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Rajput

2022-05-19T08:06:22Z

Slatersteven: Undo revision 309886 by WikiDwarf (talk) Refrenced from wikipedia

Rajput is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent. The term Rajput covers various peasant or pastoral communities.

Rajput word came in existence in 1300AD. They are considered to be untouchables even to this day and classified under schedueled caste (SC). It is common to find most of them serving their [[Jat]] and [[Ahir]] landlords. In current days [[Rajasthan]] , [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttrakhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] are home to most of the Rajputs. From those princely states, 121 were [[Salute states]] in which Rajputs ruled 81 of them at the time of India's independence. The Rajputs were classified as a [[martial race]] by the [[United Kingdom|British]] colonial government and recruited for the military establishment during the subcontinent's colonial period. "Martial Race" was a designation created by officials of [[British India]] to describe "races" ([[peoples]]) that were thought to be naturally warlike and [[aggressive]] in [[battle]], and to possess qualities like [[courage]], [[loyalty]], [[self sufficiency]], [[physical strength]], [[resilience]], [[Neatness and tidiness|orderliness]], the ability to work hard for long periods of time, fighting [[Psychological resilience|tenacity]] and [[military strategy]]. The British recruited heavily from these Martial Races for service in the [[colonial army]].<ref>''Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and [[NWFP]], H A Rose''</ref>
[[Image:Prithvi Raj Chauhan (Edited).JPG|thumb|300px|Statue of [[Prithvi Raj Chauhan]] at Ajmer]]
[[Image:RajaRaviVarma MaharanaPratap.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maharana Pratap]], a Sixteenth century Rajput ruler. Pratap was a great warrior; [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] campagined extensively against Pratap.But Pratap ultimately regained control of all of [[Mewar]] (excluding the fort of [[Chittor]] which was lost to [[Akbar]] in 1568 CE after a firce battle and [[Jauhar]]).]]

== Origins ==
{{main|Origin of Rajputs}}
Asopa informs us this observation after understanding meaning of word Rajputra or Rajput from many ancient texts:

{{quote|"Rajput is a corrupt form of the Vedic word Rajputra. It occurs in Rigveda, Yajurvedic Kaphak Samhita, and Aitareya Bramana of the Rigveda as a synonym for Râjanya. ...In Mahabharata also the word Rajputra has been used in the sense of nobles and chiefs, as well as ordinary Kshatriyas. The literal meaning of Kshatriya again is the son of a Kshatra. ... So the primary meaning of Rajanya and Kshatriya is the same and Rajputra is used for either of the two words though its meaning becomes distinct as we proceed on the long road of time... As pointed out by G.H. Ojha in Rajputane ka Itihasa Vol. I, Rajputras have been referred to in Kautilya’s Arthasastra, Kalidasa’s Malvikagnimitra, Asvaghosha’s Saundarananda and Banabhatta’s Harshacharita and Kadambari. The word has been used with different connotations by these authors. In Kautilya’s work it implies sons of the king while by Kalidasa and Asvaghosha it is used for nobles. Banabhatta in the first work uses it in the sense of nobles and in the latter work as sons of the nobles”}} <ref>J.N. Asopa, Origin of the Rajputs, Delhi, 1976, pp.4-5</ref><ref>a History of Rajasthan rima hooja pg-271</ref>
The Rajput were the traditional royal warrior elite and landowning caste of Northern India, organised by into clans with a ruling chief. Rajput is a modern form from the ancient term ''"Rajputra"''<ref>''Naga cults and traditions in the western Himalaya'' by Omacanda Hāṇḍā, Published by Indus Publishing, 2004 p77</ref> <ref>''Medieval India, Culture and Thought'' by M. L. Bhagi, Published by Indian Publications, 1965, p20</ref> <ref>''Rajasthan Directory & Who's who'' by Sukhvir Singh Gahlot, Published by Hindi Sahitya Mandir, 1982 p67</ref> which means son of a king. Rajputra is mentioned in different Vedas as a synonym for ''Rajanya'' used to refer to one who is a scion of a royal ruler. Many different authors throughout history have defined it in different terms; [[Kautilya]] used it to signify a prince, whilst [[Kalidasa]] and ''Asvaghosh'' used it as a term for [[nobles]]. It indicates that in ancient India, a distinction existed between ordinary Kshatriyas and the Rajputra, the latter being a social categoryof royalty. Gradually over the decline of the Rajputra fortunes, the two terms become interchangeable. Since the 8th century CE, Rajput has become a known [[caste]]<ref>''Rajasthan''
by Kumar Suresh Singh, B. K. Lavania, Dipak Kumar Samanta, S. K. Mandal, N. N. Vyas, Anthropological Survey of India, Anthropological Survey of India, Published by Popular Prakashan, 1998, p785</ref> denoting [[Kshatriya]] princes of royal descent.<ref>''A Brief Survey of the History of Mewar'' by Lala Kanhaiya Lal Varma, Published by College Book Depot, 1933, p13</ref>

{{cquote|''Rajput - Brave, Patriot, Casteist, and Bold are the four characteristics most frequently assigned to the Rajput who in strict terms are called Kshatriya....''|30px|30px|Social Forces<ref>''Social Forces'' by Howard Washington Odum, Southern Sociological Society (U.S.), JSTOR (Organization), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Dept. of Sociology, Project Muse, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute for Research in Social Science
Published by University of North Carolina Press, 1967, p46</ref>}}

Familial and racial pride is said to be more developed in the Rajput community than any other community.<ref>''Early Medieval Indian Society: A Study in Feudalisation'' by R.S. Sharma, Orient Longman, 2004, p206</ref>

Traditionally, 36 ''royal races'' or Raj-kul, of the Rajputs signified their royal lineage.<ref>''The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India'' by R V Russell, R.B.H. Lai
Published by Asian Educational Services, 1995p412</ref>

The term Rajputra was even used by medieval emperor [[Harsha]]vardhan (606-648 AD) of Kannauj.<ref>''Encyclopaedia of Indian Events and Dates'' by Satya Bikash Bhattacherje, Sterling Publ. 1995, p12</ref>

During the rule of the British, Lieutenant Colonel James Tod visited Rajasthan and attempted to write a definitive list of the 36 Rajput tribes. However, everyone that he spoke to gave him varying lists of tribes. It can thus be concluded that a tribe that had furnished warriors or was politically dominant in a particular region can justly call itself a Rajput tribe.<ref>''The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India'' by R V Russell, R.B.H. Lai, Asian Educational Services, 1995, p414</ref>
== राजपूत जातियो की सूची ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! क्रमांक !! नाम !! गोत्र !! वंश !! स्थान और जिला
|-
|1 || सूर्यवंशी,अर्कवंशी || कश्यप || सूर्य || उत्तर प्रदेश, हरियाणा, पंजाब,महाराष्ट्र, उत्तरांचल, दक्षिण भारत,
|-
|2 || कलहश || आग्निश || कलहशवंशी, सूर्यवंशी || प्राचीन राजपूताना और बस्ती बलिया उत्तर प्रदेश, राजस्थान
|-
|3 || गुहिलवन्शी सिसोदिया || बैजपायन्, काश्यप || सूर्य || महाराणा उदयपुर स्टेट
|-
|4||कछवाहा||मानव्य्||सूर्य||महाराजा जयपुर और ग्वालियर राज्य
|-
|5||राठोड||कश्यप,||सूर्य||जोधपुर बीकानेर और पूर्व और मालवा
|-
|6||सोमवंशी||अत्रैय||चन्द||प्रतापगढ और जिला हरदोई
|-
|7||यदुवंशी||अत्रैय||चन्द||राजकरौली राजपूताने में
|-
|8||भाटी||अत्रय||जादौन||महारजा ज��सलमेर राजपूताना
|-
|9||जाडेचा||अत्रय||यदुवंशी||महाराजा कच्छ भुज
|-
|10||जादवा||अत्रय||जादौन शाखा||अवा. कोटला ऊमरगढ आगरा
|-
|11||तन्वर||व्याघ्र||चन्द||पाटन के राव तंवरघार जिला ग्वालियर
|-
|12||कटियार||व्याघ्र||तोंवर||धरमपुर का राज और हरदोई
|-
|13||पालीवार||व्याघ्र||तोंवर||गोरखपुर
|-
|14||परिहार||कौशल्य||सूर्य||मंडोर (जोधपुर) एवं मध्यप्रदेश
|-
|15||तखी||कौशल्य||सूर्य, परिहार||पंजाब कांगडा जालंधर जम्मू में
|-
|16||पंवार||वशिष्ठ||सूर्य||मालवा मेवाड धौलपुर पूर्व मे बलिया
|-
|17||सोलंकी||भारद्वाज||चन्द्र||राजपूताना मालवा सोरों जिला एटा
|-
|18||चौहान||वत्स||सूर्य||राजपूताना पूर्व और सर्वत्र
|-
|19|| बिष्ट ||भारद्वाज ||सूर्यवंशी||प्राचीन में राजपूताना, यू.पी.
|-
|20||गुहिलवन्शी गहलोत||बैजपायण||सूर्य||मथुरा कानपुर और पूर्वी जिले
|-
|21||हाडा||वत्स||चौहान||कोटा बूंदी और हाडौती देश
|-
|22||खींची||वत्स||चौहान||खींचीवाडा मालवा ग्वालियर
|-
|23||भदौरिया||वत्स||अग्निवंश||नौगंवां पारना आगरा इटावा गालियर भिन्ड और भदावर स्टेट
|-
|24||देवडा||वत्स||चौहान||राजपूताना सिरोही राज
|-
|25||शम्भरी||वत्स||चौहान||नीमराणा रानी का रायपुर पंजाब
|-
|26||बच्छगोत्री||वत्स||चौहान||प्रतापगढ सुल्तानपुर
|-
|27||राजकुमार||वत्स||चौहान||दियरा कुडवार फ़तेहपुर जिला
|-
|28||पवैया||वत्स||चौहान||ग्वालियर
|-
|29||गौर, गौड||भारद्वाज||सूर्य||शिवगढ रायबरेली कानपुर लखनऊ
|-
|30||वैस||भारद्वाज||चन्द्र||उन्नाव रायबरेली मैनपुरी पूर्व में
|-
|31||गेहरवार||कश्यप||सूर्य||माडा हरदोई उन्नाव बांदा पूर्व
|-
|32||सेंगर||गौतम||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||जगम्बनपुर भरेह इटावा जालौन
|-
|33||कनपुरिया||भारद्वाज||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||पूर्व में राजाअवध के जिलों में हैं
|-
|34||बिसैन||वत्स||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||गोरखपुर बलिया सलेमपुर देवरिया गोंडा प्रतापगढ में हैं
|-
|35||निकुम्भ||वशिष्ठ||सूर्य||गोरखपुर आजमगढ हरदोई जौनपुर
|-
|36||सिरसेत||भारद्वाज||सूर्य||गाजीपुर बस्ती गोरखपुर
|-
|37||च्चाराणा||दहिया||चन्द||जालोर, सिरोही केर्, घटयालि, साचोर, गढ बावतरा,
|-
|38||कटहरिया||वशिष्ठ या भारद्वाज||सूर्य||बरेली बंदायूं मुरादाबाद शाहजहांपुर
|-
|39||वाच्छिल||अत्रयवच्छिल||चन्द्र||मथुरा बुलन्दशहर शाहजहांपुर
|-
|40||बढगूजर||वशिष्ठ||सूर्य||अनूपशहर एटा अलीगढ मैनपुरी मुरादाबाद हिसार गुडगांव जयपुर
|-
|41|| मकवाना ॥ झाला ||मरीच कश्यप||चन्द्र||धागधरा मेवाड झालावाड कोटा हिनोतिया मालवा
|-
|42||गौतम||गौतम||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||राजा अर्गल फ़तेहपुर
|-
|43||रैकवार||भारद्वाज||सूर्य||बहरायच सीतापुर बाराबंकी
|-
|44||करचुल हैहय||कृष्णात्रेय||चन्द्र||बलिया फ़ैजाबाद अवध
|-
|45||चन्देल||चान्द्रायन||चन्द्रवंशी||गिद्धौर कानपुर फ़र्रुखाबाद बुन्देलखंड पंजाब गुजरात
|-
|46||जनवार||कौशल्य||सोलंकी शाखा||बलरामपुर अवध के जिलों में
|-
|47||बहरेलिया||भारद्वाज||वैस की गोद सिसोदिया||रायबरेली बाराबंकी
|-
|48||दीत्तत||कश्यप||सूर्यवंश की शाखा||उन्नाव बस्ती प्रतापगढ जौनपुर रायबरेली बांदा
|-
|49||सिलार||शौनिक||चन्द्र||सूरत राजपूतानी
|-
|50||सिकरवार||सांकृत||सूर्य||ग्वालियर आगरा और उत्तरप्रदेश में
|-
|51||सुरवार||गर्ग||सूर्य||कठियावाड में
|-
|52||सुर्वैया||वशिष्ठ||यदुवंश||काठियावाड
|-
|53||मौर्य||गौतम||सूर्य||बिहार, उत्तर प्रदेश, राजस्थान
|-
|54||टांक (तत्तक)||शौनिक||नागवंश||मैनपुरी और पंजाब
|-
|55||गुप्त||गार्ग्य||चन्द्र||अब इस वंश का पता नही है
|-
|56||कौशिक||कौशिक||चन्द्र||बलिया आजमगढ गोरखपुर
|-
|57||भृगुवंशी||भार्गव||चन्द्र||वनारस बलिया आजमगढ गोरखपुर
|-
|58||गर्गवंशी||गर्ग||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||नृसिंहपुर सुल्तानपुर, मार्टींनगँज आजमगढ
|-
|59||पडियारिया,||देवल, सांकृतसाम||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||राजपूताना
|-
|60||ननवग||कौशल्य||चन्द्र||जौनपुर जिला
|-
|61||वनाफ़र||पाराशर, कश्यप||चन्द्र||बुन्देलखन्ड बांदा वनारस
|-
|62||जैसवार||कश्यप||यदुवंशी||मिर्जापुर एटा मैनपुरी
|-
|63||नैय्दु||वैक्ला||सूर्य||दक्षिण मद्रास तमिलनाडु अन्ध्र कर्नाटक में
|-
|64||निमवंशी||कश्यप||सूर्य||संयुक्त प्रांत
|-
|65||वैनवंशी||वैन्य||सोमवंशी||मिर्जापुर
|-
|66||दाहिमा||गार्गेय||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||काठियावाड राजपूताना
|-
|67||पुण्डीर||कपिल||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||पंजाब गुजरात रींवा यू.पी.
|-
|68||तुलवा||आत्रेय||चन्द्र||राजाविजयनगर
|-
|69||कटोच||कश्यप||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||राजानादौन कोटकांगडा
|-
|70||चावडा, पंवार, चोहान, वर्तमान कुमावत||वशिष्ठ||पंवार की शाखा||मलवा रतलाम उज्जैन गुजरात मेवाड
|-
|71||अहवन||वशिष्ठ||चावडा, कुमावत||खेरी हरदोई सीतापुर बारांबंकी
|-
|72||डौडिया||वशिष्ठ||चौहान शाखा||गुजरात मेवाड बुलंदशहर मुरादाबाद बांदा गल्वा पंजाब
|-
|73||गोहिल||बैजबापेण||गहलोत शाखा||काठियावाड
|-
|74||बुन्देला||कश्यप||गहरवारशाखा||बुन्देलखंड के रजवाडे
|-
|75||काठी||कश्यप||गहरवारशाखा||काठियावाड झांसी बांदा
|-
|76||जोहिया||पाराशर||चन्द्र||पंजाब देश मे
|-
|77||गढावंशी||कांवायन||चन्द्र||गढावाडी के लिंगपट्टम में
|-
|78||मौखरी||अत्रय||चन्द्र||प्राचीन राजवंश था
|-
|79||लिच्छिवी||कश्यप||सूर्य||प्राचीन राजवंश था
|-
|80||बाकाटक||विष्णुवर्धन||सूर्य||अब पता नहीं चलता है
|-
|81||पाल||कश्यप||सूर्य||यह वंश सम्पूर्ण भारत में बिखर गया है
|-
|82||सैन||अत्रय||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||यह वंश भी भारत में बिखर गया है
|-
|83||कदम्ब||मान्डग्य||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||दक्षिण महाराष्ट्र मे हैं
|-
|84||पोलच||भारद्वाज||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||दक्षिण में मराठा के पास में है
|-
|85||बाणवंश||कश्यप||असुरवंश||श्री लंका और दक्षिण भारत में, कैन्या जावा में
|-
|86||काकुतीय||भारद्वाज||चन्द्र, प्राचीन सूर्य था||अब पता नही मिलता है
|-
|87||सुणग वंश||भारद्वाज||चन्द्र, पाचीन सूर्य था||अब पता नही मिलता है
|-
|88||दहिया||कश्यप||राठौड शाखा||मारवाड में जोधपुर
|-
|89||जेठवा||कश्यप||हनुमानवंशी||राजधूमली काठियावाड
|-
|90||मोहिल||वत्स||चौहान शाखा||महाराष्ट्र मे है
|-
|91||बल्ला||भारद्वाज||सूर्य||काठियावाड मे मिलते हैं
|-
|92||डाबी||वशिष्ठ||यदुवंश||राजस्थान
|-
|93||खरवड||वशिष्ठ||यदुवंश||मेवाड उदयपुर
|-
|94||सुकेत||भारद्वाज||गौड की शाखा||पंजाब में पहाडी राजा
|-
|95||पांड्य||अत्रय||चन्द||अब इस वंश का पता नहीं
|-
|96||पठानिया||पाराशर||वनाफ़रशाखा||पठानकोट राजा पंजाब
|-
|97||बमटेला||शांडल्य||विसेन शाखा||हरदोई फ़र्रुखाबाद
|-
|98||बारहगैया||वत्स||चौहान||गाजीपुर
|-
|99||भैंसोलिया||वत्स||चौहान||भैंसोल गाग सुल्तानपुर
|-
|100||चन्दोसिया||भारद्वाज||वैस||सुल्तानपुर
|-
|101||चौपटखम्ब||कश्यप||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||जौनपुर
|-
|102||धाकरे||भारद्वाज (भृगु)||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||आगरा मथुरा मैनपुरी इटावा हरदोई बुलन्दशहर
|-
|103||धन्वस्त||यमदाग्नि||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||जौनपुर आजमगढ वनारस
|-
|104||धेकाहा||कश्यप||पंवार की शाखा||भोजपुर शाहाबाद
|-
|105||दोबर (दोनवर)||वत्स या कश्यप||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||गाजीपुर बलिया आजमगढ गोरखपुर
|-
|106||हरद्वार||भार्गव||चन्द्र शाखा||आजमगढ
|-
|107||जायस||कश्यप||राठौड की शाखा||रायबरेली मथुरा
|-
|108||जरोलिया||व्याघ्रपद||चन्द्र||बुलन्दशहर
|-
|109||जसावत||मानव्य||कछवाह शाखा||मथुरा आगरा
|-
|110||जोतियाना (भुटियाना)||कश्यप||कछवाह शाखा||मुजफ़्फ़रनगर मेरठ
|-
|109||घोडेवाहा||मानव्य||कछवाह शाखा||लुधियाना होशियारपुर जालन्धर
|-
|110||कछनिया||शान्डिल्य||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||अवध के जिलों में
|-
|111||काकन||भृगु||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||गाजीपुर आजमगढ
|-
|112||कासिब||कश्यप||कछवाह शाखा||शाहजहांपुर
|-
|113||किनवार||कश्यप||सेंगर की शाखा||पूर्व बंगाल और बिहार में
|-
|114||बरहिया||गौतम||सेंगर की शाखा||पूर्व बंगाल और बिहार
|-
|115||लौतमिया||भारद्वाज||बढगूजर शाखा||बलिया गाजी पुर शाहाबाद
|-
|116||मौनस||मानव्य||कछवाह शाखा||मिर्जापुर प्रयाग जौनपुर
|-
|117||नगबक||मानव्य||कछवाह शाखा||जौनपुर आजमगढ मिर्जापुर
|-
|118||पलवार||व्याघ्र||सोमवंशी शाखा||आजमगढ फ़ैजाबाद गोरखपुर
|-
|119||रायजादे||पाराशर||चन्द्र की शाखा||पूर्व अवध में
|-
|120||सिंहेल||कश्यप||सूर्य||आजमगढ परगना मोहम्दाबाद
|-
|121||तरकड||कश्यप||दीक्षित शाखा||आगरा मथुरा
|-
|122||तिसहिया||कौशल्य||परिहार||इलाहाबाद परगना हंडिया
|-
|123||तिरोता||कश्यप||तंवर की शाखा||आरा शाहाबाद भोजपुर
|-
|124||उदमतिया||वत्स||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||आजमगढ गोरखपुर
|-
|125||भाले||वशिष्ठ||पंवार||अलीगढ
|-
|126||भालेसुल्तान||भारद्वाज||वैस की शाखा||रायबरेली लखनऊ उन्नाव
|-
|127||जैवार||व्याघ्र||तंवर की शाखा||दतिया झांसी बुन्देलखंड
|-
|128||सरगैयां||व्याघ्र||सोमवंश||हमीरपुर बुन्देलखण्ड
|-
|129||किसनातिल||अत्रय||तोमरशाखा||दतिया बुन्देलखंड
|-
|130||टडैया||भारद्वाज||सोलंकीशाखा||झांसी ललितपुर बुन्देलखंड
|-
|131||खंगार||अत्रय||यदुवंश शाखा|| टीकमगढ़ झांसी बुंदेलखंड
|-
|132||पिपरिया||भारद्वाज||गौडों की शाखा||बुन्देलखंड
|-
|133||सिरसवार||अत्रय||चन्द्र शाखा||बुन्देलखंड
|-
|134||खींचर||वत्स||चौहान शाखा||फ़तेहपुर में असौंथड राज्य
|-
|135||खाती||कश्यप||दीक्षित शाखा||बुन्देलखंड, (राजस्थान में कम संख्या होने के कारण इन्हे बढई गिना जाने लगा)
|-
|136||आहडिया||बैजवापेण||गहलोत||आजमगढ
|-
|137||उदावत||बैजवापेण||गहलोत||आजमगढ
|-
|138||उजैने||वशिष्ठ||पंवार||आरा डुमरिया
|-
|139||अमेठिया||भारद्वाज||गौड||अमेठी लखनऊ सीतापुर
|-
|140||दुर्गवंशी||कश्यप||दीक्षित||राजा जौनपुर राजाबाजार
|-
|141||बिलखरिया||कश्यप||दीक्षित||प्रतापगढ उमरी राजा
|-
|142||डोगरा||कश्यप||सूर्य||कश्मीर राज्य, हिमाचल प्रदेश और बलिया
|-
|143||निर्वाण||वत्स||चौहान||राजपूताना (राजस्थान)
|-
|144||जाटू||व्याघ्र||तोमर||राजस्थान, हिसार पंजाब
|-
|145||नरौनी||मानव्य||कछवाहा||बलिया आरा
|-
|146||भनवग||भारद्वाज||कनपुरिया||जौनपुर
|-
|147||गिदवरिया||वशिष्ठ||पंवार||बिहार मुंगेर भागलपुर
|-
|148||बघेल||कश्यप||सूर्य||रीवा राज्य में बघेलखंड
|-
|149||कटारिया||भारद्वाज||सोलंकी||झांसी मालवा बुन्देलखंड
|-
|150||रजवार||वत्स||चौहान||पूर्व मे बुन्देलखंड
|-
|151||द्वार||व्याघ्र||तोमर||जालौन झांसी हमीरपुर
|-
|152||इन्दौरिया||व्याघ्र||तोमर||आगरा मथुरा बुलन्दशहर
|-
|153||संथवार/सैंथवार-मल्ल (सिंहतवार)||वत्स, कश्यप, दास (गोरखपुर मे), भारद्वाज,...||सूर्य वंश, चन्द्र वंश, नाग वंश (पूर्वज-शाक्य-बौद्ध युगीन प्राचीन क्षत्रिय)|| गोरखपुर, कुशीनगर (प्राचीन राजवंश था)
|-
|154||जांगडा||वत्स||चौहान||बुलन्दशहर पूर्व में झांसी
|-
|155||हैहैय्वन्श्||नारायण्||सूर्य||प्राचीन राज वंश, बलिया
|-
|156||निकुम्भ||बशिस्थ|| सूर्य || जोनपुर, केरक��, अकबपुर
|-
|157||वाणा||कश्यप्||सूर्य||ढांक, तणाजा, वलभिपुर, वणा
|-
|158||राठोड||शान्डिल्य||सूर्य|| सीतामढ़ी (बिहार), हाजीपुर, मारवाड़
|-
|159||छोकर||अत्रय||यदुवंश||अलीगढ मथुरा बुलन्दशहर
|-
|160||सवनेर ||व्याघ्र||सोमवंश-शाखाचन्द्रवंश || म.प्र.(निमाड़)
|-
|161||बिष्ट ||शान्डिल्य||सूर्यवंशी||प्राचीन राजपूताना और यू.पी
|-
|162||देवल||कौशिक||सूर्यवंशी||राजपुताना
|-
|}

== Rajput clans ==
{{main|Rajput clans}}
Rajputs regard themselves as being descended from the [[Vedic civilization|vedic]] warrior class known as the [[Kshatriya]]s. To differentiate them from ordinary Kshatriyas the word Rajput was used, which literally means "son of a King."

Rajputs belong to one of three great patrilineages (''vanshas''), which are sub-divided into 36 main clans (''kulas''), which in turn divide into numerous branches (''shakhas''), to create the intricate [[Rajput clans|clan system]] of the Rajputs.

The 36 Rajput clans are first mentioned in Kumarpala Charita of Jayasimha and then in ''[[Prithviraj Raso|Prithvirāj Rāso]]'' of [[Chandbardai]]. The lists include classical clans like Ikshvaku, Soma, and Yadu, well-known Rajput clans such as Bargujar, Parmar, Puwar,Chauhan, Chalukya, Rathore, Parihar, Chandela etc as well as lesser known clans such as Silar (Shilahar), Chapotkat, Tank, etc.

Today, with the aid of inscriptions and copperplates discovered, it is possible to trace the history of the royal clans with considerable certainty. However they were not available in 17-18th century when a number of chronicles (khyats) were compiled, often based on oral tradition. By this time the agni-kunda myth had been expanded to explain the origin of four of the major clans. James Tod wrote his influential book "The Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan" in 1829 and 1832 on the basis of these chronicles. Some of his hypotheses have been used by other authors, even though the texts discovered and read during the 20th century show that Todd's hypotheses are sometimes inaccurate.

The principle of patrilineage is staunchly adhered to in determining one's place in the system and a strong consciousness of clan and lineage is an essential part of the Rajput character. As the 1911 edition of the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] states, this tradition of common ancestry permits an indigent Rajput yeoman to consider himself as well-born as any powerful landholder of his clan, and superior to any high official of the professional classes. Authoritative listings of the 36 Rajput clans are to be found in the ''Kumārpāla Charita'' of Jayasimha and the ''[[Prithviraj Raso|Prithvirāj Rāso]]'' of [[Chandbardai]].

===The [[Suryavanshi]] lineage===
:Suryavamshi claim descent from [[Surya]]. The [[Sun Dynasty]] is oldest among Kshatriyas. The first person of this dynasty was "Vivaswan," who by the meaning of his name is considered to be "Surya." [[Ikshvaku]] was the first important king of this dynasty. Other important kings were Kakutsth [[Harishchandra]], Sagar, [[Dileepa]], [[Bhagiratha]], [[Raghu]] [[Dashratha]] and [[Rama]]. The poet [[Kalidasa]] wrote the great epic [[Raghuvamsa]] about the dynasty of [[Raghu]] including the great king born in the [[Sun Dynasty]].

:The Rajwar, a cultivating caste of Bihar and Chota nagpur who claim Surajvansi Rajput descent, but is not generally admitted. The Surajvansi are sometimes also called Kaushilya or Kaushal (after Kush), while the chandravansi are called Kaushik. The Kausik(a) rajput tribe is also found in considerable numbers in Ghazipur, Azimgarh and Gorakhpur, claiming descent from Kausik, father of Gadhi, founder of Gadhipur (Ghazipur).

:suryavansh clans: [[Balla]], [[Bargujar]], [[Gehlot]], [[Haiwaha]], [[Hul]], [[Jhala]], [[Jamwal]], [[Kachwaha]], [[Minhas]], [[Rathor]], [[Senghar]].
: these clans further divide into branches.

:these clans further divide into branches

===The [[Agnivanshi]] lineage===
It claims descent from four persons who were born from fire or by the influence of ''Ved Mantras." According to Puranic legend, as found in [[Bhavishya Purana]], a [[yagna]] was held at Mount Abu, at the time of emperor [[Ashoka]]'s sons. From the influence of ''Mantras'' of the four ''[[Veda]]''s, four Kshatriyas were born. They were: 1. Pramar ([[Paramara]]), 2.Chaphani ([[Chauhan]]); 3.Chu ([[Chalukya]]); 4.Pariharak ([[Pratihara]] or [[Parihar]]). But since fire cannot produce warriors, it should be understood that these four persons were either reconverted into Hinduism or revitalized to fight against invaders. They could not be of foreign origin because India was fighting against [[Indo-Greek]] kings at that time. [[Pusyamitra Sunga]] and his son [[Agnimitra]] were [[Brahmin]]s. They are known for reviving Hinduism. This theory of origin has produced much controversy; however, only four clans out of many [[Rajput clans]] are considered to be [[Agnivanshi]]. Some scholars also count ''[[Nagavanshi]]'' and ''Rishivanshi. One of the most important clans of the Rishivans is Dhakare. It was believed that the origin of the Dhakare Rajput was when Raja Bali the king of Patal lok was injured during war with Raja Indra, king of Devta. Then his blood was collected on the leaf of a Dhakh and his guru Sukracharya make one man, by his mantras, whose name was Dhakare, fight against Devtas. The traditional lineages of Dhakare Rajput presently live in Agra (UP) and near the river Chambal. The ''Yaduvanshi'' lineage, claiming descent from the [[Hindu]] god [[Krishna]], are in fact a major sect of the ''Chandravanshi.''
:It is believed that 4 Agnikula clans originated by Brahmanas having concentrated them by fire.

:According to the myths, Parmar, was created out of fire by Indra Devta, the god of fire, at Mount Abu. It is said that as the newly created man had come out from fire saying “Param-Amar, Param-Amar” or "immortal fire" loudly, he came to be known as parmar. Vikramaditya according to some was a Pa(r)war, but most probably a Tomar. There were many other kings bearing the name Vikramaditya.

:The Rishis and Munis (Hindu ascetics) further say that afterwards Brahma created a young man from fire. He was holding a sword in one hand and Veda in the other. He came to be known as ‘Chilonki’ because it is believed that as Brahma had prepared the putla or human image on his hand, then had thrown it into fire, the man had born. It is said that the word got corrupted to ‘Milonki’ and later on to ‘Solinki’.

:It is said that afterwards god Shiva created a man from fire, who had a dark complexion. This man, though not brave, was well suited to act as guard at the door. This is exactly the reason why he came to be known as ‘Prithvi Dwar’. In its changed form it came to be known as Parrhiar.

:Later on the god Vishnu created a man from fire and made him like himself and with complexion of Krishna (black). He was very brave with bow tied to his body and arrow in one hand and sword in the other. Because of these attributes he came to be known by the name of ‘Chifrang’, which in its corrupted form became ‘Chauhan’.

:In this way the Rajputs were born from fire by the kindness of the gods. They are also known to be agnikul or the fire family hence agni-vansi. The place of fire at the Mount Abu where they were created is still held sacred by them and they prefer pilgrimage (tirath) to it.

:agnivansh clans : [[Parmara]], [[Parihara]] or [[Parihar]], [[Chalukya]], [[Chauhan]].
:these further divide into branches.

====Legend of Agnivansha====
Among the legends mentioned above, the one which addresses the origin of the ''[[Agnivanshi]]'' Rajputs is particularly disputed not least because they were the earliest to rise to political prominence. This legend begins with the [[Puranas|puranic]] legend wherein the traditional ''[[kshatriya]]s'' of the land were exterminated by [[Parashurama]], an [[avatara]] of [[Vishnu]]. Later, the legend says, sage [[Vasishta]] performed a great ''Yajna,'' or fire-sacrifice, to seek from the Gods a provision for the defense of righteousness on earth. In answer to his prayer, a youth arose from the very flames of the sacrifice -- the first ''Agnivanshi'' Rajput. According to [[Bhavishya Purana]] an [[yagna]] was held at [[Mount Abu]] during the time of [[Ashoka]]'s sons. This produced four warriors and an elephant. The ''Agnikunda legend'' is explained in [[Agnivansha]]. Ashoka and his sons were Buddhists but the general of last [[Mauryan]] empereor was a staunch [[Brahmin]].

Legend of Agnivansh is associated with Sage Vashishta when trying to save his Ashram from Vishwamitra's army he creates a "fire born" kshatriya. This legend has been embeliished by indologists over the years.

== History ==
{{main|History of Rajputs}}
[[Image:Pritam niwas with.jpg|thumb|right|250px|During the centuries-long rule of northern India, the Rajputs constructed several magnificent palaces. Shown here is the ''[[Chandramahal]]'' in [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, which was built by [[Kachwaha]] Rajputs]]

=== Early History (6th to 8th c.)===
Within 15 years of the death of the [[Muhammad]], the caliph [[Uthman|Usman]] sent a sea expedition to raid [[Thana]] and [[Broach]] on the [[Bombay]] coast. Other unsuccessful raiding expeditions to [[Sindh]] took place in 662 and 664 CE. Indeed, within a hundred years after Muhammad's death, Muslim armies had overrun much of [[Asia]] as far as the [[Hindu Kush]]; however, it was not until ''c.''1000 CE that they could establish any foothold in India.

The [[Rai Dynasty]], who ruled [[Sindh]] in the 6th and 7th centuries and were displaced by an Arab army led by [[Bin Qasim]], is sometimes held to have been Rajputs. According to some sources, [[Bin Qasim]], an Arab who invaded [[Sindh]] in the 8th century, also attacked [[Chittorgarh]], and was defeated by [[Bappa Rawal]].

The Pratiharas or Parihars rebuffed Arab invasion in the ninth century. Significant Muslim invasions were then not attempted until the eleventh century, largely due to the formidable reputation of the Rajput clans.

Certain other invasions by marauding ''"Yavvanas"'' are also recorded in this era. By this time, the appellation ''"Yavvana"'' (literally: "Ionian/Greek") was used in connection to any tribe that emerged from the west and north-west of present-day [[Pakistan]]. These invasions may therefore have been a continuation of the usual invasions into India by warlike but less civilized tribes from the north-west, and not a reference to the Greeks or [[Indo-Greek]]s. [[Lalitaditya Muktapida|Lalitaditya]] of [[Kashmir]] defeated one such ''Yavvana'' invasion in the 8th century and the Pratiharas rebuffed another in the 9th century.

=== Rajput kingdoms (8th to 11th c.)===

The first Rajput kingdoms are attested to in the 7th century and it was during the 9th, 10th, & 11th centuries that the Rajputs rose to prominence in the [[History of India|Indian history]]. The four ''[[Agnivanshi]]'' clans, namely the [[Pratihara]]s or ([[Parihara]]s), [[Solanki]]s (Chaulukyas), [[Paramara]]s (Parmars), and [[Chauhan]]s (Chahamanas), rose to prominence first.
*[[Pratihara]]s or [[Parihar]]s established the first Rajput kingdom in [[Mandore]] [[Marwar]] in southwestern Rajasthan. Later they established themselves at [[Ujjain]] and ruled [[Malwa]], and afterwards at [[Kanauj]] in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, from which they ruled much of northern India, from [[Kathiawar]] in the west to Magadha in the east, in the ninth century.
*[[Chauhans]] established themselves at [[Ajmer]] in central Rajasthan
*[[Solanki]]s in [[Gujarat]]
*[[Paramara]]s in [[Malwa]].
But there were other Rajputs also who rose to prominence. Clans claiming descent from the Solar and Lunar races, who were originally vassals of the other clans, established their independent states later.
*The [[Guhila]]s ([[Guhilote]] or [[Gehlot]], later called the [[Sisodia]]s) established the state of [[Mewar]] (later [[Udaipur]]), under [[Bappa Rawal]], who ruled at [[Chittorgarh]] ([[Sanskrit]] name ''Chitrakuta''), which was given in dowry to Bappa in 734 for his bravery. [[Chittor]], was then ruled by the [[Mori]] clan of Rajputs. Maan Mori was their last king at Chittor. It is believed the word Mori is a corruption of [[Maurya]], the famous dynasty.
*The [[Kachwaha]] (Kacchapghata) established their rule in [[Narwar]] in 8th century. One of their descendant Dulah Rai established his rule in [[Dhundhar]] in 11th century, with their capital at [[Amber]], and later [[Jaipur]].
*The [[Chandela]] clan ruled [[Bundelkhand]] after the tenth century, occupying the fortress-city of [[Kalinjar]] and building the famous temple-city of [[Khajuraho]].
*The [[Tomaras]] established a state in [[Haryana]], founding the city of [[Dhiliki]] (later [[Delhi]]) in 736.

The Kachwahas, Chandelas, and Tomaras were originally vassals of the [[Pratihara]] kingdom before over throwing their rule in the 10th century to establish more power independent kingdoms.

The organization of [[Rajput clans|Rajput clan]] finally crystallized in this period. Intermarriage among the Rajput clans interlinked the various regions of India and Pakistan, facilitating the flow of trade and scholarship. Archaeological evidence and contemporary texts suggest that Indian society achieved significant prosperity during this era.

The literature composed in this period, both in [[Sanskrit]] and in the [[Apabhramsha]]s, constitutes a substantial segment of classical Indian literature. The early 11th century saw the reign of the [[polymath]] King [[Bhoja]], Paramara ruler of Malwa. He was not only a patron of literature and the arts but was himself a distinguished writer. His ''[[Samarangana-sutradhara]]'' deals with architecture and his ''Raja-Martanda'' is a famous commentary on the [[Yoga]]-[[sutra]]s. Many major monuments of northern and central India, including those at Khajuraho, date from this period.

==== Pratiharas or Parihar ====
The Imperial [[Pratihara]]s or [[Parihar]]s established their rule over [[Malwa]] and ruled from [[Bhinmal]] and afterward [[Ujjaini]] in the 8th & 9th century. One branch of the clan established a state in (Rever)[[Tarangagadh]] in the 11th century. [[Mandore]] [[Marwar]] in 6th and 7th century, where they held sway until they were supplanted by the [[Rathore]]s in the 14th century. Around 816 AD, the Pratiharas of Ujjaini conquered [[Kannauj]], from this city they ruled much of northern India for a century. They went into decline after [[Rashtrakuta]] invasions in the early 10th century.

==== Rathore ====
The [[Rathore]] or Rathor or Rathod is a Rajput tribe of India. Rathors in India are a Rajput clan from the Marwar region of western Rajasthan, inhabiting Idar state of Gujarat and also the Chhapra and Muzaffarpur districts of Bihar in very small numbers. In India, their native languages are Hindi and its dialects (such as Rajasthani, Marwari and other languages of Rajasthan, Gujarati and Kutchi in Gujarat, as well as Punjabi in the Punjab a dialect of Punjabi called Rathi spoken in Ratia and Tohana in present day Haryana. Rathore are the people from the west Rajasthan. Rathore's have many gotras, most of these gotras are from the name of the great warriors of the past and gotras are being used by their family members. Rathore's were said to be the worshipers of sun. To understand the huge clan of Rathore's we will have understand their areas they occupy. Rathore's of Jodhpur were supreme in present districts such as - Jodhpur, Pali, Ajmer, Nagaur, Barmer, Sirohi. Rathore, s of Bikaner were occupant of the area that included districts Bikaner, Churu, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh.

Dynasties belonging to this clan ruled a number of kingdoms and princely states in Rajasthan and neighbouring states before India's independence in 1947. The largest and oldest among these was Jodhpur, in Marwar and Bikaner. Also the Idar State in Gujrat. The Maharaja of Jodhpur, is regarded as the head of the extended Rathore clan of Hindu Rajputs. Even in the modern times the clout of this clan in the democratic world is such that a large number of MLAs and MPs have been elected from among them.

Prominent Sub-clans are Banirot, Bika, Kandhalot, Rawatot, Bidawat, Kumpawat, Champawat, Medatiya, Jodha, Jaitawat, Khokra, Karnot.

==== Sisodias ====
The [[Sisodia]]s claim their descent from Lord Rama, the hero of the famous Hindu epic Ramayana. It is also said that the group descended from the Sun God and is thus known as the Suryavanshi or Children of Sun. The prince of Mewar is treated as the legitimate heir to the throne of Rama.

They trace their descent from Bappa Rawal, purported scion of the [[Guhilot]] or Guhila or Gehlot or Gahlot clan, who established himself as ruler of Mewar in 734 AD, ruling from the fortress of Chittor (or Chittorgarh).

The Mewar flag is disinguished for its "crimson" flag. During both times of war and peace, this standard could always be seen flying high. It depicts the image of a dagger and a flaming sun. Robert Taylor of the Bengal Civil Service records in his book, "The Princely Armory", "...for eight centuries a golden sun in a crimson field has floated over the head of the Rana at feast and fray, and is conspicuous in the ornament of his palace...On the top of the mast is the face of the Sun, embossed in gold. On the triangular Nishan (flag), the human face is embroidered in gold depicting the Sun. It has a gold tassle at the end. A Katar (a type of dagger) with silver threads on the Nishan completes this simple design. The Sun signifies that the Nishan is of the "Surya Vansi" (Sun Dynasty) Maharanas of Mewar.

Prominent Sub-clans of Guhilot includes :
===== [[Gehlot]] =====
===== [[Sisodia]] =====
===== [[Gahlot]] =====
===== [[Chundawat]] =====
===== [[Chandrawat]] =====
===== [[Ranawat]] =====
===== [[Shaktawat]] =====
===== [[Dungarpur]] =====
===== [[Banswara]] =====
===== [[Mahthan]] =====

==== Bargujar ====
The [[Bargujar]]s (Birgoojur) were the vassals of the gurjara [[pratihars]]. They are one of the most revered and most fierce clan of the rajputs ever known. They constituted the main force in "Haraval" Tukdi the first line of offence in a battle. The bargujars chose to die rather to submit to the supremacy of the Muslim kings. Many bargujars were put to death for not giving their daughters to Muslim rulers. Some bargujars changed their clan name to sikarwar to escape mass genocide carried out against them.

Lava (one of the Sons of King Rama) was their ancestor and so they are also known as Raghav. Raghav was the great great grandfather of Rama. Bargujars take this name as children of Raghav dynasty.

Bargujar is a [[suryavanshi]] clan. Prominent sub-clans include Lawtamia, Madadh, Khadad, Taparia.

==== Pundir ====
The [[Pundir]] are a [[Suryavanshi]] branch of [[Rajputs]], one of the thirty six royal [[rajput clans]]. The Pundir Rajputs still hold riyasat in Nagaur and Saharanpur where their Kuldevi's are situated. Their Shakha is Koolwal and their Kuldevis are [[Shakumbhri Devi]] and [[Dhadimati Mata]] with a few of the Gotras shared by them being [[Bhardwaj]](भरद्वाज), [[Parashara]] and [[Pulastya]]. Most of the Pundirs are today based mainly around the North Indian states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]]. [[Elliot]] writes that Uttar Pradesh (Hardwar region), where they are most prominent today, has over 1,440 villages claimed by Pundir Rajputs with high concentrations in the districts of Dehradun, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Aligarh and Etawah. According to the British census of 1891 the population of the Pundir Rajputs was recorded at approximately 29,000.

==== Solankis ====
[[Solankis]] were descended from the [[Chalukya]]s of Karnataka who ruled much of peninsular India between the 6th and 12th centuries. In the 10th century, a local branch of the clan established control over Gujarat and ruled a state centered around the town of Patan. They went into decline in the 13th century and were displaced by the [[Vaghela]].

==== Paramara ====
[[Paramara]]s originated from the Rashtrakutas and rose to power in the 10th century. They ruled Malwa and the area at the border between present-day Gujarat and Rajasthan. [[Bhoja]], the celebrated king of Malwa, belonged to this dynasty. In the 12th century, the Paramaras declined in power due to conflict and succumbed to attack from the [[Delhi sultanate]] in 1305. They have families migrated to south-wards in Gujrath, [[Maratha|Maharashtra]], holding many important positions as regional war-lords and Chiefs of private armies. The origin reference about [[Paramara|Naik-Nimbalkar]] of Phaltan state and [[Paramara|Dalvi]]- [[Deshmukh]] of [[Nashik|Nasik]] is available in many British records and Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 20, p. 101.

==== Kachwaha ====
The [[Kachwaha]] (also spelled as Kachavāhā,Kacchavahas, Kachhawa, Kuchhwaha & Kushwah including Kacchapghata, Kakutstha, and Kurma) are a Suryavanshi Rajput clan who ruled a number of kingdoms and princely states in India such as Alwar, Maihar, Talcher, while the largest and oldest state was Amber (city) later known as Jaipur. The Pachrang flag of the former Jaipur state. Prior to the adoption of the Pachrang (five coloured) flag by Raja Man Singh I of Amber, the original flag of the Kachwahas was known as the 'Jharshahi' (tree-marked) flagJaipur(Jainagara), an extension of the old kingdom of Amber, was founded by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in 1727.The Maharaja of Jaipur is regarded as the head of the extended Kachwaha clan. Overall, sub-clans of the Kachwaha number around 71. Prominent sub-clans of the Kachhawa clan include: Rajawat, Shekhawat, Sheobramhpota, Naruka, Nathawat, Khangarot and Kumbhani.
The Kachhawas belong to the Suryavanshi lineage, which claims descent from the Surya and Sun Dynasty of the ancient Kshatriyas. Specifically, they claim descent from Kusha[1] younger of the twin sons of Rama, hero of the Ramayana, to whom patrilineal descent from Surya is in turn ascribed. Indeed, the name Kachawaha is held by many[2] to be a patronymic derived from the name "Kusha".

Prominent Sub-clans are
===== Shekhawat =====
===== Naruka =====
===== [[Rajawat]] =====

===== Nathawat =====
===== Khangarot =====
===== Kalyanot =====
===== Jamwal =====
===== Minhas or Manhas=====
===== Baghel =====
===== Jasrotia =====
===== [[Sheobramhpota]] =====

==== Chandelas ====
In the early 10th century, the [[Chandela]]s ruled the fortress-city of Kalinjar. A dynastic struggle (c.912-914 CE) among the Pratiharas provided them with the opportunity to extend their domain. They captured the strategic fortress of [[Gwalior]] (c.950) under the leadership of Dhanga (ruled 950-1008). Dhanga's grandson Vidyadhara (ruled 1017-29) expanded the Chandela kingdom to its greatest size, from the Chambal river in the northwest to the Narmada River in the south, thus covering a large portion of the present-day state of Madhya Pradesh.

==== Tomar/Tuar ====

''Tomar/Tuar Rajputs'' are the descendants of the [[Pandava|Pandava Prince]] [[Arjuna|Arjun]], through his great grandson [[Janamejaya|Emperor Janamejaya]], son of Emperor [[Parikshit]].

{{cquote|'''''The Kingdom of Delhi was founded by Anangpal Tuar, who's dynasty, by virtue of descent from the Pandavas, claimed to be Lords Paramount of India'''''|30px|30px|From ''A Pageant of India'' by Adolf Simon Waley<ref>''A Pageant of India'' by Adolf Simon Waley, Houghton, 1927, p123</ref>}}

The Tomar Rajput dynasty of Delhi lasted until Maharaja Anangpal Tomar-II, who to quote Lt. Col. Tod,in his 'Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan was ''"justly entitled to be termed the paramount sovereign of Hindustan"''.

Tomars did not lose control of Delhi in battle, but the then Tomar Rajput ruler Anangpal Tomar II appointed his grandson (daughter's son, and son of King of [[Ajmer]]), [[Prithviraj]] Chauhan, as the heir apparent. Some historians believe that Prithvaraj was merely a caretaker king as long as his grandfather was alive. Prithviraj was never crowned the Delhi, hence adding weight to the view that the Chauhan ruler usurped the thrown from his maternal grandfather.

According to records kept by ''Jagas'' of Tomar Rajputs, King Anangpal made Prithviraj only as caretaker when he went on a religious pilgrimage, as his own sons were very small at that time. When King Anangpal returned back, Prithviraj refused to hand over the kingdom. (''note:-'' should be mentioned that ''Jagas'' are hereditary tribal record keepers of Rajputs)

Following their loss of control at Delhi, a branch of the Tomar clan established itself in the area of modern [[Gwalior]] in northern [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Man Singh Tomar built the fortress citadel which still stands there.

The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Gwalior in 1559. Some Tomar Rajputs converted to [[Islam]] during the [[Mughal Empire|Muslim-Mughal rule]]; Tomar [[Muslim Rajputs]] are found in western [[Rajasthan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sind]].

Tomars moved from Delhi to Haryana (Bhiwani, Mahendergarh and Karnal Districts), Madya Pradesh (Gwalior, and Morena and Bhind Districts), Punjab, and Rajasthan (Patan State and surrounding areas). They are spread from Punjab, to Western [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Meerut, Badaun, Bareilly, Baraut, Muzaffarnagar Ghaziabad, Aligarh, Bulandshahr), Eastern U.P, significant parts of Himachal Pradesh, to western [[Rajastan]] to Northern Madhya Pradesh and even some in [[Pakistan]].

The great [[Vikramaditya]] of the year 56BC is claimed to be an ancestor of the Tuar Rajputs.<ref>''Essays on Indian Antiquities'' by James Prinsep, Edward Thomas, Henry Thoby Prinsep, J.Murray 1858, p250</ref><ref>''Pre-Mussalman India'' by M. S. Nateson, Asian Educational Services 2000, p131</ref><ref>''The cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia'' by Edward Balfour, B. Quaritch 1885, p502</ref><ref>''Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan'' by James Tod, William Crooke, 1920, p912</ref>

{{cquote|''The principal era to which the luni-solar system is exclusively adapted is that of Vikramaditya, called Samvat. The prince from whom it was named was of the Tuár dynasty, and is supposed to have reigned at Ujjain (Ujjáyini)<ref>''Essays on Indian Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palæographic, of the Late James Prinsep'' by James Prinsep, Edward Thomas, Henry Thoby Prinsep, Publ. J.Murray, 1858, p157</ref>''|30px|30px|}}

In the Hindu tradition in [[India]] and [[Nepal]], the widely used ancient calendar is [[Vikrama Samvat]] or Vikrama's era. This is said to have been started by the legendary king following his victory over the [[Saka]]s in 56 BC.

Tuar Sub clans include; [[Pathania]] Rajputs, Janghara Rajputs and Janjua Rajputs.

===== Pathania =====
[[Pathania]] is the name of a branch of the [[Tomara]] [[Rajputs]]. It is one of the ruling Rajput Clans of India. Their Kingdom was at [[Nurpur]], founded in the 11th Century, situated in the [[Kangra]] district of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Rana Jethpal (11th Century A.D.), the younger brother of Anang Pal II of Delhi, came to Jallandhar [[Doab]] also called [[Bist Doab]] to carve out a territory for himself. After crossing the [[Beas]] river he captured a fort called Bhet, and for this reason it is said, he acquired the name Rana Bhet. After that he became master of the Fort and the town of Paithan, now known as [[Pathankot]], and from then onwards, he came to be known as a Pathania Rajput instead of a Tanwar Rajput. Pathania Rajputs are [[Dogra]] [[Rajputs]], descended from Lord [[Arjuna]], the hero of [[Mahabharata]]. They mostly live in and around [[Himachal Pradesh]], in North India. The Pathania clan ruled the Kingdom of Nurpur, till 1849 A.D.,They were famous for their resistance against foreign rule, which they proved by giving battle to invaders till 1849 A.D., after which the Kingdom was annexed by the British, the Raja being a minor. This clan has to its credit three [[Maha Vir Chakra]] winners in the Indian Army. This clan has also won many other gallantry awards while serving in the British army of India.

===== Janghára Rajputs =====
Known as a large and turbulent branch of the Tomar/Tuar Rajput clan<ref>''Memoirs on the History, Folk-lore, and Distribution of the Races of the North Western Provinces of India'' by Henry Miers Elliot, John Beames, Trübner & co., 1869, p141</ref>, the ''Janghara Rajputs'' were readily recruited by the British Indian Army.

The turbulent nature of the tribe is further enhanced by the origin of the name ''Janghara'' being derived from the words, ''Jang'' (war) and ''Ahára'' (hunger) meaning ''"the men who hunger for war"''.<ref>''Handbook on Rajputs'' by A. H. Bingley, 1899, republ.1986, p84</ref>

After the fall of Delhi to the Chauhans, the Janghara sept parted from the main Tomar branch in disgust. They entered Rohilkhund under the leadership of the prince ''Dhápu Dhám'' who's warlike nature was proverbial. A couplet sung by women of the clan states ''"Below is Earth, above is Rám. Between the two, fights Dhápu Dhám"''<ref>''Handbook on Rajputs'' by A. H. Bingley, 1899, republ.1986, p85</ref>

The ''Janghara Rajputs'' of Bareilly claim to have ejected the ''Gwálas'' in 1388CE. in 1405CE they expelled the ''Ahirs'' from their Kingdoms. The ''Katehriya Rajputs'' were also defeated and exiled from Rohillkhund by the ''Janghara Rai's ''.<ref>''Handbook on Rajputs'' by A. H. Bingley, 1899, republ.1986, p85</ref>

{{cquote|'''''The Jangháras have always been turbulent and warlike; they should furnish the (British Indian) army with some excellent recruits.'''''|30px|30px|Handbook on Rajputs.<ref>''Handbook on Rajputs'' by A. H. Bingley, 1899, republ.1986, p85</ref>}}

====Chauhan====
[[Chauhan]]s originated as feudatories of the Pratiharas and rose to power in the wake of the decline of that power. Their state was initially centered around Sambhar in present-day Rajasthan. In the 11th century, they founded the city of [[Ajmer]] which became their capital. In the 12th century, their the then King Prithvi Raj Chauhan acquired Delhi from his maternal grand father, the then Tomar King Anangpal II Tomar (see above under Tomars or Tanwars). Their most famous ruler was '''[[Prithvi Raj Chauhan]]''', who won the [[First Battle of Tarain]] against an invading Muslim army but lost the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] the following year. This loss heralded a prolonged period of Muslim rule over northern India. After the death of Manik Rae Chauhan (Ruler of Sambhar), his son Chandrapal Dev came and settle at a place called Bhadaura near present place Bah in U.P.,his sons were called BHADAURIA and till date this clan is now seen as a sub class of Chauhans.
the last chauhan king was in mainpuri district (U.P), who fought in first war of independence in 1857, known as "'''judev'''"

Prominent Sub Clans are:
===== Chouhan =====
===== Hara =====
===== Kheechi =====
===== JuDev =====
===== Bhadoria =====
===== Deora =====

==== Minhas ====
[[Minhas]] or Manhas or Minhas-Dogra is a Rajput clan from the Jammu region of the Indian subcontinent. It is an off-shoot of Jamwal-Dogra Rajputs, the founders of the city and state of Jammu and its rulers from ancient times to 1948 C.E. In antiquity of rule, which is generally considered a benchmark of royalty, they are second to none, but the great Katoch Rajputs of Trigarta and Kangra. Paying tribute to the antiquity of their royal lineage, Sir Lepel Griffin says, “These royal dynasties may have been already ancient when Moses was leading the Israelites out of Egypt, and the Greeks were steering their swift ships to Troy.”
Minhas Rajputs are Suryavanshis and claim descent from Rama a legendary king of Ayodhya. In Rajputana, their closest cousins are the Kachwaha Rajputs of Jaipur.

They trace their ancestry to the Ikshvaku dynasty of Northern India (The same clan in which Lord Rama was born. He, therefore is the 'kuldevta'(family deity) of the Hindu Minhas Rajputs). Specifically, they claim descent from Kusha younger of the twin sons of Rama, hero of the Ramayana, to whom patrilineal descent from Surya is in turn ascribed.

=== Islamic invasions (11th to 12th c.) ===
In the early 11th century, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] conquered the Hindu [[Shahi]] kingdom in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. His raids into northern India weakened the [[Pratihara]] kingdom, which was drastically reduced in size and came under the control of the [[Chandela]]s. Mahmud sacked temples across northern India, including the temple at Somnath in Gujarat, but his permanent conquests were limited to the Punjab, and Somnath was rebuilt after the raid. In 1018 CE, Mahmud sacked the city of [[Kannauj]], seat of the Pratihara kingdom, but withdrew immediately to Ghazni, being interested in booty rather than empire.

In the ensuing chaos, [[Rathores]], as the [[Gahadvala]] dynasty established a modest state centered around Kannauj, ruling the Ganges plain from the late 11th through the 12th century, and conquering Marwar in the 13th. They were defeated by [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in 1194 CE, when the city was sacked by the latter. Meanwhile, a nearby state centered around present-day [[Delhi]] was ruled successively by the [[Tomara]] and [[Chauhan]] clans. The early 11th century also saw the reign of the polymath king Bhoj, the Paramara ruler of Malwa.

[[Prithiviraj III]], ruler of Delhi, defeated [[Muhammad of Ghor]] at the [[First Battle of Tarain]] (1191 CE). Muhammad returned the following year and defeated Prithviraj at the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] (1192 AD). In this battle, as in many others of this era, rampant internecine conflict among Rajput kingdoms facilitated the victory of the invaders.

=== Medieval Rajput States (12th to 16th c.) ===
[[Image:Mehrangarh Fort.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Mehrangarh Fort]], the ancient home of the [[Rathore]] rulers of [[Marwar]] in [[Rajasthan]]]]

Rajputs reestablished their independence, and the Rajput states were established as far east as Bengal and north into the Punjab.

[[Prithviraj Chauhan]] proved to be the last Rajput ruler of [[Delhi]]. The Chauhans reestablished themselves at [[Ranthambore]], led by [[Govinda]], grandson of Prithviraj III. Jalore was ruled by another branch of [[Chauhans]], the [[Songaras]]. Another branch of the Chauhans, the [[Hadas]], established a kingdom in [[Hadoti]] in the mid-13th century.

The [[Rever]] Maharaja Ranavghansinh ruled [[Taranga]], in the 11th century. The [[Tomara]]s established themselves at [[Gwalior]], and the ruler [[Man Singh]] built the fortress which still stands there. [[Mewar]] emerged as the leading Rajput state, and [[Rana Kumbha]] expanded his kingdom at the expense of the sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat.

Muhammad's armies brought down the Gahadvala kingdom of Kannauj in 1194 CE. Some surviving members of the Gahadvala dynasty are said to have refugeed to the western desert, formed the [[Rathore]] clan, and later founded the state of [[Marwar]]. The [[Kachwaha]] clan came to rule [[Dhundhar]] (later [[Jaipur]]) with their capital at [[Amber, India|Amber]].

Other relocations surmised to have occurred in this period include the emigration of Rajput clans to the [[Himalaya]]s. The [[Katoch]] clan, the [[Chauhans]] of [[Chamba]] and certain clans of [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Nepal]] are counted among this number.

==== Delhi Sultanate ====
The [[Delhi Sultanate]] was founded by [[Qutb ud din Aybak]], Muhammad of Ghor's successor, in the early 14th century. Sultan [[Ala ud din Khilji|Alauddin Khilji]]) conquered [[Gujarat]] (1297), [[Malwa]] (1305), [[Ranthambore]] (1301), [[Chittorgarh]] (1303) [[Jalore]], and [[Bhinmal]] (1311). All were conquered after long sieges and fierce resistance from their Rajput defenders.

The "First Jauhar," in particular the siege of Chittor (1303), its brave defence by the [[Guhila]]s, the saga of [[Rani Padmini]], and the ''[[Jauhar]]'', are the stuff of immortal legend. This incident has had a defining impact upon the Rajput character and is detailed in a succeeding section.

Ala-ud-din Khilji delegated the administration of the newly conquered areas to his principal Rajput collaborator, Maldeo Songara, ruler of [[Jalore]]. Maldeo Songara was soon displaced by his son-in-law [[Rana Hamir|Hammir]], a scion of the lately displaced [[Guhila]] clan, who re-established the state of [[Mewar]] ''c.''1326 CE. Mewar was to emerge as a leading Rajput state, after [[Rana Kumbha]] expanded his kingdom at the expense of the sultanates of [[Malwa]] and [[Gujarat]].

=== Mughal Era (16th-18th c.) ===
[[Image:Hawa Mahal inside, Jaipur.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The "Jharokha" arches, now regarded as typical of Rajput architecture, were actually brought to [[Rajasthan]] from [[Bengal]] by Rajput rulers serving as Mughal officers in that province.]]

The Delhi sultanate was extinguished when [[Babur]] defeated [[Ibrahim Lodi]] at the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526. [[Rana Sanga]], ruler of Mewar, rallied an army to challenge Babur. He was betrayed by one of his Rajput generals and was defeated by [[Babur]] at the [[Battle of Khanua]] on [[March 16]], [[1527]]; The Rajput rulers agreed to pay tribute to Babur, but most retained control of their states, and struggles between Babur's successor Humayun and the Suri Dynasty for control of the Sultanate preoccupied the Muslims for several decades. It was not until the reign of [[Akbar]] that the structure of relations between the Mughal imperium and the Rajput states took definitive shape.

During the [[Second Jauhar]] Rana Sanga died soon after the battle of Khanua. Shortly afterwards, Mewar came under the regency of his widow, [[Rani Karmavati]]. The kingdom was menaced by [[Bahadur Shah]], ruler of Gujarat. According to one romantic legend of dubious veracity, Karmavati importuned the assistance of [[Humayun]], son of her late husband's foe. The help arrived, but too late; Chittor was reduced by Bahadur Shah. This is the occasion for the second of the three ''[[Jauhar]]s'' performed at Chittor. Karmavati led the ladies of the citadel into death by fire, while the menfolk sallied out to meet the besieging Muslim army in a hopeless fight to the death.

==== Mughal-Rajput Alliance ====
Babur's son [[Humayun]] was a ruler who was forced to spend long periods in exile. His son Akbar; however, was made of a different mettle. [[Akbar]] consolidated his inheritance and expanded what had been the [[Delhi sultanate]] into a wide empire. A main factor in this success was indubitably his co-option of native Rajput chiefs into his empire-building project. His reign also encompassed the involvement of [[Hindu]]s in the affairs of the empire, a successive policy previously adopted by [[Sher Shah Suri]]

The Rajput chiefs collaborated with alacrity, an alliance cemented by marriage, with numerous Rajput noblewomen being wed to Mughal grandees. The [[Kachwahas]] were the first to extend matrimonial alliances with Akbar; they pioneered a trend that soon turned pervasive and played no small role in extending Rajput influence across the [[Indian sub-continent]], from [[Bengal]] to [[Afghanistan]], to the [[Deccan]]. Indeed, two successive Mughal emperors, [[Jehangir]] and [[Shah Jehan]], were born to Rajput mothers.

Kachwahas were the first to give a daughter to Akbar. This prompted [[Maharana Pratap]] to ban marriages between his loyal rajputs with other rajputs of Rajasthan. The Kachwaha rulers of Jaipur and Rathore rulers of Marwar became tributaries of the empire. The Sisodias of Mewar and their vassals, the Hadas of Bundi, continued to refuse Mughal hegemony, and Akbar invaded Mewar, capturing Chittorgarh in 1568 after a long siege. The Sesodias of Mewar moved the capital to the more defensible location of Udaipur and carried on fighting the Mughals. Akbar respected the martial prowess of the Rajputs, and he married a Rajput princess, and Rajput generals, particularly the Kachwahas of Jaipur, commanded some Mughal armies.

Rajput chiefs served as Mughal officers and administrators across the Mughal Empire and enjoyed much influence in the government. In this period, the ''aristocratic'' image of the Rajputs can be said to have finally crystallized; consequently, caste-divisions became rigid. The trend of political relations between Rajput states and the central power was the precursor for similar relations between them and the British.

==== Aurangzeb and Rajput Rebellion====
The Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]], who was far less tolerant of Hinduism than his predecessors, put a Muslim on the throne of Marwar when [[Maharaja Jaswant Singh]], ruler of Marwar, died without a child. This enraged the Rathores. [[Ajit Singh]], Jaswant Singh's son was born after his death. Marwar nobles asked Aurangzeb to give the throne back to Ajit but Aurangzeb refused and instead tried to kill the infant Ajit. Durgadas Rathore and others smuggled Ajit out of Delhi and did not let pursuing Mughals capture them and reached Jaipur safely. This started the 30 year rajput rebellion against Aurangzeb. This cemented all the Rajput clans into a bond of union, and a triple alliance was formed by the three states of Marwar, Mewar, and Jaipur, to throw off the Mughal yoke. One of the conditions of this alliance was that the rulers of Jodhpur and Jaipur should regain the privilege of marriage with the ruling Sesodia dynasty of Mewar, which they had forfeited by contracting alliances with the Mughal emperors, on the understanding that the offspring of Sesodia princesses should succeed to the state in preference to all other children. The quarrels arising from this stipulation lasted through many generations.

==== Rajput of the Panjab Hill States and Kashmir====

History of the Panjab Tribes by J. Hutchinson and J.P.Vogel lists a total of 22 states (16 Hindu and 6 Muhammaddan) that formed the State of Jammu following the conquest of Kashmir by Raja Ranjit Singh in 1820. Of these 6 Muhammaddan States, two (Kotli and Punch) were ruled by [[Mangrals]], two (Bhimber and Khari-Khariyala) were ruled by Chibs one (Rajouri) was ruled by the Jarrals and one (Khashtwar) was ruled by the Khashtwaria. Of these 22 states, 21 formed a pact with Ranjit Singh and formed the State of Jammu. Only Poonch ruled by the Mangrals retained a state of semi-autonomy. Following the War of 1947 Poonch was divided and is now split between Pakistan Administered Kashmir [[Poonch District (AJK)]] and Indian Administered Kashmir [[Poonch]].<ref>History of the Panjab Hill States By J. Hutchinson, J.P. Vogel</ref>

As stated in History of the Panjab Hill States by J.Hutchinson and J.P. Vogel: "Kotli was founded about the fifteenth century by a branch of the royal family of Kashmir. Kotli and Punch remained independent until subdued by Ranjit Singh in 1815 and 1819 respectively."

The royal family of Kashmir which Hutchinson and Vogel are referring to is the family of Raja Mangar Pal the son of Raja Hani Dev and the ancestor of the Mangral rajput.

Kotli was historically known as Kotli Mangrallan.

There is a famous saying in Kashmir: "Kotli Mangrallan da, Rajouri Jarallan da, Bhimber Chiban da, Mirpur Gakharan da"

Transalation:

• [[Kotli]] is ruled by the [[Mangral]]

• [[Rajouri]] is ruled by the [[Jarall]]

• [[Bhimber]] is ruled by the [[Chib]]

• [[Mirpur]] is ruled by the [[Gakhar]]

The main historical muslim rajput clans from Kashmir are therefore the Mangral, Jarrall, Chib and Gakhar. These clans remain dominant in Pakistan administered [[Azad Jammu & Kashmir]].

=== Maratha ascendancy and British suzerainty (late 18th to mid 20th c.) ===
[[Image:Monitors Mayo College Ajmer.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Mayo College]] was opened by the British Government to educate Rajput princes and other nobles in 1875 at [[Ajmer]], [[Rajputana]]. In this picture, on the left, are the first four [[Rajput]] princes and on the extreme right is a Muslim belonging to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Dynasty.]]
[[Image:The Jaipur infantry 1936.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Rajput army officers with British army officers in 1936, before world war II]]

Amidst the back drop of the disintegration of the Mughal empire, the Rajput states remained militarized, each fighting off and forming alliances with the various forces competing for power during this age of turbulence. However, the nature and details of the conflicts and alliances of each particular state is different according to its geo-political situation and policy of its successive rulers. Like the British, the [[Marathas]] found it difficult to besiege the larger of the Rajput’s numerous and impregnable forts, however their great mobility and versatile looting of open farmland and unprotected villages convinced many Rajput rulers to agree to parts of the levies demanded by the marauding hordes (although the payments were never exact and often deferred). [[James Tod]], whose personal observation pertains to this period, records that internecine disputes, succession wars and the relentless exaction of levies , by the Marathas left the Rajput states immiserated, and that some of Rajput states repeatedly petitioned the British administration for protection.

Yet during this period the role of the Rajputs as solders did not diminish and their bravery gleamed under different banners. Individual Rajputs all over India not employed by a local ruler/warlord, have long been accustomed to [[mercenary]] service initially under the banners of both Hindu or Islamic and later European warlords, as each individual had the liberty to shift his allegiance from one employer to another, according to his own interests, inclination and judgment. Owing to the [[anarchy]] that ensued during the long and turbulent break up of the Mughal Empire, there arose a need for European settlers in India to raise troops for the protection of their [[port]]s, [[factories]] and [[Human settlement|settlement]]s, the Rajputs with their natural warlike habits were among the first to seek employment opportunities in these armies. Initially these [[levies]] were unorganized having to provide their own arms, and equipment. It is said that the [[France|French]], were the first to train these levies in the fashion of modern warfare (Captain A.H. Bingley 1899), a discipline that was soon followed by other nations (most successfully by France's arch-rival in India, the British) as well as the native rulers. By the mid 18th century, settlements such as [[Madras]] and [[Bombay]] possessed considerable forces of well trained Rajput ‘[[Sepoys]]’ armed, drilled and equipped like European troops.
According to Captain A.H. Bingley in his ‘Handbook on Rajputs’ (1899) a manual to assist on the Recruitment of Rajputs into the Indian army, in reference to the Rajputs employed in the Bengal regiments, Bingley states ‘''The Rajputs of these districts ([[Bihar]], [[Oudh]] and the [[Daoab]]) were for the most part mercenaries, willing to enter the service of any leader, in any cause, provided they were fairly treated and regularly paid. For this reason, service under the British colours was peculiarly attractive. The [[East India Company]] gave them high pay and liberal pensions, their forces were almost invariably victorious; and though European discipline was stricter than that to which they had been previously accustomed, the Rajputs were quick to reorganize its value in the field''’. Bingley further commented on the nature of the Rajput soldiers; ‘''They were docile and quick to learn their drill, while their natural cleanliness, fine physique, and soldierly bearing, made them more popular with the majority of their officers than the truculent Muhammadans to whom pipeclay and discipline were abhorrent''’.

After the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], (1817-1818), 18 states in the [[Rajputana]] region, of which 15 were ruled by Rajputs, entered into [[subsidiary alliance]] with the [[HEIC]] and became [[princely state]]s under the [[British Raj]]. Like the Mughals, the British took direct control of Ajmer, which became the province of [[Ajmer-Merwara]]. A vast number of other Rajput states in central and western India made a similar transition. Most of them were placed under the authority of the [[Central India Agency]] and the various states' agencies of [[Kathiawar]].

In a further reference to the role of the Rajput soldiers serving under the British banner, [[Captain A.H. Bigley]] goes on to state; “''Rajputs have served in our ranks from [[Plassey]] to the present day(1899). They have taken part in almost every campaign undertaken by the Indian armies. Under Forde they defeated the French at Condore. Under Monro at Buxar they routed the forces of the [[Nawab of Oudh]]. Under Lake they took part in the brilliant series of victories which destroyed the power of the Marathas.''’ Bingley then went on to describe the glorious role of the Rajput infantries in the war of the [[Nepal]] campaigns (Nepal was conquered by a Rajput family in 1768, but never by the British), the [[Afghan]] war, as well as the fact that the Rajput troops were instrumental in the victory of the [[Sikh wars]] in Punjab. He also went on to elucidate the role the Rajput troopers in the [[Egyptian]] campaign of 1882 as well as their victorious action in the [[Burmese]] war of 1885. The Rajputs thus retained their principal role in Indian armies wherever it saw action throughout this period, until Indian independence in 1947.

=== Independent India===
On India's independence in 1947, the native rules were given three choices, join one of the two states Indian or Pakistan, or remain independent. Rajput rulers of Rajputana and Central India acceded to newly-independent India and Rajputana, renamed Rajasthan, became an Indian state in 1950. The Rajput states acceded unto the [[dominion of India]] and [[Pakistan|dominion of Pakistan]]. They were all merged into the [[union of India]] before 1950.

The Maharajas were given special recognitions and an annual amount termed privy-purse was set for them. Many of the Rajput Maharajas entered politics and served India as elected representatives. In 1971, [[Indira Gandhi]] "de-recognized" the Maharajas and abolished the privy-purses. As a result, the Maharajas had to transformed some of their palaces into hotels. Some of them are now recognized as among the world's best.

Today, the Maharajas still fulfill some of the ceremonial duties as recognized elders, but as private citizens, in the Indian society.

== Culture and Ethos ==
The Rajput ethos is martial, in spirit, and fiercely proud and independent, and emphasizes lineage and tradition. Rajput patriotism is legendary, an ideal they embodied with a sometimes fanatical zeal, often choosing death before dishonour. Rajput warriors were often known to fight until the last man.

By the late 19th century, there was a shift from on questions regarding the political relations amongst the Rajputs to a concern with kinship (Kasturi 2002:2). According to Harlan (1992:27), many Rajputs of Rajasthan are nostalgic about their past and keenly conscious of their genealogy, emphasizing a Rajput ethos that is martial in spirit, with a fierce pride in lineage and tradition. These are indeed the timeless values of the Rajput community, as the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] (1911 edition) affirms in its resume of the contemporary social values of the community in India.

:''The tradition of common ancestry permits a poor Rajput yeoman to consider himself as well born as any powerful landholder of his clan, and superior to any high official of the professional classes. No race in India can boast of finer feats of arms or brighter deeds of chivalry, and they form one of the main recruiting fields for the Indian army of the day. They consider any occupation other than that of arms or government derogatory to their dignity, and consequently during the long period of peace which has followed the establishment of the British rule in India, they have been content to stay idle at home instead of taking up any of the other professions in which they might have come to the front.''

{{wide image|jalmahal.jpg|1000px|"Jal Mahal in [[Jaipur]], example of Rajput architecture."}}
===Khanda===
[[Image:Rajputsword.jpg|thumb|250px|A typical sword used by Rajput Warriors]]
The Rajput lifestyle was designed to foster a martial spirit. Tod (1829) describes at length the bond between the Rajputs and their swords. The double-edged scimitar known as the ''khanda'' was a popular weapon among the Rajputs of that era. On special occasions, a primary chief would break up a meeting of his vassal chiefs with ''khanda nariyal,'' the distribution of daggers and coconuts. The ''Karga Shapna'' ritual, performed during the annual [[Navaratri]] festival, was another affirmation of the Rajput's reverence for his sword.

===Rakhi===
The festival of Rakhi, known as Lakhri in Punjab, is typically held in August. The rakhis, or bracelets, are tied to a brother's wrist by his sisters. The belief amongst Rajputs was that the bracelets would avert evil in battle and designated those who would make a proper return from battle (Tod i.463). This festival was and is still celebrated all over India.

=== Jauhar ===
All recorded instances of [[Jauhar]] and "Saka" have featured Rajput defenders of a fort, resisting the invasion of a opposing force.

Jauhar (sometimes spelt jowhar) was originally the voluntary death on a funeral pyre of the queens and royal womenfolk of defeated Rajput castles in order to avoid capture and consequent molestation. The term is extended to describe the occasional practice of mass suicide carried out in medieval times by Rajput women, or by entire Rajput communities, when the fall of a besieged city was certain.

On several occasions when defeat in such an engagement became certain, the Rajput defenders of the fort scripted a final act of heroism that rendered the incident an immortal inspiration and afforded the invaders only an exceedingly hollow, inglorious victory. In such incidents, the ladies of the fort would commit collective self-immolation. Wearing their wedding dresses, and holding their young children by the hand, the ladies would commit their chastity to the flames of a massive, collective pyre, thereby escaping molestation and dishonour at the hands of the invading army. As the memorial of their heroic act, the ladies would leave only the imprint of the palm of their right hands on wet clay, which have become objects of veneration. This immolation would occur during the night, to the accompaniment of Vedic chants.

The practice is often described in terms of the women alone, but should correctly be understood as including the death of the men on the battlefield. As generally described, Jauhar involved:

# A defending Rajput army being besieged inside a fortification by an invading Muslim army;
# The realization by the defenders that defeat was certain;
# The immolation, en masse, of women, children and the elderly, to avoid molestation at the hands of the victorious invading army;
# The riding out, into open battle and certain death, of the menfolk, there to die on the field of war

There is extensive glorification of the practice in the local ballads and folk-histories of Rajasthan.

Jauhar was limited to the Kshatriya caste named Rajputs, who formed the upper and ruling classes and castes of Rajasthan. The Rajputs were the fighting warrior caste of this area. The remainder of the people, who were generally Brahmins and the lower castes, did not participate in the practice. In some cases, such as with Chittaurgarh in 1568 the victorious Mughal invaders put the entire remaining population of thirty thousand souls to death.

Despite occasional confusion, this practice is not directly related to the widow-burning practice of satidaho, another feature once common among the Rajputs. It is related to high premium set on the honour of womenfolk in Rajput society. Both practices have been most common historically in the territory of modern Rajasthan.

The best known cases of Jauhar are the three occurrences at the fort of [[Chittaur]] (Chittaurgarh, Chittorgarh), the seat of the [[Sisodia]] kingdom of [[Mewar]], in Rajasthan, in 1303, in 1535, and 1568. Jaisalmer has witnessed two occurrences of Jauhar. Another occurrence was in Chanderi.

====First Jauhar of Chittor ====
In particular, the siege of Chittor (1303), its brave defence by the Guhilas, the saga of Rani Padmini and the Jauhar she led are the stuff of immortal legend. This incident has had a defining impact upon the Rajput character and is detailed in a succeeding section.

====Second Jauhar of Chittor====
Rana Sanga died soon after the battle; shortly afterwards, Mewar came under the regency of his widow, Rani Karmavati. The kingdom was menaced by Bahadur Shah, ruler of Gujarat. According to one romantic legend of dubious veracity, Karmavati importuned the assistance of Humayun, son of her late husband's foe. The help arrived too late; Chittor as reduced by Bahadur Shah. This is the occasion for the second of the three Jauhars performed at Chittor. Karmavati led the ladies of the citadel into death by fire, while the menfolk sallied out to meet the besieging Muslim army in a hopeless fight to the death.

===Saka===
The next morning after taking a bath, the men would wear kesariya and apply the ash from the maha samadhi of their wives and children on their foreheads and put a [[tulsi]] leaf in their mouth. Then the palace gates would be opened and men would ride out for complete annihilation of the enemy or themselves. Rajput men and women could not be captured alive. This fight until death of men is called "Saka."

When Hindus fought against other Hindus there were never any johars or saka because the defeated were treated with dignity. However, history records very few instances wherein a Rajput king sued for peace after a battle reversal and the Muslims honoured it afterwards, Muslims only initially agreed to the peace terms, only for the Rajput and Hindu men to be slaughtered upon surrender and their women and children looted, raped and converted to Islam by force<ref name=packhum389>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 Volume III: To the Year A.D. 1398, Chapter: XVIII. Malfúzát-i Tímúrí, or Túzak-i Tímúrí: The Autobiography or Memoirs of Emperor Tímúr (Taimur the lame). Page: 389 (please press next and read all pages in the online copy)] ([http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201013&ct=97 1. Online copy], [http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_malfuzat_frameset.htm 2. Online copy]) from: Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] - This online Copy has been posted by: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List]). [[Timur]]'s memoirs on his invasion of India; describes in detail the massacre of Hindus, looting plundering and raping of their women and children, their forced conversions to Islam and the plunder of the wealth of Hindustan (India). It gives details of how villages, towns and cities were rid of their Hindu male population and their women and children forcefully converted enmasse to Islam from Hinduism. Compiled in the book: "[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]", by Sir H. M. Elliot, Edited by John Dowson; London, Trubner Company; 1867–1877</ref> once the pols or gates of their mighty fortresses were opened.

One example of this is war between Puran Mal of Raisina and Sher Shah Suri. The opposite is true for wars between Marathas and Rajputs, where even after battle reversals, no jauhars took place in Rajasthan.

==Legacy==
===Rajputs as a line of defence===
The fertile and prosperous plains of [[North India|northern India]] had always been the destination of choice for streams of invaders coming from the north-west. The last of these waves of invasions were of tribes who had previously converted to Islam. Due to geographic reasons, Rajput-ruled states suffered the brunt of aggression from various [[Mongol]]-[[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]-[[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan]] warlords who repeatedly invaded the subcontinent. In his ''New History of India',' [[Stanley Wolpert]] wrote, "The Rajputs were the vanguard of Hindu India in the face of the Islamic onslaught."

The Rajputs for centuries were India's line of defense against invaders. They proved their chivalry by fighting with honor and the mercy that they showed to the vanquished. When fighting against the hordes of Arabs, Moghuls, Afghans, and Turks, many preferred to die rather than to forsake their ancestors' faith (Hindu dharma) for Islam. While the nations of the Middle East fell in a matter of a few years to the rapid advance of Islam's new followers, the Rajput men and women refused to let them capture India for over 500 years. The heroism and sacrifice displayed by these tribes is undisputed and unmatched in the chronicles of Indian history.

=== Early Invasions ===
Rajputs were defence from cultures of the west that included Greeks in the third century BC and the muslim invasions that started about 750AD. Raja Parmanand or 'Porus' was a famous king defeated by Alexander the great but reinstated later for his bravery.

Bappa Rawal of Chittor defeated armies of Md Kasim, who had earlier annexed Sind from Dahir the Rajput Deshpati of Alor who fell fighting bravely within the Arab Cavalary and whose Queen continued fighting thill the last and whose citizens committed [[Saka]] and [[Johur]] finally. Md. Bin Kasim continued towards India via Gujrat. Bappa was general for Mori Prince's army at the time and later went on to become the king, replacing his maternal uncle, the Mori King. From Bappa the present line of Mewar descends.

Prince [[Khoman]] led another expedition a few years later in 812 A.D. uniting Rajputs and throwing the armies of Harun-al-Rashid from India and Sind. He was involved in series of battles and led armies to victory after victory culminating in 812AD when the invaders were finally thrown out. This led to a time of peace till 100 years later Md Gazni came into picture. Prince [[Khoman]] was the bravest son of Mewar and revered even today. 'Khoman-Gani' or [[Khamaghani]], a common term used in rajasthan, when rajputs greet each other.

=== Invasions of Md of Gazni ===

Raja [[Jaipal of Lahore]], was another brave King and he in 997AD, led an army to win back Kandahar and met [[Sabuktegin]], the governor of Kandahar at [[Langman]] on raod from peshawar to kabul. He was defeated, part due to bad weather, but he was let go and lost all his elephants in exchange of his life. He again met [[Sabuktegin]] Army led by his son and general, the [[Mahmud of Gazni]]. Although Jaipal had help from armies of Tomars of Delhi, Chauhans of Ajmer, Chandels of Kalinger and Rathores of Kannauj, yet he was defeated in year 1004AD and brutually buthchered.

Md Gazni went on to defeat the Bhati prince Bijai Rai, then ruling from present day patiala. He too committed [[Saka]] and [[Johur]].

King [[Anadpal]] son of [[Jaipal of Lahor]] formed a league and fought bravely with the Kandahar Army on fields of Khyber pass near peshawar. The tide was in his favour but his elephant was lighted by fire and went mad and this caused panic in his army and 20000 brave sons of soil were slain that day.

Md Gazni next set sight at [[Sthaneshwar]] and on his sixth expedition to India plundered that holy place and took the loot with him. On his seventh and Eighth expeditions in 1014AD and 1015AD , he ravaged Kashmir (Cashmere) although the king gave a brave defence of his kingdom.

His ninth expedition in 1017AD was against Kannauj and the prince accepted his soverignity. A dark phase for Rajputs but with 20000 Cavalary and 100000 turkish men, the army was too big to confront. But other Rajputs never forgave the Kannauj Prince. Gajni went on to Mathura and plundered it and took all the gold with him.

His tenth and eleventh expedition were against Lahor and Kalinger and were successful. Defeating [[Jaipal II of Lahor]] grandson of [[Jaipal of Lahor]] and later defeating Kalinger Chandel Prince for supporting [[Anadpal of Lahor]], father of [[Jaipal II of Lahor]].

His twelfth mission on India is most talked about in history and vividly remembered, for in 1024AD he travelled 1000 miles and plundered Somnath, the great shine and took the greatest loot with him. But fortune has its way and the hidden warfare of Rajputs and the brutual Desert of Rajasthan between Luni and Indus rivers were both factors in Md Gazni loosing most of his amry and loot within a few months of his journey back home for Rajputs never let his army get hold of any water resources and put up armies just to show and never confront to make Md Gazni travel in more arid places.

For another 80 years no warriors from west came to India till the Ghor Dynasty rose to prominence and Md Shahbuddin set his eyes on India. Which by then was weakened by the wars of Tomars of Delhi and Gadahvals (or Rathors) of Kannauj. Tomars made alliances with Chauhans of Ajmer and Anadpal Tomar was succeeded by his grandson Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer, son of Visal Dev.

== Famous Rajput Personalities ==
see [[List of Rajputs]].

=== Bappa rawal ===

Bappa Ravala The founder of the Guhilot Rajavansa ( dynasty of rulers ) in Rajasthan, Bappa Raval is known for his strong pride in his Dharma and culture, for defeating the alien Arabian invaders and being a great, glorious and brave king. He started as a ruler of a small principality in Nagahrad ( Nagda ), and extended his rulership up to Chittaud.

Bappa Rawal, born Prince Kalbhoj, was the 8th ruler of the Guhilot dynasty. He founded the state of Mewar (c.734) in present-day Rajasthan, India. Bappa Rawal obtained Chittor in dowry from Maan Mori.

Bappa was also blessed by Harita, a sage of the Mewar region, with kingship. He based the capital of Mewar in the fortress city of Chittor. In order to face of Muslim invasions across the western borders of Rajputana, Bappa united the smaller states of Ajmer and Jaisalmer to repel the invaders. During the next 800 years, Chittor becomes the symbol of Hindu resistance in western India.

In 39th century of Kaliyuga (i.e 8th century A.D.). Muslims started attacking India within a few decades of the birth of Islam. Bappa Raval fought and defeated the Arab invaders in the country and also turned the tide against them and dominated the aliens in their own territory. For a few hundred years they had no success. Bin Qasim was able to defeat Dahir in Sindh but was routed by Bappa Rawal. Qasim attacked Chittor, which was ruled by Mori Rajputs, via Mathura. Bappa, of Guhilot dynasty, was a commander in Mori army and so was Dahir's son. Bappa defeated and pursued Bin Qasim through Saurashtra and back to Sindh. After this resounding defeat of the caliphate at the hands of Bappa, for next few hundred years there were no more Islamic incursions into India. (note Muslim historians rarely recorded the defeats of their kings)

Ruling thus over his kingdom for a long time he abdicated the throne in favor of his son - rather made his son as the king and himself turned into Siva upasaka ( worshipper of Shiva ) and became a Yati ( an ascetic who has full control over his passions ).

He had been extant in Kaliyuga's 39th (i.e. 5thA.D.) century.

===Rana Kumbha===
Rana Kumbha [Maharana Kumbhakarna] was the ruler of Mewar, a state in western India, between AD 1433 and 1468. He was a Rajput belonging to the Sisodia clan. Kumbha was a son of Rana Mokal of Mewar by his wife Sobhagya Devi, a daughter of Jaitmal Sankhla, the Parmara fief-holder of Runkot in the state of Marwar. Rana Kumbha was the vanguard of the fifteenth century Rajput resurgence.

After being overrun by the armies of Alauddin Khilji at the turn of the 13th century, Mewar had become relatively insignificant. Rana Hammira is credited with casting off the Muslim yoke and establishing the second Guhila dynasty of Chittor in 1335. The title Rana and later Maharana was used by rulers of this dynasty. Rana Hammira's grandson, Maharana Mokal was assassinated by his brothers (Chacha and Mera) in 1433. Lack of support, however, caused Chacha and Mera to flee and Rana Kumbha ascended the throne of Mewar. Initially, Rana Kumbha was ably assisted by Ranmal (Ranamalla) Rathore of Mandore. With the passing of time, however, Rana Kumbha wearied of Ranmal's hold on power and in 1438, had him assassinated. In November 1442, Mahmud Khalji (Khilji), Sultan of Malwa, commenced a series of attacks on Mewar. After capturing Machhindargarh, Pangarh and Chaumuha, the Sultan camped for the rainy season. On April 26, 1443, Rana Kumbha attacked the Sultan's encampment, following an indecisive battle the Sultan returned to Mandu. The Sultan attacked again in November 1443, capturing Gagraun and adjoining forts but the capture of Chittor eluded him. The next attack was on Mandalgarh (in October 1446) and was also unsuccessful. Perhaps bloodied by these engagements, the Sultan did not attack Mewar for another ten years. The famed 37-meter, 9-story Vijay -Stambha of Chittorgarh was built in 1458 to commemorate his resounding victory over the combined armies of Malwa and Gujarat (1540).
Ahmad Shah (ruler of Gujarat), and Muhammad Shah (ruler of Delhi) cooperated with Rana Kumbha to combat Mahmud Khalji. During this period, the rulers of Delhi and Gujarat conferred on Rana Kumbha the title of Hindu-suratrana. Rana Kumbha was the first Hindu ruler to be given this accolade by the Muslim Sultans.

'''Capture of Nagaur and reaction of the sultans'''
The ruler of Nagaur, Firuz(Firoz) Khan died around 1453-1454. This set into motion a series of events which tested Kumbha's mettle as a warrior. Shams Khan (the son of Firuz Khan) initially sought the help of Rana Kumbha against his uncle Mujahid Khan, who had occupied the throne. After becoming the ruler, Shams Khan, refused to weaken his defenses, and sought the help of Qutbuddin, the Sultan of Gujarat (Ahmad Shah died in 1442). Angered by this, Kumbha captured Nagaur in 1456, and also Kasili, Khandela and Sakambhari.
In reaction to this, Qutbuddin captured Sirohi and attacked Kumbhalmer. Mahmud Khilji and Qutbuddin then reached an agreement (treaty of Champaner) to attack Mewar and divide the spoils. Qutbuddin captured Abu, was unable to capture Kumbhalmer, and his advance towards Chittor was also blocked. Mahmud Khalji captured Ajmer and in December 1456, conquered Mandalgarh. Taking advantage of Kumbha's preoccupation, Rao Jodha (the son of Ranmal Rathore) captured Mandore. It is a tribute to Rana Kumbha's skills that he was able to defend his kingdom against this multi-directional attack. The death of Qutbuddin in 1458, and hostilities between Mahmud Begara (the new ruler of Gujarat) and Mahmud Khalji finally brought relief to Rana Kumbha. Mahmud Khalji's last sally against Mewar was in 1458-1459.

'''Construction of forts'''
Kumbha is credited with having worked assiduously to build up the state again. Of 84 fortresses that form the defense of Mewar, 32 were erected by Kumbha. Inferior only to Chittor, the chief citadel of Mewar, is the fort of Kumbhalgarh, built by Kumbha. It is the highest fort in Rajasthan (MRL 1075m).

'''Cultural achievements'''
Amongst Rajput rulers, the flowering of arts and culture during Kumbha's reign is exceeded only by Bhoja Parmara (Bhoja I). Maharana Kumbha is credited with writing the Samgita-raja, the Rasika-priya commentary on the Gitagovinda, the Sudaprabandha, and the Kamaraja-ratisara. No copies of the Sangita-ratnakara and Sangita-krama-dipaka (two books on music by Rana Kumbha) have survived. During Rana Kumbha's reign, the scholar Atri and his son Mahesa wrote the prashasti (edict) of the Chittor Kirti-stambha and Kahana Vyasa wrote the Ekalinga-mahamatya.

'''Vijay Stambha'''
Rana Kumbha commissioned the construction of an imposing, 37 meter high, 9 story Victory Tower at Chittor. The tower called Vijay Stambha (victory tower) was completed in 1458. It is also referred to as Vishnu Stambha -- "Tower of Vishnu" in other texts. The tower is covered with exquisite sculptures of Hindu Gods and Goddesses and depicts episodes from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

'''Architecture'''
In addition to the Vijay Stambha of Chittor, the Ranakpur Trailokya-dipaka Jain temple with its adornments, the Kumbhasvami and Adivarsha temples of Chittor and the Shantinatha Jain temple are some (of many) structures built during Rana Kumbha's rule.
There are many inscriptions on the Stambh from the time of Maharana Kumbha.

Verse 17: Kumbha is like the mountain Sumeru for the churning of the sea of Malwa. He humbled its king Muhammad.

Verse 20: He also destroyed other lowly Muslim rulers (of the neighborhood). He uprooted Nagaur.

Verse 21: He rescued twelve lakh cows from the Muslim possession and converted Nagaur into a safe pasture for them. He brought Nagaur under the control of the Brahmanas and secured cows and Brahmanas in this land.

Verse 22: Nagaur was centre of the Muslims. Kumbha uprooted this tree of evil. Its branches and leaves were automatically destroyed.

===Prithivi Raj Chauhan===

Prithviraj Chauhan (c. 1168-1192) Prithviraj Chauhan was a king of the Rajput Chauhan (Chauhamana) Rajput dynasty, who ruled a kingdom in northern India during the latter half of the 12th century.

Prithviraj Chauhan was the second last Hindu king to sit upon the throne of Delhi (the last Hindu king being Hemu, who managed to sit on the throne of Delhi for a few days after Humayun's death.

He succeeded to the throne c. 1179, while still a minor, and ruled from the twin capitals of Ajmer and Delhi. His elopement with Samyukta, the daughter of Jai Chandra, the Gahadvala king of Kannauj, is a popular romantic tale in India, and is one of the subjects of the Prithviraj Raso, an epic poem composed by Prithviraj's court poet, Chand Bardai. Qila Rai Pithora in Delhi, also known as [[Pithoragarh]], is named after him.

After his unfortunate defeat in 1192 AD at the second Battle of Tarain, India was open to invasion by Muslim invaders, and Delhi came under the control of the Muslim rulers, and continued to be so, until the British period.

'''First Battle of Tarain (1191 CE)'''
Muhammad Ghori invaded Prithviraj's domains and laid siege to the fortress of Bhatinda in Punjab, which was at the frontier between the two kingdoms. Prithviraj's appeal for help from his father-in-law was scornfully rejected by the haughty Jaichandra. Undaunted, Prithviraj marched on Bhatinda and gave battle to the invaders at a place called Tarain near the town of Thanesar.

In face of the Rajput onslaught, the invading Muslim army broke ranks and fled, leaving their leader, Muhammad Ghori, a prisoner in Prithviraj's hands. Muhammad Ghori was brought in chains to Qila Rai Pithora, Prithviraj's capital. He begged his captor for mercy and release. Prithviraj's ministers advised against pardoning the aggressor. However, the chivalrous and valiant Prithviraj thought otherwise and respectfully and magnanimously released the vanquished Ghori. Some say that Prithviraj actually pardoned him 16 times over 16 encounters.{{fact|date=December 2008}}

'''Second Battle of Tarain (1192 CE)'''
The very next year, Ghori repaid Prithviraj's gesture. In 1192 AD he again invaded India with a huge army of 1,20, 000 armed men. Both the armies faced each other again at Tarain. Prithviraj had the support of his feudal chiefs but these were only small princes. No powerful ruler extended his support to him even at this critical juncture. Thus, for all practical purposes he had to face the enemy single handed. Again, the two armies met at Tarain. The Hindus followed a traditional practice of battling only between sunrise and sunset. This practise was based upon great epics and ethics in their civilized society. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata support this practise. Ghori as advised by Moinuddin Chishti attacked the surprised Rajput army before daybreak and thus emerged victorious. At the point when annihilation became certain, Sanyogita committed Jauhar {suicide} for self-immolation rather than face the prospect of personal dishonour at the hands of a barbaric invader. Prithviraj was taken in chains to Ghor in present-day Afghanistan.

===Rao Maldeo Rathore===

Humayun, Babur's son was defeated by Sher Shah Suri, a Pathan. Humayun was forced to leave India and he took refuge with Safavid king of Persia. Sher Shah became ruler of Delhi. The Sesodias of Mewar had not yet recovered from Rana Sanga's treacherous defeat. In Marwar the Rathores were becoming very powerful. The Rathore king Rao Maldeo had extended his territory to within a couple of hundred kilometers of Delhi.

Sher Shah attacked Maldeo. Maldeo came with a force of 40 thousand and Sher Shah had 60 thousand. In the evening Sher Shah sent forged letters to Maldeo's camp. In these letters it was stated that few generals from Maldeo's army were buying arms from Sher Shah's army. This caused great consternation in Maldeo who thought there was treachery and that some of his generals had crossed over to Sher Shah. Maldeo left with 20 thousand men.
In reality there was no treachery. Later when Maldeo's generals Kumpa (his progeny are Kumpawat Rathores) and Jaita (his progeny are Jaitawat Rathores) found out what happened they did not loose cool and decided they would not leave the field even though they just had 20 thousand men and had to face 60 thousand Pathans of Sher Shah.

Finally battle of Sammel was fought on a cold morning of [[January 5]] [[1544]] A.D. and Sher Shah was shocked by what he saw. Sher Shah's top generals lost their lives and his army suffered heavy losses. After this Sher Shah commented that "for a few grains of bajra [a grain crop that grows in Marwar] he had almost lost the entire kingdom of India". It is a moot point now but had Maldeo not retreated because of the fake letter, Rathores/Rajputs would have defeated Sher Shah.

=== Rana Hamir ===
Ranathambhor's venerable structure, rapturous beauty and sublime expressiveness seem to be continuously vocalizing the great legends of Hamir Dev, the Rajput king.
Seventeen kilometers from Sawaimadhopur stands a fort, encompassing in its stately walls, a glorious history of the Rajputs.

Hamir Dev belonged to the Chauhan dynasty and drew his lineage from Prithviraj Chauhan who enjoys a respectable place in the Indian history. During his 12 years reign, Hamir Dev fought 17 battles and won 13 of them. He annexed Malwa, Abu and Mandalgarh and thus extended his kingdom to the chagrin of Delhi Sultan, Jalaluddin , who had misgivings about Hamir's intentions. Jalaluddin attacked Ranathambhor and had it under siege for several years. However, he had to return to Delhi unsuccessful.

Jalaluddin was assassinated by his nephew Allaluddin Khilji who then crowned himself as the new Sultan of Delhi. Muhammad Shah was instrumental in making this coup successful which earned him a basketful of privileges. Muhammad Shah was even allowed access to the harem as a result of which he soon built up a good rapport with its inmates.

Chimna was one of Allaudin's begums, but Allaudin never gave her as much attention as other begums of the harem received from him. He had inadvertently managed to antagonize her. To make things worse Chimna Begum saw a valiant soldier in Muhammad Shah and was extremely impressed by his courage and boldness. Soon the vindictive begum and the ambitious Muhammad Shah started a conspiracy to slay Allaudin. Their objective was to see Muhammad Shah as Sultan and the begum as queen. The conspiratorial plans somehow leaked out. Allaudin was enraged as he came to know of Muhammad Shah's intentions. To escape the fury of Allaudin, Muhammad Shah had to flee from Delhi along with his brother. He sought asylum in many nearby kingdom but no one was ready to stand up to the wrath of Allaudin.

Muhammad Shah approached Hamir Dev. The brave Rajput was moved by his humble pleading and misery and agreed to him shelter. Allaudin's ire was roused when he came to know of it. He immediately attacked the fort of Ranathambhor. The armies of Allaudin and Hamir Dev met in a battle on the banks of river Banas. The Rajputs had the initial victory. However, because of the personal feud between the Prime Minister and the Senapati (General-in-charge of the army) Hamir Dev's army got disorganized. The Prime Minister succeeded in getting the Senapati killed. The Senapati of the army was [[Gurdan Saini]]<ref>"The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians",Henry Miers Elliot and John Dowson, pp541. Citing ''Ghurratu-L-Kamal'' , a work by Khalji dynasty's royal poet-scholar Amir Khusro, noted historians Henry Miers Elliot and John Dowson provide the following account of this distinguished Saini general in the Sisodia Rajput army of Rana Hamir that took on Alauddin Khilji's Turk army: ''The rai was in affright, and sent for Gurdan Saini, who was the most experienced warrior amongst the 40,000 rawats under the rai, and had seen many fights among the Hindus. "Sometimes he had gone with the advance to Malwa ; sometimes he had gone plundering in Gujarat." The Saini took 10,000 rawats with him from Jhain, and advanced against the Turks, and, after a severe action, he was slain...''.
</ref>. Meanwhile, Allaudin reorganized his forces and made a renewed attack on the fort. Some unscrupulous officers of Hamir Dev, with Bhoj Dev as their leader, colluded with Allaudin and started giving him secret information about the fort. The war continued. The strong walls of the fort were strategically so situated that it was not possible to blow them down with gunpower, for the debris so created had already killed numerous soldiers of the Sultan in their futile attempt to break in to the fort. At last Allaudin sent a message to Hamir Dev saying that in case he was ready to hand over Muhammad Shah to him, he would go back to Delhi. Hamir Dev was too self respecting to make such an ignominious compromise. He sent back the messenger with the reply that when the Rajputs promised to protect someone, they even gave their lives for his safety. Muhammad Shah saw the hopelessness of the situation and conselled Hamir Dev to hand him over to Allaudin rather than fight such a long drawn-out war and suffer such an enormous loss of lives and resources. Allaudin's army was immense. He put a complete siege on the Ranathambhor fort. Bhoj Dev and his informers kept on supplying him information on the food of water situation inside the fort. The ill-fated war bended with the Sultan's legions emerging victorious. The female members of the Rajput kingdom committed jauhar and gave up lives on the pyres. Hamir Dev, himself, severed his head and put it in front of Lord Shiva's idol as an offering.

After the victory, Allaudin entered the fort. Wounded Muhammad Shah was brought to him.

"What is your last desire?" asked Allaudin. "To kill you and place Hamir's son on the throne of Ranathambhor", replied Muhammad Shah. Then he took out his dagger and committed suicide.

Allaudin, now, turned to Bhoj Dev and his other informers. Their faces were keen with eagerness to receive the long awaited reward from the Sultan. On the countrary, Allaudin roared, "Shave of the heads of these traitors. They have not been loyal to their own king".

Within minutes, the heads of all his accomplices rolled on the ground. Allaudin's laughter reverberated against the walls of the fort.

=== Rana Sanga ===
The mantle of Rana Kumbha's greatness passed onto Maharana Sangram Singh. Rana Sanga, also known as Sangram Singh, was the Rana (king) of Mewar, in present-day Rajasthan state of western India, from 1509 to 1527.

He brought Mewar to the peak of its prosperity and prominence, establishing it as the premier Rajput state.

With the collapse of power in Delhi, Rana Sanga emerged as the most powerful Hindu King in North India with a direct or indirect sway over the whole of Rajputana. His battles against the Lodhis and the Muslim rulers of Gujarat and Malwa are legendary.

He united the Rajput states and put up a strong unified defence against Babur's armies. It was a valiant struggle to protect the integrity of Hindu states. The Maharana lost the battle but not the principle of independence.

Like the illustrious Kshatriya Kings of ancient Bharat-varsha, the Maharanas exemplified the finest Hindu values and traditions in war and in peace: Honour and chivalry; selflessness and respect for humanity.

The pinnacle of prosperity, the heights of valour.
Under the Mighty Sanga, Mewar reached its apex of prosperity and controlled, directly and indirectly, a large part of Rajputana.

Rana Sanga is the finest example of the Kshatriya King as the Protector, the Suryavanshi King whose focus was on consolidating and developing his state.

Though the power of Delhi was on the decline, Rana Sanga faced repeated invasions from the Muslim rulers of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa. His powerful army engaged in battle over eighteen times with Muslim forces and the Maharana himself was battle-scarred : having lost an arm and eye, been crippled in one leg and suffered innumerable wounds. But his power and spirit remained indomitable.

In 1519 after Sultan Mahmud of Mandu was defeated and taken prisoner, Rana Sanga displayed the same chivalry and generosity which Rana Kumbha had demonstrated towards a defeated enemy. Mahmud was treated like a guest and his kingdom was restored by the Maharana who could have easily annexed it.

He too upon himself to unite the Rajput states into a confederacy. On February 1527 Rana Sanga led a combined Rajput force of over 200,000 men to drive Babur away. Rana Sanga's army engaged the Mughal force at the Battle of Khanwa.

In the Battle of Khanua in 1527, Rana Sanga's armies gained an initial advantage against Babur's forces. But the tides turned against the valiant Rajputs and Rana Sanga was himself wounded on the battlefield.

Babur's victory was his stepping stone to founding the Mughal Empire in India and in Rana Sanga's defeat the hopes of a Hindu revival were ruined.

Rana Sanga's loyalty to the Rajput code of chivalry and generosity is legendary. He is regarded as the last Hindu emperor of medieval India who could stand up for the principle of independence and 'rashtra' against the march of the Mughals.

=== Maharana Pratap ===
[[Image:City Palace Udaipur.jpg|thumb|250px|Udaipur City Palace [[Udaipur]] remained the capital of [[Mewar]] after fall of [[Chittor]] in 1568 CE, until its accession in independent India.]]
During the "Third Jauhar" these relations were not universally approbated. [[Mewar]], which justly enjoys a unique position in the Rajput mind, held out and valiantly gave battle to Akbar. After a brave struggle, Mewar's chief citadel of [[Chittor]] finally fell to Akbar in 1568. The third (and last) ''Jauhar'' of Chittor transpired on this occasion. When the fall of the citadel became imminent, the ladies of the fort committed collective self-immolation and the men sallied out of the fort to meet the invading Muslim army in a hopeless fight to an honorable death.

Prior to this event, Mewar's ruler, [[Rana Udai Singh II]], had retired to the nearby hills, where he founded a new town [[Udaipur]] named it after himself. He was succeeded while in exile by his son [[Rana Pratap]] as head of the [[Sisodia]] clan. Even in exile, the Sisodias did not rest; under the able leadership of Rana Pratap Singh, they harassed the Mughal administrators of the land enough to cause them to make accommodatory overtures. [[Rana Pratap]], a present-day Rajput icon, rebuffed every such overtures of friendship from Akbar and rallied an army to meet the Mughal forces. Some historians say that he was defeated at the battle of [[Haldighati]] but Mughals never invaded in Udaipur on [[June 21]], [[1576]] but were forced to withdraw to the [[Aravalli]] ranges; however, he carried out a relentless guerilla struggle from his hideout in those hills, and never gave in to the Mughal power. On a social level Maharana was very disappointed with other rajputs of rajasthan who had given their daughters to Mughals such as Akbar and he banned all marriages of his rajput followers with this other group whom he did not consider rajputs anymore. By the time of his death, Rana Pratap Singh had reconquered nearly all of his kingdom from the Mughals, except for the fortress of [[Chittor]] and Mandal Garh. He died in 1597 CE. After Maharana's death, his son Amar Singh, continued the struggle for 18 years, and faced constant attacks from Mughals. He fought 17 wars with the Mughals. Finally he conditionally accepted them as rulers. At this time, a large chunk of Maharana Pratap's band of loyal Rajputs became disillusioned by the surrender and left Rajasthan. This group included Rathores, Deora Chauhans, Pariharas, Tomaras, Kacchwaha and Jhalas. They are called "Rors" and settled mostly in Haryana, with some in Uttar Pradesh. Until today they do not intermarry with other Rajputs but "gotra permitting" with other Rors only. Amar Singh entered into the peace treaty with the Mughals but on certain conditions:
*1. Rana of Mewar shall not attend the Mughal court personally but the crown prince shall attend the court.

*2. No daughter of [[Sisodia]]s would be married to [[Mughals]].

The treaty was signed by Rana Amar Singh and prince "Khurram" (later [[Shah Jahan]]) in 1615 CE at [[Gogunda]]. He thus regained control of his state as a vassal of the Mughals.

The Sisodias, rulers of Mewar, were famously the last Rajput dynasty to enter into an alliance with the Mughals. The Rajput states, thereafter, remained loyal to the Mughal Empire for over two centuries, until it was supplanted by the [[British Raj]]. Indeed, even as late as the early 19th century, Rajput courts rarely failed to formally affirm their loyalty to the (by now entirely powerless) Mughal Emperor in all their official ''communiques'' and documents.

** Authentic and good historical books on Mewar, Maharana Pratap and Survansh are written by Gujarati Author [[Harilal Upadhyay]]. Further information related to his novels can be found from his official cum tribute websie [http://www.harilalupadhyay.org http://www.harilalupadhyay.org]

=== Maharaja Jaswant Singh ===
In the Battle of Dharmatpur, Jaswant Singh opposed Aurangzeb. The battle was fought on 15th April 1658, fifteen miles from Ujjain. Jaswant could have attacked Aurangzeb but he allowed Murad's armies to join Aurangzeb. He was desirous of beating both Mughal princes at once. This delay allowed Aurangzeb to win over the Mughal general, Kasim Khan, who was sent by Shah Jahan to help Jaswant Singh. Kasim Khan defected as soon as the war started but 30,000 rajputs of Jaswant decided that they would not leave the field. Some prominent generals in Maharaja's army were Mukund Singh Hara of Kotah and Bundi, Dayal Das Jhala, Arjun Gaur of Rajgarh in Ajmer province and Ratan Singh Rathore of Ratlam. Jaswant attacked both Aurangzeb and Murad and they barely escaped. According to James Tod in Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan:
Ten thousand Muslims fell in the onset, which cost seventeen hundred Rathores, besides Guhilotes, Haras, Gaurs, and some of every clan of Rajwarra. Aurangzeb and Murad only escaped because their days were not yet numbered. Notwithstanding the immense superiority of the imperial princes, aided by numerous artillery served by Frenchmen, night alone put a stop to the contest of science, numbers, and artillery, against Rajput courage.
Finally the unequal contest ended and Aurangzeb named the place of victory Fatehabad. In this battle Durga Das Rathore changed four horses and lost about half a dozen swords (they broke due to intense fighting) and he finally fell down half dead. Maharajah ordered him to be carried away.

Rajputs, even in the moment of battle, worshipped the rising sun, and they sealed their faith in their blood; and none more liberally than the brave Haras of Kotah and Bundi. . . The annals of no nation on earth can furnish such an example, as an entire family, six royal brothers of Kotah, stretched on the field, and all but one in death. Of all the deeds of heroism performed on this day, those of Ratan Singh Rathore of Ratlam, by universal consent, are pre-eminent, and are wreathed into immortal rhyme by the bard in the Raso Rao Ratan.

===Durga Das Rathore ===
When Jaswant Singh Rathore died he had no son and this gave Aurangzeb a chance to appoint a Muslim as the ruler of Marwar. This upset Rathore Rajputs a lot. Two of Jaswant Singh's queens were pregnant when he died. One queen gave birth to Ajit Singh and other to Dalathamban. After Ajit's birth, Rathore generals, chief among them was Durga Das Rathore (a Karnot Rathore) went to Delhi along with the queens and the infants, and asked Aurangzeb that crown of Marwar should be given to Ajit Singh. Aurangzeb was very cunning and he had no intention of handing over the throne of Marwar. He suggested that Ajit should grow up in his harem but internally he wanted to kill them all.
Durga Das sensed this and they smuggled Ajit Singh out of Delhi to the outskirts of the city. When Mughal army came to capture them in Delhi, Durga Das and his men attacked the Mughals and started riding out of Delhi. Raghunandan Bhati and others soaked the streets of Delhi in crimson by flowing the blood of Mughal pursuers. There were about three hundred Rajputs with Durga Das and there were thousands of pursuing Mughals. Every so often 15 - 20 Rajputs would fall behind attack the Mughal pursuers and in the process get themselves killed but it allowed the forward party to create some distance between Ajit and the Mughals. This continued till the evening by which time the Mughals had given up and Durga Das was left with just seven men out of three hundred he started with and reached Jaipur along with Ajit Singh.
Thereby started the 30 year Rajput rebellion against Aurangzeb. Mewar and Marwar forces combined together and almost killed Aurangzeb when he was trapped in the mountains of Rajasthan but the Mewar king out of magnanimity allowed Aurangzeb to escape. All the trade routes were plundered by Rajputs and they started looting various treasuries of Rajasthan and Gujarat. To crush them Aurangzeb sent many expeditions but no success. These expeditions and drying up of revenue from trade routes running through Rajasthan had severe effect on his resources. In addition the lion of Maharashtra, Shivaji, had freed almost all of Maharashtra and was at constant war with Aurangzeb. Shivaji had some Rajput ancestry. Finally, on his death-bed Aurangzeb complained that his life had been a complete failure.

=== Amar singh Rathore ===
A historical legendary character whose saga of bravery is sung around Agra region of India till date. He served Mughals there at Agra for a short period after being denied his right of inheritance at Nagaur in Rajasthan.

He was the famous fighter who jumped from Agra Fort with his horse.

Amar singh rathore proved this saying appropriately by killing 100 soldiers of auranzgeb alone single handtedly. In auranzgeb court lesser kings had to come daily so as to give their attendance..But amar singh didn't came for some days,,when one day he came auranzgeb asked him why u were absent for so long..Amar singh replied kuch kaam pad gaya tha (Some work had occurred), Auranzgeb told him u are kafir (Non believer of god), At hearing this Amar singh charged with his sword at auranzgeb,,poet and aurangzeb ander ke cabin mein ghoos gaye..Tab amar singh aur auranzgeb ke soldiers mein fight hue (Fight occurred between Amar singh rathore and soldiers).. Auranzgeb at that time asked poet what will happen to Amar singh when he was fighting..Poet replied huzor chinta mat loo (Don't take tension),,ek sher(Lion) 100 Badeahon(Wolves) ke liye more than sufficient hota hai.. Surely enough Amar singh rathore killed all of them..

But he was tricked into by his brother in law,,and killed when he was putting his face out of the window, When his brother in law went with amar singh head kept in plate to impress auranzgeb, at that time Auranzgeb became very unhappy and told him that you think that will make me happy u fool. Instead my heart goes and you have killed such a great warrior cheating him. At that time poet(Bard) said to Auranzgeb that one day u had asked why rajput kingdom went away. That's the reason because of it, they are not united themselves.

=== Rani Padmini ===
In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Sultanate of Delhi - the kingdom set up by the invaders was nevertheless growing in power. The Sultans made repeated attack on Mewad on one pretext or the other. Here we may recollect the story of Rani Padmani who was the pretext for Allah-ud-din Khilji's attack on Chittod. In those days Chittod was under the Rule of King Ratansen, a brave and noble warrior-king. Apart, from being a loving husband and a just ruler, Ratansen was also a patron of the arts. In his court were many talented People one of whom was a musician named Raghav Chetan. But unknown to anybody, Raghav Chetan was also a sorcerer. He used his evil talents to run down his rivals and unfortunately for him was caught red-handed in his dirty act of arousing evil spirits.

On hearing this King Ratansen was furious and he banished Raghav Chetan from his kingdom after blackening his face with face and making him ride a donkey. This harsh Punishment earned king Ratansen an uncompromising enemy. Sulking after his humiliation, Raghav Chetan made his way towards Delhi with -the aim of trying to incite the Sultan of Delhi Ala-ud-din Khilji to attack Chittor.

On approaching Delhi, Raghav Chetan settled down in one of the forests nearby Delhi which the Sultan used to frequent for hunting deer. One day on hearing the Sultan's hunt party entering the forest, Raghav-Chetan started playing a melodious tone on his flute. When the alluring notes of Raghav-Chetan flute reached the Sultan's party they were surprised as to who could be playing a flute in such a masterly way in a forlorn forest.

The Sultan despatched his soldiers to fetch the person and when Raghav-Chetan was brought before him, the Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji asked him to come to his court at Delhi. The cunning Raghav-Chetan asked the king as to why he wants to have an ordinary musician like himself when there were many other beautiful objects to be had. Wondering what Raghav-Chetan meant, Ala-ud-din asked him to clarify. Upon being told of Rani Padmini's beauty, Ala-ud-din's lust was aroused and immediately on returning to his capital he gave orders to his army to march on Chittor.

On being persuaded by her husband Rana Ratansen, Rani Padmini consented to allow Ala-ud-din to see her only in a mirror. On the word being sent to Ala-ud-din that Padmini would see him he came to the fort with his selected his best warriors who secretly made a careful examination of the fort's defences on their way to the Palace.

But to his dismay, on reaching Chittor, Ala-ud-din found the fort to be heavily defended. Desperate to have a look at the legendary beauty of Padmini, he sent word to King Ratansen that he looked upon Padmini as his sister and wanted to meet her. On hearing this, the unsuspecting Ratansen asked Padmini to see the 'brother'. But Padmini was more wordly-wise and she refused to meet the lustful Sultan personally.

But on being persuaded she consented to allow Ala-ad-din to see her only in a mirror. On the word being sent to Ala-ad-din that Padmini would see him he came to the fort with his selected his best warriors who secretly made a careful examination of the fort's defences on their way to the Palace.

On seeing Padmini, the lustful 'brother' decided that he should secure Padmini for himself. While returning to his camp, Ala-ad-din was accompanied for some way by King Ratansen. Taking this opportunity, the wily Sultan treacherously kidnapped Ratansen and took him as a prisoner into his camp.

Ala--ad-din showed his true colours and demanded , that Padmini be given to him and in return Ratnanen was to get his liberty. Word was sent into the palace about the Sultan's demand.

The Rajput generals decided to beat the Sultan at his own game and sent back word that Padmini would be given to Ala-ad-din the next morning. On the following day at the crack of dawn, one hundred and fifty palakies (covered cases in which royal ladies were carried in medieveal times) left the fort and made their way towards Ala-ad-din's camps The Palkies stopped before the tent where king Ratnasen was being held prisoner. Seeing that the Palkies had come from Chittor; and thinking that they had brought along with them his queen, king Ratansen was mortified. But to his surprise from the palkies came out, not his queen and her women servants but fully armed solders, who quickly freed Ratansen and galloped away towards Chittor on horses grabbed from Ala-ad-din's stables.

On hearing that his designs had been frustrated, the lustful Sultan was furious and ordered his army to storm Chittor. But hard as they tried the Sultans army could not break into the fort. Then Ala-ud-din decided to lay siege to the fort. The siege was a long drawn one and gradually supplied within the fort were depleted. Finally King Ratnasen gave orders that the Rajputs would open the gates and fight to finish with the besieging troops. On hearing of this decision, Padmini decided that with their men-folk going into the unequal struggle with the Sultan's army in which they were sure to perish, the women of Chittor had either to commit suicides or face dishonour at the hands of the victorious enemy.

The choice was in favour of suicide through Jauhar. A huge pyre was lit and followed by their queen, all the women of Chittor jumped into the flames and deceived the lustful enemy waiting outside. With their womenfolk dead, the men of Chittor had nothing to live for. Their charged out of the fort and fought on furiously with the vastly Powerful array of the Sultan, till all of them perished. After this phyrrhic victory the Sultan's troops entered the fort only to be confronted with ashes and burnt bones of the women whose honour they were going to violate to satisfy their lust.

These women who committed Jauhar (Johar) had to perish but their memory has been kept alive till today by bards and songs which glorify their act which was right in those days and circumstances. Thus a halo of honour is given to their supreme sacrifice.

=== Rani Durgavati ===
Rani Durgavati was born on 5th October 1524 A.D. in the family of famous Chandel emperor Keerat Rai. She was born at the fort of Kalanjar (Banda, U.P.). Chandel Dynasty is famous in the Indian History for the valiant king Vidyadhar who repulsed the attacks of Mehmood Gaznavi. His love for sculptures is shown in the world famed temples of Khajuraho and Kalanjar fort. Rani Durgavati's achievements further enhanced the glory of her ancestral tradition of courage and patronage of arts.

In 1542, she was married to Dalpatshah, the eldest son of king Sangramshah of Gond Dynasty. Chandel and Gond dynasties got closer as a consequence of this marriage and that was the reason Keerat Rai got the help of Gonds and his son-in-law Dalpatshah at the time of invasion of Shershah Suri in which Shershah Suri died.

She gave birth to a son in 1545 A.D. who was named Vir Narayan. Dalpatshah died in about 1550 A.D. As Vir Narayan was too young at that time, Durgavati took the reins of the Gond kingdom in her hands. Two ministers Adhar Kayastha and Man Thakur helped the Rani in looking after the administration successfully and effectively. Rani moved her capital to Chauragarh in place of Singaurgarh. It was a fort of strategic importance situated on the Satpura hill range.

After the death of Shershah, Sujat Khan captured the Malwa zone and was succeeded by his son Bajbahadur in 1556 A.D. (Bajbahadur is famous in history for his tumultus love affair with Rani Roopmati). After ascending to the throne, he attacked Rani Durgavati but the attack was repulsed with heavy losses to his army. This defeat effectively silenced Bajbahadur and the victory brought name and fame for Rani Durgavati.
In the year 1562 Akbar vanquished the Malwa ruler Baj Bahadur and annexed the Malwa with Mughul dominion. Consequently, the state boundary of Rani touched the Mughal kingdom.
Rani's contemporary Mughul Subedar was Abdul Mazid Khan, an ambitious man who vanquished Ramchandra, the ruler of Rewa. Prosperity of Rani Durgavati's state lured him and he invaded Rani's state after taking permission from Mughul emperor. This plan of Mughul invasion was the result of expansionism and imperialism of Akbar.
When Rani heard about the attack by Asaf Khan she decide to defend her kingdom with all her might although her minister Adhar pointed out the strength of Mughal forces. Rani maintained that it was better to die respectfully than to live a disgraceful life.
To fight a defensive battle, she went to Narrai situated between a hilly range on one side and two rivers Gaur and Narmada on the other side. It was an unequal battle with trained soldiers and modern weapons in multitude on one side and a few untrained soldiers with old weapons on the other side. Her Fauzdar Arjun Daswas killed in the battle and Rani decided to lead the defence herself. As the enemy entered the valley, soldiers of Rani attacked them. Both sides lost some men but Rani was victorious in this battle. She chased the Mughul army and came out of the valley.

At this stage Rani reviewed her strategy with her counsellors. She wanted to attack the enemy in the night to enfeeble them but her lieutenants did not accept her suggestion. By next morning Asaf khan had summoned big guns. Rani rode on her elephant Sarman and came for the battle. Her son Vir Narayan also took part in this battle. He forced Mughul army to move back three times but at last he got wounded and had to retire to a safe place. In the course of battle Rani also got injured near her ear with an arrow. Another arrow pierced her neck and she lost her consciousness. On regaining consciousness she perceived that defeat was imminent. Her Mahout advised her to leave the battlefield but she refused and took out her dagger and killed herself. Her martyrdom day (24th June 1564) is even today commomorated as "Balidan Diwas".
Rani Durgavati's was a personality with varied facets. She was valiant, beautiful and brave and also a great leader with administrative skills. Her self-respect forced her to fight till death rather than surrender herself to her enemy.

=== Ram Singh Pathania ===

Keeping in tune with their valorous tradition, the last battle fought by the [[Rajputs]] of the Kingdom of [[Nurpur]], was in 1848 A.D. against the British by Ram Singh Pathania for his King who was still a minor. After fighting a guerilla war against the British, he made brigadier Wheeler assemble a considerable force at Dhaula Dhar, near Shahpurkandi, [[Pathankot]] against him. Ram Singh Pathania fought the British many times in battles, but they could not defeat him and there were heavy losses on both sides. After the battle of Dhaula Dhar the British had despaired of capturing Ram Singh by ordinary military means, and eventually they bribed a Brahman to tell them where he could be found alone and unarmed, so that they would ambush him. He was captured treacherously while he was praying on the banks of the Ravi river without his weapons, near the Shahpurkandi fortress. Some historians say that he was betrayed by the Raja's of [[Jammu]] and [[Guler]], and handed over to the British.

Because of the resistance he showed to the British, and his influence as a legendary warrior to his people, he was sentenced to life imprisonment beyond the high seas, and sent to Rangoon (Burma). He died there on 11th of November, 1856, he was just 23. The Kingdom was annexed by the British soon after this.

The legend of Ram Singh has gained in popularity to such an extent that today it is incorporated by most Himachalis, regardless of their home district, as part of their cultural-historical heritage, forming a part of Himachali identity.

During the main Hindu festivals such as [[Dusshera]] [[Durga Puja]], the Baren or [[Martial]] [[Ballads]] of Ram Singh Pathania are sung to the accompaniment of dafale ([[music of Himachal Pradesh]]) by singers known as Adavale and folk artists. These songs are sung in all the districts of [[Himachal Pradesh]] as well the [[Gurdaspur]] district of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].

The people of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and surrounding areas believe that Ram Singh was the first freedom fighter of India, who stood against the British might and fought bravely against them. He was a true Rajput, who followed the valorous tradition of his brave ancestors till the end.

Every year a fair honoring his name is held at dhaula dhar, near Shahpurkandi, [[Pathankot]], where the sword and Armour of the lionheart Ram Singh Pathania is displayed.

==Rajput Lineages/Vanshs==

The Rajput vanshs are:

====Suryavansh:====

Major subdivisions with Gotras—

1) Suryavanshi- Gotra: Kashyap

2) Nimi vansh- Gotra: Vashishta

3) Nikumbha Vansh (Shreenet/Sirnet)- Gotra: Vashist/ Bharadwaj

4) Gohil – Gotra: Kashyap

5) Gehlot- Major subdivisions- Sisodia, Gohil Sub-sub divisions: Chundawat, Ranawat, Shaktawat, Sarangdevot, Sangawat,
Chandrawat, Kshemawat, Suhawat, Ahariya Gotra: Vaijpay/Vaijpayen/Kashyap/Gautam
Note: Bhonsle are a non-Rajput (Maratha) subdivision of the Gehlot vansh

6) Rathore/Gahadval/Gaharwar/Rashtrakutt- Gotra:Gautam/Kashyap in UP
Main subdivisions—Champawat, Kupawat, Bika, Jodha, Udawat, Dangi, Sihamalot, Mahecha, Mertia, Vanar, Khokhar, Pokharan,
Khabaria, Barmera, Mohania, Boola, Mopa, Sunda, Randa, Vikramayat, Kotaria, Jaitmallot .

7) Gautam- Gotra: Gautam

8) Kushwaha/Kachchawa-
Gotra:Manavya/Gautam
Major subdivisions: Gogawat, Kubhani, Naruka, Ladkhani, Tajkhani, Nathawat, Rajawat, Shekhawat, Jeetawat, Bankawat,
Balbhadrot, Khangarot, Chaturbhujot

9) Badgujar (Raghav)-
Gotra:Vashisht Major shakhas- Sikarwar, Khadad, Lawtamia, Taparia, Madadh (Gotra: Bharadwaj)

10) Gaur- Gotra:Bharadwaj

11) Pundir/Dahima- Gotra:Paulastya Major Shakha-Kalwal/Koolwal

12) Dahiya- Gotra: Vyas (Extinct)

13) Dogra- Gotra: Kashyap

14) Minhas/ Manhas - Gotra:Bharadwaj

====Chandravansh:====
1) Somvanshi - Gotra:Atri

2) Yaduvanshi/Jadaun- Gotra:Kondindya

3) Bhati- Gotra:Atri Major Shakhas- Tabni, Bogha, Lahua, Maheda/Badecha, Rawalot, Sirmauria

4) Haihai/Kaluchari- Gotra:Krishnatreya/Kashyap/Shandilya

5) Jadeja- Gotra?? Major Shakhas-Sarvaia, Raijdas, Vaj

6) Chandel- Gotra:Chandrayan Major Shakhas-Chamarkate, Mohabiye

7) [[Tomar]]/Tanwar- Gotra: Gargya/Vyadhrapad Major Shakhas-Runecha,
Gvelera, Beruar, Bildaria, Khati, Indoria, Jwala, Ritalia, Somwal,
Raikwal, Mohala, Jaggara, Suniar, Jodhana, Namal, Miha, Saidha, Chandoria, Supal,
Devat, Meeri, Panwa, Damdera, Ladhwa, Godhewa, Atawari, Sarohe, Jatu, Jairawta,
Raghotanwar, Satrawala, Kalia

8) Sengar- Gotra: Gautam Major Shakhas:Chutu, Kadamb,
Barhiya, Dahlia, Daharia

9) Bundela- Gotra: Kashyap (Controversial as to whether they are in Chandravansh or a branch of Gaharwar/Rathores)
Major Shakhas-Bundela, Kathi, Karmwar (Gotra:Baradwaj), Sarniha .

10) Jhala (Makwana)- Gotra: Kashyap

11)Banafar- Gotra:Kondinya/Kashyap

12) Kanhavanshi- Gotra: Bharadwaj

13) Raksel

14) Katoch

15) Chaupatkhammbh

17) Bajvansh

18) Sen vansh- Bengal, Mandi & Suket in HP.

19) Janwar- Gotra: Kaushik

20) Palwar- Gotra:Vyadhra

====Agnivansh:====

1) Chauhan:

Gotra-Vats Major Shakhas- Hada, Songara, Deora, Khichi, Shambhri, Sanchora, Pavia, Goyalwal, Bhadauria, Malani, Nirwan,
Puravia, Madrecha, Cheeba, Mohil, Chahil, Balecha, Chachera, Boda, Nadola......etc

2) Solanki (Chalukya):

Gotra-?? Main Shakhas- Baghel

3) Parmar/Pawar/Panwar/Punwar Solans:

Gotra-Vahisht Major Shakhas- Mori, Sodha, Sankhla, Khechar, Umra & Sumra (Muslim converts in Pak), Kohil, Daddha,
Maipawat, Khair, Bhuller, Sorgatia, Pachawara, Varah, KabaBeedh, Badhel, Dheek, Ujjjainia, Kaleja.....etc
Also major Parmar branches-- Chavda: Gotra-Kashyap in Gujrat & Mewar.

Dodia: Gotra-?? Mainly in Sardargarh(Mewar), Piploda(MP), Dangi, Gudan Khera, Champaner (Gujarat) & UP- Muradabad,
Bulandshaher, Meerut, Aligarh, Banda, & Panna & Sagar in MP

4)Pratihar/Parihar:

Gotra-Kashyap (Sometimes Koshyal/Kanshilya) 13 major shakhas Lullra, Surawat, Rameta, Budhkhel/Pokhawat, Inda,
Khokhar, Kilhan/Kinwar/Kalhans/Chandra/Chuhhan, Ghorana, Dhandhil, Sindhu, Dorana, Subrana, Pahara, Keshodas, Sonpalol, Deep Singh

====Nagvansh:====

1) Bais/Bhale Sultan- Gotra: Bharadwaj Major Shakhas-Kot bahar, Kath, Dondia, Trilokchandi, Pratishthanpuri, Chandosia,
Rawat, Kumbhi, Narwaria, Bhale sultan Rishivansh/Brahmkshatriya

2) Gautam (See Suryavansh)

3) Sengar (See Chandravansh)

4) Bisen- Gotra:Parasar Also included in Suryavansh Major Shakhas-Bumtela(Gotra-Shandilya), Bumbwar(Gotra-Bharadwaj),
Donwar(Gotra-Kashyap)

====Rishivansh/Brahmkshatriya:====

1) Gautam (See Suryavansh)

2) Sengar (See Chandravansh)

3) Bisen- Gotra:Parasar Also included in Suryavansh
Major Shakhas-Bumtela(Gotra-Shandilya), Bumbwar(Gotra-Bharadwaj), Donwar(Gotra-Kashyap)

Note: All Rajputs are eventually divided in to either Suryavansh or Chandravansh, including those belonging to
Agnikul/Nagvansh/Rishivansh. Eg in Agnikul, Chauhan, Parmar & Pratihar are Suryavnshi & Solankis are Chandravanshi.
In Nagvansh, Bisen are Suryavanshi. In Rishivansh, Gautam, Bais, Dixit & Pundir are Suryavansi & Dixit(?overlap)
& Sengar are Chandravanshi.

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Rajasthan]]
* [[Rajput clans]]
* [[History of Rajputs]]
* [[List of Rajputs]]
* [[Singh]] (Lion), the traditional middle name of Rajputs
* [[Charan]]
* [[Rajput Regiment]]
* [[Forward Castes]]
* [[Rajputs and Zoroastrianism]]
* [[Rajputs and Buddhism]]
* [[Muslim Rajputs]]
* [[Sikh Rajputs]]

{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading==

*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Harlan
| Given1 = Lindsey
| Year = 1992
| Title = Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives.
| Publisher = University of California Press
| ID = ISBN 0-520-07339-8
}} [http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft2g5004kg&brand=ucpress].
*Kasturi, Malavika, '' Embattled Identities Rajput Lineages'', Oxford University Press (2002) ISBN 0-19-565787-X
* Patnaik, Naveen. (1990). ''A Desert Kingdom: The Rajputs of Bikaner''. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd., London.
*M K A Siddiqui (ed.), ''Marginal Muslim Communities In India'', Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi (2004)
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Tod
| Given1 = James
| Surname2 = Crooke
| Given2 = William (Editor)
| Year = 1994
| Title = Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (2 vols.).
| Publisher = Trans-Atl
| ID = ISBN 81-7069-128-1
| Comment = The way Surjan Hada was befriended by Man Singh and Akbar and the conditions that Surjan laid down for this friendship are chronicled. Surjan's leaving [[Ranthambore]] and living in [[Banaras]] because of this friendship is also documented by [[James Tod]] in this book. Treachery against Rana Sanga is also described in this book. (Treachery against Rana Sanga: Annals of Mewar, Chapter IX Vol-I: Pages 243-246. Surjan Hada: Page 381-385 volume II).
}}.
*W.W. Hunter, ''The Indian empire, its people, history and products.'' First published: London, Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hill, 1886. ISBN 81-206-1581-6.{{1911}}
*[[Dasharatha Sharma]] ''Rajasthan through the Ages'' a comprehensive and authentic history of Rajasthan, prepared under the orders of the Government of Rajasthan. First published 1966 by Rajasthan Archives.
*Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] - This online Copy has been posted by: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List])

==References and Footnotes==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
<div class="references-small">
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Beck
| Given1 = Dr. Sanderson
| Year = 2004
| Title = India & Southeast Asia to 1875.
| Publisher = World Peace Communications
| ID = ISBN 0-9762210-0-4
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Bhati
| Given1 = Hari Simha
| Year = 2002
| Title = Annals of Jaisalmer: a pre-medieval history.
| Publisher = Kavi Prakashan
| ID = ASIN B0000CPJC0
| Comment = Very detailed description of Bhatti clan of Rajputs. Contains details on the siege of Jaisalmer and how proudly Jaisalmer was defended by Bhattis for eight consecutive years.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Bhati
| Given1 = Dr. Narayan Singh
| Year = 1991
| Title = Maharaja Mansingh: the mystic monarch of Marwar.
| Publisher = Maharaja Man Singh Pustak Prakash, Jodhpur
| ID =
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Bhatnagar
| Given1 = Professor V.S.
| Year =
| Title = Essays on Bardic literature
| Publisher =
| ID =
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Bingley
| Given1 = Captain A.H.
| Year = 1986
| Title = Handbook on Rajputs
| Publisher = Asian Educational Services, New Delhi(India)
| ID =
| Comment = Army manual originally published in 1899, to assist British officers in the recruitment of Rajput soldiers.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Choudhury
| Given1 = Bani Roy
| Year = 2nd Ed. 1977
| Title = Folk tales of Rajasthan.
| Publisher = Sterling Publishers
| ID = ASIN B0007ANEHY
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Dua
| Given1 = Shyam
| Year = 2004
| Title = The luminous life of Maharana Pratap.
| Publisher =
| ID = ISBN 81-7573-832-4
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Heinemann
| Given1 = S O
| Year = 1990
| Title = Poems of Mewar.
| Publisher = Vintage Books
| ID = ISBN 81-85326-40-1
| Comment = First sack of Chittor. Rani Padmini and Rawal Ratan Singh. Bravery of Gora, Badal. (Chapter 2: Pages 11-39).
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Hunter
| Given1 = W.W.
| Year = 1886
| Title = The Indian Empire, Its People, History and Products.
| Publisher = London: Trubner & Co, Ludgate Hill, 1886
| ID = ISBN 81-206-1581-6
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Joshi
| Given1 = Dr. Sanjay
| Year = 2004
| Title = Unveiling Ajitsingh's Sanskrit biography : issues in Marwar history and Sanskrit poetics.
| Publisher = Books Treasure, Jodhpur
| ID = ISBN 81-900422-1-1
| Comment = A very good biography of Maharaja Ajit Singh [[Rathore]] of Jodhpur, son of Maharaja Jaswant Singh [[Rathore]].
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Kadam
| Given1 = Vasant S
| Year = 1993
| Title = Maratha confederacy : a study in its origin and development.
| Publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
| ID = ISBN 81-215-0570-2
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Khan
| Given1 = Rana Muhammad Sarwar
| Year = 2005
| Title = The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture and Nobility
| Publisher = Eastern Book Corporation
| ID =
| Comment = 2 Vols.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Mathur
| Given1 = Professor G.L.
| Year = 2004
| Title = Folklore of Rajasthan.
| Publisher = Publisher Rajasthani Granthagar, Sojati Gate, Jodhpur
| ID =
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Mathur
| Given1 = Dr. L.P
| Year = 2004
| Title = War strategy of Maharana Pratap, its evolution and implementation.
| Publisher = Publication Scheme, Ganga Mandir, Jaipur-1
| ID = ISBN 81-8182-016-9
| Comment = Maharana Pratap's war strategy is discussed in detail.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Nagar
| Given1 = Dr. (Kr.) Mahendra Singh
| Year = 2004
| Title = The genealogical survey : Royal house of Marwar and other states.
| Publisher = Maharaja Man Singh Pustak Prakash, Jodhpur
| ID =
| Comment = Lineage of Rathore rulers is provided starting with Rao Sheoji.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Ranade
| Given1 = M G
| Year = 1962
| Title = Rise of the Maratha power.
| Publisher =
| ID = ISBN 1-135-40336-8
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Rathore
| Given1 = Professor L.S
| Year = 1991
| Title = Maharana Hammir of [[Mewar]]: Chittor's lost freedom restored.
| Publisher = The Thar Bliss Publishing House, Jodhpur 342 001
| ID =
| Comment = Life of Maharana Hammir and his campaigns to free chittor. His wars with Muhammad Tughlaq.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Rathore
| Given1 = Dr. L.S Rathore
| Year = 1990
| Title = The glory of Ranthambhor.
| Publisher = Jodhpur university press, Jodhpur (India)
| ID =
| Comment = Detailed description of wars between Hammir Dev Chauhan and Khilji.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Rathore
| Given1 = Dr. L.S
| Year = 1988
| Title = The johur of Padmini : the saga of Chittor's deathless heroine.
| Publisher = Thar Bliss Publishing House, Jaipur
| ID =
| Comment = Description of Padmini's Jauhar, Gora and Badal's bravery, Allauddin's treachery against Rana Ratan Singh.
}}.

*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Elliot
| Given1 = Henry Miers
| Surname2 = Dowson
| Given2 = John
| Year = 1871
| Page = 541
| Title = The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period
| Publisher = Trübner and co.
| ID =
| Comment = On pp 541 citing ''Ghurratu-L-Kamal'' , a work by Khalji dynasty's royal poet-scholar Amir Khusro, noted historians Henry Miers Elliot and John Dowson provide the following account of this distinguished Saini general in the Sisodia Rajput army of Rana Hamir that took on Alauddin Khilji's Turk army: ''The rai was in affright, and sent for Gurdan Saini, who was the most experienced warrior amongst the 40,000 rawats under the rai, and had seen many fights among the Hindus. "Sometimes he had gone with the advance to Malwa ; sometimes he had gone plundering in Gujarat." The Saini took 10,000 rawats with him from Jhain, and advanced against the Turks, and, after a severe action, he was slain...''.
}}.
</div>
{{col-2}}
<div class="references-small">

*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sarada
| Given1 = Har Bilas
| Year = First Ed 1917. Reprint 2003.
| Title = Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar.
| Publisher = Rupa Co. Ansari Road Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002
| ID = ISBN 81-291-0033-9
| Comment = Detailed description of Maharana Kumbha's life. His victory over sultans of Malwa and Gujarat (Chapter 6: Pages 37-43. Chapter 10: Pages 65-80)
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Saran
| Given1 = Richard
| Year =
| Title = The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan (2 vols.).
| Publisher = Series#:51; Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia : University of Michigan Press
| ID = ISBN 0-89148-085-4
| Comment = This book describes the battle of Sammel between Maldev's generals and Sher Shah Suri. (Volume 1. Page 163-169)
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sharma
| Given1 = Professor Dasharatha
| Year = Second ed 1975, Reprint 2002
| Title = Early Chauhan dynasties: a study of Chauhan political history, Chauhan political institution, and life in the Chauhan dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D.
| Publisher = Books Treasure, Sojati Gate, Jodhpur
| ID =
| Comment = Battles between Prithviraj Chauhan and Ghori are described in great detail by Professor Dasharatha Sharma in this book. (Page 90-100)
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sharma
| Given1 = G.N.
| Surname2 = Mathur
| Given2 = M.N.
| Year = 2001
| Title = Maharana Pratap & his times.
| Publisher =
| ID =
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sharma
| Given1 = Dr. Sri Ram
| Year = 2002
| Title = Maharana Pratap : a biography.
| Publisher = Hope India Publications.
| ID = ISBN 81-7871-003-X
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Singh
| Given1 = Kesri
| Year = 2002
| Title = Maharana Pratap, the hero of Haldighati.
| Publisher = Books Treasure, Jodhpur
| ID =
| Comment = A very detailed description of the battle of Haldighati. Which clans fought along with Maharana and in what order various Rajputs and Mughals fell. It also describes Maharana's personal duels and how his life was saved by his own estranged brother Shakti Singh who was actually fighting against the Maharana. (Chapter 1, Page 8-42).
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Singh
| Given1 = Dhananajaya
| Year = 1994
| Title = The house of Marwar.
| Publisher = Lotus Collection, Roli Books, New Delhi
| ID = ISBN 81-7436-002-6
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sinh
| Given1 = Raghubir
| Year = 1999
| Title = Durgadas Rathor : [national biography].
| Publisher = Lotus Collection, Roli Books, New Delhi
| ID = ISBN 81-7056-051-9
| Comment = Life history of DurgaDas Rathore and his help in getting Ajit Singh out of Delhi and then leading the Rajput rebellion against Aurangzeb while Ajit was still an infant.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sinh
| Given1 = Raghubir
| Year = 1989
| Title = Studies on Maratha & Rajput history
| Publisher = Research Publishers, Merti Gate, Jodhpur 342 002
| ID = ISBN 81-85310-00-9
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Somani
| Given1 = Ram Vallabh
| Year = 1999
| Title = Maharana Kumbha and his times: a glorious Hindu king.
| Publisher = Jaipur Publishing House, S.M.S Highway , Jaipur-3
| ID =
| Comment = Life of Maharana Kumbha of [[Mewar]].
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Thakur
| Given1 = Upendra
| Year = 1974
| Title = Some aspects of Ancient India History and culture
| Publisher =
| ID =
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Tiwari
| Given1 = Vinod
| Year = 2005
| Title = Maharana Pratapa.
| Publisher = Manoj Publications, Delhi 110084
| ID = ISBN 81-8133-591-0
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Tod
| Given1 = James
| Year = 1996
| Title = Rajput tales: adapted and abridged from Tod's Annals and antiquities of Rajasthan.
| Publisher = Cosmo Publications, Delhi, India
| ID = ISBN 81-7020-753-3
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Ujjwal
| Given1 = Kailash Dan (Editor)
| Surname1 = Singh (IAS)
| Given1 = Pushpendra Singh (Editor)
| Year = 1999
| Title = [[Rathore|Rathaudam]] ri khyata.
| Publisher = Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur
| ID =
| Comment = Written records of history of House of [[Marwar]].
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Warder
| Given1 = A K
| authorlink=A. K. Warder
| Year = 1972
| Title = An Introduction to Indian Historiography
| Publisher =
| ID =
}}.
</div>
{{col-end}}

==Cited References==
{{reflist|2}}

Rao Gopal Dev

2022-05-19T08:00:36Z

Slatersteven: 8 was missing(fixed typo)

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rao Gopaldev Singh
| title =[[Rao Bahadur]]
| image =Statue of Rao Gopal Dev, Rewari.jpg
| caption = Rao Gopaldev Chowk, [[Rewari]]
| succession = Leader of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1829
| predecessor = Rao Nathuram Singh
| birth_place =Rewari, [[Ahirwal]], [[Punjab]]
| death_date = 1862<ref name="mgarh">{{cite web|title=Mahendragarh at A Glance >> History >>Modern Period|url=http://mahendragarh.gov.in/history.asp#modern|website=mahendragarh.gov.in|publisher=National portal of India|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref>
| father = Rao Nathuram Singh
| successor = {{plainlist| ** [[British Raj|British India Govt. 1857–1877]] }}{{plainlist| ** ''Rao Lal Singh'' After 1877}}
}}
'''Rao Gopal Dev''' (1829–1862) was a nineteenth-century revolutionary leader and [[Yaduvanshi Ahir]] King of Jhajjar,Rohtak,Sonipat,Charkhi Dadri and Bhiwani who allied himself with his cousin, [[Rao Tula Ram]](Ruler of Ahirwal), during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Suresh K.|title=Haryana: Past and Present|year=2006|publisher=Mittal|isbn=978-81-8324-046-8|pages=252–53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n7vV0eiS3YC&pg=PA252}}</ref> He was sixth generation descendant of famous Rao Shahbaz Singh and first cousin of [[Rao Tula Ram]]. He inherited personal jagir of 841 villages after the death of his father Rao Nathu Ram in 1855.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yadava|first=S. D. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&q=%22Rao+Gopal+Dev%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA73|title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India|date=2006|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-216-1|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rao Mitra Sen Ahir]]
*[[Rao Ruda Singh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Dr. Ravindra Singh Yadav & Vijaypal, 1857 ki kranti k purodha: Rao Raja Tularam, Punit Publication, Jaipur, 2013 {{ISBN|978-81-88559-54-1}}
* Anil Yadav, Krantidoot--Rao Raja Tularam, Sarita Book House, 1999, Delhi.

==External links==
* {{Cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Ravindra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=387LDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Rao+Gopal+Dev%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA139|title=HARYANA GK: HARYANA AT THE START OF 2020: Haryana GK for Haryana Civil Services (HCS) & Other State Examinations|last2=ARSu|first2=Team|date=2020-01-01|publisher=MyARSu|isbn=978-1-64783-786-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v04yAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Rao+Gopal+Dev%22+-wikipedia|title=Textbooks from India|date=2003|publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training|isbn=978-81-7450-129-5|language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dev, Rao Gopal}}
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People from Rewari]]
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1862 deaths]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

User talk:WikiDwarf

2022-05-19T07:58:42Z

Slatersteven: /* Rajput */ new section

{{User talk}}

== Issue with Notice ==

Hi, I have joined wikipedia India just today. I noticed some buggy notice coming up in misaligned manner. Just wanted to let you know about this. I can appreciate the initiative and I found only you to be doing most of the administrative works as of now here, so thought to drop a message. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 15:51, 22 September 2020 (IST)

:Hello and welcome to Bharatpedia, can you be more specific what buggy notice coming up so I can look up at? Thanks for notifying and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:12, 22 September 2020 (IST)

== Spamming ==

I found a number of new users using their user space for link spamming. So I reverted those. Hope it was fine to do so. Please let me know if it is otherwise.

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Admin Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You are doing a great work. Keep going. [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:34, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== The Reviewer Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Reviewer Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Reviewer Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for review [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:42, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== How to submit the article ==

I have created the article help me in submitting the article — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 

:{{re|Digitalpivot30}} Hello and welcome, please start a new page in the [[Bharatpedia:Drafts#Creating and editing drafts|draft namespace]] and once it's ready for the mainspace please submit it for a review by placing the {{tl|submit}} template at the top of the page. Thanks - [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:12, 27 November 2020 (IST)
Sure thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 
Have edited & summited the draft..

How to disclose the paid contribution?

== Review of article ==

Hello, can you please review my article [[Shalkal]] and delete the page [[Draft:Shalkal Carty]]. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 22:07, 3 December 2020 (IST)

== Thanks for creating article of Mukesh Ambani bomb scare case ==

Thank you. [[User:Subhash Rama|Subhash Rama]] ([[User talk:Subhash Rama|talk]]) 11:15, 22 March 2021 (IST)

== Article creation ==

Hi, why can't I create new page about person? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 16:24, 10 April 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Rehan}} and welcome! As I can see your account hasn't reached the [[Bharatpedia:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed]] level yet so you won't be able to create a page in the main namespace, but you can create an article in the draft namespace using the [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard|article wizard]] and submit it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for your response. I have created the draft [[Draft:Syed_Falak]] now I need to add image. How can I add?
[[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

== Question ==

Hi, thank you so much for your help. I want to know are you an admin in this Wikipedia? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 01:19, 13 April 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Rehan}} Hello Rehan, yes I'm an admin here. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 13 April 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, i created a page can you approve? thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ajay Kumar|contribs]]) 18:47, 19 April 2021 (IST) (UTC)
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} I have moved the page to main namespace after some improvements in sources and added some categories. The subject looks notable so please try to add some more sources. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:23, 19 April 2021 (IST)
Thank you sir. I added more details with source. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:29, 19 April 2021 (IST)
==A curious query==
Hello Wiki Dwarf! I am an old user in English Wikipedia. When I tried to log in here with the same account and password, it failed. Btw, my queries are: 1) Is this wikipedia a part of Wikimedia sister projects? 2) Sometimes, I found some articles, though not original of here (I mean they seems to be imported from the simple English wikipedia), does this mean that all the articles are imported? 3) Can I create my user account here and at the same time, can I create original articles here? Though articles with similar names exist in the en wikipedia?
[[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:04, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:{{re|47.29.19.238}} Hello there, Bharatpedia is an independent platform (please see [[Bharatpedia:General disclaimer]]) so you won't be able to login using your Wikipedia account details, but you may create a new account under the same username. Account creation is not required in order to read or edit this site, but if you wish to create new articles you can sign up with a new account and can create articles on notable topics, no matter if the particular article exists on Wikipedia under the same or similar name. Some articles here are imported from Wikipedia and you may notice a disclosure at the end of each page such as [[Achappam]] and if you can't find such disclosure, you can add one by placing <code><nowiki>{{en-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of the article. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:36, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:::Finally, I read the article you cited. Next, 4) Is it mandatory for me to create my new user account here with the exactly same username from the wikipedia org? Next, 5) Do I need special permission to edit, create an article here? 6) Like wikipedia, can I perform edits here normally? 7) Can I import article from the wikipedia? For that, do I need special rights or powers here? I mean all these in good faith. And I have a strong desire to have my service here. [[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:59, 8 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{re|47.29.19.238}} No it's not mandatory to create a new account with exactly the same user name on Wikipedia, it's your choice if you wish to keep both accounts under the same username. You don't need special user rights to edit pages on this site, but several actions including article creation in the main namespace are restricted to user accounts that are at least 4 days old and have made at least 10 edits. The use of the tool to import pages is only limited to admins, patrollers and extended-confirmed users, but a user without these rights can still import pages manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:17, 8 May 2021 (IST)

== Talk back notice ==

Hello brother! I have a talk back for you in my talk page. Besides, I want to know something from you. Is this wikipedia still have connection with Wikimedia Commons and translate wiki? I saw this very wikipedia supports some Manipuri language technical version. Next, does this wikipedia also have multiple language wiki versions? SonOfZeus 10:48, 9 May 2021 (IST)

:{{re|SonOfZeus}} Hello and welcome! this is an independent platform unrelated to the Wikimedia Foundation and is currently only available in the English language. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::Brother! Can I create my sandbox here in this wiki too? And, where shall I see the number of articles of this wiki? And, about the list of active users, if I want to see! And lastly, does this wiki also follow the INDIC SCRIPT policy of English wikipedia? SonOfZeus 18:46, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::And, another thing, can I create a draft page and how should I start that? SonOfZeus 18:49, 9 May 2021 (IST)
:::Yes you can experience in your sandbox. The number of articles you can see on the main page and unfortunately the list of active users is only limited to sysops. To create a draft you can visit [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:12, 10 May 2021 (IST)
::::And lastly, does Indic script policy also apply here? SonOfZeus 18:29, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, you can use the Indic script in the lead and infobox to address the name of the subject. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:30, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::: Thank you. SonOfZeus 20:55, 11 May 2021 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Hello WikiDwarf, I don't find any user with your name in English wikipedia. Are you there in English wikipedia? If yes, may I know what is your username there? If that affects your privacy, then I am sorry. Else, please tell me.
::And another thing, can I request you for importing articles from wikipedia? SonOfZeus 12:30, 12 May 2021 (IST)
:::Sure you can list the articles [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles|on this page]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:40, 12 May 2021 (IST)
::::But sir, I don't find any link to go to any particular page where I can write the name of the article which I want to request for import.(1) Could you please show me the link for the page where I could write the request? (2) At the same, if I could personally request you at your talk page, please import [[Meitei deities]] and [[List of figures in Meitei mythology]] from simple English Wikipedia. SonOfZeus 11:57, 13 May 2021 (IST)

::::::Thank you for pointing it out. I have created a button that will take you to the request page and also imported the two pages you requested above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:50, 13 May 2021 (IST)
:: But sir, (1) [[Meitei deities]] is a redirect page of another page. The main page is not imported yet from Simple English Wikipedia. (2) How many articles can I request at a time? Is there any limitation of number of articles at a single request? (3) If something gets changed in the article at general wikipedia, will it's imported equivalent article in this wikipedia get affected? For example, an article "x" has been deleted in general wiki, what about its equivalent article "x" in this wiki? SonOfZeus 10:55, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I have imported its corresponding article please see [[List of Meitei gods and goddesses]]. You can request as many articles as you wish as there is no limit. If an article is changed or deleted on Wikipedia it will not automatically affect its copy on Bharatpedia so one need to update the particular article manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:02, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::: Thank you sir. And, one thing is that can a page be created or imported by anonymous users? I saw [[Irai Leima]] being imported by an anonymous. Is that a vandalism? As you are a check user also, what do you see. Who's that? SonOfZeus 13:27, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, that article was imported using the tool by an admin and the most recent revision was included so that's the reason [[Irai Leima]] looks like created/imported by anon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:06, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::I have imported all the articles as per your request at [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]], please place <code><nowiki>{{simple-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of each article to avoid copyright issue. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:32, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::::::Sure, sir! I will do as soon as possible. Thanks! I have more request in the page. Please import those too. SonOfZeus 15:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for those import! And one thing, (1) I am trying my best to put the "simple English wikipedia template " at the bottom of every imported article. But if I missed some, will there be assured chance of facing copyright issues? (2) In case of edits performed by myself in the general wikipedia, can I directly copy and paste those here? SonOfZeus 20:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::(3) The page [[Khamba Thoibi]] has a very important long infobox and some wiki tables in the [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] (general English wikipedia). Can we import those partially here? SonOfZeus 20:10, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I don't see any issue if you wish to directly copy and paste your edits from Wikipedia, but it still needs a disclosure at the end of the page. I have imported the contents from [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] into [[Khamba Thoibi]] please let me know if there is anything else I can do. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:35, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:: Hello brother! (1) In the main page of the Bharatpedia, some names of religions are given. Could you add [[Sanamahism]] also? SonOfZeus 22:37, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::(2) Please create infobox religion. (3) Please create Template:Lang-zh_TW (language template for traditional Chinese) and Template:Lang-zh_CN (language template for simplified Chinese). SonOfZeus 23:46, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Please use [[:Template:Infobox religious group]] instead of Infobox religion and for the traditional Chinese, please use <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|t=中國}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|s=中国}}</nowiki></code> for simplified Chinese. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Sir! (1) I have new import request. Please see. (2) I have more than 500 edits. So, I think I am extended confirmed user now. Could you please grant me the right of importer to me? What special steps are needed for importing? If possible, please teach me. SonOfZeus 20:16, 18 May 2021 (IST)
:::::Your account has not yet reached the extendedconfirmed level. A registered editor becomes extendedconfirmed automatically when the account is both at least 30 days old and has made at least 500 edits (including deleted edits) so, I will take a look at the list and import as much as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:30, 21 May 2021 (IST)
::Sir, I have new requests in the request page for import. BTW, due to multiplicity of the articles, I can't put square brackets in every title of the requested article. Please don't mind. Hope you will adjust them easily. At the same time, I will try my best. SonOfZeus 21:50, 4 June 2021 (IST)
:::Hello Sir! As my user account is 1 month old, could you grant me the importer right? If possible, it will definitely help me and you. I might no longer disturb you by requesting exhaustive list of articles for import! SonOfZeus 14:22, 7 June 2021 (IST)
::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Please attach an email id to your account so I can grant you the importer right and share instructions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:::::{{re|WikiDwarf}}(1) Brother! I have attached the email id. Now, please share me the instructions. SonOfZeus 16:36, 2 July 2021 (IST)
::::::(2) And why we're those list of requested articles removed? SonOfZeus 12:18, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for attaching your email address, I will soon send you the instructions. The page ([[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests‎‎]]) was converted to an article by a couple of users but their edits have been reverted and the list is visible now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:40, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::: I received your email, but I think I am still not getting any instruction about how to import an article from the general wikipedia run by Wikimedia Foundation to this Bharatpedia. May I get that, bro! I am eager to learn that! And thank you for all those useful links you send me, those will also help me in future. SonOfZeus 13:23, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::::That might be one of some other automatic emails. I have not yet sent you the instructions to use the import tool, once I do, I will notify you on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 3 July 2021 (IST)
----
Wow! I did it, bro! After properly following your instructions, I succeed in importing files to here! But as I am a birdie, I am importing only one at a time. SonOfZeus 19:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|SonOfZeus}} That's great, please let me know if you need any help. Also, please note that articles created using a tool such as "importer" will not be counted at the edit-a-thon so please only list those you have created manually. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:31, 3 August 2021 (IST)
::But what about the expansion of already existing article? I mean there are some articles brought here through importer before the beginning of this contest. If I expand such article, are they able to be counted for the contest? SonOfZeus 22:28, 3 August 2021 (IST)
:::Yes, they will be counted as valid entries. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:06, 4 August 2021 (IST)
___
Hello brother! Please check if any of the articles I have added for the contest is ineligible or eligible! If found any problem, please tell me so that I may either fix the problem or create a substitute in time. Besides, you have a mail from me. Please check it too. Regards! SonOfZeus 22:26, 4 August 2021 (IST)

== Issue in Reviewing ==
([[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]]) Hello editor, I'm New user of Bharatpedia.My published two articles are still in review. will you please explain me review submission process please ? & when my articles will be reviewed ?

== Revert Rights ==
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] hello,i had requested you to tell me about how to submit article drafts in afc after 10+ edits but someone demotes my user right will you please revert it...because of this my direct page move option is not appearing please do promote me again so i can move page.Thank You.Waiting For Your Response(-[[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]] ([[User talk:Pixerark|talk]]) 22:16, 14 May 2021 (IST))
:Please see my reply on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:36, 14 May 2021 (IST)

== Index ==

Hi, I created page many days ago and it is still not visible in Google search results. Please review [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] page and index it. Thank you! [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 22:49, 17 May 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, I created a page can you please approve? thanks

== Review Timeline ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}, I am planning to introduce a good amount of fashion and film people articles to this place. I have auto petrol rights in English Wikipedia so I know what I am doing. I just want to know, what are the indexing/review timelines here. This is just for a better understanding of the process. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 14:50, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Kingfisher}} and thank you for your interest. First of all, there is no fixed timeline for the review process since we have very few reviewers at the moment. Secondly, I will be glad to grant you the same user right(s) that you have on Wikipedia if you can share the details for verification purpose. If you don't want to disclose it publicly for any reason you can mail me. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:35, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:: Here is my user rights screen in en.wikipedia.org. https://tinyurl . com/ykxumuxm. I can't reveal my username because Wiki people keep an eye on everywhere. I find it risky. You can give me the rights for a temporary period and see the work or you may wait. Whatever it is, I am feeling excited about this project. The opportunities are endless. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 17:14, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:::That is totally fine if you don't want to disclose it publicly. Can you attach an email id to your account here so I can share some details? Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::::That sounds good. I did that. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 01:03, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== User Rights ==
Hey there, I just saw you changed my user rights to confirmed and later again removed that. I would request you to kindly update my user rights to confirmed. Thank you -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 16:08, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Plts}}, you already have confirmed status. Please verify it by visiting [[Special:UserRights]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:12, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::{{reply to|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for the information. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:50, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== Will making a page here interrupt with Wikipedia English ? ==

I want to know if same article with same name gets made here and wiki English Will there be copyright or interruption cuz the two pages Under same name? [[User:Positivesoul|Positivesoul]] ([[User talk:Positivesoul|talk]]) 10:06, 1 June 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Positivesoul}}, In order to reuse contents from one site to another, you need to provide attribution. This is done by either saying in your edit summary that the material was copied, and where you got it. There will be no interruption in creating two pages under the same name. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:49, 2 June 2021 (IST)

== can you approve this page ? let me know if it qualifies==
https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Emma_Jonnz

Hi sir, I have no conflict of interest with this person. he is a famous youtube in west Bengal. And he got a gold play button from youtube

== Draft Request ==
Hey [[User:WikiDwarf]], I just saw my article was deleted by you under criteria A7. I just read what it means, I would request you to provide me a draft for article [[Piyush Monga]] so that I can improve it. Also, please suggest some improvements to my first article [[Youth Against Rape]]. Thank you soo much for your help. Happy editing -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 17:00, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Plts}} {{done}}. I have restored the article in the draft namespace as per your request above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:43, 8 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:23, 9 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft: Bhupesh Bansal ==

Hello, I submitted a draft. Please check and approve it if it is well.

Thank you.

== Asking a Favour ==
Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] I am a Wikipedia editor from the northern part of the country and I also create articles related to Nepal. is it legal to create articles about people from Nepal or any other country? I have created more than 25 articles on English [[Wikipedia]](directly on namespace) and more than 20 of them got reviewed and are live on the wiki but unfortunately, 5 of them got deleted. I will be happily contributing on [[Bharatpedia]] as well if provided the required access, also I agree to all your terms and conditions if found violating any of them you are free to take the required action. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 08:00, 17 June 2021 (IST)

:Hello {{u|Mailblog34}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. There are no restrictions on creating articles on any topic but the subject must be notable enough to have an independent article. Since your account has not yet reached the autoconfirmed status I would suggest you create new articles in the draft namespace and once your account is autoconfirmed (i.e. four days old and you've made ten edits) then you will be able to move/create articles directly in the main namespace. If you need any help please let me know. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:01, 17 June 2021 (IST)
* Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] i am already four days old and made more than 30 edits but still did not get option of "create the pge" , and did not get option to move pages . Help me out on my limited access .--[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 23:19, 19 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Mailblog34}} Your account was registered on 16 June 2021 at 09:45 (IST) so please wait for one more day and your account will be autoconfirmed. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:26, 19 June 2021 (IST)

== Vandalism ==

Hello sir. Somebody is keep vandalizing [[Harish Pednekar]] please lock the page from spammers. [[Special:Contributions/206.84.238.118|206.84.238.118]] ([[User talk:206.84.238.118|talk]]) 17:40, 25 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]], Could you please review this article [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]], link: https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/User:Alialfaisal/sandbox ,Thank You.--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 17:56, 28 June 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], Sources have been added to the article, I can supplement them with additional sources if you wish, [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] I hope to review. Thank you. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 18:26, 1 July 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], I did not understand why the article was not approved, even though I added several news sources in it and can supplement it with additional sources?--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:21, 3 July 2021 (IST)

== I requested that add me admin on Bharatpedia. ==

I will be work forever to wikipedia. Please add me admin group member in Bharat wikipedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]]) 12:09, 29 June 2021 (IST)Hembram Bakhul

== Kindly clear the pending DRAFT ASAP. ==

Hi, kindly Clear the pending draft asap so that a contributor like me gets the motivation to contribute more too this open and neutral place. [[User:Marvel|Marvel]][[User talk:Marvel|(talk)]]

== How to upload image ==

Hi WikiDwarf. I am User:VF814324. I am new here. How can I upload an Image with CC-BY-SA license? Wher to upload ? When I click on 'Upload file' button, it brings me to Wikimedia commons. Can I publish file locally on Bharatpedia? [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 13:45, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|VF814324}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! Unfortunately uploading images locally is only limited to sysops at the moment so you can send the image along with its copyright permission to permission@bharatmedia.org. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 4 July 2021 (IST)
:: Thanks, I've mailed as you said. [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 17:59, 7 July 2021 (IST)

== AFC Submission cleaned? ==
Hey there, I hope you're doing well. I'm writing to get your attention on an error I faced.
[[Draft:Sunil ydv SS]], a draft(stub) that I created and submitted around a month ago to AFC. Now, when I see, the AFC tag has disappeared and no reason is shown for this. I would request you to kindly check this issue as well as review this draft as I believe it qualifies [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]. Thank you & happy editing - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 13:56, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:The same error occurred on another draft that I created [[Draft:Piyush Monga]], the AFC tag has been removed and no reason is shown. I would request you to kindly review this draft too. Thank you & happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 18:50, 5 July 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Plts}} The tags were removed by user [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] at the time they moved both pages to the main namespace, but I have restored the tags on both drafts. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 11:49, 27 July 2021 (IST)

== Copyright issue ==

hey [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] a user - [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] is copying the articles and pasting them here from English Wikipedia without any edits, just informing you as it may violate copyright. Ignore if it doesn't violate copyright policy. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 21:51, 7 July 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Mailblog34}} Hi, I think reusing Wikipedia content is generally allowed as per [[:en:Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content]]. [[User:Pradip89|Pradip89]] ([[User talk:Pradip89|talk]]) 08:42, 9 July 2021 (IST)

== Photo upload ==

Hi i want to upload photo but when I click on upload it take me to wikimedia which is wikipedia portal will you please guide me on it. --[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 12:58, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Protection Of Wikipedia Article ==

How to add protection to articles so as to stop dispute and vandalism. 
[[User:Wandererkanishk|Wandererkanishk]] ([[User talk:Wandererkanishk|talk]])

== article review ==

Hi [User:WikiDwarf] thanks for your suggestion on article [Sheikh Asif] will you please review it again thanks .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Grant Me as a auto confirmed user ==

Hi, i want to be an auto confirmed user. As I have experience on english wikipedia. So I am much experienced about it. So I please grant me permission. Thanks [[User:Villageboy|Villageboy]] ([[User talk:Villageboy|talk]]) 16:13, 9 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Villageboy}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! I can see you made 10 edits already so, your account will be automatically flagged as autoconfirmed on or after July 13, 2020. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:43, 10 July 2021 (IST)

== Haters are editing the pages ==

Hey wiki, the pages I have created are of public figures, entrepreneurs and places. But some of the people are editing and using harsh language on the page I have created. I request you to kindly give me permission to lock the pages or do it from your end. It would be great.

I am not contributing since one day because of this issue only. As soon as solved will start adding more pages which should be here.

Thankyou [[User:Saumyasingh|Saumyasingh]] ([[User talk:Saumyasingh|talk]]) 03:15, 11 July 2021 (IST)

== Add me admin member group ==

I am hembram Bakhul saying that I five hundred articles edited. I hoped that I shall work the best on Bharatpedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]])Hembram Bakhul

== please publish this ==

hi [User:WikiDwarf] will you please review [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:The_Press_Walla] and publish it .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 13:58, 14 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|HamzhaSaleem}}, The draft lacks sources that establish notability so, please cite some third party sources that cover the subject and submit it for a review once the draft is ready. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:15, 14 July 2021 (IST)

-- [[User:WikiDwarf]] thanks for your revert actually its a new eMagazine and news website maybe they will get more sources in future.--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 19:08, 14 July 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]],Since June 28, 2021, I am requesting a review of the article. I have attached many news sources and authority control to the article, but so far it has not been approved. I hope you will review the article. Thanks. [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 04:17, 29 July 2021 (IST)

== Premtosh Debnath - Real Name Premtosh Nath ==

Dear Bharatpedia Admin Please Change Name Of Premtosh Debnath to Premtosh Nath, I Have His I card, Media Articles Added His name Premtosh Debnath some issue.[[Special:Contributions/47.29.9.5|47.29.9.5]] ([[User talk:47.29.9.5|talk]]) 01:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)

==Requirements for New page Reviewer==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please help to know the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer? I can not find any article about the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 01:16, 14 August 2021 (IST)
== Request ==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please unprotected the user draft of Danish Maniyar he is Google notable entrepreneur of India guide me with it draft making I can make his name article page with him of urs please unprotected it . I'm help bharatpedia with my contribution I hope I can be patroller in bharatpedia please[[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk:Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page? ==

Dear
Bhartpedia Team,

I am Anshuman Tiwari, better known as Anshuman Tiwari Musician, from Dehradun, Uttarakhand. is an Indian Musician. And I am Verified On different music platforms like Spotify, Google Play Music, Apple Music, iTunes, Amazon Music, JioSaavn and many others international platforms like Deezer, Tidal and Napster. You get Anshuman Tiwari music on TikTok, Instagram or Facebook library also. and i am verified on facebook And Google.

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/anshumantiwariofficials

Google: https://g.co/kgs/knU5xV

https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)

Sir i am verified in so many platforms and i have lot of news on google.
Sir why is my page being deleted from Bharatpedia?

Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page?

Sir like this i got many complaints against in Bharatpedia,
Sir this time I am making last time making a page.
If it is deleted here then we will have to take further action
:{{re|Iamanshumantiwari}} No, Bharatpedia is not a paid platform it's a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Your article was deleted due to a lack of reliable sources that discuss the subject in detail, and cited sources are not reliable. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources]] to understand what we consider reliable and also please see [[Bharatpedia:Notability (music)]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:56, 28 August 2021 (IST)

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:01, 31 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Anjuman}} You can apply for the user-right at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions#Autopatrolled]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:14, 31 August 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Well, both the rights are different. Autopatrolled marks articles as patrolled whilst [[Bharatpedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|autoconfirmed]] is a right lower than that of Extended confirmed. I'll have a look at RfP later as autoconfirmed would be autogranted five days later, perhaps. Thanks. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:26, 31 August 2021 (IST)

==Fix the problem==
Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}} sir I have created a page in the name of [[Deepthi Sunaina]] 1 month ago, the article is marked as an Autopatrolled.But it is not showing on google. please look into it and fix the problem. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 20:16, 11 September 2021 (IST)
:{{re|WikiJoy}} I apologise for replying late. I have reviewed the most recent edit and it will be indexed soon. Also, please see [[Bharatpedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers]] to review the minimum requirements for NPR. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]])

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])
==A mail==
{{ygm}} [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 18:49, 23 September 2021 (IST)

== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Reply ==

Why are you deleted [[Bikram Malati]] Article [[User:Emboy|Emboy]] ([[User talk:Emboy|talk]]) 22:19, 24 October 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Emboy}} I removed the article due to a lack of significant coverage in reliable sources. You can still recreate the article in the draft namespace by citing some reliable sources and then submit it for a review once ready. Also, please disclose if you have a conflict of interest. Thanks. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 22:27, 24 October 2021 (IST)
== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Editor's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Thank you for edit my user-page [[User:WhiteLion|WhiteLion]] ([[User talk:WhiteLion|talk]]) 17:40, 7 November 2021 (IST)
|}

== Strange yet.. ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}; I've been on constant journeys since last two months and couldn't contribute to the project. I'm curious to know why my articles such as [[Aaqib Anjum Aafi]], [[Faiz Qureshi]] and [[First Aid Council of India]] haven't yet appeared on the Google. I do not see any lint errors in these articles and I plan to improve them more in few upcoming days. Looking for your assistance. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 13:06, 9 November 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Anjuman}}, I don't see any issue with these pages and to me it sounds like they were not crawled by Google bot which is normal so you may contact the support team at info@bharatmedia.org for more details and help. Please let me know if I can help you with anything else. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 22:44, 9 November 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Anjuman}} It seems like the problem has been resolved as I can now see these articles on Google. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:38, 14 November 2021 (IST)

== Confirmation Code ==

I have created a page and I am improving it [[Draft:Dakshina Kannada]] but when I tried to update info I got a text saying confirmation code,I did not get any confirmation .So could you please help me with this. [[User:AKudla|AKudla]] ([[User talk:AKudla|talk]]) 08:51, 11 November 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{reply|AKudla}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. Can you send the screenshot of the error you see to info@bharatmedia.org so it can be identified and solved? Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:58, 11 November 2021 (IST)

Thanks for your reply. [[User:AKudla|AKudla]] ([[User talk:AKudla|talk]]) 21:46, 11 November 2021 (IST)

== Draft submission ==

Hello admin. I created a draft article but i am unable to submit it for review. when i click on submit the draft for review button i see a blank page. can you check and fix? Thanx

:Hello {{u|111.91.4.188}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. The problem has been fixed and you can now submit your draft for review. Thank you for bringing this issue to my attention. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:09, 18 November 2021 (IST)
==Fix the crawl issue==
Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}} sir I have started a page over 3 month before, which is not crawl in google. The page name is [[Swastik Interchem]]. The page is already marked as an Autopatrolled.But it is not showing on google. please look into it and fix the problem. [[User:Flying Bee|Flying Bee]] ([[User talk:Flying Bee|talk]]) 16:46, 2 December 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Flying Bee}}, I don't see any issue with the page you mentioned above so please contact the support team at info@bharatmedia.org for more details and help. Please let me know if I can help you with anything else. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:18, 2 December 2021 (IST)

== Request for Remove Notable Tag ==

Dear Administrator [[Pranab Kr Nath]] is a Notable Person From His Father [[Premtosh_Debnath]], Dear Administrator You can Remove Notable Tag, Because This Page First Rank On Pranab Kr Nath Keyword. [[User:GBPrakashani|GBPrakashani]] ([[User talk:GBPrakashani|talk]]) 01:42, 3 December 2021 (IST)

== Give me administrator ==

wikidawarf make me administrator [[User:Emboy|€ⓜ𝓫ᵒЎ]] 21:39, 4 December 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Emboy}}, you can nominate yourself at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Nominate]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:47, 4 December 2021 (IST)

== RfA status ==

Hello WikiDwarf,

It has been a long time I submitted my request for adminship, but I have not yet received any notification so may I know the status? Thanks. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 15:21, 18 December 2021 (IST)

:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} First of all, I apologise for the delay in responding to your message. Please confirm that you have a strong password and also link your email address to your account so I can proceed with further actions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:38, 4 January 2022 (IST)
::{{ping|WikiDwarf}} I confirm that i have a strong password and i have linked my email address. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 20:36, 4 January 2022 (IST)

== Indian languages ==

Hello WikiDwarf! Hope you are doing well! I saw Hindi, Bengali and Punjabi Bharatpedia wiki links in this English Bharatpedia main page. Punjabi link doesn't work. I don't know why? Another thing, I just want to request you to build up Manipuri language Bharatpedia also. For that, I will give you full support because I know Manipuri, Hindi, Urdu, English at native level. I can also ask some people from WMF Manipuri Wikipedia, Wiktionary and the building Wikimedia incubator teams to come here. Could you please organize Manipuri Bharatpedia (Meitei Bharatpedia)? [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 18:46, 27 December 2021 (IST)

:Hello {{u|SonOfZeus}}, Can you send your request to info@bharatmedia.org for better support on this? The link to Punjabi Bharatpedia (pa.bharatpedia.org.in) is working from my side but, if you see any error please attach the screenshot in your email. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:16, 27 December 2021 (IST)
::Yes Sir! I sent the request to the email address you provide me. Well, for the inability to open that very Bharatpedia, it's actually Bengali, I mistakenly told you as Punjabi. For that, I sent you the screenshot of unable to open the Bengali Bharatpedia. For Punjabi, it's normal. [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 19:34, 27 December 2021 (IST)
:::Sir! I have created and designed the Manipuri Bharatpedia main page. I want a Bharatpedia logo to be used in the main page. Is there any logo file uploaded? [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 22:30, 28 December 2021 (IST)
::::That's great and thank you. I tried to upload the SVG version of the logo but that's working so I have to get a better version. I'll try to upload it tomorrow and let you know. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 22:51, 28 December 2021 (IST)
::::{{Ygm}} [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 23:11, 28 December 2021 (IST)
:::::Sir! Will it be very hasty for me to request for adminship in Bharatpedia? Actually, I want to do some administrative works both at English as well as Meitei Bharatpedias. Or, please grant me importer right for Meitei Bharatpedia! [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 10:46, 29 December 2021 (IST)
:::::Besides, I am very happy to see our Indian Bharatpedia proliferating very well. Is there any point of connection between the equivalent articles of different languages with one another like WMF does through Wikidata? I saw we have 5 languages in Bharatpedia. Absolutely, there will be equivalent articles. [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 10:35, 29 December 2021 (IST)
::::::We have Bharatdata (bharatdata.org) but for some technical reasons it's not working as expected and the team is working to fix the issue. As soon as it is fixed you will be notified and then you will be able to link all articles. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:44, 29 December 2021 (IST)

:::::::I saw all the articles from Meitei Wikipedia present in Meitei Bharatpedia. How is it possible? Are all of them being imported? If so, who did it? May I know? As I see, I don't see your user account doing these imports. [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 10:15, 30 December 2021 (IST)
::::::::Those articles were imported by the technical team who has access to some advanced features. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 30 December 2021 (IST)

:::::::::{{Ygm}}

== Deletion of a blank draft ==

Hi,
Can you delete [[Draft:Pankaj Kumar]] so I can remove unnecessary disambiguation from [[Draft:Pankaj Kumar (Film Maker)]]?
Thanks, [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 12:33, 8 January 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 8 January 2022 (IST)
== Logo ==
Is the logo for the Bharatpedia ready? If so, I would like to edit a version for [[Meitei Bharatpedia]]? I want to edit in a way like [[Meitei Wikipedia]] has a version from the main Wikipedia logo, like this one: [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-mni-v2.svg|thumb]]
Another thing, I have a mail for you, about another topic. :-)
{{Ygm}} Regards! [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 20:37, 9 January 2022 (IST)

== Please protect this page. ==

Hello Dear,
WikiDwarf

Hope you doing well, I face some issue with this page. Some people are flirting in this page. Please protect this page.

https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)

Thank You
:{{tps}} {{Ping|Coolblack4}} I don't see anyone except you and WikiDwarf editing the page. And there's no sign of vandalism or edit warring in the page history. So, it's not eligible for protection. [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 18:36, 16 January 2022 (IST)

::{{reply|SonOfZeus}}
::Sir, Please protect this page. Many people are spoiling it. and remove the tag. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 13:59, 7 February 2022 (IST)

:::{{Ping|Coolblack4}} The page has a vandal edit only once as of now. It has been reverted. So, as of now, it's not suitable for protection. Well, I put it at my watchlist. If further vandalism occurs, I will take appropriate actions. Happy editing! [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 20:07, 9 February 2022 (IST)

{{reply|SonofZeus}} Dear Sir [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician]] Sir an attempt was made to vandalize this page again and 1 fake volunteer again put it in draft. Sir block that volunteer and as soon as possible recover and live this page. And this page needs protection. Thank you so much sir}} [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 15:20, 6 March 2022 (IST)

{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Dear Sir [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] Sir an attempt was made to vandalize this page again and 1 fake volunteer again put it in draft. Sir block that volunteer and as soon as possible recover and live this page. And this page needs protection. Thank you so much sir}} [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 15:21, 6 March 2022 (IST)

{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Sir that Fake Volunteer is again ruining [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] page.

You said that if someone will tamper with this page now then you will protect this page. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 20:00, 7 March 2022 (IST)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Can give me permission Google knowledge panel [[User:Merajul Islam|Merajul Islam]] ([[User talk:Merajul Islam|talk]]) 20:13, 28 January 2022 (IST)
|}

== Please edit my page by uploading Picture ==

My page is created by you, Picture is not uploaded please upload it and review my page https://wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Piyush_Singh_Chauhan [[User:Anonymous12|Anonymous12]] ([[User talk:Anonymous12|talk]]) 08:31, 1 February 2022 (IST)

== I have already made this page better now and now I have added many references in it from less references earlier. ==

Dear Sir,
I have already made this page better now and now I have added many references in it from less references earlier.
Now don't put any tag in this page sir!
Thank You 🙏

https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician) [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 19:30, 2 February 2022 (IST)

Hello {{reply|Coolblack4}} and welcome to my talk page. Most of the sources you cited aren't reliable such as spotify.com, factdarshantimes.com, yourwikis.com and many more. Please cite some reliable sources in order to remove maintenance tags. If you need any help please feel free to ask. Thanks, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:46, 2 February 2022 (IST)

Thank you so much sir for letting me know. Sir, from which such site can you tell me the list or you can remove those sites and make this page good.
Thank You So Much Sir [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 19:54, 2 February 2022 (IST)

{{user|WikiDwarf}} Sir, I removed the names of the sites which you told me.bEven after that you put the tag. Sir earlier this page did not have any tag. Please correct this page and remove the tag. Thank you sir 🙏 [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 14:07, 3 February 2022 (IST)

:{{reply|Coolblack4}} Please review [[BP:RS]] to understand what we consider to be reliable sources. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:34, 3 February 2022 (IST)

{{user|WikiDwarf}}
Sir, now reliable sources have been added to this page. Now you can remove the tag. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 17:27, 4 February 2022 (IST)

{{reply|WikiDwarf}}
Sir please protect this page and remove the tag. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 09:18, 7 February 2022 (IST)

== Please protect this page. Many people are spoiling it. ==

Dear Sir,
Please protect this page. Many people are spoiling it.
{{page|Anshuman Tiwari (musician}}
https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician) [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 09:15, 7 February 2022 (IST)

== [[Draft:Annamalai K]] ==

Can you please review this and move to article space. It was already there in Wikipidea but now in Draft space. It is already present in other wikis. I don't think any review is taking place. This article is good one.

[[User:Tamil123|Tamil123]] ([[User talk:Tamil123|talk]]) 22:47, 11 February 2022 (IST)

:Hello {{reply|Tamil123}} I have moved the draft to [[Annamalai Kuppusamy]]. Please let me know if there is anything else I can help you with. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:10, 11 February 2022 (IST)

== Twinkle ==

Hi, {{ping|WikiDwarf}} Why we are not having Twinkle as like in Wikipedia. Can we have it? Is it possible? And I set my user account with advanced settings, but still I can't have any option to undo in page history as like in Wikipedia, can I know why? [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 12:22, 15 February 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Dhaneesh Ram}} May I know what settings you enabled and which feature isn't working for you? I can verify that the "undo" feature is fully functional for everyone including anon users. Regarding Twinkle please email to info@bharatmedia.org for better support. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:41, 15 February 2022 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} In Bharatpedia settings that in menu bar at top left corner. I enabled advanced mode. In English Wikipedia after enabling Advanced mode, I saw undo button in every page history. But I can't find any undo button in Bharatpedia pages history. How can I get this feature. [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 13:22, 15 February 2022 (IST)

::{{re|WikiDwarf}} You Can know my issues [http://dhaneeshram.art.blog/bharatpedia-help/ here]. I clearly explained with some screenshots. Please refer the [http://dhaneeshram.art.blog/bharatpedia-help/ this page]. Thank you! [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 15:02, 15 February 2022 (IST)
:::{{re|Dhaneesh Ram}} Thank you for sharing the screenshots. I tried to install a script but that didn't worked and as per my investigation this feature isn't available on mobile skin so in order to undo edits, you may need to shift to desktop view on your mobile. I will try and ask the technical team to work on it if possible. Thank you for pointing it out. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:56, 15 February 2022 (IST)
:::: Hi, {{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for your clarification and spending time to review my doubts. Now I can see undo buttons in desktop versions. Thanks! [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 09:41, 16 February 2022 (IST)

== Create a new page ==

Hello sir, can you create a page on Major Gaurav Arya? He is an Indian retired army officer and you can find many news articles on his name on Google and other places. Thanks in advance.

== AFC Backlog ==

{| style="background-color: #dfeff1; border: 4px solid #bddff2; width: 100%;" cellpadding="5"

|<big>'''[[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Articles for creation|Articles for Creation urgently needs ''your'' help!]]'''</big>
----
Articles for Creation is '''desperately short of reviewers!''' We are looking for '''urgent help''', from '''experienced editors''', in reviewing submissions in the pending submissions queue. Currently there are '''{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Pending AfC submissions|R}}''' '''[[:Category:Pending_AfC_submissions|submissions]]''' waiting to be reviewed.
:<big>'''Do you have what it takes?'''</big>
# Are you familiar with [[BP:PAG|Bharatpedia's policies and guidelines]]?
# Do you know what Bharatpedia [[Bharatpedia:About|is]] and [[Bharatpedia:What Bharatpedia is not|is not]]?
# Do you have a working knowledge of the [[Bharatpedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]], particularly [[Bharatpedia:Article titles|article naming conventions]]?
# Are you [[Bharatpedia:autoconfirmed|autoconfirmed]]?
# Can you review submissions based on their individual merits?
If the answer to these questions is yes, then please read the [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Reviewing instructions|reviewing instructions]] and donate a little of your time to helping tackle the backlog. You might wish to add {{tl|AFC status}} or {{tl|AfC Defcon}} to your userpage, which will alert you to the number of open submissions.

:''PS: we have a great script AFC helper which helps in reviewing in just a few edits easily! To install the script go to your user preferences and check the checkbox at: {{myprefs|9|Yet Another AFC Helper Script: easily review Articles for creation submissions and redirect requests.}}''

We would greatly appreciate your help. Currently, only a small handful of users are reviewing articles. Any help, even if it's just 2 or 3 reviews, it would be extremely beneficial. 
On behalf of the [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Articles for creation|Articles for Creation project]], [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:36, 18 February 2022 (IST)

|}

== bn.bharatpedia.org.in ==

Hello, WikiDwarf! I am রবি। As a mother tongue I want to start Bengali Bharatpedia like english wiki. Kindly [[:bn:ব্যবহারকারী আলাপ:WikiDwarf#প্রশাসক ও ইন্টারফেস প্রশাসক হওয়ার আবেদন|see here]] for more details. Regards, [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 13:57, 22 February 2022 (IST)
:Hello {{re|রবি}} and welcome to my talk page. I'm a little busy at the moment but I will reply to your message on my talk page on bn.bharatpedia soon and also take care of your request below. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:10, 22 February 2022 (IST)

::No problem! I know you are waiting because of 'Trust'. If you can't do, I don't mind, it's ok. I know how important 'faith' is in the wiki. :) [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 19:34, 22 February 2022 (IST)

::::Sorry for bad english grammar, please try to understand what I mean to say. I'm natively bengali speaking. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 19:55, 22 February 2022 (IST)

== Mediawiki code installation ==

Hi, you are not answering. Anyways, help me to create at [[:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-sompadonasarangsho.js]]. Reason for telling you, you are only administrators, Interface administrators and Bureaucrats there.
Code is:
<pre>
function go() {
function initSummaryButtons( mode ) {
function insertSummary( txt ) {
if ( typeof txt !== 'string' ) {
txt = this.title;
}
if ( typeof summaryItemsSeparator === 'undefined' ) {
window.summaryItemsSeparator = ',';
}
var val = $summary.val();
var regExp = new RegExp( '(^|[,;.?!/]) ?' + mw.util.escapeRegExp( txt ) );
if ( regExp.test( val ) ) {
return;
}
if ( /[^,; \/]$/.test( val ) ) {
val += summaryItemsSeparator;
}
if ( /[^ ]$/.test( val ) ) {
val += ' ';
}
$summary.val( val + txt ).focus().change();
}

mode = mode || 'classic';

if ( typeof summaryButtons === 'undefined' ) {
window.summaryButtons = {
hideDefaultButtons: false
};
}

var veSaveDialog, $summaryWrapper, $summary;
if ( mode === 'classic' ) {
$summaryWrapper = $( '#wpSummaryWidget' );
$summary = $( '#wpSummary' );
} else {
veSaveDialog = ve.init.target.saveDialog;
if(veSaveDialog) {
$summaryWrapper = veSaveDialog.editSummaryInput.$element;
$summary = veSaveDialog.editSummaryInput.$input;
}
}

var $summaryButtons = $( '<div>' )
.addClass( 'summaryButtons' )
.insertAfter( $summaryWrapper );
var $groups = $( '<div>' )
.addClass( 'summaryButtons-groups' )
.appendTo( $summaryButtons );

window.addSumButton = window.addSummaryButton = function ( label, text, group ) {
group = group || 'custom'; // default is 'default'
var $group = $( '.summaryButtons-group-' + group );
if ( !$group.length ) {
$group = $( '<div>' )
.addClass( 'mw-ui-button-group summaryButtons-group summaryButtons-group-' + group )
.appendTo( $groups );
}

$( '<a>' )
.attr( 'role', 'button' )
.attr( 'title', text )
.addClass( 'mw-ui-button summaryButtons-button' )
.html( label )
.click( insertSummary )
.appendTo( $group );
};

var buttons = mode !== 'visual' ?
// সাধারণ সম্পাদনা মোডের জন্য বোতাম
[
'সংশোধন', 'সম্প্রসারণ', 'তথ্যসূত্র| যোগ/সংশোধন', 'পরিষ্কার|করণ', 'অনুবাদ',
'রচনাশৈলী', 'বিষয়শ্রেণী', 'চিত্র', 'বিষয়বস্তু| যোগ', 'বানান| সংশোধন',
'হালনাগাদ| করা হল', 'ট্যাগ| যোগ/বাতিল', 'অনুলিপি| সম্পাদনা', 'উত্তর| প্রদান', 'মন্তব্য| যোগ'
] :
// দৃশ্যমান সম্পাদনার জন্য বোতাম - আলোচনার জন্য কোনও বোতাম নেই
// (দৃশ্যমান সম্পাদনা আলোচনার পৃষ্ঠাগুলিতে ব্যবহারের উদ্দেশ্যে নয়)
[
'সংশোধন', 'সম্প্রসারণ', 'তথ্যসূত্র| যোগ/সংশোধন', 'পরিষ্কার|করণ', 'অনুবাদ',
'রচনাশৈলী', 'বিষয়শ্রেণী', 'চিত্র', 'বিষয়বস্তু| যোগ', 'বানান| সংশোধন',
'হালনাগাদ| করা হল', 'ট্যাগ| যোগ/বাতিল', 'অনুলিপি| সম্পাদনা'
];

if ( !summaryButtons.hideDefaultButtons ) {
$.each(
buttons,
function ( i, s ) {
addSummaryButton( s.replace( /\|.*/, '' ), s.replace( /\|/, '' ), 'default' );
}
);
}
$( '<a>' )
.attr( 'href', 'https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/উইকিপিডিয়া:গ্যাজেট/সম্পাদনা_সারাংশ_বোতাম' )
.attr( 'target', '_blank' )
.attr( 'title', 'সম্পাদনা সারাংশ বোতাম সম্পর্কিত তথ্য' )
.attr( 'tabindex', '-1' )
.addClass( 'mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet summaryButtons-info-link' )
.text( '?' )
.appendTo( $summaryButtons );

// Эти стили находятся здесь, а не в отдельном CSS, потому что на страницах, где кнопок нет,
// они вредны, а за тем, где запускается CSS, мы не можем проследить.
mw.util.addCSS( '\
.mw-editform #wpSummaryWidget {\
margin-bottom: 0;\
}\
\
.mw-editform .editCheckboxes {\
margin-top: .85714em;\
}\
' );

if ( mode !== 'classic' && !additionalCSS ) {
additionalCSS = mw.util.addCSS( '\
.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-savePanel .summaryButtons {\
margin-top: 2px;\
}\
\
.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-savePanel .ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-options {\
border-top: 1px solid #c8ccd1;\
border-radius: 2px;\
}\
' );
veSaveDialog.updateSize();
}

mw.hook( 'summaryButtons' ).fire();
}

var additionalCSS;
if ( window.ve && ve.init && ve.init.target && ve.init.target.active || $( '.ve-loading' ).length ) {
mw.hook( 've.saveDialog.stateChanged' ).add( function () {
if ( !mw.config.get( 'wgArticleId' ) || $( '.summaryButtons' ).length ) return;
initSummaryButtons( ve.init.target.getSurface().getMode() );
} );
} else if ( [ 'edit', 'submit' ].indexOf( mw.config.get( 'wgAction' ) ) !== -1 ) {
$( function () {
var frm = document.getElementById( 'editform' );
if ( !mw.config.get( 'wgArticleId' ) || !frm || $( frm.wpSection ).val() === 'new' ) return;
initSummaryButtons( 'classic' );
} );
}
}

if ( !( window.ve && ve.init && ve.init.target && ve.init.target.active || $( '.ve-loading' ).length ) ) {
go();
}
mw.hook( 've.activationComplete' ).add( function () {
go();
} );
</pre> [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 19:01, 22 February 2022 (IST)

== Pending changes ==

Hello, you can install [[:meta:Extension:FlaggedRevs]] here. It's can also helps to protect vandal. Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 23:09, 22 February 2022 (IST)
:{{tps}} Please email the technical team at info@bharatmedia.org to activate the FlaggedRevs extension or for any technical help. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 23:12, 22 February 2022 (IST)

:::Done. <s>But I haven't got any kind of reply yet.</s> However, thank you for telling. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 07:37, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::::now I got, thanks again for telling. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 11:36, 23 February 2022 (IST)

== Mediawiki code ==

Install this code also at [[:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Sp-contributions-footer|here]]. Thanks
<pre>
{{Sp-contributions-footer|1=$1}}
</pre> [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 07:31, 23 February 2022 (IST)

:You can use '''|status=approved''' parameter at [[:user:WikiDwarfBOT]] to remove unnecessary categories. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 07:52, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::{{re|রবি}} Both done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:19, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:::Thank you, also add one more code [[:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadgets-definition]] to run [[:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-sompadonasarangsho.js]]-this. As you are Bureaucrats you can install Gadgets definition.
<pre>
* sompadonasarangsho[ResourceLoader|default|type=general|dependencies=mediawiki.ui.button,mediawiki.util]|sompadonasarangsho.js|sompadonasarangsho.css
</pre>
[[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 11:32, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:55, 23 February 2022 (IST)
Thanks, sorry for disturb you once again. . . Can you see in [[:bn:বিশেষ:পছন্দসমূহ#mw-prefsection-rendering|Special:Preferences]] in Bengali Bharatpedia? what's the problem, common.css is working but common.js isn't. 'স্বনির্ধারিত CSS' is there but 'স্বনির্ধারিত JS' isn't. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 12:58, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:{{re|রবি}} Please try now it's working for me. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 14:53, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::{{re|Ajay Kumar|রবি}} The main page was missing so I have created that page and it should work now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:57, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:::Sorry, I think you both are misunderstood, I didn't say that. I am talking about my user common.js ([[:bn:User:রবি/common.js]]) on Bn Bharatpedia, where I install some script those aren't working because of [[:bn:বিশেষ:পছন্দসমূহ#mw-prefsection-rendering|'''this''']] (in this '''স্বনির্ধারিত CSS''' means 'user/common.css' is there but User/common.js means in bengali '''স্বনির্ধারিত JS''' isn't there; missing??). @WikiDwarf: Gadget-sompadonasarangsho was already working before (you can see it by clicking any articles or pages bellow the edit summary). Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:14, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:::::In English Bharatpedia see [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering]], where <code>"Shared CSS/JSON/JavaScript for all skins: Custom CSS | '''Custom JavaScript'''"</code>. 'Custom JavaScript' but on Bengali Bharatpedia in [[bn:বিশেষ:পছন্দসমূহ#mw-prefsection-rendering|Special Preferences]] 'Custom JavaScript' means ''''স্বনির্ধারিত JS'''' is missing? That's why my user common.js is not working there. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:25, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::::::{{re|রবি}} Can you try now? [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:36, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:::::::Thank you so much brother now it's working, but problem is that script should wrii into manually in common.js (<code>mw.loader.load('//bn.bharatpedia.org.in/w/index.php?title='......'&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');</code> in its format, not working). One more problem is like English Bharatpedia, mobile mode is not working in Bengali Bharatpedia, please see it too. Regards -- [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 17:45, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::::::::{{re|রবি}} I'm facing the same issue. If you look at my contributions you will see that I was trying to install/use some scripts but they aren't working for some reason. I have no idea why some of the scripts aren't working and I'm trying to find a solution or if you manage to figure out before me please let me know. Regarding the mobile version of Bengali Bharatpedia, please email the tech team to install or I will ask on your behalf. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:00, 23 February 2022 (IST)

== Reason? ==

Why all articles directly copied from bengal wikipedia? Bengali Bharatpedia needs some more correction :) [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 07:42, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:It was done due to lack of users who can write articles in the Bengali language on bn.bharatpedia. You may fix if there is any issue and let me know if I can help you with anything. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:22, 23 February 2022 (IST)

== Request for adminship ==
Hi {{re|WikiDwarf}} hope you are good. and while iam reviewing draftspaces just I saw new pages that is not yet reviewed and after I declined some unwanted articles, i tagged for deletion. But unfortunately it is getting delay. Due to insufficient users with rights. Hope I can get adminship for help you guys. And i have experience in Bharatpedia as well in Wikipedia. I requested for adminship at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Dhaneesh Ram]]. Thanks! [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 21:18, 27 February 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Dhaneesh Ram}} The nomination page was not properly created so I have fixed some issues. Also, your nomination is incomplete, please take a look at the nomination page and add your answers to listed questions there. Thank you, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:40, 27 February 2022 (IST)

== Sir a volunteer puts in everyone's page draft. He is a Fake Volunteer and also put this page in Draft. He keeps vandalizing all the pages. ==

{{reply|SonofZeus| WikiDwarf}} Dear Sir [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician]] Sir an attempt was made to vandalize this page again and 1 fake volunteer again put it in draft. Sir block that volunteer and as soon as possible recover and live this page. And this page needs protection. Thank you so much sir}} [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 15:27, 6 March 2022 (IST)

== Sir that Fake Volunteer is again ruining [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] page. ==

{{reply|WikiDwarf}} Sir that Fake Volunteer is again ruining [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] page. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 19:24, 7 March 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Coolblack4}} If I'm not wrong, you are referring to user {{u|Lucasraven12}} who proposed the article for deletion and I don't see their action as disruptive. Any contributor can create, edit or even nominate an article for deletion if they feel it may not meet our content guidelines, but that's not the dead end. Currently [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] was proposed for deletion and any editor who disagrees with a proposed deletion can simply remove the tag. Even after the page is deleted, any editor can have the page restored by any administrator simply by asking. In both cases, the editor is encouraged to fix the perceived problem with the page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:22, 7 March 2022 (IST)

{{reply|WikiDwarf}} Sir, why didn't you protect this page from getting ruined?

You have made this page good even a few days ago. You now remove the tag from this page because now it has all the good sources. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 20:35, 7 March 2022 (IST)

{{reply|WikiDwarf}} Sir it is not necessary that all volunteers will be right.
Volunteers also make mistakes.
You are very big that's why I am telling you. You can check the refill once and remove the tag. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 20:38, 7 March 2022 (IST)

{{reply|WikiDwarf}}
Yesterday this volunteer had put this tag in this page.
{{Prod blp/dated
|concern =
|user =
|timestamp = 20220307151651
|help =
}}
And you had removed this tag from that page.

Looks like that volunteer hates this page so he is doing it intentionally.

[[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 20:46, 7 March 2022 (IST)

== Sir, for how long have you protected [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] page? ==

Sir, for how long have you protected [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] page? [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 13:49, 9 March 2022 (IST)

== Page Move ==

{{ping|WikiDwarf}} An IP submitted My draft now please look at it ...
https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Draft:Susovan_Sonu_Roy [[User:Weftpies|Weftpies]] ([[User talk:Weftpies|talk]]) 19:46, 14 March 2022 (IST)

{{ping|WikiDwarf}} But The draft I created has Google listed see this link [https://g.co/kgs/x9YGQH] [[User:Weftpies|Weftpies]] ([[User talk:Weftpies|talk]]) 12:31, 15 March 2022 (IST)

{{ping|WikiDwarf}} If you compare My draft to this page https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician) that singer is also not notable and no Google listing also not good reference and if you see My draft page there are good reference and also google listings and good recognition.please look at it.

:{{re|Weftpies}} I looked at your draft and can't find any reliable source that supports notability so you need to provide some reliable news articles that discuss the subject directly. Regarding [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]], if you believe the subject isn't notable as per our policies you can nominate the article for deletion. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:40, 15 March 2022 (IST)

== Adminship for Bengali Bharatpedia ==

Hi, WikiDwarf! How are you? If you have time, please see [[:bn:ভারতপিডিয়া:প্রশাসক হওয়ার আবেদন/রবি|'''RFA''']] at বাংলা ভারতপিডিয়া। I want to letting you know that the time of the RFA close to end. Thank you. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 19:50, 21 March 2022 (IST)

== Some issues ==

Hi, WikiDwarf!

Thank you for passing RFA. The problem I noticed is that I can edit under MediaWiki protection but somehow I can't create pages into the MediaWiki namespace. I hope the interface administrator can do this. However for now can you install twinkle gadets extension or js there from English wikipedia?, so that i can translate and correct the script to run twinkle on Bengali Bharatpedia.

One more problem is as an Administrator I'm not able to give userright (like- rollback, Autopatrolled etc.) to another user and main problem is that i'm not able to make myself bot account for temporary to fixing some general issues, for which the place of recent changes is floating. I think it's important to have. Please look at this. Thanks. -- [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 21:55, 22 March 2022 (IST)

: You have to import [[:mw:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle/Localisation|these]]. No problem, please look when you have time. Best wishes [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 22:05, 22 March 2022 (IST)

::Should I create a bot account instead, if there is more trouble in this. Then I'll request for BRFA. Which one is best? Please suggest too. Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 00:03, 23 March 2022 (IST)
:::{{re|রবি}} Sorry for replying late. I tried to install Twinkle here on English Bharatpedia by importing pages [[:mw:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle/Localisation|listed here]] but it seems that Twinkle is designed only to work for Wikimedia sites and it's not available for third parties. Regarding giving use rights, the option is limited for Bureaucrats so, you need to email info@bharatmedia and ask for help on that case. To run a bot account you need to create a new user account e.g. রবি Bot and let me know and I will add it to the bot group. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 23 March 2022 (IST)
::::Done. Thanks! Kindly see [[:Bn:ভারতপিডিয়া:বট/অনুমোদনের অনুরোধ/ReplacementBOT|'''BRFA''']].—[[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 15:55, 23 March 2022 (IST)
:::::also kindly give Adminship access to my this bot account too, it's needed to run [[:bn:Special:ReplaceText|Special:ReplaceText]]. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:16, 23 March 2022 (IST)
Will you make my bot as an administrator too? Reason is to run [[:bn:Special:ReplaceText|Special:ReplaceText]], needs administrator usergroup access. I am responsible for the every single work done by my bot. Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 22:16, 23 March 2022 (IST)

:Sorry for disturbing multiple times, hope you never mind. :) [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 22:49, 23 March 2022 (IST)
::{{re|রবি}} Unfortunately it's not possible to grant adminship to bot accounts, but I will ask the tech team to let bot access [[:bn:Special:ReplaceText]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:34, 24 March 2022 (IST)
:::When it's done, please let me know. Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:19, 25 March 2022 (IST)
::::{{re|রবি}} It's done already. You may try and let me know if you face any issues. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:12, 25 March 2022 (IST)

;Interface Adminship
::Kindly see [[:bn:ভারতপিডিয়া:ইন্টারফেস প্রশাসক হওয়ার আবেদন/রবি|RFIA]], important rights to create pages on mediawiki namespace. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 15:03, 26 March 2022 (IST)

:::I have modify the [[:bn:|main page]] of bnwiki. Does it look good now or was previous one better than it? Too much hard work I put to create this. Please look at this also. Thanks. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 17:13, 26 March 2022 (IST)
::::{{re|রবি}} Sorry I was busy with some other work. The main page looks good to me regarding RFIA I'll take a look at it shortly. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:19, 28 March 2022 (IST)
:::::Thanks, I'm still waiting! However, for now, could you help me to replace '''$1''' with {{tq|1=<nowiki><a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.bn">সিসি বাই-এসএ ৩.০</a></nowiki>}} [[:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Mobile-frontend-copyright|here]]? I'm not able to do that, this will only interface administrators can do. Thank you. --[[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 23:43, 3 April 2022 (IST)
:::::{{re|রবি}} The tech team is undergoing major maintenance work so to avoid any conflict I didn't perform any action. Once the maintenance work is over with more power, I will complete all your request. Sorry for the inconvenience. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:25, 4 April 2022 (IST)
:::::: Ok, I'm sorry! That's why I see previously search box wasn't working in mobile mode, but now it's works. --[[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:10, 4 April 2022 (IST)
:::::::One last thing is you didn't replace properly, that's why link isn't working. You need to replace it's properly, kindly '''<nowiki>[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.bn সিসি বাই-এসএ ৩.০]</nowiki>''' replace with {{tq|1=<nowiki><a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.bn">সিসি বাই-এসএ ৩.০</a></nowiki>}} properly. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:11, 4 April 2022 (IST)
::::::::see it on mobile mode in bottom of the page, if you need any further confirmation ([https://bn.bharatpedia.org.in/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile direct link]). regards! (when I'll forgot to thank you, please consider রবি has thanked you :) [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:55, 21 April 2022 (IST)

== [[Bharatpedia talk:Arjuni Municipal Council]] ==

I'm confused with this, and didn't understand how to handle it, made by User:Tata India; can you solve it? and help by moving page into draft namespace. Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 23:34, 27 March 2022 (IST)
:{{tps}} I have solved it by moving contents to [[Arjuni Municipal Council]]. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 23:46, 27 March 2022 (IST)

== Import ==

If you had time, can you import [[:mw:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] & [[:mw:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.css|মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.css]] on Bengali Bharatpedia? As an only Interface Administrator there, so I'm requesting you. You only able to do that. Thank you. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 01:34, 28 March 2022 (IST)
:Sure, I will import these pages shortly. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:19, 28 March 2022 (IST)

== Now this page will have to be protected permanently. ==

{{reply|WikiDwarf}} Hi Dear Sir, As I mentioned earlier some volunteers are teasing on this page. [[Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)]] You have locked this page after that it is unlocked here. That volunteer again fake tag this page and locked it. I told you to protect this page permanently. Please act as soon as possible Thank you! [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 07:40, 1 April 2022 (IST)

== Email confirmation issue ==

It's seems that there are some problem is in Bangla Bharatpedia in user email confirmation; cause I tried it more than 10 times there from my account creation date to till now but no response get. So today when I last tried there but still got no response so I try here in English Bharatpedia, then finally got response and now my email address has been confirmed there and here both. :) [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:40, 21 April 2022 (IST)

== Protect the page permanently ==

{{reply|WikiDwarf}} Dear Sir, Someone has tagged again. You remove the tag again and protect the page permanently.
Thank You. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 08:21, 25 April 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Coolblack4}} I went ahead and removed the tag. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 08:51, 25 April 2022 (IST)

Thank you so much sir, Can you make this page a permanent protect so that no one can tamper with this page? [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 09:13, 25 April 2022 (IST)

:{{re|Coolblack4}} Unfortunately, it's not possible to fully protection, that's need a pure vandalism in the history of article. But, still you need to wait WikiDwarf's reply. Extra, you can read [[Bharatpedia:Protection policy]]. regards [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:17, 25 April 2022 (IST)

==Meetup==
{{re|রবি|Dhaneesh Ram|SonOfZeus|Ajay Kumar}} Hello guys. First of all I would like to apologize for not being around, actually I was super busy with the tech team and we were working on some supper existing projects. Everything is almost done and we will be back as normal but I need your help for testing some new features and all. So, can you guys please confirm the best time to discuss? Please add your preferred time below and we'll all try to come online at the same time. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:26, 4 May 2022 (IST)

: {{Ping|WikiDwarf}} I am okay with Tomorrow from 12 PM to 2 PM. But others convenience is must. Thank you! [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 19:36, 4 May 2022 (IST)
::Thank you {{re|Dhaneesh Ram}}, if you have some time we can discuss right now as I'm ok to discuss with everyone on their preferred time. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:41, 4 May 2022 (IST)
:::I have some free time for today but others convenience is preferable! --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 19:46, 4 May 2022 (IST)
:::: {{ping|WikiDwarf}} sorry for my inconvenience iam little busy now, shall we discuss tomorrow? [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 19:57, 4 May 2022 (IST)
:::::{{re|Dhaneesh Ram}} Sure we can discuss tomorrow. {{re|SonOfZeus}} Are you free tomorrow by 1pm? [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:04, 4 May 2022 (IST)
::::::It's ok. Actually, for tomorrow, I have some busy schedule, but I will ''try to arrange'' my schedule to make myself free at 1 pm tomorrow for the discussion! --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 22:02, 4 May 2022 (IST)
:::::::{{re|Dhaneesh Ram|SonOfZeus}} Great!! so will get in touch tomorrow at 1pm. {{re|রবি|Ajay Kumar}} can join us or we can discuss with them later. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 22:12, 4 May 2022 (IST)
::::::::{{re|Dhaneesh Ram|SonOfZeus|রবি|Ajay Kumar}} Please [https://web.libera.chat/?channel=#bharatmedia click here] to join me for discussion and use your Bharatpedia username to login (without password). [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:51, 5 May 2022 (IST)
::::::::::Unfortunately, I tried after every 10 minutes for 3 times to enter, it failed. Idk why! Hope I will join in the next time! --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 13:52, 5 May 2022 (IST)
:::::::::::{{re|SonOfZeus}} That's strange, because I was discussing with Dhaneesh Ram on the same channel. If you want I can mail you all the details and you can test everything in your spare time. :) [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:59, 5 May 2022 (IST)
::::::::::::I'm still around on the channel feel free to join me when ever you are free. Just click on the link above, add your username under "nick" and click start. If you see any error please feel free to share it with me here. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:05, 5 May 2022 (IST)
:::::::::::::Going away for half an hour and I will be back by 3PM. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:27, 5 May 2022 (IST)
Guys, I'm really sorry. First of all i didn't get notifications, just open and seeing it now; secondly I'm passing my Eid holidays. Thank you WikiDwarf for inviting me to that discussion. What was the topic of discussion there? Was it video chatting or normal? Can someone email me with a brief explanation of that topic? I'm little busy now days, Sorry for any inconvenience. Thank you. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:10, 5 May 2022 (IST)
:Hello {{re|রবি}}, that's ok even SonOfZeus was not able to join the discussion. It was a normal discussion about new features we have introduced. I will mail you and SonOfZeus a detailed email so you can review and react accordingly. Have a good time and enjoy holidays. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:43, 5 May 2022 (IST)
::{{re|রবি}} I lost your email address please send me an email so I can forward the details to you. {{re|SonOfZeus}}, please check your mailbox. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:46, 5 May 2022 (IST)
:::Done, please check your email. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 09:18, 6 May 2022 (IST)
Hello WikiDwarf! I received your mail! I have checked out all the websites one by one! There's no problem in log in. Once after I logged in at meta, I saw there is automatic log in at all the languages' wikis! But I saw my edit count in Meitei Bharatpedia as "0" in http://bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAuth when I entered my username and check my information! Is this a result of malfunction? I have done significant edits in Meitei Bharatpedia. Besides, in the section of "Groups", I saw nothing in Meitei Bharatpedia's row but I saw "autopatrolled, importer, sysop" in English Bharatpedia. --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 22:58, 6 May 2022 (IST)
::::{{re|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for confirming. Please allow me some time to investigate all the issues you raised above and we'll try to fix them as soon as possible and I'll get back to you with an update. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:18, 7 May 2022 (IST)
:::::I just checked and notice that old edits are not updating in the CentralAuth table but those edits are available in the local wiki so if you look at your contributions in mni-bharatpedia you'll find all your contributions. Your user right was missing so I have updated that and it can be verified through [[Special:CentralAuth]]. Please let me know if there is anything else is missing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:20, 7 May 2022 (IST)
::::::I haven't received your email yet, however I'm very happy & excited to see Meta & others projects. Hopefully, I will be of some useful to you in improving these projects. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 22:52, 9 May 2022 (IST)
{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} My adminship permission at [[:bn:|bn]] is not showing. Is there any problem? Is it done by mistake or the permission taken from me? [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 23:16, 9 May 2022 (IST)
:::::::{{re|রবি}} I have fixed the adminship on your account on bn-bharatpedia. Also, a detailed email was sent to you the same day so please check your spam box and let me know if you still can't find it and I will resend it to you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:43, 9 May 2022 (IST)

== Main page other languages ==

Yesterday, you added other languages in the main page of bn bharatpedia, but unfortunately these links redirecting to wikipedia. Please see it there by clicking "ভাষা" button ([https://bn.bharatpedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE direct link]), Is it possible to solve this problem? or I'll remove these languages from the main page. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:27, 10 May 2022 (IST)

:But i can see in English Bharatpedia it's working perfectly. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:31, 10 May 2022 (IST)

::{{re|রবি}} Fixed. They were incorrectly linked in [[:bn:বিশেষ:আন্তঃউইকি]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:26, 10 May 2022 (IST)

::::Thank you. Can you delete [https://www.bharatdata.org/wiki/Property:P2 this], so that I can create it again; I wrongly create this in Data type "Property" instead of "Item". [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 13:02, 10 May 2022 (IST)
:::::Deleted. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 10 May 2022 (IST)
::::::Did you manage to find the email or you want me to send it again? [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:37, 10 May 2022 (IST)
:::::::No, I didn't find (hopefully didn't get), you can send it again, sorry for bothered you again. Thank you. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 13:42, 10 May 2022 (IST)

Thank you, I got it and happy to hear about Container wiki (it's extremely useful for everyone). In all I mostly liked that when you said majority articles should be related to india in Bengali Bharatpedia (which was not before there), like as I've say before to the technical team. Anyways, when you have time can you correct the prefix of meta "m" (it is redirect to meta.wikimedia.org) at [[bn:বিশেষ:আন্তঃউইকি|বিশেষ:আন্তঃউইকি]]? and also can you add one language which is missing in bn - Prefix is "bho" and url "https://bho.bharatpedia.org/wiki/$1". Thank you. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 18:33, 10 May 2022 (IST)
:Meta and Bho both done. The name "Container" is just an idea so if you or anyone else have a better suggestion please feel free to share (the motive is to have file storage). Regarding articles related to India, we have around 3k article at the moment and I feel we should have more so if you the list of missing articles please feel free to share through email. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 10 May 2022 (IST)

::In this wiki "m" redirected to "meta.bharatmedia.org" url adress, not a correct one; change into bharat'''p'''edia instead of media, that's "meta.bharatpedia.org". [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 21:53, 10 May 2022 (IST)
:::Done, thank you for pointing it out. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:58, 10 May 2022 (IST)
::::Hello WikiDwarf & [[User:রবি|রবি]]! I saw the logo of Meta's main page using the word "Bharat'''m'''edia" but the link url is using the word "Bharat'''p'''edia" at https://meta.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Main_Page . I was confused at this. Shall not Bharat'''p'''edia be a part of Bharat'''m'''edia? --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 11:50, 11 May 2022 (IST)
:::::{{re|SonOfZeus}} Meta is a project of Bharatmedia Foundation so that's the reason the logo reads "Bharatmedia". The plan was to build Meta under bharatmedia.org but due to issue with saving cookies for global login it was created under meta.bharatpedia.org. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:06, 11 May 2022 (IST)

== About Container Bharatmedia ==
Hello WikiDwarf! I hope there might have already been some discussions being proceeded on at the last meet-up. Btw, for me, I have some suggestions. Wikimedia Commons is known for having very very strict rules about licensing on the pictures. That strictness lead to the enabling of the local wikis (for example, English Wikipedia) to allow users to upload files in their local platforms. Local wikis still have some rules and regulations but not too strict like Wikimedia Commons. I am highlighting this fact because I expect our Container Bharatmedia to have rules but not too much strict like that of Wikimedia Commons. Particularly, cc-by-nc (non commercial license) is totally not allowed in Wikimedia Commons. But for Container Bharatmedia, I wish to allow this. This license meant not to use the files for commercial purposes. And since Bharatmedia projects are not commercial zones, it's still ok to allow files of such license type to be used. Please tell me what are your thoughts on these facts! --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 12:02, 11 May 2022 (IST)

:The Container wiki name is different and also a unique one. I'm one of the supporter to keep this name. Whatever will be in its rules and regulations, the main thing we must note is that it is separate from the Commons and suppose to be better than Commons (that we will make). [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:33, 11 May 2022 (IST)

== Bedam Shah Warsi ==

Hello, WikiDwarf! Do semi protect this page, strictly vandalized by ips. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 18:21, 11 May 2022 (IST)
:{{Tps}} [[User:রবি|রবি]] {{Done}} --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 19:11, 11 May 2022 (IST)
:Can you please delete it per copyright violations. as it was copied without my permission. I am not at all interested to have my work robbed by spam bloggers running this site. — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:162.158.163.221|162.158.163.221]] ([[User talk:162.158.163.221#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/162.158.163.221|contribs]]) 
::{{re|162.158.163.221}} Welcome to Bharatpedia, can you please explain how this work belongs to you? and can you provide some evidence so we can look into to take appropriate action? Thanks [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:19, 11 May 2022 (IST)

== Reporting issue ==

Hi, Wiki Dwarf hope you are good, I had faced some difficulty in Tamil Bharatpedia, that is it is automatically logged out. I tried to login again, but it shows incorrect password. Then I tried to change new password by clicking forget password. But I didn't get email. And i checked all other Bharatpedia like English, Hinglish, everything is ok there, i have logged in those versions. Even i checked in meta too and then i logged out from meta and i logged in again but My account is not get logged in to Tamil Bharatpedia. How can I fix it. [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 15:27, 15 May 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Dhaneesh Ram}} Let me check and I'll try getting the issue resolved as soon as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:33, 15 May 2022 (IST)
::Can you try again? [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:01, 15 May 2022 (IST)
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}}I got mail with temporary password, i logged in with that, but I logged out in English Bharatpedia now, but I logged in again. Probably it all ok now. Thanks for your help and kindly grant User: Import master as autopatroller in Tamil Bharatpedia, because he is importing many articles, it is impossible to mark all articles as reviewed only by me. Thank you! [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 17:35, 15 May 2022 (IST)

== Rajput ==

As i have already mentioned, the info on page was unrefrenced, and if you see wikipedia and other refrences they are mentioned are cluster of clans.

Rao Gopal Dev

2022-05-19T07:57:06Z

Slatersteven:

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rao Gopaldev Singh
| title =[[Rao Bahadur]]
| image =Statue of Rao Gopal Dev, Rewari.jpg
| caption = Rao Gopaldev Chowk, [[Rewari]]
| succession = Leader of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1829
| predecessor = Rao Nathuram Singh
| birth_place =Rewari, [[Ahirwal]], [[Punjab]]
| death_date = 1862<ref name="mgarh">{{cite web|title=Mahendragarh at A Glance >> History >>Modern Period|url=http://mahendragarh.gov.in/history.asp#modern|website=mahendragarh.gov.in|publisher=National portal of India|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref>
| father = Rao Nathuram Singh
| successor = {{plainlist| ** [[British Raj|British India Govt. 1857–1877]] }}{{plainlist| ** ''Rao Lal Singh'' After 1877}}
}}
'''Rao Gopal Dev''' (1829–1862) was a nineteenth-century revolutionary leader and [[Yaduvanshi Ahir]] King of Jhajjar,Rohtak,Sonipat,Charkhi Dadri and Bhiwani who allied himself with his cousin, [[Rao Tula Ram]](Ruler of Ahirwal), during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Suresh K.|title=Haryana: Past and Present|year=2006|publisher=Mittal|isbn=978-81-8324-046-8|pages=252–53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n7vV0eiS3YC&pg=PA252}}</ref> He was sixth generation descendant of famous Rao Shahbaz Singh and first cousin of [[Rao Tula Ram]]. He inherited personal jagir of 41 villages after the death of his father Rao Nathu Ram in 1855.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yadava|first=S. D. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&q=%22Rao+Gopal+Dev%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA73|title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India|date=2006|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-216-1|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rao Mitra Sen Ahir]]
*[[Rao Ruda Singh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Dr. Ravindra Singh Yadav & Vijaypal, 1857 ki kranti k purodha: Rao Raja Tularam, Punit Publication, Jaipur, 2013 {{ISBN|978-81-88559-54-1}}
* Anil Yadav, Krantidoot--Rao Raja Tularam, Sarita Book House, 1999, Delhi.

==External links==
* {{Cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Ravindra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=387LDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Rao+Gopal+Dev%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA139|title=HARYANA GK: HARYANA AT THE START OF 2020: Haryana GK for Haryana Civil Services (HCS) & Other State Examinations|last2=ARSu|first2=Team|date=2020-01-01|publisher=MyARSu|isbn=978-1-64783-786-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v04yAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Rao+Gopal+Dev%22+-wikipedia|title=Textbooks from India|date=2003|publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training|isbn=978-81-7450-129-5|language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dev, Rao Gopal}}
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People from Rewari]]
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1862 deaths]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Rajput

2022-05-19T07:55:17Z

Slatersteven: Undo revision 309883 by WikiDwarf (talk)

'''Rajput''' is an untouchable group from Indian Subcontinent.

Rajput word came in existence in 1300AD. They are considered to be untouchables even to this day and classified under schedueled caste (SC). It is common to find most of them serving their [[Jat]] and [[Ahir]] landlords. In current days [[Rajasthan]] , [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttrakhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] are home to most of the Rajputs. From those princely states, 121 were [[Salute states]] in which Rajputs ruled 81 of them at the time of India's independence. The Rajputs were classified as a [[martial race]] by the [[United Kingdom|British]] colonial government and recruited for the military establishment during the subcontinent's colonial period. "Martial Race" was a designation created by officials of [[British India]] to describe "races" ([[peoples]]) that were thought to be naturally warlike and [[aggressive]] in [[battle]], and to possess qualities like [[courage]], [[loyalty]], [[self sufficiency]], [[physical strength]], [[resilience]], [[Neatness and tidiness|orderliness]], the ability to work hard for long periods of time, fighting [[Psychological resilience|tenacity]] and [[military strategy]]. The British recruited heavily from these Martial Races for service in the [[colonial army]].<ref>''Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and [[NWFP]], H A Rose''</ref>
[[Image:Prithvi Raj Chauhan (Edited).JPG|thumb|300px|Statue of [[Prithvi Raj Chauhan]] at Ajmer]]
[[Image:RajaRaviVarma MaharanaPratap.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maharana Pratap]], a Sixteenth century Rajput ruler. Pratap was a great warrior; [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] campagined extensively against Pratap.But Pratap ultimately regained control of all of [[Mewar]] (excluding the fort of [[Chittor]] which was lost to [[Akbar]] in 1568 CE after a firce battle and [[Jauhar]]).]]

== Origins ==
{{main|Origin of Rajputs}}
Asopa informs us this observation after understanding meaning of word Rajputra or Rajput from many ancient texts:

{{quote|"Rajput is a corrupt form of the Vedic word Rajputra. It occurs in Rigveda, Yajurvedic Kaphak Samhita, and Aitareya Bramana of the Rigveda as a synonym for Râjanya. ...In Mahabharata also the word Rajputra has been used in the sense of nobles and chiefs, as well as ordinary Kshatriyas. The literal meaning of Kshatriya again is the son of a Kshatra. ... So the primary meaning of Rajanya and Kshatriya is the same and Rajputra is used for either of the two words though its meaning becomes distinct as we proceed on the long road of time... As pointed out by G.H. Ojha in Rajputane ka Itihasa Vol. I, Rajputras have been referred to in Kautilya’s Arthasastra, Kalidasa’s Malvikagnimitra, Asvaghosha’s Saundarananda and Banabhatta’s Harshacharita and Kadambari. The word has been used with different connotations by these authors. In Kautilya’s work it implies sons of the king while by Kalidasa and Asvaghosha it is used for nobles. Banabhatta in the first work uses it in the sense of nobles and in the latter work as sons of the nobles”}} <ref>J.N. Asopa, Origin of the Rajputs, Delhi, 1976, pp.4-5</ref><ref>a History of Rajasthan rima hooja pg-271</ref>
The Rajput were the traditional royal warrior elite and landowning caste of Northern India, organised by into clans with a ruling chief. Rajput is a modern form from the ancient term ''"Rajputra"''<ref>''Naga cults and traditions in the western Himalaya'' by Omacanda Hāṇḍā, Published by Indus Publishing, 2004 p77</ref> <ref>''Medieval India, Culture and Thought'' by M. L. Bhagi, Published by Indian Publications, 1965, p20</ref> <ref>''Rajasthan Directory & Who's who'' by Sukhvir Singh Gahlot, Published by Hindi Sahitya Mandir, 1982 p67</ref> which means son of a king. Rajputra is mentioned in different Vedas as a synonym for ''Rajanya'' used to refer to one who is a scion of a royal ruler. Many different authors throughout history have defined it in different terms; [[Kautilya]] used it to signify a prince, whilst [[Kalidasa]] and ''Asvaghosh'' used it as a term for [[nobles]]. It indicates that in ancient India, a distinction existed between ordinary Kshatriyas and the Rajputra, the latter being a social categoryof royalty. Gradually over the decline of the Rajputra fortunes, the two terms become interchangeable. Since the 8th century CE, Rajput has become a known [[caste]]<ref>''Rajasthan''
by Kumar Suresh Singh, B. K. Lavania, Dipak Kumar Samanta, S. K. Mandal, N. N. Vyas, Anthropological Survey of India, Anthropological Survey of India, Published by Popular Prakashan, 1998, p785</ref> denoting [[Kshatriya]] princes of royal descent.<ref>''A Brief Survey of the History of Mewar'' by Lala Kanhaiya Lal Varma, Published by College Book Depot, 1933, p13</ref>

{{cquote|''Rajput - Brave, Patriot, Casteist, and Bold are the four characteristics most frequently assigned to the Rajput who in strict terms are called Kshatriya....''|30px|30px|Social Forces<ref>''Social Forces'' by Howard Washington Odum, Southern Sociological Society (U.S.), JSTOR (Organization), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Dept. of Sociology, Project Muse, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute for Research in Social Science
Published by University of North Carolina Press, 1967, p46</ref>}}

Familial and racial pride is said to be more developed in the Rajput community than any other community.<ref>''Early Medieval Indian Society: A Study in Feudalisation'' by R.S. Sharma, Orient Longman, 2004, p206</ref>

Traditionally, 36 ''royal races'' or Raj-kul, of the Rajputs signified their royal lineage.<ref>''The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India'' by R V Russell, R.B.H. Lai
Published by Asian Educational Services, 1995p412</ref>

The term Rajputra was even used by medieval emperor [[Harsha]]vardhan (606-648 AD) of Kannauj.<ref>''Encyclopaedia of Indian Events and Dates'' by Satya Bikash Bhattacherje, Sterling Publ. 1995, p12</ref>

During the rule of the British, Lieutenant Colonel James Tod visited Rajasthan and attempted to write a definitive list of the 36 Rajput tribes. However, everyone that he spoke to gave him varying lists of tribes. It can thus be concluded that a tribe that had furnished warriors or was politically dominant in a particular region can justly call itself a Rajput tribe.<ref>''The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India'' by R V Russell, R.B.H. Lai, Asian Educational Services, 1995, p414</ref>
== राजपूत जातियो की सूची ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! क्रमांक !! नाम !! गोत्र !! वंश !! स्थान और जिला
|-
|1 || सूर्यवंशी,अर्कवंशी || कश्यप || सूर्य || उत्तर प्रदेश, हरियाणा, पंजाब,महाराष्ट्र, उत्तरांचल, दक्षिण भारत,
|-
|2 || कलहश || आग्निश || कलहशवंशी, सूर्यवंशी || प्राचीन राजपूताना और बस्ती बलिया उत्तर प्रदेश, राजस्थान
|-
|3 || गुहिलवन्शी सिसोदिया || बैजपायन्, काश्यप || सूर्य || महाराणा उदयपुर स्टेट
|-
|4||कछवाहा||मानव्य्||सूर्य||महाराजा जयपुर और ग्वालियर राज्य
|-
|5||राठोड||कश्यप,||सूर्य||जोधपुर बीकानेर और पूर्व और मालवा
|-
|6||सोमवंशी||अत्रैय||चन्द||प्रतापगढ और जिला हरदोई
|-
|7||यदुवंशी||अत्रैय||चन्द||राजकरौली राजपूताने में
|-
|8||भाटी||अत्रय||जादौन||महारजा ज��सलमेर राजपूताना
|-
|9||जाडेचा||अत्रय||यदुवंशी||महाराजा कच्छ भुज
|-
|10||जादवा||अत्रय||जादौन शाखा||अवा. कोटला ऊमरगढ आगरा
|-
|11||तन्वर||व्याघ्र||चन्द||पाटन के राव तंवरघार जिला ग्वालियर
|-
|12||कटियार||व्याघ्र||तोंवर||धरमपुर का राज और हरदोई
|-
|13||पालीवार||व्याघ्र||तोंवर||गोरखपुर
|-
|14||परिहार||कौशल्य||सूर्य||मंडोर (जोधपुर) एवं मध्यप्रदेश
|-
|15||तखी||कौशल्य||सूर्य, परिहार||पंजाब कांगडा जालंधर जम्मू में
|-
|16||पंवार||वशिष्ठ||सूर्य||मालवा मेवाड धौलपुर पूर्व मे बलिया
|-
|17||सोलंकी||भारद्वाज||चन्द्र||राजपूताना मालवा सोरों जिला एटा
|-
|18||चौहान||वत्स||सूर्य||राजपूताना पूर्व और सर्वत्र
|-
|19|| बिष्ट ||भारद्वाज ||सूर्यवंशी||प्राचीन में राजपूताना, यू.पी.
|-
|20||गुहिलवन्शी गहलोत||बैजपायण||सूर्य||मथुरा कानपुर और पूर्वी जिले
|-
|21||हाडा||वत्स||चौहान||कोटा बूंदी और हाडौती देश
|-
|22||खींची||वत्स||चौहान||खींचीवाडा मालवा ग्वालियर
|-
|23||भदौरिया||वत्स||अग्निवंश||नौगंवां पारना आगरा इटावा गालियर भिन्ड और भदावर स्टेट
|-
|24||देवडा||वत्स||चौहान||राजपूताना सिरोही राज
|-
|25||शम्भरी||वत्स||चौहान||नीमराणा रानी का रायपुर पंजाब
|-
|26||बच्छगोत्री||वत्स||चौहान||प्रतापगढ सुल्तानपुर
|-
|27||राजकुमार||वत्स||चौहान||दियरा कुडवार फ़तेहपुर जिला
|-
|28||पवैया||वत्स||चौहान||ग्वालियर
|-
|29||गौर, गौड||भारद्वाज||सूर्य||शिवगढ रायबरेली कानपुर लखनऊ
|-
|30||वैस||भारद्वाज||चन्द्र||उन्नाव रायबरेली मैनपुरी पूर्व में
|-
|31||गेहरवार||कश्यप||सूर्य||माडा हरदोई उन्नाव बांदा पूर्व
|-
|32||सेंगर||गौतम||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||जगम्बनपुर भरेह इटावा जालौन
|-
|33||कनपुरिया||भारद्वाज||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||पूर्व में राजाअवध के जिलों में हैं
|-
|34||बिसैन||वत्स||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||गोरखपुर बलिया सलेमपुर देवरिया गोंडा प्रतापगढ में हैं
|-
|35||निकुम्भ||वशिष्ठ||सूर्य||गोरखपुर आजमगढ हरदोई जौनपुर
|-
|36||सिरसेत||भारद्वाज||सूर्य||गाजीपुर बस्ती गोरखपुर
|-
|37||च्चाराणा||दहिया||चन्द||जालोर, सिरोही केर्, घटयालि, साचोर, गढ बावतरा,
|-
|38||कटहरिया||वशिष्ठ या भारद्वाज||सूर्य||बरेली बंदायूं मुरादाबाद शाहजहांपुर
|-
|39||वाच्छिल||अत्रयवच्छिल||चन्द्र||मथुरा बुलन्दशहर शाहजहांपुर
|-
|40||बढगूजर||वशिष्ठ||सूर्य||अनूपशहर एटा अलीगढ मैनपुरी मुरादाबाद हिसार गुडगांव जयपुर
|-
|41|| मकवाना ॥ झाला ||मरीच कश्यप||चन्द्र||धागधरा मेवाड झालावाड कोटा हिनोतिया मालवा
|-
|42||गौतम||गौतम||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||राजा अर्गल फ़तेहपुर
|-
|43||रैकवार||भारद्वाज||सूर्य||बहरायच सीतापुर बाराबंकी
|-
|44||करचुल हैहय||कृष्णात्रेय||चन्द्र||बलिया फ़ैजाबाद अवध
|-
|45||चन्देल||चान्द्रायन||चन्द्रवंशी||गिद्धौर कानपुर फ़र्रुखाबाद बुन्देलखंड पंजाब गुजरात
|-
|46||जनवार||कौशल्य||सोलंकी शाखा||बलरामपुर अवध के जिलों में
|-
|47||बहरेलिया||भारद्वाज||वैस की गोद सिसोदिया||रायबरेली बाराबंकी
|-
|48||दीत्तत||कश्यप||सूर्यवंश की शाखा||उन्नाव बस्ती प्रतापगढ जौनपुर रायबरेली बांदा
|-
|49||सिलार||शौनिक||चन्द्र||सूरत राजपूतानी
|-
|50||सिकरवार||सांकृत||सूर्य||ग्वालियर आगरा और उत्तरप्रदेश में
|-
|51||सुरवार||गर्ग||सूर्य||कठियावाड में
|-
|52||सुर्वैया||वशिष्ठ||यदुवंश||काठियावाड
|-
|53||मौर्य||गौतम||सूर्य||बिहार, उत्तर प्रदेश, राजस्थान
|-
|54||टांक (तत्तक)||शौनिक||नागवंश||मैनपुरी और पंजाब
|-
|55||गुप्त||गार्ग्य||चन्द्र||अब इस वंश का पता नही है
|-
|56||कौशिक||कौशिक||चन्द्र||बलिया आजमगढ गोरखपुर
|-
|57||भृगुवंशी||भार्गव||चन्द्र||वनारस बलिया आजमगढ गोरखपुर
|-
|58||गर्गवंशी||गर्ग||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||नृसिंहपुर सुल्तानपुर, मार्टींनगँज आजमगढ
|-
|59||पडियारिया,||देवल, सांकृतसाम||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||राजपूताना
|-
|60||ननवग||कौशल्य||चन्द्र||जौनपुर जिला
|-
|61||वनाफ़र||पाराशर, कश्यप||चन्द्र||बुन्देलखन्ड बांदा वनारस
|-
|62||जैसवार||कश्यप||यदुवंशी||मिर्जापुर एटा मैनपुरी
|-
|63||नैय्दु||वैक्ला||सूर्य||दक्षिण मद्रास तमिलनाडु अन्ध्र कर्नाटक में
|-
|64||निमवंशी||कश्यप||सूर्य||संयुक्त प्रांत
|-
|65||वैनवंशी||वैन्य||सोमवंशी||मिर्जापुर
|-
|66||दाहिमा||गार्गेय||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||काठियावाड राजपूताना
|-
|67||पुण्डीर||कपिल||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||पंजाब गुजरात रींवा यू.पी.
|-
|68||तुलवा||आत्रेय||चन्द्र||राजाविजयनगर
|-
|69||कटोच||कश्यप||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||राजानादौन कोटकांगडा
|-
|70||चावडा, पंवार, चोहान, वर्तमान कुमावत||वशिष्ठ||पंवार की शाखा||मलवा रतलाम उज्जैन गुजरात मेवाड
|-
|71||अहवन||वशिष्ठ||चावडा, कुमावत||खेरी हरदोई सीतापुर बारांबंकी
|-
|72||डौडिया||वशिष्ठ||चौहान शाखा||गुजरात मेवाड बुलंदशहर मुरादाबाद बांदा गल्वा पंजाब
|-
|73||गोहिल||बैजबापेण||गहलोत शाखा||काठियावाड
|-
|74||बुन्देला||कश्यप||गहरवारशाखा||बुन्देलखंड के रजवाडे
|-
|75||काठी||कश्यप||गहरवारशाखा||काठियावाड झांसी बांदा
|-
|76||जोहिया||पाराशर||चन्द्र||पंजाब देश मे
|-
|77||गढावंशी||कांवायन||चन्द्र||गढावाडी के लिंगपट्टम में
|-
|78||मौखरी||अत्रय||चन्द्र||प्राचीन राजवंश था
|-
|79||लिच्छिवी||कश्यप||सूर्य||प्राचीन राजवंश था
|-
|80||बाकाटक||विष्णुवर्धन||सूर्य||अब पता नहीं चलता है
|-
|81||पाल||कश्यप||सूर्य||यह वंश सम्पूर्ण भारत में बिखर गया है
|-
|82||सैन||अत्रय||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||यह वंश भी भारत में बिखर गया है
|-
|83||कदम्ब||मान्डग्य||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||दक्षिण महाराष्ट्र मे हैं
|-
|84||पोलच||भारद्वाज||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||दक्षिण में मराठा के पास में है
|-
|85||बाणवंश||कश्यप||असुरवंश||श्री लंका और दक्षिण भारत में, कैन्या जावा में
|-
|86||काकुतीय||भारद्वाज||चन्द्र, प्राचीन सूर्य था||अब पता नही मिलता है
|-
|87||सुणग वंश||भारद्वाज||चन्द्र, पाचीन सूर्य था||अब पता नही मिलता है
|-
|88||दहिया||कश्यप||राठौड शाखा||मारवाड में जोधपुर
|-
|89||जेठवा||कश्यप||हनुमानवंशी||राजधूमली काठियावाड
|-
|90||मोहिल||वत्स||चौहान शाखा||महाराष्ट्र मे है
|-
|91||बल्ला||भारद्वाज||सूर्य||काठियावाड मे मिलते हैं
|-
|92||डाबी||वशिष्ठ||यदुवंश||राजस्थान
|-
|93||खरवड||वशिष्ठ||यदुवंश||मेवाड उदयपुर
|-
|94||सुकेत||भारद्वाज||गौड की शाखा||पंजाब में पहाडी राजा
|-
|95||पांड्य||अत्रय||चन्द||अब इस वंश का पता नहीं
|-
|96||पठानिया||पाराशर||वनाफ़रशाखा||पठानकोट राजा पंजाब
|-
|97||बमटेला||शांडल्य||विसेन शाखा||हरदोई फ़र्रुखाबाद
|-
|98||बारहगैया||वत्स||चौहान||गाजीपुर
|-
|99||भैंसोलिया||वत्स||चौहान||भैंसोल गाग सुल्तानपुर
|-
|100||चन्दोसिया||भारद्वाज||वैस||सुल्तानपुर
|-
|101||चौपटखम्ब||कश्यप||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||जौनपुर
|-
|102||धाकरे||भारद्वाज (भृगु)||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||आगरा मथुरा मैनपुरी इटावा हरदोई बुलन्दशहर
|-
|103||धन्वस्त||यमदाग्नि||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||जौनपुर आजमगढ वनारस
|-
|104||धेकाहा||कश्यप||पंवार की शाखा||भोजपुर शाहाबाद
|-
|105||दोबर (दोनवर)||वत्स या कश्यप||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||गाजीपुर बलिया आजमगढ गोरखपुर
|-
|106||हरद्वार||भार्गव||चन्द्र शाखा||आजमगढ
|-
|107||जायस||कश्यप||राठौड की शाखा||रायबरेली मथुरा
|-
|108||जरोलिया||व्याघ्रपद||चन्द्र||बुलन्दशहर
|-
|109||जसावत||मानव्य||कछवाह शाखा||मथुरा आगरा
|-
|110||जोतियाना (भुटियाना)||कश्यप||कछवाह शाखा||मुजफ़्फ़रनगर मेरठ
|-
|109||घोडेवाहा||मानव्य||कछवाह शाखा||लुधियाना होशियारपुर जालन्धर
|-
|110||कछनिया||शान्डिल्य||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||अवध के जिलों में
|-
|111||काकन||भृगु||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||गाजीपुर आजमगढ
|-
|112||कासिब||कश्यप||कछवाह शाखा||शाहजहांपुर
|-
|113||किनवार||कश्यप||सेंगर की शाखा||पूर्व बंगाल और बिहार में
|-
|114||बरहिया||गौतम||सेंगर की शाखा||पूर्व बंगाल और बिहार
|-
|115||लौतमिया||भारद्वाज||बढगूजर शाखा||बलिया गाजी पुर शाहाबाद
|-
|116||मौनस||मानव्य||कछवाह शाखा||मिर्जापुर प्रयाग जौनपुर
|-
|117||नगबक||मानव्य||कछवाह शाखा||जौनपुर आजमगढ मिर्जापुर
|-
|118||पलवार||व्याघ्र||सोमवंशी शाखा||आजमगढ फ़ैजाबाद गोरखपुर
|-
|119||रायजादे||पाराशर||चन्द्र की शाखा||पूर्व अवध में
|-
|120||सिंहेल||कश्यप||सूर्य||आजमगढ परगना मोहम्दाबाद
|-
|121||तरकड||कश्यप||दीक्षित शाखा||आगरा मथुरा
|-
|122||तिसहिया||कौशल्य||परिहार||इलाहाबाद परगना हंडिया
|-
|123||तिरोता||कश्यप||तंवर की शाखा||आरा शाहाबाद भोजपुर
|-
|124||उदमतिया||वत्स||ब्रह्मक्षत्रिय||आजमगढ गोरखपुर
|-
|125||भाले||वशिष्ठ||पंवार||अलीगढ
|-
|126||भालेसुल्तान||भारद्वाज||वैस की शाखा||रायबरेली लखनऊ उन्नाव
|-
|127||जैवार||व्याघ्र||तंवर की शाखा||दतिया झांसी बुन्देलखंड
|-
|128||सरगैयां||व्याघ्र||सोमवंश||हमीरपुर बुन्देलखण्ड
|-
|129||किसनातिल||अत्रय||तोमरशाखा||दतिया बुन्देलखंड
|-
|130||टडैया||भारद्वाज||सोलंकीशाखा||झांसी ललितपुर बुन्देलखंड
|-
|131||खंगार||अत्रय||यदुवंश शाखा|| टीकमगढ़ झांसी बुंदेलखंड
|-
|132||पिपरिया||भारद्वाज||गौडों की शाखा||बुन्देलखंड
|-
|133||सिरसवार||अत्रय||चन्द्र शाखा||बुन्देलखंड
|-
|134||खींचर||वत्स||चौहान शाखा||फ़तेहपुर में असौंथड राज्य
|-
|135||खाती||कश्यप||दीक्षित शाखा||बुन्देलखंड, (राजस्थान में कम संख्या होने के कारण इन्हे बढई गिना जाने लगा)
|-
|136||आहडिया||बैजवापेण||गहलोत||आजमगढ
|-
|137||उदावत||बैजवापेण||गहलोत||आजमगढ
|-
|138||उजैने||वशिष्ठ||पंवार||आरा डुमरिया
|-
|139||अमेठिया||भारद्वाज||गौड||अमेठी लखनऊ सीतापुर
|-
|140||दुर्गवंशी||कश्यप||दीक्षित||राजा जौनपुर राजाबाजार
|-
|141||बिलखरिया||कश्यप||दीक्षित||प्रतापगढ उमरी राजा
|-
|142||डोगरा||कश्यप||सूर्य||कश्मीर राज्य, हिमाचल प्रदेश और बलिया
|-
|143||निर्वाण||वत्स||चौहान||राजपूताना (राजस्थान)
|-
|144||जाटू||व्याघ्र||तोमर||राजस्थान, हिसार पंजाब
|-
|145||नरौनी||मानव्य||कछवाहा||बलिया आरा
|-
|146||भनवग||भारद्वाज||कनपुरिया||जौनपुर
|-
|147||गिदवरिया||वशिष्ठ||पंवार||बिहार मुंगेर भागलपुर
|-
|148||बघेल||कश्यप||सूर्य||रीवा राज्य में बघेलखंड
|-
|149||कटारिया||भारद्वाज||सोलंकी||झांसी मालवा बुन्देलखंड
|-
|150||रजवार||वत्स||चौहान||पूर्व मे बुन्देलखंड
|-
|151||द्वार||व्याघ्र||तोमर||जालौन झांसी हमीरपुर
|-
|152||इन्दौरिया||व्याघ्र||तोमर||आगरा मथुरा बुलन्दशहर
|-
|153||संथवार/सैंथवार-मल्ल (सिंहतवार)||वत्स, कश्यप, दास (गोरखपुर मे), भारद्वाज,...||सूर्य वंश, चन्द्र वंश, नाग वंश (पूर्वज-शाक्य-बौद्ध युगीन प्राचीन क्षत्रिय)|| गोरखपुर, कुशीनगर (प्राचीन राजवंश था)
|-
|154||जांगडा||वत्स||चौहान||बुलन्दशहर पूर्व में झांसी
|-
|155||हैहैय्वन्श्||नारायण्||सूर्य||प्राचीन राज वंश, बलिया
|-
|156||निकुम्भ||बशिस्थ|| सूर्य || जोनपुर, केरक��, अकबपुर
|-
|157||वाणा||कश्यप्||सूर्य||ढांक, तणाजा, वलभिपुर, वणा
|-
|158||राठोड||शान्डिल्य||सूर्य|| सीतामढ़ी (बिहार), हाजीपुर, मारवाड़
|-
|159||छोकर||अत्रय||यदुवंश||अलीगढ मथुरा बुलन्दशहर
|-
|160||सवनेर ||व्याघ्र||सोमवंश-शाखाचन्द्रवंश || म.प्र.(निमाड़)
|-
|161||बिष्ट ||शान्डिल्य||सूर्यवंशी||प्राचीन राजपूताना और यू.पी
|-
|162||देवल||कौशिक||सूर्यवंशी||राजपुताना
|-
|}

== Rajput clans ==
{{main|Rajput clans}}
Rajputs regard themselves as being descended from the [[Vedic civilization|vedic]] warrior class known as the [[Kshatriya]]s. To differentiate them from ordinary Kshatriyas the word Rajput was used, which literally means "son of a King."

Rajputs belong to one of three great patrilineages (''vanshas''), which are sub-divided into 36 main clans (''kulas''), which in turn divide into numerous branches (''shakhas''), to create the intricate [[Rajput clans|clan system]] of the Rajputs.

The 36 Rajput clans are first mentioned in Kumarpala Charita of Jayasimha and then in ''[[Prithviraj Raso|Prithvirāj Rāso]]'' of [[Chandbardai]]. The lists include classical clans like Ikshvaku, Soma, and Yadu, well-known Rajput clans such as Bargujar, Parmar, Puwar,Chauhan, Chalukya, Rathore, Parihar, Chandela etc as well as lesser known clans such as Silar (Shilahar), Chapotkat, Tank, etc.

Today, with the aid of inscriptions and copperplates discovered, it is possible to trace the history of the royal clans with considerable certainty. However they were not available in 17-18th century when a number of chronicles (khyats) were compiled, often based on oral tradition. By this time the agni-kunda myth had been expanded to explain the origin of four of the major clans. James Tod wrote his influential book "The Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan" in 1829 and 1832 on the basis of these chronicles. Some of his hypotheses have been used by other authors, even though the texts discovered and read during the 20th century show that Todd's hypotheses are sometimes inaccurate.

The principle of patrilineage is staunchly adhered to in determining one's place in the system and a strong consciousness of clan and lineage is an essential part of the Rajput character. As the 1911 edition of the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] states, this tradition of common ancestry permits an indigent Rajput yeoman to consider himself as well-born as any powerful landholder of his clan, and superior to any high official of the professional classes. Authoritative listings of the 36 Rajput clans are to be found in the ''Kumārpāla Charita'' of Jayasimha and the ''[[Prithviraj Raso|Prithvirāj Rāso]]'' of [[Chandbardai]].

===The [[Suryavanshi]] lineage===
:Suryavamshi claim descent from [[Surya]]. The [[Sun Dynasty]] is oldest among Kshatriyas. The first person of this dynasty was "Vivaswan," who by the meaning of his name is considered to be "Surya." [[Ikshvaku]] was the first important king of this dynasty. Other important kings were Kakutsth [[Harishchandra]], Sagar, [[Dileepa]], [[Bhagiratha]], [[Raghu]] [[Dashratha]] and [[Rama]]. The poet [[Kalidasa]] wrote the great epic [[Raghuvamsa]] about the dynasty of [[Raghu]] including the great king born in the [[Sun Dynasty]].

:The Rajwar, a cultivating caste of Bihar and Chota nagpur who claim Surajvansi Rajput descent, but is not generally admitted. The Surajvansi are sometimes also called Kaushilya or Kaushal (after Kush), while the chandravansi are called Kaushik. The Kausik(a) rajput tribe is also found in considerable numbers in Ghazipur, Azimgarh and Gorakhpur, claiming descent from Kausik, father of Gadhi, founder of Gadhipur (Ghazipur).

:suryavansh clans: [[Balla]], [[Bargujar]], [[Gehlot]], [[Haiwaha]], [[Hul]], [[Jhala]], [[Jamwal]], [[Kachwaha]], [[Minhas]], [[Rathor]], [[Senghar]].
: these clans further divide into branches.

:these clans further divide into branches

===The [[Agnivanshi]] lineage===
It claims descent from four persons who were born from fire or by the influence of ''Ved Mantras." According to Puranic legend, as found in [[Bhavishya Purana]], a [[yagna]] was held at Mount Abu, at the time of emperor [[Ashoka]]'s sons. From the influence of ''Mantras'' of the four ''[[Veda]]''s, four Kshatriyas were born. They were: 1. Pramar ([[Paramara]]), 2.Chaphani ([[Chauhan]]); 3.Chu ([[Chalukya]]); 4.Pariharak ([[Pratihara]] or [[Parihar]]). But since fire cannot produce warriors, it should be understood that these four persons were either reconverted into Hinduism or revitalized to fight against invaders. They could not be of foreign origin because India was fighting against [[Indo-Greek]] kings at that time. [[Pusyamitra Sunga]] and his son [[Agnimitra]] were [[Brahmin]]s. They are known for reviving Hinduism. This theory of origin has produced much controversy; however, only four clans out of many [[Rajput clans]] are considered to be [[Agnivanshi]]. Some scholars also count ''[[Nagavanshi]]'' and ''Rishivanshi. One of the most important clans of the Rishivans is Dhakare. It was believed that the origin of the Dhakare Rajput was when Raja Bali the king of Patal lok was injured during war with Raja Indra, king of Devta. Then his blood was collected on the leaf of a Dhakh and his guru Sukracharya make one man, by his mantras, whose name was Dhakare, fight against Devtas. The traditional lineages of Dhakare Rajput presently live in Agra (UP) and near the river Chambal. The ''Yaduvanshi'' lineage, claiming descent from the [[Hindu]] god [[Krishna]], are in fact a major sect of the ''Chandravanshi.''
:It is believed that 4 Agnikula clans originated by Brahmanas having concentrated them by fire.

:According to the myths, Parmar, was created out of fire by Indra Devta, the god of fire, at Mount Abu. It is said that as the newly created man had come out from fire saying “Param-Amar, Param-Amar” or "immortal fire" loudly, he came to be known as parmar. Vikramaditya according to some was a Pa(r)war, but most probably a Tomar. There were many other kings bearing the name Vikramaditya.

:The Rishis and Munis (Hindu ascetics) further say that afterwards Brahma created a young man from fire. He was holding a sword in one hand and Veda in the other. He came to be known as ‘Chilonki’ because it is believed that as Brahma had prepared the putla or human image on his hand, then had thrown it into fire, the man had born. It is said that the word got corrupted to ‘Milonki’ and later on to ‘Solinki’.

:It is said that afterwards god Shiva created a man from fire, who had a dark complexion. This man, though not brave, was well suited to act as guard at the door. This is exactly the reason why he came to be known as ‘Prithvi Dwar’. In its changed form it came to be known as Parrhiar.

:Later on the god Vishnu created a man from fire and made him like himself and with complexion of Krishna (black). He was very brave with bow tied to his body and arrow in one hand and sword in the other. Because of these attributes he came to be known by the name of ‘Chifrang’, which in its corrupted form became ‘Chauhan’.

:In this way the Rajputs were born from fire by the kindness of the gods. They are also known to be agnikul or the fire family hence agni-vansi. The place of fire at the Mount Abu where they were created is still held sacred by them and they prefer pilgrimage (tirath) to it.

:agnivansh clans : [[Parmara]], [[Parihara]] or [[Parihar]], [[Chalukya]], [[Chauhan]].
:these further divide into branches.

====Legend of Agnivansha====
Among the legends mentioned above, the one which addresses the origin of the ''[[Agnivanshi]]'' Rajputs is particularly disputed not least because they were the earliest to rise to political prominence. This legend begins with the [[Puranas|puranic]] legend wherein the traditional ''[[kshatriya]]s'' of the land were exterminated by [[Parashurama]], an [[avatara]] of [[Vishnu]]. Later, the legend says, sage [[Vasishta]] performed a great ''Yajna,'' or fire-sacrifice, to seek from the Gods a provision for the defense of righteousness on earth. In answer to his prayer, a youth arose from the very flames of the sacrifice -- the first ''Agnivanshi'' Rajput. According to [[Bhavishya Purana]] an [[yagna]] was held at [[Mount Abu]] during the time of [[Ashoka]]'s sons. This produced four warriors and an elephant. The ''Agnikunda legend'' is explained in [[Agnivansha]]. Ashoka and his sons were Buddhists but the general of last [[Mauryan]] empereor was a staunch [[Brahmin]].

Legend of Agnivansh is associated with Sage Vashishta when trying to save his Ashram from Vishwamitra's army he creates a "fire born" kshatriya. This legend has been embeliished by indologists over the years.

== History ==
{{main|History of Rajputs}}
[[Image:Pritam niwas with.jpg|thumb|right|250px|During the centuries-long rule of northern India, the Rajputs constructed several magnificent palaces. Shown here is the ''[[Chandramahal]]'' in [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, which was built by [[Kachwaha]] Rajputs]]

=== Early History (6th to 8th c.)===
Within 15 years of the death of the [[Muhammad]], the caliph [[Uthman|Usman]] sent a sea expedition to raid [[Thana]] and [[Broach]] on the [[Bombay]] coast. Other unsuccessful raiding expeditions to [[Sindh]] took place in 662 and 664 CE. Indeed, within a hundred years after Muhammad's death, Muslim armies had overrun much of [[Asia]] as far as the [[Hindu Kush]]; however, it was not until ''c.''1000 CE that they could establish any foothold in India.

The [[Rai Dynasty]], who ruled [[Sindh]] in the 6th and 7th centuries and were displaced by an Arab army led by [[Bin Qasim]], is sometimes held to have been Rajputs. According to some sources, [[Bin Qasim]], an Arab who invaded [[Sindh]] in the 8th century, also attacked [[Chittorgarh]], and was defeated by [[Bappa Rawal]].

The Pratiharas or Parihars rebuffed Arab invasion in the ninth century. Significant Muslim invasions were then not attempted until the eleventh century, largely due to the formidable reputation of the Rajput clans.

Certain other invasions by marauding ''"Yavvanas"'' are also recorded in this era. By this time, the appellation ''"Yavvana"'' (literally: "Ionian/Greek") was used in connection to any tribe that emerged from the west and north-west of present-day [[Pakistan]]. These invasions may therefore have been a continuation of the usual invasions into India by warlike but less civilized tribes from the north-west, and not a reference to the Greeks or [[Indo-Greek]]s. [[Lalitaditya Muktapida|Lalitaditya]] of [[Kashmir]] defeated one such ''Yavvana'' invasion in the 8th century and the Pratiharas rebuffed another in the 9th century.

=== Rajput kingdoms (8th to 11th c.)===

The first Rajput kingdoms are attested to in the 7th century and it was during the 9th, 10th, & 11th centuries that the Rajputs rose to prominence in the [[History of India|Indian history]]. The four ''[[Agnivanshi]]'' clans, namely the [[Pratihara]]s or ([[Parihara]]s), [[Solanki]]s (Chaulukyas), [[Paramara]]s (Parmars), and [[Chauhan]]s (Chahamanas), rose to prominence first.
*[[Pratihara]]s or [[Parihar]]s established the first Rajput kingdom in [[Mandore]] [[Marwar]] in southwestern Rajasthan. Later they established themselves at [[Ujjain]] and ruled [[Malwa]], and afterwards at [[Kanauj]] in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, from which they ruled much of northern India, from [[Kathiawar]] in the west to Magadha in the east, in the ninth century.
*[[Chauhans]] established themselves at [[Ajmer]] in central Rajasthan
*[[Solanki]]s in [[Gujarat]]
*[[Paramara]]s in [[Malwa]].
But there were other Rajputs also who rose to prominence. Clans claiming descent from the Solar and Lunar races, who were originally vassals of the other clans, established their independent states later.
*The [[Guhila]]s ([[Guhilote]] or [[Gehlot]], later called the [[Sisodia]]s) established the state of [[Mewar]] (later [[Udaipur]]), under [[Bappa Rawal]], who ruled at [[Chittorgarh]] ([[Sanskrit]] name ''Chitrakuta''), which was given in dowry to Bappa in 734 for his bravery. [[Chittor]], was then ruled by the [[Mori]] clan of Rajputs. Maan Mori was their last king at Chittor. It is believed the word Mori is a corruption of [[Maurya]], the famous dynasty.
*The [[Kachwaha]] (Kacchapghata) established their rule in [[Narwar]] in 8th century. One of their descendant Dulah Rai established his rule in [[Dhundhar]] in 11th century, with their capital at [[Amber]], and later [[Jaipur]].
*The [[Chandela]] clan ruled [[Bundelkhand]] after the tenth century, occupying the fortress-city of [[Kalinjar]] and building the famous temple-city of [[Khajuraho]].
*The [[Tomaras]] established a state in [[Haryana]], founding the city of [[Dhiliki]] (later [[Delhi]]) in 736.

The Kachwahas, Chandelas, and Tomaras were originally vassals of the [[Pratihara]] kingdom before over throwing their rule in the 10th century to establish more power independent kingdoms.

The organization of [[Rajput clans|Rajput clan]] finally crystallized in this period. Intermarriage among the Rajput clans interlinked the various regions of India and Pakistan, facilitating the flow of trade and scholarship. Archaeological evidence and contemporary texts suggest that Indian society achieved significant prosperity during this era.

The literature composed in this period, both in [[Sanskrit]] and in the [[Apabhramsha]]s, constitutes a substantial segment of classical Indian literature. The early 11th century saw the reign of the [[polymath]] King [[Bhoja]], Paramara ruler of Malwa. He was not only a patron of literature and the arts but was himself a distinguished writer. His ''[[Samarangana-sutradhara]]'' deals with architecture and his ''Raja-Martanda'' is a famous commentary on the [[Yoga]]-[[sutra]]s. Many major monuments of northern and central India, including those at Khajuraho, date from this period.

==== Pratiharas or Parihar ====
The Imperial [[Pratihara]]s or [[Parihar]]s established their rule over [[Malwa]] and ruled from [[Bhinmal]] and afterward [[Ujjaini]] in the 8th & 9th century. One branch of the clan established a state in (Rever)[[Tarangagadh]] in the 11th century. [[Mandore]] [[Marwar]] in 6th and 7th century, where they held sway until they were supplanted by the [[Rathore]]s in the 14th century. Around 816 AD, the Pratiharas of Ujjaini conquered [[Kannauj]], from this city they ruled much of northern India for a century. They went into decline after [[Rashtrakuta]] invasions in the early 10th century.

==== Rathore ====
The [[Rathore]] or Rathor or Rathod is a Rajput tribe of India. Rathors in India are a Rajput clan from the Marwar region of western Rajasthan, inhabiting Idar state of Gujarat and also the Chhapra and Muzaffarpur districts of Bihar in very small numbers. In India, their native languages are Hindi and its dialects (such as Rajasthani, Marwari and other languages of Rajasthan, Gujarati and Kutchi in Gujarat, as well as Punjabi in the Punjab a dialect of Punjabi called Rathi spoken in Ratia and Tohana in present day Haryana. Rathore are the people from the west Rajasthan. Rathore's have many gotras, most of these gotras are from the name of the great warriors of the past and gotras are being used by their family members. Rathore's were said to be the worshipers of sun. To understand the huge clan of Rathore's we will have understand their areas they occupy. Rathore's of Jodhpur were supreme in present districts such as - Jodhpur, Pali, Ajmer, Nagaur, Barmer, Sirohi. Rathore, s of Bikaner were occupant of the area that included districts Bikaner, Churu, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh.

Dynasties belonging to this clan ruled a number of kingdoms and princely states in Rajasthan and neighbouring states before India's independence in 1947. The largest and oldest among these was Jodhpur, in Marwar and Bikaner. Also the Idar State in Gujrat. The Maharaja of Jodhpur, is regarded as the head of the extended Rathore clan of Hindu Rajputs. Even in the modern times the clout of this clan in the democratic world is such that a large number of MLAs and MPs have been elected from among them.

Prominent Sub-clans are Banirot, Bika, Kandhalot, Rawatot, Bidawat, Kumpawat, Champawat, Medatiya, Jodha, Jaitawat, Khokra, Karnot.

==== Sisodias ====
The [[Sisodia]]s claim their descent from Lord Rama, the hero of the famous Hindu epic Ramayana. It is also said that the group descended from the Sun God and is thus known as the Suryavanshi or Children of Sun. The prince of Mewar is treated as the legitimate heir to the throne of Rama.

They trace their descent from Bappa Rawal, purported scion of the [[Guhilot]] or Guhila or Gehlot or Gahlot clan, who established himself as ruler of Mewar in 734 AD, ruling from the fortress of Chittor (or Chittorgarh).

The Mewar flag is disinguished for its "crimson" flag. During both times of war and peace, this standard could always be seen flying high. It depicts the image of a dagger and a flaming sun. Robert Taylor of the Bengal Civil Service records in his book, "The Princely Armory", "...for eight centuries a golden sun in a crimson field has floated over the head of the Rana at feast and fray, and is conspicuous in the ornament of his palace...On the top of the mast is the face of the Sun, embossed in gold. On the triangular Nishan (flag), the human face is embroidered in gold depicting the Sun. It has a gold tassle at the end. A Katar (a type of dagger) with silver threads on the Nishan completes this simple design. The Sun signifies that the Nishan is of the "Surya Vansi" (Sun Dynasty) Maharanas of Mewar.

Prominent Sub-clans of Guhilot includes :
===== [[Gehlot]] =====
===== [[Sisodia]] =====
===== [[Gahlot]] =====
===== [[Chundawat]] =====
===== [[Chandrawat]] =====
===== [[Ranawat]] =====
===== [[Shaktawat]] =====
===== [[Dungarpur]] =====
===== [[Banswara]] =====
===== [[Mahthan]] =====

==== Bargujar ====
The [[Bargujar]]s (Birgoojur) were the vassals of the gurjara [[pratihars]]. They are one of the most revered and most fierce clan of the rajputs ever known. They constituted the main force in "Haraval" Tukdi the first line of offence in a battle. The bargujars chose to die rather to submit to the supremacy of the Muslim kings. Many bargujars were put to death for not giving their daughters to Muslim rulers. Some bargujars changed their clan name to sikarwar to escape mass genocide carried out against them.

Lava (one of the Sons of King Rama) was their ancestor and so they are also known as Raghav. Raghav was the great great grandfather of Rama. Bargujars take this name as children of Raghav dynasty.

Bargujar is a [[suryavanshi]] clan. Prominent sub-clans include Lawtamia, Madadh, Khadad, Taparia.

==== Pundir ====
The [[Pundir]] are a [[Suryavanshi]] branch of [[Rajputs]], one of the thirty six royal [[rajput clans]]. The Pundir Rajputs still hold riyasat in Nagaur and Saharanpur where their Kuldevi's are situated. Their Shakha is Koolwal and their Kuldevis are [[Shakumbhri Devi]] and [[Dhadimati Mata]] with a few of the Gotras shared by them being [[Bhardwaj]](भरद्वाज), [[Parashara]] and [[Pulastya]]. Most of the Pundirs are today based mainly around the North Indian states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]]. [[Elliot]] writes that Uttar Pradesh (Hardwar region), where they are most prominent today, has over 1,440 villages claimed by Pundir Rajputs with high concentrations in the districts of Dehradun, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Aligarh and Etawah. According to the British census of 1891 the population of the Pundir Rajputs was recorded at approximately 29,000.

==== Solankis ====
[[Solankis]] were descended from the [[Chalukya]]s of Karnataka who ruled much of peninsular India between the 6th and 12th centuries. In the 10th century, a local branch of the clan established control over Gujarat and ruled a state centered around the town of Patan. They went into decline in the 13th century and were displaced by the [[Vaghela]].

==== Paramara ====
[[Paramara]]s originated from the Rashtrakutas and rose to power in the 10th century. They ruled Malwa and the area at the border between present-day Gujarat and Rajasthan. [[Bhoja]], the celebrated king of Malwa, belonged to this dynasty. In the 12th century, the Paramaras declined in power due to conflict and succumbed to attack from the [[Delhi sultanate]] in 1305. They have families migrated to south-wards in Gujrath, [[Maratha|Maharashtra]], holding many important positions as regional war-lords and Chiefs of private armies. The origin reference about [[Paramara|Naik-Nimbalkar]] of Phaltan state and [[Paramara|Dalvi]]- [[Deshmukh]] of [[Nashik|Nasik]] is available in many British records and Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 20, p. 101.

==== Kachwaha ====
The [[Kachwaha]] (also spelled as Kachavāhā,Kacchavahas, Kachhawa, Kuchhwaha & Kushwah including Kacchapghata, Kakutstha, and Kurma) are a Suryavanshi Rajput clan who ruled a number of kingdoms and princely states in India such as Alwar, Maihar, Talcher, while the largest and oldest state was Amber (city) later known as Jaipur. The Pachrang flag of the former Jaipur state. Prior to the adoption of the Pachrang (five coloured) flag by Raja Man Singh I of Amber, the original flag of the Kachwahas was known as the 'Jharshahi' (tree-marked) flagJaipur(Jainagara), an extension of the old kingdom of Amber, was founded by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in 1727.The Maharaja of Jaipur is regarded as the head of the extended Kachwaha clan. Overall, sub-clans of the Kachwaha number around 71. Prominent sub-clans of the Kachhawa clan include: Rajawat, Shekhawat, Sheobramhpota, Naruka, Nathawat, Khangarot and Kumbhani.
The Kachhawas belong to the Suryavanshi lineage, which claims descent from the Surya and Sun Dynasty of the ancient Kshatriyas. Specifically, they claim descent from Kusha[1] younger of the twin sons of Rama, hero of the Ramayana, to whom patrilineal descent from Surya is in turn ascribed. Indeed, the name Kachawaha is held by many[2] to be a patronymic derived from the name "Kusha".

Prominent Sub-clans are
===== Shekhawat =====
===== Naruka =====
===== [[Rajawat]] =====

===== Nathawat =====
===== Khangarot =====
===== Kalyanot =====
===== Jamwal =====
===== Minhas or Manhas=====
===== Baghel =====
===== Jasrotia =====
===== [[Sheobramhpota]] =====

==== Chandelas ====
In the early 10th century, the [[Chandela]]s ruled the fortress-city of Kalinjar. A dynastic struggle (c.912-914 CE) among the Pratiharas provided them with the opportunity to extend their domain. They captured the strategic fortress of [[Gwalior]] (c.950) under the leadership of Dhanga (ruled 950-1008). Dhanga's grandson Vidyadhara (ruled 1017-29) expanded the Chandela kingdom to its greatest size, from the Chambal river in the northwest to the Narmada River in the south, thus covering a large portion of the present-day state of Madhya Pradesh.

==== Tomar/Tuar ====

''Tomar/Tuar Rajputs'' are the descendants of the [[Pandava|Pandava Prince]] [[Arjuna|Arjun]], through his great grandson [[Janamejaya|Emperor Janamejaya]], son of Emperor [[Parikshit]].

{{cquote|'''''The Kingdom of Delhi was founded by Anangpal Tuar, who's dynasty, by virtue of descent from the Pandavas, claimed to be Lords Paramount of India'''''|30px|30px|From ''A Pageant of India'' by Adolf Simon Waley<ref>''A Pageant of India'' by Adolf Simon Waley, Houghton, 1927, p123</ref>}}

The Tomar Rajput dynasty of Delhi lasted until Maharaja Anangpal Tomar-II, who to quote Lt. Col. Tod,in his 'Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan was ''"justly entitled to be termed the paramount sovereign of Hindustan"''.

Tomars did not lose control of Delhi in battle, but the then Tomar Rajput ruler Anangpal Tomar II appointed his grandson (daughter's son, and son of King of [[Ajmer]]), [[Prithviraj]] Chauhan, as the heir apparent. Some historians believe that Prithvaraj was merely a caretaker king as long as his grandfather was alive. Prithviraj was never crowned the Delhi, hence adding weight to the view that the Chauhan ruler usurped the thrown from his maternal grandfather.

According to records kept by ''Jagas'' of Tomar Rajputs, King Anangpal made Prithviraj only as caretaker when he went on a religious pilgrimage, as his own sons were very small at that time. When King Anangpal returned back, Prithviraj refused to hand over the kingdom. (''note:-'' should be mentioned that ''Jagas'' are hereditary tribal record keepers of Rajputs)

Following their loss of control at Delhi, a branch of the Tomar clan established itself in the area of modern [[Gwalior]] in northern [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Man Singh Tomar built the fortress citadel which still stands there.

The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Gwalior in 1559. Some Tomar Rajputs converted to [[Islam]] during the [[Mughal Empire|Muslim-Mughal rule]]; Tomar [[Muslim Rajputs]] are found in western [[Rajasthan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sind]].

Tomars moved from Delhi to Haryana (Bhiwani, Mahendergarh and Karnal Districts), Madya Pradesh (Gwalior, and Morena and Bhind Districts), Punjab, and Rajasthan (Patan State and surrounding areas). They are spread from Punjab, to Western [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Meerut, Badaun, Bareilly, Baraut, Muzaffarnagar Ghaziabad, Aligarh, Bulandshahr), Eastern U.P, significant parts of Himachal Pradesh, to western [[Rajastan]] to Northern Madhya Pradesh and even some in [[Pakistan]].

The great [[Vikramaditya]] of the year 56BC is claimed to be an ancestor of the Tuar Rajputs.<ref>''Essays on Indian Antiquities'' by James Prinsep, Edward Thomas, Henry Thoby Prinsep, J.Murray 1858, p250</ref><ref>''Pre-Mussalman India'' by M. S. Nateson, Asian Educational Services 2000, p131</ref><ref>''The cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia'' by Edward Balfour, B. Quaritch 1885, p502</ref><ref>''Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan'' by James Tod, William Crooke, 1920, p912</ref>

{{cquote|''The principal era to which the luni-solar system is exclusively adapted is that of Vikramaditya, called Samvat. The prince from whom it was named was of the Tuár dynasty, and is supposed to have reigned at Ujjain (Ujjáyini)<ref>''Essays on Indian Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palæographic, of the Late James Prinsep'' by James Prinsep, Edward Thomas, Henry Thoby Prinsep, Publ. J.Murray, 1858, p157</ref>''|30px|30px|}}

In the Hindu tradition in [[India]] and [[Nepal]], the widely used ancient calendar is [[Vikrama Samvat]] or Vikrama's era. This is said to have been started by the legendary king following his victory over the [[Saka]]s in 56 BC.

Tuar Sub clans include; [[Pathania]] Rajputs, Janghara Rajputs and Janjua Rajputs.

===== Pathania =====
[[Pathania]] is the name of a branch of the [[Tomara]] [[Rajputs]]. It is one of the ruling Rajput Clans of India. Their Kingdom was at [[Nurpur]], founded in the 11th Century, situated in the [[Kangra]] district of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Rana Jethpal (11th Century A.D.), the younger brother of Anang Pal II of Delhi, came to Jallandhar [[Doab]] also called [[Bist Doab]] to carve out a territory for himself. After crossing the [[Beas]] river he captured a fort called Bhet, and for this reason it is said, he acquired the name Rana Bhet. After that he became master of the Fort and the town of Paithan, now known as [[Pathankot]], and from then onwards, he came to be known as a Pathania Rajput instead of a Tanwar Rajput. Pathania Rajputs are [[Dogra]] [[Rajputs]], descended from Lord [[Arjuna]], the hero of [[Mahabharata]]. They mostly live in and around [[Himachal Pradesh]], in North India. The Pathania clan ruled the Kingdom of Nurpur, till 1849 A.D.,They were famous for their resistance against foreign rule, which they proved by giving battle to invaders till 1849 A.D., after which the Kingdom was annexed by the British, the Raja being a minor. This clan has to its credit three [[Maha Vir Chakra]] winners in the Indian Army. This clan has also won many other gallantry awards while serving in the British army of India.

===== Janghára Rajputs =====
Known as a large and turbulent branch of the Tomar/Tuar Rajput clan<ref>''Memoirs on the History, Folk-lore, and Distribution of the Races of the North Western Provinces of India'' by Henry Miers Elliot, John Beames, Trübner & co., 1869, p141</ref>, the ''Janghara Rajputs'' were readily recruited by the British Indian Army.

The turbulent nature of the tribe is further enhanced by the origin of the name ''Janghara'' being derived from the words, ''Jang'' (war) and ''Ahára'' (hunger) meaning ''"the men who hunger for war"''.<ref>''Handbook on Rajputs'' by A. H. Bingley, 1899, republ.1986, p84</ref>

After the fall of Delhi to the Chauhans, the Janghara sept parted from the main Tomar branch in disgust. They entered Rohilkhund under the leadership of the prince ''Dhápu Dhám'' who's warlike nature was proverbial. A couplet sung by women of the clan states ''"Below is Earth, above is Rám. Between the two, fights Dhápu Dhám"''<ref>''Handbook on Rajputs'' by A. H. Bingley, 1899, republ.1986, p85</ref>

The ''Janghara Rajputs'' of Bareilly claim to have ejected the ''Gwálas'' in 1388CE. in 1405CE they expelled the ''Ahirs'' from their Kingdoms. The ''Katehriya Rajputs'' were also defeated and exiled from Rohillkhund by the ''Janghara Rai's ''.<ref>''Handbook on Rajputs'' by A. H. Bingley, 1899, republ.1986, p85</ref>

{{cquote|'''''The Jangháras have always been turbulent and warlike; they should furnish the (British Indian) army with some excellent recruits.'''''|30px|30px|Handbook on Rajputs.<ref>''Handbook on Rajputs'' by A. H. Bingley, 1899, republ.1986, p85</ref>}}

====Chauhan====
[[Chauhan]]s originated as feudatories of the Pratiharas and rose to power in the wake of the decline of that power. Their state was initially centered around Sambhar in present-day Rajasthan. In the 11th century, they founded the city of [[Ajmer]] which became their capital. In the 12th century, their the then King Prithvi Raj Chauhan acquired Delhi from his maternal grand father, the then Tomar King Anangpal II Tomar (see above under Tomars or Tanwars). Their most famous ruler was '''[[Prithvi Raj Chauhan]]''', who won the [[First Battle of Tarain]] against an invading Muslim army but lost the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] the following year. This loss heralded a prolonged period of Muslim rule over northern India. After the death of Manik Rae Chauhan (Ruler of Sambhar), his son Chandrapal Dev came and settle at a place called Bhadaura near present place Bah in U.P.,his sons were called BHADAURIA and till date this clan is now seen as a sub class of Chauhans.
the last chauhan king was in mainpuri district (U.P), who fought in first war of independence in 1857, known as "'''judev'''"

Prominent Sub Clans are:
===== Chouhan =====
===== Hara =====
===== Kheechi =====
===== JuDev =====
===== Bhadoria =====
===== Deora =====

==== Minhas ====
[[Minhas]] or Manhas or Minhas-Dogra is a Rajput clan from the Jammu region of the Indian subcontinent. It is an off-shoot of Jamwal-Dogra Rajputs, the founders of the city and state of Jammu and its rulers from ancient times to 1948 C.E. In antiquity of rule, which is generally considered a benchmark of royalty, they are second to none, but the great Katoch Rajputs of Trigarta and Kangra. Paying tribute to the antiquity of their royal lineage, Sir Lepel Griffin says, “These royal dynasties may have been already ancient when Moses was leading the Israelites out of Egypt, and the Greeks were steering their swift ships to Troy.”
Minhas Rajputs are Suryavanshis and claim descent from Rama a legendary king of Ayodhya. In Rajputana, their closest cousins are the Kachwaha Rajputs of Jaipur.

They trace their ancestry to the Ikshvaku dynasty of Northern India (The same clan in which Lord Rama was born. He, therefore is the 'kuldevta'(family deity) of the Hindu Minhas Rajputs). Specifically, they claim descent from Kusha younger of the twin sons of Rama, hero of the Ramayana, to whom patrilineal descent from Surya is in turn ascribed.

=== Islamic invasions (11th to 12th c.) ===
In the early 11th century, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] conquered the Hindu [[Shahi]] kingdom in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. His raids into northern India weakened the [[Pratihara]] kingdom, which was drastically reduced in size and came under the control of the [[Chandela]]s. Mahmud sacked temples across northern India, including the temple at Somnath in Gujarat, but his permanent conquests were limited to the Punjab, and Somnath was rebuilt after the raid. In 1018 CE, Mahmud sacked the city of [[Kannauj]], seat of the Pratihara kingdom, but withdrew immediately to Ghazni, being interested in booty rather than empire.

In the ensuing chaos, [[Rathores]], as the [[Gahadvala]] dynasty established a modest state centered around Kannauj, ruling the Ganges plain from the late 11th through the 12th century, and conquering Marwar in the 13th. They were defeated by [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in 1194 CE, when the city was sacked by the latter. Meanwhile, a nearby state centered around present-day [[Delhi]] was ruled successively by the [[Tomara]] and [[Chauhan]] clans. The early 11th century also saw the reign of the polymath king Bhoj, the Paramara ruler of Malwa.

[[Prithiviraj III]], ruler of Delhi, defeated [[Muhammad of Ghor]] at the [[First Battle of Tarain]] (1191 CE). Muhammad returned the following year and defeated Prithviraj at the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] (1192 AD). In this battle, as in many others of this era, rampant internecine conflict among Rajput kingdoms facilitated the victory of the invaders.

=== Medieval Rajput States (12th to 16th c.) ===
[[Image:Mehrangarh Fort.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Mehrangarh Fort]], the ancient home of the [[Rathore]] rulers of [[Marwar]] in [[Rajasthan]]]]

Rajputs reestablished their independence, and the Rajput states were established as far east as Bengal and north into the Punjab.

[[Prithviraj Chauhan]] proved to be the last Rajput ruler of [[Delhi]]. The Chauhans reestablished themselves at [[Ranthambore]], led by [[Govinda]], grandson of Prithviraj III. Jalore was ruled by another branch of [[Chauhans]], the [[Songaras]]. Another branch of the Chauhans, the [[Hadas]], established a kingdom in [[Hadoti]] in the mid-13th century.

The [[Rever]] Maharaja Ranavghansinh ruled [[Taranga]], in the 11th century. The [[Tomara]]s established themselves at [[Gwalior]], and the ruler [[Man Singh]] built the fortress which still stands there. [[Mewar]] emerged as the leading Rajput state, and [[Rana Kumbha]] expanded his kingdom at the expense of the sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat.

Muhammad's armies brought down the Gahadvala kingdom of Kannauj in 1194 CE. Some surviving members of the Gahadvala dynasty are said to have refugeed to the western desert, formed the [[Rathore]] clan, and later founded the state of [[Marwar]]. The [[Kachwaha]] clan came to rule [[Dhundhar]] (later [[Jaipur]]) with their capital at [[Amber, India|Amber]].

Other relocations surmised to have occurred in this period include the emigration of Rajput clans to the [[Himalaya]]s. The [[Katoch]] clan, the [[Chauhans]] of [[Chamba]] and certain clans of [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Nepal]] are counted among this number.

==== Delhi Sultanate ====
The [[Delhi Sultanate]] was founded by [[Qutb ud din Aybak]], Muhammad of Ghor's successor, in the early 14th century. Sultan [[Ala ud din Khilji|Alauddin Khilji]]) conquered [[Gujarat]] (1297), [[Malwa]] (1305), [[Ranthambore]] (1301), [[Chittorgarh]] (1303) [[Jalore]], and [[Bhinmal]] (1311). All were conquered after long sieges and fierce resistance from their Rajput defenders.

The "First Jauhar," in particular the siege of Chittor (1303), its brave defence by the [[Guhila]]s, the saga of [[Rani Padmini]], and the ''[[Jauhar]]'', are the stuff of immortal legend. This incident has had a defining impact upon the Rajput character and is detailed in a succeeding section.

Ala-ud-din Khilji delegated the administration of the newly conquered areas to his principal Rajput collaborator, Maldeo Songara, ruler of [[Jalore]]. Maldeo Songara was soon displaced by his son-in-law [[Rana Hamir|Hammir]], a scion of the lately displaced [[Guhila]] clan, who re-established the state of [[Mewar]] ''c.''1326 CE. Mewar was to emerge as a leading Rajput state, after [[Rana Kumbha]] expanded his kingdom at the expense of the sultanates of [[Malwa]] and [[Gujarat]].

=== Mughal Era (16th-18th c.) ===
[[Image:Hawa Mahal inside, Jaipur.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The "Jharokha" arches, now regarded as typical of Rajput architecture, were actually brought to [[Rajasthan]] from [[Bengal]] by Rajput rulers serving as Mughal officers in that province.]]

The Delhi sultanate was extinguished when [[Babur]] defeated [[Ibrahim Lodi]] at the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526. [[Rana Sanga]], ruler of Mewar, rallied an army to challenge Babur. He was betrayed by one of his Rajput generals and was defeated by [[Babur]] at the [[Battle of Khanua]] on [[March 16]], [[1527]]; The Rajput rulers agreed to pay tribute to Babur, but most retained control of their states, and struggles between Babur's successor Humayun and the Suri Dynasty for control of the Sultanate preoccupied the Muslims for several decades. It was not until the reign of [[Akbar]] that the structure of relations between the Mughal imperium and the Rajput states took definitive shape.

During the [[Second Jauhar]] Rana Sanga died soon after the battle of Khanua. Shortly afterwards, Mewar came under the regency of his widow, [[Rani Karmavati]]. The kingdom was menaced by [[Bahadur Shah]], ruler of Gujarat. According to one romantic legend of dubious veracity, Karmavati importuned the assistance of [[Humayun]], son of her late husband's foe. The help arrived, but too late; Chittor was reduced by Bahadur Shah. This is the occasion for the second of the three ''[[Jauhar]]s'' performed at Chittor. Karmavati led the ladies of the citadel into death by fire, while the menfolk sallied out to meet the besieging Muslim army in a hopeless fight to the death.

==== Mughal-Rajput Alliance ====
Babur's son [[Humayun]] was a ruler who was forced to spend long periods in exile. His son Akbar; however, was made of a different mettle. [[Akbar]] consolidated his inheritance and expanded what had been the [[Delhi sultanate]] into a wide empire. A main factor in this success was indubitably his co-option of native Rajput chiefs into his empire-building project. His reign also encompassed the involvement of [[Hindu]]s in the affairs of the empire, a successive policy previously adopted by [[Sher Shah Suri]]

The Rajput chiefs collaborated with alacrity, an alliance cemented by marriage, with numerous Rajput noblewomen being wed to Mughal grandees. The [[Kachwahas]] were the first to extend matrimonial alliances with Akbar; they pioneered a trend that soon turned pervasive and played no small role in extending Rajput influence across the [[Indian sub-continent]], from [[Bengal]] to [[Afghanistan]], to the [[Deccan]]. Indeed, two successive Mughal emperors, [[Jehangir]] and [[Shah Jehan]], were born to Rajput mothers.

Kachwahas were the first to give a daughter to Akbar. This prompted [[Maharana Pratap]] to ban marriages between his loyal rajputs with other rajputs of Rajasthan. The Kachwaha rulers of Jaipur and Rathore rulers of Marwar became tributaries of the empire. The Sisodias of Mewar and their vassals, the Hadas of Bundi, continued to refuse Mughal hegemony, and Akbar invaded Mewar, capturing Chittorgarh in 1568 after a long siege. The Sesodias of Mewar moved the capital to the more defensible location of Udaipur and carried on fighting the Mughals. Akbar respected the martial prowess of the Rajputs, and he married a Rajput princess, and Rajput generals, particularly the Kachwahas of Jaipur, commanded some Mughal armies.

Rajput chiefs served as Mughal officers and administrators across the Mughal Empire and enjoyed much influence in the government. In this period, the ''aristocratic'' image of the Rajputs can be said to have finally crystallized; consequently, caste-divisions became rigid. The trend of political relations between Rajput states and the central power was the precursor for similar relations between them and the British.

==== Aurangzeb and Rajput Rebellion====
The Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]], who was far less tolerant of Hinduism than his predecessors, put a Muslim on the throne of Marwar when [[Maharaja Jaswant Singh]], ruler of Marwar, died without a child. This enraged the Rathores. [[Ajit Singh]], Jaswant Singh's son was born after his death. Marwar nobles asked Aurangzeb to give the throne back to Ajit but Aurangzeb refused and instead tried to kill the infant Ajit. Durgadas Rathore and others smuggled Ajit out of Delhi and did not let pursuing Mughals capture them and reached Jaipur safely. This started the 30 year rajput rebellion against Aurangzeb. This cemented all the Rajput clans into a bond of union, and a triple alliance was formed by the three states of Marwar, Mewar, and Jaipur, to throw off the Mughal yoke. One of the conditions of this alliance was that the rulers of Jodhpur and Jaipur should regain the privilege of marriage with the ruling Sesodia dynasty of Mewar, which they had forfeited by contracting alliances with the Mughal emperors, on the understanding that the offspring of Sesodia princesses should succeed to the state in preference to all other children. The quarrels arising from this stipulation lasted through many generations.

==== Rajput of the Panjab Hill States and Kashmir====

History of the Panjab Tribes by J. Hutchinson and J.P.Vogel lists a total of 22 states (16 Hindu and 6 Muhammaddan) that formed the State of Jammu following the conquest of Kashmir by Raja Ranjit Singh in 1820. Of these 6 Muhammaddan States, two (Kotli and Punch) were ruled by [[Mangrals]], two (Bhimber and Khari-Khariyala) were ruled by Chibs one (Rajouri) was ruled by the Jarrals and one (Khashtwar) was ruled by the Khashtwaria. Of these 22 states, 21 formed a pact with Ranjit Singh and formed the State of Jammu. Only Poonch ruled by the Mangrals retained a state of semi-autonomy. Following the War of 1947 Poonch was divided and is now split between Pakistan Administered Kashmir [[Poonch District (AJK)]] and Indian Administered Kashmir [[Poonch]].<ref>History of the Panjab Hill States By J. Hutchinson, J.P. Vogel</ref>

As stated in History of the Panjab Hill States by J.Hutchinson and J.P. Vogel: "Kotli was founded about the fifteenth century by a branch of the royal family of Kashmir. Kotli and Punch remained independent until subdued by Ranjit Singh in 1815 and 1819 respectively."

The royal family of Kashmir which Hutchinson and Vogel are referring to is the family of Raja Mangar Pal the son of Raja Hani Dev and the ancestor of the Mangral rajput.

Kotli was historically known as Kotli Mangrallan.

There is a famous saying in Kashmir: "Kotli Mangrallan da, Rajouri Jarallan da, Bhimber Chiban da, Mirpur Gakharan da"

Transalation:

• [[Kotli]] is ruled by the [[Mangral]]

• [[Rajouri]] is ruled by the [[Jarall]]

• [[Bhimber]] is ruled by the [[Chib]]

• [[Mirpur]] is ruled by the [[Gakhar]]

The main historical muslim rajput clans from Kashmir are therefore the Mangral, Jarrall, Chib and Gakhar. These clans remain dominant in Pakistan administered [[Azad Jammu & Kashmir]].

=== Maratha ascendancy and British suzerainty (late 18th to mid 20th c.) ===
[[Image:Monitors Mayo College Ajmer.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Mayo College]] was opened by the British Government to educate Rajput princes and other nobles in 1875 at [[Ajmer]], [[Rajputana]]. In this picture, on the left, are the first four [[Rajput]] princes and on the extreme right is a Muslim belonging to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Dynasty.]]
[[Image:The Jaipur infantry 1936.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Rajput army officers with British army officers in 1936, before world war II]]

Amidst the back drop of the disintegration of the Mughal empire, the Rajput states remained militarized, each fighting off and forming alliances with the various forces competing for power during this age of turbulence. However, the nature and details of the conflicts and alliances of each particular state is different according to its geo-political situation and policy of its successive rulers. Like the British, the [[Marathas]] found it difficult to besiege the larger of the Rajput’s numerous and impregnable forts, however their great mobility and versatile looting of open farmland and unprotected villages convinced many Rajput rulers to agree to parts of the levies demanded by the marauding hordes (although the payments were never exact and often deferred). [[James Tod]], whose personal observation pertains to this period, records that internecine disputes, succession wars and the relentless exaction of levies , by the Marathas left the Rajput states immiserated, and that some of Rajput states repeatedly petitioned the British administration for protection.

Yet during this period the role of the Rajputs as solders did not diminish and their bravery gleamed under different banners. Individual Rajputs all over India not employed by a local ruler/warlord, have long been accustomed to [[mercenary]] service initially under the banners of both Hindu or Islamic and later European warlords, as each individual had the liberty to shift his allegiance from one employer to another, according to his own interests, inclination and judgment. Owing to the [[anarchy]] that ensued during the long and turbulent break up of the Mughal Empire, there arose a need for European settlers in India to raise troops for the protection of their [[port]]s, [[factories]] and [[Human settlement|settlement]]s, the Rajputs with their natural warlike habits were among the first to seek employment opportunities in these armies. Initially these [[levies]] were unorganized having to provide their own arms, and equipment. It is said that the [[France|French]], were the first to train these levies in the fashion of modern warfare (Captain A.H. Bingley 1899), a discipline that was soon followed by other nations (most successfully by France's arch-rival in India, the British) as well as the native rulers. By the mid 18th century, settlements such as [[Madras]] and [[Bombay]] possessed considerable forces of well trained Rajput ‘[[Sepoys]]’ armed, drilled and equipped like European troops.
According to Captain A.H. Bingley in his ‘Handbook on Rajputs’ (1899) a manual to assist on the Recruitment of Rajputs into the Indian army, in reference to the Rajputs employed in the Bengal regiments, Bingley states ‘''The Rajputs of these districts ([[Bihar]], [[Oudh]] and the [[Daoab]]) were for the most part mercenaries, willing to enter the service of any leader, in any cause, provided they were fairly treated and regularly paid. For this reason, service under the British colours was peculiarly attractive. The [[East India Company]] gave them high pay and liberal pensions, their forces were almost invariably victorious; and though European discipline was stricter than that to which they had been previously accustomed, the Rajputs were quick to reorganize its value in the field''’. Bingley further commented on the nature of the Rajput soldiers; ‘''They were docile and quick to learn their drill, while their natural cleanliness, fine physique, and soldierly bearing, made them more popular with the majority of their officers than the truculent Muhammadans to whom pipeclay and discipline were abhorrent''’.

After the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], (1817-1818), 18 states in the [[Rajputana]] region, of which 15 were ruled by Rajputs, entered into [[subsidiary alliance]] with the [[HEIC]] and became [[princely state]]s under the [[British Raj]]. Like the Mughals, the British took direct control of Ajmer, which became the province of [[Ajmer-Merwara]]. A vast number of other Rajput states in central and western India made a similar transition. Most of them were placed under the authority of the [[Central India Agency]] and the various states' agencies of [[Kathiawar]].

In a further reference to the role of the Rajput soldiers serving under the British banner, [[Captain A.H. Bigley]] goes on to state; “''Rajputs have served in our ranks from [[Plassey]] to the present day(1899). They have taken part in almost every campaign undertaken by the Indian armies. Under Forde they defeated the French at Condore. Under Monro at Buxar they routed the forces of the [[Nawab of Oudh]]. Under Lake they took part in the brilliant series of victories which destroyed the power of the Marathas.''’ Bingley then went on to describe the glorious role of the Rajput infantries in the war of the [[Nepal]] campaigns (Nepal was conquered by a Rajput family in 1768, but never by the British), the [[Afghan]] war, as well as the fact that the Rajput troops were instrumental in the victory of the [[Sikh wars]] in Punjab. He also went on to elucidate the role the Rajput troopers in the [[Egyptian]] campaign of 1882 as well as their victorious action in the [[Burmese]] war of 1885. The Rajputs thus retained their principal role in Indian armies wherever it saw action throughout this period, until Indian independence in 1947.

=== Independent India===
On India's independence in 1947, the native rules were given three choices, join one of the two states Indian or Pakistan, or remain independent. Rajput rulers of Rajputana and Central India acceded to newly-independent India and Rajputana, renamed Rajasthan, became an Indian state in 1950. The Rajput states acceded unto the [[dominion of India]] and [[Pakistan|dominion of Pakistan]]. They were all merged into the [[union of India]] before 1950.

The Maharajas were given special recognitions and an annual amount termed privy-purse was set for them. Many of the Rajput Maharajas entered politics and served India as elected representatives. In 1971, [[Indira Gandhi]] "de-recognized" the Maharajas and abolished the privy-purses. As a result, the Maharajas had to transformed some of their palaces into hotels. Some of them are now recognized as among the world's best.

Today, the Maharajas still fulfill some of the ceremonial duties as recognized elders, but as private citizens, in the Indian society.

== Culture and Ethos ==
The Rajput ethos is martial, in spirit, and fiercely proud and independent, and emphasizes lineage and tradition. Rajput patriotism is legendary, an ideal they embodied with a sometimes fanatical zeal, often choosing death before dishonour. Rajput warriors were often known to fight until the last man.

By the late 19th century, there was a shift from on questions regarding the political relations amongst the Rajputs to a concern with kinship (Kasturi 2002:2). According to Harlan (1992:27), many Rajputs of Rajasthan are nostalgic about their past and keenly conscious of their genealogy, emphasizing a Rajput ethos that is martial in spirit, with a fierce pride in lineage and tradition. These are indeed the timeless values of the Rajput community, as the [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] (1911 edition) affirms in its resume of the contemporary social values of the community in India.

:''The tradition of common ancestry permits a poor Rajput yeoman to consider himself as well born as any powerful landholder of his clan, and superior to any high official of the professional classes. No race in India can boast of finer feats of arms or brighter deeds of chivalry, and they form one of the main recruiting fields for the Indian army of the day. They consider any occupation other than that of arms or government derogatory to their dignity, and consequently during the long period of peace which has followed the establishment of the British rule in India, they have been content to stay idle at home instead of taking up any of the other professions in which they might have come to the front.''

{{wide image|jalmahal.jpg|1000px|"Jal Mahal in [[Jaipur]], example of Rajput architecture."}}
===Khanda===
[[Image:Rajputsword.jpg|thumb|250px|A typical sword used by Rajput Warriors]]
The Rajput lifestyle was designed to foster a martial spirit. Tod (1829) describes at length the bond between the Rajputs and their swords. The double-edged scimitar known as the ''khanda'' was a popular weapon among the Rajputs of that era. On special occasions, a primary chief would break up a meeting of his vassal chiefs with ''khanda nariyal,'' the distribution of daggers and coconuts. The ''Karga Shapna'' ritual, performed during the annual [[Navaratri]] festival, was another affirmation of the Rajput's reverence for his sword.

===Rakhi===
The festival of Rakhi, known as Lakhri in Punjab, is typically held in August. The rakhis, or bracelets, are tied to a brother's wrist by his sisters. The belief amongst Rajputs was that the bracelets would avert evil in battle and designated those who would make a proper return from battle (Tod i.463). This festival was and is still celebrated all over India.

=== Jauhar ===
All recorded instances of [[Jauhar]] and "Saka" have featured Rajput defenders of a fort, resisting the invasion of a opposing force.

Jauhar (sometimes spelt jowhar) was originally the voluntary death on a funeral pyre of the queens and royal womenfolk of defeated Rajput castles in order to avoid capture and consequent molestation. The term is extended to describe the occasional practice of mass suicide carried out in medieval times by Rajput women, or by entire Rajput communities, when the fall of a besieged city was certain.

On several occasions when defeat in such an engagement became certain, the Rajput defenders of the fort scripted a final act of heroism that rendered the incident an immortal inspiration and afforded the invaders only an exceedingly hollow, inglorious victory. In such incidents, the ladies of the fort would commit collective self-immolation. Wearing their wedding dresses, and holding their young children by the hand, the ladies would commit their chastity to the flames of a massive, collective pyre, thereby escaping molestation and dishonour at the hands of the invading army. As the memorial of their heroic act, the ladies would leave only the imprint of the palm of their right hands on wet clay, which have become objects of veneration. This immolation would occur during the night, to the accompaniment of Vedic chants.

The practice is often described in terms of the women alone, but should correctly be understood as including the death of the men on the battlefield. As generally described, Jauhar involved:

# A defending Rajput army being besieged inside a fortification by an invading Muslim army;
# The realization by the defenders that defeat was certain;
# The immolation, en masse, of women, children and the elderly, to avoid molestation at the hands of the victorious invading army;
# The riding out, into open battle and certain death, of the menfolk, there to die on the field of war

There is extensive glorification of the practice in the local ballads and folk-histories of Rajasthan.

Jauhar was limited to the Kshatriya caste named Rajputs, who formed the upper and ruling classes and castes of Rajasthan. The Rajputs were the fighting warrior caste of this area. The remainder of the people, who were generally Brahmins and the lower castes, did not participate in the practice. In some cases, such as with Chittaurgarh in 1568 the victorious Mughal invaders put the entire remaining population of thirty thousand souls to death.

Despite occasional confusion, this practice is not directly related to the widow-burning practice of satidaho, another feature once common among the Rajputs. It is related to high premium set on the honour of womenfolk in Rajput society. Both practices have been most common historically in the territory of modern Rajasthan.

The best known cases of Jauhar are the three occurrences at the fort of [[Chittaur]] (Chittaurgarh, Chittorgarh), the seat of the [[Sisodia]] kingdom of [[Mewar]], in Rajasthan, in 1303, in 1535, and 1568. Jaisalmer has witnessed two occurrences of Jauhar. Another occurrence was in Chanderi.

====First Jauhar of Chittor ====
In particular, the siege of Chittor (1303), its brave defence by the Guhilas, the saga of Rani Padmini and the Jauhar she led are the stuff of immortal legend. This incident has had a defining impact upon the Rajput character and is detailed in a succeeding section.

====Second Jauhar of Chittor====
Rana Sanga died soon after the battle; shortly afterwards, Mewar came under the regency of his widow, Rani Karmavati. The kingdom was menaced by Bahadur Shah, ruler of Gujarat. According to one romantic legend of dubious veracity, Karmavati importuned the assistance of Humayun, son of her late husband's foe. The help arrived too late; Chittor as reduced by Bahadur Shah. This is the occasion for the second of the three Jauhars performed at Chittor. Karmavati led the ladies of the citadel into death by fire, while the menfolk sallied out to meet the besieging Muslim army in a hopeless fight to the death.

===Saka===
The next morning after taking a bath, the men would wear kesariya and apply the ash from the maha samadhi of their wives and children on their foreheads and put a [[tulsi]] leaf in their mouth. Then the palace gates would be opened and men would ride out for complete annihilation of the enemy or themselves. Rajput men and women could not be captured alive. This fight until death of men is called "Saka."

When Hindus fought against other Hindus there were never any johars or saka because the defeated were treated with dignity. However, history records very few instances wherein a Rajput king sued for peace after a battle reversal and the Muslims honoured it afterwards, Muslims only initially agreed to the peace terms, only for the Rajput and Hindu men to be slaughtered upon surrender and their women and children looted, raped and converted to Islam by force<ref name=packhum389>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 Volume III: To the Year A.D. 1398, Chapter: XVIII. Malfúzát-i Tímúrí, or Túzak-i Tímúrí: The Autobiography or Memoirs of Emperor Tímúr (Taimur the lame). Page: 389 (please press next and read all pages in the online copy)] ([http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201013&ct=97 1. Online copy], [http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_malfuzat_frameset.htm 2. Online copy]) from: Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] - This online Copy has been posted by: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List]). [[Timur]]'s memoirs on his invasion of India; describes in detail the massacre of Hindus, looting plundering and raping of their women and children, their forced conversions to Islam and the plunder of the wealth of Hindustan (India). It gives details of how villages, towns and cities were rid of their Hindu male population and their women and children forcefully converted enmasse to Islam from Hinduism. Compiled in the book: "[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]", by Sir H. M. Elliot, Edited by John Dowson; London, Trubner Company; 1867–1877</ref> once the pols or gates of their mighty fortresses were opened.

One example of this is war between Puran Mal of Raisina and Sher Shah Suri. The opposite is true for wars between Marathas and Rajputs, where even after battle reversals, no jauhars took place in Rajasthan.

==Legacy==
===Rajputs as a line of defence===
The fertile and prosperous plains of [[North India|northern India]] had always been the destination of choice for streams of invaders coming from the north-west. The last of these waves of invasions were of tribes who had previously converted to Islam. Due to geographic reasons, Rajput-ruled states suffered the brunt of aggression from various [[Mongol]]-[[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]-[[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan]] warlords who repeatedly invaded the subcontinent. In his ''New History of India',' [[Stanley Wolpert]] wrote, "The Rajputs were the vanguard of Hindu India in the face of the Islamic onslaught."

The Rajputs for centuries were India's line of defense against invaders. They proved their chivalry by fighting with honor and the mercy that they showed to the vanquished. When fighting against the hordes of Arabs, Moghuls, Afghans, and Turks, many preferred to die rather than to forsake their ancestors' faith (Hindu dharma) for Islam. While the nations of the Middle East fell in a matter of a few years to the rapid advance of Islam's new followers, the Rajput men and women refused to let them capture India for over 500 years. The heroism and sacrifice displayed by these tribes is undisputed and unmatched in the chronicles of Indian history.

=== Early Invasions ===
Rajputs were defence from cultures of the west that included Greeks in the third century BC and the muslim invasions that started about 750AD. Raja Parmanand or 'Porus' was a famous king defeated by Alexander the great but reinstated later for his bravery.

Bappa Rawal of Chittor defeated armies of Md Kasim, who had earlier annexed Sind from Dahir the Rajput Deshpati of Alor who fell fighting bravely within the Arab Cavalary and whose Queen continued fighting thill the last and whose citizens committed [[Saka]] and [[Johur]] finally. Md. Bin Kasim continued towards India via Gujrat. Bappa was general for Mori Prince's army at the time and later went on to become the king, replacing his maternal uncle, the Mori King. From Bappa the present line of Mewar descends.

Prince [[Khoman]] led another expedition a few years later in 812 A.D. uniting Rajputs and throwing the armies of Harun-al-Rashid from India and Sind. He was involved in series of battles and led armies to victory after victory culminating in 812AD when the invaders were finally thrown out. This led to a time of peace till 100 years later Md Gazni came into picture. Prince [[Khoman]] was the bravest son of Mewar and revered even today. 'Khoman-Gani' or [[Khamaghani]], a common term used in rajasthan, when rajputs greet each other.

=== Invasions of Md of Gazni ===

Raja [[Jaipal of Lahore]], was another brave King and he in 997AD, led an army to win back Kandahar and met [[Sabuktegin]], the governor of Kandahar at [[Langman]] on raod from peshawar to kabul. He was defeated, part due to bad weather, but he was let go and lost all his elephants in exchange of his life. He again met [[Sabuktegin]] Army led by his son and general, the [[Mahmud of Gazni]]. Although Jaipal had help from armies of Tomars of Delhi, Chauhans of Ajmer, Chandels of Kalinger and Rathores of Kannauj, yet he was defeated in year 1004AD and brutually buthchered.

Md Gazni went on to defeat the Bhati prince Bijai Rai, then ruling from present day patiala. He too committed [[Saka]] and [[Johur]].

King [[Anadpal]] son of [[Jaipal of Lahor]] formed a league and fought bravely with the Kandahar Army on fields of Khyber pass near peshawar. The tide was in his favour but his elephant was lighted by fire and went mad and this caused panic in his army and 20000 brave sons of soil were slain that day.

Md Gazni next set sight at [[Sthaneshwar]] and on his sixth expedition to India plundered that holy place and took the loot with him. On his seventh and Eighth expeditions in 1014AD and 1015AD , he ravaged Kashmir (Cashmere) although the king gave a brave defence of his kingdom.

His ninth expedition in 1017AD was against Kannauj and the prince accepted his soverignity. A dark phase for Rajputs but with 20000 Cavalary and 100000 turkish men, the army was too big to confront. But other Rajputs never forgave the Kannauj Prince. Gajni went on to Mathura and plundered it and took all the gold with him.

His tenth and eleventh expedition were against Lahor and Kalinger and were successful. Defeating [[Jaipal II of Lahor]] grandson of [[Jaipal of Lahor]] and later defeating Kalinger Chandel Prince for supporting [[Anadpal of Lahor]], father of [[Jaipal II of Lahor]].

His twelfth mission on India is most talked about in history and vividly remembered, for in 1024AD he travelled 1000 miles and plundered Somnath, the great shine and took the greatest loot with him. But fortune has its way and the hidden warfare of Rajputs and the brutual Desert of Rajasthan between Luni and Indus rivers were both factors in Md Gazni loosing most of his amry and loot within a few months of his journey back home for Rajputs never let his army get hold of any water resources and put up armies just to show and never confront to make Md Gazni travel in more arid places.

For another 80 years no warriors from west came to India till the Ghor Dynasty rose to prominence and Md Shahbuddin set his eyes on India. Which by then was weakened by the wars of Tomars of Delhi and Gadahvals (or Rathors) of Kannauj. Tomars made alliances with Chauhans of Ajmer and Anadpal Tomar was succeeded by his grandson Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer, son of Visal Dev.

== Famous Rajput Personalities ==
see [[List of Rajputs]].

=== Bappa rawal ===

Bappa Ravala The founder of the Guhilot Rajavansa ( dynasty of rulers ) in Rajasthan, Bappa Raval is known for his strong pride in his Dharma and culture, for defeating the alien Arabian invaders and being a great, glorious and brave king. He started as a ruler of a small principality in Nagahrad ( Nagda ), and extended his rulership up to Chittaud.

Bappa Rawal, born Prince Kalbhoj, was the 8th ruler of the Guhilot dynasty. He founded the state of Mewar (c.734) in present-day Rajasthan, India. Bappa Rawal obtained Chittor in dowry from Maan Mori.

Bappa was also blessed by Harita, a sage of the Mewar region, with kingship. He based the capital of Mewar in the fortress city of Chittor. In order to face of Muslim invasions across the western borders of Rajputana, Bappa united the smaller states of Ajmer and Jaisalmer to repel the invaders. During the next 800 years, Chittor becomes the symbol of Hindu resistance in western India.

In 39th century of Kaliyuga (i.e 8th century A.D.). Muslims started attacking India within a few decades of the birth of Islam. Bappa Raval fought and defeated the Arab invaders in the country and also turned the tide against them and dominated the aliens in their own territory. For a few hundred years they had no success. Bin Qasim was able to defeat Dahir in Sindh but was routed by Bappa Rawal. Qasim attacked Chittor, which was ruled by Mori Rajputs, via Mathura. Bappa, of Guhilot dynasty, was a commander in Mori army and so was Dahir's son. Bappa defeated and pursued Bin Qasim through Saurashtra and back to Sindh. After this resounding defeat of the caliphate at the hands of Bappa, for next few hundred years there were no more Islamic incursions into India. (note Muslim historians rarely recorded the defeats of their kings)

Ruling thus over his kingdom for a long time he abdicated the throne in favor of his son - rather made his son as the king and himself turned into Siva upasaka ( worshipper of Shiva ) and became a Yati ( an ascetic who has full control over his passions ).

He had been extant in Kaliyuga's 39th (i.e. 5thA.D.) century.

===Rana Kumbha===
Rana Kumbha [Maharana Kumbhakarna] was the ruler of Mewar, a state in western India, between AD 1433 and 1468. He was a Rajput belonging to the Sisodia clan. Kumbha was a son of Rana Mokal of Mewar by his wife Sobhagya Devi, a daughter of Jaitmal Sankhla, the Parmara fief-holder of Runkot in the state of Marwar. Rana Kumbha was the vanguard of the fifteenth century Rajput resurgence.

After being overrun by the armies of Alauddin Khilji at the turn of the 13th century, Mewar had become relatively insignificant. Rana Hammira is credited with casting off the Muslim yoke and establishing the second Guhila dynasty of Chittor in 1335. The title Rana and later Maharana was used by rulers of this dynasty. Rana Hammira's grandson, Maharana Mokal was assassinated by his brothers (Chacha and Mera) in 1433. Lack of support, however, caused Chacha and Mera to flee and Rana Kumbha ascended the throne of Mewar. Initially, Rana Kumbha was ably assisted by Ranmal (Ranamalla) Rathore of Mandore. With the passing of time, however, Rana Kumbha wearied of Ranmal's hold on power and in 1438, had him assassinated. In November 1442, Mahmud Khalji (Khilji), Sultan of Malwa, commenced a series of attacks on Mewar. After capturing Machhindargarh, Pangarh and Chaumuha, the Sultan camped for the rainy season. On April 26, 1443, Rana Kumbha attacked the Sultan's encampment, following an indecisive battle the Sultan returned to Mandu. The Sultan attacked again in November 1443, capturing Gagraun and adjoining forts but the capture of Chittor eluded him. The next attack was on Mandalgarh (in October 1446) and was also unsuccessful. Perhaps bloodied by these engagements, the Sultan did not attack Mewar for another ten years. The famed 37-meter, 9-story Vijay -Stambha of Chittorgarh was built in 1458 to commemorate his resounding victory over the combined armies of Malwa and Gujarat (1540).
Ahmad Shah (ruler of Gujarat), and Muhammad Shah (ruler of Delhi) cooperated with Rana Kumbha to combat Mahmud Khalji. During this period, the rulers of Delhi and Gujarat conferred on Rana Kumbha the title of Hindu-suratrana. Rana Kumbha was the first Hindu ruler to be given this accolade by the Muslim Sultans.

'''Capture of Nagaur and reaction of the sultans'''
The ruler of Nagaur, Firuz(Firoz) Khan died around 1453-1454. This set into motion a series of events which tested Kumbha's mettle as a warrior. Shams Khan (the son of Firuz Khan) initially sought the help of Rana Kumbha against his uncle Mujahid Khan, who had occupied the throne. After becoming the ruler, Shams Khan, refused to weaken his defenses, and sought the help of Qutbuddin, the Sultan of Gujarat (Ahmad Shah died in 1442). Angered by this, Kumbha captured Nagaur in 1456, and also Kasili, Khandela and Sakambhari.
In reaction to this, Qutbuddin captured Sirohi and attacked Kumbhalmer. Mahmud Khilji and Qutbuddin then reached an agreement (treaty of Champaner) to attack Mewar and divide the spoils. Qutbuddin captured Abu, was unable to capture Kumbhalmer, and his advance towards Chittor was also blocked. Mahmud Khalji captured Ajmer and in December 1456, conquered Mandalgarh. Taking advantage of Kumbha's preoccupation, Rao Jodha (the son of Ranmal Rathore) captured Mandore. It is a tribute to Rana Kumbha's skills that he was able to defend his kingdom against this multi-directional attack. The death of Qutbuddin in 1458, and hostilities between Mahmud Begara (the new ruler of Gujarat) and Mahmud Khalji finally brought relief to Rana Kumbha. Mahmud Khalji's last sally against Mewar was in 1458-1459.

'''Construction of forts'''
Kumbha is credited with having worked assiduously to build up the state again. Of 84 fortresses that form the defense of Mewar, 32 were erected by Kumbha. Inferior only to Chittor, the chief citadel of Mewar, is the fort of Kumbhalgarh, built by Kumbha. It is the highest fort in Rajasthan (MRL 1075m).

'''Cultural achievements'''
Amongst Rajput rulers, the flowering of arts and culture during Kumbha's reign is exceeded only by Bhoja Parmara (Bhoja I). Maharana Kumbha is credited with writing the Samgita-raja, the Rasika-priya commentary on the Gitagovinda, the Sudaprabandha, and the Kamaraja-ratisara. No copies of the Sangita-ratnakara and Sangita-krama-dipaka (two books on music by Rana Kumbha) have survived. During Rana Kumbha's reign, the scholar Atri and his son Mahesa wrote the prashasti (edict) of the Chittor Kirti-stambha and Kahana Vyasa wrote the Ekalinga-mahamatya.

'''Vijay Stambha'''
Rana Kumbha commissioned the construction of an imposing, 37 meter high, 9 story Victory Tower at Chittor. The tower called Vijay Stambha (victory tower) was completed in 1458. It is also referred to as Vishnu Stambha -- "Tower of Vishnu" in other texts. The tower is covered with exquisite sculptures of Hindu Gods and Goddesses and depicts episodes from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

'''Architecture'''
In addition to the Vijay Stambha of Chittor, the Ranakpur Trailokya-dipaka Jain temple with its adornments, the Kumbhasvami and Adivarsha temples of Chittor and the Shantinatha Jain temple are some (of many) structures built during Rana Kumbha's rule.
There are many inscriptions on the Stambh from the time of Maharana Kumbha.

Verse 17: Kumbha is like the mountain Sumeru for the churning of the sea of Malwa. He humbled its king Muhammad.

Verse 20: He also destroyed other lowly Muslim rulers (of the neighborhood). He uprooted Nagaur.

Verse 21: He rescued twelve lakh cows from the Muslim possession and converted Nagaur into a safe pasture for them. He brought Nagaur under the control of the Brahmanas and secured cows and Brahmanas in this land.

Verse 22: Nagaur was centre of the Muslims. Kumbha uprooted this tree of evil. Its branches and leaves were automatically destroyed.

===Prithivi Raj Chauhan===

Prithviraj Chauhan (c. 1168-1192) Prithviraj Chauhan was a king of the Rajput Chauhan (Chauhamana) Rajput dynasty, who ruled a kingdom in northern India during the latter half of the 12th century.

Prithviraj Chauhan was the second last Hindu king to sit upon the throne of Delhi (the last Hindu king being Hemu, who managed to sit on the throne of Delhi for a few days after Humayun's death.

He succeeded to the throne c. 1179, while still a minor, and ruled from the twin capitals of Ajmer and Delhi. His elopement with Samyukta, the daughter of Jai Chandra, the Gahadvala king of Kannauj, is a popular romantic tale in India, and is one of the subjects of the Prithviraj Raso, an epic poem composed by Prithviraj's court poet, Chand Bardai. Qila Rai Pithora in Delhi, also known as [[Pithoragarh]], is named after him.

After his unfortunate defeat in 1192 AD at the second Battle of Tarain, India was open to invasion by Muslim invaders, and Delhi came under the control of the Muslim rulers, and continued to be so, until the British period.

'''First Battle of Tarain (1191 CE)'''
Muhammad Ghori invaded Prithviraj's domains and laid siege to the fortress of Bhatinda in Punjab, which was at the frontier between the two kingdoms. Prithviraj's appeal for help from his father-in-law was scornfully rejected by the haughty Jaichandra. Undaunted, Prithviraj marched on Bhatinda and gave battle to the invaders at a place called Tarain near the town of Thanesar.

In face of the Rajput onslaught, the invading Muslim army broke ranks and fled, leaving their leader, Muhammad Ghori, a prisoner in Prithviraj's hands. Muhammad Ghori was brought in chains to Qila Rai Pithora, Prithviraj's capital. He begged his captor for mercy and release. Prithviraj's ministers advised against pardoning the aggressor. However, the chivalrous and valiant Prithviraj thought otherwise and respectfully and magnanimously released the vanquished Ghori. Some say that Prithviraj actually pardoned him 16 times over 16 encounters.{{fact|date=December 2008}}

'''Second Battle of Tarain (1192 CE)'''
The very next year, Ghori repaid Prithviraj's gesture. In 1192 AD he again invaded India with a huge army of 1,20, 000 armed men. Both the armies faced each other again at Tarain. Prithviraj had the support of his feudal chiefs but these were only small princes. No powerful ruler extended his support to him even at this critical juncture. Thus, for all practical purposes he had to face the enemy single handed. Again, the two armies met at Tarain. The Hindus followed a traditional practice of battling only between sunrise and sunset. This practise was based upon great epics and ethics in their civilized society. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata support this practise. Ghori as advised by Moinuddin Chishti attacked the surprised Rajput army before daybreak and thus emerged victorious. At the point when annihilation became certain, Sanyogita committed Jauhar {suicide} for self-immolation rather than face the prospect of personal dishonour at the hands of a barbaric invader. Prithviraj was taken in chains to Ghor in present-day Afghanistan.

===Rao Maldeo Rathore===

Humayun, Babur's son was defeated by Sher Shah Suri, a Pathan. Humayun was forced to leave India and he took refuge with Safavid king of Persia. Sher Shah became ruler of Delhi. The Sesodias of Mewar had not yet recovered from Rana Sanga's treacherous defeat. In Marwar the Rathores were becoming very powerful. The Rathore king Rao Maldeo had extended his territory to within a couple of hundred kilometers of Delhi.

Sher Shah attacked Maldeo. Maldeo came with a force of 40 thousand and Sher Shah had 60 thousand. In the evening Sher Shah sent forged letters to Maldeo's camp. In these letters it was stated that few generals from Maldeo's army were buying arms from Sher Shah's army. This caused great consternation in Maldeo who thought there was treachery and that some of his generals had crossed over to Sher Shah. Maldeo left with 20 thousand men.
In reality there was no treachery. Later when Maldeo's generals Kumpa (his progeny are Kumpawat Rathores) and Jaita (his progeny are Jaitawat Rathores) found out what happened they did not loose cool and decided they would not leave the field even though they just had 20 thousand men and had to face 60 thousand Pathans of Sher Shah.

Finally battle of Sammel was fought on a cold morning of [[January 5]] [[1544]] A.D. and Sher Shah was shocked by what he saw. Sher Shah's top generals lost their lives and his army suffered heavy losses. After this Sher Shah commented that "for a few grains of bajra [a grain crop that grows in Marwar] he had almost lost the entire kingdom of India". It is a moot point now but had Maldeo not retreated because of the fake letter, Rathores/Rajputs would have defeated Sher Shah.

=== Rana Hamir ===
Ranathambhor's venerable structure, rapturous beauty and sublime expressiveness seem to be continuously vocalizing the great legends of Hamir Dev, the Rajput king.
Seventeen kilometers from Sawaimadhopur stands a fort, encompassing in its stately walls, a glorious history of the Rajputs.

Hamir Dev belonged to the Chauhan dynasty and drew his lineage from Prithviraj Chauhan who enjoys a respectable place in the Indian history. During his 12 years reign, Hamir Dev fought 17 battles and won 13 of them. He annexed Malwa, Abu and Mandalgarh and thus extended his kingdom to the chagrin of Delhi Sultan, Jalaluddin , who had misgivings about Hamir's intentions. Jalaluddin attacked Ranathambhor and had it under siege for several years. However, he had to return to Delhi unsuccessful.

Jalaluddin was assassinated by his nephew Allaluddin Khilji who then crowned himself as the new Sultan of Delhi. Muhammad Shah was instrumental in making this coup successful which earned him a basketful of privileges. Muhammad Shah was even allowed access to the harem as a result of which he soon built up a good rapport with its inmates.

Chimna was one of Allaudin's begums, but Allaudin never gave her as much attention as other begums of the harem received from him. He had inadvertently managed to antagonize her. To make things worse Chimna Begum saw a valiant soldier in Muhammad Shah and was extremely impressed by his courage and boldness. Soon the vindictive begum and the ambitious Muhammad Shah started a conspiracy to slay Allaudin. Their objective was to see Muhammad Shah as Sultan and the begum as queen. The conspiratorial plans somehow leaked out. Allaudin was enraged as he came to know of Muhammad Shah's intentions. To escape the fury of Allaudin, Muhammad Shah had to flee from Delhi along with his brother. He sought asylum in many nearby kingdom but no one was ready to stand up to the wrath of Allaudin.

Muhammad Shah approached Hamir Dev. The brave Rajput was moved by his humble pleading and misery and agreed to him shelter. Allaudin's ire was roused when he came to know of it. He immediately attacked the fort of Ranathambhor. The armies of Allaudin and Hamir Dev met in a battle on the banks of river Banas. The Rajputs had the initial victory. However, because of the personal feud between the Prime Minister and the Senapati (General-in-charge of the army) Hamir Dev's army got disorganized. The Prime Minister succeeded in getting the Senapati killed. The Senapati of the army was [[Gurdan Saini]]<ref>"The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians",Henry Miers Elliot and John Dowson, pp541. Citing ''Ghurratu-L-Kamal'' , a work by Khalji dynasty's royal poet-scholar Amir Khusro, noted historians Henry Miers Elliot and John Dowson provide the following account of this distinguished Saini general in the Sisodia Rajput army of Rana Hamir that took on Alauddin Khilji's Turk army: ''The rai was in affright, and sent for Gurdan Saini, who was the most experienced warrior amongst the 40,000 rawats under the rai, and had seen many fights among the Hindus. "Sometimes he had gone with the advance to Malwa ; sometimes he had gone plundering in Gujarat." The Saini took 10,000 rawats with him from Jhain, and advanced against the Turks, and, after a severe action, he was slain...''.
</ref>. Meanwhile, Allaudin reorganized his forces and made a renewed attack on the fort. Some unscrupulous officers of Hamir Dev, with Bhoj Dev as their leader, colluded with Allaudin and started giving him secret information about the fort. The war continued. The strong walls of the fort were strategically so situated that it was not possible to blow them down with gunpower, for the debris so created had already killed numerous soldiers of the Sultan in their futile attempt to break in to the fort. At last Allaudin sent a message to Hamir Dev saying that in case he was ready to hand over Muhammad Shah to him, he would go back to Delhi. Hamir Dev was too self respecting to make such an ignominious compromise. He sent back the messenger with the reply that when the Rajputs promised to protect someone, they even gave their lives for his safety. Muhammad Shah saw the hopelessness of the situation and conselled Hamir Dev to hand him over to Allaudin rather than fight such a long drawn-out war and suffer such an enormous loss of lives and resources. Allaudin's army was immense. He put a complete siege on the Ranathambhor fort. Bhoj Dev and his informers kept on supplying him information on the food of water situation inside the fort. The ill-fated war bended with the Sultan's legions emerging victorious. The female members of the Rajput kingdom committed jauhar and gave up lives on the pyres. Hamir Dev, himself, severed his head and put it in front of Lord Shiva's idol as an offering.

After the victory, Allaudin entered the fort. Wounded Muhammad Shah was brought to him.

"What is your last desire?" asked Allaudin. "To kill you and place Hamir's son on the throne of Ranathambhor", replied Muhammad Shah. Then he took out his dagger and committed suicide.

Allaudin, now, turned to Bhoj Dev and his other informers. Their faces were keen with eagerness to receive the long awaited reward from the Sultan. On the countrary, Allaudin roared, "Shave of the heads of these traitors. They have not been loyal to their own king".

Within minutes, the heads of all his accomplices rolled on the ground. Allaudin's laughter reverberated against the walls of the fort.

=== Rana Sanga ===
The mantle of Rana Kumbha's greatness passed onto Maharana Sangram Singh. Rana Sanga, also known as Sangram Singh, was the Rana (king) of Mewar, in present-day Rajasthan state of western India, from 1509 to 1527.

He brought Mewar to the peak of its prosperity and prominence, establishing it as the premier Rajput state.

With the collapse of power in Delhi, Rana Sanga emerged as the most powerful Hindu King in North India with a direct or indirect sway over the whole of Rajputana. His battles against the Lodhis and the Muslim rulers of Gujarat and Malwa are legendary.

He united the Rajput states and put up a strong unified defence against Babur's armies. It was a valiant struggle to protect the integrity of Hindu states. The Maharana lost the battle but not the principle of independence.

Like the illustrious Kshatriya Kings of ancient Bharat-varsha, the Maharanas exemplified the finest Hindu values and traditions in war and in peace: Honour and chivalry; selflessness and respect for humanity.

The pinnacle of prosperity, the heights of valour.
Under the Mighty Sanga, Mewar reached its apex of prosperity and controlled, directly and indirectly, a large part of Rajputana.

Rana Sanga is the finest example of the Kshatriya King as the Protector, the Suryavanshi King whose focus was on consolidating and developing his state.

Though the power of Delhi was on the decline, Rana Sanga faced repeated invasions from the Muslim rulers of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa. His powerful army engaged in battle over eighteen times with Muslim forces and the Maharana himself was battle-scarred : having lost an arm and eye, been crippled in one leg and suffered innumerable wounds. But his power and spirit remained indomitable.

In 1519 after Sultan Mahmud of Mandu was defeated and taken prisoner, Rana Sanga displayed the same chivalry and generosity which Rana Kumbha had demonstrated towards a defeated enemy. Mahmud was treated like a guest and his kingdom was restored by the Maharana who could have easily annexed it.

He too upon himself to unite the Rajput states into a confederacy. On February 1527 Rana Sanga led a combined Rajput force of over 200,000 men to drive Babur away. Rana Sanga's army engaged the Mughal force at the Battle of Khanwa.

In the Battle of Khanua in 1527, Rana Sanga's armies gained an initial advantage against Babur's forces. But the tides turned against the valiant Rajputs and Rana Sanga was himself wounded on the battlefield.

Babur's victory was his stepping stone to founding the Mughal Empire in India and in Rana Sanga's defeat the hopes of a Hindu revival were ruined.

Rana Sanga's loyalty to the Rajput code of chivalry and generosity is legendary. He is regarded as the last Hindu emperor of medieval India who could stand up for the principle of independence and 'rashtra' against the march of the Mughals.

=== Maharana Pratap ===
[[Image:City Palace Udaipur.jpg|thumb|250px|Udaipur City Palace [[Udaipur]] remained the capital of [[Mewar]] after fall of [[Chittor]] in 1568 CE, until its accession in independent India.]]
During the "Third Jauhar" these relations were not universally approbated. [[Mewar]], which justly enjoys a unique position in the Rajput mind, held out and valiantly gave battle to Akbar. After a brave struggle, Mewar's chief citadel of [[Chittor]] finally fell to Akbar in 1568. The third (and last) ''Jauhar'' of Chittor transpired on this occasion. When the fall of the citadel became imminent, the ladies of the fort committed collective self-immolation and the men sallied out of the fort to meet the invading Muslim army in a hopeless fight to an honorable death.

Prior to this event, Mewar's ruler, [[Rana Udai Singh II]], had retired to the nearby hills, where he founded a new town [[Udaipur]] named it after himself. He was succeeded while in exile by his son [[Rana Pratap]] as head of the [[Sisodia]] clan. Even in exile, the Sisodias did not rest; under the able leadership of Rana Pratap Singh, they harassed the Mughal administrators of the land enough to cause them to make accommodatory overtures. [[Rana Pratap]], a present-day Rajput icon, rebuffed every such overtures of friendship from Akbar and rallied an army to meet the Mughal forces. Some historians say that he was defeated at the battle of [[Haldighati]] but Mughals never invaded in Udaipur on [[June 21]], [[1576]] but were forced to withdraw to the [[Aravalli]] ranges; however, he carried out a relentless guerilla struggle from his hideout in those hills, and never gave in to the Mughal power. On a social level Maharana was very disappointed with other rajputs of rajasthan who had given their daughters to Mughals such as Akbar and he banned all marriages of his rajput followers with this other group whom he did not consider rajputs anymore. By the time of his death, Rana Pratap Singh had reconquered nearly all of his kingdom from the Mughals, except for the fortress of [[Chittor]] and Mandal Garh. He died in 1597 CE. After Maharana's death, his son Amar Singh, continued the struggle for 18 years, and faced constant attacks from Mughals. He fought 17 wars with the Mughals. Finally he conditionally accepted them as rulers. At this time, a large chunk of Maharana Pratap's band of loyal Rajputs became disillusioned by the surrender and left Rajasthan. This group included Rathores, Deora Chauhans, Pariharas, Tomaras, Kacchwaha and Jhalas. They are called "Rors" and settled mostly in Haryana, with some in Uttar Pradesh. Until today they do not intermarry with other Rajputs but "gotra permitting" with other Rors only. Amar Singh entered into the peace treaty with the Mughals but on certain conditions:
*1. Rana of Mewar shall not attend the Mughal court personally but the crown prince shall attend the court.

*2. No daughter of [[Sisodia]]s would be married to [[Mughals]].

The treaty was signed by Rana Amar Singh and prince "Khurram" (later [[Shah Jahan]]) in 1615 CE at [[Gogunda]]. He thus regained control of his state as a vassal of the Mughals.

The Sisodias, rulers of Mewar, were famously the last Rajput dynasty to enter into an alliance with the Mughals. The Rajput states, thereafter, remained loyal to the Mughal Empire for over two centuries, until it was supplanted by the [[British Raj]]. Indeed, even as late as the early 19th century, Rajput courts rarely failed to formally affirm their loyalty to the (by now entirely powerless) Mughal Emperor in all their official ''communiques'' and documents.

** Authentic and good historical books on Mewar, Maharana Pratap and Survansh are written by Gujarati Author [[Harilal Upadhyay]]. Further information related to his novels can be found from his official cum tribute websie [http://www.harilalupadhyay.org http://www.harilalupadhyay.org]

=== Maharaja Jaswant Singh ===
In the Battle of Dharmatpur, Jaswant Singh opposed Aurangzeb. The battle was fought on 15th April 1658, fifteen miles from Ujjain. Jaswant could have attacked Aurangzeb but he allowed Murad's armies to join Aurangzeb. He was desirous of beating both Mughal princes at once. This delay allowed Aurangzeb to win over the Mughal general, Kasim Khan, who was sent by Shah Jahan to help Jaswant Singh. Kasim Khan defected as soon as the war started but 30,000 rajputs of Jaswant decided that they would not leave the field. Some prominent generals in Maharaja's army were Mukund Singh Hara of Kotah and Bundi, Dayal Das Jhala, Arjun Gaur of Rajgarh in Ajmer province and Ratan Singh Rathore of Ratlam. Jaswant attacked both Aurangzeb and Murad and they barely escaped. According to James Tod in Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan:
Ten thousand Muslims fell in the onset, which cost seventeen hundred Rathores, besides Guhilotes, Haras, Gaurs, and some of every clan of Rajwarra. Aurangzeb and Murad only escaped because their days were not yet numbered. Notwithstanding the immense superiority of the imperial princes, aided by numerous artillery served by Frenchmen, night alone put a stop to the contest of science, numbers, and artillery, against Rajput courage.
Finally the unequal contest ended and Aurangzeb named the place of victory Fatehabad. In this battle Durga Das Rathore changed four horses and lost about half a dozen swords (they broke due to intense fighting) and he finally fell down half dead. Maharajah ordered him to be carried away.

Rajputs, even in the moment of battle, worshipped the rising sun, and they sealed their faith in their blood; and none more liberally than the brave Haras of Kotah and Bundi. . . The annals of no nation on earth can furnish such an example, as an entire family, six royal brothers of Kotah, stretched on the field, and all but one in death. Of all the deeds of heroism performed on this day, those of Ratan Singh Rathore of Ratlam, by universal consent, are pre-eminent, and are wreathed into immortal rhyme by the bard in the Raso Rao Ratan.

===Durga Das Rathore ===
When Jaswant Singh Rathore died he had no son and this gave Aurangzeb a chance to appoint a Muslim as the ruler of Marwar. This upset Rathore Rajputs a lot. Two of Jaswant Singh's queens were pregnant when he died. One queen gave birth to Ajit Singh and other to Dalathamban. After Ajit's birth, Rathore generals, chief among them was Durga Das Rathore (a Karnot Rathore) went to Delhi along with the queens and the infants, and asked Aurangzeb that crown of Marwar should be given to Ajit Singh. Aurangzeb was very cunning and he had no intention of handing over the throne of Marwar. He suggested that Ajit should grow up in his harem but internally he wanted to kill them all.
Durga Das sensed this and they smuggled Ajit Singh out of Delhi to the outskirts of the city. When Mughal army came to capture them in Delhi, Durga Das and his men attacked the Mughals and started riding out of Delhi. Raghunandan Bhati and others soaked the streets of Delhi in crimson by flowing the blood of Mughal pursuers. There were about three hundred Rajputs with Durga Das and there were thousands of pursuing Mughals. Every so often 15 - 20 Rajputs would fall behind attack the Mughal pursuers and in the process get themselves killed but it allowed the forward party to create some distance between Ajit and the Mughals. This continued till the evening by which time the Mughals had given up and Durga Das was left with just seven men out of three hundred he started with and reached Jaipur along with Ajit Singh.
Thereby started the 30 year Rajput rebellion against Aurangzeb. Mewar and Marwar forces combined together and almost killed Aurangzeb when he was trapped in the mountains of Rajasthan but the Mewar king out of magnanimity allowed Aurangzeb to escape. All the trade routes were plundered by Rajputs and they started looting various treasuries of Rajasthan and Gujarat. To crush them Aurangzeb sent many expeditions but no success. These expeditions and drying up of revenue from trade routes running through Rajasthan had severe effect on his resources. In addition the lion of Maharashtra, Shivaji, had freed almost all of Maharashtra and was at constant war with Aurangzeb. Shivaji had some Rajput ancestry. Finally, on his death-bed Aurangzeb complained that his life had been a complete failure.

=== Amar singh Rathore ===
A historical legendary character whose saga of bravery is sung around Agra region of India till date. He served Mughals there at Agra for a short period after being denied his right of inheritance at Nagaur in Rajasthan.

He was the famous fighter who jumped from Agra Fort with his horse.

Amar singh rathore proved this saying appropriately by killing 100 soldiers of auranzgeb alone single handtedly. In auranzgeb court lesser kings had to come daily so as to give their attendance..But amar singh didn't came for some days,,when one day he came auranzgeb asked him why u were absent for so long..Amar singh replied kuch kaam pad gaya tha (Some work had occurred), Auranzgeb told him u are kafir (Non believer of god), At hearing this Amar singh charged with his sword at auranzgeb,,poet and aurangzeb ander ke cabin mein ghoos gaye..Tab amar singh aur auranzgeb ke soldiers mein fight hue (Fight occurred between Amar singh rathore and soldiers).. Auranzgeb at that time asked poet what will happen to Amar singh when he was fighting..Poet replied huzor chinta mat loo (Don't take tension),,ek sher(Lion) 100 Badeahon(Wolves) ke liye more than sufficient hota hai.. Surely enough Amar singh rathore killed all of them..

But he was tricked into by his brother in law,,and killed when he was putting his face out of the window, When his brother in law went with amar singh head kept in plate to impress auranzgeb, at that time Auranzgeb became very unhappy and told him that you think that will make me happy u fool. Instead my heart goes and you have killed such a great warrior cheating him. At that time poet(Bard) said to Auranzgeb that one day u had asked why rajput kingdom went away. That's the reason because of it, they are not united themselves.

=== Rani Padmini ===
In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Sultanate of Delhi - the kingdom set up by the invaders was nevertheless growing in power. The Sultans made repeated attack on Mewad on one pretext or the other. Here we may recollect the story of Rani Padmani who was the pretext for Allah-ud-din Khilji's attack on Chittod. In those days Chittod was under the Rule of King Ratansen, a brave and noble warrior-king. Apart, from being a loving husband and a just ruler, Ratansen was also a patron of the arts. In his court were many talented People one of whom was a musician named Raghav Chetan. But unknown to anybody, Raghav Chetan was also a sorcerer. He used his evil talents to run down his rivals and unfortunately for him was caught red-handed in his dirty act of arousing evil spirits.

On hearing this King Ratansen was furious and he banished Raghav Chetan from his kingdom after blackening his face with face and making him ride a donkey. This harsh Punishment earned king Ratansen an uncompromising enemy. Sulking after his humiliation, Raghav Chetan made his way towards Delhi with -the aim of trying to incite the Sultan of Delhi Ala-ud-din Khilji to attack Chittor.

On approaching Delhi, Raghav Chetan settled down in one of the forests nearby Delhi which the Sultan used to frequent for hunting deer. One day on hearing the Sultan's hunt party entering the forest, Raghav-Chetan started playing a melodious tone on his flute. When the alluring notes of Raghav-Chetan flute reached the Sultan's party they were surprised as to who could be playing a flute in such a masterly way in a forlorn forest.

The Sultan despatched his soldiers to fetch the person and when Raghav-Chetan was brought before him, the Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji asked him to come to his court at Delhi. The cunning Raghav-Chetan asked the king as to why he wants to have an ordinary musician like himself when there were many other beautiful objects to be had. Wondering what Raghav-Chetan meant, Ala-ud-din asked him to clarify. Upon being told of Rani Padmini's beauty, Ala-ud-din's lust was aroused and immediately on returning to his capital he gave orders to his army to march on Chittor.

On being persuaded by her husband Rana Ratansen, Rani Padmini consented to allow Ala-ud-din to see her only in a mirror. On the word being sent to Ala-ud-din that Padmini would see him he came to the fort with his selected his best warriors who secretly made a careful examination of the fort's defences on their way to the Palace.

But to his dismay, on reaching Chittor, Ala-ud-din found the fort to be heavily defended. Desperate to have a look at the legendary beauty of Padmini, he sent word to King Ratansen that he looked upon Padmini as his sister and wanted to meet her. On hearing this, the unsuspecting Ratansen asked Padmini to see the 'brother'. But Padmini was more wordly-wise and she refused to meet the lustful Sultan personally.

But on being persuaded she consented to allow Ala-ad-din to see her only in a mirror. On the word being sent to Ala-ad-din that Padmini would see him he came to the fort with his selected his best warriors who secretly made a careful examination of the fort's defences on their way to the Palace.

On seeing Padmini, the lustful 'brother' decided that he should secure Padmini for himself. While returning to his camp, Ala-ad-din was accompanied for some way by King Ratansen. Taking this opportunity, the wily Sultan treacherously kidnapped Ratansen and took him as a prisoner into his camp.

Ala--ad-din showed his true colours and demanded , that Padmini be given to him and in return Ratnanen was to get his liberty. Word was sent into the palace about the Sultan's demand.

The Rajput generals decided to beat the Sultan at his own game and sent back word that Padmini would be given to Ala-ad-din the next morning. On the following day at the crack of dawn, one hundred and fifty palakies (covered cases in which royal ladies were carried in medieveal times) left the fort and made their way towards Ala-ad-din's camps The Palkies stopped before the tent where king Ratnasen was being held prisoner. Seeing that the Palkies had come from Chittor; and thinking that they had brought along with them his queen, king Ratansen was mortified. But to his surprise from the palkies came out, not his queen and her women servants but fully armed solders, who quickly freed Ratansen and galloped away towards Chittor on horses grabbed from Ala-ad-din's stables.

On hearing that his designs had been frustrated, the lustful Sultan was furious and ordered his army to storm Chittor. But hard as they tried the Sultans army could not break into the fort. Then Ala-ud-din decided to lay siege to the fort. The siege was a long drawn one and gradually supplied within the fort were depleted. Finally King Ratnasen gave orders that the Rajputs would open the gates and fight to finish with the besieging troops. On hearing of this decision, Padmini decided that with their men-folk going into the unequal struggle with the Sultan's army in which they were sure to perish, the women of Chittor had either to commit suicides or face dishonour at the hands of the victorious enemy.

The choice was in favour of suicide through Jauhar. A huge pyre was lit and followed by their queen, all the women of Chittor jumped into the flames and deceived the lustful enemy waiting outside. With their womenfolk dead, the men of Chittor had nothing to live for. Their charged out of the fort and fought on furiously with the vastly Powerful array of the Sultan, till all of them perished. After this phyrrhic victory the Sultan's troops entered the fort only to be confronted with ashes and burnt bones of the women whose honour they were going to violate to satisfy their lust.

These women who committed Jauhar (Johar) had to perish but their memory has been kept alive till today by bards and songs which glorify their act which was right in those days and circumstances. Thus a halo of honour is given to their supreme sacrifice.

=== Rani Durgavati ===
Rani Durgavati was born on 5th October 1524 A.D. in the family of famous Chandel emperor Keerat Rai. She was born at the fort of Kalanjar (Banda, U.P.). Chandel Dynasty is famous in the Indian History for the valiant king Vidyadhar who repulsed the attacks of Mehmood Gaznavi. His love for sculptures is shown in the world famed temples of Khajuraho and Kalanjar fort. Rani Durgavati's achievements further enhanced the glory of her ancestral tradition of courage and patronage of arts.

In 1542, she was married to Dalpatshah, the eldest son of king Sangramshah of Gond Dynasty. Chandel and Gond dynasties got closer as a consequence of this marriage and that was the reason Keerat Rai got the help of Gonds and his son-in-law Dalpatshah at the time of invasion of Shershah Suri in which Shershah Suri died.

She gave birth to a son in 1545 A.D. who was named Vir Narayan. Dalpatshah died in about 1550 A.D. As Vir Narayan was too young at that time, Durgavati took the reins of the Gond kingdom in her hands. Two ministers Adhar Kayastha and Man Thakur helped the Rani in looking after the administration successfully and effectively. Rani moved her capital to Chauragarh in place of Singaurgarh. It was a fort of strategic importance situated on the Satpura hill range.

After the death of Shershah, Sujat Khan captured the Malwa zone and was succeeded by his son Bajbahadur in 1556 A.D. (Bajbahadur is famous in history for his tumultus love affair with Rani Roopmati). After ascending to the throne, he attacked Rani Durgavati but the attack was repulsed with heavy losses to his army. This defeat effectively silenced Bajbahadur and the victory brought name and fame for Rani Durgavati.
In the year 1562 Akbar vanquished the Malwa ruler Baj Bahadur and annexed the Malwa with Mughul dominion. Consequently, the state boundary of Rani touched the Mughal kingdom.
Rani's contemporary Mughul Subedar was Abdul Mazid Khan, an ambitious man who vanquished Ramchandra, the ruler of Rewa. Prosperity of Rani Durgavati's state lured him and he invaded Rani's state after taking permission from Mughul emperor. This plan of Mughul invasion was the result of expansionism and imperialism of Akbar.
When Rani heard about the attack by Asaf Khan she decide to defend her kingdom with all her might although her minister Adhar pointed out the strength of Mughal forces. Rani maintained that it was better to die respectfully than to live a disgraceful life.
To fight a defensive battle, she went to Narrai situated between a hilly range on one side and two rivers Gaur and Narmada on the other side. It was an unequal battle with trained soldiers and modern weapons in multitude on one side and a few untrained soldiers with old weapons on the other side. Her Fauzdar Arjun Daswas killed in the battle and Rani decided to lead the defence herself. As the enemy entered the valley, soldiers of Rani attacked them. Both sides lost some men but Rani was victorious in this battle. She chased the Mughul army and came out of the valley.

At this stage Rani reviewed her strategy with her counsellors. She wanted to attack the enemy in the night to enfeeble them but her lieutenants did not accept her suggestion. By next morning Asaf khan had summoned big guns. Rani rode on her elephant Sarman and came for the battle. Her son Vir Narayan also took part in this battle. He forced Mughul army to move back three times but at last he got wounded and had to retire to a safe place. In the course of battle Rani also got injured near her ear with an arrow. Another arrow pierced her neck and she lost her consciousness. On regaining consciousness she perceived that defeat was imminent. Her Mahout advised her to leave the battlefield but she refused and took out her dagger and killed herself. Her martyrdom day (24th June 1564) is even today commomorated as "Balidan Diwas".
Rani Durgavati's was a personality with varied facets. She was valiant, beautiful and brave and also a great leader with administrative skills. Her self-respect forced her to fight till death rather than surrender herself to her enemy.

=== Ram Singh Pathania ===

Keeping in tune with their valorous tradition, the last battle fought by the [[Rajputs]] of the Kingdom of [[Nurpur]], was in 1848 A.D. against the British by Ram Singh Pathania for his King who was still a minor. After fighting a guerilla war against the British, he made brigadier Wheeler assemble a considerable force at Dhaula Dhar, near Shahpurkandi, [[Pathankot]] against him. Ram Singh Pathania fought the British many times in battles, but they could not defeat him and there were heavy losses on both sides. After the battle of Dhaula Dhar the British had despaired of capturing Ram Singh by ordinary military means, and eventually they bribed a Brahman to tell them where he could be found alone and unarmed, so that they would ambush him. He was captured treacherously while he was praying on the banks of the Ravi river without his weapons, near the Shahpurkandi fortress. Some historians say that he was betrayed by the Raja's of [[Jammu]] and [[Guler]], and handed over to the British.

Because of the resistance he showed to the British, and his influence as a legendary warrior to his people, he was sentenced to life imprisonment beyond the high seas, and sent to Rangoon (Burma). He died there on 11th of November, 1856, he was just 23. The Kingdom was annexed by the British soon after this.

The legend of Ram Singh has gained in popularity to such an extent that today it is incorporated by most Himachalis, regardless of their home district, as part of their cultural-historical heritage, forming a part of Himachali identity.

During the main Hindu festivals such as [[Dusshera]] [[Durga Puja]], the Baren or [[Martial]] [[Ballads]] of Ram Singh Pathania are sung to the accompaniment of dafale ([[music of Himachal Pradesh]]) by singers known as Adavale and folk artists. These songs are sung in all the districts of [[Himachal Pradesh]] as well the [[Gurdaspur]] district of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].

The people of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and surrounding areas believe that Ram Singh was the first freedom fighter of India, who stood against the British might and fought bravely against them. He was a true Rajput, who followed the valorous tradition of his brave ancestors till the end.

Every year a fair honoring his name is held at dhaula dhar, near Shahpurkandi, [[Pathankot]], where the sword and Armour of the lionheart Ram Singh Pathania is displayed.

==Rajput Lineages/Vanshs==

The Rajput vanshs are:

====Suryavansh:====

Major subdivisions with Gotras—

1) Suryavanshi- Gotra: Kashyap

2) Nimi vansh- Gotra: Vashishta

3) Nikumbha Vansh (Shreenet/Sirnet)- Gotra: Vashist/ Bharadwaj

4) Gohil – Gotra: Kashyap

5) Gehlot- Major subdivisions- Sisodia, Gohil Sub-sub divisions: Chundawat, Ranawat, Shaktawat, Sarangdevot, Sangawat,
Chandrawat, Kshemawat, Suhawat, Ahariya Gotra: Vaijpay/Vaijpayen/Kashyap/Gautam
Note: Bhonsle are a non-Rajput (Maratha) subdivision of the Gehlot vansh

6) Rathore/Gahadval/Gaharwar/Rashtrakutt- Gotra:Gautam/Kashyap in UP
Main subdivisions—Champawat, Kupawat, Bika, Jodha, Udawat, Dangi, Sihamalot, Mahecha, Mertia, Vanar, Khokhar, Pokharan,
Khabaria, Barmera, Mohania, Boola, Mopa, Sunda, Randa, Vikramayat, Kotaria, Jaitmallot .

7) Gautam- Gotra: Gautam

8) Kushwaha/Kachchawa-
Gotra:Manavya/Gautam
Major subdivisions: Gogawat, Kubhani, Naruka, Ladkhani, Tajkhani, Nathawat, Rajawat, Shekhawat, Jeetawat, Bankawat,
Balbhadrot, Khangarot, Chaturbhujot

9) Badgujar (Raghav)-
Gotra:Vashisht Major shakhas- Sikarwar, Khadad, Lawtamia, Taparia, Madadh (Gotra: Bharadwaj)

10) Gaur- Gotra:Bharadwaj

11) Pundir/Dahima- Gotra:Paulastya Major Shakha-Kalwal/Koolwal

12) Dahiya- Gotra: Vyas (Extinct)

13) Dogra- Gotra: Kashyap

14) Minhas/ Manhas - Gotra:Bharadwaj

====Chandravansh:====
1) Somvanshi - Gotra:Atri

2) Yaduvanshi/Jadaun- Gotra:Kondindya

3) Bhati- Gotra:Atri Major Shakhas- Tabni, Bogha, Lahua, Maheda/Badecha, Rawalot, Sirmauria

4) Haihai/Kaluchari- Gotra:Krishnatreya/Kashyap/Shandilya

5) Jadeja- Gotra?? Major Shakhas-Sarvaia, Raijdas, Vaj

6) Chandel- Gotra:Chandrayan Major Shakhas-Chamarkate, Mohabiye

7) [[Tomar]]/Tanwar- Gotra: Gargya/Vyadhrapad Major Shakhas-Runecha,
Gvelera, Beruar, Bildaria, Khati, Indoria, Jwala, Ritalia, Somwal,
Raikwal, Mohala, Jaggara, Suniar, Jodhana, Namal, Miha, Saidha, Chandoria, Supal,
Devat, Meeri, Panwa, Damdera, Ladhwa, Godhewa, Atawari, Sarohe, Jatu, Jairawta,
Raghotanwar, Satrawala, Kalia

8) Sengar- Gotra: Gautam Major Shakhas:Chutu, Kadamb,
Barhiya, Dahlia, Daharia

9) Bundela- Gotra: Kashyap (Controversial as to whether they are in Chandravansh or a branch of Gaharwar/Rathores)
Major Shakhas-Bundela, Kathi, Karmwar (Gotra:Baradwaj), Sarniha .

10) Jhala (Makwana)- Gotra: Kashyap

11)Banafar- Gotra:Kondinya/Kashyap

12) Kanhavanshi- Gotra: Bharadwaj

13) Raksel

14) Katoch

15) Chaupatkhammbh

17) Bajvansh

18) Sen vansh- Bengal, Mandi & Suket in HP.

19) Janwar- Gotra: Kaushik

20) Palwar- Gotra:Vyadhra

====Agnivansh:====

1) Chauhan:

Gotra-Vats Major Shakhas- Hada, Songara, Deora, Khichi, Shambhri, Sanchora, Pavia, Goyalwal, Bhadauria, Malani, Nirwan,
Puravia, Madrecha, Cheeba, Mohil, Chahil, Balecha, Chachera, Boda, Nadola......etc

2) Solanki (Chalukya):

Gotra-?? Main Shakhas- Baghel

3) Parmar/Pawar/Panwar/Punwar Solans:

Gotra-Vahisht Major Shakhas- Mori, Sodha, Sankhla, Khechar, Umra & Sumra (Muslim converts in Pak), Kohil, Daddha,
Maipawat, Khair, Bhuller, Sorgatia, Pachawara, Varah, KabaBeedh, Badhel, Dheek, Ujjjainia, Kaleja.....etc
Also major Parmar branches-- Chavda: Gotra-Kashyap in Gujrat & Mewar.

Dodia: Gotra-?? Mainly in Sardargarh(Mewar), Piploda(MP), Dangi, Gudan Khera, Champaner (Gujarat) & UP- Muradabad,
Bulandshaher, Meerut, Aligarh, Banda, & Panna & Sagar in MP

4)Pratihar/Parihar:

Gotra-Kashyap (Sometimes Koshyal/Kanshilya) 13 major shakhas Lullra, Surawat, Rameta, Budhkhel/Pokhawat, Inda,
Khokhar, Kilhan/Kinwar/Kalhans/Chandra/Chuhhan, Ghorana, Dhandhil, Sindhu, Dorana, Subrana, Pahara, Keshodas, Sonpalol, Deep Singh

====Nagvansh:====

1) Bais/Bhale Sultan- Gotra: Bharadwaj Major Shakhas-Kot bahar, Kath, Dondia, Trilokchandi, Pratishthanpuri, Chandosia,
Rawat, Kumbhi, Narwaria, Bhale sultan Rishivansh/Brahmkshatriya

2) Gautam (See Suryavansh)

3) Sengar (See Chandravansh)

4) Bisen- Gotra:Parasar Also included in Suryavansh Major Shakhas-Bumtela(Gotra-Shandilya), Bumbwar(Gotra-Bharadwaj),
Donwar(Gotra-Kashyap)

====Rishivansh/Brahmkshatriya:====

1) Gautam (See Suryavansh)

2) Sengar (See Chandravansh)

3) Bisen- Gotra:Parasar Also included in Suryavansh
Major Shakhas-Bumtela(Gotra-Shandilya), Bumbwar(Gotra-Bharadwaj), Donwar(Gotra-Kashyap)

Note: All Rajputs are eventually divided in to either Suryavansh or Chandravansh, including those belonging to
Agnikul/Nagvansh/Rishivansh. Eg in Agnikul, Chauhan, Parmar & Pratihar are Suryavnshi & Solankis are Chandravanshi.
In Nagvansh, Bisen are Suryavanshi. In Rishivansh, Gautam, Bais, Dixit & Pundir are Suryavansi & Dixit(?overlap)
& Sengar are Chandravanshi.

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Rajasthan]]
* [[Rajput clans]]
* [[History of Rajputs]]
* [[List of Rajputs]]
* [[Singh]] (Lion), the traditional middle name of Rajputs
* [[Charan]]
* [[Rajput Regiment]]
* [[Forward Castes]]
* [[Rajputs and Zoroastrianism]]
* [[Rajputs and Buddhism]]
* [[Muslim Rajputs]]
* [[Sikh Rajputs]]

{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading==

*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Harlan
| Given1 = Lindsey
| Year = 1992
| Title = Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives.
| Publisher = University of California Press
| ID = ISBN 0-520-07339-8
}} [http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft2g5004kg&brand=ucpress].
*Kasturi, Malavika, '' Embattled Identities Rajput Lineages'', Oxford University Press (2002) ISBN 0-19-565787-X
* Patnaik, Naveen. (1990). ''A Desert Kingdom: The Rajputs of Bikaner''. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd., London.
*M K A Siddiqui (ed.), ''Marginal Muslim Communities In India'', Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi (2004)
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Tod
| Given1 = James
| Surname2 = Crooke
| Given2 = William (Editor)
| Year = 1994
| Title = Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (2 vols.).
| Publisher = Trans-Atl
| ID = ISBN 81-7069-128-1
| Comment = The way Surjan Hada was befriended by Man Singh and Akbar and the conditions that Surjan laid down for this friendship are chronicled. Surjan's leaving [[Ranthambore]] and living in [[Banaras]] because of this friendship is also documented by [[James Tod]] in this book. Treachery against Rana Sanga is also described in this book. (Treachery against Rana Sanga: Annals of Mewar, Chapter IX Vol-I: Pages 243-246. Surjan Hada: Page 381-385 volume II).
}}.
*W.W. Hunter, ''The Indian empire, its people, history and products.'' First published: London, Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hill, 1886. ISBN 81-206-1581-6.{{1911}}
*[[Dasharatha Sharma]] ''Rajasthan through the Ages'' a comprehensive and authentic history of Rajasthan, prepared under the orders of the Government of Rajasthan. First published 1966 by Rajasthan Archives.
*Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] - This online Copy has been posted by: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List])

==References and Footnotes==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
<div class="references-small">
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Beck
| Given1 = Dr. Sanderson
| Year = 2004
| Title = India & Southeast Asia to 1875.
| Publisher = World Peace Communications
| ID = ISBN 0-9762210-0-4
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Bhati
| Given1 = Hari Simha
| Year = 2002
| Title = Annals of Jaisalmer: a pre-medieval history.
| Publisher = Kavi Prakashan
| ID = ASIN B0000CPJC0
| Comment = Very detailed description of Bhatti clan of Rajputs. Contains details on the siege of Jaisalmer and how proudly Jaisalmer was defended by Bhattis for eight consecutive years.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Bhati
| Given1 = Dr. Narayan Singh
| Year = 1991
| Title = Maharaja Mansingh: the mystic monarch of Marwar.
| Publisher = Maharaja Man Singh Pustak Prakash, Jodhpur
| ID =
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Bhatnagar
| Given1 = Professor V.S.
| Year =
| Title = Essays on Bardic literature
| Publisher =
| ID =
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Bingley
| Given1 = Captain A.H.
| Year = 1986
| Title = Handbook on Rajputs
| Publisher = Asian Educational Services, New Delhi(India)
| ID =
| Comment = Army manual originally published in 1899, to assist British officers in the recruitment of Rajput soldiers.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Choudhury
| Given1 = Bani Roy
| Year = 2nd Ed. 1977
| Title = Folk tales of Rajasthan.
| Publisher = Sterling Publishers
| ID = ASIN B0007ANEHY
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Dua
| Given1 = Shyam
| Year = 2004
| Title = The luminous life of Maharana Pratap.
| Publisher =
| ID = ISBN 81-7573-832-4
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Heinemann
| Given1 = S O
| Year = 1990
| Title = Poems of Mewar.
| Publisher = Vintage Books
| ID = ISBN 81-85326-40-1
| Comment = First sack of Chittor. Rani Padmini and Rawal Ratan Singh. Bravery of Gora, Badal. (Chapter 2: Pages 11-39).
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Hunter
| Given1 = W.W.
| Year = 1886
| Title = The Indian Empire, Its People, History and Products.
| Publisher = London: Trubner & Co, Ludgate Hill, 1886
| ID = ISBN 81-206-1581-6
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Joshi
| Given1 = Dr. Sanjay
| Year = 2004
| Title = Unveiling Ajitsingh's Sanskrit biography : issues in Marwar history and Sanskrit poetics.
| Publisher = Books Treasure, Jodhpur
| ID = ISBN 81-900422-1-1
| Comment = A very good biography of Maharaja Ajit Singh [[Rathore]] of Jodhpur, son of Maharaja Jaswant Singh [[Rathore]].
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Kadam
| Given1 = Vasant S
| Year = 1993
| Title = Maratha confederacy : a study in its origin and development.
| Publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
| ID = ISBN 81-215-0570-2
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Khan
| Given1 = Rana Muhammad Sarwar
| Year = 2005
| Title = The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture and Nobility
| Publisher = Eastern Book Corporation
| ID =
| Comment = 2 Vols.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Mathur
| Given1 = Professor G.L.
| Year = 2004
| Title = Folklore of Rajasthan.
| Publisher = Publisher Rajasthani Granthagar, Sojati Gate, Jodhpur
| ID =
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Mathur
| Given1 = Dr. L.P
| Year = 2004
| Title = War strategy of Maharana Pratap, its evolution and implementation.
| Publisher = Publication Scheme, Ganga Mandir, Jaipur-1
| ID = ISBN 81-8182-016-9
| Comment = Maharana Pratap's war strategy is discussed in detail.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Nagar
| Given1 = Dr. (Kr.) Mahendra Singh
| Year = 2004
| Title = The genealogical survey : Royal house of Marwar and other states.
| Publisher = Maharaja Man Singh Pustak Prakash, Jodhpur
| ID =
| Comment = Lineage of Rathore rulers is provided starting with Rao Sheoji.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Ranade
| Given1 = M G
| Year = 1962
| Title = Rise of the Maratha power.
| Publisher =
| ID = ISBN 1-135-40336-8
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Rathore
| Given1 = Professor L.S
| Year = 1991
| Title = Maharana Hammir of [[Mewar]]: Chittor's lost freedom restored.
| Publisher = The Thar Bliss Publishing House, Jodhpur 342 001
| ID =
| Comment = Life of Maharana Hammir and his campaigns to free chittor. His wars with Muhammad Tughlaq.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Rathore
| Given1 = Dr. L.S Rathore
| Year = 1990
| Title = The glory of Ranthambhor.
| Publisher = Jodhpur university press, Jodhpur (India)
| ID =
| Comment = Detailed description of wars between Hammir Dev Chauhan and Khilji.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Rathore
| Given1 = Dr. L.S
| Year = 1988
| Title = The johur of Padmini : the saga of Chittor's deathless heroine.
| Publisher = Thar Bliss Publishing House, Jaipur
| ID =
| Comment = Description of Padmini's Jauhar, Gora and Badal's bravery, Allauddin's treachery against Rana Ratan Singh.
}}.

*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Elliot
| Given1 = Henry Miers
| Surname2 = Dowson
| Given2 = John
| Year = 1871
| Page = 541
| Title = The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period
| Publisher = Trübner and co.
| ID =
| Comment = On pp 541 citing ''Ghurratu-L-Kamal'' , a work by Khalji dynasty's royal poet-scholar Amir Khusro, noted historians Henry Miers Elliot and John Dowson provide the following account of this distinguished Saini general in the Sisodia Rajput army of Rana Hamir that took on Alauddin Khilji's Turk army: ''The rai was in affright, and sent for Gurdan Saini, who was the most experienced warrior amongst the 40,000 rawats under the rai, and had seen many fights among the Hindus. "Sometimes he had gone with the advance to Malwa ; sometimes he had gone plundering in Gujarat." The Saini took 10,000 rawats with him from Jhain, and advanced against the Turks, and, after a severe action, he was slain...''.
}}.
</div>
{{col-2}}
<div class="references-small">

*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sarada
| Given1 = Har Bilas
| Year = First Ed 1917. Reprint 2003.
| Title = Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar.
| Publisher = Rupa Co. Ansari Road Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002
| ID = ISBN 81-291-0033-9
| Comment = Detailed description of Maharana Kumbha's life. His victory over sultans of Malwa and Gujarat (Chapter 6: Pages 37-43. Chapter 10: Pages 65-80)
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Saran
| Given1 = Richard
| Year =
| Title = The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan (2 vols.).
| Publisher = Series#:51; Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia : University of Michigan Press
| ID = ISBN 0-89148-085-4
| Comment = This book describes the battle of Sammel between Maldev's generals and Sher Shah Suri. (Volume 1. Page 163-169)
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sharma
| Given1 = Professor Dasharatha
| Year = Second ed 1975, Reprint 2002
| Title = Early Chauhan dynasties: a study of Chauhan political history, Chauhan political institution, and life in the Chauhan dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D.
| Publisher = Books Treasure, Sojati Gate, Jodhpur
| ID =
| Comment = Battles between Prithviraj Chauhan and Ghori are described in great detail by Professor Dasharatha Sharma in this book. (Page 90-100)
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sharma
| Given1 = G.N.
| Surname2 = Mathur
| Given2 = M.N.
| Year = 2001
| Title = Maharana Pratap & his times.
| Publisher =
| ID =
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sharma
| Given1 = Dr. Sri Ram
| Year = 2002
| Title = Maharana Pratap : a biography.
| Publisher = Hope India Publications.
| ID = ISBN 81-7871-003-X
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Singh
| Given1 = Kesri
| Year = 2002
| Title = Maharana Pratap, the hero of Haldighati.
| Publisher = Books Treasure, Jodhpur
| ID =
| Comment = A very detailed description of the battle of Haldighati. Which clans fought along with Maharana and in what order various Rajputs and Mughals fell. It also describes Maharana's personal duels and how his life was saved by his own estranged brother Shakti Singh who was actually fighting against the Maharana. (Chapter 1, Page 8-42).
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Singh
| Given1 = Dhananajaya
| Year = 1994
| Title = The house of Marwar.
| Publisher = Lotus Collection, Roli Books, New Delhi
| ID = ISBN 81-7436-002-6
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sinh
| Given1 = Raghubir
| Year = 1999
| Title = Durgadas Rathor : [national biography].
| Publisher = Lotus Collection, Roli Books, New Delhi
| ID = ISBN 81-7056-051-9
| Comment = Life history of DurgaDas Rathore and his help in getting Ajit Singh out of Delhi and then leading the Rajput rebellion against Aurangzeb while Ajit was still an infant.
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Sinh
| Given1 = Raghubir
| Year = 1989
| Title = Studies on Maratha & Rajput history
| Publisher = Research Publishers, Merti Gate, Jodhpur 342 002
| ID = ISBN 81-85310-00-9
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Somani
| Given1 = Ram Vallabh
| Year = 1999
| Title = Maharana Kumbha and his times: a glorious Hindu king.
| Publisher = Jaipur Publishing House, S.M.S Highway , Jaipur-3
| ID =
| Comment = Life of Maharana Kumbha of [[Mewar]].
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Thakur
| Given1 = Upendra
| Year = 1974
| Title = Some aspects of Ancient India History and culture
| Publisher =
| ID =
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Tiwari
| Given1 = Vinod
| Year = 2005
| Title = Maharana Pratapa.
| Publisher = Manoj Publications, Delhi 110084
| ID = ISBN 81-8133-591-0
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Tod
| Given1 = James
| Year = 1996
| Title = Rajput tales: adapted and abridged from Tod's Annals and antiquities of Rajasthan.
| Publisher = Cosmo Publications, Delhi, India
| ID = ISBN 81-7020-753-3
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Ujjwal
| Given1 = Kailash Dan (Editor)
| Surname1 = Singh (IAS)
| Given1 = Pushpendra Singh (Editor)
| Year = 1999
| Title = [[Rathore|Rathaudam]] ri khyata.
| Publisher = Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur
| ID =
| Comment = Written records of history of House of [[Marwar]].
}}.
*{{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Warder
| Given1 = A K
| authorlink=A. K. Warder
| Year = 1972
| Title = An Introduction to Indian Historiography
| Publisher =
| ID =
}}.
</div>
{{col-end}}

==Cited References==
{{reflist|2}}

Ahir

2022-05-19T07:51:02Z

Slatersteven:

{{for|the village in Turkey|Ahır, İpsala}}
{{Short description|Social community of India}}
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Ahir/Aheer
| subdivisions = [[Yaduvanshi]], Nandvanshi, and [[Gwalvanshi]] Ahir
| populated_states = India and Nepal
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = Varies depending on region
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
'''Ahir''' or '''Aheer''' is a community of traditionally elite farmers in India, most members of which identify as being of the Indian [[Yadav]] community because they consider the two terms to be synonymous. The Ahirs are variously described as a [[Caste system in India|caste]], a [[clan]], a [[community]], a [[Race (human classification)|race]] and a [[tribe]].

The traditional occupations of Ahirs are Gau Palan and agriculture. They are found throughout India but are particularly concentrated in the northern area. Apart from India, Ahirs have significant population in [[Nepal]], [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji]], [[South Africa]] and the [[Caribbean]] especially [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and [[Suriname]]. In Mauritius and Caribbean they are mostly the descendants of settlers who arrived between the 19th and 20th centuries from the former pre-partitioned sub-continent of India during the time of the British Raj.<ref>https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/3886</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 177986|title = The Retention of Caste Notions among the Indian Immigrants in British Guiana during the Nineteenth Century|last1 = Moore|first1 = Brian L.|journal = Comparative Studies in Society and History|year = 1977|volume = 19|issue = 1|pages = 96–107|doi = 10.1017/S0010417500008513}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 23050197|title = Indian Heritage in Trinidad, West Indies|last1 = Jha|first1 = J. C.|journal = Caribbean Quarterly|year = 1973|volume = 19|issue = 2|pages = 28–50|doi = 10.1080/00086495.1973.11829152}}</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237306710_Ethnic_and_Caste_Diversity_Implications_for_Development</ref><ref>https://www.historytoday.com/archive/indian-labour-british-guiana</ref><ref>https://www.economist.com/international/2017/09/02/the-legacy-of-indian-migration-to-european-colonies</ref> Current Prime Minister of Mauritius [[Pravind Kumar Jugnauth]] is an Ahir. His Father [[Aneerood Jugnauth]] was former Prime Minister of Mauritius.
Ahirs in India are known by numerous other names, including '''Gauli'''<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=B. H. |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands |volume=II |year=1994 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |pages=568–569 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_cN0MhteMC&pg=PA568}}</ref> and '''Ghosi''' or '''Gop''' in [[North India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf | title=Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town | publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science | work=PhD Thesis Social Anthropology |year=2002 |first=Lucia |last=Michelutti | pages=94–95}}</ref> In [[Gujarat]] and [[South India]] as '''Ayar''', '''Golla''' and '''Konar'''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rajbir |last=Singh |title=India's Unequal Citizens: A Study of Other Backward Classes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn3aAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Manohar, 1994 |isbn=9788173040696 |pages=34, 356, 390}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Shish Ram |last=Sharma |title=Protective Discrimination: Other Backward Classes in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PaAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Raj Publications, 2002 |isbn=9788186208236 |pages=153, 312, 410}}</ref> Some in the [[Bundelkhand]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]] are known as '''Dauwa'''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fghQhiowlycC&pg=PA32 |title=Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand |publisher=Orient Blackswan |first=Ravindra K. |last=Jain |year=2002 |page=30 |isbn=978-8-12502-194-0}}</ref> In Haryana, Ahirs are sometimes referred as '''Rao/Rao Sahab'''.<ref>https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/dynastic-politics-reigns-in-ahirwal-838724</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rajkumar-yadav-is-now-rajkummar-rao/story-kdlhn7VwAi4j0pADyOlXmI.html</ref> They have more than 20 sub-castes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC&pg=PA33 |title=Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects |publisher=M. D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |first=Mahendra Lal |last=Patel |year=1997 |page=33 |isbn=978-8-17533-029-0}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Gaṅga Ram Garg considers the Ahir to be a tribe descended from the ancient [[Abhira tribe|Abhira community]], whose precise location in India is the subject of various theories based mostly on interpretations of old texts such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the writings of [[Ptolemy]]. He believes the word ''Ahir'' to be the [[Prakrit]] form of a [[Sanskrit]] word, ''Abhira'', and he notes that the present term in the [[Bengali (language)|Bengali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] languages is ''Abhir''.<ref name="Garg1992">{{cite book|editor-first=Gaṅga Ram |editor-last=Garg|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&pg=PA113|volume=1|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-374-0|pages=113–114}}</ref>

Garg distinguishes a Brahmin community who use the ''Abhira'' name and are found in the present-day states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]]. That usage, he says, is because that division of Brahmins were priests to the ancient Abhira tribe.<ref name="Garg1992" />

== History ==

=== Early history ===
Theories regarding the origins of the ancient [[Abhira]] – the putative ancestors of the Ahirs – are varied for the same reasons as are the theories regarding their location; that is, there is a reliance on interpretation of linguistic and factual analysis of old texts that are known to be unreliable and ambiguous.<ref name="Bhattacharya1996p126" />

Some, such as A. P. Karmakar, consider the Abhira to be a [[Proto-Dravidian]] tribe who migrated to India and point to the ''[[Purana]]s'' as evidence. Others, such as Sunil Kumar Bhattacharya, say that the Abhira are recorded as being in India in the 1st-century CE work, the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]''. Bhattacharya considers the Abhira of old to be a race rather than a tribe.<ref name="Bhattacharya1996p126">{{cite book |title=Krishna – Cult in Indian Art |first=Sunil Kumar |last=Bhattacharya |publisher=M.D. Publications |year=1996 |isbn=9788175330016 |page=126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC}}</ref> The sociologist [[M. S. A. Rao]] and historians such as P. M. Chandorkar and T. Padmaja say that epigraphical and historical evidence exists for equating the Ahirs with the ancient [[Yadava]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|first = Sumit | last = Guha |title=Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200–1991| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GSa5blriOYcC&pg=PA47|year = 2006| publisher = University of Cambridge|page=47|isbn=978-0-521-02870-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| first = M. S. A. | last=Rao |title=Social Movements in India |volume=1| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SODZAAAAMAAJ&q=124|year=1978 | publisher =Manohar|pages=124, 197, 210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first = Padmaja|last= T. |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=RA1-PA35|year = 2001 | publisher = Archaeology Dept., University of Mysore|pages=25, 34|isbn=978-8-170-17398-4}}</ref>

Whether they were a race or a tribe, nomadic in tendency or displaced or part of a conquering wave, with origins in Indo-Scythia or Central Asia, Aryan or [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] – there is no academic consensus, and much in the differences of opinion relate to fundamental aspects of historiography, such as controversies regarding dating the writing of the ''Mahabharata'' and acceptance or otherwise of the [[Indo-Aryan migration]] (which is universally accepted in mainstream scholarship).{{refn|name="OIT no support"|Out of India aka Indigenous Aryans has no support:
* Romila Thapar (2006): "there is no scholar at this time seriously arguing for the indigenous origin of Aryans".<ref>{{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |date=2006 |title=India: Historical Beginnings and the Concept of the Aryan |publisher=National Book Trust |isbn=9788123747798 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sDBuAAAAMAAJ&q=indigenous+aryans}}</ref>
* Wendy Doniger (2017): "The opposing argument, that speakers of Indo-European languages were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, is not supported by any reliable scholarship. It is now championed primarily by Hindu nationalists, whose religious sentiments have led them to regard the theory of Aryan migration with some asperity."<ref>Wendy Doniger (2017), [https://inference-review.com/article/another-great-story "Another Great Story"]", review of Asko Parpola's ''The Roots of Hinduism''; in: ''Inference, International Review of Science'', Volume 3, Issue 2</ref>
* Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), in response to Narasimhan et al. (2019): "Hindutva activists, however, have kept the Aryan Invasion Theory alive, because it offers them the perfect strawman, 'an intentionally misrepresented proposition that is set up because it is easier to defeat than an opponent's real argument' ... The Out of India hypothesis is a desperate attempt to reconcile linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence with Hindutva sentiment and nationalistic pride, but it cannot reverse time's arrow ... The evidence keeps crushing Hindutva ideas of history."<ref>Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), [https://scroll.in/article/937043/why-hindutva-supporters-love-to-hate-the-discredited-aryan-invasion-theory ''Why Hindutva supporters love to hate the discredited Aryan Invasion Theory''], Scroll.in</ref>
* Koenraad Elst (May 10, 2016): "Of course it is a fringe theory, at least internationally, where the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT) is still the official paradigm. In India, though, it has the support of most archaeologists, who fail to find a trace of this Aryan influx and instead find cultural continuity."<ref name="Elst_2016">Koenraad Elst (May 10, 2016), Koenraad Elst: "I am not aware of any governmental interest in correcting distorted history", ''Swarajya Magazine''</ref>}}<ref name="Yadava2006p1">{{cite book |title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India |first=S. D. S. |last=Yadava |publisher=Lancer Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=9788170622161 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC}}</ref> Similarly, there is no certainty regarding the occupational status of the Abhira, with ancient texts sometimes referring to them as pastoral and cowherders but at other times as robber tribes.<ref>{{cite book |first=Aditya |last=Malik |chapter=The Puskara Mahatmya: A Short Report |page=200 |title=The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature |editor-first=Hans |editor-last=Bakker |location=Leiden |year=1990 |isbn=9789004093188 |publisher=BRILL and the International Association of Sanskrit Studies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPgBdyxD5MkC&pg=PA200}}</ref>

=== Kingdoms ===

[[File:Asirgarh Fort1.jpg|thumb|[[Asirgarh Fort]] in [[Burhanpur]] District in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]]]
*Asirgarh fort of [[Asa Ahir]]<ref>{{cite book |author=B H Mehta |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands Vol II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_cN0MhteMC&pg=PA569 |publisher=Concept |page=569 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Numismatic Digest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1NmAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Numismatic Society of Bombay, Original from the University of Michigan.|page=141}}</ref>
* 13th or 14th century A.D. Bijagarh Fort of Bija, a Gauli Raja<ref>{{cite book|first=V. S. |last=Krishnan |title=Madhya Pradesh: West Nimar [5] West Nimar. Supplement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UhuAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Government Central Press, 1970 |page=47}}</ref>
*Digpal, an Ahir Raja of [[Mahaban]]<ref name="mainpuri#">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exg6AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0 | title=Mainapurī janapada kā rājanaitika itihāsa: svantantratā saṅgrāmoṃ kī amara gāthā | publisher=Śuklā Prakāśana Original from the University of Michigan | author=Cintāmaṇi Śukla | year=1977}}</ref>
* [[Thakur Laxman Singh]], an Ahir ruler of Naigaon Ribai, [[Bundelkhand]]<ref name="gbook3">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC | title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire | publisher=Aakar Books | date=2005 | accessdate=27 October 2014 | author=Sir Roper Lethbridge | pages=371}}</ref>
* [[Rao Tula Ram]], king of [[Rewari]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf | title=Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town | publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science| work=PhD Thesis Social Anthropology | date=2002 | first=Lucia |last=Michelutti | page=83}}</ref>
* Veersen of [[Nasik]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jalgaon.gov.in/history/ | title=JALGAON HISTORY | publisher=Jalgaon district Administration | work=Jalgaon District Administration Official Website | access-date=7 February 2015 | author=Jalgaon district}}</ref>
* Ahir dynasty in pre-12th century areas in present-day [[Nepal]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Punam |last=Yadav|title=Social Transformation in Post-conflict Nepal: A Gender Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QQRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-35389-8|page=57}}</ref>
*Ahir kingdom of [[Jalesar]] and [[Karauli]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf | title=Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town | publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science | work=PhD Thesis Social Anthropology | date=2002 | first=Lucia |last=Michelutti | page=47}}</ref>
*Ahir-Rajas of [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]<ref>{{cite book |first= A N |last= Sharma | page =13 |title= The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile
|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Beria_Rai_Dancers/YX1siOYKthgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ahir+Rajas+sagar&pg=PA13&printsec=frontcover|isbn=81-7625-714-1|year= 2006}}</ref>
*[[Bhandaria, Bhavnagar|Bhandaria]], [[Bodanones]] and [[Morchopna]] were few [[princely state]]s ruled by Kamaliya clan of Ahirs<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_171.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 165 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=2020-09-03}}</ref>

=== Military involvements ===
The [[British Raj|British]] rulers of India classified the Ahirs of Punjab as an "agricultural tribe" in the 1920s, which was at that time synonymous with being a "[[martial race]]".<ref>{{cite book|first=Rajit K. |last=Mazumder|title=The Indian army and the making of Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8G8COTxOUkgC&pg=PA105|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-059-6|page=105}}</ref> They had been recruited into the army from 1898.<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc/page/90 90]}}</ref> In that year, the British raised four Ahir companies, two of which were in the [[95th Russell's Infantry]].<ref>{{cite book|first=M. S. A. |last=Rao |title=Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780333902554 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2020}} In post-independence India, some Ahir units have been involved in celebrated military actions, such as at [[Rezang La]] in the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] that saw the last stand of Charlie company, consisting of 114 Ahirs of 13 Kumaon, and in the [[1965 India-Pakistan War]].<ref name="Remembering Rezang La heroes">
{{cite news |author=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | title=Remembering Rezang La heroes |date=7 January 2007 |newspaper=Sainik samachar |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/oct01-07/h4.htm}}
</ref><ref name="Heroes of Rezang La">
{{cite news |author= Col Dilbag Dabas (Retd) | title=Heroes of Rezang La 1962 |date=15 December 2018 |newspaper=The Tribune |url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/heroes-of-1962-rezang-la-battle-698535}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mohan |last=Guruswamy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/dont-forget-the-heroes-of-rezang-la/article4112584.ece |title=Don't forget the heroes of Rezang La |work=The Hindu |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SBWc27AVmwC&pg=PA212| title=Combat Diary: An illustrated history of operations conducted by 4th Kumaon| publisher=Lancer Books |work=History |year=2010 |first=Jasbir |last=Singh |page=212| isbn=978-1-935501-18-3}}</ref>

The Ahirs have been one of the more militant Hindu groups, including in the modern era.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nandini |last=Gooptu |title=The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India |page=307 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTLEEGmZfQC&pg=PA307 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-44366-1 |quote=The Ahirs in particular who played an important role in militant Hinduism, retaliated strongly against the Tanzeem movement. In July,1930, about 200 Ahirs marched in procession to Trilochan, a sacred Hindu site and performed a religious ceremony in response to Tanzeem processions.}}</ref> It was from the 1920s that some Ahirs began to adopt the name of ''Yadav'' and created the [[All-India Yadav Mahasabha|Yadav Mahasabha]], founded by ideologues such as Rajit Singh. Several caste histories and periodicals to trace a Kshatriya origin were written at the time, notably by Mannanlal Abhimanyu. These were part of the jostling among various castes for socio-economic status and ritual under the Raj and they invoked support for a zealous, martial Hindu ethos.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nandini |last=Gooptu |title=The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India |pages=205–210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTLEEGmZfQC&pg=PA205 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-44366-1 }}</ref>

== Distribution ==

=== North India ===
They have a significant population in the region around [[Behror]], [[Alwar]], [[Rewari]], [[Narnaul]], [[Mahendragarh]], [[Gurgaon]]<ref name="nannak$">{{cite book|last1=Guru Nanak Dev University|first1=Sociology Dept|title=Guru Nanak Journal of Sociology|publisher=Sociology Department, Guru Nanak Dev University|pages=5, 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03_ZAAAAMAAJ&q=ahir|date=2003|language=en}}</ref> and [[Jhajjar]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Dip Chand |last=Verma|title=Haryana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JY5AQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=National Book Trust, India}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Suresh K. |last=Sharma|title=Haryana: Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VE71IqAC0YYC&pg=PA40|year=2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-046-8|page=40}}</ref> – the region is therefore known as [[Ahirwal]] or the abode of Ahirs.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ&q=ahirwal |title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste, and Religion in India |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |pages=41, 42 |isbn=978-0-415-46732-2}}</ref>
=== Maharashtra ===
Ahirs live in the [[Khandesh]] region of Maharashtra. The community has been influential in the history of the region. Inscriptions indicate that [[Abhira]]s ruled this region and Abhir/Ahir kings have made a significant contribution to the making of the region. Ahir ethnicity is visible among various castes in Khandesh, including [[Maratha]] and [[Marathi Brahmin|Brahmins]]. [[Ahirani]] dialect continues to be spoken today in the region and is widespread across [[Jalgaon]], [[Dhule]] and [[Nashik]]. It is an admixture of [[Marathi Language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], ancient [[Magadhi]], [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtri]], [[Sauraseni]], Lati, [[Maharashtri]], [[Prakrit]] and [[Paishachi]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/land_and_people/L%20&%20P%20pdf/Chapter%20III/3%20Distinctive%20Features%20of%20Sub-regional%20Culture%20of%20Maharashtra.pdf| title = Maharashtra: Land and its people |last=Pathak|first=A. S.| agency= Government of Maharashtra |year=2009|publisher = Maharashtra State Gazetteer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first = Sumit |last=Guha|title=Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200-1991| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GSa5blriOYcC&pg=PA47|year=2006| publisher = University of Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-02870-7|page=47}}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:AhirDecoratedWithCowriesDiwali.jpg|thumb|280px|Ahir dancers decorated with [[cowrie]] shells for [[Diwali]].]]

=== Diet ===
In 1992, Noor Mohammad noted that most Ahirs in Uttar Pradesh were vegetarian, with some exceptions who were engaged in fishing and raising poultry.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln6_PodhWC0C&pg=PA60 |title=New Dimensions in Agricultural ... |first=Noor |last=Mohammad |page=60|isbn=9788170224037 |year=1992 }}</ref>
=== Language and tradition ===
According to [[Alain Daniélou]] the Ahirs belong to the same culture as the dark skinned prominent figures of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, Rama and Krishna. Ahirs of Benares speak a Hindi dialect which is different from one used normally.<ref>.{{cite book |first= Alain |last= danielou | page =56 |title= The Beria (Rai Dancers)A Socio-demographic, Reproductive, and Child Health Care Practices Profile
|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/India_A_Civilization_of_Differences/Ua6yuxBPQdQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ahir|isbn= 9781594770487
|year= 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first= Nanditha |last= Kirshna | page =56 |title= Book of Vishnu
|url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Book_of_Vishnu/pIFFEJXx7L8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ahirs|isbn= 9788184758658
|year= 2009}}</ref> Ahirs usually speak language of the region in which they live. Some languages/dialects named after Ahirs are Ahirani, also known as [[Khandeshi]], spoken in [[Khandesh]] region of Maharashtra, Ahirwati spoken in Ahirwal region of Haryana and Rajasthan. The Malwi spoken is Malwa region of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh is also known as Ahiri. These dialects are named after Ahirs but not necessarily only spoken by Ahirs living in those areas or all Ahirs in those regions speak these dialects.<ref>{{cite book |title=Linguistic Survey of India - Volume 9, Part 2 - Page 50 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uT1BAQAAMAAJ&q=ahiri+ahirani+ahirwati+malvi|last1 = Grierson|first1 = Sir George Abraham|year = 1908}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2021|reason=current citation is a Raj-Era source, please add a non-raj era source for this claim}}

The Ahirs have three major classifications Yaduvanshi, Nandavanshi and Goallavanshi. Yaduvanshi claim descent from Yadu, Nandavansh claim descent from Nanda, the foster father of Krishna and Goallavanshi claim descent from gopi and gopas of Krishna's childhood.<ref>{{cite book |first= Bhrigupati |last= Singh| page =13 |title= Poverty and the Quest for Life Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India University of Chicago |url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Poverty_and_the_Quest_for_Life/FhnRBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ahirs+yaduvanshi&pg=PA21&printsec=frontcover|isbn=9780226194684|year= 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first= Lucia|last= Michelutti| page = 89 |title= Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf|year= 2002}}</ref>

=== Folklore ===
The oral epic of [[Veer Lorik]], a mythical Ahir hero, has been sung by folk singers in North India for generations. Mulla Daud, a [[Sufi Muslim]], retold the romantic story in writing in the 14th century.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100801/spectrum/art.htm |title=Spectrum |work=The Sunday Tribune |date=1 August 2010 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> Other Ahir folk traditions include those related to [[Kajri]] and Biraha.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0415994047 |title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia |editor-first=Ellen |editor-last=Koskoff |isbn=978-0-415-97293-2 |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |page=1026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ahir clans]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ahir clans |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Ahir| ]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]

Rajput

2022-05-19T07:48:08Z

Slatersteven: Unrefrenced info