amar-boss/cid/1984284 |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=4 December 2023}}</ref> Filming began on 5 January 2024 and was completed by February 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=2024-01-05 |title=Rakhee Gulzar begins shoot for Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee's Aamar Boss |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rakhee-gulzar-begins-shoot-for-nandita-roy-and-shiboprosad-mukherjees-aamar-boss/cid/1991760 |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Rakhee Gulzar wraps up Bengali film 'Aamar Boss' |url=https://weeklyvoice.com/rakhee-gulzar-wraps-up-bengali-film-aamar-boss/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=Weekly Voice |date=9 February 2024}}</ref> The complete filming has been done in [[Kolkata]], while major parts were shot at [[Sector 5]] and in front of the [[Victoria Memorial]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Trishul' actress Rakhee Gulzar is making a comeback, spotted shooting for 'Amar Boss' in Kolkata |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/trishul-actress-rakhee-gulzar-is-making-a-comeback-spotted-shooting-for-amar-boss-in-kolkata-watch-13633782.html |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=20 January 2024}}</ref> Gulzar did her own makeup and wore her own sarees in the film instead of using purchased costumes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gavankar |first1=Vaishnavi |title=Rakhee Gulzar did her own makeup, wore her sarees in the film, she is extremely professional, reveals Aamar Boss director-actor Shiboprosad Mukherjee |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/rakhee-gulzar-did-her-own-makeup-wore-her-sarees-in-the-film-she-is-extremely-professional-reveals-aamar-boss-director-actor-shiboprosad-mukherjee-exclusive-article-13021211.html/amp |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=12 May 2025}}</ref> The film marks Rakhee Gulzar’s return to Bengali cinema after several years and to the silver screen 22 years after ''[[Shubho Mahurat]]'' in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakhee Gulzar makes a comeback after 22 years with 'Aamar Boss' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rakhee-gulzar-makes-a-comeback-after-22-years-with-aamar-boss/articleshow/118808742.cms |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=8 March 2025}}</ref> In an interview, co-director Nandita Roy described her as a "director’s actor" and praised her intuitive performance style.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |title=Nandita Roy praises Rakhee Gulzar as a 'director's actor' in upcoming Bengali film 'Aamar Boss' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/nandita-roy-praises-rakhee-gulzar-as-a-directors-actor-in-upcoming-bengali-film-aamar-boss/2605257/ |website=The Print}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-27 |title='Truly a director's actor': 'Aamar Boss' director Nandita Roy praises Rakhee Gulzar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aamar-boss-director-nandita-roy-hails-rakhee-gulzar-as-directors-actor/cid/2096297 |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aamar Boss
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anupam Roy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2024
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Bengali
| label = WINDOWS, Times Music Bangla
| misc =
}}

The soundtrack of the film has been composed as well as written by [[Anupam Roy]].

The first song "Bawshonto Dekeche Amake" was released on 10 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The first song from the Aamar Boss soundtrack is a romantic number that captures the essence of spring |url=https://t2online.in/music/western/the-first-song-from-the-aamar-boss-soundtrack-is-a-romantic-number-that-captures-the-essence-of-spring/1376299 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=19 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-22 |title=A joyous tribute to spring and love |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/a-joyous-tribute-to-spring-and-love-prnt/cid/2090141 |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The second single "Malachandan" was released on 11 April 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Subhalakshmi |title=The song Malachandan from the upcoming film Aamar Boss is a ballad of heartbreak and nostalgia |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/lgbtq/the-song-malachandan-from-the-upcoming-film-aamar-boss-is-a-ballad-of--heartbreak-and-nostalgia/1402926 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=12 April 2025}}</ref> The third song "Hok Start Up" was dropped on 2 May 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Makers launch third song of Rakhee Gulzar starrer Aamar Boss with flash mob |url=https://neherald.com/showbiz/makers-launch-third-song-of-rakhee-gulzar-starrer-aamar-boss-with-flash-mob |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=NorthEast Herald |date=13 May 2025}}</ref> The fourth single "Ami Achi" was released on 7 May 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=শিবপ্রসাদকে নিয়ে কাড়াকাড়ি ! কাকে তুষ্ট করলেন পরিচালক-অভিনেতা? - AAMAR BOSS MUSIC LAUNCH |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/aamar-boss-music-launch-with-srabanti-chatterjee-shiboprosad-mukherjee-koushani-mukherjee-west-bengal-news-wbs25050800982 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=8 May 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bawshonto Dekeche Amake
| length1 = 4:24
| extra1 = Prashmita Paul, Upal Sengupta
| title2 = Malachandan
| length2 = 3:53
| extra2 = [[Anupam Roy]]
| title3 = Hok Start Up
| length3 = 3:50
| extra3 = [[Ash King]], Cizzy, Disha
| title4 = Ami Achi
| length4 = 3:57
| extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
}}

== Marketing ==
The official poster of the film announcing the final release date of 9 May 2025 was released on 26 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aamar Boss Poster Out: Rakhee Gulzar, Shiboprosad Mukherjee Share An Endearing Mother-Son Moment |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/aamar-boss-poster-out-rakhee-gulzar-shiboprosad-mukherjee-share-an-endearing-mother-son-moment-aa-9276935.html |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=27 March 2025}}</ref> The teaser of the film was released on 2 April 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakhee Gulzar, Shiboprosad Mukherjee shine in the hard-hitting teaser of Aamar Boss, watch |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/rakhee-gulzar-shiboprosad-mukherjee-shine-in-the-hard-hitting-teaser-of-aamar-boss-watch-article-12984984.html |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=4 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sehgal |first1=Chirag |title=Rakhee Gulzar Makes Acting Comeback In Aamar Boss, Teaser Hints At Powerful Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rakhee-gulzar-makes-acting-comeback-in-aamar-boss-teaser-hints-at-powerful-drama-aa-9287751.html |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=5 April 2025}}</ref> The trailer was released at an event in [[Mumbai]] on 25 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brahma |first=Sanjali |date=2025-04-29 |title=''Aamar Boss'' promises to blend emotion with nostalgia. Here's a glimpse from the trailer launch |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/aamar-boss-promises-to-blend-emotion-with-nostalgia-heres-a-glimpse-from-the-trailer-launch-prnt/cid/2096586 |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The upcoming film Aamar Boss promises to blend emotion with nostalgia. Here's a glimpse from the trailer launch |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/lgbtq/the-upcoming-film-aamar-boss-promises-to-blend-emotion-with-nostalgia.-here-s-a-glimpse-from-the-trailer-launch/1424917 |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-26 |title=''Aamar Boss'' trailer: Rakhee Gulzar and Shiboprosad Mukherjee play a mother and son at loggerheads |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rakhee-gulzar-shiboprosad-mukherjee-play-a-mother-and-son-at-loggerheads/cid/2096145#:~:text=The%20trailer%20of%20Aamar%20Boss,between%20Animesh%20and%20his%20mother.&text=Your%20browser%20can't%20play%20this%20video. |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> A special screening of the film was conducted at the GMC Balayogi Auditorium of Granthagar Bhawan for the members of the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aamar Boss: রাজ্যসভায় দেখানো হবে রাখি গুলজারের 'আমার বস', মুক্তির আগেই বড় সাফল্য |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/actress-rakhee-gulzar-starrer-bengali-movie-aamar-boss-special-screening-at-rajya-sabha-on-3rd-may-aamar-boss-trailer-out-now-tollywood-entertainment-news-sum-1205589-2025-04-28 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=28 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=রাজ্যসভায় দেখানো হবে রাখি গুলজার অভিনীত 'আমার বস', মুক্তির আগেই নতুন মাইলস্টোন |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/raakhee-gulzar-starrer-aamar-boss-to-be-screened-for-members-of-rajya-sabha/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=28 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> The premiere of the film was held on 12 May 2025 at the [[Cinepolis]] screens of the [[List of shopping malls in India#West Bengal|Acropolis Mall]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahma |first1=Sanjali |title=A celebration of storytelling, nostalgia and cinematic camaraderie with Team Aamar Boss. Glimpses from the premiere... |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/a-celebration-of-storytelling-nostalgia-and-cinematic-camaraderie-with-team-aamar-boss.-glimpses-from-the-premiere.../1444486 |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to release in June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakhee Gulzar's comeback Bengali film 'Amar Boss' to release during Christmas |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/rakhee-gulzars-comeback-bengali-film-amar-boss-to-release-during-christmas-1503311828.html |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=20 June 2024}}</ref> But it was postponed to December 2024 owing to Shiboprosad Mukherjee's injury from the sets of ''Bohurupi''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=hiboprosad Mukherjee confirms that Amar Boss will hit the theatres on Christmas |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shiboprosad-mukherjee-confirms-that-amar-boss-will-hit-the-theatres-on-christmas/38c4ad55f6453 |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=20 June 2024}}</ref> After getting postponed again to not hamper their previous release ''Bohurupi'''s long run, the film was planned to release in [[Christmas]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-04 |title=Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee's film ''Aamar Boss'' set to release around Christmas |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/nandita-roy-and-shiboprosad-mukherjees-film-aamar-boss-set-to-release-around-christmas/cid/2031438 |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=Reports suggest that the film is now expected to hit the screens around Christmas this year. This delay comes amidst their recent Puja release ''Bohurupi''.}}</ref> but later was scheduled to release on 16 May 2025. Eventually, the date was brought forward and the film was finally released in the theatres on 9 May 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Shin Chan movie to 'Aamar Boss': Films releasing in theatres this Friday |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shin-chan-aamar-boss-and-other-films-releasing-in-theatres-this-friday-photogallery/cid/2098211 |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 May 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film opened at {{est}} {{INR|0.25}} crore at the box office with 11 thousand footfalls,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=পয়লা দিনে ১১ হাজার দর্শক, মুক্তি পেতেই রাজ্যজুড়ে রমরমিয়ে চলছে 'আমার বস' |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/11-thousand-audience-watched-amar-boss-film/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=10 May 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> marking the second highest opening for a Bengali film in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=শিবপ্রসাদ-নন্দিতার ধামাকা, সঙ্গে রাখির তরকা! ২ দিনে বক্স অফিসে কত আয় করল আমার বস |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/amar-boss-box-office-day-2-shibaprasad-and-nanditas-film-collects-40-18-lac-in-just-2-day-31746962551040.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 May 2025 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> At the end of three days, it's box office collection crossed the 1 crore mark and stood at {{est}} {{INR|1.10}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakhee Gulzar's Aamar Boss dominates Bengali box office with Rs 1.10 crore collection in first three days |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/rakhee-gulzar-s-aamar-boss-dominates-bengali-box-office-with-rs-1-10-crore-collection-in-first-three-days-article-13021639.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=12 May 2025}}</ref> The movie registered 1 lakh+ footfalls in the first week. It grossed {{INR|2.51}} crore at the end of the first week.<ref>{{cite news |title=1 Lakh+ Viewers in 7 Days - Raakhee Gulzar's ;Aamar Boss' Marks a Big Win for Bengali Cinema on OTT |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/1-lakh-viewers-in-7-days-raakhee-gulzars-aamar-boss-marks-a-big-win-for-bengali-cinema-on-ott-13888849.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=15 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The film has received positive reviews from critics.

Ranita Goswami of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 9/10 stars and wrote "A well knitted story along with the screenplay are the background of the film." She praised Gulzar's seasoned acting skills, her chemistry with Shiboprosad, the poetic love story between Srabanti and Shiboprosad as well as the comic timing of Kanchan and Sabetri Chatterjee's cameo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title='পান থেকে চুন খসলেই অপমান', অফিসের কড়া বস-কে সবক শেখালেন রাখি, 'আমার বস'-এ কতটা জমল মা-ছেলের রসায়ন? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rakhee-gulzar-shiboprosad-mukherjee-starrer-aamar-boss-film-review-31746767125323.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514235949/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rakhee-gulzar-shiboprosad-mukherjee-starrer-aamar-boss-film-review-31746767125323.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 May 2025 |language=bn}}{{rating|9|10}}</ref> Sushmita Dey of ''[[Ei Samay]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and praised the chemistry between Gulzar and Mukherjee, the supporting cast and all the songs of the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Sushmita |title='বিশ্বাস করো মা...', বয়স্ক মানুষগুলো কি সত্যিই ব্যাগেজ? কেমন হলো রাখি গুলজ়ার অভিনীত 'আমার বস'? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/aamar-boss-movie-review-actress-rakhi-gulzar-film-directed-by-shiboprasad-mukhopadhyay-and-nandita-roy/200371998.cms |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=9 May 2025 |language=bn}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Amit gupta of ''Indian Community'' addressed the film as "A Tender Tale of Relationships" and rated 4 out of 5 stars, writing "Rather than relying on dramatic twists, the film uses subtle storytelling and authentic performances to highlight everyday emotions — from guilt and nostalgia to reconciliation and unconditional love."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Amit |date=2025-05-17 |title=Aamar Boss Movie Review – Rakhee Gulzar's Comeback is a Heartwarming Win for Bengali Cinema |url=https://indian.community/aamar-boss-movie-review-rakhee-gulzars-comeback-wins-hearts-in-this-bengali-family-drama/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=Indian Community |language=en-US}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

Subhash Jha of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Aamar Boss celebrates filial ties with lots of singing, dancing, winking and swirling through a sea of splendorous dreaminess."<ref>{{cite news |last1=K Jha |first1=Subhash |title=Aamar Boss, Raakhee Gulzar lights up every frame in Shiboprosad Mukherjee- Nandita Roy's excellent family mellow drama |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/aamar-boss-raakhee-gulzar-lights-up-every-frame-in-shiboprosad-mukherjee-nandita-roys-excellent-family-mellow-drama-1503432523.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=14 May 2025}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and highlighted "The title Aamar Boss cleverly captures the film’s essence – a role reversal where an ageing mother asserts her independence, not just as a parent, but as a person with purpose. The film aligns well with the Roy-Mukherjee filmography. The storytelling occasionally feels crowded – multiple subplots compete for attention, diluting the impact. Despite its flaws, Aamar Boss resonates."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Aamar Boss Movie Review : A film about the elderly that has its heart in the right place |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/aamar-boss/movie-review/121055569.cms |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=10 May 2025}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Arpita Roy Chowdhury of News 18 quoted "In today's reel-to-reel days, the production seems to lack the necessary tricks to keep the audience interested until the curtain falls. Rather, Savitri Chatterjee's performance brings a breath of fresh air in a small role."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy Chowdhury |first=Arpita |date=2025-05-22 |title=''Aamar Boss'' Movie Review: কর্পোরেট অফিস সুখের হয়...কেমন হল শিবপ্রসাদ-নন্দিতার ছবি 'আমার Boss'? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/amar-boss-movie-review-shiboprosad-mukherjee-with-nandita-nandita-roy-address-vital-social-issues-in-rakhee-gulzar-starring-cinema-arc-2177677.html |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=[[News18]] |language=bn}}</ref>

Sandipta Bhanja of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film and opined "Human relations in the office space is the key wealth of the movie. The chemistry between Rakhee Gulzar and Shiboprosad Mukherjee serve as the attractive nucleus of the film." She also praised the whole supporting cast and the songs specially "Malachandan", "Modhur Tomar Sesh Je Naa Pai" and "Bawshonto Dekeche". But she bemoaned the writing of the second half and comparatively pale romance between Shiboprosad and Srabanti.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=উত্তপ্ত পরিস্থিতিতে 'আমার বস'-এর সামাজিক বার্তা যেন শান্তিজল, কেমন হল? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/rakhee-gulzar-shiboprosad-starrer-aamar-boss-review/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=9 May 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> The ''IWMBuzz'' critic Shatakshi Ganguly rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Aamar Boss'' traces me back to the 2015 film ''[[Piku]]'', where we see a father-daughter relationship blooming inward and outward." She also added that the film should be considered as "A love letter to the ones who raised us".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Shatakshi |date=2025-05-10 |title=Aamar Boss Review: A love letter to the ones who raised us |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/aamar-boss-review-a-love-letter-to-the-ones-who-raised-us/2025/05/10 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
Aamar Boss was selected for screening under the Panorama Section at the [[55th International Film Festival of India]] at [[Goa]] in November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Rakhee's comeback film Aamar Boss selected for Indian Panorama at IFFI |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rakhees-comeback-film-aamar-boss-selected-for-indian-panorama-at-iffi/cid/2058184 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=25 October 2024}}</ref> It also earned a nomination at the [[IFFI ICFT UNESCO Gandhi Medal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali film Aamar Boss to compete for the ICFT-UNESCO Gandhi Medal at 55th edition of IFFI |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bengali-film-aamar-boss-to-compete-for-the-icft-unesco-gandhi-medal-at-55th-edition-of-iffi/cid/2063156 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=14 November 2024}}</ref> Later, it was also included under the Panorama Section at the 22nd [[Chennai International Film Festival]] by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] in December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title='Aamar Boss' shines again; selected for Indian Panorama at 22nd Chennai International Film Festival |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/aamar-boss-shines-again-selected-for-indian-panorama-at-22nd-chennai-international-film-festival-1846226 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aamar Boss teaser: Raakhee Gulzar's comeback film promises heartfelt moments |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aamar-boss-teaser-raakhee-gulzar-comeback-film-after-22-years-shiboprosad-mukherjee-nandita-ray-2704025-2025-04-04 |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 April 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt30318492}}

{{Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee}}

[[Category:Films directed by Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Windows Production films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language family drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]

Pei Kottu

2026-03-03T02:24:02Z

Smasher: new article!

{{short description|2025 Indian film by S Lavanya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pei_Kottu_latest.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S Lavanya
| writer = S Lavanya
| producer = S Lavanya
| starring = {{plainlist|
*S Lavanya
* [[Deepa Shankar]]
* [[Sreeja Ravi]]
*Shanthi Anandaraj
}}
| cinematography = S Lavanya
| editing = S Lavanya
| music = S Lavanya
| studio = Om Sai Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|21}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pei Kottu''''' ({{Translation|Ghost bite}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror comedy film]] directed by S Lavanya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சென்னை: திரைத்துறையின் 32 துறைகளை கையாண்டு, கதையின் நாயகியாக எஸ்.லாவண்யா நடித்துள்ள படம், 'பேய் கொட்டு'. முக்கிய வேடங்களில் தீபா சங்கர், ஸ்ரீஜா ரவி, சாந்தி ஆனந்தராஜ், பட்டம்மா, ஆடம், சசிகுமார், செல்வம் ஆகியோருடன் இணைந்து ஒரு நாய், ஒரு பேய்… {{!}} திரைத்துறையின் 32 துறைகளை கையாண்டு லாவண்யா இயக்கி நடிக்கும் பேய் கொட்டு {{!}} Dinakaran |url=https://m.dinakaran.com/article/News_Detail/27032/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725054341/https://m.dinakaran.com/article/News_Detail/27032/amp |archive-date=2022-07-25 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> The film stars S Lavanya and [[Deepa Shankar]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Sreeja Ravi]] and Shanthi Anandaraj. The film was produced by S Lavanya under the banner of OM Sai Productions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-13 |title=Pei Kottu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/pei-kottu/articleshow/118979514.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320013457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/pei-kottu/articleshow/118979514.cms |archive-date=2025-03-20 |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* S Lavanya as Kavya and Shruti
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Deepa
* [[Sreeja Ravi]] as Raji
* Shanthi Anandaraj as Bindu

== Production ==
31 crafts of the films were done by S Lavanya inducing editing, direction and production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2024-04-02 |title=31 துறைகள்...10 உலக சாதனைகள்... 'பேய் கொட்டு' பட இயக்குனருக்கு குவியும் பாராட்டு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/10-world-record-film-director-of-pei-kotu-1099930 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915201115/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/10-world-record-film-director-of-pei-kotu-1099930 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=[[Daily Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WORLD'S FIRST SOLO ENDEAVOR COVERS 31 CRAFTS (DEPARTMENTS) OF FILMMAKING – A HISTORIC MILESTONE IN CINEMATIC FEMALE ARTISTRY {{!}} Kalams World Records |url=https://www.kalamsworldrecords.com/worlds-first-solo-endeavor-covers-31-crafts-departments-of-filmmaking-a-historic-milestone-in-cinematic-female-artistry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004135533/https://www.kalamsworldrecords.com/worlds-first-solo-endeavor-covers-31-crafts-departments-of-filmmaking-a-historic-milestone-in-cinematic-female-artistry/ |archive-date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-03-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic stated that "Lavanya is praised for trying to do all the 24 arts in the film industry."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maalaimalar |date=2025-03-20 |title=பேய் கொட்டு திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Pei Kottu Review in Tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/pei-kottu-161612 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Virakesari]]'' critic stated "The director can be praised for creating the story of the film in a way that creates awareness about the sexual exploitation of women in the film industry."<ref>{{Cite web |title=பேய் கொட்டு - திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/209938 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=[[Virakesari]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33711707}}
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy horror films]]

Long Range Desert Group

2026-02-27T22:25:22Z

Smasher: updated

{{Short description|Reconnaissance and raiding unit of the British Army}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Long Range Desert Group
| image = Lrdg.jpg
| caption = LRDG badge depicting a [[scorpion]] within a wheel<ref name=goc20/>
| dates = July 1940 – August 1945
| country = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| command_structure = [[Western Desert Force]] [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]]
| type =
| role = [[Reconnaissance]] [[Military intelligence|Intelligence gathering]] [[Raid (military)|Raiding operations]]
| size = Maximum 350 all ranks<ref name="Gross, O p.18">Gross, O'Carroll and Chiarvetto 2009, p. 18</ref>
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname = ''Libyan Desert Taxi Service''<ref>{{cite web|access-date=23 May 2010|publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]|title=The Long Range Desert Group|url=http://www.cwgc.org/northafrica/content.asp?menuid=35&submenuid=43&id=43&menuname=Special+Forces&menu=sub}}</ref> ''Pattuglia Fantasma'' ({{langx|it|Ghost Patrol}})<ref name=goc20>Gross, O'Carroll and Chiarvetto 2009, p. 20</ref>
| patron =
| motto = ''Non Vi Sed Arte'' ([[Latin]]: ''Not by Strength, but by Guile'') (unofficial)<ref name=goc19/>
| colours =
| colours_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment = [[Chevrolet]] or [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] trucks, [[Willys MB|Willys Jeep]]
| equipment_label =
| battles = [[Second World War]]
* [[North African campaign]]
* [[Battle of Kufra (1941)|Battle of Kufra]]
* [[Operation Caravan]]
* [[Dodecanese Campaign]]
* [[Battle of Leros]]
* [[Military history of Albania during World War II|Albania]]
* [[World War II in Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]
* [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]]
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| disbanded = 1 August 1945
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = [[Ralph Alger Bagnold]] [[Guy Prendergast (British Army officer)|Guy Lenox Prendergast]] [[John Richard Easonsmith]] [[David Lloyd Owen]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
}}
{{Campaignbox Western Desert}}
The '''Long Range Desert Group''' ('''LRDG''') was a reconnaissance and raiding unit of the [[British Army during the Second World War]].

Originally called the Long Range Patrol (LRP), the unit was founded in [[Egypt]] in June 1940 by Major [[Ralph Alger Bagnold]], acting under the direction of General [[Archibald Wavell]]. Bagnold was assisted by Captain [[Pat Clayton|Patrick Clayton]] and Captain [[Bill Kennedy Shaw|William Shaw]]. The majority of the men were from New Zealand, but they were soon joined by a few [[Southern Rhodesia]]n and British volunteers, whereupon new sub-units were formed and the name was changed to the better-known Long Range Desert Group (LRDG). The LRDG never numbered more than 350 men, all of whom were volunteers.

The LRDG was formed specifically to carry out deep penetration, covert reconnaissance patrols and intelligence missions from behind Italian lines, although they sometimes engaged in combat operations. Because the LRDG were experts in desert navigation, they were sometimes assigned to guide other units, including the [[Special Air Service]] and [[secret agents]] across the desert. During the [[Western Desert campaign|Desert Campaign]] between December 1940 and April 1943, the vehicles of the LRDG operated constantly behind the [[Axis powers|Axis]] lines, missing a total of only 15 days during the entire period.<ref name=goc19>Gross, O'Carroll and Chiarvetto 2009, p. 19</ref> Possibly their most notable offensive action was during [[Operation Caravan]], an attack on the town of [[Barca (ancient city)|Barce]] and its associated airfield, on the night of 13 September 1942. However, their most vital role was the 'Road Watch', during which they [[clandestine operation|clandestinely]] monitored traffic on the main road from [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] to [[Benghazi]], transmitting the intelligence to [[British Army]] Headquarters.

With the surrender of the Axis forces in [[Tunisia]] in May 1943, the LRDG changed roles and moved operations to the eastern [[Mediterranean]], carrying out missions in the [[Greek islands]], [[Italy]] and the [[Balkans]]. After the end of the war in Europe, the leaders of the LRDG made a request to the [[War Office]] for the unit to be transferred to the Far East to conduct operations against the [[Japanese Empire]]. The request was declined and the LRDG was disbanded in August 1945.

==Formation==
Before the war, Major [[Ralph Alger Bagnold|Ralph Bagnold]] learned how to maintain and operate vehicles, how to navigate, and how to communicate in the desert. On 23 June 1940 he met General [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]], the commander of [[Middle East Command]] in [[Alexandria]] and explained his concept for a group of men intended to undertake long-range reconnaissance patrols to gather intelligence behind the Italian lines in [[Libya]].<ref name=has34/>
General Wavell was familiar with desert warfare, having been a liaison officer with the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] during the [[First World War]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=18 May 2010|publisher=Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, [[King's College London]]|title=Wavell|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/frames/fulldesc?inst_id=21&coll_id=227|archive-date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225080141/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/frames/fulldesc?inst_id=21&coll_id=227|url-status=dead}}</ref> and he understood and endorsed Bagnold's suggested concept. Wavell assisted in equipping the force.<ref name=has34>Haskew 2007, p. 34</ref>

[[File:Two lrdg patrols meet5.jpg|thumb|alt=six vehicles, each with a number of men on board; the one closest is overloaded with equipment|'Y' and 'R' Patrol Chevrolets meet in the desert, mid-1942. Note the amount of equipment carried on the nearest 'R' Patrol trucks]]

The unit, initially known as the ''No. 1 Long Range Patrol Unit'' (LRP), was founded on 3 July 1940.<ref name=has34/> Bagnold wanted men who were energetic, innovative, self-reliant, physically and mentally tough, and able to live and fight in seclusion in the Libyan desert.<ref name=db316>Doyle and Bennett 2002, p. 316</ref> Bagnold felt that [[New Zealand]] farmers would possess these attributes and was given permission to approach the [[2nd New Zealand Division]] for volunteers; over half the division volunteered.<ref name=db316/> Two officers and 85 [[Other ranks (UK)|other ranks]] including 18 administrative and technical personnel were eventually selected, coming mostly from the [[Divisional Cavalry Regiment (New Zealand)|Divisional Cavalry Regiment]] and the [[27th Machine-Gun Battalion (New Zealand)|27th Machine-Gun Battalion]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 May 2010|publisher=[[New Zealand Electronic text centre]]|title=Long Range Desert Group|url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Doc-c15.html}}</ref> Once the men had been recruited, they started training in desert survival techniques and desert driving and navigation, with additional training in radio communications and demolitions.<ref name=has34/>

The LRP could initially form only three units, known as patrols,{{#tag:ref|'Patrol' was capitalised when referring to a specific unit (for example, 'Y' Patrol) within the LRP and LRDG.<ref>O'Carroll 2000, p. 3</ref> |group=nb}} but a doubling of strength allowed the addition of a new Heavy Section.<ref name="Jenlist12">Jenner and List 1999, pp. 8–9, 12</ref> In November 1940, the name of the LRP was changed to the "Long Range Desert Group" (LRDG),<ref name=mo16/> and the New Zealanders were joined by volunteers from British and [[Southern Rhodesia]]n regiments.<ref>Molinari 2007, pp. 16–17</ref> The British volunteers, who came mostly from the [[Brigade of Guards]] and [[Yeomanry]] regiments, were incorporated into their own patrols.<ref name=db316/> The original patrol unit consisted of two officers and 28 other ranks, equipped with a [[Canadian Military Pattern truck|Canadian Military Pattern (CMP)]] [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] 15 [[hundredweight|Imperial hundredweight]] (cwt) truck and ten [[Chevrolet]] 30 cwt trucks. In March 1941 new types of trucks were issued and the patrol units were split into half-patrols of one officer and 15–18 men in five or six vehicles.<ref name="Jenlist12"/> Each patrol incorporated a [[medic|medical orderly]], a [[navigator]], a [[radio operator]] and a [[Auto mechanic|vehicle mechanic]], each of whom manned a truck equipped for their role.<ref name=db317>Doyle and Bennett 2002, p. 317</ref>

==Patrols==
[[File:A Long Range Desert Group Chevrolet 30cwt 1533 truck negotiates the slope of a sand dune during a patrol in the desert, 27 March 1941. E2298.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Vehicle going down a steep embankment.|'R' Patrol Chevrolet WB radio truck; the [[Antenna (radio)|rod antenna]] can be seen on the right. The man at the rear is manning a [[Boys anti-tank rifle]]]]
The Long Range Patrol comprised a 15-man headquarters with Bagnold in command. There were three sub-units: 'R' Patrol commanded by Captain Donald Gavin Steele, 'T' Patrol commanded by Captain [[Patrick Clayton]] and 'W' Patrol commanded by Captain [[Edward 'Teddy' Cecil Mitford]]. 'T' and 'W' Patrols were combat units while 'R' Patrol was intended to be a support unit.<ref name=mo15>Molinari 2007, pp. 15–16</ref>

In November 1940, the LRP was reorganised and re-designated as the Long Range Desert Group. It was expanded to six Patrols: 'T', 'W' and 'R' Patrols were joined by 'G', 'S' and 'Y' Patrols. Each patrol was expected to belong to the same regimental group, but only the Brigade of Guards and the Yeomanry regiments formed their own Patrols, 'G' and 'Y' respectively.<ref name=mo15/> The men of 'G' Patrol were drawn from the 3rd Battalion [[Coldstream Guards]] and the 2nd Battalion [[Scots Guards]] under command of Captain Michael Crichton-Stuart.<ref name=mo16>Molinari 2007, p. 16</ref> The 'Y' Patrol men were drawn from the [[Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry|Nottinghamshire Yeomanry]] under command of Captain P. J. D. McCraith, with additional men from the [[Royal Northumberland Fusiliers]] and the [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]].<ref>Molinari 2007, pp. 17–18</ref> In December 1940, 'W' Patrol was disbanded and its personnel used to bring 'R' and 'T' Patrols up to strength,<ref name=mo15/> while 'G' Patrol took over their vehicles.<ref>List and Jenner 1999, p. 12</ref> By June 1941 the LRDG was re-organised into two [[Squadron (cavalry)|squadrons]]: the New Zealand and Rhodesian 'A' Squadron with 'S', 'T' and 'R' Patrols, and 'B' Squadron with 'G', 'H' and 'Y' Patrols. There was also a Headquarters Section along with [[Military communications|signals]], [[Surveying|survey]] and [[Light Aid Detachment|light repair]] sections. A Heavy section, initially equipped with four 6-ton [[Marmon-Herrington]] trucks,{{#tag:ref|As the Heavy Section expanded the Marmon-Herringtons were replaced by four [[White Motor Company|White 10-ton]] trucks. The Whites were later replaced by [[Mack Trucks|Mack NR 9]] trucks; by 1943 the Heavy Section was equipped with 20 CMP Ford F60s.<ref name="Jenlistbad10-11"/>|group=nb}} was used to provide logistical support by transporting supplies to bases and setting up hidden replenishment points at pre-arranged locations.<ref name="Gross, O p.18"/> In addition, there was an Air Section of two biplanes, a [[Waco Custom Cabin series|Waco ZGC-7]] and a [[Waco Standard Cabin series|Waco YKC]], that transported key personnel, [[Medevac|evacuated wounded]] and performed other liaison tasks.<ref>Jenner and List 1999, pp. 9, 27, 45–46</ref>

In August 1941 an artillery unit was formed to attack Italian forts more effectively. Initially it used a [[QF 4.5-inch howitzer]] carried on a 10-ton [[Mack NR|Mack NR 4]] truck, with an accompanying light tank as an armoured [[Artillery observer|observation post]]. However, these were handed over to the [[Free French]] at [[Kufra]]. The unit was then issued a [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder|25-pounder]] gun-howitzer [[Portée (military)|portee]]. The LRDG successfully attacked and captured the fort at El Gtafia using the gun, but later the truck had to be abandoned and the experiment ended.<ref name="Jenlist 11"/>

===Squadrons===
[[File:T Patrol T10.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=posed picture of three men one sitting in the drivers seat and the other two aiming machine guns|A 'T1' Patrol Chevrolet 1533X2 30 cwt: the small drum behind the front mudguard is the [[radiator]] [[Condenser (heat transfer)|condenser]], and the truck's sand channels are mounted on brackets on the rear bodywork. The weapons are the [[Lewis gun]] (left) and a [[M1919 Browning machine gun|.303 Browning Mk II]] (right)]]
In October 1941 the LRDG was expanded to 10 patrols by the simple method of splitting the existing patrols into two-half patrols; the [[New Zealanders]] formed A Squadron comprising 'R1', 'R2', 'T1', and 'T2' Patrols and the British and Rhodesians formed B Squadron comprising 'G1', 'G2', 'S1', 'S2', 'Y1', and 'Y2' Patrols. The 'H' Patrol had been disbanded in September 1941 after three months service.<ref>Molinari 2007, pp. 20–21</ref>

These two squadrons were joined in December 1941 by the [[Indian Long Range Squadron]], which had been formed by volunteers from the [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)|2nd Lancers]], [[11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)|11th Cavalry]] and the [[18th King Edward's Own Cavalry|18th Cavalry]], all part of the [[3rd Indian Motor Brigade]].<ref name=mo23/> The Indian Squadron was organized along ethnic and religious lines with the first two patrols originally known as 'J' ([[Jats]]) and 'R' ([[Rajput]]) Patrols. Their designations were changed to 'I1' and 'I2' to avoid confusion.<ref name=mo23>Molinari 2007, p. 23</ref> In October 1942 two further Indian patrols were formed: 'M' ([[Muslim]]) and 'S' ([[Sikh]]) Patrols, which became the 'I3' and 'I4' Patrols.<ref name=mo23/> [[Popski's Private Army|No. 1 Demolition Squadron]], nicknamed "Popski's Private Army" and commanded by Major [[Vladimir Peniakoff|Vladimir 'Popski' Peniakoff]], was briefly attached to the LRDG beginning in December 1942.
<ref name="Jenlist13">Jenner and List 1999, p. 13</ref>

The vehicles of each patrol adopted their own markings. The New Zealand 'R' Patrol used a green [[Hei-tiki]] with a red tongue painted on the right side of the [[Hood (vehicle)|bonnet]] of the vehicle, and on the left a [[Māori language|Māori]] place name beginning with the letter 'R' (for example, '[[Rotowaro]]').<ref name="JenListBad99">Jenner and List 1999, pp. 24–32</ref> The 'T' Patrol vehicles had a black [[Kiwi (bird)|Kiwi]] over green 'grass' and a Māori name starting with 'Te' (for example, '[[Te Anau]]') in the corresponding places.<ref name="JenListBad99"/> The 'W' Patrol vehicles had a Māori name or word starting with 'W' painted on their vehicles.<ref name="JenListBad99"/>

The British 'G' Patrol vehicles carried no distinctive markings, although some vehicles had the Guards insignia. They took over 'W' Patrol's vehicles when that unit was disbanded.<ref name="JenListBad99"/> The 'Y' Patrol vehicles were slightly different; 'Y1' half-patrol vehicles all had names of famous drinking establishments (such as 'Cock O' The North') and 'Y2' half-patrol had names from the "[[Three Musketeers]]" books (for example, '[[Aramis]]') on the left sides of their vehicle bonnets.<ref name="JenListBad99"/> The Headquarters Section used a sequence of letters arranged in a square (see photo of "Louise").<ref>Jenner and List 1999, p. 30</ref> The Rhodesian 'S' Patrol vehicles had names with a Rhodesian connection (such as '[[Harare|Salisbury]]') painted on the left side of the vehicles' bonnets.<ref name="JenListBad99"/> By 1943 the practice of naming replacement vehicles was dropped.<ref>O'Carroll 2000, p. 50.</ref>

==Equipment==

===Vehicles===
[[File:Vickers armed LRDG trucks8.jpg|thumb|alt=vehicles in convoy, each crewed by three men, in a desert terrain|LRDG Headquarters Section (note markings on "Louise") of Chevrolet 30 cwt. The first two vehicles are armed with [[Vickers gun]]s, and have canvas sand mats rolled up and stored on the front wheel arches.]]
The LRDG vehicles were mainly [[two wheel drive]], chosen because they were lighter and used less fuel than [[four wheel drive]]. They were stripped of all non-essentials, including doors, windscreens and roofs. They were fitted with a bigger [[radiator]], a [[Condenser (heat transfer)|condenser]] system, built up [[leaf spring]]s for the harsh terrain, wide, low pressure desert [[Tire|tyres]], sand mats and channels,{{#tag:ref|The steel channels and canvas sand mats were used to release a vehicle caught in soft terrain. This entailed unloading the vehicle and digging shallow, sloped trenches in which the channels and mats could be placed under the wheels to provide traction.<ref name="Jenlist18"/>|group=nb}} plus map containers and a [[Solar compass|sun compass]] devised by Bagnold.<ref name=db317/> [[Wireless]] trucks had special compartments built into the bodywork to house wireless equipment.<ref name="Jenlist 11">Jenner and List 1999, p. 11</ref> Initially the LRDG patrols were equipped with one [[Canadian Military Pattern truck|Canadian Military Pattern]] (CMP) Ford 15 [[Hundredweight|cwt]] F15 truck for the commander, while the rest of the patrol used up to 10 Chevrolet 30 cwt 158.5" wheelbase (WB) trucks (the 'WA' model mentioned in some texts appears to be an 133" wheelbase version of the same vehicle).<ref name="Jenlistbad10-11">Jenner and List 1999, pp. 10–11</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stovebolt.com/techtips/identification/Series/|title=Stovebolt Tech Tip – Antique Chevy / GMC Truck Restoration Help|website=stovebolt.com|access-date = 19 April 2020}}</ref> From March 1941 the 30 cwt Chevrolets were replaced by the CMP Ford 30 cwt F30, although in some ways this was a retrograde step as the four wheel drive and extra weight compared to the Chevrolets meant they used twice as much fuel, which reduced the range of a patrol.<ref name="Jenlist 11"/>{{#tag:ref|Because the bulk of the load carried by an LRDG truck was petrol, any increase in fuel consumption meant that there was less room for other essential supplies.<ref>Gibson 2009, p. 8</ref> |group=nb}} From March 1942 the Fords were progressively replaced by 200 Canadian Chevrolet 1533 X2 30 cwts, which had been specially ordered for the LRDG.<ref name="Jenlistbad10-11"/>{{#tag:ref|The 1533X2 was essentially a civilian commercial truck converted and equipped for military use; these trucks were identified as Modified Conventional Pattern (MCP) rather than the purpose-built CMPs.<ref>Jenner and List 1999, pp. 28–29, 46</ref>|group=nb}} From July 1942 [[Willys MB|Willys jeeps]] began to be issued for the patrol commander and patrol [[sergeant]].<ref name="db317"/><ref name="Jenlist13"/>

General Order 297 of November 22, 1940 specified that all vehicles in the Middle East were to be painted with a common basic colour of Light Stone, ie the BSC (British Standard Colour) number 61, which is a medium toned yellow with a brown tinge which veterans refer to as desert yellow. To achieve the Caunter camouflage scheme, two contrasting colours may be applied along with this basic colour, these being Silver Grey BSC number 28 a greyish pastel green, and Slate BSC number 34. All three colours were specified in "BSC 381:C 1930 Colours for Ready Mixed Paints".<ref>{{cite web|title=Hiding in plain site|author=Michael Starmer|date=May 2019|website=keymilitary.com|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/hiding-plain-sight}}</ref>

===Weapons===
[[File:Boforswb.jpg|thumb|left|alt=four wheeled truck mounting a large artillery piece at the rear and a Lewis gun at the front. The three-man crew can also be seen|A Chevrolet WB with a [[Bofors 37 mm]] [[anti-tank gun]] mounted at the rear]]
The patrol vehicles were initially armed with 11 [[Lewis gun|Lewis machine guns]], four [[Boys anti-tank rifle]]s and a [[Bofors 37 mm]] [[anti-tank gun]] distributed amongst their vehicles.<ref name=db317/> By December 1940, the vehicle armaments had been improved and 'T' Patrol, for example, had five .303 [[Vickers machine guns|Vickers Medium Mk. I]] machine guns, five Lewis guns, four Boys anti-tank guns and the Bofors 37 mm.<ref>Gross, O'Carroll and Chiarvetto 2002, pp. 20–22</ref> Another Vickers gun used was the heavy [[Vickers .50 machine gun]], which would be mounted at the rear of the vehicle.<ref>O'Carroll 2000, p. 64</ref> All of the unit's vehicles were armed with at least one gun; each vehicle was fitted with six to eight gun mountings, but normally only two or three of them would be in use.<ref>Molinari 2007, p. 83</ref>
[[File:A member of a Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) patrol poses with a Vickers 'K' Gas-operated machine gun on a Chevrolet 30-cwt truck, May 1942. E12410.jpg|thumb|upright|A member of a Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) patrol poses with a [[Vickers K]] machine gun on a Chevrolet 30-cwt truck, May 1942.]]

Supplementing their army-supplied weapons, the LRDG was equipped with surplus [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) aircraft guns, which were acquired for their high [[rate of fire]]. The most widely used of these was the [[Vickers K machine gun]], which was sometimes used mounted in pairs.<ref>O'Carroll 2000, p. 67</ref> From mid-1941 the LRDG acquired [[Browning M1919|.303 Browning Mk II's]] from RAF stocks, also mounted in pairs, with a combined rate of fire of 2,400 rounds per minute.<ref>O'Carroll 2000, pp. 65–66</ref> When new vehicles were issued in March 1942, several were converted to carry captured dual-purpose 20 mm [[Breda Model 35]]s, which replaced the Bofors 37 mm, and each half-patrol was equipped with one Breda "Gun truck".<ref>O'Carroll 2000, p. 65</ref> In September 1942 the [[M2 Browning machine gun#Aircraft guns|.50 Browning AN/M2]] heavy machine gun began to replace both calibres of the Vickers machine guns and the Boys anti-tank rifle.<ref>O'Carroll 2000, p. 66</ref>

The men of the LRDG carried the standard [[List of World War II weapons of the United Kingdom#Small Arms|British Second World War small arms]], the [[Lee–Enfield#Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III|Lee–Enfield No.1 Mk III*]] being the primary rifle.<ref name="Gib9">Gibson 2009, p. 9</ref>{{#tag:ref|Although some references refer to the [[Lee–Enfield#Rifle No. 4|No. 4 Mk I rifle]], it was not introduced into service until the spring of 1942<ref>Walter 2006, p. 254</ref> and was rarely, if ever, used by the LRDG in the desert.<ref name="Gib9"/>|group=nb}} Other small arms carried were [[Thompson submachine gun]]s and .38 [[Enfield revolver|Enfield]], [[Webley & Scott]] or .45 [[Colt 1911A1]] pistols.<ref>O'Carroll 2000, p. 72</ref> Several types of [[hand grenade]] were used: the [[Mills bomb]], the [[No. 68 AT Grenade|No. 68 Anti-tank]] and the [[No. 69 grenade|No. 69]]. Each truck was outfitted with a Lee–Enfield EY rifle attachment with a discharger cup able to fire the No. 36M Mills [[rifle grenade]].<ref>O'Carroll 2000, p. 68</ref> The LRDG also laid [[land mine]]s, the most common being the [[Mk 2 mine]]. Other explosives included the [[Lewes bomb]]s, a custom made weapon using [[Plastic explosive|Nobel 808]] used to destroy aircraft and other targets,<ref>O'Carroll 2000, pp. 70–71</ref> and [[sticky bombs]] used to destroy enemy vehicles.<ref>Kiras, James D., ''Special Operations and Strategy: From World War II to the War on Terrorism'', Routledge (2006) p. 179. {{ISBN|978-0415459495}}</ref>

Captured German and Italian small arms were utilised including the [[Beretta M 1934]], [[Luger P08 pistol|Luger P08]] and [[Walther P38]] pistols. The German [[MP40]] [[submachine gun]] and [[MG34]], [[MG42]] along with Italian [[Breda M37]] and [[Breda M38]] machine guns were all used.<ref name=mol82>Molinari 2007, p. 82</ref>

===Communications===
[[File:V wireless.jpg|alt=man smoking wearing radio headphones between two very closely parked vehicles|thumb|upright|Radio operator, Corporal Arthur George Biddle RCS, of 'R1' Patrol using the No 11 Wireless set mounted on a 30 cwt Chevrolet 1533 X2. The rod aerial is just above his head. The four wooden support poles for the Windom dipole antenna are carried on brackets on the wooden 'greedy boards'. The canvas sand mat can be seen rolled up on the right hand vehicle.{{#tag:ref|The 'greedy boards' were used to extend the load height of the Godfredson 4B1 Steel ammunition body used on Chevrolet 1533X2s; the steel tubes used to secure the boards doubled as weapons mounts (see photo of "T10").<ref>Jenner and List 1999, pp. 28–29</ref> |group=nb}}]]

In the LRP, most of the radio operators were New Zealanders, but the LRDG radio operators were all from the [[Royal Corps of Signals]]. These men were skilled in communications and were able to maintain and repair their equipment without any outside help. On only three occasions did a broken radio prevent a patrol communicating with its headquarters.<ref name="O'Carroll, 2000, p 55">O'Carroll 2000, p. 55</ref> All LRDG patrols included one vehicle equipped with a [[Wireless Set No. 11]] and a non-military [[Philips]] model 635 receiver. The No. 11 Set had been designed for use in tanks, and had [[transmitter]] and [[Receiver (radio)|receiver]] circuits;<ref name=no11set>{{cite web|access-date=24 May 2010 |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)]] |title=Wireless Set No 11 |url=http://www2.armynet.mod.uk/museums/royalsignals/wirelesssetno11.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221533/http://www2.armynet.mod.uk/museums/royalsignals/wirelesssetno11.htm |archive-date=29 August 2009 }}</ref> the Royal Signals expected to use the No. 11 set to transmit and receive between {{convert|3|mi}} and {{convert|20|mi}} with the use of {{convert|6|ft|adj=on}} or {{convert|9|ft|adj=on}} [[Antenna (radio)|antennas]].<ref name=no11set/>
The LRDG used [[Morse code]] for all transmissions, and were able to transmit over great distances using either a [[dipole antenna]] system attached to a {{convert|6.3|ft}} [[rod antenna]] mounted on the truck, which was adequate up to {{convert|500|mi}},<ref name = "O'Carroll, 2000, p 55"/> or for greater distances, a Windom dipole system slung between two {{convert|17|ft}} tall poles.<ref name = "O'Carroll, 2000, p 55"/> The disadvantage of using the Windom system was that it took time to erect and work out the correct antenna length, so it could only be used in a relatively safe area.<ref>Molinari 2007, p. 79</ref> To power the No. 11 set extra batteries had to be carried by the radio vehicles.<ref name = "O'Carroll, 2000, p 55"/>
The Philips receiver was used to monitor [[Greenwich Mean Time]] (GMT) time checks, which was vital for desert [[navigation]].<ref name="Jenlist18">Jenner and List 1999, p. 18</ref>{{#tag:ref|On occasion the Philips was used to listen to [[BBC]] radio or music like the song [[Lili Marleen]].<ref name="Jenlist18"/>|group=nb}}

While on the move the lead vehicles of the patrol commanders and sergeants flew a small flag. Because the LRP was organised on divisional cavalry lines the leaders carried green flags for 'A' (HQ) Troop, black for 'B' Troop, yellow for 'C' Troop and red for 'D'.<ref name="O'Carroll50">O'Carroll 2000, p. 50</ref> When the LRDG was organised into 11 vehicle patrols this was simplified to a green flag displaying the patrol letter in white; the later half-patrols used a plain green flag on occasion. When it became necessary to change course from an intended route, or in the event of enemy action, patrol movements were controlled by a simple [[Flag semaphore|semaphore flag]] system using blue and white signal flags,{{#tag:ref|Some typical signals were 'Enemy in sight': a flag waved vertically, and 'Disperse': two horizontal flags waved up and down.<ref name="O'Carroll50"/>|group=nb}} or hand signals, depending on how widely dispersed the trucks were.<ref name="O'Carroll50"/>

===Navigation===
All trucks of the LRDG were equipped with the Bagnold sun compass and some trucks were also equipped with a P8 Tank [[magnetic compass|Compass]].<ref name="Kenshaw255">Kennedy Shaw 1943, p. 255</ref> Each patrol had a navigator who always rode in the second truck in the formation. He was equipped with a [[theodolite]] and [[Ephemeris|astronomical position tables]] with which to plot [[Celestial navigation|star sightings]], and maps.<ref>Kennedy Shaw 1943, pp. 254–256</ref> Watches were used and adjusted each evening using the [[Greenwich Time Signal|GMT time check]].<ref name="Kenshaw255"/> One major problem faced early on by the LRDG was a lack of accurate maps for Libya in particular. Patrols had to do their own surveys and make their own maps of each route they took. In July 1941 the Survey Section was formed to carry out this task.<ref>Kennedy Shaw 1943, pp. 257–258</ref>

==History==
[[File:WesternDesertBattle Area1941 en.svg|500px|thumb|alt=map of North Africa, Egypt and Libya|LRDG area of operations 1940–1943. [[Jalo oasis]] is on the left of the [[Great Sand Sea]] and [[Siwa Oasis]] is on the right. [[Barca (ancient city)|Barce]] is at the top left and [[Marble Arch (Libya)|Marble Arch]] is on the edge of the map, to the left of [[El Agheila]].]]

The LRDG area of operations between 1940 and 1943, known as the [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Western Desert]], stretched about {{convert|930|mi}} south from the [[Mediterranean]] to the [[Tibesti Mountains|Tibesti]] and the [[Jebel Uweinat]] mountains, and about {{convert|1200|mi}} from the [[Nile valley]] in the east to the mountains of [[Tunisia]] and [[Algeria]] in the west.<ref name=mol6>Molinari 2007, p. 6</ref> Paved roads were non-existent and only small tracks and pathways crossed the area. The daytime temperatures could reach {{convert|60|C}} and at night drop below freezing. The only water in the area is found in a number of small [[oases]], which is also where the only vegetation grows.<ref name=mol6/> While the vast majority of Eighth Army operated along the coast, the LRDG started operations inland south of the [[Great Sand Sea]], were later based there and operated west and north, and were later based further west, well south of the coast.

The first LRP patrol began during the [[Italian invasion of Egypt]]. 'W' Patrol commanded by Captain Mitford set out on 15 September 1940 to carry out a reconnaissance of [[Kufra]] and [[Uweinat]]. Finding no trace of the Italians, they turned south and attacked fuel dumps, aircraft and an Italian convoy carrying supplies to Kufra.<ref>Morgan 2003, p. 6</ref> 'T' Patrol, commanded by Captain Clayton, reconnoitred the main route between Kufra and Uweinat, then drove south to meet up with 'W' Patrol; both units returned to base, having captured two Italian trucks and official mail.<ref>Bagnold 1945, p. 36</ref> The Italian response to these raids was to reduce their front line forces and increase the number of troops garrisoning the area from 2,900 men in September to 5,500 by November 1940.<ref>Molinari 2007, p. 89</ref>
On 27 December 1940, 'G' and 'T' Patrols left Cairo and crossed the desert to northwest of Kufra. On arrival they met with representatives from the [[Free French]] forces in [[Chad]], and on 11 January carried out a joint raid on the Italian fort at [[Murzuk]].<ref>Bagnold 1945, pp. 38–39</ref> After two hours' fighting the fort remained in Italian hands, but the adjoining airfield had been destroyed. The units then withdrew southwards towards the Free French post at [[Zouar]].

On 31 January they were intercepted by the [[Auto-Saharan Company|Compagnia Autosahariana di Cufra]], an Italian unit similar to the LRDG, in the [[Gebel Sherif]] valley.<ref>Gross, Chiarvetto and O'Carroll 2009, pp. 10–17</ref> The LRDG had one man killed and three men captured, including Major Clayton, and three trucks destroyed during the battle. The Italian losses were five killed and three wounded, and one truck was abandoned.<ref>Gross, Chiarvetto and O'Carroll 2009, pp. 95–105</ref> Four members of the LRDG escaped by walking {{convert|200|mi}} to safety in ten days with no food and only a two [[gallon]] water can between them.<ref>Bagnold 1945, p. 39</ref> The patrol arrived back in Egypt on 9 February; it had covered about {{convert|4500|mi}}, experiencing the loss of six trucks, four by enemy action and two by mechanical breakdowns. One vehicle with a broken rear axle had been towed about {{convert|900|mi}} before it could be repaired. Total casualties were three dead and three captured. Major Clayton was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=18 May 2010|publisher=[[New Zealand Electronic text centre]]|title=Raids in the Fezzan|url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Epi-c2-WH2-1Epi-e.html}}</ref>

After [[Operation Compass]] ended with the Italians forced out of [[Cyrenaica]] it was decided to move the LRDG from Cairo to Kufra (SE Libya). At the same time the LRDG was expanded with the addition of 'Y' and 'S' Patrols.<ref name=oasis/> When the German [[Afrika Korps]] under command of General [[Erwin Rommel]] counterattacked in April 1941, the LRDG was ordered to reinforce the Kufra area. 'R' Patrol were based at [[Taiserbo]], 'S' Patrol at [[Zighen]], and the headquarters LRDG, 'T' Patrol, and the Free French were at Kufra, under command of Bagnold. The detached 'G' and 'Y' Patrols were based at [[Siwa Oasis]], under command of [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]].<ref name=oasis>{{cite web|access-date=18 May 2010|publisher=[[New Zealand Electronic text centre]]|title=Occupation of the Southern Oases|url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Epi-c2-WH2-1Epi-e.html}}</ref>

The LRDG air link was created during the occupation of Kufra by Major [[Guy Prendergast (British Army officer)|Guy Lenox Prendergast]]. Appreciating the value of aircraft for reconnaissance, liaison, evacuating wounded and flights to GHQ Cairo, he had two [[Waco Aircraft Company|Waco aircraft]] fitted with long range fuel tanks. Prendergast flew one himself and [[Sergeant]] R. F. T. Barker flew the other. When Bagnold was appointed to the [[General Staff]] Cairo in August 1941, Prendergast was given command of the LRDG.<ref name=oasis/>

The LRDG now began a series of patrols behind the Axis lines. Near the end of July 'T' Patrol left for the desert to the south of the [[Gulf of Sirte]]. One 'T' Patrol truck managed to observe the main coastal road, along which Axis traffic was passing. They were followed two or three weeks later by 'S' Patrol, who carried out a similar reconnaissance between [[Jalo Oasis|Jalo oasis]] and [[Ajdabiya|Agedabia]]. Both patrols returned safely to Kufra without being discovered. In August 1941 'R' Patrol relieved 'G' and 'Y' Patrols at Siwa and was joined by 'T' Patrol in October.<ref name=oasis/>

===Eighth Army command===
[[File:LRDG guards 1.jpg|thumb|alt=stationary four wheeled vehicle with only the driver on board|A [[Vickers K machine gun|Vickers K]] armed [[Jeep]] of 'G' Patrol on the way to Barce during Operation Caravan, September 1942.]]
In November 1941 the LRDG, now under command of the newly formed [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]], moved from Kufra to Siwa (central Libya). The patrols were given the task of watching the desert tracks south of [[Jebel Akhdar (Libya)|Jebel Akhdar]] and report any signs of reinforcements and withdrawals. 'R1' Patrol was to pick up Captain [[David Stirling]] and 30 men who had parachuted behind the lines to raid airfields to the west of [[Tobruk]]. Only 21 men arrived at the rendezvous and were returned to the British lines, later becoming the nucleus of the [[Special Air Service]] (SAS). One of the other roles assigned to the LRDG was to transport SAS units behind enemy lines; this continued until the SAS were issued with their own transport in 1942.<ref name=eighth/> In early November 'T2' Patrol took four British officers to the Gebel and was to return and collect them three weeks later. The officers were the advance land party of [[Operation Flipper]], which had planned to kill General Rommel.<ref name=eighth>{{cite web|access-date=18 May 2010|publisher=[[New Zealand Electronic text centre]]|title=In Support of the Eighth Army|url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Epi-c4-WH2-1Epi-e.html}}</ref>

On 24 November, in support of [[Operation Crusader]], the LRDG were ordered to attack Axis rear areas. Already on patrol, 'Y1' and 'Y2' Patrols attacked targets in the [[Mechili]], [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] and [[Gazala]] area. 'Y1' damaged fifteen vehicles in a transport park and 'Y2' captured a small fort and about 20 Italians. 'S2' and 'R2' Patrols attacked targets in the [[Benghazi]], [[Barca (ancient city)|Barce]] and [[Marawa, Libya|Marawa]] area, where they ambushed nine vehicles. 'G1' and 'G2' Patrols were assigned the main road near Agedabia where 'G1' made two attacks on road traffic and shot up a few vehicles. After the Axis forces withdrew from Cyrenaica the LRDG moved to a base at [[Jalo oasis]], about {{convert|140|mi}} to the south-south-east of Ajdabiya.<ref name=eighth/>

The last operations of 1941 were in December, when the LRDG twice ferried the SAS to and from raids on Axis airfields, attacking the airfields at [[Sirte]] (twice), [[El Agheila]], Ajdabiya, [[Nofaliya]] and [[Tamit]], and destroying 151 aircraft and 30 vehicles.<ref name=sho8/> During the second raid at Sirte, the SAS devised a new method of attacking parked aircraft. They drove the LRDG trucks between the rows of aircraft, which were then engaged by machine guns and hand grenades. Prior to this the procedure had been to quietly infiltrate an airfield and place [[Lewes bomb]]s on aircraft and vehicles, leaving before the bombs exploded, but this attack was so successful that it became the preferred method for attacking airfields.<ref name=sho8>Shortt 1981, p. 8</ref>

===Road watch===
[[File:R 4.jpg|thumb|left|alt=three trucks overloaded with supplies and six men in the foreground. The trees of the oasis can be seen in the background|Heavily laden Chevrolets of 'R1' Patrol setting out from [[Jalo oasis]] in 1942. The unit insignia of a Māori Hei-Tiki can just be seen on the bonnet of the lead vehicle, which carries its individual number "R4" on a dark square on the right [[Fender (vehicle)|mudguard]].]]
When the LRDG was based at Siwa, they took part in what has since become known as the 'Road Watch' along the [[Via Balbia]] (the [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] to [[Benghazi]] road).<ref name=kay13/> Three patrols were engaged on road watch duties at any one time, with one watching the road for a week to 10 days, another would be en route to relieve them and the third was returning to Siwa after having been relieved.<ref name=kay14>Kay 2008, p. 14</ref> The site of the road watch was about {{convert|5|mi}} from the [[Marble Arch (Libya)|Marble Arch]] monument. The road watch patrol would park about 2 miles away from the road and the trucks would be [[Military camouflage|camouflaged]] using camouflage nets, any local foliage and sand. Before dawn each day two men would move into a well camouflaged position about {{convert|350|yd}} from the road. By day they would record the details of all vehicles and troop movements, and at night they would move to about {{convert|30|yd}} from the road and guess what type of vehicles were passing by their sound and outline. At daylight they were relieved by another pair of men who took over that day's road watch.<ref name=kay13/>

If [[tank]]s or a large number of troops were seen passing, they would radio the LRDG headquarters at [[Siwa Oasis|Siwa]] immediately so that by the time the enemy reached the front line, GHQ at Cairo would know they were coming. Once a patrol was relieved they would transmit details of all they had seen back to Siwa.<ref>Kay 2008, pp. 13–14</ref> The LRDG did not lose any men or vehicles when on the road watch, but they did have some close encounters. On 21 March 'R1' Patrol was surrounded by a convoy of 27 vehicles and about 200 men who stopped for the night between the watchers and their vehicles.<ref name="kay14" /> While the road watch was ongoing, other patrols would be attacking targets along other stretches of the Tripoli to Benghazi road, by planting mines or attacking vehicles with machine gun fire.<ref>Kay 2008, p. 15</ref> The road was kept under constant observation from 2 March to 21 July 1942.<ref name="kay13">Kay 2008, p. 13</ref>

After the [[Battle of Gazala]] and the fall of [[Tobruk]], the LRDG were forced to withdraw from Siwa on 28 June. 'A' Squadron withdrew to Cairo to resupply and then moved back to Kufra, while 'B' Squadron moved to [[Faiyum]].<ref>Kay 2008, p. 16</ref>

===Barce===
[[File:LRDG barce 2.jpg|thumb|alt=truck with an array of machine guns mounted, with a man in the foreground|"Te Anau II" of 'T1' Patrol was the only remaining Chevrolet to survive air attack during the withdrawal from [[Operation Caravan]]. The vehicle is armed with two twin Browning machine guns.]]
With the Eighth Army now holding the [[El Alamein]] line, plans were submitted to attack the Axis supply lines and the ports of Benghazi and Tobruk.<ref name=kay17>Kay 2008, p. 17</ref> In September 1942, [[British Commandos]] would attack Tobruk by land and sea ([[Operation Agreement]]). The SAS would attack Benghazi ([[Operation Bigamy]]) and the [[Sudan Defence Force]] would capture Jalo oasis ([[Operation Nicety]]).<ref name=kay17/> The LRDG would be used to guide the attacking forces to their targets and at the same time, a LRDG force would attack [[Barca (ancient city)|Barce]] ([[Operation Caravan]]). The Barce force consisted of 17 vehicles and 47 men of 'G1' and 'T1' Patrols, which had to travel {{convert|1155|mi}} to reach their target. On arrival 'T1' Patrol attacked the airfield and 'G1' the Barce barracks. The attack on the airfield destroyed 35 aircraft according to an Italian [[prisoner of war]].<ref>Kay 2008, pp. 19–21</ref> Official Italian figures quote 16 aircraft destroyed and seven damaged.<ref>O'Carroll 2000, p. 62</ref>

On 30 September 1942, the LRDG ceased to be under command of the Eighth Army and came under direct command of GHQ Middle East.<ref>Public Record Office 2001, p. 157</ref> The final LRDG operation in North Africa was in [[Tunisia]] during the [[Battle of the Mareth Line|Mareth Offensive]] when they guided the 2nd New Zealand Division around the [[Mareth Line]] in March 1943.<ref name=jack111>Jackson 2006, p. 111</ref>

===Post 1943 operations===
[[File:Easonsmith 1.jpg|right|thumb|upright|alt=unkempt man in British Army uniform, with hands in pockets|LRDG commanding officer [[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[John Richard Easonsmith]] [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] [[Military Cross|MC]] was killed in action during the [[Battle of Leros]].]]
In May 1943 the LRDG was sent to [[Lebanon]] to retrain in mountain warfare.<ref>Kay 2008, p. 37</ref> However, following the [[Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces|Italian armistice in 1943]], they were sent to [[Leros]], one of the [[Dodecanese islands]], to serve as normal infantry. They later took part in the [[Battle of Leros]], where the commanding officer [[John Richard Easonsmith]] was killed and replaced by [[David Lloyd Owen]].<ref name=owen>{{cite news|access-date=19 May 2010|newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]]|title=Obituary, David LLoyd Owen|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1310650/Major-General-David-Lloyd-Owen.html|location=London|date=7 April 2001}}</ref> After the battle the New Zealanders, consisting of two officers and approximately 46 men, were withdrawn from the LRDG and returned to their division at the request of the New Zealand Government, which was concerned about their deployment to Leros.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=19 May 2010|title=New Zealand Squadron, Long Range Desert Group, in the Dodecanese Operations|publisher=[[New Zealand Electronic text centre]]|url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2Doc-c14.html}}</ref>

In December 1943, the LRDG re-organised into two squadrons of eight patrols. Each patrol contained one officer and 10 other ranks. Major [[Moir Stormonth Darling]] was given command of the British Squadron and Major [[Kenneth Henry Lazarus]] the Rhodesian Squadron. Patrols were then parachuted north of Rome to obtain information about German troop movements, and also carried out raids on the [[Dalmatian Islands]] and [[Corfu]].<ref name=owen/><ref name=darling>{{cite news|access-date=18 May 2010|newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]]|title=Obituary,Colonel Moir Stormonth Darling |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1394312/Colonel-Moir-Stormonth-Darling.html|location=London|date=16 May 2002}}</ref>

In August 1944, British Squadron patrols were parachuted into [[Yugoslavia]]. One patrol destroyed two {{convert|40|ft}} spans of a large railway bridge, which caused widespread disruption to the movement of German troops and supplies. The commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel Owen and a team of 36 men were parachuted into [[Albania]] in September 1944. Their mission was to follow the German retreat and assist [[Albanian Resistance of World War II|Albanian resistance groups]] in attacking them.<ref>Pearson 2006, p. 390</ref> In October 1944, two British Squadron patrols were parachuted into the [[Florina]] area of [[Greece]]. Here they mined a road used by the retreating Germans, destroying three vehicles and blocking the road. Firing on the stranded convoy from an adjacent hillside, they directed RAF aircraft in to destroy the rest of the convoy.<ref name=darling/>

After the end of the war in Europe, the leaders of the LRDG made a request to the [[War Office]] for the unit to be transferred to the Far East to conduct operations against the [[Japanese Empire]]. The request was declined and the LRDG was disbanded in August 1945.<ref name="O'Carrollsugg">O'Carroll 2000, pp. 185–189</ref><ref>Haskew 2007, p. 36</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:LRDG Memorial at Papakura New Zealand.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Front end of a jeep, sticking out of brick wall with plaques on brick pillars either side|LRDG Memorial at [[Papakura Military Camp]], New Zealand]]
The Long Range Desert Group was disbanded at the end of the Second World War. The only comparable British Army units today are the Mobility troops of the Special Air Service. Each of the regular army Special Air Service squadrons has a Mobility troop. Like the LRDG, they are specialists in using vehicles, trained in an advanced level of motor mechanics to fix any problem with their vehicles, and are experts in desert warfare.<ref>Ryan 2009, p. 150</ref><ref>Ryan 2009, p. 97</ref>

The Long Range Desert Group is one of the Second World War units represented by the Special Air Service Association. Other wartime units represented include all the SAS regiments, the Special Raiding Squadron, the [[Special Boat Service]] (Wartime), the [[GHQ Liaison Regiment|Phantom Signal Squadron]], the [[Raiding Support Regiment]] and the [[Sacred Band (World War II)|Greek Sacred Squadron]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 August 2010|publisher=Special Air Service Association|title=Units represented|url=http://www.marsandminerva.co.uk/units.htm}}</ref>

[[File:LRDG W8 Waikaha IWM 2007 06.JPG|right|thumb|alt=A three-quarter view of a small, four-wheel truck, it has some rust but it largely intact|LRDG Chevrolet WB, Imperial War Museum (2007)]]
The [[New Zealand Army]] erected a permanent memorial to the LRDG at the [[New Zealand Special Air Service]] barracks, in the [[Papakura Military Camp]]. On 7 August 2009, two honour boards containing details of every New Zealand soldier who served in the LRDG were unveiled.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=22 May 2010 |publisher=[[New Zealand Army]] |title=Long Range Desert Group Honoured in Papakura |url=http://www.army.mil.nz/at-a-glance/news/army-news/401/lrdghip.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522015012/http://www.army.mil.nz/at-a-glance/news/army-news/401/lrdghip.htm |archive-date=22 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

One of the LRDG's Chevrolet WB trucks is displayed in the [[Imperial War Museum]] in London. It was presented to the museum by the LRDG Association, after being recovered from the Libyan desert in 1983 by David Lloyd Owen, by then a retired Major General and chairman of the Association.<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://www.pmvrp.com/?vehicle=482 | title=Chevrolet 30cwt • Imperial War Museum London | publisher=Preserved Military Vehicle Registry Project | access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> It is preserved in the condition in which it was discovered, rusted but largely intact.

By November 2024 there was only one surviving member of the group, Jack Mann.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/second-world-war-veteran-jack-mann-96-romance-enemy-lines-greece-v6wgv398g|title=Second World War veteran, 96, found romance behind enemy lines|first=Jack|last=Malvern|date=23 June 2022 |via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=99 year old war veteran and last remaining member of regiment, Jack Mann, lays wreath at Jewish Care Remembrance Sunday services – Care Talk |url=https://www.caretalk.co.uk/news/99-year-old-war-veteran-and-last-remaining-member-of-regiment-jack-mann-lays-wreath-at-jewish-care-remembrance-sunday-services/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Notable personnel==
{{main|Category:Long Range Desert Group personnel}}
* [[Ronald Joseph Moore]], leader of the "Moore's March" of LRDG survivors through the Libyan desert

==Popular culture==
* ''[[Sea of Sand]]'' (1958). Film depicting an L.R.D.G. patrol mission behind-enemy-lines on the eve of the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]].
* ''[[Play Dirty (1969 film)|Play Dirty]]'' (1969). Film based in part on the L.R.D.G.'s activities, depicting a behind-enemy-lines raid upon an [[Afrika Corps]] installation.
* ''Gli scorpioni del deserto'' (1969–92). Comic book series by [[Hugo Pratt]] and others.
* ''[[Killing Rommel]]'' (2008). A historical fiction novel by [[Steven Pressfield]] depicting the L.R.D.G's activities.
* ''Lost in Libya – In Search of the Long Range Desert Group'' (2009). Television documentary film tracing three L.R.D.G. lorries that were abandoned at Gebel Sherif in Southern Libya in 1941 after the unit's first encounter with its Italian equivalent the [[Auto-Saharan Companies|Autosahariana]]. Includes archival film of the L.R.D.G. in action. First aired on [[ANZAC day]], 25 April 2009 on [[Television New Zealand]].<ref>[http://tvnz.co.nz/anzac/lost-in-libya-2641028 Lost in Libya: Television New Zealand] Retrieved: 5 February 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/lost-in-libya-2009 12 minute excerpt and credits from Lost in Libya], retrieved on 5 February 2005.</ref>
* [[SAS: Rogue Heroes]] (2022). A British television [[historical drama]] series.
* ''[https://www.ospreypublishing.com/uk/undaunted-north-africa-9781472837318/ Undaunted: North Africa]'' (2020). A board game about historical encounters in the North African Campaign between the L.R.D.G. and Italy.

==Notes==
;Footnotes
{{reflist|group=nb}}

;Citations
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* Bagnold, R. A. "Early Days of the Long Range Desert Group". ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 105, No. 1/2, Jan – Feb 1945.
* Doyle, Peter and Bennett, Matthew R. ''Fields of Battle: Terrain in Military History''. New York: Springer Publications, 2002. {{ISBN|1-4020-0433-8}}
* Gibson, Tobias. "Non Vi Sed Arte: Long Range Desert Group, Their Vehicles and Camouflage." ''Model Military International'', Issue 43, November 2009.
* Gross, Kuno; O'Carroll, Brendan and Chiarvetto, Roberto. ''Incident at Jebel Sherif''. Berlin: Kuno Gross, 2009. {{ISBN|0-620-42010-3}}
* Hargreaves, Andrew L., "The Advent, Evolution and Value of British Specialist Formations in the Desert War, 1940–43", ''Global War Studies'', Vol. 7, No. 2, 2010.
* Haskew, Michael E. ''Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War''. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword, 2007. {{ISBN|1-905704-27-5}}
* Jackson, Ashley. ''The British Empire and the Second World War''. New York, London, UK: Continuum International Publishing, 2006. {{ISBN|1-85285-417-0}}
* Jenner, Robin; List, David and Badrocke, Mike. ''The Long Range Desert Group 1940–1945''. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1999. {{ISBN|1-85532-958-1}}
* Kay, R. L. ''Long Range Desert Group in the Mediterranean''. Bennington, Vermont: Merriam Press, 2008. {{ISBN|1-4357-5730-0}}
* Kennedy Shaw, W.B. "Desert Navigation: Some Experiences of the Long Range Desert Group." ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 102, No. 5/6, Nov–Dec 1943.
* {{Cite book
|title=Long Range Desert Group
|last=Kennedy Shaw |first=W.B.
|author-link=Bill Kennedy Shaw
|year=1945
|publisher=Collins |location=London
}}
* Molinari, Andrea. ''Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43''. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007. {{ISBN|1-84603-006-4}}
* Morgan, Mike. ''Sting of the Scorpion: The Inside Story of the Long Range Desert Group''. The History Press Publishing, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7509-3704-1}}
* O'Carroll, Brendan. ''The Kiwi Scorpions''. Devon, UK: Token Publishing Limited, 2000. {{ISBN|1-870192-41-9}}
* Pearson, Owen. ''Albania in Occupation and War: From Fascism to Communism 1940–1945''. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006. {{ISBN|1-84511-104-4}}
* Public Record Office War Histories. ''Special Forces in the Desert War 1940–1943''. Kew, Richmond, Surrey UK: Public Record Office, 2001. {{ISBN|1-903365-29-5}}
* [[Chris Ryan|Ryan, Chris]]. ''Fight to Win''. Parker, Colorado:Century Books, 2009. {{ISBN|1-84605-666-7}}
* Shortt, James. ''The Special Air Service''. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1981, {{ISBN|0-85045-396-8}}
* Walter, John. ''Rifles of the World:World's Definitive Guide to Centerfire & Rimfire Rifles (3rd ed.)''. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications, 2006. {{ISBN|0-89689-241-7}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Long Range Desert Group}}A series of radio interviews were made with members of the LRDG in 1941 by the New Zealand Broadcasting Unit. Some can be heard online on the catalogue of Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision:
* [https://www.ngataonga.org.nz/collections/catalogue/catalogue-item?record_id=152009 Major Ralph Bagnold]
* [https://www.ngataonga.org.nz/collections/catalogue/catalogue-item?record_id=152377 Various New Zealand officers and men of the LRDG]

Also, [https://www.ngataonga.org.nz/collections/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&i%5Bhas_media%5D=true&text=wink+adams&filter=catalogue silent film footage of the Fezzan campaign in 1940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126015100/https://www.ngataonga.org.nz/collections/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&i%5Bhas_media%5D=true&text=wink+adams&filter=catalogue |date=26 November 2022 }}
* [http://www.lrdg.org Website of the Long Range Desert Group Preservation Society]
* [http://blindkat.hegewisch.net/lrdg/lrdg.html LRDG 1940–43, Exploits in the desert with extensive information on weapons, personnel, and equipment. (Also includes detailed annotated bibliography.)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090524232651/http://mcwarr.orconhosting.net.nz/lrdg/lrdgmain.html The Long Range Patrol and the Long Range Desert Group, from ''Jean's pages'']
* [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Epi-c2-WH2-1Epi-e.html Raids in the Fezzan – description of LRDG and Free French operations in Libya from the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre]
* [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Doc-c15.html Correspondence of New Zealand General Bernard Freyberg on Long Range Desert Group]
* [http://pacificscreen.com/lost-in-libya/ Lost in Libya (Pacific Screen): commentary and excerpt from documentary Lost in Libya]
{{British Commando units of the Second World War}}
{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Army reconnaissance units and formations]]
[[Category:North African campaign]]
[[Category:Desert warfare]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1940]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]
[[Category:Special forces of the United Kingdom in World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of Southern Rhodesia in World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the British Army in World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of New Zealand during World War II]]

Caste-related violence in India

2026-02-16T18:12:32Z

Smasher: expand lead further and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|none}} 

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Further|Caste system in India|Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Violence in India}}{{Dynamic a-list}}
'''Caste-related violence in India''' has occurred and continues to occur in various forms.

According to a 2007 report by [[Human Rights Watch]]:<blockquote> inhuman, and degrading treatment of over 165 million people in India has been justified on the basis of caste. [[Caste]] is descent-based and hereditary in nature. It is a characteristic determined by one's birth into a particular caste, irrespective of the faith practiced by the individual. Caste denotes a traditional system of rigid [[social stratification]] into ranked groups defined by descent and occupation. Caste divisions in India dominate in housing, marriage, employment, and general social interaction-divisions that are reinforced through the practice and threat of social ostracism, economic boycotts, and physical violence.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2007/02/12/hidden-apartheid/caste-discrimination-against-indias-untouchables |title=Hidden Apartheid Caste Discrimination against India's "Untouchables" |journal=Human Rights Watch |date=12 February 2007}}</ref></blockquote>

Quoting about the atrocities committed by the land-holding communities against the '[[Untouchables (caste)|Untouchables']], author Dr. C. P. Yadav states that, "Atrocities are committed on the 'Untouchables' in the villages and small towns and the incidents of such cases are showing an upward trend. Atrocities are committed by the members of land holding Upper castes like [[Vanniyar|Vanniyars]] and [[Mukkulathor|Thevars]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]; by [[Jats]] in [[Delhi NCR]]; by [[Reddy]]s and [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]]s in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]; by [[Jats]] in [[Punjab]]; by [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]]s and [[Kunbi]]s in [[Maharashtra]]; by [[Jats]] in [[Haryana]]; by [[Bhumihar]]s and [[Rajput|Rajputs]] in [[Bihar]]; by [[Jats]], [[Gurjar|Gujar]]s, [[Ahir]] and [[Rajput]]s in [[Eastern Uttar Pradesh]] in a 2 part of Uttar Pradesh, by [[Jat|Jats]] and [[Gurjar|Gujar]]s in [[Western Uttar Pradesh]]; by [[Ahir]] and [[Rajput]]s in [[Eastern Uttar Pradesh]]; by [[Jats]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XI63AAAAIAAJ|author=C. P. Yadav|page=490|publisher=Institute for Sustainable Development|year=2000| isbn=9788126106554}}</ref>

Scholars and human rights organizations have documented that a disproportionate share of caste-based violence is directed toward Dalit women, who face intersecting discrimination based on caste and gender.<ref name="UNWomen">{{cite report
|title=Dalit Women Speak Out: Caste, Class and Gender Violence in India
|publisher=UN Women Asia-Pacific
|year=2012
|url=https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2012/10/dalit-women-speak-out
|access-date=1 February 2026
}}</ref> Reports note that Dalit women experience systemic stigma from birth, affecting multiple aspects of life including political participation, access to justice, and household labor.<ref name="UNWomen"/> Human Rights Watch has further documented cases in which sexual violence against Dalit women has been used as a means of social control and intimidation by dominant caste groups.<ref name="HRW">{{cite report
|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India’s “Untouchables”
|publisher=Human Rights Watch
|year=1999
|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/
|access-date=1 February 2026
}}</ref> The 2020 Hathras gang rape and murder of a 19-year-old Dalit woman in Uttar Pradesh drew national and international attention to the persistence of such violence.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Hathras case: What we know about the Dalit woman’s death
|publisher=BBC News
|date=1 October 2020
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54369533
|access-date=1 February 2026
}}</ref> According to India’s National Crime Records Bureau, crimes against Dalit women increased significantly in several states during the late 2010s, including a reported rise in Uttar Pradesh between 2016 and 2019.<ref name="NCRB">{{cite web
|title=Crime in India – Crimes Against Scheduled Castes
|publisher=National Crime Records Bureau, Government of India
|url=https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-india
|access-date=1 February 2026
}}</ref>

==20th century==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Event
!Location
!Description
|-
|1948
|Anti-Brahmin riots
|[[Maharashtra]]
|After assassination of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] by [[Nathuram Godse]] who was a [[Chitpavan Brahmin]], [[Marathi Brahmin]]s were targeted by people from the [[Maratha_(caste)|Maratha caste]]. Later, [[Jains]] and [[Lingayats]] also attacked innocent Brahmins. Several incidents of burning of homes were reported.<ref name="ullekh">{{cite book|author=Ullekh N P|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4LZDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|title=The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox|publisher=Random House India|year=2018|isbn=9789385990816|page=39}}</ref><ref name="malon">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA11|title=State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century|year=1999|isbn=9788171548552|editor1=Mariam Dossal|page=11|publisher=Popular Prakashan |editor2=Ruby Malon}}</ref><ref name="AttwoodIsrael1988-Patterson">{{cite book|editor1=Donald W. Attwood|editor2=Milton Israel|editor3=Narendra K. Wagle|author=Maureen Patterson|title=City, countryside and society in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm5uAAAAMAAJ|date=October 1988|publisher=University of Toronto, Centre for South Asian Studies|isbn=978-0-9692907-2-8|pages=35–58|quote=Such resistance was to no avail, and the Brahmans' fears and troubles were realized in February 1948 when they were set upon by recently politicized communities - Marathas, as well as Jains and Lingayats - who unhesitatingly took advantage of the opportunity provided by assassin Godse's shots.[page 50]}}</ref>
|-
|1957
|[[1957 Ramnad riots|Ramnad riots]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|The Ramnad riots or the Mudukulathur riots were a series of violent clashes that occurred between July and September 1957 in the [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramnad district]] and in southern [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The violence was between [[Thevar]]s supporting the [[Forward Bloc]], and pro-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Dalit Pallars, and was triggered by a by-election held in the aftermath of the [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Madras Legislative Assembly elections]] of earlier that year. 42 [[Dalit|Dalits]] were killed during the riots.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=September 2016|title=Remembering Immanuel Sekaran: Brave Dalit leader who lost his life to savarna brutality|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-immanuel-sekaran-brave-dalit-leader-who-lost-his-life-savarna-brutality-49168|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902134508/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-immanuel-sekaran-brave-dalit-leader-who-lost-his-life-savarna-brutality-49168 |archive-date=2 September 2016 |access-date=2020-08-22|website=The news minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=RAJASEKARAN|first=ILANGOVAN|title=Memories of Mudukulathur|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/memories-of-mudukulathur/article10073976.ece|access-date=2020-08-22|website=Frontline|date=14 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1968
|[[Kilvenmani massacre]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|Massacre on 25 December 1968 in which a group of 44 [[Dalit]] village labourers who were on strike for higher wages were murdered by a gang, sent by their landlords.
|-
|1978
|[[1978 Villupuram atrocity|Villupuram violence]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|The 1978 Villupuram atrocity was an incident of caste based violence which happened in July 1978 in Villupuram, Tamil Nadu. The violence resulted in 12 [[Dalits]] being killed and more than 100 Dalit houses burned down in Periyaparaichery, a Dalit settlement. The violence was caused when a group of Dalits allegedly attacked a dominant caste man after he allegedly molested a Dalit women. Later, dominant caste people attacked the settlement with rocket fireworks and indulged in arson and assault. The Dalits also retaliated by setting fire to several dominant caste houses.
|-
|1981
|[[Behmai massacre]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Phoolan Devi]] (1963 – 2001) was an Indian ''[[dacoit]]'' (bandit), who later became politician. Born into a traditional ''[[Mallaah]]'' (boatman class) family, she was kidnapped by a gang of dacoits. The [[Gujjar]] leader of the gang tried to [[Rape in India|rape]] her, but she was protected by the deputy leader Vikram, who belonged to her caste. Later, an upper-caste [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] friend of Vikram killed him, abducted Phoolan, and locked her up in the Behmai village. Phoolan was raped in the village by Thakur men, until she managed to escape after three weeks.<ref name="John_Insurgents_2011">{{cite book|author=John Arquilla|title=Insurgents, Raiders, and Bandits|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2011|isbn=9781566638326|pages=245–251}}</ref>
|-
|1981
|Dehuli massacre
|[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Dehuli, Firozabad|Dehuli]], [[Firozabad]]
| This massacre happened on 18 November 1981 when 17 men from the Thakur caste, disguised in police uniforms, murdered at least 24 Dalits from the [[Jatav]] community. In March 2025, three of the 17 men, Kaptaan Singh, Ramsevak, and Rampal Singh were sentenced to death.<ref>{{cite news|title= Three men sentenced to death in India for 1981 caste massacre|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2e1kp5l70o|work=BBC News|date=19 March 2025|last=Moziz Imam|first=Saiyed|access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Dehuli massacre 1981: UP court sentences three to death for killing 24 Dalits in Mainpuri |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/dehuli-massacre-1981-up-court-sentences-three-to-death-for-killing-24-dalits-in-mainpuri/articleshow/119161755.cms|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=18 March 2025|access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|1985
|[[Karamchedu massacre]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karamchedu]]
|This massacre occurred on 17 July 1985, when ''[[madiga]]''-caste dalits were killed by the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] caste people in 1985. Many people lost their lives in the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Karamchedu Massacre|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/HumanRights/05%20STATE%20AGRICULTURE%20FOREST%20DALITS%20AND%20TRIBALS/08.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801202415/http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/HumanRights/05%20STATE%20AGRICULTURE%20FOREST%20DALITS%20AND%20TRIBALS/08.pdf|archive-date=2014-08-01|access-date=2015-10-10}}</ref>
|-
|1987
|[[Dalelchak-Bhagaura Massacre 1987|Dalelchak-Bhagaura Massacre]]
|[[Bihar]]
|The killing of 52 upper caste members particularly from [[Rajput]] community was organised by a [[Maoist Communist Centre of India|Maoist Communist Centre]], a far-left militia led by Yadavs and composed mostly of members of lower ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled]]) castes. [[Ranvir Sena]] took revenge of these killings by killing people of scheduled caste members.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Santosh|date=3 June 2012|title=A lasting signature on Bihar's most violent years|work=The Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-lasting-signature-on-bihar-s-most-violent-years/957421/0|url-status=live|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519220535/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-lasting-signature-on-bihar-s-most-violent-years/957421/0|archive-date=19 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
|1987
|[[Neerukonda massacre]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|The Neerukonda Massacre happened in [[Andhra Pradesh]] on July 15, 1987, in Neerukonda village, inside the [[Guntur district]] of [[India]]'s [[Andhra Pradesh]] state. An angry mob composed of members of the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] caste began attacking [[Dalit]] [[Mala (caste)|Mala]]s after some of them held a [[wedding ceremony]] inside the town's upper-class areas.<ref name="upper-class">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasulu |first=K. |date=September 2022 |title=Caste, Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh: Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories |url=https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/2692.pdf |website=Overseas Development Institute |series=Working Paper 179}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Andhra: Police Tonsure Dalit Man for 'Unruly Behaviour' Towards YSR Congress Leader|url=https://thewire.in/caste/andhra-pradesh-tonsure-dalit-ysr-congress|access-date=2022-02-17|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unwilling to act|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30185882.ece|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Frontline|date=3 December 2009 |language=en}}</ref> The rioters killed five people which included four Malas. Among those people killed was a 60-year old Mala elder.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Balagopal|first=K.|date=1991|title=Post-Chundur and Other Chundurs|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4398179|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=26|issue=42|pages=2399–2405|jstor=4398179 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Many Malas fled to nearby [[Mangalagiri]].<ref name="upper-class" />
|-
|1991
|[[Tsundur massacre]]
|Andhra Pradesh, [[Tsundur]]
|The village became infamous for the killing of 8 dalits on the 6 August 1991, when a mob of over 300 people, composed of mainly [[Reddy|Reddys]] and [[Telaga|Telagas]], chased down the victims along the bund of an irrigation canal. This happened after [[Dalits]] were socially boycotted by the Reddy landowners of the village. The social boycott happened because a young graduate Dalit youth was beaten as his feet had unintentionally touched a Reddy woman near a cinema hall and the Dalits of the village supported him. As a result, e. In the trial which was concluded, 21 people were sentenced to life imprisonment and 35 others to a year of rigorous imprisonment and a penalty of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 2,000 each, on the 31 July 2007, by special judge established for the purpose under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|''Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act'']].
|-
|1990s
|Violence by [[Ranvir Sena]]
|Bihar
|[[Ranvir Sena]] is a militia group based in Bihar. The group is based amongst the higher-caste landlords, and carries out actions against the outlawed [[naxalite|naxal]]s in rural areas. It has committed violent acts against [[Dalits]] and other members of the [[scheduled caste]] community in an effort to prevent their land from going to them.
<ref name="theHindu19April2012">{{cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=2012-04-19|title=For residents of Bathani, it is a horror they cannot forget|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3329111.ece?homepage=true}}</ref>
|-
|1992
|[[Bara massacre]]
|Bihar
|On the midnight of 12–13 February 1992, the [[Maoist Communist Centre of India]] (MCC), now the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]], brutally killed 35 members of the [[Bhumihar]] caste at Bara Village near [[Gaya district|Gaya District]] of Bihar. The MCC's armed group brought the 35 men of Bara village to the bank of a nearby canal, tied their hands and slit their throats.As many as 36 people were accused of the crime, but charges were framed against only 13. The police failed to arrest the others, who had defied their summons.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/24/president-pranab-mukerjee-clears-all-32-mercy-petitions-pending_a_21661548/ | title=President Pranab Mukerjee Clears All 32 Mercy Petitions Pending Before Him | work=HuffPost India | date=24 January 2017 }}</ref>
|-
|1996
|[[1996 Bathani Tola massacre|Bathani Tola massacre]]
|Bihar
|21 Dalits were killed by the [[Ranvir Sena]] in Bathani Tola, Bhojpur in Bihar on 11 July 1996.<ref name="TheHindu17April2012">{{cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=2012-04-17|title=All accused in 1996 Bihar Dalit carnage acquitted|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3321368.ece}}</ref> Among the dead were 11 women, six children and three infants. Ranvir Sena mob killed women and children in particular with the intention of deterring any future resistance which they foresaw.<ref name="theHindu19April2012" />
|-
|1994
|{{Anchor|1994 Chhotan Shukla murder case}} Chhotan Shukla murder case
|Bihar
|Chhotan Shukla was a gangster of the [[Bhumihar]] community known for his tussle with [[Brij Behari Prasad|Brij Bihari Prasad]], a government minister who hailed from the [[Bania caste]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-24 |title=Pinned Lynch {{!}} Smita Gupta {{!}} Oct 15,2007 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/article/pinned-lynch/235751 |access-date=2024-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132556/https://www.outlookindia.com/article/pinned-lynch/235751 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> During his return from an election campaign he was murdered allegedly by men operating on behalf of Prasad. In retribution, Prasad was also shot dead. [[Anand Mohan Singh]], who was a leader of the upper-caste [[Rajput]]s, and his close companion [[Munna Shukla]], the brother of Chhotan and himself a Bhumihar leader, were tried and given life terms in prison. The [[District Magistrate]] of [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]], G. Krishnaiah, was also murdered by upper castes as he symbolised the growing power of backwards communities.<ref name="outlook 2007">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Smita|date=15 October 2007|title=Pinned Lynch|work=Outlook|agency=PTI|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/pinned-lynch/235751|access-date=2015-06-07}}</ref>
|-
|1997
|[[1997 Melavalavu massacre|Melavalavu massacre]]
|Tamil Nadu, [[Madurai district]]
|In the village of Melavalavu, in Tamil Nadu's Madurai district, following the election of a Dalit to the village council presidency, members of caste Hindus ([[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]]) group murdered of six Dalits in June 1996.<ref name="hrw">{{Cite web|date=Mar 1, 1999|title=Broken People | Caste Violence Against India's "Untouchables"|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/1999/03/01/broken-people/caste-violence-against-indias-untouchables|access-date=Aug 9, 2019|website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Melur panchayat, which was a general constituency, was declared a reserved constituency in 1996. This had caused resentment between Scheduled Caste people and Kallar ([[Ambalakarar]]) community. In the 1996 [[Panchayati raj|''panchayat'']] elections, Murugesan was elected president.<ref name="theHinduStories">{{cite news|date=2009-09-23|title=Supreme Court reserves verdict in Melavalavu case|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Supreme-Court-reserves-verdict-in-Melavalavu-case/article16520396.ece}}</ref> In June 1996, a group of persons attacked Murugesan, vice-president Mookan and others with deadly weapons, resulting in the death of six persons and injuries to many others. A total of 40 persons were cited as accused in the case. The trial court convicted Alagarsamy and 16 others and sentenced them to undergo life imprisonment. On appeal, the High Court by its judgment dated April 19, 2006, confirmed the trial court's order. Alagarsamy and others filed appeals against this judgment.<ref name="theHinduStories" />
|-
|1997
|[[Laxmanpur Bathe massacre]]
|Bihar
|On 1 December 1997, [[Ranvir Sena]] gunned down 58 Dalits at [[Laxmanpur Bathe]], [[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]], in retaliation for the Bara massacre in Gaya where 37 upper castes were killed. In particular, a specific Bhumihar community was targeted in retaliation for their opposition towards handing out their land for land reform. Charges were framed in the Laxmanpur-Bathe case on 23 December 2008 against 46 Ranvir Sena members for killing Dalits, including 27 women and 10 children men.<ref name="TheHindu7April2010">{{cite news|date=2010-04-07|title=Sixteen sentenced to death in 1997 carnage in Bihar|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article390457.ece|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204034445/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article390457.ece|archive-date=2013-02-04}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Laxmanpur-Bathe massacre: Patna HC acquits 26 Ranvir Sena men|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/laxmanpur-bathe-massacre-patna-hc-acquits-26-ranvir-sena-men-1162957.html|access-date=2020-05-15|website=Firstpost|date=10 October 2013 }}</ref> On 7 April 2010, the trial court at Patna convicted all 26 accused. 16 were sentenced to death and the other 10 were each give life imprisonment and fines of Rs. 50,000.<ref name="TheHindu7April2010" /><ref name=":1" /> Around 91 of 152 witnesses in the case had deposed before the court.<ref name="TheHindu7April2010" /> On 9 October 2013, the Patna High Court suspended the conviction of all 26 accused, saying the prosecution had produced no evidence to guarantee any punishment at all.<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1997
|[[1997 Ramabai killings|Ramabai killings]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|On 11 July 1997, a statue of [[B.R. Ambedkar]] in the [[Dalit]] colony of Ramabai was desecrated by unknown individuals. An initially peaceful protest was fired on by the police, killing ten people, including a bystander who had not been involved in the protests. Later in the day, 26 people were injured when the police carried out a [[lathi charge]] against the protesters. Commentators suggested that the arbitrarily violent response from the police had been the result of caste based prejudice, as the leader of the team stood accused in multiple cases involving caste-based discrimination.<ref name="Narula 1999">{{cite book|author1=Smita Narula|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA137|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables".|author2=Human Rights Watch (Organization)|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1999|isbn=978-1-56432-228-9|pages=137–|access-date=22 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
|1999
|{{Anchor|1999 Senari Massacre}}Senari Massacre
|Bihar
|The [[Maoists in India|Maoists extremist centre]] dominated by [[Yadav]] and [[Dusadh]] slaughtered 34 [[Bhumihar]] in Senari village, [[Jehanabad district]].<ref name="Ashwani2008">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA55|title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants, and Caste Armies in Bihar|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2008|isbn=9781843317098|location=London, New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Santosh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-was-bihar-senari-massacre-of-1999-which-now-comes-before-the-supreme-court-7402699/|title=Explained: What was Bihar's Senari massacre of 1999, which now comes before the Supreme Court?|date=13 July 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== 21st century ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Event
!Location
!Description
|-
|2000
|[[Afsar massacre]]
|[[Bihar]]
|This incident was a consequence of rivalry for domination between upper-caste [[Bhumihar|Bhumihars]] and backward-caste [[Kurmi]]s. The killing of 12 Bhumihars sparked anger among Bhumihar youths. The perpetrators of the incident were members of the [[Ashok Mahto gang]], formed by a [[Koeri]] militant who was also responsible for atrocities against upper castes including murder of sitting member of parliament [[Rajo Singh]] from Bihar.<ref name="The Indian Express" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2006|title=Nitish's record gets beating|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nitish-s-record-gets-beating/story-AdqNMkOeMQZib970lxtiiI.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304042051/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nitish-s-record-gets-beating/story-AdqNMkOeMQZib970lxtiiI.html|archive-date=4 March 2019|access-date=2019-03-04|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|2000
|{{Anchor|2000 Kambalapalli incident Karnataka|2000 Kambalapalli incident}}Kambalapalli incident
|[[Karnataka]]
|On 11 March 2000, seven Dalits were locked in a house and burnt alive by an upper-caste [[Reddy]] mob in Kambalapalli, [[Kolar district]] of [[Karnataka]] state. The Civil Rights Enforcement (CRE) Cell investigation revealed deep-rooted animosity between the Dalits and the upper-castes as the reason for the violence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kambalapalli carnage probe completed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/09/stories/0409210f.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2000-05-09|access-date=2018-04-14}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The witnesses in the case, many of whom had narrowly escaped with their lives, had turned hostile during the trial in a lower court, resulting in a similar acquittal in 2006. Immediately after that verdict was delivered, many of the witnesses told the media that they backtracked because of threats from upper-caste groups.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-08-21|title=HC acquits all 46 accused of Kambalpalli massacre|language=en|work=hindustantimes.com/|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hc-acquits-all-46-accused-of-kambalpalli-massacre/story-SWSpsnXmLAokdQfrC8qWSJ.html|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref> A subsequent plea for a retrial was rejected by the High Court.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnaprasad|date=2014-08-22|title=HC rejects plea for retrial in Kambalapalli carnage case|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hc-rejects-plea-for-retrial-in-kambalapalli-carnage-case/article6339351.ece|access-date=2018-04-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A division bench of [[Karnataka High Court]] acquitted all 46 accused in August 2014. The bench headed by Justice [[Mohan Shantanagoudar]] held that a conviction would be "pre-judicial" to the interest of the accused given that 14 years had passed since the incident and all the 22 eyewitnesses had since turned hostile. The court also observed that the investigating police officer and some of the eyewitnesses were not cross-examined properly.
|-
|2000
| Miapur massacre
| [[Bihar]]
| On 17 June 2000, several black-clad gunmen from the Ranvir Sena attacked the village of Miapur, killing at least 34 people, including six children, mainly from the [[Yadav]] caste.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Villagers massacred in bloody caste feud|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jun/18/lukeharding.theobserver|website=The Guardian|date=18 June 2000|last=Harding|first=Luke|access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= 34 Killed In Indian Massacre|url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/34-killed-in-indian-massacre/#|website=CBS News|date=17 June 2000|last=Singh|first=Indranil|access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|Chakwai incident
|[[Bihar]]
|On 3 July 2004, several armed attackers, suspected from the Akhilesh Singh gang of the [[Bhumihar]] caste, opened fire on villagers in Chakwai, killing at least ten lower caste people, including two members of the [[Ashok Mahto gang]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2004|title= 10 killed in Bihar caste carnage|url= https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/10-killed-in-bihar-caste-carnage-1.326390#|website=[[Gulf News]]|agency=Associated Press|access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2004|title= Militia kills ten in caste strife|url= https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/04/2003177626|website=[[Taipei Times]]|access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|{{Anchor|2005 Jahanabad prison raid|}}Jahanabad prison raid
|[[Bihar]]
|In 2005, [[Jahanabad, Pilibhit|Jahanabad]], an area where [[Bhumihar|Bhumihars]] are numerous, saw massive attacks and cordoning-off with the whole town under control of [[Maoists in India|Maoists]] for more than two hours. About 200 armed men belonging to low caste agricultural labourers, led by poor peasants of castes such as the [[Koeri]] and [[Teli]], attacked the district prison. They killed members of [[Ranvir Sena]] who were incarcerated there and returned with their comrades including Ajay Kanu, a Teli by caste.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA255|title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar|publisher=Viking|year=2011|isbn=978-0-670-08459-3|access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|[[Khairlanji massacre]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|On September 29, 2006, four members of the Bhotmange family belonging to the [[Mahar]] community were killed by a mob of 40 people belonging to the [[Kunbi#Maratha-Kunbi|Maratha Kunbi]] caste. The incident happened in Kherlanji, a small village in [[Bhandara district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The Mahars are [[Dalit]], while the Kunbi are classified as an [[Other Backward Class]] by the Indian government. The Bhotmanges were stripped naked and paraded to the village square by a mob of 40 people. The sons were ordered to rape their mother and sister, and when they refused, their genitals were mutilated before they were murdered.<ref>Roy, A. (2014). The Doctor and the Saint. In B. Ambedkar, Annihilation of Caste (pp. 11-101). India: Verso.</ref> An initial call to the police was ignored, and a search for the bodies was deliberately delayed 2 days. The bodies were found in a canal, and due to the length of time the bodies were in the water, much of the physical evidence was contaminated or destroyed.<ref>Karat, B. (2016, September 29). Khairlanji, then and now. Retrieved June 2, 2017, from The Indian Express: http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/maharashtra-khairlanji-dalit-rape-murder-una-vemula-caste-system-discrimination-3055056/</ref> The subsequent police and political inaction led to protests from Dalits. After allegations of a cover-up, the case was transferred to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI).<ref name="FL_blood_2006">{{cite web|title=Dalit blood on village square|url=http://www.frontline.in/social-issues/dalit-blood-on-village-square/article6808442.ece|access-date=2006-12-10|publisher=Frontline}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|[[2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra|2006 Dalit protests]]
|Maharashtra
|In November–December 2006, the vandalism of an [[Ambedkar Memorial Park|Ambedkar]] statue in [[Kanpur]], Uttar Pradesh, triggered violent protests by Dalits in Maharashtra. Several people remarked that the protests were fueled by the [[Khairlanji massacre]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2006-12-02|title=Khairlanji to Kanpur|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/17707.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214102018/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/17707.html|archive-date=2006-12-14|access-date=2006-12-02|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> During the violent protests, the Dalit protestors set 3 trains on fire, damaged over 100 buses, and clashed with police<ref name="rediff_dalit_anger">{{cite news|date=2006-11-30|title=Maharashtra: Dalit anger leaves 4 dead, 60 injured|work=Rediff.com|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/30statue.htm|access-date=2006-12-02}}</ref> At least 4 deaths and many more injuries were reported.<ref name="business_standard_suspect">{{cite news|date=2006-12-01|title=Dalits force police to let off suspect in Kanpur|publisher=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c_online.php?leftnm=11&bKeyFlag=IN&autono=18172|url-status=dead|access-date=2006-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704104309/http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c_online.php?leftnm=11|archive-date=July 4, 2007}}</ref><ref name="toi_situation_normal">{{cite news|date=2006-12-02|title=Situation in Mumbai, state back to normal|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-02/mumbai/27797568_1_kanpur-incident-state-intelligence-dalit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418230945/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-02/mumbai/27797568_1_kanpur-incident-state-intelligence-dalit|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-18|access-date=2006-12-02}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|[[2008 caste violence in Rajasthan|Gurjar agitation in Rajasthan]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|To get 5 percent reservation in government service, the andolan took place and cause 72 deaths of Gurjars.
|-
|2009
|Gangrape of Suman Balai
|[[Rajasthan]]
|Three [[Rajput]] men [[Gang_rape|gangraped]] Suman Balai, a student, from their village after forcibly taking her to a dry well. They were convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison. However, the Rajputs of the village harassed the Dalit woman for filing the complaint against their fellow Rajputs. This harassment ultimately resulted in her suicide.<ref name="Chakravarti 2017 p. 175">{{cite book | editor=Uma Chakravarti | title=Fault Lines of History: The India Papers II | publisher=Zubaan | series=Zubaan Series on Sexual Violence and Impunity in South Asia | year=2017 | page=175|isbn=978-93-85932-31-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwMeDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT175 | access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|[[Mirchpur#Mirchpur Dalit killings incident|Mirchpur Dalit killings incident]]
|[[Haryana]]
|In 2010, at Mirchpur, a [[Valmiki caste|Valmiki]] colony of Dalits, a 2 year old dog allegedly barked at some 10 to 15 boys from the [[Jat people|Jat]] community who rode on motorcycles in front of the house of Jai Prakash. One of the Jat boys, Rajinder Pali, hurled a brick at the dog, causing a young Dalit to object. A physical fight ensued between them and the Jat boys threatened dire consequences. Later, two Dalits elders named Veer Bhan and Karan Singh apologised to Jat elders but were beaten by them. On 21 April 2010, the Dalits met away from Mirchpur by arrangement with the police to achieve a compromise.<ref name="Author 2010">{{cite web|date=2010-05-01|title=Mirchpur: A Dog Story|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/mirchpur-a-dog-story|access-date=2018-08-26|website=OPEN Magazine}}</ref> In their absence, 300 to 400 Jat men<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dog's bark triggered Mirchpur Dalits killing incident|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/dogs-bark-triggered-mirchpur-dalits-killing-incident/articleshow/65536703.cms|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> and mens went to Mirchpur, ransacked houses for jewels, cash and clothes, and then set the homes ablaze with thirteen Dalit mens and children's inside.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mirchpur violence: Resident's pet dog barking at accused led to Dalits' killing, rioting in Haryana village - Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/mirchpur-violence-case-dalit-residents-pet-dog-barking-at-accused-led-to-dalits-killing-rioting-in-haryana-village-5043101.html|access-date=2018-08-26|website=www.firstpost.com|date=25 August 2018 }}</ref> This led to [[death by burning]] of 70-year-old Tara Chand and his 48-year-old son Pradeep Kumar, 41-year-old son Sandeep Kumar and 18-year-old physically challenged grandson Sumesh Singh and 17-year-old to 28-year-old 3 grandsons bunty, Guddu and Sonu.<ref name="Author 2010" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mirchpur Dalit Killings: Delhi HC Convicts 20 More, Says Jats Attacked 'Deliberately'|work=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mirchpur-dalit-killing-delhi-hc-convicts-20-more-says-jats-deliberately-attacked-valmiki-community-1855261.html|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> After this incident, 200 Dalit families left the village fearing for their safety. Only 50 families remained with a group of 75 [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] personnel deployed in the village.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-08-26|title=After Delhi High Court verdict: Abandoned Dalit homes, tension in air at Mirchpur|language=en-US|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-delhi-high-court-verdict-abandoned-dalit-homes-tension-in-air-at-mirchpur-5325039/|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> Police named 103 people in the charge sheet out of which 5 were juveniles.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mirchpur Dalits killings: Delhi High Court convicts 20, says attack was 'pre-planned'|language=en-GB|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/mirchpur-dalits-killings-delhi-high-court-dalits-attacked-jat-tara-chand-valmiki-community/274335|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214457/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/mirchpur-dalits-killings-delhi-high-court-dalits-attacked-jat-tara-chand-valmiki-community/274335|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|[[2012 Dharmapuri violence|Dharmapuri violence]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|In December 2012 approximately 268 dwellings — huts, tiled-roof and one or two-room concrete houses — of Dalits of the [[Adi Dravida]] community near Naikkankottai in [[Dharmapuri district]] of western Tamil Nadu were torched by the higher-caste [[Vanniyar]]. The victims have alleged that ‘systematic destruction’ of their properties and livelihood resources has taken place.<ref>{{cite web|author=R. Arivanantham|date=2012-11-08|title=3 Dalit colonies face mob fury in Dharmapuri|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/3-dalit-colonies-face-mob-fury-in-dharmapuri/article4076539.ece|access-date=2013-05-16|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In December 2012, in case of caste violence, two men named Akbar Ali and Mustafa Ansari were beaten by Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-12-15|title=Disabled man falls prey to Muslim caste violence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/disabled-man-falls-prey-to-muslim-caste-violence/article4202173.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|2013
| 2013 Ahmednagar murders
| [[Maharashtra]], [[Ahmednagar]]
| On 1 January 2013, three Dalit men were killed in an [[honor killing]] by a group of upper-caste mob after one of the victims fell in love with a girl from an upper caste farmer.<ref>{{cite news|title= Five held for 'honour killings' of Dalit men in Maharashtra|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-21274357|work=BBC News|date=31 January 2013|last=Ahmed|first=Zubair|access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Three Dalit men murdered in apparent case of honour killing|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/three-dalit-men-murdered-in-apparent-case-of-honour-killing/article4383182.ece/|website=The Hindu|date=6 February 2013|last=Deshpande|first=Alok|access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref> In January 2018, all six men involved with the deaths were sentenced to death by hanging.<ref>{{cite web|title= Six get death for killing three Dalit youths in 2013|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/six-get-death-for-killing-three-dalit-youths-in-2013/article22483204.ece/|website=The Hindu|date=20 January 2018|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Nashik Honour Killing Case: 6 Get Death For Murdering 3 Dalits In 2013|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/nashik-honour-killing-case-6-get-death-for-murdering-3-dalits-in-13/articleshow/62586374.cms|website=The Times of India|date=21 January 2018|last=Botekar|first=Abhilash|access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|[[2013 Marakkanam violence|Marakkanam violence]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|In April 2013, violence broke out between the villagers along [[East Coast Road]] near [[Marakkanam]] and those travelling to [[Vanniyar]] dominant caste gathering at [[Mamallapuram]]. A mob indulged in setting fire to houses, 4 buses of [[TNSTC]] and [[Pondicherry Road Transport Corporation|PRTC]]. 3 people were injured in police firing. Traffic was closed in ECR for a day.<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-04-27|title=Marakkanam violence brings ECR under police surveillance|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/marakkanam-violence-brings-ecr-under-police-surveillance/article4659395.ece|access-date=2013-05-16|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|{{Anchor|2015 Dalit violence in Dangawas, Rajasthan|2015 Dalit violence in Dangawas}}Dalit violence in Dangawas
|Rajasthan, [[Nagaur district]]
|On Thursday, May 14, 2015, clashes between Jats and Dalits in Dangawas village of Rajasthan's Nagaur district left 4 Dalits Dead and 13 injured.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-05-17|title=Land Dispute Turns into Caste Violence in Rajasthan's Nagaur; 4 Dalits Dead, 13 Injured|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/land-dispute-turns-into-caste-violence-in-rajasthans-nagaur-4-dead-13-injured-763651|access-date=2015-09-06|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Violence following the [[suicide of Rohith Vemula]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|The suicide of Rohith Vemula, of [[Central University of Hyderabad]], on 18 January 2016 sparked protests and outrage from across India and gained widespread media attention as an alleged case of discrimination against Dalits and backward classes in India in which elite educational institutions have been purportedly seen as an enduring vestige of caste-based discrimination against students belonging to "backward classes".<ref>{{cite news|title= Rohith Vemula: The student who died for Dalit rights|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35349790|work=BBC News|date=19 January 2016|last=Farooq|first=Omer|access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[2016 Ariyalur gang rape case|Ariyalur gang rape case]]
|Tamil Nadu
|In December 2016, a [[Hindu Munnani]] Union Secretary and three of his accomplices gang-raped, and murdered a 17-year-old minor Dailt girl in Keezhamaligai village, Ariyalur district.<ref name="Nandini rape">{{Cite web|date=2017-04-01|title=Nandini rape and murder: Complicated caste, religion politics plays out in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nandini-rape-and-murder-complicated-caste-religion-politics-plays-out-in-tamil-nadu/story-gcF019Ezsa2HHUGQseXIxK.html|access-date=2020-03-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The police revealed that the Hindu Munnani functionary was irritated over the lower-caste dalit girl who insisted to marry her after she got pregnant with him.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 5, 2017|title=Dalit girl murder case: One more accused booked under goondas act|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/dalit-girl-murder-case-one-more-accused-booked-under-goondas-act/articleshow/57471558.cms|access-date=2020-03-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The men also pulled out the fetus from her womb.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 6, 2017|first1=A.|last1=Selvaraj|title=Outrage over rape-murder of dalit girl|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/outrage-over-rape-murder-of-dalit-girl/articleshow/56992181.cms|access-date=2020-04-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Later, her body was found in decomposed state in a well with her hands tied, stripped of all jewelry and clothes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gangraped and dumped in a well: Four arrested for murder of a Dalit girl in Ariyalur|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gangraped-and-dumped-well-four-arrested-murder-dalit-girl-ariyalur-56201|website=The News Minute|date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Nandini rape" />
|-
|2017
|[[Anandpal Singh]] murder case
|Rajasthan
|The murder case of Anandpal Singh was a culmination of various events which were result of battle for dominance between [[Jats]] and [[Rajput]] of Rajasthan. It was claimed by supporters of Singh that his encounter was a conspiracy. The allegations were also made that Chief Minister [[Vasundhara Raje]], a ''[[kurmi|maratha]]'' and Home Minister [[Gulab Chand Kataria]], a [[Jat|Jats]],<ref>{{cite web|title=rajasthan-rebels-could-spoil-home-minister-kataria-s-chances-of-sixth-consecutive-term-from-udaipur|date=6 December 2018 |url=https://scroll.in/article/904675/rajasthan-rebels-could-spoil-home-minister-kataria-s-chances-of-sixth-consecutive-term-from-udaipur}}</ref> both were involved though charges were never proved.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news|date=13 July 2017|title=Who is Anandpal Singh and why Rajputs in Rajasthan erupted in anger at his killing?|language=en|work=hindustantimes.com/|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-anandpal-singh-and-why-rajputs-in-rajasthan-erupted-in-anger-at-his-killing/story-YPpyFhIUSPzE3XEtMBsYGJ.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713110319/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-anandpal-singh-and-why-rajputs-in-rajasthan-erupted-in-anger-at-his-killing/story-YPpyFhIUSPzE3XEtMBsYGJ.html|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite news|title=जानिए, क्यों आनंदपाल जैसे गैंगस्टर के लिए धड़कता है राजपूतों का दिल? Jurm|language=hi|work=aajtak.intoday.in|url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/crime/story/most-wanted-gangster-anandpal-singh-encounter-politices-rajsthan-goverment-1-940885.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713100150/http://aajtak.intoday.in/crime/story/most-wanted-gangster-anandpal-singh-encounter-politices-rajsthan-goverment-1-940885.html|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="freepressjournal.in">{{Cite web|title=BJP known for dividing people for own benefit: Congress on chaos over Anandpal encounter {{!}} Free Press Journal|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/india/bjp-known-for-dividing-people-for-own-benefit-congress-on-chaos-over-anandpal-encounter/1102356|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122251/http://www.freepressjournal.in/india/bjp-known-for-dividing-people-for-own-benefit-congress-on-chaos-over-anandpal-encounter/1102356|archive-date=18 October 2018|access-date=13 July 2017|website=www.freepressjournal.in|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cite news|title=आनंदपाल एनकाउंटर: कुछ सवाल जिनके जवाब भी तलाशे जाने चाहिए|url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/opinion/question-raised-over-gangster-anand-pal-singh-encounter-2611535.html|url-status=dead|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714022214/http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/opinion/question-raised-over-gangster-anand-pal-singh-encounter-2611535.html|archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[Saharanpur violence]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Violence broke out between [[Thakur (title)|Thakurs]] and [[Dalit|dalits]] during the procession of Rajput warrior-king [[Maharana Pratap]] over the loud music. In the violence one man was killed, 16 were injured, and 25 Dalit houses were burned. The incident was connected to MP [[Raghav Lakhanpal]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] member from [[Saharanpur]].<ref name="DNA Saharanpur">{{cite news|title=Saharanpur: Thakurs and Dalits clash over loud music, 25 houses torched, 1 killed|publisher=DNA|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-saharanpur-thakurs-and-dalits-clash-over-music-during-a-procession-1-killed-2429276|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence|Bhima Koregaon violence]]
|Maharashtra, [[Pune]]
|This event was an attack on visitors during an annual celebratory gathering at [[Bhima koregaon|Bhima Koregaon]] to mark the 200th anniversary of the [[Battle of Bhima Koregaon]] victory.

Later, a think tank called Forum for Integrated National Security(FINS), mainly consisting of retired army officers, released a report on the Bhima Koregaon riots. The report absolved the Hindu leaders [[Milind Ekbote]] and [[Sambhaji Bhide]] from direct involvement. Instead, it blamed the [[Maoism in India|Maoists]] (ultra left-wing organisations) for instigating the Dalit activists. It also blamed the Maharashtra Police for "apathy" and overlooking evidence.<ref name="free">Vivek Bhavsar, [http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/bhima-koregaon-violence-rss-linked-committee-blames-police-apathy/1230726 Bhima-Koregaon violence: RSS-linked committee blames police apathy], The Free Press Journal, 3 March 2018.</ref><ref name="Chari">Mridula Chari, [https://scroll.in/article/892586/a-month-before-police-raids-security-think-tank-report-alleged-maoist-link-to-bhima-koregaon-events Bhima Koregaon case: A curiously prescient report puts focus on a Mumbai security think tank], Scroll.in, 31 August 2018.</ref><ref>[https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-interviews-blog/maoists-call-urban-mass-organisations-weapons-battle-is-for-control-of-civil-society-through-subversion/ ‘Maoists call urban mass organisations weapons … battle is for control of civil society through subversion’ (Interview of Smita Gaikwad)], The Times of India, The Interviews Blog, 2 May 2018.</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[April 2018 caste protests in India|April caste protests in India]]
||[[India]]
|In early April 2018, lakhs of people belonging to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] (SC/ST) protested across India against an order of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Atrocities Act]]. In subsequent violence, 14 people died and hundreds were injured.<ref name="sc dna">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-not-against-scst-act-don-t-want-innocents-to-suffer-sc-while-hearing-review-petition-2600638|title=SC refuses to stay its order on SC/ST Act; to hear matter|date=3 April 2018|work=dna|access-date=3 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's Lower-Caste Dalits Lead Nationwide Protests Against Court Judgment|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/04/02/world/asia/02reuters-india-caste.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407185622/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/04/02/world/asia/02reuters-india-caste.html|archivedate=7 April 2018|accessdate=7 April 2018|work=The New York Times|agency=REUTERS|date=April 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anger in India as Lowest Caste Protests Supreme Court Order|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/04/02/world/asia/ap-as-india-caste-protests.html|work=The New York Times|agency=THE ASSOCIATED PRESS|date=April 2, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407190009/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/04/02/world/asia/ap-as-india-caste-protests.html|archivedate=7 April 2018|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Eight dead in massive India caste protests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43616242|accessdate=7 April 2018|work=BBC|date=2 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Murder of Jitendra
|[[Uttarakhand]]
| On 26 April 2019, a 21-year-old Dalit named Jitendra from Kot, Uttarkhand, was beaten by a group of upper-caste men, allegedly for sitting and eating in their presence at a wedding. He died nine days later from his injuries.<ref>{{cite news|title= The Indian Dalit man killed for eating in front of upper-caste men|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48265387|work=BBC News|date=20 May 2019|last=Khare|first=Vineet|access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Suicide of Payal Tadvi]]
|Maharashtra, Mumbai
|On 22 May 2019, Dr. Payal Tadvi, a 26-year-old [[Schedule Tribe|Schedule-Tribe]] Muslim gynaecologist,<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 29, 2019|title=Explained: Who are Tadvi Bhil Muslims?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-tadvi-bhil-muslims-payal-tadvi-mumbai-suicide-5754146/|access-date=Aug 9, 2019}}</ref> died by suicide in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Even After Payal Tadvi's Death, Doctors' Body Unconvinced of Caste Discrimination|url=https://thewire.in/caste/payal-tadvi-doctor-caste-discrimination|access-date=Aug 9, 2019|website=The Wire}}</ref> For months leading up to her death, she had told her family that she was subjected to [[ragging]] by three "upper" caste women doctors;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two More Doctors Arrested For Allegedly Abetting Payal Tadvi's Suicide|url=https://thewire.in/caste/two-more-doctors-arrested-for-allegedly-abetting-payal-tadvis-suicide|access-date=Aug 9, 2019|website=The Wire}}</ref> however, the accused denied of having any knowledge of Tadvi's tribal background.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Payal Tadvi suicide case: Three accused sent to police custody till May 31 | Mumbai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/payal-tadvi-suicide-case-three-accused-sent-to-police-custody-till-may-31/articleshow/69560387.cms|access-date=Aug 9, 2019|website=The Times of India|date=29 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=She was pulled up over work, not caste: 3 doctors in bail plea | Mumbai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/she-was-pulled-up-over-work-not-caste-3-docs-in-bail-plea/articleshow/69550624.cms|access-date=Aug 9, 2019|website=The Times of India|date=29 May 2019 }}</ref> They allegedly went to the toilet and then wiped their feet on her bed, called her casteist slurs, made fun of her for being a tribal on [[WhatsApp]] groups and threatened to not allow her to enter operation theatres or perform deliveries. A few hours before she took her life, she had reportedly told her mother, once again, about this harassment.
|-
|2020
|[[2020 Hathras gang rape and murder|Hathras gang rape & murder]]
|Uttar Pradesh, [[Hathras district]]
|In September 2020, a [[dalit]] girl in Hathras district of Uttar Pradesh was allegedly murdered by 4 men from [[Rajput|Thakur]] caste. According to victim's family, the girl was gang raped by Thakurs of the Village and in order to eliminate the evidences her backbone was broken and the tongue was cut by the perpetrators. The girl has confessed the same on a video shot inside the Hospital. The Police secretly burned her dead body at midnight without conducting any Post Mortem Test.<ref>{{cite web|last=Suresh|first=Nidhi|date=2020-09-29|title=Ground report: Dalit girl assaulted in UP's Hathras succumbs to injuries|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/09/29/help-us-get-justice-please-dalit-girl-assaulted-in-ups-hathras-succumbs|access-date=2020-10-02|website=Newslaundry}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Murder of Indra Meghwal]]
|[[Jalore district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|A nine year old Dalit boy, named Indra Meghwal, was assaulted by a teacher after touching a pot of drinking water meant only for upper castes, which led to his death after 24 days.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Dalit boy dies after being assaulted by teacher in Rajasthan school |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dalit-boy-dies-after-being-assaulted-by-teacher-in-rajasthan-school/article65766467.ece|work=The Hindu |date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of caste based violence in Bihar]]
*[[Communalism (South Asia)]]
*[[History of India]]
*[[Human rights in India]]
*[[Partition of India]]
*[[Religion in India]]
*[[Freedom of religion in India]]
*[[Religious harmony in India]]
*[[Human rights in India]]
* [[Religious violence in India]]
**[[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
**[[Violence against Christians in India]]
**[[Violence against Muslims in India]]
*[[Terrorism in India]]
*[[Crime in India]]
*[[Caste system in India]]
*[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]
*[[Caste discrimination in the United States]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Reservation in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Abuse}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caste-Related Violence In India}}
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India| ]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Crime in India]]
[[Category:India crime-related lists]]
[[Category:Dalit]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Violence in India]]
[[Category:Social issues in India]]
[[Category:Hate crimes in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic riots|India, Caste-Related Violence]]

Jamanka

2026-02-15T20:49:56Z

Smasher: creating a pg nd citations

{{Short description|Village in Aligarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jamanka
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gabhana]]
| population_total = 6366
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| coordinates = {{coord|28|01|N|77|49|E|display=inline}}
}}

'''Jamanka''' is a large village located in the [[Gabhana]] area of [[Aligarh district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Demographics==
The population of Jamanka as recorded at the [[2011 Census of India|Indian Census of 2011]] is 6,366, in 986 households. The male population was 3,341 to 3,025 females, giving a [[sex ratio]] of 905 compared to 912 for Uttar Pradesh state. The number of children of age 0-6 is 1,324, comprising 20.80% of the whole population of the village, and the sex ratio among children is 922 (Uttar Pradesh 902).<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India: Search Details|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=140406|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=3 December 2017}}</ref>

The literacy rate of Jamanka village has a literacy rate of 63.35%, which is lower than the state average of 67.68%. The literacy rate among males is 75.98%, among females 49.33%.<ref name=Census />

==Governance==
Jamanka village is headed by an elected [[Sarpanch]].<ref name=Census>[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/121911-jamanka-uttar-pradesh.html Jamanka Population - Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh], www.census2011.co.in/</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Aligarh district}}
{{coord|28|01|N|77|49|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Villages in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Aligarh district]]

{{Aligarh-geo-stub}}

Pelli Pandiri

2026-02-08T19:00:53Z

Smasher: redirected

#REDIRECT[[List of Telugu films of 1997]]

Dorahar

2026-02-06T15:56:05Z

Smasher: starting entry...

{{short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{orphan|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dorahar
| settlement_type =
| image_map =
| map_caption = Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.01755598363695|82.82625249638038|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| timezone =
| utc_offset =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
}}
'''Dorahar,''' '''Dodhar''' or '''Dorhar''' is a village situated in [[Dudhi]] Tehsil of [[Sonbhadra district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Village (गाव): Dorahar |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Dorahar-214159 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorahar {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Dorahar/zOxmp7b474 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref>

The village is around 138 kilometres far from District Headquarters [[Robertsganj]], Around 70 kilometres from [[Renukoot]] and less than 1 kilometre from [[Rihand Nagar]], currently the population of the village is around 5000 and The [[Rihand Thermal Power Station]] and The [[Rihand Nagar]] are at a walkable distance from the village. It is located near the MP - UP border.

== Census data ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Total Population
|4315
|-
|Total No. of Houses
|800
|-
|Female Population
|2090
|-
|Literacy Rate
|65.18
|}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorahar Village Population - Dudhi - Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/214159-dorahar-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== History ==
Dodhar was considered as a forest from forest division Renukoot. The lands there were considered as section 4 forest land since 1960s <ref>{{Cite news |last=DFO |first=Manmohan Mishra |date=1960-06-21 |title=Village - Dodhar |url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/DownloadPdfFile.aspx?FileName=0_0_121131125612151Gazettenotification.pdf&FilePath=../writereaddata/Addinfo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/viewreport.aspx?pid=FP/UP/THE/36097/2018 |archive-date=1960-06-21 |pages=17–18}}</ref> and later on 2 and 3 October 1986 the peasants and farmers who were head by Shri Shiv Ram Singh protested for their land and rights and on behalf of them The Banwasi Seva Ashram filed a PIL in Hon'ble [[Supreme Court of India]] for the welfare of common public <ref>{{Cite web |title=Banwasi Sewa Ashram vs State Of U.P. And Ors on 20 November, 1986 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/90094/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629180228/http://indiankanoon.org:80/doc/90094/ |archive-date=2012-06-29 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref> later these lands were transferred to local people and [[Rihand Thermal Power Station]] by the judgement of Hon'ble [[Supreme Court of India]].

== Geographic location and nearby places ==
Dodhar is situated around 3 Kilometres far from [[Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar]] and it is close to [[Rihand Nagar]], [[Bijpur]], Nemana,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village (गाव): Nemana |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Nemana-214160 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref> Khairi,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khairi Village (Pincode: 231208), Dudhi, Sonbhadra {{!}} Uttar Pradesh {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/214156 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref> Naktu,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village (गाव): Naktu Adhaura Poorvi (नक्टू अधौरा पूर्वी ) |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Naktu%20Adhaura%20Poorvi-214157 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref> Sirsoti and Mitihini

== Educational institutes ==
* St. Joseph's School, Rihand Nagar (Affiliated by [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Joseph's School Sr. Secondary School, Rihand Nagar |url=https://www.sjsrihand.com |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=St. Joseph's Sr. Secondary School, Rihand Nagar |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rihand Nagar (Affiliated by [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya NTPC Rihand Nagar Sonebhadra UP {{!}} India |url=https://rihandnagar.kvs.ac.in |access-date=2025-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Primary School, Dodhar (Affiliated by The State Govt. of Uttar Pradesh)

== Places to worship ==
* Rihandeshwar Mahadev Mandir, Rihand Nagar
* St. Joseph's Church, Rihand Nagar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese Of Allahabad |url=https://dioceseofallahabad.org/Parishes/ST-JOSEPH-CHURCH-RIHANDNAGAR.aspx# |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=dioceseofallahabad.org}}</ref>

== Hospitals ==
* Dhanwantari Hospital, Rihand Nagar

== Parks and playgrounds ==
* NTPC Rihand Stadium <ref>{{Cite web |title=Son shakti stadium, NTPC, Rihand nagar - Stadium - Dorahar - Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Yappe.in |url=https://yappe.in/uttar-pradesh/dorahar/son-shakti-stadium-ntpc-rihand-nagar/1210473 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=yappe.in}}</ref>
* Sand Park, Rihand Nagar

== See also ==
* [[Bijpur]]
* [[Renukoot]]
* [[Anpara]]
* [[Waidhan]]
* [[Shakti Nagar]]
* [[Rihand Thermal Power Station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sonbhadra district]]

T. R. B. Rajaa

2026-01-31T04:16:41Z

Smasher:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2019}}
{{COI|date=July 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. T. R. B. Rajaa
| image = Rajaa at Chennai USA Consul Gen for July 4th Celebration 2023.jpg
| office1 = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start1 = 11 May 2023
| term_end1 =
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| predecessor1 = [[Thangam Thennarasu]]
| office2 = Secretary of the [https://www.dmkitwing.in| DMK IT wing]
| term_start2 = 18 January 2022
| term_end2 =
| 2blankname2 = President
| 2namedata2 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| predecessor2 = [[Palanivel Thiagarajan]]
| office3 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 13 May 2011
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = [[V. Sivapunniyam]]
| constituency3 = [[Mannargudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Mannargudi]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = {{marriage | Sharmila J Rajaa|22 April 2005}}
| father = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| mother = Renuka Devi Baalu
| children = 2
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|7|12|df=y}}
| caption = Rajaa at the USA Consulate General in Chennai.
| native_name = முனைவர். டி. ஆர். பி. ராஜா
| birth_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India (Now Chennai)
| education = MCC School, [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], [[University of Dublin]], [[University of Madras]], [[Vels University]]
| birth_name = Senthilkumaar Baalu
| minister1 = [[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)]]
}}
'''Thalikkottai Rajuthevar Baalu Rajaa''' , better known as '''Dr. T. R. B. Rajaa''' is an Indian Tamil politician. He is the Minister for [[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)|Industries, Investment Promotions and Commerce]] in the Government of Tamil Nadu since 2023, having won the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]], [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]] and the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]] Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Elections representing [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] in [[Mannargudi]].<ref name=Hindu20110514>{{cite news |title=Karunanidhi wins by a huge margin in Tiruvarur |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2017880.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 May 2011 |accessdate=21 May 2011 }}</ref> He also holds the position of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|party's IT Wing]] Secretary.

== Education ==
He did his schooling at [[M. C. C. Higher Secondary School|Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School]]. He graduated from the University of Madras with a Masters in Psychology. He successfully defended his research thesis and was awarded a Doctorate in Philosophy (PhD) in Counselling Psychology and Management (Inter-Disciplinary) from Vels University.

== Personal life ==
Rajaa was born on 12 July 1976 in Chennai to T.R.Baalu and Renuka Devi. During his birth, his father was serving his term under the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act|MISA Act]]. Renuka recalls showing the new born to her husband in [[Madras Central Prison]] from a bridge nearby.

He is married to Sharmila, the daughter of Educationist [[Leo Muthu]] in April 2005. The couple has a Son and a Daughter. Both of them are National and International Level Sports Trap Shooters respectively.

== Political career ==
[[File:T R B Rajaa assuming office as the Minister for Industries in Government of Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|Rajaa assuming the office of Minister for Industries, Investment Promotions and Commerce in Government of Tamil Nadu]]
Rajaa has been elected thrice to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mannargudi (state assembly constituency)|Mannargudi]]. He was appointed the first secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK's NRI Wing]] in 2021 and then as second Secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK's IT Wing]] after former secretary [[Palanivel Thiagarajan|PTR]], had resigned from the post in 2022. After [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] came back to power in [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]], Rajaa was appointed a member in the Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission and as the Chairman of the Legislative Committee on Estimates by the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|CM]] [[M. K. Stalin|Thiru. M K Stalin]].

T.R.B.Rajaa was sworn-in as the Minister for Industries and Investment Promotions and Commerce in the [[M. K. Stalin ministry|Tamil Nadu Cabinet]] on 11 May 2023.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Cabinet reshuffle {{!}} T.R.B. Rajaa sworn in as Minister">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Tamil Nadu Cabinet reshuffle {{!}} T.R.B. Rajaa sworn in as Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/trb-rajaa-sworn-in-as-minister-in-tamil-nadu-cabinet/article66837679.ece |access-date=21 December 2023 |date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221063504/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/trb-rajaa-sworn-in-as-minister-in-tamil-nadu-cabinet/article66837679.ece |archive-date=21 December 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Offices ''held''/holding ==
*[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|'''MLA''']] '''from [[Mannargudi]]: 2011–present'''
* [[M. K. Stalin ministry|'''Minister''']] '''for [[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)|Industries, Investment Promotions and Commerce]] in [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Government of Tamil Nadu]]: 2023- present'''
* '''Secretary of [https://dmkitwing.in DMK IT Wing]: 2022–present'''
* '''Member of DMK General Committee: 2023-present'''
* ''Member of DMK Elections Manifesto Committee: For the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]] Election''
*''Substitute [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|TN Legislative Assembly]]: 2021–2023''
* ''Member of [[Tamil Nadu Planning Commission|Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission]]: 2021–2023''
* ''Chairman of [[Estimates Committee|TN Legislative Estimates Committee]]: 2021–2023''
* ''Secretary of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK NRI Wing]]: 2021–2022''
* ''Member of [[Government of Tamil Nadu|TN Public Accounts Committee]]: 2012–13; 2019–21; 2021-2023 (as ex-officio)''
* ''Senate Member of [[Tamil University]]: 2019-2021''
* ''Member of [[Government of Tamil Nadu|TN Public Undertakings Committee]]: 2012-13; 2015–16''
* ''Member of [[Estimates Committee|TN Estimates Committee]]: 2011-12; 2014–15; 2021-2023 (as Chairman)''
* ''Senate Member of [[Madras University]]: 2011-13''
* ''Chairman of [[King's College of Engineering|Kings College of Engineering-Pudukkottai]]: 2003-10''

== Elections contested ==
'''Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Elections:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||45.34% || Siva. Rajamanickam|| [[AIADMK]] || 25.89%
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||48.71% || S. Kamaraj|| [[AIADMK]] || 43.40%
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||48.93% || Siva. Rajamanickam|| [[AIADMK]] || 46.54%
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajaa, T. R. B.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]

Anakapalle Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-24T14:25:20Z

Smasher:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Anakapalli {{Small|AP-5}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Anakapalli.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 1962
| assembly_cons = [[Chodavaram Assembly constituency|Chodavaram]] [[Madugula Assembly constituency|Madugula]] [[Anakapalli Assembly constituency|Anakapalli]] [[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]] [[Elamanchili Assembly constituency|Elamanchili]] [[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopet]] [[Narsipatnam Assembly constituency|Narsipatnam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| mp = [[C. M. Ramesh]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Beesetti Venkata Satyavathi]]
}}

'''Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[Anakapalli district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=30 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

== Assembly segments ==
Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following Legislative Assembly segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=30}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|26
|[[Chodavaram Assembly constituency|Chodavaram]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
|[[Kalidindi Suryana Naga Sanyasi Raju]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}

|-
|27
|[[Madugula Assembly constituency|Madugula]]
|[[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]]
|-
|30
|[[Anakapalli Assembly constituency|Anakapalli]]
|[[Konathala Ramakrishna]]
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Janasena Party|JSP]]
|-
|31
|[[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]]
|[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
|[[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]
|-
|32
|[[Elamanchili Assembly constituency|Elamanchili]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
|[[Sundarapu Vijay Kumar]]
|-
|33
|[[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopet]] (SC)
|[[Vangalapudi Anitha]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|34
|[[Narsipatnam Assembly constituency|Narsipatnam]]
|[[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Missula Suryanarayana Murti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="3" |[[S. R. A. S. Appala Naidu]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]

|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[P. Appalanarasimham]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Konathala Ramakrishna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Gudivada Gurunadha Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Ganta Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Pappala Chalapathirao]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Sabbam Hari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Muttamsetti Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Beesetti Venkata Satyavathi]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[C. M. Ramesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== All Elections Summary ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Reservation
!Member
!Sex
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes Gained
!Runner-up
!Sex
!Party
!Votes Gained
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Missula Suryanarayana Murti]]
|M
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|96895
|[[Villuri Venkataramana]]
|M
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|80885
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|None
|M
|165121
|[[Villuri Venkataramana]]
|M
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|162097
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[S. R. A. S. Appala Naidu]]
|M
|215209
|[[Villuri Venkataramana]]
|M
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|69115
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|None
|M
|199228
|Pokkala Venkata Chalapathi
|M
|[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]
|163292
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|None
|M
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|178139
|[[Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju (born 1950)]]
|M
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|149016
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|None
|[[P. Appalanarasimham]]
|M
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|322347
|[[S. R. A. S. Appala Naidu]]
|M
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|147531
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Konathala Ramakrishna]]
|M
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|299109
|[[P. Appalanarasimham]]
|M
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|299100
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|None
|M
|261311
|[[P. Appalanarasimham]]
|M
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|250153
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|None
|[[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]
|M
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|327290
|[[Konathala Ramakrishna]]
|M
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|277118
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|None
|[[Gudivada Gurunadha Rao]]
|M
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|321840[https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIotDO5N8hbvBFq8kBOnZ7sAHisPYaglbcR%2Bvju5fSVaOXf9Vty0jaav%2F5MHa3IhIjhiXm886AoS1DyVcNFs9r4o2myzOL0Zc4rsnVkw9Ae1D]
|[[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]
|M
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|295915
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|None
|[[Ganta Srinivasa Rao]]
|M
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|392984
|[[Gudivada Gurunadha Rao]]
|M
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|334520
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|None
|[[Pappala Chalapathirao]]
|M
|385406
|Gandham Nanda Gopal
|M
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|369992
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|None
|[[Sabbam Hari]]
|M
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|369968
|Nookarapu Surya Prakash Rao
|M
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|317056
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|None
|[[Muttamsetti Srinivasa Rao]]
|M
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|568463
|[[Gudivada Amarnath]]
|M
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|520531
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|None
|[[Beesetti Venkata Satyavathi]]
|F
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|586226
|Adari Anand Kumar
|M
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|497034
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|None
|[[C. M. Ramesh]]
|M
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|762069
|[[Budi Mutyala Naidu]]
|M
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|465539
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Anakapalli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[C. M. Ramesh]]
| votes = 7,62,069
| percentage = 57.50
| change = {{up}}56.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Budi Mutyala Naidu]]|votes= 4,65,539|percentage= 35.13|change={{down}}12.20}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above
|votes= 26,235|percentage= 1.98|change={{down}}0.84}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,96,530|percentage=22.37|change={{up}}15.17}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,28,726|percentage=82.97|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = BJP
| loser = YSRCP
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Anakapalli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Beesetti Venkata Satyavathi]]
| votes = 586,226
| percentage = 47.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Adari Anand Kumar
| votes = 497,034
| percentage = 40.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Chintala Partha Sarathi
|votes = 82,588
|percentage = 6.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 34,897
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Gandi Venkata Satyanarayana Rao
|votes = 13,276
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 89,192
| percentage = 7.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 12,40,456
| percentage = 81.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,21,363
|ref= }}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014]]: Anakapalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party |candidate=[[Muttamsetti Srinivasa Rao]] |votes=568,463 |percentage=49.51 |change=+19.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |party=YSR Congress Party |candidate=[[Gudivada Amarnath]] |votes=520,531 |percentage=45.34 |change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=47,932|percentage=4.17 |change=-0.88}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,148,072|percentage=81.92 |change=+3.22}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Anakapalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Sabbam Hari]]
| votes = 369,968
| percentage = 35.30
| change = -12.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Nookarapu Surya Prakasa Rao
| votes = 317,056
| percentage = 30.25
| change = -19.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = [[Allu Aravind]]
| votes = 294,183
| percentage = 28.07
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 52,912
| percentage = 5.05
| change = +3.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,048,154
| percentage = 78.70
| change = +2.26
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing = -12.01
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Anakapalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Pappala Chalapathirao]]
| votes = 385,406
| percentage = 49.28
| change = -3.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Nanda Gopal Gandham
| votes = 369,992
| percentage = 47.31
| change = +2.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sadaram Appala Raju
| votes = 26,708
| percentage = 3.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 15,414
| percentage = 1.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 782,106
| percentage = 76.44
| change = +4.51
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Anakapalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Gudivada Gurunadha Rao]]
| votes = 3,21,840
| percentage = 43.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]
| votes = 2,95,915
| percentage = 40.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = P. V. Chalapathi Rao
| votes = 1,14,360
| percentage = 15.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 25,925
| percentage = 3.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 7,32,115
| percentage = 72.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Anakapalli district}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Visakhapatnam district]]

Equatorial Guinea–India relations

2026-01-24T07:58:52Z

Smasher: rework formatting for consistency

{{Infobox bilateral relations|Equatorial Guinea–India|Equatorial Guinea|India}}

[[Equatorial Guinea]] and [[India]] maintain diplomatic relations.

== History ==
Relations between Equatorial Guinea and India have existed since before the independence of the former in 1968.<ref name="MEA2016" /> In April 2004, E. Barwa, Joint Secretary (West Africa) in the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) visited [[Malabo]] in April 2004, and held talks with the President, as well as some Ministers and senior officials of the Equatorial Guinea Government. During the visit, Equatorial Guinea signed the [[TEAM 9 Agreement|TEAM 9]] agreement with India.<ref name="MEA2016" />

The High Commission of India in [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]] was concurrently accredited to Equatorial Guinea from 2005 until 2008, when the accreditation was transferred to the Embassy of India in [[Luanda]], [[Angola]]. India Ambassador to [[Angola]] and Equatorial Guinea A.R. Ghanashyam presented his credentials in March 2008, and held discussions with the President and [[Foreign minister|Foreign Minister]]. Both the President and Foreign Minister expressed their desire to visit India to improve bilateral cooperation. The Foreign Minister also requested India's assistance to provide English language training to 80 Equatorial Guineans. The Government of Equatorial Guinea also proposed draft agreements to establish a Joint Commission and for a General Cooperation Agreement.<ref name="MEA2016" />

Minister of State for IT & Telecom [[Sachin Pilot]] visited Equatorial Guinea as the Prime Minister's Special Envoy and officially invited President [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] to attend the second India Africa Summit.<ref name="MEA2016" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Text of Minister of State of India for IT and Telecommunications, Shri. Sachin Pilot's visit|url=http://www.indembangola.org/text_MOS.html|website=Embassy Of India, Luanda|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206104547/http://www.indembangola.org/text_MOS.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> President Mbasogo, who was serving as the Chairman of the African Union at the time, and Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] co-chaired the Summit in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/pm-to-leave-for-six-day-africa-visit/20110523.htm|title=PM arrives in Ethiopia for India-Africa summit|work=Rediff|access-date=2017-04-09}}</ref>

Joint Secretary (West Africa) in the MEA Rajinder Bhagat headed an Indian delegation to the 19th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union in Malabo. India attended the Summit, which was chaired by Equatorial Guinea, as an observer. India also sent a delegation to serve as observers at the council's 25th Ordinary Session in Malabo.<ref name="MEA2016" />

Minister of State for AYUSH [[Shripad Naik|Shripad Yesso Naik]] visited Equatorial Guinea on 25 August 2015 as the Prime Minister's Special Envoy and officially invited President Mbasogo to attend the third India [[Africa]] Summit. He also met with the Foreign Minister.<ref name="MEA2016" /> The invitation resulted in first ever visit by an Equatorial Guinean President to India, when Mbasogo led a high level delegation to attend the Summit in New Delhi in October 2015. He held bilateral talks with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 28 October.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/PMjmciRGmMAEn722pKPXYK/IndiaAfrica-summit-Narendra-Modi-set-to-meet-heads-of-20-n.html|title=India-Africa summit: Narendra Modi set to meet heads of 20 nations today|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=2015-10-28|work=Mint|access-date=2017-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-to-meet-20-african-leaders-on-wednesday-1237084|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Meet 20 African Leaders Today|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-04-09}}</ref>

In October 2015, India approved Equatorial Guinea's request to open a diplomatic mission in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="MEA2016" /> The embassy was operational in October 2019.

== Trade ==
Bilateral trade between Equatorial Guinea and India grew from US$4.87 million in 2006–07<ref>{{cite web|title=India - Equatorial Guinea Relations|url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Equatorial-Guinea-January-2012.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=9 April 2017|date=January 2012}}</ref> to $764.39 million in 2014–15. India exported $15.01 million worth of goods to Equatorial Guinea, and imported $749.38 million in 2014–15.<ref name="MEA2016"/> Between the 1998–99 and 2002-03 fiscal years, India made no imports from Equatorial Guinea between 1998 and 2002, and from 2003 to 2005. Indian imports from the country in 2002-03 and 2005-06 fiscal years was negligible.<ref>{{cite web|title=India - Equatorial Guinea Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Equatorial_Guinea_Aug_2014.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=9 April 2017|date=August 2014}}</ref>

The main commodities exported by India to Equatorial Guinea are fish, crustaceans, and iron and steel. The major commodities imported by India from Equatorial Guinea are crude oil and oil derivatives, seeds, medicinal plants, ore, slag and ash, wood and wood articles, natural or cultured pearls, stones, and imitation jewelry.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web|title=India - Equatorial Guinea Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Equatorial_Guinea_23_02_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=9 April 2017|date=January 2016}}</ref>

ONGC Videsh Ltd signed an agreement with the Government of Equatorial Guinea for cooperation in oil and gas sector on 21 January 2016, on the sidelines of the 4th India-Africa Hydrocarbons Summit in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ONGC Videsh signs MoU with Equatorial Guinea|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/ongc-videsh-signs-mou-with-equatorial-guinea/200143/|website=The Financial Express|access-date=9 April 2017|date=22 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ONGC Videsh, Equatorial Guinea Govt Sign MoU for Oil, Gas Cooperation|url=https://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/142587/ongc_videsh_equatorial_guinea_govt_sign_mou_for_oil_gas_cooperation|website=Rigzone|access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> The Ministry of Mines, Industry and Energy of Equatorial Guinea hosted an Equatorial Guinea-India Hydrocarbons & Industry Forum in New Delhi on 22 January 2016, with aim of attracting Indian investment in the country's energy, hydrocarbons and industrial sectors.<ref>{{cite press release|last1=Guinea|first1=Ministry of Mines, Industry & Energy and Government of Equatorial|title=Equatorial Guinea to Host Hydrocarbons & Industry Forum in India to Promote Investment Opportunities|url=https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/01/06/799717/0/en/Equatorial-Guinea-to-Host-Hydrocarbons-Industry-Forum-in-India-to-Promote-Investment-Opportunities.html|website=GlobeNewswire News Room|date=6 January 2016 |access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Equatorial-Guinea-to-host-Hydrocarbons-Industry-Forum-in-Delhi/articleshow/50565373.cms|title=Equatorial Guinea to host Hydrocarbons & Industry Forum in Delhi - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-04-09}}</ref>

== Foreign aid ==
In 2005, the EXIM Bank of India had extended a line of credit (LOC) worth $15 million to establish a potable drinking water project in Equatorial Guinea in 2005. However, the LOC was cancelled in June 2012 after the Equatorial Guinean Government failed to prepare relevant documents and fulfill other required formalities to obtain an LOC within the specified time period. India offered to establish 5 Centers on Geoinformatic Applications for Rural Development in Africa at the second India Africa Forum Summit, one of which would be located in Equatorial Guinea. The Government of Equatorial Guinea approved the construction of the Center in July 2012.<ref name="MEA2016" />

Citizens of Equatorial Guinea are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iccr.gov.in/content/africa-scholarships|title=Africa Scholarships|website=Indian Council for Cultural Relations|language=en|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512210421/http://iccr.gov.in/content/africa-scholarships|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Indians in Equatorial Guinea ==
As of January 2016, about 300 Indian citizens reside in Equatorial Guinea, all of whom live in Malabo. The community is primarily employed by departmental stores and hotels. Some Indian are employees of oil companies executing short-term assignment at offshore oil rigs.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==References==
<references />

{{Foreign relations of Equatorial Guinea}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Equatorial Guinea-India relations}}
[[Category:Equatorial Guinea–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Equatorial Guinea|India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:India–Africa relations]]

Sudhanshu Mittal

2026-01-21T02:46:05Z

Smasher: slightly rework layout for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sudhanshu Mittal
| office = President of [[International Kho Kho Federation]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end =
| predecessor = Position Established
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =New Delhi
| constituency =
| term =
| successor =
| party =[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| spouse = Dr. Rubina Mittal
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sudhanshu Mittal''' is an Indian politician affiliated to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), who later became the official spokesperson of the party.<ref name=out/> He was in the 1979 batch of the [[St. Xavier's School, Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doxaonline.org/awardees.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220052235/http://www.doxaonline.org/awardees.html |archivedate=20 December 2010 |title=:: Welcome to Doxa Online |date=20 December 2010 |accessdate=2013-07-02}}</ref> He completed his B.Com. from the Shri Ram College of Commerce (1982 batch){{citation needed|date=September 2016}} and was President of the [[Delhi University Students Union]] in 1981–82.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/Who-is-Sudhanshu-Mittal/Article1-390448.aspx |title=Who is Sudhanshu Mittal? |first=Shekhar |last=Iyer |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |date=18 March 2009 |accessdate=2013-07-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204180638/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/Who-is-Sudhanshu-Mittal/Article1-390448.aspx |archivedate=4 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="v202">{{cite web | last=Mohammad Ibrar | first=Manash Pratim Gohain | title=Why Delhi University Students' Union win can be sign of things to come | website=The Times of India | date=3 September 2018 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/why-dusu-win-can-be-sign-of-things-to-come/articleshow/65662928.cms | access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref> Later, he took admission in the law college but dropped to support a family business.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

== Politics ==
Mittal is a member and official spokesperson of [[BJP]].<ref name=out>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/mahajan-made-me-i-was-driving-a-merc-when-he-had-nothing/231595|title=Mahajan Made Me? I Was Driving A Merc When He Had Nothing...|work=Outlook|access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2018/01/19/lessons-rich-famous/|title=Lessons from the rich and famous |publisher=The Indian Sun|date=19 Jan 2018}}</ref>

He was a confidant of [[Pramod Mahajan]], a senior BJP leader who died in 2006. Although described as a top contender for the party's [[Chandni Chowk]] parliament seat, Mittal was not selected to contest it in the 2014 general elections.<ref>{{cite news|first=Poornima |last=Joshi |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/pitched-battle-in-chandni-chowk/article5801525.ece |title=Pitched battle in Chandni Chowk |work=Business Line|location=Chennai |date=18 March 2014 |accessdate=2014-05-11}}</ref>

== Sports ==
Mittal is a keen sportsman who excels in Badminton. He is a reputed sports administrator. Besides being Vice President of the India Olympic Association, he is also the President of [[Kho Kho Federation of India]]. He is credited with making [[kho kho]] an international game.<ref>{{Cite web |last=C |first=Aprameya |date=2025-01-11 |title=Kho Kho World Cup {{!}} Exclusive: 'Aim to have Kho Kho in 2032 Olympics' |url=https://thefederal.com/category/sports/kho-kho-world-cup-2025-exclusive-interview-with-kkfi-president-sudhanshu-mittal-166341 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.sudhanshumittal.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mittal, Sudhanshu}}
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:International Kho Kho Federation|Sudhanshu Mittal]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Presidents of Delhi University Students Union]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

Sadna Qasai Mosque

2026-01-19T00:42:35Z

Smasher: stub

{{Short description|Former mosque in Sirhind, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Sadna Qasai Mosque
| infobox_width =
| image = Sadna_Kasai_Front_View.jpg
| caption = The former mosque, in 2013
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Punjab
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former mosque in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| location = [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|type:landmark_region:IN-PJ|format=dms|display=it}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] (former)
| sect =
| festivals =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]] (former)
| functional_status = '''Abandoned''' (partial ruins)
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style =
| founded_by = [[Humayun]] {{small|(likely)}}
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{circa|16th century}}
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = Five {{small|(one since collapsed)}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| designated =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = | designation1_offname = | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Sadna Qasai Mosque''' is a former [[mosque]] in a ruinous state, located in [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]], in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. It is listed as a state protected monument.{{Sfn|Parihar|2004|p=486}}

== History ==
[[File:Mosque Bhagat Sadna Kasai, Sirhind,Punjab, India.jpg|thumb|The former mosque, in 2016]]
The exact date of the mosque's construction is not known. Scholars estimate that it was possibly built towards the end of the reign of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], or the beginning of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period. It is possible that [[Humayun]] constructed this mosque to commemorate his victory at the [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)|Battle of Sirhind]] in 1555.{{Sfn|Parihar|2004|p=485}} The mosque is named after [[Bhagat Sadhana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2019 |title=The soon-to-be lost heritage of Fategarh Sahib |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/the-soon-to-be-lost-heritage/articleshow/69708323.cms |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref>

{{As of|2025}}, the mosque is in a ruinous condition. A [[Public interest litigation in India|public-interest litigation]] was filed in the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] to preserve the mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2024 |title=HC seeks report on preservation of monuments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/hc-seeks-report-on-preservation-of-monuments/articleshow/109386415.cms |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Taruni |date=18 April 2024 |title=Pb & Hry HC seeks response from Punjab govt on preservation of Sadhna Kasai mosque |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/others/pb-hry-hc-seeks-response-from-punjab-govt-on-preservation-of-sadhna-kasai-mosque/ |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=The Daily Guardian |language=EN }}</ref>

== Description ==
The mosque is divided into three wings, a central wing measuring {{convert|11.8|by|11.7|m}}, flanked on either side by a side wing measuring {{convert|14.1|by|6|m}}. The [[façade]] contains five arched entrances, with the three central arches leading to the central wing, and each of the remaining two arches leading to one of the side wings. A [[parapet]] runs along the top of the façade, and the height of the façade up to the parapet is {{convert|9.8|m}}.{{Sfn|Parihar|2004|p=483}}

The building originally had five [[dome]]s, with a large dome surmounting the central wing, and two small domes crowning each of the side wings. The large dome has since collapsed.{{Sfn|Parihar|2004|p=483}} A square ablution tank stands in front of the mosque.{{Sfn|Parihar|2004|p=484}}

=== Interior ===
The western wall of the central wing contains three ''[[mihrab]]s'' (prayer-niches). The central niche contains painted floral designs, which are considered to be a later addition. A painted inscription was also present over the niche, but it has now faded away. The central wing is connected to each of the side wings by means of two narrow arches.{{Sfn|Parihar|2004|p=483–484}}

The side wings contain no prayer-niches, and this might indicate that only the central wing might have served as a prayer-hall. Each of the side wings is divided into two sections, each measuring {{convert|6|by|5.7|m}}. Each section has a domical ceiling, rising above [[Pendentive|pendetives]] at the corners.{{Sfn|Parihar|2004|p=483–484}}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{commons category}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Parihar |first=Subhash |date=2004 |title=Historical Mosques of Sirhind |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20837363 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=481–510 |doi=10.52541/isiri.v43i3.4780 |jstor=20837363 |issn=0578-8072|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Parihar |first=Subhash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJ_pAAAAMAAJ |title=History and Architectural Remains of Sirhind: The Greatest Mughal City on Delhi-Lahore Highway |date=2006 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-311-5 |pages=157 |language=en}}
{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]
[[Category:State Protected Monuments of India]]

Burhanuddin Sambhali

2026-01-13T15:03:44Z

Smasher: starting new bio...

{{Distinguish|Burhanuddin Qasmi}}
{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1938–2020)}}
{{Infobox scholar
| name = Muhammad Burhanuddin Sambhali
| native_name = محمد برہان الدین سنبھلی
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|02|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sambhal, Moradabad district, United Provinces, British India
| death_date = {{death date|2020|01|17|df=y}} (aged 81)
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], India
| occupation = Islamic scholar, teacher, jurist
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| known_for = Teaching at [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]; founding member of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]
| awards = [[Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman|President's Certificate of Honour]] (2008)
}}

'''Muhammad Burhanuddin Sambhali''' ({{langx|ur|محمد برہان الدین سنبھلی}}; 5 February 1938 – 17 January 2020) was an Indian Islamic scholar, teacher, and jurist associated with [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] in Lucknow. He was a founding member of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] and served in several academic and juristic institutions.{{Sfn|Amīni|2021|pp=623–625}}{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2020|pp=94–109}}

== Early life and education ==
Muhammad Burhanuddin Sambhali was born on 4 Dhu al-Hijjah 1356 AH (5 February 1938) in Sambhal, Moradabad district.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Amīni|first=Noor Alam Khalil|author-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini|title=Raftagān-e-Na Rafta|trans-title=Those Who Passed Yet Remain|date=March 2021|edition=First|publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab|location=[[Deoband]]|isbn=978-93-5457-133-6|language=ur|pages=623–624}}</ref> His father, Muhammad Hamiduddin, was a scholar and a student of [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qasmi |first=Ishtiaque Ahmad |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |last2=Qasmi |first2=Muhammadullah Khalili |author-link2=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi |date=February–March 2020 |editor-last=Bijnori |editor-first=Muhammad Salman |editor-link=Salman Bijnori |title=Obituaries related Muhammad Burhanuddin Sambhali |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/urdumagazine/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/02-03-2020.pdf |journal=[[Monthly Darul Uloom]] |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |volume=104 |issue=2–3 |page=8}}</ref>

He received his early education, including Arabic and Persian, from his father at Madrasa Hamidiya Tajwidul Qur'an, Sambhal, an institution founded by his father. He continued his studies at [[Madrasa Sirajul Uloom]] (Hilali Sarai), Madrasa al-Shar‘ (Katra Musa Khan), and Madrasa Darul Uloom al-Muhammadiya (Deepa Sarai) in Sambhal. Later, he enrolled at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1375 AH (1956), from where he graduated in 1377 AH (1958) after completing the [[Dars-i Nizami]] curriculum. He also passed the Molvi examination from the U.P. Arabic and Persian Board, Allahabad, in first division.{{Sfn|Amīni|2021|pp=623–624}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Qāsmi|first1=Aftāb Ghāzi |last2=Qāsmi|first2=Abdul Haseeb |title=Fuzala-e-Deoband Ki Fiqhi Khidmat|trans-title=Services of the Graduates of Deoband in Islamic Jurisprudence |url=https://archive.org/details/fuzal-e-deoband-ki-fiqhi-khidmaat |publisher=Kutub Khana Naimia |location=[[Deoband]] |date=February 2011 |language=ur |oclc=813691816 |page=95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sambhali |first=Abdul Moid |title=Tārīkh-e-Sambhal |trans-title=History of Sambhal |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-sambhal-misbah-ul-tawareekh-abdul-moid-qasmi-ebooks#485 |pages=484–485 |year=2002 |publisher=Maktaba Tayyiba |location=[[Sambhal]], Moradabad |language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mubarakpuri|2021|p=347}} His teachers at Deoband included [[Hussain Ahmed Madani]], [[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]], [[Ibrahim Balyawi]], [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]], [[Fakhrul Hasan Moradabadi]], and [[Mirajul Haq Deobandi]].{{Sfn|Qāsmi|Qāsmi|2011|p=358}}{{Sfn|Sambhali|2002|p=485}}

== Career ==
Sambhali’s teaching career spanned about 63 years. After graduation, he briefly taught for two months at Madrasa Sirajul Uloom, Sambhal.{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2020|pp=94,108}} He then taught for thirteen years at Madrasa Alia Arabia, Fatehpuri, Delhi. In 1390 AH (1970), upon the request of [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]], he joined [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] as a professor of tafsir, hadith, and fiqh, where he served for five decades.{{Sfn|Amīni|2021|p=624}}{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2020|p=94}} He also served for several years as the head of the Department of Tafsir at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama.{{Sfn|Sambhali|2002|p=486}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Mubarakpuri|first=Arif Jameel|author-link=Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri|title=Mausoo'a Ulama-u- Deoband|trans-title=The Encyclopedia of Deobandi Scholars|date=2021|edition=1st|publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy|location=[[Deoband]]|page=348|language=ar}}</ref> In his later years, he retired from teaching but continued mentoring students.{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2020|p=109}}

He was a founding member and executive committee member of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]. He also served as a member of the U.P. Religious Education Council, Darul Uloom Tajul Masajid (Bhopal), and [[Madrasa Shahi]] (Moradabad). He held positions such as vice-president of the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)]] and president of the Qazi Council of the Central Darul Qaza (Uttar Pradesh).{{Sfn|Amīni|2021|pp=623–624}}{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2020|p=109}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEWSMAKERS: 16-31 July 2002 |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15072002/1507200225.htm |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Milli Gazette |date=31 July 2002}}</ref>

After the death of [[Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi]] in 1999, his name was proposed for the presidency of the Personal Law Board in April 2000, but he withdrew his candidature to facilitate a consensus decision.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2000 |title=Muslim Personal Law Board – Mujahidul Islam is new chief |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15-4-2000/muslim_personal_law_board_mujahi.htm |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref>

Following Muhammad Ishaq Sandelvi’s migration to [[Karachi]] in 1970, Sambhali became the director of the ''Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah'' (Research Council of Islamic Law) at Nadwatul Ulama.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Munawwar Sultan |author-link=Munawwar Sultan Nadwi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/majlis-e-tahqiqat-shariya-nadwatul-ulama-mukhtasar-tarikh-aur-sargarmiyan-munawwar-sultan-nadwi-ebooks#50 |title=Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah, Nadwatul Ulama: Mukhtasar Tarīkh aur Sargarmiyān |date=October 2022 |publisher=Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah, Nadwatul Ulama |edition=2nd |location=[[Lucknow]] |page=49 |language=ur |trans-title=Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah, Nadwatul Ulama: A Brief History and Activities}}</ref>

In 2008, the [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman|President's Certificate of Honour]] for his contributions to the Arabic language.{{Sfn|Amīni|2021|p=625}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Recipients of President's Certificate of Honour - 2008 |url=https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/awardees-2008.pdf |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[Ministry of Education (India)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Honour for 23 scholars |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080815/nation.htm |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |date=14 August 2008}}</ref>

He also served as a member of the Faculty of Theology at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Idarat al-Mabahith al-Fiqhiyyah ([[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]), the Islamic Calendar Board of Malaysia, and the Malayalam Islamic Encyclopaedia project.{{Sfn|Amīni|2021|pp=623–624}}

== Public engagements and statements ==
In September 2001 reporting of Prime Minister [[Atal B. Vajpayee]]'s remark that the [[Ayodhya dispute]] would be "solved by March 2002", Sambhali was quoted as saying he was "surprised" by the Prime Minister's claim and asking with whom such parleys were being held. The article records Sambhali asserting that the All India Muslim Personal Law Board and its Babri Masjid sub-committee were the only competent Muslim authorities on the issue and that, to his knowledge, no responsible Muslim organisation had been in talks with the government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslims sceptical about Vajpayee remark |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15092001/17.htm |access-date=2025-11-01 |last=Nasir |first=Obaid |work=The Milli Gazette |date=15 September 2001}}</ref>

In October 2001, press coverage of a clerical meeting in Lucknow reported Sambhali among the Sunni clerics who condemned the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|United States' strikes in Afghanistan]] and described the campaign as targeting Muslims. The report states the meeting criticised the Organisation of Islamic Conference for "virtually giving a nod" to the US action, called on the Muslim community to "unitedly condemn" the attacks, discussed forming an all-India body of clerics called ''Majlis-e-Ulema'', and urged a boycott of [[Coca-Cola]] and [[Pepsi]] as a protest. The coverage also recorded voices at the meeting warning against communal provocation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US raids on Afghanistan war against Islam: Muslim clerics |url=https://m.rediff.com/us/2001/oct/11ny12.htm |access-date=2025-11-01 |language=en |last=Pradhan |first=Sharat |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=11 October 2001}}</ref>

In October 2004 coverage of the public debate on [[family planning]], the report records Sambhali among senior ulama who rejected [[Kalbe Sadiq]]'s pro-family planning statement. The article quotes Sambhali as declaring family planning to be "against Islam" (''khilaf-i-Islam'') and as warning that Sadiq's statement could give non-Muslims "an excuse to rejoice" and create further problems for Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Furore over family planning |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31Oct04-Print-Edition/163110200423.htm |access-date=2025-11-01 |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |work=The Milli Gazette |date=16–31 October 2004}}</ref>

He is recorded as continuing to take part in AIMPLB and Nadwa meetings and appears on published lists of attendees and committee members; for example, he is named among participants in an AIMPLB executive meeting that discussed the [[Liberhan Commission]] report (2012) and is listed in published compilations of the Board's executive and working committees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberhan report: response of AIMPLB |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/5042-liberhan-report-response-of-aimplb/ |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Milli Gazette |date=7 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ansari |first=Khalid Anis |title=Pluralism, Democracy, and Internal Minorities: A Case Study of the Pasmanda-Muslim Counterpublic in India |type=PhD dissertation |pages=204–205 |publisher=[[University of Humanistic Studies]], Utrecht |date=2021 |url=https://research.uvh.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/33928673/Ansari_Dissertation_Pluralism_Democracy_and_Internal_Minorities_FINAL.pdf |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
In addition to numerous research papers on Islamic jurisprudence, Sambhali authored and compiled several works, including:{{Sfn|Amīni|2021|pp=623–624}}{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2020|pp=96,109}}
* ''Qadaya Fiqhiyyah Mu‘asirah'' ({{translation|Contemporary Jurisprudential Issues}})
* ''At-Taw’am al-Mutalasik – Nikahuhu wa Jinayatuhu wa Irthuhu'' ({{translation|Conjoined Twins – Their Marriage, Liability, and Inheritance}})
* ''Bank Insurance aur Sarkari Qarze'' ({{translation|Bancassurance and government loans}})
* ''Uniform Civil Code aur Aurton ke Huquq'' ({{translation|Uniform Civil Code and Women's Rights}})
* ''Majmu‘ah Qawaneen-e-Islam muta‘alliq Muslim Personal Law Board'' ({{translation|Collection of Islamic Laws relating Muslim Personal Law Board}})
* ''Chand Tibbī Masā’il'' ({{translation|Some medical problems}})
* ''Maujuda Zamane ke Masā’il ka Shar‘i Hukm'' ({{translation|Shariah ruling on current issues}})
* ''Chand Aham Deeni Mabāhith'' ({{translation|Some important religious discussions}})
* ''Mu‘ashrati Masā’il Deen-e-Fitrat ki Roshni mein'' ({{translation|Social problems in the light of religion and nature}})
* ''Maujuda Daur mein Kar-e-Nubuwwat Anjam Dene Walay'' ({{translation|Those who carry out the work of prophecy in the present era}})
* ''Musalmanon ki Pareshaniyon ke Haqiqi Asbab wa Ilaj'' ({{translation|The real causes and solutions to the problems of Muslims}})
* ''Do Aabdar Moti''
* ''Chand Aham Kutub-e-Tafsir aur Quran Karim ke Tarjumay'' ({{translation|Some important books of [[Tafsir]] and translations of the Holy Quran}})
* ''Khawatin-e-Islam ke Tuhfay'' ({{translation|Gifts for Islamic women}})
* ''Guldasta-e-Ilm o Nazar (Maqalat o Mazamin)'' (a collection of his articles)
* ''Nafaqa al-Mutallaqah'' ({{translation|Maintenance of a divorced woman}})
* ''Dars-e-Quran Karim'' (Commentary on Surahs Al-A‘raf, Yunus, and Hud)

== Death and legacy ==
Sambhali died on 21 Jumada al-Awwal 1441 AH (17 January 2020) in [[Lucknow]].{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2020|pp=96,108}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-01-17 |title=ندوۃالعلما کے سینئراستاذ مولانا برہان الدین سنبھلی کا انتقال |trans-title=Maulana Burhanuddin Sambhali, senior professor of Nadwatul Ulama, passes away |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/city/saharanpur/maulana-burhanuddin-sambhali-death/na20200117210746892 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=ur}}</ref> His funeral prayer was led by [[Mohammad Rabey Hasani Nadwi]] at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, and he was buried in the Daliganj cemetery.{{Sfn|Amīni|2021|p=625}} He was survived by two sons, Muhammad Nu‘manuddin Nadwi and Muhammad Safwanuddin Nadwi, and three daughters.{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2020|p=95}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
[[Category:People from Sambhal]]

Swaroop Khan

2026-01-08T00:44:09Z

Smasher: stub

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image =
| name = Swaroop Khan
| Caption =
| alias =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 7 August 1991{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}}
| birth_place = [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| origin = Indian
| instrument =
| genre = [[Folk music|Folk]] & Lori
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2008–present
| website = http://swaroopkhan.in
}}
'''Swaroop Khan''' is an Indian playback [[folk singer]] from [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="HT1">{{cite news|title=Swaroop Khan's Bollywood break|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/television/swaroop-khan-s-bollywood-break/article1-579315.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219020803/http://www.hindustantimes.com/television/swaroop-khan-s-bollywood-break/article1-579315.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2015|access-date=18 February 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=29 July 2010}}</ref>
He is known for his popular songs "Tharki Chokro" in ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' and [[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]] in ''[[Padmaavat]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Swaroop Khan: Remix can't threaten folk music |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/swaroop-khan-remix-cant-threaten-folk-music/1815702 |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Magazine]]|date= 27 April 2020}}</ref>
He had contested in the [[Indian Idol|Indian Idol Season 5]] in 2010<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajkumar Hirani ropes in Rajasthani singer Swaroop Khan for 'PK'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rajkumar-hirani-ropes-in-rajasthani-singer-swaroop-khan-for-pk-2030552|access-date=18 February 2015|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PK: Rajkumar Hirani ropes in Rajasthani singer Swaroop Khan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/PK-Rajkumar-Hirani-ropes-in-Rajasthani-singer-Swaroop-Khan/articleshow/44992237.cms|access-date=18 February 2015|work=The Times of India|date=31 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Upasana Mantri|title=It was wonderful to record alaap for Lady Gaga: Swaroop Khan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/It-was-wonderful-to-record-alaap-for-Lady-Gaga-Swaroop-Khan/articleshow/12330004.cms|access-date=18 February 2015|work=The Times of India|date=20 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Swaroop Khan eliminated, Indian Idol 5 has its Top 3|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/swaroop-khan-eliminated-indian-idol-5-has-its-top-3-news-bollywood-kkguTwigeibsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725035041/http://www.sify.com/movies/swaroop-khan-eliminated-indian-idol-5-has-its-top-3-news-bollywood-kkguTwigeibsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 July 2015|access-date=18 February 2015|date=4 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Upasana Mantri|title=Toshi, Sharib and Swaroop Khan perform at Rajasthan Day celebrations in Jaipur|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-events/Toshi-Sharib-and-Swaroop-Khan-perform-at-Rajasthan-Day-celebrations-in-Jaipur/articleshow/12558541.cms|access-date=18 February 2015|work=The Times of India|date=7 April 2012}}</ref>, and was given his first opportunity in Bollywood to sing on the title track of [[The Film Emotional Atyachar]] by composer [[Bappi Lahiri]] who was impressed by Swaroop's versatility.<ref name="HT1"/>

==Discography==

===Hindi songs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="60%" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" width=5% | Year
! scope="col" width=21%| Film
! scope="col" width=21%| Song
! scope="col" | Co-Singer(s)
|-
|2010
!scope="row"|''[[The Film Emotional Atyachar]]''
|"Emotional Atyachar" (Title Track)
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2014
! scope="row"|[[PK (film)|''PK'']]
| "Tharki Chokro"
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Hawaa Hawaai]]''
| "Hawaa Hawaai"
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Filmistaan]]''
|"Udaari"
|
|-
|2016
! scope="row"|''[[Dhanak]]''
| "Mehandi"
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
!scope="row"|''[[Mukkabaaz]]''
|"Bahut Hua Samman"
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Padmaavat]]''
|"[[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]]"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|2019
! scope="row"|[[Pailwaan|''Pehlwaan'']] '''D'''
| "Jai Ho Pehlwaan"
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Motichoor Chaknachoor]]''
|"Crazy Lagdi"
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Kanpuriye]]''
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]'' (Hindi Dub)
|
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2020
!scope="row"|''[[Pareeksha (2020 film)|Pareeksha]]''
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Choked (film)|Choked]]''
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]''
|
|
|-
|2022
!scope="row"|''[[777 Charlie]]'' (Hindi Dub)
|
|
|-
|2023
!scope="row"| ''[[Bholaa]]''
|"Pan Dukaniya"
|[[Kanika Kapoor]]
|-
|2024
!scope="row"|''[[Ae Watan Mere Watan]]''
|"Dua-E-Azadi"
|[[Javed Ali]]
|}

=== Kannada songs ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="60%" textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" width=5% | Year
! scope="col" width=21%| Film
! scope="col" width=21%| Song
! scope="col" | Co-Singer(s)
|-
| 2016
! scope="row"|''[[Mungaru Male 2]]''
|"Onte Songu"
|| [[Armaan Malik]], Shreya Ghoshal
|-
|2024
!''[[Somu Sound Engineer]]''
|"Soma Soma"
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Swaroop}}
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Jaisalmer]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

Paramjeet Singh Bisht

2026-01-05T22:16:41Z

Smasher: new a bio!

{{Short description|Indian athlete}}
'''Paramjeet Singh Bisht''' (born 3 March 2002) is an Indian athlete from [[Uttarakhand]]. He takes part in [[20km race walk]]. He is selected to represent India in the [[India at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Summer Olympics]] at Paris.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Indian racewalkers Vikas Singh and Paramjeet Singh Bisht qualify for 2024 Paris Olympics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/vikash-singh-paramjeet-singh-bisht-2024-paris-olympics-2348740-2023-03-19 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh met the [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] qualifying mark at the Asian 20 km Race Walking Championships by clocking 1:20:08 seconds on way to a bronze medal on 19 March 2023. The qualifying mark was 1hour, 20min, 10sec. [[Vikash Singh (athlete)|Vikash Singh]], who won the silver medal clocking 1:20:05, also crossed the qualifying mark and made it to the Olympics.<ref name=":0" /> The duo will take part in the 20 km race walk at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-19 |title=Race walkers Vikash Singh, Paramjeet Singh Bisht qualify for 2024 Olympics and 2023 World C'ships in 20km event |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/race-walkers-vikash-paramjeet-qualify-for-2024-olympics-and-2023-world-cships-in-20km-event/articleshow/98770159.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He is supported by OGQ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paramjeet Singh BISHT {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/paramjeet-singh-bisht-14791340 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paramjeet Singh, Bisht}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Athletes from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men race walkers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Deepti Menon

2026-01-02T21:47:33Z

Smasher: starting a article...

{{short description|Indian author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

'''Deepti Menon''' is an Indian author. She is the author of ''Arms and the Woman''<ref name="yummy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150825/lifestyle-offbeat/article/yummy-mummies-pen-success-stories|title=Yummy mummies pen success stories|date=25 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220221818/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150825/lifestyle-offbeat/article/yummy-mummies-pen-success-stories| archive-date=20 February 2016| newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|first=Gautam|last=Sunder}}</ref> and ''Shadow in the Mirror''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/Culture/2016/10/16115649/1019377/Cocktail-of-emotions-and-themes.vpf|title=Cocktail of emotions and themes|date=2016-10-16|newspaper=dtNext.in|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-16|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018231429/http://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/Culture/2016/10/16115649/1019377/Cocktail-of-emotions-and-themes.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was also the contributing author of ''Crossed and Knotted'', which made it to the [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/bookworms-trail/crossed-knotted-by-readomania-enters-limca-book-of-records_1891328.htm|title=‘Crossed & Knotted’ by Readomania ENTERS Limca Book Of Records!|date=2016-06-03|newspaper=Zee News|access-date=2016-10-16|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019020026/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/bookworms-trail/crossed-knotted-by-readomania-enters-limca-book-of-records_1891328.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Deepti Menon began her career as an English teacher for students at middle and high schools. Her work as an author and writer formally began after she wrote ''Deeparadhana'', a compilation of poems, followed by ''Arms and the Woman'' in 2002, which was published by [[Rupa Publications]].<ref name="yummy"/><ref name=":0"/> Later, in 2014, Deepti contributed to two anthologies, ''21 Tales to Tell''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/mar/17/telling-tales-that-are-short-and-sweet-587041.html|title=Telling Tales that are Short and Sweet|date=17 March 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref> and ''Chronicles of Urban Nomads'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/wandering-wondering/article6497120.ece|title=Wandering, wondering...|last=Sripathi|first=Apoorva|date=2014-10-13|archive-date=5 December 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205070619/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/wandering-wondering/article6497120.ece| newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> besides writing for ''Mango Chutney'',{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} as well. In 2015, she contributed to ''Defiant Dreams''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianshortstoryinenglish.com/defiant-dreams-tales-of-everyday-divas/|title=Defiant Dreams: Tales of Everyday Divas|date=2016-02-14|newspaper=The Indian Short Story in English|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> and ''When they Spoke''.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} She was also the contributing author of ''Crossed and Knotted'', which made it to the Limca Book of Records,<ref name=":1" /> and ''A Little Chorus of Love''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/45845958-a-little-chorus-of-love|title=A Little Chorus of Love|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
* ''Arms and the Woman (2002)''
* ''Deeparadhana (2002)''
* ''Shadow in the Mirror (2016)''
* ''Classic Tales From the Panchatantra (4 books)''
* ''Classic Tales From the Panchatantra (Consolidated Volume)''
* ''Where Shadows Follow -Tales That Twist and Turn''
* ''Shadows Never Lie''
*

===Contributing author===
* ''21 Tales to Tell (2014)''
* ''Chronicles of Urban Nomads (2014)''
* ''Mango Chutney (2014)''
* ''Upper Cut (2014)''
* ''Crossed and Knotted (2015)''
* ''Defiant Dreams (2015)''
* ''A Little Chorus of Love (2015)''
* ''When they Spoke (2016)''
* ''Love - Lots of Volatile Emotions''
* ''Rudraksha''
* ''Grandpa Tales''
* ''Tonight Is The Night''
* ''The Naked Indian Woman''
* ''The Readomania Book of Horror''
* ''The Readomania Book of Romance''
* ''The Readomania Book of Folk Tales''
* ''The Readomania Book of Historical Fiction''
* ''The Readomania Book of Indian Mythology''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Deepti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dangerous (web series)

2026-01-02T02:17:52Z

Smasher: starting a info

{{short description|Indian crime thriller miniseries}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dangerous (web series).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| director = [[Bhushan Patel]]
| creative_director =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Bipasha Basu]]
* [[Karan Singh Grover]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = [[Mika Singh]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Vikram Bhatt]] [[Mika Singh]]
| cinematography = Naren Gedia
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 13–21 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|08|14|df=y}}
| last_aired =
| company =
}}
'''''Dangerous''''' is an Indian [[crime drama]] miniseries for [[MX Player]] originally written by [[Vikram Bhatt]] and directed by [[Bhushan Patel]]. The series marks the web debut of [[Bipasha Basu]] alongside [[Karan Singh Grover]].<ref name="cast">{{cite web |title=MX Player Releases The Trailer Of 'Dangerous' Starring Bipasha Basu And Karan Singh Grover |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/mx-player-releases-trailer-of-web-series-dangerous-with-bipasha-basu-and-karan-singh-grover-53843 |website=Mumbai Live |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> It is co-produced by [[Mika Singh]] and [[Vikram Bhatt]]. The series also stars [[Sonali Raut]], [[Natasha Suri]], [[Suyyash Rai]] and Nitin Arora in key roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bipasha-basu-teams-up-with-husband-karan-singh-grover-for-web-project-dangerous-see-pic/story-aneSLGh01V80z35AFqrR7O.html|title=Bipasha Basu teams up with husband Karan Singh Grover for web project Dangerous, see pic|date=6 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> It is available for streaming on the OTT platform [[MX Player]] from 14 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/web-series/bipasha-basu-and-husband-karan-singh-grover-collaborate-for-film-dangerous-trailer-out-now-302339.html|title=Bipasha Basu And Husband Karan Singh Grover Collaborate For Film Dangerous; Trailer Out Now|date=6 August 2020|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/bipasha-basu-and-karan-singh-grover-are-gearing-up-to-drop-something-dangerous-are-you-excited-to-see-them-together-on-screen/5f2babc2b8435c0304eeaed3|title=Bipasha Basu And Karan Singh Grover Are Gearing Up To Drop Something 'Dangerous' - Are You Excited To See Them Together On-Screen?|website=spotboye.com}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Aditya Dhanraj is a business tycoon whose life changes when his wife Dia goes missing. The drama deepens as Neha Singh, Aditya's former flame, enters as the investigating officer on the case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/hindi/dangerous-trailer-video-bipasha-basu-and-karan-singh-grover-starrer-dangerous-official-trailer-video/videoshow/77505450.cms|title='Dangerous' Trailer Video: Bipasha Basu And Karan Singh Grover starrer 'Dangerous' Official Trailer Video ►|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The series revolves around the life of Aditya Dhanraj ([[Karan Singh Grover]]), a young entrepreneur, who discovers that his wife Dia Dhanraj ([[Sonali Raut]]) has gone missing. He sets out to find his wife with the help of the police, only to discover that his ex-girlfriend Neha Singh ([[Bipasha Basu]]) will be investigating his case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/969606/dangerous-trailer-bipasha-basu-karan-singh-grover-star-in-thriller-about-a-missing-wife|title='Dangerous' trailer: Bipasha Basu, Karan Singh Grover star in thriller about a missing wife|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|date=6 August 2020 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Bipasha Basu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2020 |title=Bipasha Basu on Dangerous: Vikram Bhatt's stories have a lot of twists which is very entertaining |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bipasha-basu-dangerous-mx-player-vikram-bhatt-6548573/}}</ref> as Neha Singh
* [[Karan Singh Grover]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karan-singh-grover-dangerous-reuniting-with-bipasha-basu-mx-player-6548865/|title=Dangerous actor Karan Singh Grover: I learned a lot from Bipasha|date=13 August 2020}}</ref> as Aditya Dhanraj
* [[Sonali Raut]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bipasha-basu-vs-karan-singh-grover-in-dangerous-trailer-out-now-2275252|title=Bipasha Basu Vs Karan Singh Grover In Dangerous. Trailer Out Now|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> as Dia Dhanraj
* [[Shawar Ali]] as Vishal Vashisht
* [[Nathalia Kaur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/actor-natasha-suri-tests-positive-for-covid-19-124261|title=Actor Natasha Suri tests positive for COVID-19|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> as Gauri (Jaggu's Assistant)
* Nitin Arora<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/Aug/14/till-things-are-not-back-to-normal-we-will-work-digitally-actor-nitin-arora-2183108.html|title=Till things are not back to normal, we will work digitally: Actor Nitin Arora - The New Indian Express|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=August 2020 }}</ref> as Jaggu
* [[Puja Gupta]]

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview

| color1 = #8B96A9
| link1 =
| episodes1 = 7
| released1 = {{Start date|2020|08|14}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/the-trailer-for-bipasha-basu-karan-singh-grovers-new-project-is-out-its-a-story-we-dont-want-to-miss-519860.html|title=The Trailer For Bipasha Basu & Karan Singh Grover's New Project Is Out & Its A Story We Don't Want To Miss|date=9 August 2020|website=IndiaTimes}}</ref>
}}

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-dangerous-series-online-178d2f6a3f37b3907558d09c3a81604e|title=Watch Dangerous Serial All Latest Episodes and Videos Online on MX Player|website=www.mxplayer.in}}</ref>|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Chapter 1
|DirectedBy = Bhushan Patel
|WrittenBy = Vikram Bhatt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|08|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Soon after arriving in London, Neha Singh is assigned a missing persons case. The subject is Dia Dhanraj, whose husband is Indian millionaire Aditya Dhanraj, Neha's former lover. As the investigation opens, information about Aditya and Dia's troubled relationship comes to light.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Chapter 2
|DirectedBy = Bhushan Patel
|WrittenBy = Vikram Bhatt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|08|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = While Dia remains missing, her driver Vishal turns up in hospital with severe injuries. Vishal had bonded with Aditya, who had hired him to keep an eye on Dia. Soon after Vishal is admitted, Aditya receives a call demanding ransom for Dia’s release. Suspicions arise as evidence points to Aditya's involvement in the case.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Chapter 3
|DirectedBy = Bhushan Patel
|WrittenBy = Vikram Bhatt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|08|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The police search Aditya’s house and find a bottle of antidepressants in Dia’s room, leading them to her psychiatrist. The psychiatrist reveals that Dia and Vishal have been having an affair.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Chapter 4
|DirectedBy = Bhushan Patel
|WrittenBy = Vikram Bhatt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|08|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Another ransom call reveals the identity of the kidnapper and Aditya is shocked to find out that it is Vishal. As the two come face to face, Neha is caught in the crossfire.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Chapter 5
|DirectedBy = Bhushan Patel
|WrittenBy = Vikram Bhatt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|08|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Aditya and Vishal arrange and perform the kidnapping exchange, but new information takes things in an unexpected direction.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Chapter 6
|DirectedBy = Bhushan Patel
|WrittenBy = Vikram Bhatt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|08|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Neha and her team have laid out a detailed plan to catch Vishal, but while the plan is in progress, Neha learns something about Aditya which he had been hiding until now.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Chapter 7
|DirectedBy = Bhushan Patel
|WrittenBy = Vikram Bhatt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|08|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Neha has uncovered dark secrets about Aditya that force her to choose between love and duty.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The web series was announced in the last week of May 2018, to be directed by [[Bhushan Patel]] and starring [[Karan Singh Grover]] opposite [[Bipasha Basu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bipasha-basu-and-karan-singh-grover-are-reuniting-for-a-film-and-heres-all-you-need-to-know-3079814/|title=Bipasha Basu And Karan Singh Grover's Film To Go On Floors Next Month|first=India com Entertainment|last=Desk|date=29 May 2018|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com}}</ref> It was tentatively titled ''Aadat,'' written by [[Vikram Bhatt]] and produced by singer [[Mika Singh]] and [[Vikram Bhatt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-after-alone-bipasha-basu-and-karan-singh-grover-to-come-together-for-vikram-bhatt-s-next-444494|title=After Alone, Bipasha Basu and Karan Singh Grover to come together for Vikram Bhatt's next|first=Tripti|last=Karki|date=29 May 2018|website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

The series marks the web debut of actress [[Bipasha Basu]] and the second collaboration with her husband [[Karan Singh Grover]] after ''[[Alone (2015 Hindi film)|Alone]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dangerous Trailer: Bipasha Basu, Karan Singh Grover Reunite for Suspense Thriller Series|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dangerous-trailer-bipasha-basu-karan-singh-grover-reunite-for-suspense-thriller-series-2766641.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=News18|date=7 August 2020 }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in London with lead actors [[Karan Singh Grover]] and [[Bipasha Basu]], who had been spotted shooting on 27 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/movies-to-look-forward-to/bipasha-basu-karan-singh-grover-and-team-aadat-wrap-up-the-film-schedule-for-the-day/photostory/65972108.cms|title=Bipasha Basu, Karan Singh Grover and team 'Aadat' wrap up the film schedule for the day - Movies to look forward to|website=The Times of India|date=5 May 2021 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dangerous
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mika Singh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2020|08|14|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Web series soundtrack
| length =
| label =
| producer = Mika Singh, Vikram Bhatt
| misc = {{External media | audio1 = {{YouTube|WDDzv3CdZgA|Dangerous}}}}
}}
The music for ''Dangerous'' was composed by [[Mika Singh]], with lyrics written by Kalim Sheikh, Hardik, Azeem Shirazi, Kunal and Pooja Saini. The first song, "Eyes Teri Katilana Hai", was released as a teaser on 10 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bipasha-basu-on-dangerous-thrillers-make-for-a-perfect-canvas-for-an-actor-640857|title=Bipasha Basu on 'Dangerous': Thrillers make for a perfect canvas for an actor|first=Tripti|last=Karki|date=9 August 2020|website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

'''Track list'''
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Dangerous
| note1 = Title
| extra1 = Mika Singh
| lyrics1 = Kalim Sheikh
| length1 =
| title2 = Eyes Teri Katilana Hai
| note2 = Romantic
| extra2 = Mika Singh
| lyrics2 = Hardik
| length2 =
| title3 = Majnu
| note3 = Romantic
| extra3 = Mika Singh
| lyrics3 = Azeem Shirazi
| length3 =
| title4 = Mere Tum Nahi Ho
| note4 = Sad
| extra4 = Payal Dev
| lyrics4 = Kunal
| length4 =
| title5 = Mujhko Apni Jaan
| note5 = Duet
| extra5 = Mika Singh and Iulia Vantur
| lyrics5 = Pooja Saini
| length5 =
}}

== Marketing and release ==
=== Promotion ===
The official trailer of the web series was launched on 6 August 2020 by [[MX Player]] on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bipasha-basu-and-karan-singh-grover-reunite-for-a-thriller-dangerous/22922244|title=Bipasha Basu and Karan Singh Grover reunite for a thriller, Dangerous|date=6 August 2020|website=mid-day}}</ref>

=== Release ===
''Dangerous'' was scheduled for streaming on OTT Platform [[MX Player]] from 14 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dangerous-bipasha-basu-karan-singh-grover-trailer-mx-player-6542355/|title=Dangerous trailer: Bipasha Basu and Karan Singh Grover reunite for a sleek thriller|date=6 August 2020}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[News18 India|News18.com]]'' gave the series a rating of 1 star, saying that, "A bland and clichéd plot topped with forced sexual tension makes Karan Singh Grover and Bipasha Basu's ''Dangerous'' a rather tedious watch."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dangerous-review-bipasha-basu-karan-singh-grover-dont-ignite-much-passion-2784961.html|title=Dangerous Review: Bipasha Basu-Karan Singh Grover Don't Ignite Much Passion|website=News18|date=14 August 2020 }}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' called the series "harmless."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/970296/dangerous-review-web-series-with-bipasha-basu-and-karan-singh-grover-is-harmless|title='Dangerous' review: Web series with Bipasha Basu and Karan Singh Grover is harmless|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|website=Scroll.in|date=15 August 2020 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|12809376}}
* [https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-dangerous-series-online-178d2f6a3f37b3907558d09c3a81604e Dangerous] on [[MX Player]]

[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]

Amanat Ali Khan

2025-12-17T18:05:13Z

Smasher: revised

{{Short description|Pakistani classical vocalist (1922–1974)}}
{{Other people||Amanat Ali (disambiguation){{!}}Amanat Ali}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Ustad]]
| name = Amanat Ali Khan
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|PP}}
| image = Ustad_Amanat_Ali_Khan.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| native_name = امانت علی خان
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_place = [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India]])}}
| birth_date = 1922
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_date = {{death date|df=y|1974|09|18}} (aged 52)
| occupation = {{hlist|Classical vocalist|ghazal singer|composer}}
| years_active = 1945 – 1974
| children = 7, including: {{plainlist|
* [[Asad Amanat Ali Khan]]
* [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]
}}
| father = [[Akhtar Hussain (musician)|Akhtar Hussain]]
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[Bade Fateh Ali Khan]] (brother)
* [[Hamid Ali Khan]] (brother)
}}
| awards = [[Pride of Performance]] by the [[President of Pakistan]] (1969)
}}
'''Ustad Amanat Ali Khan''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|PP}} ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|امانت علی خان}}}}; {{IPA|hns|əˈmaːnət əˈliː xaːn|pron}}; 1922 – 18 September 1974)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=46th death anniversary of Ustad Amanat Ali Khan observed|url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/18-09-2020/46th-death-anniversary-of-ustad-amanat-ali-khan-being-observed-today|access-date=2021-10-18|website=www.radio.gov.pk|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Lodhi|first=Adnan|date=2018-09-17|title=Remembering Ustad Amanat Ali Khan on his 44th death anniversary|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1805349/remembering-ustad-amanat-ali-khan-44th-death-anniversary|access-date=2022-02-14|website=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Remembering Ustad Amanat Ali Khan on his 44th death anniversary - |url=https://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/https-tribune-com-pk-story-1805349-4-remembering-ustad-amanat-ali-khan-44th-death-anniversary/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=www.pakistanpressfoundation.org |language=en}}</ref> was a [[Pakistani]] classical vocalist from the [[Patiala gharana]] tradition of music and is widely regarded as one of the finest classical and ''ghazal'' singers of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-10-09 |title=RAWALPINDI: Ustad Fateh Ali Khan wants to set up music academy in Capital |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/561/rawalpindi-ustad-fateh-ali-khan-wants-to-set-up-music-academy-in-capital |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Ustad Amanat Ali on his death anniversary with his best ghazals|url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/18/remembering-ustad-amanat-ali-on-his-death-anniversary-with-his-best-ghazals/|archive-url=|access-date=2022-02-15|website=pakistantoday.com.pk|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Taqi |first=Mohammad |date=Jan 7, 2017 |title=Remembering Ustad Fateh Ali Khan, Patriarch of the Patiala Gharana |url=https://thewire.in/culture/remembering-ustad-fateh-ali-khan-patriarch-patiala-gharana |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name="TNI3" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Karim|first=Sidra|date=Sep 18, 2020|title=Classical singer 'Ustad Amanat Ali Khan' remembered on his 46th death anniversary|url=https://newspakistan.tv/classical-singer-ustad-amanat-ali-khan-remembered-on-his-46th-death-anniversary/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=newspakistan.tv}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Rabe |first=Nate |date=Mar 6, 2016 |title=A rare gem from Pakistan: A lifetime on tiptoes |url=http://scroll.in/article/804656/timeless-pieces-a-lifetime-on-tiptoes |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Together with his younger brother, [[Ustad]] [[Bade Fateh Ali Khan]] (1935 – 2017), he formed a famed singing duo that garnered widespread popularity across the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=Sep 18, 2018 |title=Remembering the grand maestro Ustad Amanat Ali Khan on his death anniversary |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/457687-Remembering-the-grand-maestro-Ustad-Amanat-Ali-Khan-on-his-death-anniver |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Dunya News}}</ref> For his contributions to classical music, Amanat Ali was honoured (along with Fateh Ali) with the highest national literary award of Pakistan – the [[Pride of Performance]] – by the [[President of Pakistan]] in 1969.<ref name="travel-culture">{{Cite web|title=Ustad Amanat Ali Khan|url=https://www.travel-culture.com/pakistan/music/ustad-amanat-ali-khan.shtml|access-date=2022-02-15|website=travel-culture.com}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Ustad Amanat Ali Khan|url=http://www.emipakistan.com/artist/Ustad-Amanat-Ali-Khan-5|access-date=2022-02-15|website=emipakistan.com}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2014-06-26 |title=Classical treat: A fitting tribute to Patiala Gharana |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/727632/classical-treat-a-fitting-tribute-to-patiala-gharana |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Khan was especially noted for ''[[khayal]]'', ''[[thumri]]'', and ''[[ghazal]]'' styles of singing<ref name=":13" /> and has been described as "the maestro of the Patiala gharana."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mir|first=Raza|title=The Taste of Words: An Introduction to Urdu Poetry|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2014|location=India|language=en}}</ref> He stands with singing icons like [[Mehdi Hassan]] and [[Ahmed Rushdi]], having left behind a legacy of hundreds of classical and semi-classical songs.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1roLYDDUAw 'Best of Amanat Ali Khan' on YouTube] Retrieved 17 October 2020</ref><ref>[https://sarangi.info/vocal/amanat-fateh/ Music of Amanat Ali Khan and Fateh Ali Khan on sarangi.info website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125214548/https://sarangi.info/vocal/amanat-fateh/ |date=25 November 2020 }} Retrieved 17 October 2020</ref>

==Early life and background==
Amanat Ali Khan was born in 1922<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Lodhi|first=Adnan|date=September 18, 2019|title=In memorial: Ustad Amanat Ali Khan's 45th death anniversary|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2058528/memorial-ustad-amanat-ali-khans-45th-death-anniversary|access-date=Feb 15, 2022|website=tribune.com.pk}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Rizwan|first=Anum|date=2019-09-17|title=Remembering the grand maestro Ustad Amanat Ali Khan|url=https://www.bolnews.com/entertainment/2019/09/remembering-the-grand-maestro-ustad-amanat-ali-khan/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=BOL News|language=en-US}}</ref> in [[Hoshiarpur]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name="TNI3">{{cite news|date=18 September 2018|title=Classical singer Amanat Ali Khan remembered|newspaper=The News International (newspaper)|agency=Associated Press of Pakistan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/369942-classical-singer-amanat-ali-remembered|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> (in present-day [[Punjab, India]])<ref name=":6" /> to Ustad [[Akhtar Hussain (musician)|Akhtar Hussain Khan]] who was a distinguished vocalist in the patronage of the [[Maharaja of Patiala]]. He was the grandson of [[Ali Baksh Jarnail]], one of the founders of the Patiala [[Gharana|vocal gharana]] of classical music.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=Dawn>{{cite news| url=https://www.dawn.com/news/301007/ |title=Classical music has healing effect on listeners|newspaper=Dawn|location=Karachi |date=3 May 2008 |access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref> Amanat Ali and Fateh Ali both trained under the tutelage of their father.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Salman|first=Peerzada|date=2017-01-05|title=Patiala Gharana loses another famous son|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1306544|access-date=2022-02-14|website=Dawn.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaur|first=Amarjot|date=August 2, 2014|title=Lend him your ears|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140802/ttlife1.htm|access-date=2022-02-16|website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Amanat Ali migrated to [[Pakistan]] with his family.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="TFT">{{cite news|title=Profile of Amanat Ali Khan on The Friday Times (newspaper)|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/25022011/page28.shtml|access-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312110410/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/25022011/page28.shtml|archive-date=12 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Ustad Bade Fateh Ali Khan|url=https://www.sruti.com/index.php?route=archives/artist_details&artId=199|access-date=2022-02-14|website=www.sruti.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Khan, along with his brother Fateh Ali, started performing at the [[Maharaja of Patiala]] [[Yadavindra Singh]]'s court when he was still in his mid-teens.<ref name=":5" /> Both brothers made their public singing debut in 1945 in Lahore, at a concert sponsored by an influential music patron, Pandit Jeevanlal Matoo.<ref name=":2" /> In 1949, the duo performed at the prestigious All Bengal Music Conference in [[Kolkata]] (then Calcutta), India, which brought them widespread recognition in both India and Pakistan.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> Thereafter, both brothers toured South Asia extensively and became representatives of the [[Patiala gharana]] across the subcontinent.<ref name=":13" /><ref name="travel-culture" /> Khan was a prolific performer on [[Pakistan Television Corporation|PTV]] and [[Radio Pakistan]]<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":6" /> and was one of the few vocalists in the 1960s and 1970s to gain popularity and critical acclaim for both classical and ''ghazal'' format''s'' of singing.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Jamshaid |first=Umer |date=September 18, 2020 |title=Classical Singer Ustad Amanat Ali Khan Remembred On His 46th Death Anniversary |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/classical-singer-ustad-amanat-ali-khan-reme-1033177.html |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=urdupoint.com |language=en}}</ref>

Khan possessed an in-depth understanding of Urdu poetry which helped him not only select the works of renowned Urdu poets to use in his ''[[ghazal]]s'' but also interpret their meanings fully in his musical renditions.<ref name=":4" /> He was especially known for his skill with melodic ornamentations and progressive intensification of [[Taan (music)|''taans'']].<ref name=":5" /> One of the best-known thumris sung by the Amanat Ali-Fateh Ali duo – ''Kab Aaoge Tum Aaoge'' – was composed by Amanat Ali<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taqi|first=Mohammad|date=Nov 1, 2012|title=Patiala Gharana: The Saga Of The Raga|url=http://admin.outlookindia.com/blog/story/patiala-gharana-the-saga-of-the-raga/2896|access-date=2022-02-15|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref> and is considered a classic.<ref name=":2" /> The song is also representative of the duo's efforts in making classical music accessible and appealing to all segments of the population.<ref name=":2" />

Indian playback singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]] (1929 – 2022) trained in [[Hindustani classical music]] with Amanat Ali Khan for a brief period of time in the early stages of her career,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nightingale Lata Mangeshkar turns 83|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Nightingale-Lata-Mangeshkar-turns-83/article20506620.ece|access-date=2022-02-14|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|date=28 September 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In Pics: Lata Mangeshkar, A Legendary Life|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/in-pics-lata-mangeshkar-a-legendary-life-101633|access-date=2022-02-14|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> before Khan migrated to Pakistan with his family in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-28|title=Birthday Special: {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Revisting}} Lata Mangeshkar's personal life through her old photos|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/birthday-special-revisting-lata-mangeshkars-personal-life-through-her-old-photos-1118922.html|access-date=2022-02-14|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Melody Queen Lata Mangeshkar turns 85, B-Town wishes good health|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/melody-queen-lata-mangeshkar-turns-85-b-town-wishes-good-health/articleshow/43717363.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref>

Throughout his career, Khan sang numerous patriotic songs, most notably "Chand Meri Zameen, Phool Mera Watan" and "Aye Watan Pyare Watan."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Songs of freedom|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine|access-date=2022-02-15|website=thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 14, 2021|title=National songs that enthralled us|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/878188-national-songs-that-enthralled-us|access-date=Feb 15, 2022|website=thenews.com.pk}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Jawaid|first=Mohammad Kamran|date=August 15, 2021|title=SPOTLIGHT: SONGS THAT MAKE A NATION|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1640719|access-date=2022-02-15|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> Along with composers such as [[Sohail Rana]] and [[Mian Sheheryar|Mian Shehryar]], Khan is credited with recognising "the necessity of establishing simple-to-grasp anthems that would augment the national morale of the masses"<ref name=":7" /> and for incorporating literary knowledge into his work.

== Artistry and voice ==
Amanat Ali was said to have possessed "prodigious talent"<ref name=":3" /> and a "gifted voice."<ref name=":2" /> It is said that while Fateh Ali had mastery over ''ragas,'' Amanat Ali had great command and dexterity in ''sur'' (''[[svara]]'')''.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Habib |first=Aftab |title=The Maestro of the Patiala Gharana {{!}} Pakistan Today |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/06/the-maestro-of-the-patiala-gharana/ |access-date=2022-04-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was particularly well known for his full-throated and flamboyant<ref name=":5" /> singing style in the upper registers,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> while Fateh Ali was more adept at singing lower notes,<ref name=":3" /> thus complementing each other during their performances.<ref name=":5" /> Khan was lauded for simplifying the structure of complex [[Hindustani classical raga]]s and his vocals have been variously described as soft, sensuous, and smooth.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="travel-culture" /> He is considered by many as the most prominent scion of the Patiala gharana.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Ali |date=2016-04-07 |title=Ibne Insha, Asad Amanat Ali and myth of the cursed ghazal |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1080576/asad-amanat-ali-and-the-myth-of-the-cursed-ghazal |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
Khan died of a ruptured appendix<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Javeria|first=Ameera|date=2018-10-02|title=Ustad Amanat Ali Khan (1931-September 1974)|url=http://truthtracker.com.pk/2018/10/02/ustad-amanat-ali-khan-1931-september-1974/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=Truth Tracker|language=en-US}}</ref> at the relatively young age of 52<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=Sep 17, 2009|title=Ustaad Amanat Ali's 35th anniversary|url=https://www.samaaenglish.tv/culture/2009/09/ustaad-amanat-ali-s-35th-anniversary/|access-date=Feb 16, 2022|website=samaaenglish.tv}}</ref> in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] on 18 September 1974,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name="travel-culture" /> only a few months after the death of his father, Akhtar Hussain.<ref name=":10" /> One of his sons, [[Asad Amanat Ali Khan]] (1955 – 2007), after a highly successful career as a classical vocalist and ''ghazal'' singer, died from cardiac arrest on 8 April 2007 in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. Both father and son are buried in [[Mominpura Graveyard]] near Lakshmi Chowk in [[Lahore]].<ref name="travel-culture" /><ref name=":14" /> After the passing of his brother and lifelong singing partner, Fateh Ali struggled with depression and stopped singing for two years.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2014 |title=Ustads Amanat Ali Khan and Fateh Ali Khan |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2014/05/30/ustads-amanat-ali-khan-and-fateh-ali-khan/ |access-date=April 30, 2022 |website=thefridaytimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He eventually resumed performing with his youngest brother [[Hamid Ali Khan]] and Amanat Ali's son Asad Amanat Ali Khan.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />

== Discography ==
Some of Amanat Ali Khan's most popular songs are:<ref name=":4" />

* "Mora Jiya Na Lage"
* "Pyar Nahi Hai Sur Se"
* "Kab Aaoge Tum Aaoge"
* "Dil Mein Meethe Meethe Dard"
* "Aalam-o-Masaib Se"
* "Piya Nahi Aaye"
* "Chup Dhawen Te"
* "Mah-e-Nau Ko Kya Pata"
* "Piya Dekhan Ko"
* "Kabhi Jo Nikhate Gul"
* "Data Tore Dwar"
* "Piya Nahi Aaye"
* "Tum Re Daras"
* "Chand Meri Zameen, Phool Mera Watan"
* "Aye Watan Pyare Watan"

Some of Khan's most well-known ''[[ghazal]]s'' are:<ref name=":4" />

* "Yeh Aarzoo Thi Tujhe Gul Ke"
* "Mausam Badla"
* "Yeh Na Thi Hamari Qismat"
* "Insha Ji Utho" (first performed on [[Pakistan Television Corporation|Pakistan Television]] in January 1974)''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2015-04-16|title=Angels of the fall…|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1176283|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Dawn.com|language=en}}</ref>''
* "Honton Pe Kabhi Unke"
* "Ab Haq Mein Baharon Ke"
* "Meri Dastaan-e-Hasrat"
* "Ae Dila Hum Hue Paband"
* "Kaise Guzar Gai Hai Jawani"
* "Yaar Ko Maine"
* "Jo Guzri Mujh Pe"
* "Ek Khalish Ko"
* "Khudi Ka Nasha Charha"
* "Har Ek Simt"
* "Ae Dil Hum Huwe"
* "Aa Mere Pyar Ki"
* "Maze Jahaan Ke Apni Nazar Mein"
* "Tere Hote Huwe"
* "Har Ek Simt"
* "Mujhe Dil Ki Khata Par"

==See also==
* [[Hamid Ali Khan]] (a noted exponent of the [[Patiala gharana]] and youngest brother of Amanat Ali Khan).
*[[Asad Amanat Ali Khan]] (an accomplished classical and ''[[ghazal]]'' singer and a son of Amanat Ali Khan).
* [[Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan]] (an accomplished pop, classical, and playback singer and the youngest son of Amanat Ali Khan).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pride of Performance for Arts}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Amanat Ali}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:Gharana]]
[[Category:Vocal gharanas]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Musicians from Patiala]]
[[Category:Singers from Lahore]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani male singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani classical singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:Patiala gharana]]
[[Category:Urdu-language singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Lahore]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Uropeltis shorttii

2025-12-16T04:01:42Z

Smasher: page

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Uropeltis shorttii''
| image = Uropeltis shorttii-2-bsi-yercaud-salem-India.jpg
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>[[species:Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh|Ganesh, S.R.]] (2021). "''Uropeltis shorttii'' ". The [[IUCN]] Red List of Threatened Species 2021. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T127942949A127942958.en. Accessed on 20 December 2022.</ref>
| genus = Uropeltis
| species = shorttii
| authority = ([[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome]], 1863)
| synonyms = *''Silybura shortii'' {{small|Beddome, 1863: 225}}
*''Silybura shorttii'' {{small|— Beddome, 1863: 46}} (redescription)
*''Silybura shortii'' {{small|— Beddome, 1864: 177}}
*''Silybura nilgherriensis'' Var. ''Shortii'' {{small|— Beddome, 1886: 15}}
*''Silybura brevis'' {{small|— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1893: 158}} (part)
*''Uropeltis ceylanicus'' {{small|— [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M. A. Smith]], 1943: 80}} (part)
*''Uropeltis ceylanicus shorrti'' {{small|— [[species:B.H.C.K. Murthy|Murthy]], 1990: 15}} (in error)
*''Uropeltis shorttii'' {{small|— [[species:Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh|Ganesh]], [[species:R. Aengals|Aengals]] & [[species:Eric Ramanujam|Ramanujam]], 2014}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=RDB/>
}}

'''''Uropeltis shorttii''''', also known [[Common name|commonly]] as the '''Shevaroy Hills earth snake'''<ref name=RDB/> and '''Shortt's shieldtail snake''',<ref name="Ganesh and Arumugam 2016"/> is a [[species]] of non-[[venomous snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Uropeltidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the southern [[Eastern Ghats]] of [[India]].<ref name=RDB/> This species was first described as ''Silybura shorttii'' by British naturalist [[Richard Henry Beddome]] in 1863.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beddome, R.H. |author-link=Richard Henry Beddome |date=1863 |title=Further notes upon the snakes of the Madras Presidency; with descriptions of new species |journal=Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Science |volume=6 |pages=41–48}} ("''Silybura shorttii'' ", p. 46).</ref> It is found only in the [[Shevaroy Hills]] of [[Salem district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[South India]].<ref name="Ganesh and Arumugam 2016">{{Cite journal|author=Ganesh, S.R. |author2=Arumugam, M. |author2-link=species:Munusami Arumugam |date=2016|title=Species richness of montane herpetofauna of southern Eastern Ghats, India: A historical resume and a descriptive checklist |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316351016|journal=Russian Journal of Herpetology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=7–24}}</ref> For a long time, this species was misclassified into ''[[Uropeltis ceylanica]]'', a snake endemic to the [[Western Ghats]], till a recent taxonomic study<ref name="Ganesh et al. 2014"/> proved it to be a distinct species with a very narrow geographic range. It is a burrowing snake, presumed to be [[nocturnal]], feeding on soft-bodied worms. It becomes active during the rains. ''U. shorttii'' has most recently been assessed for ''The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'' in 2019, and is listed as "Critically Endangered" under criteria B1ab(iii).

==Habitat==
The preferred natural [[habitat]] of ''U. shorttii'' is [[forest]], at altitudes of {{cvt|1,300|–|1,600|m|ft}}, and it can not persist in human-modified habitats.<ref name=iucn/>

==Description==
''U. shorttii'' is a small, dark bluish black burrowing snake, with distinct yellow crossbands. It may attain a total length (including tail) of 30 cm (12 in). The [[Rostral scale|rostral]] is visible from above, smaller than the [[Nasal scale|nasals]], not completely separating the nasals. The nasals are in contact with one another posteriorly. The [[Prefrontal scales|prefrontals]] are not in contact with rostral, subequal in size to the nasal and ocular scales. The nasals are pierced by the nostrils, divided by the rostral anteriorly but in contact with each other posteriorly. The prefrontals are somewhat larger than the nasals and oculars, subequal to the [[Frontal scale|frontal]]. The frontal is longer than broad, distinctly smaller than the [[Parietal scales|parietals]]. The parietals are large, the largest of all the head scales. The [[Labial scales| supralabials]] number 4,4 (left, right), 1st and 2nd ones small, 3rd below eye, 4th the largest. The infralabials number 3,3 (left, right), and are elongate. The [[mental scale]] is small, subequal to the 1st infralabial, but as wide as long. The body scales are imbricate and cycloid. The [[dorsal scales]] are arranged in 19 rows one head length after the head, in 17 rows at midbody, and in 17–15 rows one head length before the vent. The [[Ventral scales|ventrals]] number 141–156 (148.5±10.6), and are angulate laterally. The [[Anal scale|anals]] number 2, the left overlapping the right, each larger than a body scale. The [[Subcaudal scales|subcaudals]] are in 10–12 pairs + 1 terminal scale. The tail shield is distinctly truncate above, mildly concave, circumscribed and ridged, covered with 30–31 (30.5±0.7), bi-carinate and tri-carinate thickened scales. There are 10 of these scales across the length and 4–5 (4.5±0.6) across the width of the tail shield.<ref name="Ganesh et al. 2014">{{Cite journal |author=Ganesh, S.R. |author2=Aengals, R. |author2-link=species:R. Aengals |author3=Ramanujam, E. |author3-link=species:Eric Ramanujam |date=2014 |title=Taxonomic reassessment of two Indian shieldtail snakes in the ''Uropeltis ceylanicus'' species group (Reptilia: Uropeltidae)|url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/1548/2838 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=5305–5314 |doi=10.11609/jott.o3636.5305-14 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Colouration==
The [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] of ''U. shorttii'' is dark coffee brown with distinct bright yellow crossbars formed by series of yellow blotches across consecutive scales in dorsal scale rows. There are 34–47 (41±7.0) such cross bars present on the body and tail. The venter is largely yellowish with dark brown spots and blotches, the dark spots restricted mostly to either side where ventral scales contact the outermost coastal scale rows. On each side of the body there is a thick yellow stripe anteriorly along the neck and forebody on scale rows 3–5, the stripe extending to the level of the 36th–48th (42±8.4) ventral scale. The stripe passes through the lower half of the supralabials, below the ocular scale and the upper half of the infralabials. The eye is pale whitish-grey. The inside of the mouth is pale pink. The tongue is of same colour, its tips lighter.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Behaviour==
''U. shorttii'' is [[Terrestrial locomotion|terrestrial]] and [[fossorial]].<ref name=iucn/>

==Etymology==
''U. shorttii'' is named after its collector Dr. [[John Shortt]], a physician in the Madras Army, who donated the type specimens to Col. [[Richard Henry Beddome]], who first described this species.<ref name=RDB/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Uropeltis |species=shorttii |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
*[[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome, R.H.]] (1863). "Descriptions of New Species of the Family Uropeltidæ from Southern India, with Notes on other little-known Species". ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'' '''1863''': 225–229 + Plates XXV–XXVII. ("''Silybura shortii'' [sic]", new species, pp. 225–226 + Plate XXV, figure 1).
*Beddome, R.H. (1864). "Descriptions of New Species of the Family Uropeltidæ from Southern India, with Notes on other little-known Species". ''Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Third Series'' '''13''': 177–180. ("''Silybura shortii'' [sic]", pp. 177–178).
*Beddome, R.H. (1886). "An Account of the Earth-Snakes of the Peninsula of India and Ceylon". ''Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Fifth Series'' '''17''': 3–33. ("''Silybura nilgherriensis'' Var. ''Shortii'' ", p. 15).
*[[Albert Günther|Günther, A.C.L.G.]] (1864). ''The Reptiles of British India''. London: The Ray Society. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xxvii + 452 pp. + Plates I–XXVI. ("''Silybura shorttii'' ", pp. 191–192 + Plate XVII, figure G [two views of head]).
*[[species:Ramesh Chandra Sharma|Sharma, R.C.]] (2003). ''Handbook: Indian Snakes''. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India. 292 pp. {{ISBN|978-8181711694}}.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q16602097}}

[[Category:Uropeltidae]]
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Henry Beddome]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1863]]

Ann and Amelia (1816 ship)

2025-12-15T02:07:59Z

Smasher: made new article

{{other ships|Ann and Amelia (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=United Kingdom
|flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|name=''Ann and Amelia''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder=James Macrae, Chittagong{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=60}}
|laid_down=
|launched=1816
|owner=*Cruttenden<ref name=LR1824>''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005686582?urlappend=%3Bseq=48 (1824), seq. no. A895.]</ref>
*Joseph Somes, London{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=60}}
|acquired=
|commissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Wrecked 1835
|honours=
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class=
|displacement=
|tons_burthen=553,<ref name=LR1824/>{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=294-95}} or 576,<ref name=LR1825>''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005691889?urlappend=%3Bseq=55 (1825), seq. no. A912.]</ref> or 587<ref name=BL3>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114540] British Library: ''Ann and Amelia'' (3).]</ref> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|length=
|beam=
|hold_depth=
|draught=
|sail_plan=[[Ship]]
|complement=30
|armament=
}}
}}

'''''Ann and Amelia''''' was launched in 1816 at [[Chittagong]]. She was sold at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in August 1823 for a "Free Trader". She transported [[convict]]s from Britain to [[Port Jackson]], [[New South Wales]], in 1825. She then made three voyages for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC) and was lost in gale on the coast of France in 1835 as she was finishing her third voyage.

==Career==
Initially, i.e., between 1816 and 1823, ''Ann and Amelia'' participated in the local trade in India and the Far East.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=60}}

''Ann and Amelia'' was sold at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in August 1823 for a "Free Trader".{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=177}} On 14 September, ''Ann and Amelia'', under the command of Captain Joseph Short, left [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], bound for Britain. She left Bengal on 3 October, was at [[Chennai|Madras]] on 19 October, and arrived at [[Gravesend]] on 18 March 1824. ''Lloyd's Register'' for 1824 shows the change of ownership from Cruttenden to Somes & Co., the change of master from I. Short to Ascough, and her trade as London-Bengal.<ref name=LR1824/> The next year her trade changed to London-New South Wales.<ref name=LR1825/>

===Convict transport (1824–25)===
Captain William Ascough sailed from Cork on 8 September 1824, bound for Sydney, New South Wales. ''Ann and Amelia'' arrived 2 January 1825.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=294-95}} She had embarked some 200 male prisoners (including [[Jack Donahue]]) and 200 disembarked in Sydney.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=330}} The [[40th Regiment of Foot]] provided the guard detachment.

''Ann and Amelia'' returned to Britain via Singapore and Penang. She was at Deal by 2 November.<ref>''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia'' (1825), Vol. 20, p.729.</ref> The next day there was a tremendous gale. She lost her anchor and chain and had to cut away her mainmast while in the "Nob Channel" in order to ride out the gale.<ref>''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia'' (1825), Vol. 20, p.730.</ref>

The EIC then chartered her for several trips from London to the Indies and China.

===EIC voyage #1 (1826–27)===
Captain Henry William Ford left [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|The Downs]] on 10 June 1826, bound for China and Quebec. ''Ann and Amelia'' arrived at [[Huangpu District, Guangzhou|Whampoa]] on 11 December. She then arrived at Quebec on 10 June 1827, before returning to her moorings in Britain on 14 September.<ref name=BL3/>

===EIC voyage #2 (1830–31)===
Captain William Richards left The Downs on 3 June 1830, bound for China, Halifax, and Quebec. ''Ann and Amelia'' reached Whampoa on 3 December. She then was at [[Nei Lingding Island|Lintin]] on 24 January 1831, and reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 3 April. She arrived at Halifax on 18 May, and Quebec on 8 June. She returned to her moorings on 26 August.<ref name=BL3/>

===EIC voyage #3 (1832 to loss)===
Captain William Compton left Portsmouth on 17 August 1832, bound for [[Bengal]]. ''Ann and Amelia'' reached the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]] on 17 August, and arrived at the [[Hooghli River]] from "London and the Cape" on 23 December.<ref>''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia'' (1833), Vol. 11 (New series), p.80.</ref> Homeward bound, she was at [[Sagar Island|Saugor]], on 22 January 1833, and reached St Helena on 22 June.<ref name=BL3/> She was almost home when a gale drove her onshore on 1 September, at [[Berck]], near [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], with the loss of four of her 30 crew.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=THE LATE GALE. |date=4 September 1833 |page=5 |issue=15261 |column=E }}</ref> She was so damaged she had to be abandoned.<ref name=BL3/>{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=60}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |title =The Convict Ships | first =Charles | last =Bateson | author-link=Charles Bateson | year =1959 | publisher =Brown, Son & Ferguson | oclc =3778075}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |date=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John, (of the Master Attendant's Office, Calcutta)|year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}

{{1833 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ann and Amelia (1816 ship)}}
[[Category:1816 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Convict ships to New South Wales]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in August 1833]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]

Ratnawati River

2025-10-24T08:40:10Z

Smasher: new a place!

{{Short description|River flowing in Mithila}}
{{Infobox river|name=Ratnawati River|image_caption=Raato River at Indo-Nepal border|image=Rato River Shrikhandi Bhittha, Bhitthamore.jpg|region=[[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]|native_name=|country=[[Nepal]], [[India]]|mouth=[[Nepal]]|progression=[[Bihar]], India|landmark=[[Jaleswor]], [[Bhitthamore]]|river_system=Perennial}}
'''Ratnawati''' '''River''' or '''Raato''' '''river''' is a perennial river that originates in the Himalayan range of [[Nepal]] and terminates in the Indian states of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-24 |title=रातो नदी में आया उफान, तेज बहाव में बहा युवक |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-rato-river-boom-bihar-news-4722852-NOR.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rato River sweeps away man |url=https://www.hamropatro.com/news/details/5699435097554944?ns= |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.hamropatro.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रातो नदी पर नो मेंस लैंड से निशा रोड तक 32 किलोमीटर एरिया में नया तटबंध - New embankment in 32 km area from No Manchar(39)s Land to Nisha Road on Rato River - Bihar Sitamarhi General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-new-embankment-in-32-km-area-from-no-mans-land-to-nisha-road-on-rato-river-21949359.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is a part of [[Adhwara]] group of rivers in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar: सीतामढ़ी में बागमती उफान पर, अधवारा समूह की नदियों के जलस्तर में अभी भी बढ़ोतरी जारी; फिलहाल मौसम साफ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/on-the-rise-of-bagmati-in-sitamarhi-the-water-level-of-the-rivers-of-adhwara-group-still-continues-to-rise-2023-08-27 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

The river often remains in the headlines due to floods during the rainy season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सुरसंड में रातो नदी में उफान से कई इलाकों में फैला बाढ़ का पानी |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-flood-water-spread-in-many-areas-due-to-the-rise-in-rato-river-in-sursand-22774190.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=तेजी से बढ़ रहा रातो नदी का जलस्तर, अलर्ट |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-rato-river-water-level-rising-rapidly-alert-20470422.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Champaran |date=2021-07-02 |title=सीतामढी :- सुरसंड के श्रीखण्डी भिट्ठा पूर्वी रातो नदी के तटबन्ध निरीक्षण करते बीडीओ व सीओ |url=https://www.champarantoday.in/BDO-and-CO-inspecting-the-embankment-of-Shrikhandi-Bhitta-East-Rato-river-of-Sursand |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Champaran Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भिट्ठामोड़ में पानी के बहाव से सड़क बनी खतरनाक |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-road-becomes-dangerous-due-to-water-flow-in-bhittamod-3388530.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बाढ़ से श्रीखंडी भिट्ठा महादलित टोले में तबाही - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-rato-nadi-14397558.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Raatoriver.jpg|thumb|320px|Raato river in Bhitthamore]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Nepal}}

{{Improve categories|date=July 2022}}

[[Category:Rivers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bihar]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]

{{India-river-stub}}
{{Nepal-river-stub}}
{{Bihar-geo-stub}}

Permanent Indus Commission

2025-10-23T20:07:12Z

Smasher: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Indus Waters Treaty#Permanent Indus Commission]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}