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Department of Revenue (Kerala)

2026-05-06T07:34:46Z

Sindhupv: new

{{Short description|Governing body managing all government owned lands and decides land use policies}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Revenue Department [[Government of Kerala]]
| nativename = Revenue Vakupp
| nativename_a = റവന്യൂ വകുപ്പ്
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| type = Department
| seal = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 1811
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Kerala]]
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Land Revenue, Disaster Management, Land Reforms, Survey and Land records and Housing
| chief1_name = M.G. Rajamanickam, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/khobragade-given-additional-charge-of-cultural-affairs-dept/article68274012.ece</ref>
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary (Revenue)
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency = [[Kerala State Land Bank|Land Bank of Kerala]]
| child2_agency = Commissionerate of Land Revenue
| child3_agency = Directorate of Survey and Land Records
| child4_agency = Institute of Land and Disaster Management
| website = {{URL|https://clr.kerala.gov.in/eng/}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Land Revenue''' or '''Revenue Department''' is a government department under [[Government of Kerala]] that manages all government owned lands and decides [[land use]] policies in the [[Republic of India|India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. The department is also a government agency, deriving various taxes on land, as well as lease amounts from various government lands, which are principal sources of income for the Government. In addition, the department manages land-use policy, survey of land areas, and effective management and implementation of [[Land Reforms in Kerala|land reforms]].

It is the largest department under the Government of Kerala, with more than 19000 employees and is also known as the Mother of All Departments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Kerala Land revenue department - James Joseph Adhikarathil |url=https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/history-of-kerala-land-revenue-department-james-joseph-adhikarathil/255071885 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Slideshare |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History - Revenue Department, ILDM Kerala |url=https://ildm.kerala.gov.in/en/ministers-message-2/}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
The Revenue Department is headed by a senior cabinet minister, known as Minister for Revenue. The incumbent Minister is [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]], who also holds the housing portfolio.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-09-16 |title=Government committed to providing title deeds to all: Kerala Revenue Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/government-committed-to-providing-title-deeds-to-all-kerala-revenue-minister/article70056837.ece |access-date=2026-02-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

At the administrative level, the department is headed by a senior [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer serving as the [[Additional Chief Secretary]] or [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] to the Government. The revenue secretary is assisted by additional secretaries, joint secretaries, deputy secretaries and under secretaries at the secretariat.

At the field level, the Commissioner of Land Revenue, the Director of Surveys and Land Records, and other heads of field agencies oversee their respective administrations. The Commissioner of Land Revenue, an officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) cadre, functions as the Head of the Department and supervises revenue administration at various levels, such as district collectorate.

==Sub-departments==
* Commissionerate of Land Revenue
* Directorate of Survey and Land Records
* The State Land Board<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-departments|publisher=Government of Kerala|url=http://revenue.kerala.gov.in/|accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref>

Institute of Land and Disaster Management is an autonomous body that provides training to members of the department.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revenue Department Officials & Offices|url=https://kerala.gov.in/revenue|publisher=Government of Kerala|accessdate=21 June 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223204925/http://kerala.gov.in/revenue|archive-date=23 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Commissionerate of Land Revenue ==
The Land Revenue Commissionerate, which functions under the Revenue Department of the Government of Kerala and is headed by the '''Land Revenue Commissioner''', serves as the headquarters of the Land Revenue Department. It has its headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. It is the main operational wing of the Revenue Department, tasked with the protection and maintenance of government lands; the collection of [[land tax]] and plantation tax; the maintenance of land records; election-related duties; disaster management; maintenance of law and order; and the issuance of various licenses and certificates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2025-01-21 |title=Certificates |url=https://clr.kerala.gov.in/eng/index.php/services/certificates |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Department of Land Revenue |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arms Licence {{!}} District Thiruvananthapuram, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://trivandrum.nic.in/en/arms-licence/ |access-date=2026-02-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

For this purpose, the department is organised into 14 districts, 27 revenue divisions, 78 taluks, and 1,666 revenue villages. Each of the 14 districts has a Collectorate headed by the [[District magistrate|District Collector]]; each revenue division is headed by a [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Revenue Divisional Officer]] (RDO); each taluk is headed by a [[Tehsildar]]; and each revenue village is administered by a [[Village accountant|Village Officer]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2025-01-22 |title=Organisation Structure |url=https://clr.kerala.gov.in/eng/index.php/department/organisation-structure |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Department of Land Revenue |language=en-gb}}</ref> 
The district collectors of various districts reports to land revenue commissioner of the state.

=== Other agencies under Land Revenue Department ===

* Kerala Land Board<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-06-17 |title=Vaikom land board orders acquisition of 70.86 acres of surplus land |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vaikom-land-board-orders-acquisition-of-7086-acres-of-surplus-land/article69705408.ece |access-date=2025-11-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Institute of Landand Disaster Management (ILDM)<ref>{{Cite web |title=ILDM {{!}} Institute of Land and Disaster Management |url=https://ildm.kerala.gov.in/en/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231201132619/https://ildm.kerala.gov.in/en/ |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=ildm.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Directorate of Survey and Land Records ==
The Directorate of Survey and Land Records, Kerala is the department responsible for land surveys and maintenance of land records in Kerala, supporting revenue administration and land management. It has its headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The department is headed by a Director (IAS), and is assisted by Additional Directors, Joint Directors, and Deputy Directors.

The department consists of three wings: the Field Wing (Surveyors and Head Surveyors), the Office Wing (Draftsmen and Head Draftsmen), and the Administrative Wing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organization Structure |url=https://dslr.kerala.gov.in/en/organization-structure/ |access-date=2026-02-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== List of Revenue Ministers ==
[[K. M. Mani]] is the longest-serving Revenue Minister in Kerala, followed by [[Baby John]] as the second longest-serving.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Info - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6.htm |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> 
The following is the list of ministers who held the portfolio of land revenue in various ministries:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Sl. No.
! Minister
! Term
! Party
! Chief Minister
|-
| 1
| [[K. R. Gowri Amma]]
| 1957–1959
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|-
| 2
| [[K. Chandrasekharan]]
| 1960–1962
| [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
| [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]]
|-
| 3
| [[K. Chandrasekharan]]
| Sep 1962 – Oct 1962
| [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
| [[R. Sankar]]
|-
| 4
| T. A. Thomman
| 2 Mar 1964 – 10 Sep 1964
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[R. Sankar]]
|-
| 5
| [[K. R. Gowri Amma]]
| 1967–1969
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|-
| 6
| [[K. T. Jacob]]
| 1969–1970
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| [[C. Achutha Menon]]
|-
| 7
| [[Baby John]]
| 1970–1977
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
| [[C. Achutha Menon]]
|-
| 8
| [[Baby John]]
| 25 Mar 1977 – 25 Apr 1977
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
| [[K. Karunakaran]]
|-
| 9
| [[Baby John]]
| 1977–1978
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
| [[A. K. Antony]]
|-
| 10
| [[Baby John]]
| 1978–1979
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
| [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
|-
| 11
| K. J. Chacko
| 12 Oct 1979 – 1 Dec 1979
| [[Kerala Congress]]
| [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
|-
| 12
| [[P. S. Sreenivasan]]
| 1980–1981
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| [[E. K. Nayanar]]
|-
| 13
| [[P. J. Joseph]]
| 1981–1982
| [[Kerala Congress]]
| [[K. Karunakaran]]
|-
| 14
| [[P. J. Joseph]]
| 1982–1987
| [[Kerala Congress]]
| [[K. Karunakaran]]
|-
| 15
| [[P. S. Sreenivasan]]
| 1987–1991
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| [[E. K. Nayanar]]
|-
| 16
| [[K. M. Mani]]
| 1991–1995
| [[Kerala Congress (M)]]
| [[K. Karunakaran]]
|-
| 17
| [[K. M. Mani]]
| 1995–1996
| [[Kerala Congress (M)]]
| [[A. K. Antony]]
|-
| 18
| [[K. E. Ismail]]
| 1996–2001
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| [[E. K. Nayanar]]
|-
| 19
| [[K. M. Mani]]
| 2001–2004
| [[Kerala Congress (M)]]
| [[A. K. Antony]]
|-
| 20
| [[K. M. Mani]]
| 2004–2006
| [[Kerala Congress (M)]]
| [[Oommen Chandy]]
|-
| 21
| [[K. P. Rajendran]]
| 2006–2011
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
|-
| 22
| [[Adoor Prakash]]
| 2011–2016
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Oommen Chandy]]
|-
| 23
| [[E. Chandrasekharan]]
| 2016–2021
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|-
| 24
| [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]]
| 2021–2026
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|}

==Controversies==
The Revenue Department has frequently faced allegations of [[corruption]]. According to information obtained under the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI Act]], 42 of the 151 government employees arrested by the [[Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau]] (VACB) between January 2017 and July 2022 belonged to the Revenue Department, the highest among state departments. Revenue officials also topped the list of government employees arrested by the VACB for the last five years.<ref>{{Cite news|title=RTI reveals revenue department as most corrupt in Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rti-reveals-revenue-department-as-most-corrupt-in-kerala/article66182469.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2022-11-25|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Corruption among Kerala govt employees remains high; 539 people under scrutiny, TVM leads|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/corruption-bribery-cases-in-kerala-remains-high-5fd204ac|website=@mathrubhumi|date=2025-01-31|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Department of Finance (Kerala)]]
* [[Department of Taxes (Kerala)]]
* [[Department of Home (Kerala)]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.revenuekerala.gov.in/ Kerala Department of Revenue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918002116/http://revenuekerala.gov.in/ |date=18 September 2017 }}

[[Category:Government departments of Kerala|Revenue]]
[[Category:Surveying of India]]
[[Category:Surveying organizations]]

Singappenney (song)

2026-05-04T00:21:18Z

Sindhupv: new info

{{short description|Song from Bigil}}
{{Italic title|noerror|string=Singappenney|all=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Singappenney
| cover = Singappenney cover.jpg
| alt =
| type =
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]] featuring [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| album = [[Bigil (soundtrack)|Bigil]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| released = 23 July 2019
| recorded = 2019
| studio = [[Panchathan Record Inn]], [[Chennai]]
| venue =
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[pop-folk]], [[traditional music]], [[Indian pop]], [[Inspirational fiction|Inspirational]], [[Motivational]]<ref name="A.R.Rahman">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/arrahman/status/1153386977686740992|title=#Singappenneypic.twitter.com/Wf5oljAA8v|last=A.R.Rahman|date=2019-07-22|website=@arrahman|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>
| length = 6:04
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| lyricist = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| composer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| producer = [[A.R. Rahman]]
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|MnbWE8ZKeBg|"Singappenney"}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Singappenney'''" ({{translation|Lioness}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language]] song composed and sung by [[A. R. Rahman]], for the [[Bigil (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the film ''[[Bigil]]''. The song's lyrics were written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] and featured additional vocals by [[Shashaa Tirupati]].<ref name="A.R.Rahman">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/arrahman/status/1153386977686740992|title=#Singappenneypic.twitter.com/Wf5oljAA8v|last=A.R.Rahman|date=2019-07-22|website=@arrahman|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> The song has a motivational theme for women, hailed as a women's anthem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/south-weekly-recap-from-manmadhudu-2-trailer-to-bigil-first-song-heres-what-happened-this-week-1449829/|title=South weekly recap: From Manmadhudu 2 trailer to Bigil first song, here's what happened this week {{!}} Bollywood Life|date=2019-07-27|website=www.bollywoodlife.com|language=en-EN|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref> The song was released as a first single track of the film on 23 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bigil-s-singappenney-out-vijay-song-is-an-inspiring-and-motivational-number-1572818-2019-07-24|title=Bigil's Singappenney out: Vijay song is an inspiring and motivational number|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25|agency=Ist}}</ref> The song features Vijay including the 11 women football players. Rahman and [[Atlee Kumar]] has a special entrance in the film through this song.

== Background ==

The making begins with director [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] and lyricist [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] asking [[A. R. Rahman]] to compose a women's anthem, the former wanting a song to dedicate to all women, and the latter claiming that men are seen as strong while women are seen as delicate and wanting to change that mindset.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Lyricist_Vivek/status/1154535006657581056|title=பொட்டக் கோழி கூவி பொழுது விடியாது னு சொன்னவங்களுக்காகவே "விடியல் ஒன்றைக் கூவி ஏற்றுவாய்" - சிங்கப் பெண்ணே #Singappenney|last=Lyricist|first=Vivek|date=2019-07-25|website=@Lyricist_Vivek|language=ta|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref> Rahman plays the verse of the song on his piano; 'Singappenney, singappenney. Aaninamae unnai vanangume.' (Eng: Lion-queen bold. The entire male clan welcomes and salutes you)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnbWE8ZKeBg|title = Bigil - Singappenney Music Video (Tamil) | Thalapathy Vijay, Nayanthara | A.R Rahman | Atlee | AGS|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Singappenney starts with a flute prelude as Rahman and a choir from Rahman's musical group [[Qutub-E-Kripa]] singing the first line 'Maadhare' (Eng: Women) followed by beats performed by musician Vuvuri Kumar and a guitar by veteran musician [[Keba Jeremiah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/kebajer/status/1153734003410608128 |title=Played guitars on this track for @arrahman in @actorvijay 's #Bigil !! Sung by the boss himself and @sashasublime !! Listen , Enjoy & Share #Singappenney|last=Jeremiah|first=Keba|date=2019-07-23|website=@kebajer|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> The song proceeds with vocals provided by children as Rahman sings the hook. The mix of [[Drum kit|drums]], percussion beats and the composer's signature [[piano]] set the tune for Rahman's vocals to follow. The composer delivers a good song that is both moving, hip, and catchy in its rhythm and structure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jul/25/21803|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727194558/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jul/25/21803|url-status=live|archive-date=27 July 2019|title=Bigil song 'Singappenney': AR Rahman returns with another roaring anthem for a Vijay film|last=Iyengar|first=Shriram|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>

Rahman sings the song with his high-pitched intonation, with [[Shashaa Tirupati]] joining in later with only having a few lines to sing. Tirupati's vocals serve as the chorus or refrain of the song, the song's tune changing as her lines continue the song with the same motivation but in a different tune. The song then ends on a bridge with additional vocals.

== Overview ==
The music video from the film features the protagonist Michael ([[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]) training the [[Tamil Nadu]] women's football team as well as motivating and encouraging them to break stereotypes and emerge as their true selves. The song also features Rahman and Atlee in special appearances alongside Vijay during the pre-chorus.

== Leaked ==
On 16 July 2019, a track from ''Bigil'' titled "Singa Penne" found its way to the internet and has gone viral on social media. It has been rumored to be leaked from the filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-s-bigil-song-singa-penne-leaked-online-months-before-release-details-inside-1570233-2019-07-17|title=Vijay's Bigil song Singa Penne leaked online months before release. Details inside|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-07-28|agency=Ist}}</ref>

== Reception ==

===Critical reception===

''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated that "throughout the song's punchy six and a half minutes, [[Vivek (lyricist)|lyricist Vivek]] with his catchy lyrics pays ode to the strength of women. The song as we can imagine will be used by [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay's]] character in the film to motivate his all-girls football team while training them for probably a crucial match. If you were wondering, Singappenney is Tamil for lioness".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigil-song-singappenney-ar-rahman-vijay-5846782/|title=Bigil song Singappenney: AR Rahman delivers a punchy female anthem|date=2019-07-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>
Suhansid Srikanth of ''Moviecrow'' praised the song "Vivek's lyrics are endearing about motivating the team women that the lead character nourishes in the film. And, like most of ARR's recent tracks, it is tough to get into the catchy tune that can be hummed or identified as song" while praising Shashaa Tripathi's portion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24529/bigil-songs-music-review/amp|title = Bigil Songs - Music Review}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' called it a "highly powerful and energetic song composed of strong beats and tune, Singapenney is a song whose music stays true to the lyrics".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/bigil/bigil-songs-review.html|title=Bigil (Aka) Vijay 63 songs review|date=20 September 2019}}</ref>

===Social media reception===
The motivational number has had a wide reach among the fans and has inspired fans to salute the Singappennu (lioness) in their lives.<ref name="twitter.com">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/arrahman/status/1154891455204216832|title=#SaluteMySingappenney really amazing to see all the Singapens here!|last=A.R.Rahman|date=2019-07-26|website=@arrahman|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>

Using the hashtag SaluteMySingappenney ("''#SaluteMySingappenney''"), people have taken to Twitter to post pictures of women they admire and are true heroes.<ref name="twitter.com"/><ref>{{Citation|title=Bigil Women Tribute {{!}} Salute My Singappenney {{!}} Singappenney {{!}} Bigil {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PL2-gmmWI5E|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>

Archana Kalpathi, producer of Bigil, took to the social media platform to encourage followers to use the hashtag and post pictures of incredible women in their lives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mynation.com/entertainment/-salutemysingappenney-bigil-movie-song-inspires-people-to-appreciate-exemplary-women-pv907h|title=#SaluteMySingappenney: Bigil movie song inspires people to appreciate exemplary women|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>
{{blockquote|
"A girl is often described as beautiful delicate fragile and kind hearted. We give u strength courage determination and the power to achieve anything she wants".}}
- ''Archana Kalpathi'', Creative producer of film ''[[Bigil]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/archanakalpathi/status/1153674170795847682|title=A girl is often described as beautiful delicate fragile and kind hearted. We give u strength courage determination and the power to achieve anything she wants. #Singappenney START WAITING #Bigil @Ags_production @actorvijay @arrahman @Atlee_dir @Lyricist_Vivek @SonyMusicSouth|last=Kalpathi|first=Archana|date=2019-07-23|website=@archanakalpathi|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> wrote on her Twitter page.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/singa-penney-from-vijays-bigil-released-online/article28688186.ece|title='Singa Penney' from Vijay's 'Bigil' released officially|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2019-07-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===YouTube records===
The women anthem has garnered more than 2 million views within 2 hours of its release on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sbdirtysouthsoccer.com/2019/07/26/bigil-song-singappenney-thalapathy-vijay-ar-rahman-s-women/|title=Bigil song Singappenney: Thalapathy Vijay-AR Rahman's Women Anthem out|website=sbdirtysouthsoccer.com|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>

The song became fastest music video to get 500k likes on YouTube and also .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-singappenney-song-from-bigil-creates-record-in-youtube-pv-184779.html|title=சீறிப்பாயும் சிங்கப்பெண்ணே... 24 மணி நேரத்திற்குள் படைத்த சாதனை|date=2019-07-24|website=News18 Tamil|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>

== Music credits ==
'''Personnel'''

* Composer & Producer - [[A. R. Rahman]]
* Lyrics - [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
* Performers - A. R. Rahman, [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
* Kids Vocals - Riya K S, Nikhil P S, K R Arjun, Vidhya Rupini, K U Kokilapriya
* Additional Vocals - [[Arjun Chandy]], [[Nakul Abhyankar]], [[Chants of India|Veena Murali]], Deepthi Suresh, Deepak, Soundarya, Niranjana, Swagatha, Sowmya, Aravind Srinivas, Jithin, Shenbagaraj

'''Musician Credits'''

*Guitars - [[Keba Jeremiah]]
*Flute - Kareem Kamalakar, [[Naveen Kumar (musician)|Naveen Kumar]]
*Live Rhythm - T Raja, [[Drums Kumaran|Drums Kumar]], Krishna Kishore, P Guberan
*Tabla - [[Sai Shravanam|Sai Saravanam]]
*Additional Rhythm Arrangement - Santhosh Dhayanidhi
*Additional Programming - Pawan CH, Hari Dafusia
*Choral Arrangement - [[Arjun Chandy]], [[Nakul Abhyankar]]

'''Sound Engineers'''

* [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]], [[Chennai]] - T. R. Krishna Chetan, Suresh Permal, Karthik Sekaran, Suryansh, Barath, Riyasdeen Riyan
* [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|AM Studios Chennai]] - Sivakumar S, Kannan Ganpat, Pradeep Menon, Krishnan Subramaniyan, Manoj Raman, Aravind MS

'''Production'''

*Mixed By - T. R. Krishna Chetan, Jerry Vincent
*Mastered By - Suresh Permal
*MFiT - S. Sivakumar
*Musicians Co Ordinator - T. M. Faizuddin, Abdul Haiyum, Siddique
*Musicians Fixer - Samidurai R
*Music Label - [[Sony Music Entertainment]] India Pvt. Ltd.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Sony Music South|title=Bigil - Singappenney Music Video (Tamil) {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay, Nayanthara {{!}} A.R Rahman {{!}} Atlee {{!}} AGS|date=2019-07-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnbWE8ZKeBg|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Array|title=Singappenney (From "Bigil") (Full Song & Lyrics) - Singappenney (From "Bigil") - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=24 July 2019|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/singappenney-from-bigil/RF4gVx8JWl8|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref>

== Video credits ==
Credits adapted from official music video released by [[Sony Music|Sony Music South]].<ref name=":0" />

* Director & Editor - Amith Krishnan
* Cinematographer - Vijay Kartik Kannan
* Stylist - Varshini
* Art Director - Saravanan
* Direction Team - Manojkumar, Ramanathan Sathyamoorthy, Vishal Ravichandran, Suriya Balakumuran
* Costume Designer - Pallavi Singh
* Make-up - Preetisheel Singh
* Assistant Cinematographers - Ilayaraja, Yuvaraj
* Camera Assistant - Vignesh R
* Still Photographer - [[Venket Ram]]
* Line Producer & Creative Head - Jagadish Palanisamy
* Executive Producer - S. M. Venckat Manickam

== Live performance ==
A. R. Rahman performed the song at a live concert held in [[YMCA College of Physical Education|YMCA]], [[Nandanam]], [[Chennai]] on 10 August 2019, among all the songs played at his concert.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insider.in/ar-rahman-live-in-chennai-aug10-2019/event|title=AR Rahman Live In Chennai, 2019|website=insider.in|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=LIVE: AR Rahman Singap penney performance Live in Chennai Concert {{!}} ARR 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tzlXoESwZE|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref>

On 27 September 2019, Rahman and his team performed "Singappenney" and all other songs at the Bigil audio launch event, held in Sai Leo Muthu Indoor Stadium, Sri Sairam Engineering College, [[Chennai]] where the audio was released.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==Chart==
;Weekly charts
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2019–20)
! scope="col"| Peak position
! Reference(s)
|-
! scope="row"| [[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi]] Top 20 Tamil
| 1
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/more/tamil-top-20/|title=Latest Tamil songs on Tamil Mirchi Top20 countdown.|website=www.radiomirchi.com|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SonyMusicSouth/status/1173127274058539009|title=#Bigil yet again on the @RadioMirchi charts! |last=South|first=Sony Music|date=2019-09-14|website=@SonyMusicSouth|language=en|access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref>
|-
![[Wynk|WYNK]] Music Top 20 Tamil
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wynk.in/music|title=Listen & Download Latest Hindi, English, Bollywood Songs Online {{!}} Wynk|website=wynk.in|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>
|-
![[YouTube]] Trending
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SonyMusicSouth/status/1155010487890792448|title=TRENDING MILLION VIEWS K LIKES Our mighty #Singappenney shines! #BigilWomenAnthem|last=South|first=Sony Music|date=2019-07-27|website=@SonyMusicSouth|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>
|-
![[Spotify]] Top Hits Tamil
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DX1i3hvzHpcQV|title=Top Hits - Tamil, a playlist by Spotify|website=Spotify|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>
|-
![[JioSaavn]] Weekly Top 15
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/featured/weekly-top-songs/x7NaWNE3kRw_|title=Top Tamil Songs - Weekly Playlist - Listen on JioSaavn|website=www.jiosaavn.com|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>
|}

;Year-end charts
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2019)
! scope="col"| Position
! Reference(s)
|-
! scope="row"|[[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] Radio
| 1
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/BIGFMTamil/status/1211908840188338177|title=#Singappenney from #Bigil ruled the radio charts in 2019 #Number1 song of the year as voted by all of you magic of @arrahman as always #bigfm watteee combo @actorvijay @Atlee_dir @SonyMusicSouth #Top100pic.twitter.com/IxyvC9X3aR|last=Tamil|first=92 7 BIG FM|date=2019-12-30|website=@BIGFMTamil|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>
|-
![[Times of india]]
|10
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/top-15-tamil-songs-of-2019/photostory/73025507.cms|title=Top 15 Tamil songs of 2019|date=2019-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>
|-
!Movie Crow
|17
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/tamil/top-songs|title=Top 20 Tamil Songs {{!}} Tamil Songs Ranking {{!}} Recent Tamil Songs Ranking|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Award
!Date of ceremony
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref
|-
![[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award]]
| TBA
|Best PlayBack Singer Male for Singappenney
|[[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]
|{{Pending}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php|title=..::: Edison Awards :::..|website=edisonawards.in|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref>
|-
![[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| 18 September 2021
|Best PlayBack Singer Male for Singappenney
|[[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
![[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]]
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|Song Of The Year
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/BIGFMTamil/status/1211908840188338177|title=#Singappenney from #Bigil ruled the radio charts in 2019 #Number1 song of the year as voted by all of you magic of @arrahman as always #bigfm watteee combo @actorvijay @Atlee_dir @SonyMusicSouth #Top100pic.twitter.com/IxyvC9X3aR|last=Tamil|first=92 7 BIG FM|date=2019-12-30|website=@BIGFMTamil|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt10709204}}

{{A. R. Rahman}}

[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]
[[Category:2019 songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:Songs with music by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Vivek]]

Dhadak 2

2026-04-17T14:32:32Z

Sindhupv:

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Shazia Iqbal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dhadak 2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shazia Iqbal]]
| producer = {{ubl | [[Karan Johar]] | Umesh Kumar Bansal | [[Adar Poonawalla]] | Apoorva Mehta | Meenu Aroraa | Somen Mishra | Pragati Deshmukh}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]''|Mari Selvaraj}}
| screenplay = Rahul Badwelkar [[Shazia Iqbal]]
| story = [[Mari Selvaraj]]
| starring = {{ubl |[[Siddhant Chaturvedi]]|[[Triptii Dimri]]}}
| cinematography = Sylvester Fonseca
| editing = Omkar Uttam Sakpal Sangeeth Varghese
| music = '''Score:''' Tanuj Tiku '''Songs:''' [[Rochak Kohli]] [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Javed-Mohsin]] [[Shreyas Puranik]]
| studio = {{ubl |[[Zee Studios]] | [[Dharma Productions]] | Cloud 9 Pictures}}
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|08|01}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2025 |title=Breaking: Dhadak 2 finally cleared with U/A 16+ certificate after extensive cuts; CBFC changes caste slurs to 'junglee'; replaces a doha by Saint Tulsidas; censors 2 disturbing scenes |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-dhadak-2-finally-cleared-u-16-certificate-extensive-cuts-cbfc-changes-caste-slurs-junglee-replaces-doha-saint-tulsidas-censors-2-disturbing-scenes/ |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|29}} crore<ref name="BH">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-08-01 |title=Dhadak 2 Box Office Collection |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dhadak-2-2/box-office/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dhadak 2''''' ({{Translation|Heartbeat 2}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Shazia Iqbal]] and produced by [[Dharma Productions]], [[Zee Studios]] and Cloud 9 Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2024 |title=Karan Johar announces 'Dhadak 2' with Triptii Dimri, Siddhant Chaturvedi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/karan-johar-announces-dhadak-2-triptii-dimri-siddhant-chaturvedi-2544293-2024-05-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610151825/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/karan-johar-announces-dhadak-2-triptii-dimri-siddhant-chaturvedi-2544293-2024-05-27 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Karan Johar Announces Dhadak 2 With Siddhant Chaturvedi And Triptii Dimri and Ashish Chaudhary |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/karan-johar-drops-announcement-video-for-dhadak-2-that-s-it-that-s-the-headline-5755702 |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri to star in Dhadak 2, Karan Johar calls the love story an 'alag' kahaani |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimri-to-star-in-dhadak-2-9354493/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611115702/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimri-to-star-in-dhadak-2-9354493/ |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A [[spiritual sequel]] to ''[[Dhadak]]'' (2018) and a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' (2018),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-27 |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi, Triptii Dimri to star in 'Dhadak 2' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-to-star-in-dhadak-2/article68220892.ece |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> it stars [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] and [[Triptii Dimri]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2024 |title=Dhadak 2: Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri and Ashish Chaudhary starrer confirmed to be a remake of Pa Ranjith's Tamil film Pariyerum Perumal |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dhadak-2-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-starrer-confirmed-remake-pa-ranjiths-tamil-film-pariyerum-perumal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617122433/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dhadak-2-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-starrer-confirmed-remake-pa-ranjiths-tamil-film-pariyerum-perumal/ |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-26 |title=Dhadak 2 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/movies/dhadak-2-movieshow-113700596 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094621/https://www.timesnownews.com/movies/dhadak-2-movieshow-113700596 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-27 |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi, Triptii Dimri to star in 'Dhadak 2' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-to-star-in-dhadak-2/article68220892.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610151811/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-to-star-in-dhadak-2/article68220892.ece |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

''Dhadak 2'' was released theatrically on 1 August 2025 to positive reviews, but [[Box office bomb|underperformed]] at the box office, grossing approximately ₹30 crore worldwide against a production budget of ₹60 crore.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollymoviereviewz.com/2025/08/dhadak-2-box-office-collection-day-4-worldwide-budget.html |title=Dhadak 2 Box Office Collection: Worldwide and Budget |publisher=Bolly Movie Reviewz |date=August 2025 |access-date=February 4, 2026}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Neelesh “Neel” Ahirwar (Siddhant Chaturvedi) is a law student from a historically marginalized, lower-caste community. Through the reservation system, he gains admission to a prestigious law school, where he intends to earnestly work hard and study to become a lawyer. In college, he meets Vidhi Bharadwaj (Triptii Dimri), a classmate from an upper-caste, socially privileged family. Despite their different backgrounds, the two develop a close friendship which gradually blossoms into love.

As their bond deepens, the social reality around them becomes ruthlessly clear. Vidhi’s family, especially her closer relatives, begin to object to the relationship. At one point, Neelesh is invited to Vidhi’s sister’s wedding (Nimisha). Her father reluctantly allows him to attend, but at the wedding, Neelesh is beaten by Vidhi’s cousins for "daring" to associate with someone from a higher caste. One of her cousins (Ronnie) even urinates on him to make this point, and while her father stops the physical humiliation, he reiterates the message - stay away from Vidhi.

For a time, Neelesh stays away from her, but the feelings of frustration and anger within him cause him to fight for his rights in other ways. For example, instead of sitting in the back of the class with the other lower caste students, he decides to sit in the front - in a seat generally used by Ronnie. This results in more bullying, this time in the college campus, resulting in Ronnie's suspension. As part of the disciplinary action, Neelesh's father was called to the college, where he also gets humiliated by the bullies, further increasing Neelesh's frustration.

One of their friends, Shekhar (from the same caste as Neelesh), ends up committing suicide due to being overwhelmed by the pressures and injustices around him - and the shared traumatic experience results in a reconciliation between Neelesh and Vidhi.

However, Vidhi's relatives are still against their relationship, and end up hiring Shankar - who is an "enforcer" of caste violence (i.e: he has previously killed other people for "daring" to engage in similar inter-caste relationships) - to kill Neelesh. Neelesh manages to escape while Shankar eventually commits suicide for the dishonor of not completing his job properly. Seeing Ronnie at the scene, he realizes who orchestrated this and chases after Ronnie all the way to the latter's home. Neelesh stops himself from killing Ronnie, but reveals all the injustice they have committed on him in public, humiliating them instead while Vidhi avoids further escalation.

In the end, love “wins” in the sense that Neelesh and Vidhi are together with at least a modicum of family acceptance, though not without paying a very steep emotional and physical cost.

==Cast==
* [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] as Neelesh Ahirwar
* [[Triptii Dimri]] as Vidhi Bharadwaj
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Principal Haider Ansari
* [[Saurabh Sachdeva]] as Shankar
* [[Deeksha Joshi]] as Nimisha, Vidhi's sister
* [[Vipin Sharma]] as Mr. Ahirwar, Neelesh's father
* [[Saad Bilgrami]] as Ronnie Bharadwaj, Vidhi's cousin
* [[Harish Khanna (actor)|Harish Khanna]] as Arvind Bharadwaj, Vidhi's father
* Priyank Tiwari as Shekhar
* Aditya Thakare as Vasu
* Abhay Joshi as Prakash Bharadwaj, Vidhi's uncle
* Anubha Fatehpura as Mrs. Ahirwar Neelesh's mother
* Manjari Pupala as Richa
* Javed Khan as Himself

==Production==
''Dhadak 2'' began [[pre-production]] in April 2023, with [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] and [[Triptii Dimri]] leading the cast under the production of [[Karan Johar]]. The film's official announcement was made on 15 May 2025, introducing the characters of Dimri and Chaturvedi in a musical teaser.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2025 |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi, Triptii Dimri to star in 'Dhadak 2' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-to-star-in-dhadak-2/article68220892.ece |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Karan Johar announces Dhadak 2 with Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri, over a year after denying making film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-announces-dhadak-2-with-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimri-over-a-year-after-denying-making-film-101716795330003.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610005509/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-announces-dhadak-2-with-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimri-over-a-year-after-denying-making-film-101716795330003.html |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Principal photography began in November 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2024 |title=Dhadak 2: Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri begin shooting; photo from the set goes viral |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/dhadak-2-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-begin-shooting-photo-set-goes-viral/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> Major parts of the film were shot in [[Bhopal]] and [[Sehore]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. [[Somaiya Vidyavihar University]] in [[Mumbai]] and the Oriental Group of Institutes in Bhopal served as the backdrop for the college scenes in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 November 2024 |title=Dhadak 2: Triptii Dimri, Siddhant Chaturvedi Start Shooting For Sequel To 2018 Film. See Viral Pics |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhadak-2-triptii-dimri-siddhant-chaturvedi-begin-shooting-for-shazia-iqbal-s-movie-check-out-viral-snaps-with-fans-6994603 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dhadak 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Javed-Mohsin]] and [[Shreyas Puranik]]
| released = 5 August 2025
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=23|s=21}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|ne_dK-qvt_E|Dhadak 2 - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Javed-Mohsin]] and [[Shreyas Puranik]] while the lyrics is written by [[Rashmi Virag]], [[Siddharth–Garima]], Gurpreet Saini and Ozil Dalal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shreyas Puranik on composing music for Dharma Productions in Dhadak 2, "It's a dream production house" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shreyas-puranik-composing-music-dharma-productions-dhadak-2-dream-production-house/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617122435/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shreyas-puranik-composing-music-dharma-productions-dhadak-2-dream-production-house/ |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

The first single titled "Bas Ek Dhadak" was released on 16 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhadhak 2: Siddhant Chaturvedi, Triptii Dimri Chemistry Shines In Bas Ek Dhadak Song |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/dhadhak-2-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-chemistry-shines-in-bas-ek-dhadak-song-ws-l-9441623.html |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=News18}}</ref> The second single titled "Preet Re' was released on 21 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Preet Re' from Dhadak 2 drops: Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri come together for new love anthem |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/preet-re-dhadak-2-drops-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-come-together-new-love-anthem/ |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=21 July 2025 }}</ref> The third single titled "Duniya Alag" was released on 28 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Irani |first=Shaheen |date=28 July 2025 |title=Dhadak 2 song Duniya Alag: Arijit Singh's voice brings depth to Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri's story |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhadak-2-song-duniya-alag-arijit-singhs-voice-brings-depth-to-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimris-story/101abef9c0587 |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 23:21
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bas Ek Dhadak
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| lyrics1 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| music1 = [[Javed-Mohsin]]
| length1 = 4:19
| title2 = Preet Re
| extra2 = [[Darshan Raval]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], Rochak Kohli
| lyrics2 = Gurpreet Saini
| music2 = [[Rochak Kohli]]
| length2 = 3:16
| title3 = Duniya Alag
| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| lyrics3 = [[Siddharth-Garima]]
| music3 = [[Shreyas Puranik]]
| length3 = 3:58
| title4 = Bawaria
| extra4 = Jubin Nautiyal, Suvarna Tiwari
| lyrics4 = Ozil Dalal
| music4 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| length4 = 3:40
| title5 = Ye Kaisa Ishq
| extra5 = [[Rochak Kohli]]
| lyrics5 = Gurpreet Saini
| music5 = Rochak Kohli
| length5 = 3:07
| title6 = Tu Meri Dhadak Hai
| extra6 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| lyrics6 = Rashmi Virag
| music6 = Javed-Mohsin
| length6 = 5:01
}}

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled for a theatrical release on 22 November 2024, but it was postponed multiple times—first to 21 February 2025 and then to 1 August 2025. All previous release dates were missed due to various delays, including issues related to CBFC clearance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2025 |title=Karan Johar announces 'Dhadak 2' with Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-johar-announces-dhadak-2-with-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimri/articleshow/110462060.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610151825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-johar-announces-dhadak-2-with-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimri/articleshow/110462060.cms |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2025 |title=What We Know About CBFC Clearing Siddhant Chaturvedi And Triptii Dimri-Led Dhadak 2 After 16 Cuts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/what-we-know-about-cbfc-clearing-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimri-led-dhadak-2-after-16-cuts-8495448 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> It was later released on 1 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2025 |title=Karan Johar on delay in Dhadak 2 release: CBFC was compassionate towards film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-on-delay-in-dhadak-2-release-cbfc-was-compassionate-towards-film-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-101752283201669.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 26 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 September 2025 |title=Dhadak 2 OTT release: When and where to watch Siddhant Chaturvedi, Triptii Dimri film that earned ₹26.9 cr in India |date=25 September 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dhadak-2-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-romantic-drama-101758790167458.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Dhadak 2'' has grossed {{INRConvert|29|c|lk=on|year=2025}} till date.<ref name="BH" />

===Critical reception===
''Dhadak 2'' received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for the performances and the themes but some critics compared it unfavorably to the original. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|63|5.5|16|consensus=|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhadak 2|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhadak_2|accessdate=24 September 2025|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' commented that "Shazia Iqbal’s remake of ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' is a brave and intuitive entry in the canon of anti-caste storytelling."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=1 August 2025 |title='Dhadak 2' Movie Review: Breaking Through The Clutter and Cynicism |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/dhadak-2-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimris-drama-breaks-through-the-clutter-and-cynicism |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref>
Subhash K Jha writing for ''[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]]'' gave 4.5 stars out of 5 and writes that "Dhadak 2 is an experience far beyond the original. This is not a remake. It is an intelligent emotional recreation which irons out the rough edges, makes the original characters sharper and more authentic, adds new ones, imbuing the end product with a vigorous glow."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=1 August 2025 |title=Dhadak 2 Review: The Most Moving Emotion Picture On Caste Discrimination Since Masaan |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/dhadak-2-review-the-most-moving-emotion-picture-on-caste-discrimination-since-masaan/611073/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=News 24 |language=en}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref> Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' awarded 4 stars out of 5 and noted that "After a long time, here's a film that does justice to the people whose stories are never heard or written about."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Divya |date=1 August 2025 |title=Dhadak 2 Review: Must Watch! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dhadak-2-review/20250801.htm |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Anuj Kumar called the film a mixed bag mentioning,"In ''Dhadak 2'', a remake of the Tamil film ''Pariyerum Perumal'', where caste becomes the villain in a young romance, debutant director Shazia Iqbal struggles to strike a balance between retaining the voice of the original and applying a Dharma polish to a social reality that has been mainly out of the syllabus for Bollywood biggies."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2025-08-01 |title='Dhadak 2' movie review: Siddhant Chaturvedi, Triptii Dimri star in a timely but prosaic version of 'Pariyerum Perumal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhadak-2-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-prosaic-version-pariyerum-perumal/article69882529.ece |access-date=2025-08-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Shachi Chaturvedi of ''[[News 18]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and commented that "It is a compelling romantic thriller tackling caste issues in modern [[India]]. Don't miss it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Sachi |date=1 August 2025 |title=Dhadak 2 Review: Siddhant Chaturvedi, Triptii Dimri Shine In Hard-Hitting Caste Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/dhadak-2-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-shine-in-hard-hitting-caste-drama-ws-l-9476040.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=News 18 |language=en}}</ref>
Critic of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that ''Dhadak 2'' makes an important comment on the caste system and works due to the subject, performances, hard-hitting scenes and powerful climax."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1 August 2025 |title=Dhadak 2 Movie Review: DHADAK 2 makes an important comment on the caste system. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dhadak-2-2/critic-review/dhadak-2-2-movie-review/dhadak-2-makes-an-important-comment-on-the-caste-system/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that "The Hindi adaptation would have done well to dispense with the overreach of some of its source material. While ''Dhadak 2'' starkly reveals the manner in which casteism undermines the body, intellect and soul, the 146-minute movie piles on the misery for Neelesh, particularly in the heavy-going sections leading up to the climax."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=1 August 2025 |title=Review: 'Dhadak 2' is a bold, powerful and often incendiary caste-crossed romance |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1084997/review-dhadak-2-is-a-bold-powerful-and-often-incendiary-caste-crossed-romance |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref>
Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' rated 3/5 stars and said that ''Dhadak 2'' has its heart in the right place and boasts compelling performances, but it stops short of becoming the powerful, unapologetic film it had the potential to be."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=1 August 2025 |title=Dhadak 2 review: Siddhant-Triptii's film on casteism is brave but hesitates to roar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dhadak-2-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-casteism-brave-hesitates-to-roar-2764526-2025-08-01 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars writes in his review that "''Dhadak 2'' is a film that carries a powerful message but fumbles with its storytelling. It wants to speak about caste, oppression, and systemic injustice- and when it does, it hits the right notes. But it's weighed down by an uneven narrative and an overstretched runtime. This could have been a hard-hitting social drama. Instead, it settles for moments of brilliance buried under a ton of missed opportunities."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=1 August 2025 |title=Dhadak 2 movie review: Siddhant Chaturvedi, Triptii Dimri's film on caste and love has so much to say, so little clarity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dhadak-2-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-film-on-caste-and-love-has-so-much-to-say-so-little-clarity-101753973187371.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Radhika Sharma of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "The [[Shazia Iqbal]] film calls a spade a spade, but the ending feels too good to be true."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Radhika |date=1 August 2025 |title=Dhadak 2 Review: This Siddhant Chaturvedi And Triptii Dimri Film Unsettles You, Doesn't Pull Any Punches On Caste Violence |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhadak-2-review-this-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimri-film-unsettles-you-doesnt-pull-any-punches-on-caste-violence-3-stars-8998834 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>
Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and observed that "Dhadak 2 may not change the scheme of things despite shedding light on the dark side of the nation. It also at times bites more than it can chew, with the screenplay juxtaposing horror and humour together."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Vinamra |date=1 August 2025 |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri's 'Dhadak 2' movie review: An affecting love story about caste, humiliation, and honoure |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimris-dhadak-2-movie-review-an-affecting-love-story-about-caste-humiliation-and-honour-13916575.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated it 4/5 stars and said that "This film isn't for the faint-hearted. It will make you uncomfortable, and that’s exactly the point. Because it should. As a society, we’ve learned to take caste discrimination in stride. We treat it like something that exists only in headlines, not in real life. Even when it happens right in front of us, we often choose to look away."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=1 August 2025 |title=Dhadak 2 Review: Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri Shine |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/dhadak-2-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimri-shine-76220.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', Uday Bhatia mentioned,"Shazia Iqbal’s ''Dhadak 2'', a Hindi remake of ''Pariyerum Perumal'', takes a great deal from Mari Selvaraj’s superb 2018 Tamil film. I don’t remember this scene, though. It's a throwaway joke, but a telling one. Unlike most Hindi films about caste, which either tiptoe around the issue or are boringly instructional, ''Dhadak 2'' can imagine how people who’ve seen oppression their whole lives might turn it into gallows humour."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=2025-08-01 |title='Dhadak 2' review: An urgent, at times electric film about caste oppression |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/dhadak-2-review-film-caste-shazia-iqbal-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-pariyerum-perumal-11754048793198.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "This is a film which is clearly on the right side of many of the hot button issues we need to be pressing: casteism, classism, feminism, gender identities. While at it, you can see an awareness of the wrongs and injustices which have made, and continue to make headlines."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=1 August 2025 |title=Dhadak 2 movie review: After Saiyaara, the passion in Triptii Dimri and Siddhant Chaturvedi's feels performative |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dhadak-2-movie-review-triptii-dimri-siddhant-chaturvedi-starrer-10162940/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt27540784}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=dhadak-2-2}}
{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about honor killing]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Works about reservation in India]]

Avenue Road, Bengaluru

2026-04-09T07:47:46Z

Sindhupv: Done...

{{Short description|Commercial Street in Bangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:A Hanuman temple at the entrance to the Avenue road in Bangalore.JPG|thumb|A temple at the entrance of Avenue Road]]
[[File:In Bangalore (Canarese Chapel on the right). Illustration for Conquests of the Cross, A Record of Missionary Work throughout the World edited by Edwin Hodder (Cassell, c 1890).jpg|thumb|In Bangalore (Canarese Chapel on the right), 1890<ref name=Hodder>{{cite book|last1=Hodder|first1=Edwin|title=Conquests of the Cross, A Record of Missionary Work throughout the World: Vol. 3: Special Edition|date=1890|publisher=Cassell and Company Limited|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/conquestsofcross03hodd/page/325 325]|url=https://archive.org/details/conquestsofcross03hodd|access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref>]]
[[File:The Main Street of the Pettah, Bangalore - Copy.jpg|thumb|right|The Main Street of the Pettah, Bangalore, 1890<ref name=ERice>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Edward Peter|title=Benjamin Rice or Fifty years in the Master's Service|date=1890|publisher=London Mission Religious Tract Society|location=Piccadilly|pages=[https://archive.org/details/benjaminriceorfi00rice/page/192 192]|url=https://archive.org/details/benjaminriceorfi00rice|access-date=22 October 2015}}</ref>]]

'''Avenue Road''' ([[Tautology (language)|tautological name]], {{lit|Road Road}}) is a busy [[shopping]] and commercial street in [[Bangalore]],<ref>[http://www.karnataka.com/tourism/bangalore/ Bangalore | Bengaluru | Garden City | Bangalore Tourism | Silicon Valley Of India]</ref> the state capital of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located in [[Chickpet]] and runs through the heart of the city. It also connects the [[Mysore Road]] and K G Road in the city. It is in close proximity to [[Majestic bus station]] and [[Bangalore City Railway station]].

Earlier, Avenue Road was known as ''Doddapete''.<ref>[http://www.discoverbangalore.com/granite.htm Bangalore - Information]</ref>

Avenue Road is known for its traditional trade in used books, garments and textiles, jewellery and pawn brokering.

Standing on Avenue Road, [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore Pete]] is also the [[Rice Memorial Church]], named after Rev. Benjamin Holt Rice, a missionary of the [[London Missionary Society]] (LMS), a [[Kannada|Canarese]] scholar and a pioneer of education in the [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore Pete]] region. The Church stands on the grounds of the London Mission Canarese Chapel which was established in 1834, by William Campbell.<ref name=Aliyeh>{{cite web|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=A Walk Down Avenue Road|url=https://aturquoisecloud.wordpress.com/2011/02/27/a-temple-a-church-and-a-shrine-on-avenue-road/|website=A Turquoise Cloud|access-date=22 October 2015|date=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref name=Kumar-TOI>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=G S|title=A Parichay with Avenue Rd’s heritage|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/A-Parichay-with-Avenue-Rds-heritage/articleshow/46205054.cms|access-date=22 October 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Times of India|date=12 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=BRice>{{cite web|title=Benjamin Rice|url=http://ricesinindia.info/?page_id=24|website=Rices In India: A family devoted to India for 100 years|access-date=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=Gourley>{{cite web|last1=Gourley|first1=B|title=Daily Photo: Rice Memorial Church|url=http://berniegourley.com/2013/09/17/daily-photo-rice-memorial-church/|website=Stories & Movement: The Sum of a Life|access-date=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=ET>{{cite news|title=Earlier known as Doddapete, Avenue Road could be as old as Bengaluru|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-26/news/60515894_1_avenue-road-ranganathaswamy-temple-old-city|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012001439/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-26/news/60515894_1_avenue-road-ranganathaswamy-temple-old-city|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2015|access-date=22 October 2015|agency=ET Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=The Economic Times|date=26 March 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bengaluru Pete]]
* [[Rice Memorial Church]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Bangalore topics}}

{{coord|12.968300|77.578821|display=title}}

[[Category:Roads in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]

{{India-road-stub}}
{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

1968–69 Pakistan revolution

2026-04-08T19:38:19Z

Sindhupv:

{{Short description|Mass uprising in Pakistan}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 1968–1969 Pakistani protests
| partof = [[Protests of 1968]]
| image = Mass uprising 1969 Dhaka University.jpg
| caption = A student procession at the [[University of Dhaka]] campus during the [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising]], a part of the 1968–1969 revolution.
| date = 7 November 1968 – 23 March 1969 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1968|month1=11|day1=07|year2=1969|month2=03|day2=23}}) '''Aftermath:''' 23 March 1969–25 March 1969 (two days)
| place = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| coordinates =
| causes = *[[Authoritarianism]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
*[[Economic inequality|Inequality]]
*[[Left-wing populism]]
| goals = *[[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]'s resignation
*Withdrawal of [[Agartala Conspiracy Case]]
*[[Free election|Free & fair]] [[1970 Pakistani general election|general election]]
*[[Federalism]]
| methods = [[Occupation (protest)|Occupations]], [[Wildcat strike action|wildcat strike]]s, [[general strike]]s
| status =
| result = Ayub Khan resigned
| side1 = Students
*[[National Students Federation]]
Trade unions
* [[Trade unions in Pakistan]]
Political Parties
* [[Pakistan People's Party]]
* [[Awami League (Pakistan)|Awami League]]
| side2 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Cabinet of Pakistan|Government of Pakistan]]
*[[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
[[Convention Muslim League]]
| leadfigures1 = ''Non-centralized leadership''
| leadfigures2 = [[Ayub Khan]]
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 = 239 deaths
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| injuries =
| fatalities =
| arrests =
| detentions =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
}}
{{Campaignbox Protests of 1968}}
'''The 1968-69 revolution''' in [[Pakistan]] was part of the protest against the [[Government of Pakistan|Government]] of [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]. It took the form of a mass uprising of students and workers, attracting people from every profession. The uprising took place from early November 1968, to the end of March 1969 with 10 to 15 million people participating.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power|last=Ali|first=Tariq|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4165-6102-6}}</ref> The protests resulted in President [[Ayub Khan]] resigning from office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/743156|title=REVIEW: Pakistan's Other Story: The Revolution of 1968–1969 by Lal Khan|last=Authors|first=Dawn Books And|date=2012-08-18|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.struggle.pk/pakistans-other-story/|title=پاکستان کی اصل کہانی|work=The Struggle {{!}} طبقاتی جدوجہد|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226144141/http://www.struggle.pk/pakistans-other-story/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Background ==
Since the nation's birth in 1947, Pakistan had been governed though bureaucracy. In 1958, in response to the unpopular rule of [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Iskander Mirza]], the [[The Establishment (Pakistan)|Pakistani Establishment]] decided led by the 1st [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] [[Field Marshal Ayub Khan]]. Under his rule, the country's economy grew at an average yearly rate of more than 5%.<ref name="Woods 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxist.com/introduction-pakistans-other-story-1968-69-revolution.htm|title=Pakistan's Other Story: 1. Introduction|last=Woods|first=Alan|website=www.marxist.com|date=19 November 2008 |language=en-gb|access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref> However, due to uneven economic growth, Pakistan became a country with extreme wealth inequality. Ayub Khan's policies nourished the capitalist class, whose fortunes amassed, but it oppressed ordinary people with increasing material poverty, as well as intellectual poverty due to rigorous political and cultural censorship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marxistleftreview.org/index.php/no-12-winter-2016/132-the-1968-9-pakistan-revolution-a-students-and-workers-popular-uprising|title=The 1968-9 Pakistan Revolution: a students' and workers' popular uprising|last=Bellingham|first=Justen|website=marxistleftreview.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref> On April 21, 1968, [[Mahbub ul Haq|Dr. Mahbub ul Haq]], then the Chief Economist of the Planning Commission, identified Pakistan's 22 richest families that controlled 66 percent of the industries and owned 87 percent shares in the country's banking and insurance industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/279413|title=People who own greatest amount of wealth|last=Hussain|first=Dilawar|date=2007-12-09|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref> Similarly, the Ayub regime implemented its own version of land reforms, under which a limit was imposed upon land holding. However, it failed miserably, and over 6,000 landowners exceeded his defined ceilings, owning 7.5 million acres of land.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1293604|title=What they never tell us about Ayub Khan's regime|last=Haider|first=Murtaza|date=2016-11-01|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref> The average income in West Pakistan was a mere £35 per year; in East Pakistan, the figure was lower at £15.<ref name="Woods 2018" /> In 1965, [[Elections in Pakistan|presidential elections]] were held. These elections did not extend the franchise to all adults. A few thousand so-called elected representatives of local bodies elected the president. There were wide speculations of election interference which also led to opposition protests.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/presidential-election#prettyPhoto|title=Presidential Election {{!}} Elections were held on January 2, 1965|date=2013-10-25|work=Story Of Pakistan|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref> That same year, Pakistan went to war with [[India]]. The costs of the war put an end to economic growth and saw massive increase in [[Military budget|defence spending]]. Private investment growth in Pakistan saw a 20% decline in the following years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/09/05/the-flipside-of-the-1965-war/|title=The flipside of the 1965 war|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref>

== Movement '68 ==
In the early months of 1968, Ayub Khan celebrated what was called the "Decade of Development", but outraged citizens erupted in protest. In response to the "Decade of Development" in the early weeks of October 1968 the [[National Students Federation]], associated with the [[Maoism|Maoist]] faction of the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]], started holding "Demands Week" protests and a campaign to expose the growing divide between rich and poor. Demands Week started on 7 October 1968 and the first demonstration took place in front of the Board of Secondary Education in Karachi. The movement spread across the country when later in November a group of students from [[Rawalpindi]] were heading back from [[Landi Kotal]], and were stopped at customs checkpoints near [[Attock]]. They were aggressively searched by customs officials and charged with smuggling.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |url=https://archive.org/details/1971-a-global-history-of-the-creation-of-bangladesh |title=1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh |year=2013}}</ref> On returning to Rawalpindi, they staged a protest against their mishandling by police as result of their experience. Protests grew to a sizeable amount, resulting in the police trying to dismantle the protests and shots being fired.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/tribal-tales/|title=Tribal tales ‹ The Friday Times|website=www.thefridaytimes.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref> A student of Rawalpindi Polytechnic College, Abdul Hameed, was shot dead. Already, outraged citizens were protesting against a rise in the price of sugar; the death of Hameed sparked the whole of society and many workers to join.<ref name="Pakistan Labor Party 2005">{{Cite journal|last=Pakistan Labor Party|first=Party|date=19 September 2005|title=Past, Present and Future of Left Movement in Pakistan|url=http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?page=spipdf&spipdf=spipdf_article&id_article=406&nom_fichier=ESSF_article-406|journal=Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières}}</ref> The activist and writer [[Tariq Ali]] narrated the incident in the following words; {{History of Pakistan}}<blockquote>Without any physical provocation the police, who were fully armed with rifles, batons, and tear-gas bombs, opened fire. One bullet hit Abdul Hamid, a first-year student aged seventeen, who died on the spot. Enraged, the students fought back with bricks and paving stones, and there were casualties on both sides.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pakistan: Military Rule or People's Power|last=Ali|first=Tariq|publisher=William Morrow and Company|year=1970|isbn=978-0-224-61864-9}}</ref></blockquote>In February and March 1968, a wave of [[Strike action|strikes]] erupted in the country. On February 13, for the first time in ten years, the red flag was hauled up in [[Lahore]], as more than 25,000 rail workers marched along the main street chanting: "Solidarity with the Chinese people: Destroy capitalism." However, there was no mass Marxist party to provide leadership.<ref name="Woods 2018" /> In the industrial district of [[Lyallpur]], the district administration had to seek the permission of a local labor leader named [[Mukhtar Rana]] to secure the passage of trucks carrying supplies. All attempts at censorship failed. Trains carried word of the revolution and its messages across the country. Workers invented new methods of communication. It was the industrialisation, exploitation, and oppression widening the gulf between rich and poor which brought this change.<ref name="Pakistan Labor Party 2005" /> In an interview for the book, ''Pakistan's Other Story-The 1968–69 Revolution'', [[Munnu Bhai]] revealed some anecdotes from the upsurge. "At a public meeting in Ichra, [[Lahore]], [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] leader [[Abul A'la Maududi|Abul A'la Mawdudi]] held a piece of bread in his one hand and the Holy [[Quran|Koran]] in the other. He asked the crowd, 'Do you want roti (bread) or the Koran?' The people had replied, 'We have the Koran in our homes, but we don't have bread.' "<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://leadpakistan.com.pk/news/munnoo-bhai-a-friend-and-comrade/|title=Munnoo Bhai — a friend and comrade|date=2018-01-22|work=Daily Lead Pakistan|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226144130/http://leadpakistan.com.pk/news/munnoo-bhai-a-friend-and-comrade/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to Mubashar Hasan's book, ''The crises of Pakistan and their solution'',<blockquote>"In this movement, a total of 239 people were killed, 196 in East Pakistan and 43 in West Pakistan. According to details police firing killed 41 in West Pakistan and 88 in East Pakistan. Most of them were students. In East Pakistan, they included Asad, Matiur, Anwar, Rostom, Dr. Shamsuzzoha and Sergeant Zahrul Huq".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxist.com/pakistans-other-story-6.htm|title=Pakistan's Other Story: 6. Witness to Revolution – Veterans of the 1968–69 upheaval|last=Khan|first=Lal|website=www.marxist.com|date=22 May 2009 |language=en-gb|access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref></blockquote>By early 1969, peasant committees and organisations in the country's rural areas joined the movement. In March 1969, a group of senior military men advised Ayub to step down, fearing the eruption of a full-scale civil war in [[East Pakistan]] and the political and social [[anarchy]] in the country's [[West Pakistan|west wing]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1128832|title=Exit stage left: the movement against Ayub Khan|last=InpaperMagazine|first=From|date=2014-08-31|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref> Ayub Khan himself conceded that the movement had paralyzed the functioning of the state and society.<blockquote>"The civilian labor force in [[Port of Karachi|Karachi dockyards]] had struck and stopped work. No loading or unloading of ships was being done. In one case a ship went back empty as it could not be loaded with cotton. [[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani|Bhashani]] has been in Karachi and elsewhere spreading disaffection. Expectations were that the situation was likely to deteriorate".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966–1972|last=Khan|first=Ayub|publisher=Oxford|year=2008|pages=Sunday, 9 March 1969 p.305}}</ref></blockquote>

== Aftermath ==
On the 25th of March, Ayub Khan resigned as President of Pakistan and announced he was turning over the government of the nation to the Army Chief of Staff, General [[Yahya Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19690325.2.8|title=President of Pakistan Out, Army Chief In|last=UPI|date=25 March 1969|work=Desert Sun|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> Two days later, Ayub highlighted the reasons for his resignation in letter to Yahya in the following words;<blockquote>I am left with no option but to step aside and leave it to the Defence Forces of Pakistan, which today represent the only effective and legal instrument, to take full control of the country. They are by the grace of God in a position to retrieve the situation and to save the country from utter chaos and total destruction. They alone can restore sanity and put the country back on the road to progress in a civil and constitutional manner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pakistanspace.tripod.com/archives/69ayub24.htm|title=ARCHIVES|website=pakistanspace.tripod.com|access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref></blockquote>The [[Police Service of Pakistan]] was unable to control the situation and [[Law and order in Pakistan|law and order]] began to deteriorate in the country, especially in the East where the most serious [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan|uprising and riots]] were quelled in 1969. Unrest became so serious that at one point, [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Home]] and [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence Minister]] Vice-Admiral Rahman told the journalists that the "country was under the mob rule and that police were not strong enough to tackle the situation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Conflict, Crisis and War in Pakistan|last=Siddiqui|first=Kalim|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|year=1972}}</ref>" According to the demands of the protesters, the [[One Unit Scheme|One Unit scheme]] was disbanded & the 4 provinces - [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[North-West Frontier Province|North West Frontier Province]] & [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Baluchistan]] were recreated out of West Pakistan. In the [[1970 Pakistani general election]], the [[Awami League (Pakistan)|Awami League]] won 98 percent of the allotted national and provincial assembly seats in East Pakistan, whereas in West Pakistan, the [[Pakistan People's Party]] swept the polls in the region's two largest provinces, Punjab and Sindh. The [[National Awami Party]] performed well in the former NWFP and [[Balochistan]]. Most of the "status quo parties" (such as the many [[List of Muslim League breakaway groups|Muslim League factions]]) and most religious outfits (except Jamaat-e-Islami & [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)|Jamiat Ulema Islam]]) were decimated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/686541|title=1970 polls: When election results created a storm|last=InpaperMagazine|first=From|date=2012-01-08|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{1968 protests}}
{{Revwave}}
{{Marxist and communist phraseology}}
__FORCETOC__

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan movement, 1968}}
[[Category:1968 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1968 protests]]
[[Category:Protests in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1968 in international relations]]
[[Category:Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Political history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Anti-fascism in Pakistan]]

Goods and Services Tax (India)

2026-03-29T11:32:57Z

Sindhupv: fixed issues

{{Short description|Value-added tax in India}}
{{About|the tax |the legislation introducing this tax|One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017 }}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Taxation}}
{{Taxation by country}}
'''The Goods and Services Tax (GST)''' is an indirect tax introduced in India on 1 July 2017, replacing a range of pre-existing taxes like [[Value-added taxation in India|VAT]], service tax, central excise duty, entertainment tax, and octroi. GST unified the country's tax structure, simplifying the taxation of goods and services and eliminating the need for multiple taxes previously levied by both [[Government of India|central]] and [[States and union territories of India|state]] governments.

GST is a comprehensive, multistage, and destination-based tax. It is considered comprehensive because it has replaced most indirect taxes, with a few exceptions for state taxes. The tax is multi-staged as it is levied at every stage of the production process, but is refunded to all parties involved, except the final consumer. Its destination-based nature means that the tax is collected at the point of consumption, rather than at the point of origin, marking a significant departure from previous tax systems.

The tax came into effect from 1 July 2017 through the implementation of the [[One Hundred and First Amendment to the Constitution of India]] by the [[Government of India]]. 1 July is celebrated as GST Day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=What is GST? - Latest Government Jobs |url=https://latestgvtjobs.com/gst/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103054900/https://latestgvtjobs.com/gst/ |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=2023-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

GST was initially structured with multiple tax slabs—0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%, and 40%. However, certain goods such as [[petroleum product]]s, [[alcoholic beverage]]s, and [[electricity]] were excluded from GST and continued to be taxed separately by [[State governments of India|state governments]] under the previous tax system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Garima |title=Unveiling the GST Revolution: A Closer Look at Petroleum Products, Alcoholic Beverages, and Electricity |url=https://mydigitalfiling.in/gst-on-petroleum-products/ |website=My Digital Filing |date=2 November 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102183757/https://mydigitalfiling.in/gst-on-petroleum-products/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, specific items like rough precious and semi-precious stones attracted a special rate of 0.25%, while [[gold]] was taxed at 3%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/all-your-queries-on-gst-answered/article14585151.ece1|title=All your queries on GST answered|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217190813/https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/all-your-queries-on-gst-answered/article14585151.ece1|url-status=live}}</ref> A cess of 22% or other rates applied on top of the 28% GST for certain luxury items such as aerated drinks, luxury cars, and tobacco products.<ref>{{citation|title=GST: Cars, durables face 28% rate; luxury vehicles to attract 15% cess|date=18 May 2017|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gst-cars-durables-face-28-rate-luxury-vehicles-to-attract-15-cess-117051801446_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626025400/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gst-cars-durables-face-28-rate-luxury-vehicles-to-attract-15-cess-117051801446_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Preceding the implementation of GST, the statutory tax rate for most goods was approximately 26.5%, with post-GST rates generally falling in the 18% range.

In a move to stimulate consumption amidst lagging consumer spending and stagnant wages and to mitigate the potential impact of [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration#India|tariffs imposed by the second Trump administration]], the Indian government [[Goods and Services Tax 2.0|announced a significant reduction in GST rates]] on several goods on 3 September 2025. These changes, which came into effect on 22 September 2025, reduced the number of GST slabs from six to three, consolidating them into just two primary rates: 5% and 18%. This restructuring aimed to simplify the tax system and make goods more affordable to consumers.<ref name="p683">{{cite web |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |date=2025-09-04 |title=GST: India makes ACs, tea, school supplies cheaper to mitigate shock of US tariffs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2jljlnw19o |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=BBC Home}}</ref>

The tax rates, rules and regulations are governed by the GST Council which consists of the finance ministers of the [[Minister of Finance (India)|central government]] and all the states. The establishment of the GST, or, more precisely, its implementation, has received significant criticism.<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/film-theatres-in-tamil-nadu-to-begin-indefinite-strike-against-gst/article19198118.ece|title=Film theatres in Tamil Nadu to begin indefinite strike against GST|date=2 July 2017|access-date=3 July 2017|work=The Hindu|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229215549/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/film-theatres-in-tamil-nadu-to-begin-indefinite-strike-against-gst/article19198118.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India set to be a $7 trillion economy by 2030, powered by triple engines of rapid financialisation, clean energy transition and digital revolution |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/finance/news/india-to-double-its-economy-to-7-trillion-by-2030/articleshow/99381185.cms |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604065819/https://www.businessinsider.in/finance/news/india-to-double-its-economy-to-7-trillion-by-2030/articleshow/99381185.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Positive outcomes of the GST includes the reduction in travel time in interstate movement, which the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] claims dropped by 20% owing to the disbanding of interstate check posts.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gst-impact-trucks-travel-time-in-interstate-movement-drops-20-says-govt-117073000276_1.html | title=GST impact: Trucks' travel time in interstate movement drops 20%, says govt | agency=Press Trust of India | date=30 July 2017 | newspaper=Business Standard | access-date=6 February 2020 | archive-date=12 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212005904/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gst-impact-trucks-travel-time-in-interstate-movement-drops-20-says-govt-117073000276_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
== Formation ==
The reform of India's indirect tax regime was initiated in 1986 by [[V. P. Singh]], the Finance Minister in [[Rajiv Gandhi]]’s government, with the introduction of the Modified Value Added Tax (MODVAT). Subsequently, Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] and the Finance Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] initiated preliminary discussions on a [[Value-added tax|Value Added Tax]] (VAT) at the state level.<ref>{{citation|title=Looking back at 's journey: How an idea is now near reality|date=31 March 2017|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/looking-back-at-gsts-journey-how-an-idea-is-now-near-reality-Arun-Jaitley-4593103/|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030045024/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/looking-back-at-gsts-journey-how-an-idea-is-now-near-reality-Arun-Jaitley-4593103/|url-status=live}}</ref> A single common Goods and Services Tax (GST) was proposed and endorsed in 1999 during a meeting between the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and his economic advisory panel, which comprised three former RBI governors [[I. G. Patel]], [[Bimal Jalan]] and [[C. Rangarajan]]. Vajpayee set up a committee headed by the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] of [[West Bengal]], helmed by [[Asim Dasgupta]], to design a GST model.<ref name=it0617>{{citation |title=GST: A 17-year-old dream, 17 phases towards creating history |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/gst-history-Arun-Jaitley-tax-reform-July-1/1/990641.html |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 June 2017 |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213035616/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/gst-history-arun-jaitley-tax-reform-july-1/1/990641.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Asim Dasgupta committee, which was also tasked with putting in place the back-end technology and logistics (later came to be known as the GST Network, or GSTN, in 2015), later came out for unveiling a uniform taxation regime in the country. In 2002, the Vajpayee government constituted a task force under [[Vijay Kelkar]] to recommend tax reforms. In 2005, the Kelkar committee recommended rolling out GST as suggested by the [[Twelfth Finance Commission]].<ref name=it0617/>

After the defeat of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government in the [[2004 Indian general election]] and the ascension of a Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government, the new Finance Minister [[P. Chidambaram]], in February 2006, continued the efforts to implement GST and proposing its rollout by 1 April 2010. However, in 2011, with the [[Trinamool Congress]] routing [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] out of power in [[West Bengal]], Asim Dasgupta resigned as the head of the GST committee. Dasgupta admitted in an interview that 80% of the task had been done.<ref name=it0617/>

The [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] introduced the 115th Constitution Amendment Bill<ref>{{citation|title=115th Constitution Amendment Bill, 2011|url=https://www.cbic.gov.in/htdocs-cbec/gst/consti-amend-bill-115-2011.pdf|publisher=[[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]]|access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref> on 22 March 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution (115th Amendment) Bill 2011 (GSBill)|url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-constitution-one-hundred-and-fifteenth-amendment-bill-2011-gst-bill-1591|publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716171731/https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-constitution-one-hundred-and-fifteenth-amendment-bill-2011-gst-bill-1591|url-status=live}}</ref> in the [[Lok Sabha]] to bring about the GST. It ran into opposition from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and other parties, and was referred to a Standing Committee headed by the BJP's former Finance Minister [[Yashwant Sinha]]. The committee submitted its report in August 2013, but in October 2013, Gujarat Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]], who eventually became the Prime Minister in 2014, raised objections that led to the bill's indefinite postponement.<ref>{{citation|title=17-year-long wait ends; know from where the GST dream started|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/congress-gst-modi-congress-17-years-bjp-1021726-2017-06-30|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=30 June 2017|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718023500/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/congress-gst-modi-congress-17-years-bjp-1021726-2017-06-30|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jairam Ramesh]], the Minister for Rural Development, attributed the GST Bill's failure to the "single handed opposition of Narendra Modi".<ref>{{citation|title=Modi single handedly derailed GST: Jairam Ramesh|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/modi-single-handedly-derailed-gst-jairam-ramesh-113092000290_1.html|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=20 September 2013|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716184305/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/modi-single-handedly-derailed-gst-jairam-ramesh-113092000290_1.html|url-status=live |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of }}</ref>

In the [[2014 Indian general election]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government was elected into power. With the consequential dissolution of the [[15th Lok Sabha]], the GST Bill—approved by the standing committee for reintroduction—lapsed. Seven months after the formation of the [[Government of India|Modi government]], the new Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] introduced the GST Bill in the [[Lok Sabha]], where the BJP had a majority. In February 2015, Jaitley set another deadline of 1 April 2017 to implement GST. In May 2016, the Lok Sabha passed the Constitution Amendment Bill, clearing the way for the GST. However, the Opposition, led by the Congress, sought that the GST Bill be again sent back for review to the Select Committee of the [[Rajya Sabha]] due to disagreements on several clauses in the Bill relating to taxation. In August 2016, the Amendment Bill was passed, becoming The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016.<ref name="101ConstitutionAmendmentAct2016">[https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/consti.101amend.pdf ''The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016''], date of assent: 08 September 2016</ref> Within the next 15 to 20 days, 18 states ratified the Bill, and President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] gave his assent to it.<ref>{{citation|title=Goods and Services Tax: History of India's biggest tax reform and people who made it possible|date=29 Jun 2017|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/business/india-goods-and-services-tax-history-of-india-s-biggest-tax-reform-and-people-who-made-it-possible-388702|work=[[India TV]]|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702170634/http://www.indiatvnews.com/business/india-goods-and-services-tax-history-of-india-s-biggest-tax-reform-and-people-who-made-it-possible-388702|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=GST: Meet the men behind India's biggest tax reform that's been in making for 17 years|date=29 June 2017|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/goods-and-services-gst-reformers-atal-bihari-asim-dasgupta-chidambaram-arun-jaitley-985352-2017-06-29|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212044002/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/goods-and-services-gst-reformers-atal-bihari-asim-dasgupta-chidambaram-arun-jaitley/1/989930.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 21-member selected committee was formed to look into the proposed GST laws.<ref>{{citation|last=Nair|first=Remya|title=Rajya Sabha panel to hear GST concerns on 16 June|date=8 June 2015|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PC6MEiMyZ870VZveGuU3yJ/Rajya-Sabha-panel-to-hear-GST-concerns-on-16-June.html|work=[[Live Mint]]|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703183808/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PC6MEiMyZ870VZveGuU3yJ/Rajya-Sabha-panel-to-hear-GST-concerns-on-16-June.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the GST Council approved the Central Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017, the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017, the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Bill 2017, and the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to the States) Bill 2017 were passed by the Lok Sabha on 29 March 2017. The Rajya Sabha passed these Bills on 6 April 2017, whereupon they were enacted as Acts on 12 April 2017. Thereafter, the legislatures of different states passed their respective State Goods and Services Tax Bills. After the enactment of various GST laws, the Goods and Services Tax was launched all over India with effect from 1 July 2017.<ref>{{citation |title=GST rollout: All except J-K pass State GST legislation |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/gst-rollout-all-except-jammu-kashmir-pass-state-gst-legislation-4716003/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017 |archive-date=21 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621233636/http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/gst-rollout-all-except-jammu-kashmir-pass-state-gst-legislation-4716003/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir state legislature passed its GST act on 7 July 2017, thereby ensuring that the entire nation was brought under a unified indirect taxation system. There was to be no GST on the sale and purchase of securities. That continues to be governed by [[Securities Transaction Tax]] (STT).<ref>{{citation|title=GST draft makes it must for companies to pass tax benefit to costumers|date=27 November 2016|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/GST-draft-makes-it-must-for-companies-to-pass-tax-benefit-to-consumers/articleshow/55643968.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819100430/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/GST-draft-makes-it-must-for-companies-to-pass-tax-benefit-to-consumers/articleshow/55643968.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Implementation ==
The GST was launched at midnight on 1 July 2017 by the [[President of India]], and the [[Government of India]]. The launch was commemorated by a symbolic midnight session (30 June – 1 July) of both the houses convened at the Central Hall of the Parliament. Though the session was attended by distinguished dignitaries from the business and the entertainment industries, it was boycotted by the opposition due to its apprehension over looming concerns for the middle and lower class Indians following its implementation. The tax was strongly opposed by the largest opposition party, the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{citation|title=GST Rollout Attendees|date=30 June 2017|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/gst-rollout-from-pm-narendra-modi-amit-shah-to-amitabh-bachchan-lata-mangeshkar-here-is-full-guest-list-for-midnight-bash-at-parliament/742255/|work=Financial Express|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703205014/http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/gst-rollout-from-pm-narendra-modi-amit-shah-to-amitabh-bachchan-lata-mangeshkar-here-is-full-guest-list-for-midnight-bash-at-parliament/742255/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> It is one of the few midnight sessions that have been held by the parliament, the others being the [[Tryst with Destiny|declaration of India's independence]] on 15 August 1947, and the [[Silver jubilee|silver]] and [[golden jubilee]]s of that occasion.<ref name="auto">{{citation|title=GST launch: Times when the Parliament convened for a session at midnight|date=30 June 2017|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gst-launch-times-when-the-parliament-convened-for-a-session-at-midnight/story-c55g94ewrOMefUvQJVFSEO.html|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701002747/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gst-launch-times-when-the-parliament-convened-for-a-session-at-midnight/story-c55g94ewrOMefUvQJVFSEO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Members of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] boycotted the GST launch altogether.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Ms5Zos7k0pEghqknSkimoO/GST-launch-in-Parliament-Congress-boycotts-as-NCP-JDU-JD.html|title=GST launch divides opposition|last=PTI|date=2017-06-30|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2018-01-22|archive-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072237/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Ms5Zos7k0pEghqknSkimoO/GST-launch-in-Parliament-Congress-boycotts-as-NCP-JDU-JD.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They were joined by members of the [[Trinamool Congress]], [[List of communist parties in India|Communist Parties of India]] and the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. The parties reported that they found virtually no difference between the GST and the existing taxation system, claiming that the government was trying to merely rebrand the current taxation system.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reddy|first=G. B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNsDEAAAQBAJ&dq=The+parties+reported+that+they+found+virtually+no+difference+between+the+GST+and+the+existing+taxation+system%2C+claiming+that+the+government+was+trying+to+merely+rebrand+the+current+taxation+system&pg=PT775|title=Burning India|date=2020-10-20|publisher=BecomeShakespeare.com|isbn=978-93-90266-43-2|language=en|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112150832/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNsDEAAAQBAJ&dq=The+parties+reported+that+they+found+virtually+no+difference+between+the+GST+and+the+existing+taxation+system%2C+claiming+that+the+government+was+trying+to+merely+rebrand+the+current+taxation+system&pg=PT775#v=onepage&q=The%20parties%20reported%20that%20they%20found%20virtually%20no%20difference%20between%20the%20GST%20and%20the%20existing%20taxation%20system%2C%20claiming%20that%20the%20government%20was%20trying%20to%20merely%20rebrand%20the%20current%20taxation%20system&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> They also argued that the GST would increase existing rates on common daily goods while reducing rates on luxury items, and affect many Indians adversely, especially the middle, lower middle and poorer income groups, who constitute the vast majority of Indians.<ref>{{citation|title=Congress To Boycott GST Launch, Arun Jaitley Suggests Broader Shoulders|date=29 June 2017|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/manmohan-singh-will-not-be-on-stage-at-midnight-goods-and-services-tax-gst-launch-1718417|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630225122/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/manmohan-singh-will-not-be-on-stage-at-midnight-goods-and-services-tax-gst-launch-1718417|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Dissolution of the National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA) ==
Introduced as part of the original GST rollout in July 2017, the anti-profiteering framework was established through Section 171(2) of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, which mandated that any reduction in tax rates or the availability of input tax credits be passed on to consumers through a commensurate reduction in prices. To enforce this, the government set up the National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA) in November 2017 as a statutory body tasked with investigating unfair profiteering practices by registered suppliers.

Initially constituted for a two-year term, the NAA was granted multiple extensions as profiteering concerns persisted. However, the institutional structure underwent gradual modification: from 1 December 2022, the authority to handle anti-profiteering complaints was transferred to the [[Competition Commission of India]] (CCI). A subsequent notification dated 1 October 2024 empowered the Principal Bench of the GST Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT) to assume adjudicatory jurisdiction. The same notification also set 1 April 2025 as the official sunset date for the anti-profiteering provisions under GST law, after which no new complaints would be accepted. Existing complaints lodged before this date continue to be adjudicated by GSTAT.

The government cited simplification of compliance and a reliance on market forces for the discontinuation of the statutory anti-profiteering mechanism, though the long-term impact on consumer protection remains to be assessed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-10 |title=GST 2.0: Amid concern of 'profiteering', FinMin to compile price data of common use items |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/gst-2-0-amid-concern-of-profiteering-finmin-to-compile-price-data-of-common-use-items-10240562/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== 2025 reforms ==
While the concept of a simplified Goods and Services Tax had been debated for years, particularly by opposition leaders like [[Rahul Gandhi]] as early as 2018—who, in the run-up to the then impending [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]], stated that if elected, his government would implement a unified GST slab—<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-13 |title=Only one slab of GST after we come to power: Rahul Gandhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/only-one-slab-of-gst-after-we-come-to-power-rahul-gandhi/articleshow/65390016.cms |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the formal emergence of rationalisation of GST rates as a government-led initiative finally took shape in early 2025.

During a public interaction in 2018, Gandhi criticized the then-existing multi-slab structure and argued that multiple rates encouraged corruption. His remarks marked one of the earliest high-profile proposals in favour of a single GST rate in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-24 |title=Congress would bring one GST slab, if voted to power, says Rahul Gandhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/congress-would-bring-one-gst-slab-if-voted-to-power-says-rahul-gandhi-5110121/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The tiered GST framework in India, frequently denounced for its structural complexity and arbitrariness, was perhaps best illustrated by the differential tax rates applied to popcorn: 5% for salted loose popcorn, 12% for packaged popcorn, and 18% for its caramelised variant.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schipani |first1=Andres |last2=Venugopal |first2=Veenu |last3=Kay |first3=Chris |date=3 September 2025 |title=India tackles three-tier popcorn tax as Trump tariffs spur reform |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a0620606-8fdd-46d5-8f6d-704a253ece48 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman|Sitharaman's]] attempt to defend the seemingly arbitrary popcorn tax only amplified public outrage, with critics mocking the government's labyrinthine GST regime as disconnected from common sense.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-24 |title=As 18% GST debate on caramel popcorn continues, a look at the popular snack's history and evolution |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/18-percent-gst-debate-caramel-popcorn-food-history-nirmala-sitharaman-9741925/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The proposal to revamp GST rates gained traction in policy circles in subsequent years. The idea was eventually formalized by the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], which launched a review of the 2017 GST framework. Several expert committees were formed to analyse which goods and services should be taxed at lower or higher rates, with a focus on equity, simplicity, and growth.<ref>{{Cite news |last='D'Souza' |first=Rohan |date=21 September 2025 |title=New GST rates HIGHLIGHTS: 90% of GST benefits will flow to end customers, govt. estimates |work=[[CNBC]] |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Dev |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 in action: How govt is making Diwali savings real for consumers |work=[[The Economic Times]] |pages=2}}</ref> Positioned as both a continuation and an upgrade of the original 2017 GST framework,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Ram |date=21 September 2025 |title=Maruti Suzuki cuts car prices after GST 2.0: Check full list of reduced prices of Brezza, Alto, Swift and others |work=[[The Times of India]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ajit |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 to enhance ease of living, doing business: PM Modi |work=[[DD News]] |pages=3}}</ref> these reforms aimed to simplify the tax structure, reduce compliance burdens for businesses, and recalibrate rates to better suit the evolving economic landscape.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen Sharma |first=Alok |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 to take effect from September 22: Full list of what gets cheaper |work=[[India TV]] |pages=2}}</ref>

On 15 August 2025, the Prime Minister publicly announced his government's intention to rationalise GST rate slabs in anticipation of [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ohri |first1=Nikunj |last2=Ahmed |first2=Aftab |last3=Kalra |first3=Aditya |last4=Ohri |first4=Nikunj |last5=Kalra |first5=Aditya |date=2025-08-18 |title=Modi's tax overhaul to strain finances but boost image amid US trade tensions |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/modis-tax-overhaul-strain-finances-boost-image-amid-us-trade-tensions-2025-08-17/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Thereafter, the new rates, comprising two primary rates of 5% and 18%, were announced, and, on 22 September 2025, the reforms [[Official|officially]] came into effect across [[India]]. The rollout included detailed guidelines for [[Business|businesses]], online portals for filing returns, and public awareness campaigns to help citizens understand the changes. It was widely perceived as an effort to make [[India]]’s indirect [[Tax|tax system]] more adaptive, transparent, and [[Efficiency|efficient]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Anubhav |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0: These lifesaving drugs and medicines get cheaper from Monday after rate cuts — Check full list |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shinde |first=Shilpa |date=21 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0: Individual Health Insurance Premiums To Be GST-Free From Tomorrow |work=[[NDTV]] |pages=2}}</ref> The unveiling of the GST reforms occurred against the backdrop of the [[2025 United States–India diplomatic and trade crisis|second Trump administration imposing tariffs on India]], which are anticipated to have a major impact on the Indian economy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-21 |title=GST: Modi's tax cuts will give India a festive spending boost |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c04qd2lkq23o |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] expects the GST reforms will mitigate the effects of the American tariffs, which will have significant implications on over half of India's $85 billion annual exports to the US. Furthermore, the rate cuts were spurred by a desire to stimulate consumer spending amidst stagnating wages and depleting discretionary spending capacity of India consumers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Client Challenge |url=https://www.ft.com/content/54c0f35b-7b2b-4cf6-9b2a-5f1df838b3e6 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.ft.com}}</ref>

Following the implementation of the reforms, the [[Government of India|government]] monitored its impact on different sectors. Industries like [[manufacturing]], [[retail]], and [[Service (economics)|services]] experienced changes in compliance procedures, while consumers noticed adjustments in prices for everyday [[goods]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desai |first=Prakash |date=21 September 2025 |title=PM Modi Address Highlights: GST 2.0 makes essentials, homes, vehicles, and travel affordable |work=[[CNBC]] |pages=2}}</ref>

However, at the heels of the reform rollout, the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] clarified that the government had no intentions of reviving the National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA). Instead, the Finance Ministry indicated that it would rely on market competition to ensure that reductions in GST rates are passed on to consumers through lower retail prices.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-19 |title='No plan to revive anti-profiteering rules under GST' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/no-plan-to-revive-anti-profiteering-rules-under-gst/articleshow/123984802.cms |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Economic and fiscal impact of reforms ===
The [[Government of India|government]] anticipates a [[revenue]] loss of approximately ₹93,000 [[crore]] resulting from the reduction in GST rates across various sectors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Poojary |first=Anand |date=21 September 2025 |title=Want GST 2.0 to be Good and Simple Tax not Growth Supporting Tax: Cong |work=[[Udayavani]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mallik |first=Zen |date=22 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 Rollout Today, Sept 22: Full List Of What Gets Cheaper, What Costs More |work=[[News18]] |pages=2}}</ref> Conversely, the introduction of a 40% GST slab is expected to generate an additional ₹45,000 [[crore]] in [[revenue]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Upsani |first=Siddharth |date=21 September 2025 |title=PM Modi says 'GST savings festival' begins tomorrow: with lower prices, how household budgets are set for boost |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Salman |date=21 September 2025 |title=New GST Rates Live Updates: PM Modi's Strong Message - Pride Lies In 'Made in India' Goods |work=[[ET Now]] |pages=1}}</ref> Considering both the [[revenue]] loss and the additional revenue, the net impact is estimated to be a loss of around ₹48,000 [[crore]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rathore |first=Vishal |date=20 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0 a tax revolution, says FM Nirmala Sitharaman |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |pages=1}}</ref> Analysts estimate this measure will strain the exchequer considerably, more so in the light of tepid uptick in revenue collection. It has also been stated this rationalisation will have considerable negative impact on government spending on infrastructure too.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-21 |title=GST: Modi's tax cuts will give India a festive spending boost |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c04qd2lkq23o |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Despite the [[Net income|net revenue]] loss, the [[Reform|reforms]] are projected to stimulate consumer spending. According to [[State Bank of India|SBI]] [[Research]], the direct consumption boost is speculated to be around ₹70,000 [[crore]], with total additional [[Aggregate data|aggregate]] demand reaching ₹1.98 [[lakh]] [[crore]] due to the multiplier effect.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheikh |first=Ali |date=20 September 2025 |title=Amul passes on Full GST 2.0 Reduction Benefit to Customers; 700+ products to get cheaper |work=[[Udayavani]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Jagdish |date=21 September 2025 |title=Rajasthan govt to host week-long 'GST Savings Festival' from Sept 22-29 |work=[[Business Standard]] |pages=2}}</ref>

==Tax==
===Taxes subsumed===
The single GST <ref>{{cite news |title= How to Register for GST in India |url= https://gstcalculatorau.com/how-to-register-for-gst-in-india/ |access-date= 29 April 2023 |archive-date= 29 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230429230323/https://gstcalculatorau.com/how-to-register-for-gst-in-india/ |url-status= live }}</ref> subsumed several taxes and levies, which includes central excise duty, [[Service tax|services tax]], additional customs duty, [[Fee|surcharges]], state-level [[Value-added taxation in India|value added tax]] and octroi.<ref>{{citation|title=What is GST, how is it different from now: Decoding the indirect tax regime|date=17 April 2017|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/what-is-gst-how-is-it-different-from-now-decoding-the-indirect-tax-regime-117041700033_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=18 August 2019|last1=Dhasmana|first1=Indivjal|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811122618/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/what-is-gst-how-is-it-different-from-now-decoding-the-indirect-tax-regime-117041700033_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=GST may swallow all taxes but cess|date=20 September 2016|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/gst-may-swallow-all-taxes-but-cess-116092000011_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920124937/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/gst-may-swallow-all-taxes-but-cess-116092000011_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other levies that were applicable on inter-state transportation of goods have also been done away with in the GST regime.<ref name="ndtv11162">{{citation|title=On Notes Ban, Firm Warning From West Bengal To Centre: GST Now At Risk|date=30 November 2016|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gst-now-at-risk-after-notes-ban-warns-bengal-says-other-states-agree-1632325|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=2 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602104852/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gst-now-at-risk-after-notes-ban-warns-bengal-says-other-states-agree-1632325|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="toi01172">{{citation|title=Finance minister Arun Jaitley may hike service tax to 16-18% in Budget|date=30 January 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/finance-minister-arun-jaitley-may-hike-service-tax-to-16-18-in-budget/articleshow/56853628.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519002307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/finance-minister-arun-jaitley-may-hike-service-tax-to-16-18-in-budget/articleshow/56853628.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> GST is levied on all transactions such as sale, transfer, purchase, barter, lease, or import of goods and/or services.

India adopted a dual GST model, meaning that taxation is administered by both the Union and state governments. Transactions made within a single state are levied with Central GST (CGST) by the Central Government and State GST (SGST) by the State governments. For inter-state transactions and imported goods or services, an Integrated GST (IGST) is levied by the Central Government. GST is a consumption-based tax/destination-based tax; therefore, taxes are paid by the state where the goods or services are consumed not the state in which they were produced. IGST complicates tax collection for state governments by preventing them from directly collecting the tax owed to them from the central government. Under the previous system, each state could collect tax revenue directly from a single authority, making the process simpler.<ref name="moneycontrol2">{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/gst-the-illustrative-guide-to-how-transactions-will-take-place-after-2274785.html|title=GST: The illustrative guide to how transactions will take place after tax reform|website=Money Control|date=9 May 2017 |access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603173710/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/gst-the-illustrative-guide-to-how-transactions-will-take-place-after-2274785.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Revenue Neutral Rate ===
RNR is a single GST rate that generates exactly the same revenue as the pre-GST content taxes (Central and States combined) in a given base year. This ensures fiscal neutrality during the transition period.<ref>https://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-02/cea-rpt-rnr.pdf</ref><ref>https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/key-amendments-proposed-to-the-constitution-amendment-bill-on-gst?page=36&per-page=1</ref><ref>https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/918831542619297197/pdf/GST-final-IDU.pdf</ref>

Formula (simple version used by the Committee):
RNR = R/B

where:

R = Total revenue from subsumed taxes in the base year (₹ lakh crore, excluding liquor/property as it is not falled under GST and still exist with STATE VAT).

B = Estimated GST tax base (taxable value of goods + services after exemptions, input credits, exports, thresholds, etc.).

* revenue-neutral rate of 15-15.5% as suggested by the committee headed by Chief Economic Advisor Arvind Subramanian.<ref>https://prsindia.org/budgets/discussionpapers/state-of-state-finances-2023-24</ref><ref>https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news-by-numbers/graphic-of-the-day-sbi-report-projects-declining-trend-for-indias-effective-gst-rate/96638/1?fbclid=IwY2xjawQ1t5ZleHRuA2FlbQIxMQBicmlkETEwdFVwMTc4cVJmcXZTcGswc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHn8wqG-AI_xHm57YI5uKnro4w9iZnX6zsoxxfEx_qLeybHMHL0RK9x3zaWza_aem_QByDDazHOuB0pUngix78Fw</ref>
The committee proposed 12% (lower tax), 17-18% for standard rate and 40% sin tax.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/cea-led-committee-suggests-gst-rate-of-17-18-per-cent/articleshow/50049187.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst</ref><ref>https://inc.in/key-issues/not-a-good-and-simple-tax</ref>

On 01 July 2017, the GST Council, during the initial tax assessment, classified about 1,211 items (based on HSN codes/customs duty categories) into the following tax brackets: 0% or zero rate, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=167020&reg=3&lang=2#:~:text=The%20GST%20Council%20has%20fixed,products%20will%20invite%20higher%20tax.&text=Many%20countries%20in%20the%20world,and%20real%20estate%20among%20others.</ref><ref>https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/918831542619297197/pdf/GST-final-IDU.pdf</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/government-adopted-pro-poor-approach-in-gst-implementation-revenues-reached-pre-gst-levels-nirmala-sitharaman/articleshow/109891298.cms?from=mdr</ref><ref>https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/gst-council-likely-to-raise-lowest-slab-to-8-bring-essential-items-under-tax-net/90071144</ref>

=== HSN code ===
India is a member of [[World Customs Organization]] (WCO) since 1971. From the outset, India originally used 6-digit HSN codes to classify commodities for Customs and Central Excise. The Customs and Central Excise eventually added two more digits to make the codes more precise, resulting in an 8 digit classification. The purpose of HSN codes is to make GST systematic and globally accepted.

The [[Harmonized System|Harmonized System of Nomenclature]] (HSN) code is used for classifying goods under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. The HSN code is a six-digit code that uniquely identifies a product. The first two digits of the code identify the chapter, the next two digits identify the heading, and the last two digits identify the subheading.

HSN codes eliminate the need to upload detailed descriptions of goods, thereby saving time and simplifying the filing process, especially as GST returns are increasingly automated.

If a company has turnover up to {{INRConvert|15|m}} in the preceding financial year, then it need not mention the HSN code while supplying goods on invoices. If a company has turnover more than {{INRConvert|15|m}} but up to {{INRConvert|50|m}}, then it needs to mention the first two digits of HSN code while supplying goods on invoices. If its turnover crosses {{INRConvert|50|m}} then it needs to mention the first 4 digits of HSN code on invoices.

===Rate===
As of 22 September 2025, GST in India follows a simplified structure with four standard rates: 0% and 5% for essential goods and services, 18% as the standard rate, and 40% for luxury and sin goods.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=InternetZindagi |date=5 September 2025 |title=GST 2.0: अब केवल 5%, 18% और 40% स्लैब – 22 सितंबर से लागू होगा नया ढांचा |url=https://internetzindagi.com/gst-2-0-now-only-5-18-and-40-gst-new-structure-to-be-implemented-from-september-22/ |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> These changes were introduced by the Indian government on 3 September 2025 to boost consumption and mitigate the impact of [[Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration#India|tariffs imposed by Trump administration]], and came into effect later 22 September, onwards.<ref name="p683" /> This reform eliminated the 12% and 28% GST slabs, significantly simplifying the overall tax structure.

In his Independence Day speech in 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that GST rate changes would be implemented by Diwali, an announcement fulfilled through the September 2025 reforms.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-17 |title=GST reform plan: PM Modi seeks states' backing on draft proposal, promises double Diwali bonus for people |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gst-reform-plan-pm-modi-seeks-states-backing-on-draft-proposal-promises-double-diwali-bonus-for-people/articleshow/123344968.cms |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The GST is imposed at variable rates on variable items. Preceding the reforms of September 2025, GST commenced with multiple slab rates, namely 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28% and 40%. Several essential goods were exempt from GST, including dairy products, products of milling industries, fresh vegetables and fruits, meat products, and other basic groceries and necessities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/gst-rollout-gst-council-arun-jaitley-parliament-list-of-items-exempted-from-taxation-4728982/ |title=GST rollout: List of items exempted from taxation |date=2017-06-30 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2017-07-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730211918/http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/gst-rollout-gst-council-arun-jaitley-parliament-list-of-items-exempted-from-taxation-4728982/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the introduction of GST in July 2017, check-posts across the country were gradually abolished, enabling faster movement of goods and reducing logistics time.<ref>{{citation |title=22 states scrap checkposts for smooth GST rollout |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-states-scrap-checkposts-for-smooth-gst-rollout/articleshow/59432654.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704211334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-states-scrap-checkposts-for-smooth-gst-rollout/articleshow/59432654.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> This was further supported by the subsuming of [[octroi]] within the GST framework.

To protect states' revenue interests, the Central Government, in the months preceding the GST rollout in 2017, proposed a compensation mechanism and anticipated the eventual inclusion of petroleum and petroleum products under GST. States were assured compensation for any revenue loss for five years from the implementation of GST. However, no binding legislation has yet been enacted to formalize this commitment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/news/States-on-Board-GST-Launch-from-April-16/2014/12/10/article2564347.ece |title='States on Board, GST Launch from April '16' |work=newindianexpress.com |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803102414/http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/news/States-on-Board-GST-Launch-from-April-16/2014/12/10/article2564347.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref> In an effort to ensure stability, the GST Council adopted a concept paper discouraging frequent changes to GST rates.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-council-adopts-concept-paper-discouraging-tinkering-with-rates/articleshow/60997548.cms |title=GST council adopts concept paper discouraging tinkering with rates |last=Sikarwar |first=Deepshikha |date=2017-10-09 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2017-10-09 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194205/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-council-adopts-concept-paper-discouraging-tinkering-with-rates/articleshow/60997548.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

The central government released {{INRConvert|352.98|b}} to states as GST compensation. For the implementation, this amount was given to states to compensate for the revenue. Central government has had to face many criticisms for delays in compensation.

===E-way bill ===
An e-Way Bill is an electronic permit for shipping goods similar to a [[waybill]]. It is an electronic bill; there is no requirement for a paper bill. It was made mandatory for inter-state transport of goods from 1 June 2018. It is required to be generated for every inter-state movement of goods beyond {{convert|10|km|mi}} for merchandise worth above {{INRConvert|50|k}}.<ref>{{citation |title=Businesses, govt gear up for E-Way Bill |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/businesses-govt-gear-up-for-eway-bill/article10051645.ece |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=25 January 2018 |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101082947/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/businesses-govt-gear-up-for-eway-bill/article10051645.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Registered GST taxpayers can register in the e-Way Bill Portal using GSTIN. Unregistered persons or transporters can enrol in the e-Way Bill System by providing their [[Permanent account number|PAN]] and [[Aadhaar]]. Suppliers, recipients, and transporters can generate the e-Way Bill.

The validity of e-Way Bill is fixed as one day for every 200 km or part thereof. The validity can be extended online before its expiration.

Contents of Part-A of the Form EWB-01 cannot be edited or modified once generated. Part-B can be updated with vehicle details/ RR/Airway Bill etc.

=== Intra-state e-way bill ===
The five states piloting the project—Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh, which together accounted for 61.8% of inter-state e-way bills—began mandatory intra-state e-way bill implementation on 15 April 2018 to further curb tax evasion.<ref name="timesofindia_63706581">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/after-e-way-bill-govt-eyes-tools-to-check-gst-evasion/articleshow/63706581.cms|title=After e-way bill, government eyes tools to check GST evasion|website=The Times of India|date=11 April 2018 |access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411194436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/after-e-way-bill-govt-eyes-tools-to-check-gst-evasion/articleshow/63706581.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was successfully introduced in Karnataka from 1 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/interstate-e-way-bill-phased-roll-out-from-april-15/1128842/|title = Interstate e-way bill: Phased roll-out from April 15|date = 11 April 2018|access-date = 11 April 2018|archive-date = 12 April 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180412002755/http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/interstate-e-way-bill-phased-roll-out-from-april-15/1128842/|url-status = live}}</ref> The intrastate e-way bill paved the way for a seamless, nationwide single e-way bill system. Six more states—Jharkhand, Bihar, Tripura, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Haryana—rolled it out from 20 April 2018. All states were mandated to introduce it by 30 May 2018.

===Reverse charge mechanism===
Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM) is a system in GST where the receiver pays the tax on behalf of unregistered, smaller material and service suppliers. The receiver of the goods is eligible for Input Tax Credit (ITC), while the unregistered dealer is not.

=== Goods excluded from the GST ===
* Tobacco products: Products like cigarettes and other tobacco-based items attract separate taxes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Naresh |title=GST Return Filing in Ballabgarh |url=https://anbifm.in/gst-return-filing-in-ballabgarh |website=ANB |access-date=23 October 2023 |location=Ballabgarh |date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103060404/https://anbifm.in/gst-return-filing-in-ballabgarh |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Alcohol for human consumption (i.e., not for commercial use).
* Petrol and petroleum products (while the government stated during the introduction of GST in 2017 that these items would eventually be brought under GST, as of 2025, no concrete progress has been made): petroleum crude, high-speed diesel, motor spirit (petrol), natural gas, aviation turbine fuel.<ref name="times of india_63706581">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/after-e-way-bill-govt-eyes-tools-to-check-gst-evasion/articleshow/63706581.cms|title=After e-way bill, government eyes tools to check GST evasion|website=Times of India|date=11 April 2018 |access-date=11 April 2018|archive-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411194436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/after-e-way-bill-govt-eyes-tools-to-check-gst-evasion/articleshow/63706581.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Revenue distribution==
Revenue earned from GST on intra-state transactions—where both the seller and the buyer are located in the same state—is shared equally between the central and the respective state governments, on a 50:50 basis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groww.in/p/tax/sgst/|title=SGST - State Goods and Service Tax | Features & Examples of SGST|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126004624/https://groww.in/p/tax/sgst/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groww.in/p/tax/cgst/|title=CGST (Central Goods and Service Tax) - Meaning & Rates Slab|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930183516/https://groww.in/p/tax/cgst/|url-status=live}}</ref> For instance, if the state of [[Goa]] collects a total GST revenue of ₹100 million (US$1.2 million) from intra-state transactions in January, then ₹50 million (US$590,000) would be allocated to the [[Government of India|Central Government]] as Central GST (CGST), while the remaining ₹50 million (US$590,000) would go to the [[Government of Goa]] as State GST (SGST).<ref name="groww.in">{{Cite web|url=https://groww.in/p/gst/|title=What is GST? - Goods and Services Tax in India|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001155423/https://groww.in/p/gst/|url-status=live}}</ref>

For inter-state transactions, where the seller and buyer are located in different states, the Integrated GST (IGST) is collected by the Central Government and subsequently shared with the state where the goods are consumed (imported).<ref name="groww.in"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://groww.in/p/tax/igst-integrated-goods-and-services-tax/|title=IGST - Integrated Goods and Services Tax | Meaning & Example|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930202510/https://groww.in/p/tax/igst-integrated-goods-and-services-tax/|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, if a seller ‘A’ from Goa sells a product to a buyer ‘B’ located in Punjab, the IGST collected on this transaction is shared equally on an equal between the Central Government and the Punjab State Government.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==GST Council==
The GST Council is the governing body responsible for overseeing the implementation and regulation of the Goods and Services Tax in India. It consists of 33 members—including 2 members from the [[Government of India]] and 31 members from 28 states and 3 Union Territories with legislatures. The Council acts as the apex decision-making committee, empowered to modify, reconcile, or introduce laws and regulations related to GST in India. The council also makes recommendations to the Parliament of India regarding the creation or amendment of laws concerning taxes on goods and services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2016 |title=The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016 |url=https://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/consti-amend-act.pdf |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=Goods and Services Tax Council (GST) |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice}}</ref> The Council is overseen by the [[Union Finance Minister]] and is assisted by the finance ministers of all the states.

The council comprises the following members:

* The Union Finance Minister, who serves as the Chairperson;
* The [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Ministers of State]] in charge of revenue or finance;
* The finance or taxation ministers (or other nominated ministers) from each state government.

[[Nirmala Sitharaman]], in her capacity as the Union Finance Minister, is the incumbent Chairperson of the GST Council.

The 54th GST Council Meeting was held on 9 Sept 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=54th Meeting of the GST Council |url=https://cbic-gst.gov.in/pdf/Press-Release-54-GSTC-090924.pdf |website=Ministry of Finance}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goods & Service Tax Council |url=https://gstcouncil.gov.in/gst-council-meetings |website=Goods & Service Tax Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=GST Council Meeting Key Takeaways: From medical insurance premium to rate rationalisation, here's what Sitharaman & Co decided |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/54-gst-council-meeting-10-key-takeaways-infosys-tax-case-online-gaming-foreign-airline-taxes-health-insurance-premium-gst-news-latest-nirmala-sitharaman/articleshow/113195529.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

===Current members of the GST council===
{{wikitable| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" width="auto" style="text-align: center"
!S.No.
!Member<ref name="council">{{cite web |title=gstcouncil.gov.in |url=https://gstcouncil.gov.in/gst-council-member |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306083321/https://gstcouncil.gov.in/gst-council-member |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Portfolio
|-
!1.
|[[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|[[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Finance Minister]]
|-
!2.
|[[Pankaj Chaudhary]]
|[[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of State (Finance)]]
|-
!3.
|[[Payyavula Keshav]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
!4.
|[[Chowna Mein]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]
|-
!5.
|[[Ajanta Neog]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Assam]]
|-
!6.
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
!7.
|[[O. P. Choudhary]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
|-
!8.
|[[Atishi]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Delhi]]
|-
!9.
|[[Pramod Sawant]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Goa]]
|-
!10.
|[[Kanubhai Desai]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Gujarat]]
|-
!11.
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Haryana]]
|-
!12.
|[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
!13.
|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Jammu & Kashmir]]
|-
!14.
|[[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
|Minister for Finance [[Government of Jharkhand]]
|-
!15.
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
|Finance Minister [[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
|16
|[[K. N. Balagopal]]
|Finance Minister, Kerala
|-
|17
|[[Jagdish Devda]]
|Deputy Chief Minister, Madhya Pradesh
|-
|18
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|Deputy Chief Minister, Maharashtra
|-
|19
|[[Sapam Ranjan Singh]]
|Minister For Medical, Health, and Family Welfare Department, Manipur
|-
|20
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|Chief Minister, Meghalaya
|-
|21
|[[Lalduhoma]]
|Chief Minister, Mizoram
|-
|22
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|Chief Minister, Nagaland
|-
|23
|[[Niranjan Pujari]]
|Minister of Finance and Excise, Odisha
|-
|24
|[[K. Lakshminarayanan]]
|Public Works Minister, Puducherry
|-
|25
|[[Harpal Singh Cheema]]
|Finance Minister, Punjab
|-
|26
|[[Diya Kumari]]
|Deputy Chief Minister, Rajasthan
|-
|27
|[[Bedu Singh Panth]]
|Minister for Tourism, Civil Aviation and Industries, Sikkim
|-
|28
|[[Thangam Thennarasu]]
|Minister for Finance, Human Resource Management, Tamil Nadu
|-
|29
|[[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]]
|Finance Minister, Telangana
|-
|30
|[[Pranjit Singha Roy]]
|Finance Minister, Tripura
|-
|31
|[[Suresh Kumar Khanna]]
|Minister for Finance, Parliamentary Affairs, and Medical Education, Uttar Pradesh
|-
|32
|[[Premchand Aggarwal]]
|Finance Minister, Uttarakhand
|-
|33
|[[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]
|Minister of State for Finance, West Bengal
|-
}}

==Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN)==
The GSTN software, developed by [[Infosys|Infosys Technologies]], operates on an IT infrastructure maintained by the [[National Informatics Centre|National Informatics Centre (NIC)]]. The Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN) is a non-profit organization established to create a centralized, secure portal for stakeholders, government agencies, and taxpayers. This portal enables tax authorities to monitor transactions effectively, while providing taxpayers seamless access for filing returns and managing their tax obligations.

The GSTN's authorized capital is ₹100 million (US$1.2 million). Initially, the Central Government and state governments each held 24.5% of the shares, while the remaining 51% were held by non-government financial institutions: [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]] and [[HDFC Bank]] (20%), [[ICICI Bank]] (10%), NSE Strategic Investment (10%), and LIC Housing Finance (11%).<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.gstn.org/about-us/|title=About Us – GSTN|website=gstn.org|access-date=2018-02-06|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623141334/http://www.gstn.org/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/gst-pivot-faces-nationalise-call/cid/1481428|title=GST pivot faces call|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=21 January 2019|archive-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232721/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/gst-pivot-faces-nationalise-call/cid/1481428|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, the GSTN was later converted into a wholly government-owned company, with equal shareholding between the Central and state governments.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179120 | title=Change in the shareholding pattern of GSTN | access-date=1 September 2018 | archive-date=1 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901215917/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179120 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Statistics ==
[[Goods and Services Tax (India) Revenue Statistics]].

===Revenue collections===
[[Goods and Services Tax (India) Revenue Statistics#Revenue Collections|Statistical Details of GST Revenue Collected]].

===Reply===
[[Goods and Services Tax (India) Revenue Statistics#Returns|Statistical Details of GST Returns filed]].

Approximately 3.8 million new taxpayers have registered under the GST regime, bringing the total number of taxpayers to over 10 million, including the 6.4 million registered prior to GST.<ref name=bt0218x>{{citation |title=Why many registered taxpayers are not filing GST returns |url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/why-many-registered-taxpayers-are-not-filing-gst-returns/1/271554.html |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=27 February 2018 |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701140308/https://m.businesstoday.in/story/why-many-registered-taxpayers-are-not-filing-gst-returns/1/271554.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By October 2018, this number had surpassed 11.4 million.t<ref>{{citation |title=GST collection crosses ₹1 lakh crore in Oct |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/gst-collection-crosses-1-lakh-crore/article25388793.ece |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=1 November 2018 |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102181022/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/gst-collection-crosses-1-lakh-crore/article25388793.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Criticism==

The technicalities of GST implementation in India have faced criticism from global financial institutions, industry experts, sections of the Indian media, and opposition political parties. The [[World Bank Group|World Bank's]] 2018 India Development Update described India's GST as overly complex, highlighting several flaws compared to systems in other countries—most notably its then second-highest tax rate of 28% among a sample of 115 countries, a rate that has since been revised.<ref name="BibDebroy">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/is-the-world-simpler-than-it-was-before-gst-this-jury-is-in/articleshow/64359881.cms|title=Is the world simpler than it was before GST? This jury is in|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Debroy|first1=Bibek|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014400/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/is-the-world-simpler-than-it-was-before-gst-this-jury-is-in/articleshow/64359881.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

GST implementation in India has also drawn criticism from Indian businesspeople due to issues such as delays in tax refunds and the excessive documentation and administrative burden involved.<ref name="ACCA Global">{{Cite web|url=https://www.accaglobal.com/vn/en/member/member/accounting-business/2018/07/insights/indias-introduction.html|title=India's introduction of GST proves painful | ACCA Global|website=accaglobal.com|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014405/https://www.accaglobal.com/vn/en/member/member/accounting-business/2018/07/insights/indias-introduction.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A partner at [[PwC India]] noted that when the first GST returns were filed in August 2017, the system crashed under the heavy volume of submissions.<ref name="ACCA Global"/>

The opposition [[Indian National Congress]] has been among the most vocal critics of GST implementation in India. Party President [[Rahul Gandhi]] has accused the BJP-led government of "destroying small businessmen and industries" through the tax regime.<ref name="Mahesh Langa">{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gst-is-gabbar-singh-tax-says-rahul-gandhi/article19907042.ece|title = Note ban, GST ruined the nation, alleges Rahul|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 23 October 2017|last1 = Langa|first1 = Mahesh|access-date = 12 October 2018|archive-date = 11 November 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171111190454/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gst-is-gabbar-singh-tax-says-rahul-gandhi/article19907042.ece|url-status = live}}</ref> He went on to pejoratively dub GST as the [[Gabbar Singh (character)|"Gabbar Singh Tax"]] after an ill-famed, fictional dacoit in Bollywood.<ref name="Mahesh Langa"/> Rahul Gandhi described GST as a "way of removing money from the pockets of the poor" and labelled it a "big failure."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/gst-is-gabbar-singh-tax-rahul/article9920165.ece|title=GST is Gabbar Singh Tax: Rahul|website=@businessline|date=23 October 2017|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214142418/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/gst-is-gabbar-singh-tax-rahul/article9920165.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He has also pledged that, if elected to power, the Congress party would implement a single-slab GST to replace the current multi-slab system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/if-elected-we-will-give-you-gst-not-gabbar-singh-tax-rahul-gandhi-1899966|title=" If Elected, We Will Give You GST, Not Gabbar Singh Tax": Rahul Gandhi|website=NDTV.com|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013053749/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/if-elected-we-will-give-you-gst-not-gabbar-singh-tax-rahul-gandhi-1899966|url-status=live}}</ref> In the run-up to [[2018 elections in India|various state elections in 2018]], Rahul Gandhi intensified his criticisms of the Modi administration's GST policies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gabbar-singh-tax-now-globally-acclaimed-rahul-gandhi-mocks-pm-modi/articleshow/63354146.cms|title=' Gabbar Singh Tax' now globally acclaimed: Rahul Gandhi mocks PM Modi|website=The Times of India|date=18 March 2018 |access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319080630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gabbar-singh-tax-now-globally-acclaimed-rahul-gandhi-mocks-pm-modi/articleshow/63354146.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Editorializing|date=September 2022}}

According to estimates, approximately 230,000 small businesses have shut down due to complications arising from GST compliance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Manoj |title=India after Goods and Services Tax: Hundreds of thousands lose jobs, small businesses shut down |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/india-after-goods-and-services-tax-hundreds-of-thousands-lose-jobs-small-businesses-shut-down-1.2275204 |access-date=2022-09-12 |work=[[Gulf News]] |agency=PTI |date=2018-09-06 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912134453/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/india-after-goods-and-services-tax-hundreds-of-thousands-lose-jobs-small-businesses-shut-down-1.2275204 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The GST system has faced criticism for imposing higher taxes on affordable goods. For example, bicycles—which are primarily used by low-income and rural populations—are taxed at 12%, increasing their retail cost. Manufacturers have lobbied to reduce the GST rate on both regular and electric bicycles from 12% to 5% to improve affordability for low-income groups and daily-wage earners.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com//industry/auto/two-wheelers-three-wheelers/reduce-gst-on-bicycles-to-5-per-cent-from-current-12-per-cent-hero-cycles/articleshow/73666901.cms|title= Reduce GST on bicycles to 5 per cent from current 12 per cent: Hero Cycles|newspaper= The Economic Times|date= 27 January 2020}}</ref>

An analysis by the [[Centre for Science and Environment]] found that the GST framework encouraged linear consumption rather than supporting a circular economy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Relax The Tax |url=https://www.cseindia.org/relax-the-tax-12819 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=www.cseindia.org |language=en}}</ref> Informal workers in industries such as [[Waste picker|waste picking]] particularly endure the system's complexity as a barrier to building businesses that create circularity.<ref name=":1" />

=== Impact on sports equipment imports ===

Following the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on 1 July 2017, the shooting community in India raised significant concerns over the taxation of imported sports equipment, which had previously been exempt from duties. The new structure imposed a 28% GST rate on imported pistols and revolvers, 18% on rifles, shotguns, and ammunition, and 12% on accessories.<ref>{{Cite news |title=GST impact: Budding shooters, cueists feel the pinch due to higher tax |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/gst-impact-budding-shooters-cueists-feel-the-pinch-due-to-higher-tax/story-lDzLK1OJftxGTMyejHfoyH.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 July 2017 |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> This led to a substantial increase in the cost of high-quality imported equipment from major manufacturing countries like Germany, Italy, and the UK. The increased financial burden was particularly difficult for aspiring athletes from modest backgrounds, whose families often secured loans to afford equipment essential for training and competition, leading to concerns that the policy would discourage participation and hinder India's international competitiveness.<ref>{{Cite news |title=GST impact: Budding shooters, cueists feel the pinch due to higher tax |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/gst-impact-budding-shooters-cueists-feel-the-pinch-due-to-higher-tax/story-lDzLK1OJftxGTMyejHfoyH.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 July 2017 |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref>

The issue quickly became a national campaign against the taxation of sports goods, led by prominent members of the shooting fraternity. Renowned pistol shooter and coach Jaspal Rana, a multiple-time Asian Games and Commonwealth Games gold medallist, was a vocal critic, publicly questioning the perceived inaction of the National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) and the government regarding the policy's adverse effects on athletes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=GST impact: Budding shooters, cueists feel the pinch due to higher tax |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/gst-impact-budding-shooters-cueists-feel-the-pinch-due-to-higher-tax/story-lDzLK1OJftxGTMyejHfoyH.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 July 2017 |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> Journalist and national-level pistol shooter Farid Ali also significantly amplified the cause, utilizing his platform to raise awareness through news reports on major networks, including Aaj Tak and the India Today Network, alongside extensive social media advocacy. These public efforts prompted the NRAI to formally petition the Finance Ministry for immediate relief.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NRAI asks Centre to reconsider GST on shooting equipments |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/nrai-asks-centre-to-reconsider-gst-on-shooting-equipments-117080401288_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=4 August 2017 |publisher=PTI |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref>

NRAI Senior Vice-President and Member of Parliament Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo subsequently raised the issue in the Lok Sabha on 4 August 2017, arguing for GST exemptions to ensure athletes' access to affordable equipment.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=DeoKalikesh |number=891246445352820736 |date=29 July 2017 |title=GST increases tax for shooters upto 18% NRAI has to push exemption. @PMOIndia needs to exempt renowned shooters. #India4sports. |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Singh Deo opposes OGST amend |url=https://tathya.in/singh-deo-opposes-ogst-amend/#:~:text=By,the%20State%20and%20its%20people. |work=Tathya.in |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> The campaign also received support from the Union Sports Minister, Colonel Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, who endorsed the request for policy changes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IGST exemption on sports goods import is big boost, says Sports Minister Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/igst-exemption-on-sports-goods-import-is-big-boost-says-sports-minister-rajyavardhan-singh-rathore-4933169/ |work=The Indian Express |date=11 November 2017 |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> In November 2017, the GST Council granted an exemption from the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) for imported sports goods of a "specific nature" used by renowned and aspiring athletes. This move was welcomed by the shooting community as a progressive step to alleviate financial pressures and boost talent development.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shooting fraternity calls GST exemption fair and progressive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/shooting-fraternity-calls-gst-exemption-fair-and-progressive/articleshow/61615816.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 November 2017 |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Major Impetus to Promoting Sports in the Country |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1509109 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=9 November 2017 |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Inland Customs Line#Great Hedge|The Great Hedge of India]], a historic colonial-era inland customs border
*[[Goods and services tax (Australia)]]
*[[Goods and services tax (Canada)]]
*[[Goods and services tax (Hong Kong)]]
*[[Goods and Services Tax (Malaysia)]]
*[[Goods and Services Tax (Singapore)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2017 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Taxation in India]]
[[Category:Value added taxes|India]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]

{{Economy of India}}
{{Asia topic|Taxation in}}
{{Taxation in India}}

{{Authority control}}

Kathiwada

2026-03-24T20:45:00Z

Sindhupv: Made Some Data And Citations - done

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{coord|22.4846793999|74.152789236|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
'''Kathiwada''' is a village and [[tehsil]] in [[Alirajpur district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tehsil |url=https://alirajpur.nic.in/en/tehsil/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Alirajpar}}</ref>

As of the 2011 population census, the village had a population of 2,333 of which 1,140 were males while 1,193 were females. The literacy rate was 87.06% compared to a 69.32% average in Madhya Pradesh. Male literacy stood at 93.03% while the female literacy rate was 81.44%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kattiwada Khas Population - Alirajpur, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/505150-kattiwada-khas-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=census2011.co.in}}</ref>

Kathiwada has multiple tourist attractions, including the Noor Jahan, an unusual mango tree collection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism |url=https://alirajpur.nic.in/en/tourism/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Alirajpur}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indore Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Alirajpur district]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 15th century]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

Nagmani (magazine)

2026-03-22T05:53:22Z

Sindhupv: added layout for accuracy

'''''Nagmani''''' {{Langx|ur|ناگ منی}}was a Punjabi literary magazine started by [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner writer [[Amrita Pritam]]. The magazine is believed to have inspired and established many Punjabi writers<ref name=":0" /> such as [[Gurdial Singh]], [[Dalip Kaur Tiwana]] and [[Shiv Kumar Batalvi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Hundred Years of Amrita Pritam |url=https://thewire.in/books/amrita-pritam-centenary |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== History ==
''Nagmani'' was started in 1966 and it is believed that it was Sati Kumar's idea, a Punjabi writer and friend of Amrita Pritam. It was designed by [[Imroz (painter)|Imroz]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bharti |first=Vishav |date=9 September 2018 |title=She wrote their destiny |work=[[The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/she-wrote-their-destiny-648856}}</ref>

The last issue was released in 2001–2002 as Amrita's health started deteriorating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-31 |title=Amrita Pritam’s Nagmani, nostalgia and memento |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amrita-pritam-s-nagmani-nostalgia-and-memento/story-G0ttKDkd56gOV0HWBDOX6J.html |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Punjabi literature]]
[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]

Ove Gjedde's Expedition

2026-03-18T21:46:16Z

Sindhupv: Created some details basic info

{{Short description|1618–1622 Danish expedition to Asia}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Ove Gjedde's Expedition
| image = Ove Gjedde Expedition.png
| partof = the [[Age of Discovery]]
| native_name = Ove Gjeddes ekspedition
| native_name_lang = da
| date = {{start and end dates|1618|08|16|1622|03|04}}
| duration = {{age in years and days|1618|08|16|1622|03|04}}
| Location = [[East Indies]]
| type = Expedition
| patron = [[Christian IV]], [[Roland Crappé]], and others...
| participants = {{circa|400}}
| reported deaths = c. 200–240
}}

'''Ove Gjedde's Expedition''' ({{Langx|da|Ove Gieddes ekspedition}}) or the '''Danish Expedition to India of 1618''–''1622''' ({{Langx|da|Ostindiske ekspedition af 1618–1622|links=no}}) was the first [[Danish colonial empire|Danish colonial]] expedition to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]], reaching [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur]] and [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]]. The expedition was initiated by the newly established [[Danish East India Company]] and led by 24-year-old [[Ove Gjedde]]. Despite not achieving its original goal of monopolizing Sri Lanka, the expedition still managed to receive control and trading privileges over various coastal towns and cities.

== Background ==
[[File:Christian IV - Ceylon map.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Map of Sri Lanka believed to have been presented to Christian IV by Marchelis Boschouver]]
In 1616 the [[Danish East India Company]] was established with the aim of starting Danish commerce in the [[East Indies]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ove Gjedde - Admiral, 1594-1660 |url=https://chr4.dk/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Ove-Gjedde.pdf |website=chr4.dk}}</ref> Originally, the Company's commercial interests lay in the [[Coromandel Coast]], however, when courier for [[Kingdom of Kandy|Kandy]] Marchelis Boschouver arrived in [[Copenhagen]], he managed to convince the Company's shareholders, including [[Christian IV of Denmark]], to invest in a [[monopoly]] on [[Sri Lanka]].{{Sfn|Lauring|2017|p=71}} Subsequently, an expedition led by 24-year-old [[Ove Gjedde]] would be initiated.

=== Preparations ===
Gjedde would personally lead the [[flagship]] ''Elephanten'', while Boschouver would be on board on the ''David''.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, the two warships the ''Christian'' and ''Kiobenhavn'',{{Efn|Alternatively spelled ''Kiøbenhaffn''}} which were Swedish [[Prize ship|prizes]] from the [[Kalmar War]], would also be attached to the fleet.<ref name=":0" /> As vanguard, experienced Dutchman [[Roland Crappé]] would sail for Sri Lanka a couple of months before the rest of the expeditionary fleet.<ref name=":0" />

== Expedition ==
[[File:Danish Expedition in Ceylon.png|right|thumb|267x267px|Danish routes of their expedition in Sri Lanka. Roland Crappé's navigations are shown in blue, while Ove Gjedde's are shown in red.]]

The main expedition took sail in November 1618, however, the journey to [[India]] became very difficult, and they only reached Sri Lanka in 1620.<ref name=":0" /> [[Scurvy]] killed at least half of the crew before they reached the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in July 1619 and the expedition had trouble with navigation, and as no European navigational map was brought on to the expedition.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, the majority of the crews were Dutchmen,<ref name=":1" /> who were discontent with the inexperienced Danish leadership.{{Sfn|Lauring|2017|p=90}} At one point, Boschouver tried to sail away,{{Sfn|Lauring|2017|p=90}} however, he got caught and died before the expedition reached Sri Lanka.<ref name=":1" />

=== Arrival of the ''Øresund'' in Sri Lanka ===
{{Further information|Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies}}

As a vanguard, Crappé arrived with the ''Øresund'' in Sri Lanka in late 1619 to prepare for the arrival of Gjedde.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Ramerini|2020}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-28 |title=Christian IV drømte om guld og krydderier fra Indien: Sådan blev Tranquebar en dansk koloni |url=https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/christian-iv-droemte-om-guld-og-krydderier-fra-indien-saadan-blev-tranquebar-en-dansk-koloni/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=videnskab.dk |language=da-DK}}</ref> The King of [[Kingdom of Kandy|Kandy]], [[Senarat of Kandy|Senarat]], ordered Crappé to wage war against [[Portuguese Ceylon|the Portuguese]], which culminated in a confrontation off [[Karaikal]].<ref name=":1" /> Seven smaller Portuguese [[frigate]]s sought to regain some vessels ''Øresund'' had seized, and in the initial battle, she caught fire and sank.<ref name=":1" /> Subsequently, Crappé and some of his men would be imprisoned by the Portuguese authorities, while many other Danes would be beheaded.<ref name=":1" /> However, Crappé succeeded in getting in contact with an official from the local [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavurian kingdom]], and together Crappé and 14 of his men managed to escape the imprisonment.<ref name=":1" /> The men now traveled to [[Thanjavur]], where, through local friends, Crappé could get in an audience with the [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] [[Raghunatha Nayak|Raghunatha]].<ref name=":1" /> After negotiations, the Nayak promised Crappé the small fishing village of [[Tharangambadi]] to the Danes, however, a treaty confirming the matter was [[Tranquebar Treaty of 1620|first issued in 1620]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Arrival of Ove Gjedde in Sri Lanka ===
[[File:Karel van III Mander - Rigsadmiral Ove Gjedde - KMS605 - Statens Museum for Kunst.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Painting of Ove Gjedde by [[Karel van Mander III]] ({{Circa|1630}}). From the [[National Gallery of Denmark]].]]

Ove Gjedde with the ''Elephanten'' would first anchor at [[Panama, Sri Lanka|Panama]] near [[Batticaloa]], Sri Lanka on 18 May 1620, while ''David'' and ''Kiobenhavn'' would follow on May 24.{{Sfn|Lauring|2017|p=91}} While meeting the King, Gjedde was informed that Kandy had established peace with the Portuguese three years prior, and therefore no longer felt Danish assistance necessary.{{Sfn|Lauring|2017|p=91}} However, the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] still sought to investigate the Danes in case they were able to drive out the Portuguese from the island.{{Sfn|Lauring|2017|p=92}} Subsequently, Gjedde would sail north to [[Trincomalee]] where he would, on 24 June, start negotiations with the Kings's envoys.{{Sfn|Lauring|2017|p=92}} The Danish expedition occupied the [[Koneswaram Temple]] in [[Trincomalee]].{{Sfn|Ramerini|2020}} In August 1617, the Kandyans concluded a peace treaty with the Portuguese.{{Sfn|Ramerini|2020}} As a result of the changed circumstances, the negotiations did not bear fruit, and Gjedde therefore found it necessary to meet with the Kandyan monarch personally.{{Sfn|Lauring|2017|p=92}} On 16 August, Gjedde reached Venthanen (modern-day [[Mahiyangana]]) {{Convert|44|km|mi}} east of [[Kandy]], where a meeting with Senerat took place.{{Sfn|Lauring|2017|p=93}} After shifting attitudes and intense negotiations, the Kandyan king signed a treaty of alliance with the Danes, with [[Denmark–Norway]] receiving the port of Trincomalee, with Senarat sending 60 men to help them build fortifications.{{Sfn|Lauring|2017|p=93}}{{Sfn|Ramerini|2020}} Additionally, the Danes were granted generous commercial privileges and were free to introduce Christianity to Trincomalee.{{Sfn|Stow|1979|p=13}} After signing the treaty, Gjedde went to Trincomalee, left some Danes,{{Sfn|Stow|1979|p=13}} including Erik Grubbe, and sailed to Thanjavur where he had been informed that Roland Crappé operated.{{Sfn|Lauring|2017|p=95}}

=== Gjedde at Thanjavur ===
{{Further information|Tranquebar Treaty of 1620}}
[[File:Den 19. november 1620 signerede Nayaka Raghunata af Thanjavur en aftale med Kong Christian 4.jpg|thumb|right|The Tranquebar Treaty of 1620.]]

Gjedde arrived at Tranquebar on 13 September 1620 and sent word to Crappé, who was at Thanjavur city, to secure the deal with Nayak Raghunatha.<ref name=":1" /> Weeks followed with negotiations and mutual presents, which culminated on 19 November with the signing of the treaty.<ref name=":1" /> Tranquebar was ceded to Denmark for two years, and the Danes were allowed to fortify the village.<ref name=":1" />

=== Voyage to Siam ===
In the following year, Crappé with the ''Kiobenhavn'' headed across the [[Bay of Bengal]] to [[Mergui]], [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Den danske tropekoloni i Trankebar |url=https://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=www.aerenlund.dk}}</ref>{{Sfn|Rindom|1995|p=27}} The Danes were warmly welcomed, as Mergui was an important [[Thailand|Siamese]] trading post.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Møller |first=Gregers |date=1621-11-15 |title=A trip down memory lane: 14 November 1618 marks an important day for Thai-Danish relations |url=https://scandasia.com/a-trip-down-memory-lane-14-november-1618-marks-an-important-day-for-thai-danish-relations/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Scandasia |language=en-GB}}</ref> The voyage proved to be a great profit for the Danes as they could load their ships with pepper.{{Sfn|Rindom|1995|p=27}}<ref name=":2" /> With this load, Gjedde left for Copenhagen on 13 February 1621.<ref name=":1" /> On his home voyage, Gjedde visited Trincomalee and saw that there had been no progress made on the fortress since he left.{{Sfn|Stow|1979|p=14}} Gjedde continued his voyage and reached Copenhagen on 4 March 1622.<ref name=":0" />

== Aftermath ==
Gjedde partially completed his mission and returned with a reasonable cargo, enough to convince the shareholders to continue the enterprise.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=175}} It must also be admitted that Gjedde could hardly achieve such without the experienced Roland Crappé.{{Sfn|Stow|1979|p=14}} Gjedde's fortress of Dansborg would become a monument of his expedition and still stands today.{{Sfn|Stow|1979|p=14}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Works cited ==
* {{cite web |last1=Ramerini |first1=Marco |title=Trincomalee: The arrival of the Danes, the Dutch and the construction of the Portuguese Fort |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923023819/https://www.colonialvoyage.com/trincomalee-arrival-danes-dutch-construction-portuguese-fort/ |website=Colonial Voyage |year=2020 |access-date=19 September 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Kåre |url=https://tidsskrift.dk/mfs_aarbog/article/view/96401/145247 |title=Marchells Michielsz Boschouver — imperlebygger eller svindler |publisher=M/S Museet for Søfarts årbog |year=2017 |language=Danish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stow |first=Randolph |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/ndownloader/files/50397672 |title=Denmark in the Indian Ocean, 1616-1845 An Introduction |publisher=University of Wollongong Research Online |year=1979 |language=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rindom |first=Jan |url=https://dwis.dk/images/Dokumenter/Specialer/Indien/Rindom.Ostindisk_Kompagni_1616-50.Kbh_1995.pdf |title=Ostindisk Kompagni 1616-50 |publisher=Det Kongelige Bibliotek |year=1995 |isbn= |edition= |location=[[Copenhagen]] |language=Danish |trans-title=East Indian Company 1616-50}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |url= |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=9788763530231 |edition= |location=Copenhagen}}

{{Kandyan period topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ove Gjedde's Expedition}}
[[Category:1620s in Danish India]]
[[Category:Asian expeditions]]
[[Category:1619 in Denmark]]
[[Category:1622 in Denmark]]
[[Category:1620 in Denmark]]
[[Category:1621 in Denmark]]
[[Category:History of Denmark]]
[[Category:Expeditions from Denmark]]

K. K. N. Kurup

2026-03-12T05:20:20Z

Sindhupv: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. K. N. Kurup
| image = File:K_K_N_Kurup.jpg
| caption = K. K. N. Kurup gives interview for the documentary film "[[Thariode]]", [[Kozhikode]], (July 2019)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1939|02|13}}
| birth_place = [[Azhiyur]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
| occupation = [[Historian]] [[vice-chancellor (education)|vice-chancellor]] of the [[University of Calicut]]
| known_for =
| notable_works = *''Pazhassi Samarangal'' (1981) 
*''History of the Tellicherry Factory, 1683-1794''. Sandhya Publications (1985)
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] (B.A.), [[University of Calicut]] (M.A. and Ph.D.)
}}

'''K. K. N. Kurup''' (born 1939) is an [[historian]] of India and a former [[vice-chancellor (education)|vice-chancellor]] of the [[University of Calicut]]. He has specialised in the [[history]] of the [[Malabar region|Malabar]] region of [[South India]].

==Education==
Kurup obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] from the [[University of Delhi]] and then studied for his [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] and [[PhD]] at the University of Calicut. He was awarded the latter in 1976.

==Teaching==
He had been teaching at [[Calicut]] since 1972 and continued in various positions there. In 1983, he was a professor and the head of the history department at the [[University of Mangalore]] and was also awarded a professorship at Calicut. He was appointed head of the history department in Calicut in 1991 and in June 1998 became vice-chancellor,<ref name="gmmf">{{cite web |title=Profile of Speakers |url=http://www.gmomf.org/media/1318.pdf |pages=3–7 |publisher=Global Movement of Moderates Foundation |accessdate=28 November 2013 |journal= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203122747/http://www.gmomf.org/media/1318.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at a time when the university was suffering from a decline in staff due to numerous retirements. During his period of office, the fortunes of the institution were revived, its student numbers increased, a new engineering college facility was introduced and tertiary facilities were established in [[Thrissur]], [[Wayanad]] and [[Vatakara]]. The tertiary bodies were all situated in relatively remote areas and formed part of his "Knowledge for Villages" vision.<ref name="Neelakandan">{{cite news |title=Kurup's best laid plans |first=Greeshma |last=Neelakandan |date=16 September 2013 |newspaper=New Indian Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/education/edex/Kurups-best-laid-plans/2013/09/16/article1782681.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203083756/http://newindianexpress.com/education/edex/Kurups-best-laid-plans/2013/09/16/article1782681.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |accessdate=28 November 2013}}</ref>

The [[Malabar Institute of Research and Development]] is another Kurup innovation, begun at Vatakara in 2002 while he was still vice-chancellor. He was able to devote more time to it after his term of office came to an end in June of that year and now describes it as {{blockquote|an organisation of scholars and ordinary citizens who work to embolden the masses through creative and scholarly interventions. MIRD conducts seminars, discussions and debates often in social science. We believe a social scientist is a social engineer and the best way for him to work is through effective arguments. MIRD provides a platform for that.<ref name="Neelakandan" />}}

Kurup is a senior research fellow of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]. He specialises in agrarian relations, colonial history and folklore, especially in the region of [[Kerala]], which used to be a part of Malabar. He was general president of the 1991 [[South Indian History Congress]] at [[Dharwad]] and president of the Modern Session at the [[Indian History Congress]] held in [[Mysore]] in 1993. Among his numerous other offices has been that of director-general of the Centre for Heritage Studies operated by the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name="gmmf" />

==Awards==
Various awards have been made to Kurup, including the 2010 [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award|T. K. Ramakrishnan Prize awarded by Abu Dhabi Sakthi Theatres]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Award for K.K.N. Kurup |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 June 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/award-for-kkn-kurup/article461374.ece}}</ref> and the 1981 [[K. Damodaran]] award for the best work in [[Malayalam]] on a [[social science]] topic<ref name="gmmf" />
and Annahda national excellence award in 2019. Kozhikode based NGO [https://www.cigi.org/ Centre for Information and Guidance India (CIGI)] awarded Dr. K.K.N Kurup with Dr. K.M Aboobacker CIGI Education Award for his contributions to academia and society through meaningful actions in 2025.<ref>https://www.cigi.org/page/news/MzU1</ref>

== Works ==
Kurup has published numerous works in both [[English language|English]] and [[Malayalam]]. These encompass research papers and books, of which the latter include:<ref name="gmmf" />
*{{cite book |title=The Cult of Teyyam and Hero Worship in Kerala |publisher=Indian Publications |year=1973}}
*{{cite book |title=Aspects of Kerala History and Culture |year=1976}}
*{{cite book |title=William Logan: A Study in the Agrarian Relations of Malabar |publisher=Sandhya Publications |year=1981}}
*{{cite book |title=Pazhassi Samarangal |year=1981}}
*{{cite book |title=Modern Kerala: Research Papers in History |publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] |year=1982}}
*{{cite book |title=History of the Tellicherry Factory, 1683-1794 |publisher=Sandhya Publications |year=1985}}
*{{cite book |title=Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1988 |isbn=9788170990949}}
*{{cite book |title=Agrarian Struggle in Kerala |year=1989}}
*{{cite book |title=Peasantry, Nationalism, and Social Change in India |publisher=Chugh Publications |year=1991}}
*{{cite book |title=India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1997 |isbn=9788172110833}} (editor)
*{{cite book |title=Nationalism, Social Change: the Role of Malayalam Literature |year=1999}}
*{{cite book |title=Land Monopoly & Agrarian System in South Kanara with special reference to Kasargod Taluk |year=2000 |isbn=81-7748-006-5|last1=Kurup |first1=K. K. N. |publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut }}
*{{cite book |title=The Ali Rajas of Cannanore |year=2002 |orig-date=1975 |isbn=81-7748-031-6|last1=Kurup |first1=K. K. N. |publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut }}

==Documentary appearances==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"|Year(s)
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"|Director
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
!scope="row"|TBA
|''[[Thariode]]''
|''[[Nirmal Baby Varghese]]''
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|author=Mathrubhumi|title=തരിയോട്: ഡോക്യുമെന്ററി പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി; വരാനുള്ളത് ബ്രഹ്മാണ്ഡ ചിത്രം|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/thariode-documentary-movie-1.3914508|accessdate=28 February 2020|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=29 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurup, K. K. N.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calicut]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]

Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-03-05T09:00:29Z

Sindhupv: Created some data basic info

{{Short description|Protected area in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Rock formations in or near the Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary.png
| image_caption = Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary
| map = Rajasthan#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| map_width =
| label = Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary
| label_position = right
| location = [[Kotra Tehsil, Udaipur, Rajasthan|Kotra tehsil]] and [[Jhadol|Jhadol tehsil]], [[Udaipur district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Udaipur]], Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|24.2150223|N|73.245354|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 511.41
| established = 1983
| website =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Rajasthan State Forest Department
}}
[[File:Phulwari ki naal boundary marker.jpg|thumb|Boundary marker for the Sanctuary on the Kotra-Mamer-Khedbrahma road]]
'''Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary''' is in [[Udaipur District]] of [[Rajasthan]], in the southern [[Aravalli Hills]] bordering the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDS5BAAAQBAJ&q=phulwari+ki+nal&pg=PA37|title=Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: Conservation and Management of Vertebrates|last1=Sharma|first1=B.K.|last2=Kulshreshtha|first2=Seema|last3=Rahmani|first3=Asad R.|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2013|isbn=9783319013459|pages=37}}</ref> It was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary on 6 October 1983 by the Government of Rajasthan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/cwwraj/2007-08/apo_phulwari.pdf|title=Annual Plan of Operations for Phulwari-ki-Nal Wildlife Sanctuary For The Year 2007-2008|access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/rajasthan-wild-life/pdf/activities/PA%20Notifications/Pulwari%20ki%20Naal.pdf|title=Rajasthan State Notification F11 (1) Revenue / 8 / 83 dated 6 October 1983|access-date=24 December 2017}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The area of the Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary is 511.41 km2,<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/occpapers/179/index.pdf|title=Status Survey of Chinkara and Desert Cat in Rajasthan|last=Kankane|first=P.L.|publisher=Zoological Survey of India|year=2000|isbn=81-85874-30-1|location=Calcutta|pages=45}}</ref> of which 365.92 km2 is Reserved Forest and 145.49 km2 is Protected Forests.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://fes.org.in/studies/Phulwari-report-final-july.pdf|title=Assessment of Biodiversity in Phulwari-ki-Nal Wildlife Sanctuary: A Conservation Perspective|date=4 March 2017|publisher=Foundation for Ecological Security|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=13 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813121004/http://fes.org.in/studies/Phulwari-report-final-july.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The sanctuary is spread over [[Kotra Tehsil, Udaipur, Rajasthan|Kotra]] and Jhadol tehsils of Udaipur district.<ref name=":3" /> There are 134 villages present inside the sanctuary.<ref name=":3" /> Elevation of the terrain within the sanctuary varies from 600–900 m above MSL.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Satish Kumar|year=1996|title=Amphibians of Phulwari Ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary|url=http://biostor.org/reference/152394|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=92|pages=271–272}}</ref> The climate in the sanctuary is classified as semi-arid, with an annual rainfall of 730 mm.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The [[Government of India]] published a draft notification on 31 August 2015 stating the intent to declare an area of up to 7.5 km from the outer boundaries of the sanctuary as an [[Eco-Sensitive Zone]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.e.2015-08-31.165822|title=Extraordinary Gazette of India of 31 August 2015|publisher=Government of India|year=2015|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/content/esz-notifications|title=Status of ESZ Notifications|website=Ministry of Environment, Forest and climate Change|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> In June 2024, the Eco-Sensitive Zone was declared covering an area of {{convert|202.34|sqkm}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fulwari ki Naal now an eco sensitive zone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/fulwari-ki-naal-designated-as-an-eco-sensitive-zone-in-udaipur/articleshow/111124224.cms |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Wildlife ==
Wild animals observed in the Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary include [[large-tailed nightjar]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sangha|first1=Harkirat Singh|last2=Devarshi|first2=Dhirendra|date=2010|title=Large-Tailed Nightjar Capimulgus Macrarus in Phulwari-ki-Naal Wildlife Sanctuary, Udaipur District, Rajasthan|url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbombayn1072bomb|journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=107|issue=2|pages=173–174}}</ref> [[flying squirrel]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Koli|first1=Vijay Kumar|last2=Bhatnagar|first2=Chhaya|last3=Sharma|first3=Satish Kumar|date=January–February 2013|title=Distribution and Status of Indian Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista philippensis Elliot) in Rajasthan, India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235432797|journal=National Academy Science Letters|volume=36|pages=27–33|doi=10.1007/s40009-012-0105-z|s2cid=86161494}}</ref> [[Indian palm squirrel|three-striped palm squirrel]], [[Indian chameleon]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=S.K.|date=1997|title=Herpetofauna of Phulwari-ki-nal Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan State|url=http://www.ircf.org/journal/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/RA-25.1_60-62_Sharma-Koli.pdf|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=94|pages=573–575}}</ref> [[Indian star tortoise]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=D'Cruze|first1=Neil|last2=Mookherjee|first2=Aniruddha|last3=Vyas|first3=Raju|last4=Macdonald|first4=David W|last5=de Silva|first5=Anslem|date=2018|title=Geochelone elegans (Schoepff 1795) – Indian Star Tortoise, Star Tortoise|url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_106_elegans_v1_2018.pdf|journal=Chelonian Research Monographs|volume=5|doi=10.3854/crm.5.106.elegans.v1.2018 |isbn=978-0-9653540-9-7 }}</ref> [[mouse deer]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://fes.org.in/ecological-profile/gogunda-rajasthan.pdf|title=Ecological Profile Gogunda, Rajasthan|publisher=Foundation for Ecological Security|year=2017|pages=28}}</ref> [[four-horned antelope]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meghwal|first1=Ramchandra|last2=Bhatnagar|first2=Chhaya|last3=Koli|first3=Vijay Kumar|date=2018|title=Activity and social behaviour of four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis de Blainville, 1816) in tropical deciduous forests of Aravalli mountain range, Western India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326155274|journal=Folia Zoologica|volume=67|pages=22–31|doi=10.25225/fozo.v67.i1.a4.2018|s2cid=90877884|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[panthera|panther]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/panthers-are-entering-cities-question-is-whether-to-kill-or-save-them.html|title=Panthers are entering cities. Question is whether to kill or save them?|last=Mathur|first=Ashok|date=7 February 2018|work=Udaipurblog.com|access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary is administered out of headquarters located in [[Kotra tehsil|Kotra]], [[Udaipur district|Udaipur District]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":3" /> There are three rest houses located inside and around the sanctuary, at Mamer, Panarwa, and Kotra.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last1=Banu|first1=Farhat|last2=Sharma|first2=Satish Kumar|date=2016|title=A Note on Bryophytic Flora of Certain 'Nals' of Phulwari Wildlife Sanctuary|url=http://ijesonline.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/53-57-Banu-Sharma-2016-1.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences|volume=20|issue=1&2|pages=53–57|access-date=10 June 2018}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1983]]

Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)

2026-03-04T04:07:06Z

Sindhupv: added info

{{About|the 1956 film|other uses|Ek Hi Raasta (disambiguation){{!}}Ek Hi Raasta}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Hi Raasta
| image = Ek Hi Raasta 1956.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[B. R. Chopra]]
| producer = B. R. Chopra<ref name="BR">{{cite AV media |people=[[Annu Kapoor]] |year=2014 |title=The Golden Era with Annu Kapoor |medium= Television|language=hi |access-date=5 June 2014 |format=[[Mastiii|Masti channel]] |time=10 p.m; 4 June 2014 (IST) |location= India |publisher= [[Mastiii|Masti channel]]|url=http://vimeo.com/29774233}}</ref>
| writer = [[Mukhram Sharma]]
| screenplay = Mukhram Sharma
| story = Mukhram Sharma
| starring =[[Ashok Kumar]] [[Sunil Dutt]] [[Meena Kumari]] [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] [[Shrinath]]
| music = [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]
| cinematography = [[MN Malhotra|M. N. Malhotra]]
| editing = Pran Mehra
| studio = [[B. R. Chopra|B. R. Films]]
| distributor = B. R. Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1956|04|13}}<ref name="BR" />
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ek Hi Raasta''''' ({{lit|Only one way}}) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1956|1956]] [[Family|family-drama]] Indian [[Hindi]] film directed and produced by [[B. R. Chopra]]. It starred [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] and Shrinath in main roles. The music for the film was scored by [[Hemanta Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129071004/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539237 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2013 |title=Ek Hi Raasta (1956) | Movie Review, Trailers, Music Videos, Songs, Wallpapers |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 January 1956 |access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/ek-hi-raasta-movie/2680 |title=Ek Hi Raasta (1956) – Movie Review, Story, Trailers, Videos, Photos, Wallpapers, Songs, Trivia, Movie Tickets |publisher=Gomolo.com |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223739/http://www.gomolo.com/ek-hi-raasta-movie/2680 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Having directed a few films earlier, Chopra formed his own production house B.R. Films in 1955 and ''Ek Hi Raasta'' was the first film produced under this banner. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Kumkuma Rekha]]'' (1960) and in Tamil as [[Pudhiya Pathai (1960 film)|''Pudhiya Pathai'']] (1960).

== Plot ==
The film starts with the portrayal of a happily married couple, Amar and Malti who have a son, Raja. Amar and Malti are both orphans and hence are sympathetic towards orphans generally. Prakash is a rich bachelor businessman for whom Amar works. While working in Prakash's factory, Amar catches another worker Munshi stealing money from the factory locker.

To take revenge for his humiliation at the hands of Amar, Munshi murders him. To escape his depression over the loss, Prakash begins helping Malti and her child. Munshi tries to humiliate the family by spreading rumors of an affair between Prakash and Malti in public. To save the honour of Malti, Prakash marries her. The child Raja however refuses to accept Prakash as his father. Munshi provokes Raja against Prakash and claims that Prakash was the real murderer of Amar. Out of anger, Raja tries to shoot Prakash but fails. Raja runs away from home carrying with him the infant son of Prakash and Malti. Prakash rescues the two children from the railway track. After being convinced of Prakash's sincerity, Raja accepts him as his father

== Soundtrack ==
[[File:Baldev Raj Chopra and Yash Chopra.jpg|thumb|Baldev Raj Chopra (sitting left) and Yash Chopra (at the right)]]
The music for the songs was composed by [[Hemanta Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/ek-hi-raasta-movie-songs/2680|title=Ek Hi Raasta (1956) Music Review & Rating | Movie Songs & Videos of Ek Hi Raasta hindi Movie|publisher=Gomolo.com|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-date=16 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716031750/http://www.gomolo.com/ek-hi-raasta-movie-songs/2680|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also sang few of the songs himself, of which "Chali Gori Pi Se Milan Ko Chali" was based on [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi raga]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Raaga Bhairavi in Hindi Songs | publisher=O. B. Publication | author=Dr. Krishna N. Sharma | pages=12 | isbn=8191007711| author-link=Dr. Krishna N. Sharma }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Soundtracks
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bade Bhaiyya Laaye Hain London | extra1 = [[Asha Bhosle]] |length1 = 8:07
| title2 = Bhola Bachpan Dukhi Jawani | extra2 = Hemanta Mukherjee and [[Lata Mangeshkar]]|length2 = 2:22
| title3 = Bhola Bachpan Dukhi Jawani (2) | extra3 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]|length3 = 5:10
| title4 = Chali Gori Pi Se Milan Ko Chali | extra4 = Hemanta Mukherjee|length4 = 5:44
| title5 = Chamaka Ban Kar Aman Ka Taara<ref name="BR" />| extra5 = Hemanta Mukherjee and [[Lata Mangeshkar]]|length5 = 6:51
| title6 = Kaisi Lagi Kaisi Lagi Jaaye | extra6 = [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Usha Mangeshkar]]|length6 = 6:49
| title7 = Sanware Salone Aaye Din Bahaar Ke | extra7 = Hemanta Mukherjee and [[Lata Mangeshkar]]|length7 = 1:16
| title8 = Udale Hain Mere Gham Ki Hansi | extra8 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]] |length8 = 2:85
}}

== Production ==
The film was directed and produced by [[B. R. Chopra]] under the B. R. films banner.<ref name="BR" /><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Gulzar|editor1-link=Gulzar|editor2-last=Nihalani|editor2-first=Govind|editor2-link=Govind Nihalani|editor3-last=Chatterjee|editor3-first=Saibal|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|year=2003|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC|page=137|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Indian Cinema|author=B. K. Verma|year=1999|publisher=Frank & Co.|pages=114–115}}</ref><ref name="go">{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/ek-hi-raasta-movie-cast-crew/2680 |title=Ek Hi Raasta (1956) Cast and Crew | Actor Actress Director of Ek Hi Raasta hindi Movie |publisher=Gomolo.com |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606230532/http://www.gomolo.com/ek-hi-raasta-movie-cast-crew/2680 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ultra>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultraindia.com/movies/awards/brchopra.htm|title=B.R. CHOPRA – Purposeful Film Maker – 30th Recipient – 1998 ''Dadasaheb Phalke Award''|access-date=1 May 2014|publisher=ultraindia.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901135352/http://www.ultraindia.com/movies/awards/brchopra.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Founded in 1955, the production house's first creation was this film.<ref>{{cite book | title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years | publisher=Trafford Publishing | author=Tilak Rishi | year=2012 | pages=15 | isbn=9781466939639 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&q=%22Ek+Hi+Raasta%22&pg=PA15 |access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref>

The music was directed by well known singer [[Hemanta Mukherjee]],<ref name="go" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=17266|title= Famous playback singer Hemanta Mukherjee|access-date=1 May 2014|publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> with the lyrics written by one of the dominating musical forces in [[Indian Cinema]], [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]].<ref name="BR" /><ref name="go" /><ref>{{cite book |title= The Light |last= Zaheer |first= Sajjad |author2=Azfar, Amina |year= 2006 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 0-19-547155-5 |page=52 }}</ref> The story, along with the screenplay and dialogue were written by Mukhram Sharma.<ref name="go" /> Assistant directors included [[Balbir Kumar]], [[O. P. Bedi]] and [[B. R. Chopra]]s' brother, [[Yash Chopra]].<ref name="go" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/19/20121022201210220903242644ce0d31b/The-life-and-times-of-Yash-Chopra.html|title=The life and times of Yash Chopra|access-date=1 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213061754/http://www.punemirror.in/article/19/20121022201210220903242644ce0d31b/The-life-and-times-of-Yash-Chopra.html|archive-date=13 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film proved to be successful at the box office and was screened for more than 25 weeks; which was called "Jubilee Hit".<ref>{{cite book | title=Yash Chopra: Fifty Years in Indian Cinema | publisher=Lotus Collection | author=Dwyer, Rachel | year=2002 | pages=42 | isbn=8174362347}}</ref> The banner went on to produce many more successful films such as ''[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]'' (1957), ''[[Sadhna (1958 film)|Sadhana]]'' (1958), ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' (1959), ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'' (1965) and more.<ref>{{cite book | title=Great masters of Indian cinema: the Dadasaheb Phalke Award winners | publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] | author=D. P. Mishra | year=2006 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatmastersofin00mish/page/109 109] | isbn=8123013612 | url=https://archive.org/details/greatmastersofin00mish/page/109 }}</ref> Child actress Daisy Irani's role as ''Raja'' was also well appreciated.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080315/saturday/main4.htm | title=Small steps to the big screen | work=[[Tribune India]] | date=15 March 2008 | access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2009%2F11%2F21&PageLabel=16&EntityId=Ar01600&AppName=1&ViewMode=HTML | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122131/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2009%2F11%2F21&PageLabel=16&EntityId=Ar01600&AppName=1&ViewMode=HTML | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 July 2014 | title=Finally, kidspeak | work=[[Times of India]] | access-date=12 June 2014 | author=Dubey, Bharti}}</ref> She was also seen in Chopra's next film ''Naya Daur''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/70226/content/219141/archives.php | title=Metrolife filmi fundas | work=[[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0049175}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CQtWJXEmaM Ek Hi Raasta (1956)] on YouTube

{{B. R. Chopra}}

[[Category:1956 films]]
[[Category:1956 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1956 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Chopra]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hemant Kumar]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1956 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Mere Sapno Ki Rani (film)

2026-03-03T23:39:04Z

Sindhupv: refined article for accuracy and added references

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mere Sapno Ki Rani
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao|K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = [[C. Ashwini Dutt]]
| writer = [[Javed Siddiqui]] (dialogues)
| story = Satyanand
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Pelli Sandadi]]''|K. Raghavendra Rao}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sanjay Kapoor]] [[Urmila Matondkar]] [[Madhoo]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anand–Milind]] '''Score:''' [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cinematography = V. Jayaram
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Geetha Arts#Sri Raghavendra Movie Corporation and United Producers (Dutt, Aravind, Raghavendra Rao)|Sri Raghavendra Movie Corporation]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1997|08|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 157 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mere-sapno-ki-rani-1997-0 |title=Mere Sapno Ki Rani (1997) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124752/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mere-sapno-ki-rani-1997-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mere Sapno Ki Rani''''' ({{translation|''The queen of my dreams''}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao|K. Raghavendra Rao]] and produced by [[Allu Aravind]] and C. Ashwini Dutt. It stars [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], and [[Madhoo]]. The film was a remake of the 1996 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]''.

==Cast==
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Vijay Kumar
* [[Urmila Matondkar]] as Sapna Nehle
* [[Madhoo]] as Vandana Nehle
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Mr. Kumar
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Ram Nehle
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Lakhan Nehle
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Mamaji
* [[Laxmikant Berde]] as Arun
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Pandit
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Rajnath Nehle
* [[Dina Pathak]] as Rajnath's mom
* [[Asrani]] as Gate-crasher
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Gate-crasher

==Music==
Lyrics by [[Dev Kohli]]. Two songs ("Ye Pyaar Ye Pyaar" and "Bagiya Ke Amrud") were reused from the original. The song "Aaja Mere Baahon" is based on the Telugu song "Bhimavaram Bulloda" from the Telugu film ''Gharana Bullodu''.<ref>https://myswar.co/album/mere-sapno-ki-rani-1997</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Choli Ke Peeche"
| [[Vinod Rathod]], Abhijeet, Jolly Mukherji
|-
| 2
| " Payal Kare Ye Cham Cham"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 3
| "Chupke Chupke"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 4
| "Aaja Meri Baahon Mein"
| Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 5
| "Chhama Chaka"
| Udit Narayan, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 6
| "Swapna Sundari"
| Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 7
| "Phir Se Dhol"
| [[Vinod Rathod]], Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 8
| "Sabji Kat Kat Ke"
| Vinod Rathod, Abhijeet, Jolly Mukherji
|-
| 9
| "Bagiya Ke Amrud"
| Alka Yagnik
|-
| 10
| "Yeh Pyaar Yeh Pyaar"
| Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, Bela Sulakhe
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:1997 romantic comedy films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1990s-romance-film-stub}}

Garadi (film)

2026-03-03T12:10:41Z

Sindhupv: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Garadi
| image = Garadi (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| producer = Vanaja Patil
| story = Vikas YB
| screenplay = Yogaraj Bhat
| starring = [[Yashas Surya]] [[B. C. Patil]] [[Sonal Monteiro]] [[P. Ravishankar]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = Niranjan Babu
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Soumya Films
| distributor = Kourava Production House
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|11|10|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Garadi''''' ({{translation|Wrestling Competition}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[sports drama film]] directed and co-written by [[Yogaraj Bhat]] and produced by Vanaja Patil.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogaraj-bhat-yashas-surya-film-titled-garadi/articleshow/87711047.cms|title=Yogaraj Bhat-Yashas Surya film titled 'Garadi'|website=Times of India|date=15 November 2021 |access-date=2023-11-09|archive-date=2023-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109121039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogaraj-bhat-yashas-surya-film-titled-garadi/articleshow/87711047.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Yashas Surya]] and [[B. C. Patil]] in the lead roles, while [[Sonal Monteiro]], Sujay Belur, [[P. Ravishankar]] and [[Tejaswini Prakash]] appear in pivotal roles. [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] makes a special appearance in the film. The music is composed by [[V. Harikrishna]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Niranjan Babu and Suresh Urs.

''Garadi'' revolves around the traditional sport of [[wrestling]] set in old [[Mysore]] and was shot in a span of 70 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jan/10/shooting-ofyogaraj-bhats-garadi-wrapped-up-2536227.html|title=Shooting of Yogaraj Bhat's 'Garadi' wrapped up|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 January 2023 |access-date=2023-11-09|archive-date=2023-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109121036/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jan/10/shooting-ofyogaraj-bhats-garadi-wrapped-up-2536227.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Garadi'' was released on 10 November 2023, coinciding with [[Diwali]], and received mixed reviews from critics.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

== Premise ==
Garadi Soori lives in a village called Rattehalli and aspires to become a wrestler, but is forbidden by his teacher Rangappa due to his father Bande Seena and brother Shankara's criminal record. Despite this, Soori trains himself in wrestling by observing Rangappa and tries to achieve his goal despite facing obstacles from Shivappa Rane, who was responsible for Seena's death.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Yashas Surya]] as Garadi Soori
* [[B. C. Patil]] as Rangappa
* [[Sonal Monteiro]] as Puppy Sukanya alias Kabbali
* [[P. Ravishankar]] as Shivappa Rane
* Sujay Belur as Pramod Simha Rane, Shivappa's son
* [[Tejaswini Prakash]]
* Raghu
* Dharmanna Kadur as Baovva
* Cheluvaraj
* Prithvi Shamanur
* Nayana Sharath
*S. T. Somashekhar
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Shankara, Soori's brother (cameo appearance)
* [[Nishvika Naidu]] as a dancer in "Hodirale Halagi"
}}

== Soundtrack ==
[[V. Harikrishna]] composed the soundtrack and background score, while the lyrics were written by [[Yogaraj Bhat]].

=== Track listing ===
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Badavana Hrudaya
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title2 = Hodirale Halagi
| extra2 = Meghana Haliyal
| title3 = Garadi Title track
| extra3 = V. Harikrishna [[Shashank Sheshagiri]] [[Aniruddha Sastry]] [[Santhosh Venky]] [[Chetan Sosca]] Madhwesh Bharadwaj Vishak Nagalapura Hrushikesh B. R. Abhishek M. R. Narahari Achar
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Vinay Lokesh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Wrestling remains the core of ''Garadi'', but a predictable, lackluster storyline and linear pattern of storytelling nullifies its impact. If you are a die hard fan of wrestling, this movie will certainly impress you."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/garadi/movie-review/105124512.cms|title=Garadi Movie Review: A Wrestling Drama Lacking The Knockout Blow|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-11-11|archive-date=2023-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117090702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etmoviedetailshowtimes.cms?movieid=104940556&detailid=104940556&city_name=Mumbai&city_id=2|url-status=live}}</ref> Sujay B. M. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Garadi is an important film on a traditional sport in the days of gym and drugs. Watch it to relive the past but don't expect the book to be as grand as the cover."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/garadi-movie-review-ending-explained-plot-summary-easter-eggs-2765521|title='Garadi' movie review: Bhat experiments to boost flagging sport|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2023-11-11|archive-date=2023-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111073637/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/garadi-movie-review-ending-explained-plot-summary-easter-eggs-2765521|url-status=live}}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Garadi makes for a wholesome film blending action, romance, and comedy, along with the sport of wrestling. Whether this film gives a boost to Soorya’s career as an actor is a question that remains to be answered. And the audience is left to wonder if Yogaraj Bhat will stick to his signature romantic drama.? Time shall answer."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/nov/11/garadi--movie-review-yogaraj-bhatsgaradi-grapples-withthe-intricacies-of-loveand-wrestling-2631904.html|title='Garadi ' movie review: Yogaraj Bhat's Garadi grapples with the intricacies of love and wrestling|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-11|archive-date=2023-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111073640/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/nov/11/garadi--movie-review-yogaraj-bhatsgaradi-grapples-withthe-intricacies-of-loveand-wrestling-2631904.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Garadi, as already pointed out, may not deliver on the expectations that you carry for a Yogaraj Bhat film but even otherwise, the film feels riddled with problems. You may want to give it a try to get a taste of how traditional wrestling functions in the heartland of Karnataka but the expectations are to be set quite low."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/garadi-movie-review-an-uncharacteristic-yogaraj-bhat-film-that-fails-to-impress/dfca5e806f3|title=Garadi movie review: An uncharacteristic Yogaraj Bhat film that fails to impress|website=OTTplay|access-date=2023-11-11|archive-date=2023-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111073637/https://www.ottplay.com/review/garadi-movie-review-an-uncharacteristic-yogaraj-bhat-film-that-fails-to-impress/dfca5e806f3|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shuklaji of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "Garadi, unfortunately, can be best described as an outdated film that has very little to offer, despite boasting a unique premise. One emerges from the theatre wishing to see Yogaraj Bhat return to his old ways but not without the creative risks he is required to take, especially when Kannada cinema is showing signs of a great bloom."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/garadi-review-yogaraj-bhats-film-feels-extremely-outdated-unimaginative|title=Garadi review: Yogaraj Bhat's film feels extremely outdated, unimaginative|website=The News Minute|date=10 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-11|archive-date=2023-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111073640/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/garadi-review-yogaraj-bhats-film-feels-extremely-outdated-unimaginative|url-status=live}}</ref> Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Director Yogaraj Bhat’s ‘Garadi,’ starring Yashas Soorya in the lead, is a generic film that does very little to make us care for a dying sport."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/garadi-movie-review-yogaraj-bhats-wrestling-drama-is-outdated-and-bland/article67520640.ece|title='Garadi' movie review: Yogaraj Bhat's wrestling drama is outdated and bland|website=The Hindu|date=10 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-11|archive-date=2023-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111073639/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/garadi-movie-review-yogaraj-bhats-wrestling-drama-is-outdated-and-bland/article67520640.ece|url-status=live |last1=m. v |first1=Vivek }}</ref>

{{commons category}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|tt15964306}}

{{Yogaraj Bhat}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Sport wrestling films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Films directed by Yogaraj Bhat]]
[[Category:Wrestling in India]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of wrestlers]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]

Don Bosco High School, Hojai

2026-02-22T19:00:03Z

Sindhupv: stub

{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{infobox school
| type = Private
| image = Donboscohojai.jpg
| caption =
| location = Main Road, Pachim Dhaniram Pathar
| state = [[Assam]]
| city = [[Hojai]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.0183|92.8686|type:edu_region:IN-AS|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Rural]]
| motto = vita, scientia et sapientia ([[Latin]]);
| motto_translation = Life, Wisdom and Knowledge
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1971}}
| affiliation = [[Secondary Education Board of Assam]], India
| principal = Fr. Jestin James{{small| (2021 - Present)}}
| enrollment = 1000+
| houses = {{color box|yellow}} Yellow {{color box|green}} Green {{color box|red}} Red {{color box|orange}} Orange {{color box|blue}} Blue
| language = English
| website = [https://donboscohojai.com/ www.donboscohojai.com]
}}

'''Don Bosco High School''', [[Hojai]] is a school located in [[Hojai]], [[Assam]]. It is a [[Catholic]] school founded on the teachings of Saint [[John Bosco]] and is run by the [[Salesians of Don Bosco]]. [[Don Bosco]] is one of the leading private schools in the North-Eastern states. The school is managed by a principal, with vice principals and teacher-coordinators operating under them. The school currently houses more than a thousand students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.betharram.net/en/famille-en/ou-en/blessed-miriam-of-jesus-crucified-region/vicariate-of-india/archdiocese-of-guwahati/in-mission-to-the-north-east-hojai/#|title = Community of Hojai - Langting — Societas Sacratissimi Cordis Jesu Bétharram [EN]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/31042484/DON-BOSCO-SCHOOL|title = DON BOSCO SCHOOL - Hojai}}</ref>

==History==

The high school was founded in 1971. 2021 is the Golden Jubilee Year.

==Achievement==

Don Bosco High School, Hojai, now in its 50th year and ranked among the oldest educational institutions in [[Assam]], with alumni spread across the world in the field of sports, public service, defence and others. It is a result of their Catholic pedagogy.

Over the years, the missionaries have established the Catholic mission and the school at [[Hojai]]. The Catholic mission has also run hostel for the children from faraway places. Thousands of students have attended the school. The school also offers a computer literacy programme.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.salesians.org/salesians.html
* http://donboscoindia.com/english/defaultbosco.php
*[https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-sagnik-becomes-first-topper-for-don-bosco-high-school-hojai-in-hslc.html Topper from Don Bosco High School, Hojai]

[[Category:Schools in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Assam]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India]]

Excalibur rifle

2026-02-20T23:38:45Z

Sindhupv:

{{Infobox weapon
| name = Excalibur rifle
| image = Excalibur AR with red dot scope and bayonet.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Excalibur rifle with red dot scope/bayonet.
| origin = India
| type = [[Assault rifle]]
| is_ranged = Yes
| service = 2017
| used_by =
| wars = 
| designer = 
| design_date = 2004
| manufacturer = [[Rifle Factory Ishapore]]
| production_date = 2012–present
| number = 20,000+<ref>{{cite news |url =http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=169881 | title = Assault Rifles |publisher =PIB India | date =11 August 2017 | access-date =2 August 2021 }}</ref>
| variants = 
| weight = {{convert|3.81|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (without magazine) {{convert|4.03|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (with full magazine)<ref name="OFB INDIA"/>
| length = {{convert|895|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="OFB INDIA"/>
| part_length = {{convert|400|mm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="OFB INDIA"/>
| cartridge = [[5.56×45mm NATO]]
| action = [[Gas-operated]], [[rotating bolt]]
| rate = 650-700 rounds/min<ref name="OFB INDIA"/>
| velocity = {{convert| 900|m/s|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}
| range = 450m<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137795|title=Excalibur Rifle 5.56mm|author=Press India Bureau|date=|work=pib.nic.in|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref>
| feed = 20/30-round detachable [[box magazine]]<ref name="OFB INDIA">{{cite web |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/23.htm |title=Ordnance Factory Board |website=ofbindia.gov.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011230441/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/23.htm |archive-date=11 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| sights = In-built [[iron sights]], [[Picatinny rails]] for mounting telescopic or night sights
}}

The '''Excalibur''' is an [[assault rifle]] derived from the [[INSAS rifle]], the standard rifle of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[Indian Police Service]]. The Excalibur has many improvements over the INSAS rifle and was slated to replace it as the [[Indian Army]]'s standard assault rifle; however, the Indian Army put the replacement out to tender in September 2016.<ref name="ToI">{{Cite news |date=2016-09-28 |title=Once again, Army starts global hunt for a new-generation assault rifle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/once-again-army-starts-global-hunt-for-a-new-generation-assault-rifle/articleshow/54553688.cms |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Many police forces in India have procured the Excalibur in limited numbers.

It is manufactured by [[Ordnance Factory Board]] in [[Rifle Factory Ishapore]].<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Excalibur-rifle-awaits-certification-trials/article14475842.ece | title =Excalibur rifle awaits certification trials|first =Dinakar |last = Peri|location=[[NEW DELHI]] | date= 7 July 2016 |access-date =2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224182040/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Excalibur-rifle-awaits-certification-trials/article14475842.ece|archivedate=2024-02-24|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==History==
The Indian Army used the INSAS rifle from the late 1990s, and the rifle saw action during the [[Kargil War]]. The INSAS was said to be plagued with many reliability issues like cracking of the polymer magazines because of cold weather, oil being sprayed in the user's eyes and the rifle going into automatic mode when set on 3-round burst (the INSAS does not have an automatic mode).

From April 21 to 24, 2008, the Excalibur was shown at the Defence Services Asia convention.<Ref name="SAR">https://smallarmsreview.com/defence-services-asia-2008/</ref>

In November 2011, the Indian Army sent a [[request for proposal]] (RFP) to 34 vendors for 65,678 multi-calibre assault rifles for about {{currency|2,500|INR}} [[crore]] ({{currency|400|USD}} million).<ref name=global-tender>{{cite news|title=Army issues global tender for new assault rifles|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/army-issues-global-tender-for-new-assault-rifles_744679.html|accessdate=28 May 2014|newspaper=[[Zee News]]|date=30 November 2011}}</ref><ref name=five-cos>{{cite news|title=Five cos left in race to supply multi-calibre rifles to Army|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/five-cos-left-in-race-to-supply-multi-calibre-rifles-to-army-112112800433_1.html|accessdate=28 May 2014|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=28 November 2012}}</ref> The tender also included a license to manufacture about 100,000 more rifles in India, with a total expenditure of the phasing out estimated at {{currency|5,500|INR}} [[crore]] ({{currency|900|USD}} million).<ref name=butter>{{cite news|title=Guns and Butter in Billion-dollar Arms Deal|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20121001-billion-dollar-arms-deal-in-army-gun-manufacturers-759929-1999-11-29|access-date=28 May 2014|date=21 September 2012}}</ref> Similar tenders for a [[carbine]] and a [[light machine gun]] (LMG) were also issued.<ref name=weary-army>{{cite news|title=INSAS-weary army shops for new infantry arms|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/article1381326.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219001408/http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/article1381326.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2012|accessdate=28 May 2014|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 December 2012}}</ref> However, the Army sent a letter to the manufacturers on 15 June 2015, to notify them that the tender had been retracted.<ref name="ScrapTender">{{Cite web |date=2015-07-01 |title=Army scraps the world's largest assault rifle tender |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/army-tender-cancelled-multi-caliber-assault-rifles-279859-2015-06-30 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> In July 2015, it was reported that the INSAS may be replaced by the Modified INSAS rifle (MIR), which is based on the Excalibur. The decision was taken by General [[Dalbir Singh]], who wanted an indigenous rifle.<ref name="MadeinIndia">{{cite news|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|title=Exclusive: Made in India rifles to replace INSAS|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde-280690-2015-07-05|work=Mail Today|date=5 July 2015|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605130612/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde-280690-2015-07-05|archive-date=5 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JanesCancels">{{cite news|title=Indian Army cancels rifle, carbine tenders|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52818/indian-army-cancels-rifle-carbine-tenders|access-date=23 February 2016|work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=7 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901050102/http://www.janes.com/article/52818/indian-army-cancels-rifle-carbine-tenders|archive-date=1 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

After cancelling the tender, the army decided to pursue the new Excalibur rifle developed by the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment|ARDE]] as a replacement for the older INSAS rifles.

On 3 July 2016, the Indian media reported that the Indian Army had rejected the Excalibur for its standard issue assault rifle as it did not match the requirements standard of the army.<ref name="ET">{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2016-07-03 |title=Army hunts for lethal assault rifle, junks DRDO's Excalibur |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-hunts-for-lethal-assault-rifle-junks-drdos-excalibur/articleshow/53028957.cms |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-03 |title=Army hunts for lethal assault rifle, junks DRDO's Excalibur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-hunts-for-lethal-assault-rifle-junks-DRDOs-Excalibur/articleshow/53027875.cms |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In September 2016 the Indian Army announced that it was launching a tender for 185,000 7.62×51mm-caliber assault rifles.<ref name=ToI/> The Indian Army in October 2016 announced that Excalibur rifles will be adopted as an interim assault rifle until a suitable replacement is found.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=John |date=2016-10-27 |title=Dmilt.com - India; Army agrees to adopt Excalibur rifles – as interim solution {{!}} Asia {{!}} News |url=http://dmilt.com/asia/india-army-agrees-to-adopt-excalibur-rifles-as-interim-solution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107160450/http://dmilt.com/asia/india-army-agrees-to-adopt-excalibur-rifles-as-interim-solution |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=dmilt.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-07 |title=IA to induct Excalibur as interim assault rifle {{!}} IHS Jane's 360 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/65209/ia-to-induct-excalibur-as-interim-assault-rifle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107160624/http://www.janes.com/article/65209/ia-to-induct-excalibur-as-interim-assault-rifle |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=2024-03-05}}</ref>

In June 2017, the Excalibur was announced to have failed tests due to concerns about quality control and ineffective firepower.<ref>{{ cite news | url =https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-rejects-indigenously-made-rifles-for-second-year-in-a-row/story-7eE983qvZemyl8KQ8YgM3L.html | title =Indian Army rejects indigenously made rifles for second year in a row | date =21 June 2017 | access-date =2 August 2021 }}</ref>

==Design==
Design of the assault rifle first started in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111810/http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html|archivedate=2019-03-06|url=http://rfi.nic.in/Milestones.html |title=Important Milestones |publisher=Rfi.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2018-04-15}}</ref>

===Prototype===
The prototype incorporates a direct gas-tapping angle to reduce the recoil. The rifle would have automatic and single shot modes. The three-round burst mode of the INSAS has been dropped. The rifle would have a folding butt and a standard [[Picatinny rail]]. By September 2015, it had passed the water and mud tests, which four of the foreign rifles in the tender competition had failed. It was also reported 200 rifles were being manufactured and that prototype would undergo formal trials in late 2015.<ref name="IndigenousExcalibur">{{cite news|title=Army prepares for crucial trials as chief insists on indigenous Excalibur|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/army-prepares-for-crucial-trials-as-chief-insists-on-indigenous-excalibur-115090300012_1.html|access-date=23 February 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227001415/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/army-prepares-for-crucial-trials-as-chief-insists-on-indigenous-excalibur-115090300012_1.html|archive-date=27 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Tests====
The MIR had two stoppages after firing 24,000 rounds, which was very close the army's specification of one stoppage.<ref name="MadeinIndia"/> It was also reported that another prototype of Excalibur, AR-2, was being prepared which would fire 7.62×39mm rounds.<ref name="MadeinIndia"/>

[[File:Excalibur rifle MK-2.jpg|thumb|center|220px|The Excalibur MK-II rifle (AR-2), 7.62×39mm variant.]]

===Final===
The final designs incorporated picatinny rails on the upper receiver with an improved design for the polycarbonate magazine.<ref name="JanesCancels"/>

==Operators==

;{{IND}}

* [[Assam Police]]<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.guwahatiplus.com/article-detail/is-assam-police-prepared-for-counter-insurgency-operations | title = Is Assam police prepared for counter insurgency operations | last =Chanda | first =Rahul | date = 12 May 2018 | access-date =2 August 2021 }}</ref>
* Chhattisgarh Armed Force, [[Chhattisgarh Police]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policeman on security duty at Chhattisgarh minister's bungalow shoots self, investigation underway |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-policeman-on-security-duty-at-chhattisgarh-minister-s-bungalow-shoots-self-investigation-underway-3077472 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Karnataka Police]]<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.news18.com/news/india/karnataka-police-face-huge-weapon-shortage-says-cag-report-1814823.html |title =Karnataka Police Face Huge Weapon Shortage, Says CAG Report |date = 17 July 2018 |access-date = 2 August 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Manipur Police]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manipurpolice.gov.in/?p=325|title = Manipur Police Training College – Official Website Manipur Police}}</ref>
* [[West Bengal Police]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Excalibur-muscle-for-Bengal-police/articleshow/53565435.cms|title=Excalibur muscle for Bengal police|author=The Times of India |date=6 August 2016|work=timesofindia.com|access-date=6 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyoooz.com/kolkata/563893/excalibur-muscle-for-bengal-police|title=Excalibur muscle for Bengal police|last=NYOOOZ|date=6 August 2016|work=nyoooz.com|accessdate=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821014353/http://www.nyoooz.com/kolkata/563893/excalibur-muscle-for-bengal-police|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Failed Contracts===
* [[Indian Army]]<ref name="ET"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011230441/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/23.htm |date=October 11, 2018|title=RIFLE EXCALIBUR 5.56 MM}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Ordnance Factories Board}}
{{Kalashnikov rifle}}

{{commons category|Excalibur (assault rifle)}}

[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2017]]
[[Category:5.56×45mm NATO assault rifles]]
[[Category:Assault rifles of India]]

Baldev Raj Chopra

2026-02-14T22:09:11Z

Sindhupv:

#REDIRECT [[B. R. Chopra]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from long}}
}}

Ashvathaman

2026-02-10T02:21:05Z

Sindhupv: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ashvatthama]]

Talmar Romeo Juliet

2026-02-06T01:23:44Z

Sindhupv: new a data

{{Short description|2024 Indian Bengali romantic tragedy drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Talmar Romeo Juliet Poster.jpeg
| caption = Release poster
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)#Tragedy|tragedy drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| based_on = [[Romeo and Juliet]] by [[William Shakespeare]]
| writer = Durbar Sharma
| screenplay = Durbar Sharma
| director = Arpan Garai
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Debdutta Raha
* Hiya Roy
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
* Anujoy Chattopadhyay
}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = Debraj Bhattacharya
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Debraj Bhattacharya Anirban Bhattacharya Balaram Kansabanik
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Shrikant Mohta Mahendra Soni
| editor = Sanglap Bhowmik
| location =
| cinematography = Soumik Halder
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = 27-56 minutes
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Talmar Romeo Juliet''''' is a 2024 Indian Bengali [[Romance film#Romantic drama|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)#Tragedy|tragedy drama]] web series streaming on the Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The colourful teaser of Talmar Romeo Juliet reveals clues about its dark theme |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-colourful-teaser-of-talmar-romeo-juliet-reveals-clues-about-its-dark-theme/1185024 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=22 October 2024}}</ref> Directed by Arpan Garai in his directorial debut and written by Durbar Sharma, the series was produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]. The series is a contemporary adaptation of the classic [[Romeo and Juliet]] by [[William Shakespeare]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=বন্দুক আর অনেক চুমু! 'তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট'-এর টিজারেই ধামাকা |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/anirban-bhattacharya-debdutta-raha-hiya-roy-in-talmar-romeo-juliet-teaser/ |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=19 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> It is set in a small fictional village of Talma, where forbidden love arises between two lovers, belonging from families fighting against each other.<ref>{{cite news |title=ফের শেক্সপিয়রের গল্পে অভিনয় অনির্বাণের! টলিউডের 'রোমিও-জুলিয়েট' কারা? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/is-anirban-bhattacharya-acting-in-talmar-romeo-juliet-here-is-what-we-know/ |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=10 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

Debdutta Raha and Hiya Dutta play the titular roles in the series, marking their first series in a lead role.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Anirban Bhattacharya impresses as a diabolical character in the trailer of Talmar Romeo Juliet |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/anirban-bhattacharya-impresses-as-a-diabolical-character-in-the-trailer-of-talmar-romeo-juliet/1213326 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=11 November 2024}}</ref> [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] and Anujoy Chattopadhyay play other pivotal roles. Anirban Bhattacharya is also the creative director for the series.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=sn |title=বন্দুকের গুলি আর চুমুর রোম্যান্স, সঙ্গে চমক! কেমন জমলো 'তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট'-এর টিজার |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/26537/upcoming_series_of_hoichoi_talmar_romeo_juliet_teaser_out_now_which_starring_debdutta_raha_hiya_roy_and_anirban_bhattacharya_ent%C2%A0 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=19 October 2024 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The music was composed by Anirban Bhattacharya, Durbar Bhattacharya and Balaram Kansabanik. Sanglap Bhowmik did the editing while Soumik Halder handled the cinematography. The series was streamed on Hoichoi on 15 November 2024, to overall positive reviews from the critics.<ref>{{cite news |title=The age-old classic with a new twist! 'Talmar Romeo Juliet' to premiere this November |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/bengali/the-age-old-classic-with-a-new-twist-talmar-romeo-juliet-to-premiere-this-november/articleshow/114509293.cms |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=23 October 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series is based in a fictional village of Talma in [[North Bengal]]. Two influential families, the Majumders and the Liyaqats have age old conflict over land ownership. Rana is the younger son of the Majumder family and Jahanara is the only daughter of the Liyaqats. They fall in love with each other, despite knowing that their families are involved in a feud since their grandfathers, Badal and Liyaqat's time. Rana and Jahanara start secretly dating each other with Rana's fiends' and sister-in-law's help, so that their movements are not suspected in the small town of Talma.

In the meantime, the generational conflict gets more tensed up after a heated argument between Rana's elder brother Somanth and Jahanara's uncle Mostaq at the local police station. On the other hand, on the day of [[Dol Purnima|Dol]], everyone found out about their relationship when Rana and Jahanara were romancing with colours. Hurriedly, the Liyaqats decided to fix her marriage with someone else. Hearing the news, Rana became mentally devastated. Sympathising with his condition, Somnath and Mousumi decided to help them elope. Also, both Rana and Jahanara believed that their marriage could be the only thing that could end this generational conflict. So, they secretly get married with the help of Rana's trusted friends, Deep and Papai.

But, this strategy of theirs fails, and in a violent conflict between the two families, the Majumders face a death. The tragic death, and the accompanying grief forced Rana to leave the village. To reunite once again with Rana and elope with him, Jahanara chalked out a plan. With the help of her close aide, she spread the news of her death. She thought that while everyone will assume she is death, she will be able to reunite with Rana and live somewhere far away from Talma, where no one will be able to know the truth. But the message carrying the details of her escape plan failed to reach Rana in time and he thought that Jahanara was truly dead. Grief-stricken, Rana returned to his village and took his own life since he believed that his existence is of no use without Jahanara. In the final scene, Jahanara is seen sitting beside Rana's dead body. There, she killed herself and lay dead beside Rana's dead body. Their deaths brings an extremely tragic but complete end to the age long feud and battle between the families.

== Cast ==
Source:<ref>{{cite news |title=ফিরে এসেছে খোকা ! প্রেম বাঁচাতে পারবে 'তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট' ? - TALMAR ROMEO JULIET TRAILER OUT |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-hiya-roy-nad-deb-dutta-raha-starrer-talmar-romeo-juliet-official-trailer-out-west-bengal-news-wbs24110702087 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=7 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
* Debdutta Raha as Rana, Badal's younger son
* Hiya Roy as Jahanara, Liyaqat's daughter
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] as Mostaq, Liyaqat's nephew
* Anujoy Chattopadhyay as Somanth, Badal's elder son
* [[Payel De]] as Mousumi, Somnath's wife
* [[Joydip Mukherjee]] as Liyaqat
* [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee|Kamaleshwar Mukhopadhyay]] as Badal Majumder
* Ujaan Chatterjee as Papai, Rana's friend
* Shiladitya Chatterjee as Deep, Rana's friend
* Buddhadev Das as Siddiqui, Mostaq's wingman

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Challenge Nibina Sala
|DirectedBy = Arpan Garai
|WrittenBy = Durbar Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Sedin Dekha Hoyechilo
|DirectedBy = Arpan Garai
|WrittenBy = Durbar Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Bojhena Shey Bojhena
|DirectedBy = Arpan Garai
|WrittenBy = Durbar Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Batashey Gungun, Eseche Phagun
|DirectedBy = Arpan Garai
|WrittenBy = Durbar Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Naamey Ki Eshe Jay
|DirectedBy = Arpan Garai
|WrittenBy = Durbar Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Announcement ===
''Talmar Romeo Juliet'' was announced by Hoichoi on 15 October 2024, along with 10 other series, including ''[[Dainee]]'', ''[[Bishohori (TV series)|Bishohori]]'' and ''Puro Puri Eken''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soumita |title=ফেলুদা-একেনবাবু থেকে মিমি-পরীমণি! একগুচ্ছ ওয়েব সিরিজের ঘোষণা হইচই-এর... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/hoichoi-announce-many-web-series-starrer-anirban-bhattacharya-mimi-chakraborty-chiranjit-pori-moni-alongwith-feluda-and-eken-babu-544615 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=15 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=Hoichoi Web Series: ফিরছে 'ফেলুদা', 'একেনবাবু', অনির্বাণ নিয়ে আসছেন 'তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/talmar-romeo-juliet-feludar-goyendagiri-bhushawrgo-bhoyonkawr-puro-puri-eken-nikhoj-2-announcement-by-hoichoi-anirban-bhattacharyya-tota-roy-chowdhury-swastika-mukherjee-entertainment-news-1100101 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=15 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> It was announced to be a modern contemporary adaptation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s timeless romantic tragedy classic [[The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Talmar Romeo Juliet: Before the release of Anirban Bhattacharya's series here are the other works based on Shakespeare |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/listicle/talmar-romeo-juliet-before-the-release-of-anirban-bhattacharyas-series-here-are-the-other-works-based-on-shakespeare/101b835f08206 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=13 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Bhuswargo Bhoyonkawr to Puro Puri Eken: Hoichoi unveils upcoming content slate |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bhuswargo-bhoyonkawr-to-puro-puri-eken-hoichoi-unveils-upcoming-content-slate/cid/2055641 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Development ===
Durbar Sharma adapted Romeo Juliet and developed the contemporary story around an age old family rivalry and forbidden love. The director himself being from [[Jalpaiguri]], helped the whole cast to learn the accent of [[North Bengal]], which has been used in the series. Upon the writer Durbar Sharma's instigation, Anirban Bhattacharya wrote few songs for the series. Bhattacharya, being the creative director for the series, was also a part of the team which selected the location for filming.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Talmar Romeo Juliet: Exploring modern adaptation of Shakespeare's classic |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/talmar-romeo-juliet-exploring-modern-adaptation-of-shakespeare-s-classic/1222866 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

Anirban Bhattacharya mentioned in an interview that ''Talmar Romeo Juliet'' is not only a modern retelling of an age old classic, but also an experiment to observe how a story from a different era and place is still applicable and relatable in the setting of a small fictional [[North Bengal]] village, Talma.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=শেক্সপিয়ারের রোমিও জুলিয়েট যদি তালমার বাসিন্দা হন? গল্প বলতে আসছেন অনির্বাণ |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharyya-brings-a-new-series-named-talmar-romeo-juliet-going-to-release-on-15-november-1104258 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=8 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Debdutta Raha and Hiya Roy were chosen to play the role of Romeo and Juliet, respectively. This marked the first film in lead roles for both the actors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=From Eken Babu, Feluda to Romeo Juliet – check out the new slate of Hoichoi |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/listicle/from-eken-babu-to-romeo-juliet-check-out-the-new-slate-of-hoichoi/b6a58de5ff670 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=15 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=শক্তি চট্টোপাধ্যায়, শঙ্খ ঘোষের কবিতা শুনিয়ে কলেজ জীবনে প্রেমিকাদের পটিয়েছি: অনির্বাণ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/anirban-bhattacharya-interview-on-new-series-talmar-romeo-juliet-dgtl/cid/1558261 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=5 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Debdutta Raha was cast in the role of Romeo.<ref name="aajkal">{{cite news |last1=সাহা |first1=শ্যামশ্রী |title='সোশ্যাল মিডিয়ায় ফলোয়ার্স নেই, তাই রিজেক্ট হয়েছি অনেকবার'-দেবদত্ত রাহা |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-actor-debdutta-raha-who-playing-lead-role-on-hoichoi-series-talmar-romeo-juliet-ent-105991 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=8 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> He was cast in the series after the director Arpan Garai and Anirban Bhattacharya saw his performance as Monirul in ''[[Indubala Bhaater Hotel]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Anirban Bhattacharya: 'সিনেমা হেরে গিয়েছে', হঠাৎ এমন কেন বললেন অনির্বাণ? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-talks-about-tollywood-and-his-career-planning-while-promoting-talmar-romeo-juliet-31731573166618.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210032737/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-talks-about-tollywood-and-his-career-planning-while-promoting-talmar-romeo-juliet-31731573166618.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Hiya Dutta was called upon for audition by Anirban and Arpan after watching her performance in a small role in the Hoichoi series ''Jaatishwar''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hoichoi series: অনির্বাণের 'তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট'-এ কে হচ্ছেন 'জুলিয়েট'? চেনেন নায়িকাকে? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/14426/actress_hiya_roy_introducing_as_juliet_in_upcoming_series_talmar_romeo_juliet_ |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=16 May 2024 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She was selected and cast in the role of Juliet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=দাস |first1=সম্পিতা |title=প্রথম বার নায়িকার চরিত্রে অন্তর্বাস পরিহিতা! কেমন প্রস্তুতি ছিল তালমার 'জুলিয়েটের'? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/talmar-romeo-juliet-series-starrer-actress-aka-hiya-roy-exclusive-interview-dgtl/cid/1562014 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=22 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] was cast in the role of Tybalt, Juliet's uncle.<ref>{{cite news |last1=দত্ত |first1=অভিনন্দন |title='বিনোদনের অজস্র মাধ্যমের কাছে সিনেমা হেরে গিয়েছে! ভাবলে খুব কষ্ট হয়', বললেন অনির্বাণ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/a-candid-chat-with-bengali-actor-director-anirban-bhattacharya-before-the-release-of-his-new-web-series-talmar-romeo-juliet-dgtl/cid/1560158 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=14 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Being friends with Durbar, Anujoy knew about the project when Durbar started working on the script.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Anujoy: ক্রিকেটার হতে চেয়েছিলেন লজ্জা খ্যাত অনুজয়! ইন্ডাস্ট্রিতে আসা প্রসঙ্গে বললেন, 'প্রথমে আমার মামা লক্ষ্য করে যে…' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anujoy-chattopadhyay-talks-about-his-career-to-his-idol-and-talmar-romeo-juliet-31731894744945.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323122441/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anujoy-chattopadhyay-talks-about-his-career-to-his-idol-and-talmar-romeo-juliet-31731894744945.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Later, Durbar and the director offered Anujoy the role of Benvolio, which he accepted.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Talmar Romeo Juliet actor Anujoy Chattopadhyay: 'One day I want to perform like Irrfan Khan' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/talmar-romeo-juliet-actor-anujoy-chattopadhyay-one-day-i-want-to-perform-like-irrfan-khan/61daae93f2490 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=17 November 2024}}</ref> [[Payel De]] joined the cast in mid-May, 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title='রামপ্রসাদ' শেষ হতেই শুরু পায়েলের 'রোমিও জুলিয়েট' পর্ব, সুখবর দিলেন অভিনেত্রী |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/payel-de-starts-talmar-romeo-juliet-shooting/ |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=15 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Pre production ===
Debdutta Raha and Hiya Roy had workshop sessions for seven months before the filming was started. The director Arpan Garai trained and groomed them for six months. It included rigorous acting classes, exercises and workshops. Anirban Bhattacharya joined as their workshop teacher for the seventh month. Raha spoke in an interview that he had to practice football for six to seven months owing to this character in the series and even succumbed multiple injuries due to it.<ref name="aajkal"/>

Arpan Garai and Durbar Sharma read the script to Anirban Bhattacharya and offered him the role of Tybalt from the original play. They also asked him to join as the creative director in the project and get involved in the music production, owing to his experience and passion for contemporary adaptations of Shakespearean plays. As a creative director, Anirban handled the creative balance, scale, aesthetics, production and execution of the series.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Anirban Bhattacharya: 'এবার নাটক থেকে বেরোতে হবে...' হঠাৎ কেন এমন বললেন অনির্বাণ? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-talks-about-his-work-and-theatre-life-31730804378949.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207124935/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-talks-about-his-work-and-theatre-life-31730804378949.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Anirban got Debraj Bhattacharya and Subhaddep Guha on board to produce and compose the music of the series. Balaram Kansabanik joined later for composing a few more songs. Anirban used two songs in the series, whose rights he had acquired back in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Subhadrika |title=Catching up with Debdutta and Anirban on 'Talmar Romeo Juliet' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Nov/15/catching-up-with-debdutta-and-anirban-on-talmar-romeo-juliet |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=15 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=বাংলায় নতুন রোমিও-জুলিয়েট, তালমার আড্ডায় দেবদত্ত আর হিয়া |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/debdutta-raha-and-hiya-roy-from-talmar-romeo-juilet-of-anirban-bhattacharya-talk-about-love-romance-and-acting-dgtl/cid/1560614#goog_rewarded |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=15 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

There was extensive pre production work for one and a half years before the filming started. It included script writing, ideation, casting, deciding shooting location, costumes and colour palette.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Soujannya |title=Actor Anirban Bhattacharya: I love immersing myself in the mind of another creator |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-on-why-he-loves-donning-the-creative-directors-hat/cid/2084711 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=20 February 2025}}</ref> The major part of the filming was done in and around [[Jalpaiguri]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Sneha |title='সাংঘাতিক ভাবে পড়ে গিয়েছিল…', শুটিংয়ের অভিজ্ঞতা শেয়ার 'তালমার রোমিয়ো-জুলিয়েট'-এর |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/new-web-series-recreates-the-story-of-romeo-and-juliet/200320797.cms |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=4 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Hiya Roy mentioned in an interview that her intimate and sensual scenes in the series were explained to her well before, in the workshop.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Talmar Romeo Juliet: অন্তর্বাস খোলা, চুম্বন, 'তালমার রোমিও-জুলিয়েট'এ মেয়ের অন্তরঙ্গ দৃশ্য দেখে কী বলেন হিয়ার বাবা-মা? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/talmar-romeo-juliet-fame-actress-hiya-roy-opens-up-about-close-scene-on-web-series-31733129622812.html |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 December 2024 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She also mentioned that, since Debdutta also belonged from the same hometown as hers, they easily developed a bonding and it became easier for her to shoot the intimate scenes with least discomfort.<ref>{{cite news |last1=দে |first1=সুস্মিতা |title=নায়িকা হয়েই চুম্বন থেকে অন্তরঙ্গ দৃশ্যে অভিনয়, মা-বাবার প্রতিক্রিয়া ভাগ হিয়ার |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/hiya-roy-shares-her-parents-reaction-after-watching-talmar-romeo-juliet/200325770.cms |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=2 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Talmar Romeo Juliet
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Debraj Bhattacharya, Anirban Bhattacharya, Balaram Kansabanik
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| studio = 7 Notes Studio
| genre =
| length = 29:50
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
| producer =
| misc =
}}

The music for the series have been composed by Debraj Bhattacharya, Anirban Bhattacharya and Balaram Kansabanik. It includes songs across romance, tragedy, rap and folk genres. The lyrics have been penned by Nilanjan Ghosal, Anirban Bhattacharya and Balaram Kansabanik.<ref>{{cite news |title=ভালোবাসা জারি রাখছে 'তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট', মিশ্র প্রতিক্রিয়া নেটপাড়ায় |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/talmar-romeo-juliets-new-song-bhalobasha-jaari-achhey-sings-anirban-bhattacharya-debraj-and-surangana-bandyopadhyay-west-bengal-news-wbs24111402888 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=15 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

The first song "Du Haatey Mutho Bhorey" was released on 27 October 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The soundtrack of the upcoming series Talmar Romeo Juliet reveals an enchanting romantic number |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-soundtrack-of-the-upcoming-series-talmar-romeo-juliet-reveals-an-enchanting-romantic-number/1191516 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=The first song from Talmar Romeo Juliet is out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-first-song-from-talmar-romeo-juliet-is-out-now/articleshow/114684990.cms |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=28 October 2024}}</ref> The second song "Laal Rong" was released on 5 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=A passionate love song from the upcoming series Talmar Romeo Juliet celebrates red as the colour of love |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/a-passionate-love-song-from-the-upcoming-series-talmar-romeo-juliet-celebrates-red-as-the-colour-of-love/1205665 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |issue=5 November 2024}}</ref> The third song "Bhalobasha Jaari Achhey" was released on 14 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=The love anthem from Talmar Romeo Juliet is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-love-anthem-from-talmar-romeo-juliet-is-out/articleshow/115292218.cms |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=14 November 2024}}</ref> The fourth song "Talma RAP" Was released on 17 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Debrup |title=The rap track from 'Talmar Romeo Juliet' is a must-hear sensation |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/listen/hoichoi-drops-talma-rap-from-webseries-talmar-romeo-juliet-a-shakespearean-drama-with-a-twist/cid/2064474 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=20 November 2024}}</ref> The extended lead cast of ''Talmar Romeo Juliet'' was featured in the music video.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |title='চাঁদ উঠেছিল ফুল ফুটেছিল' কবিতার সঙ্গে শেক্সপিয়রকে মেলালেন অনির্বাণ! মুক্তি পেল 'তালমা র‌্যাপ' |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/talma-rap-song-video-unveils-from-anirban-bhattacarya-starrer-web-series-talmar-romeo-juliet-ent-135269 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=17 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> It served as a promotional song to the series.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Talma Rap from Talmar Romeo Juliet is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/talma-rap-from-talmar-romeo-juliet-is-out/articleshow/115406228.cms |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 29:50
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Du Haatey Mutho Bhorey
| length1 = 4:27
| music1 = Debraj Bhattacharya
| lyrics1 = Nilanjan Ghosal
| extra1 = Debraj Bhattacharya
| title2 = Laal Rong
| length2 = 4:26
| music2 = Debraj Bhattacharya
| lyrics2 = Anirban Bhattacharya
| extra2 = Debraj Bhattacharya
| title3 = Bhalobasha Jaari Achhey
| length3 = 2:49
| music3 = Anirban Bhattacharya, Balaram Kansabanik
| lyrics3 = Anirban Bhattacharya
| extra3 = Debraj Bhattacharya, Surangana Bandopadhyay
| title4 = Talma RAP
| length4 = 2:07
| music4 = Anirban Bhattacharya
| lyrics4 = Anirban Bhattacharya
| extra4 = Anirban Bhattacharya
| title5 = Du Haatey Mutho Bhorey (Sad Version)
| length5 = 3:03
| music5 = Debraj Bhattacharya
| lyrics5 = Nilanjan Ghosal
| extra5 = Debraj Bhattacharya, Anirban Bhattacharya
| title6 = Mon Jaaney Naa
| length6 = 4:30
| music6 = Balaram Kansabanik
| lyrics6 = Balaram Kansabanik
| extra6 = Iman Chakraborty
| title7 = Sona Bondhu Re
| length7 = 2:59
| music7 = Anirban Bhattacharya
| lyrics7 = Balaram Kansabanik
| extra7 = Balaram Kansabanik, Subhadeep Guha (Rap), Debraj Bhattacharya
| title8 = Mon Jaane Naa (Duet Version)
| length8 = 4:29
| music8 = Balaram Kansabanik
| lyrics8 = Balaram Kansabanik
| extra8 = Iman Chakraborty, Balaram Kansabanik
}}

== Release ==
''Talmar Romeo Juliet'' was premiered on the Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi on 15 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poddar |first1=Atreyee |title=Makers release trailer for 'Talmar Romeo Juliet', premiering November 15 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2024/Nov/08/makers-release-trailer-for-talmar-romeo-juliet-premiering-november-15 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=8 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=চুপিসারে ভালোবাসা জারি আছে 'তালমার রোমিও-জুলিয়েট'-এর - TALMAR ROMEO JULIET |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/debdutta-raha-hiya-roy-anirban-bhattacharya-starrer-talmar-romeo-juliet-premieres-on-hoichoi-west-bengal-news-wbs24110902050 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=9 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The first poster of ''Talmar Romeo Juliet'' was revealed on 2 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=ভিলেনদের কড়া নজরের মাঝেও প্রেমে মজে রানা-জাহানারা, প্রকাশ্যে 'তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট'-এর পোস্টার |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/27748/poster_revealed_of_hoichoi_series_talmar_romeo_juliet_which_starring_debdutta_raha_hiya_roy_and_anirban_bhattacharya_ent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211182348/https://aajkaal.in/story/27748/poster_revealed_of_hoichoi_series_talmar_romeo_juliet_which_starring_debdutta_raha_hiya_roy_and_anirban_bhattacharya_ent |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=2 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> It was announced as part of Hoichoi's "Hoichoi World Classics" project.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poddar |first1=Atreyee |title=Makers unveil poster for 'Talmar Romeo Juliet', slated to release on November 15 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2024/Nov/02/makers-unveil-poster-for-talmar-romeo-juliet-slated-to-release-on-november-15 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ভালো প্রেমিকের চরিত্র চান অনির্বাণ, কী ভাবছেন অর্পণ ? জানালেন ইটিভি ভারতকে |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-anirban-bhattacharya-arpan-garai-before-talmar-romeo-juliet-release-west-bengal-news-wbs24110802522 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=8 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The lead cast of Debdutta Raha, Hiya Roy, Anirban Bhattacharya and Anujoy Chattopadhyay, along with the remaining cast were also revealed along with it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=The official poster of Talmar Romeo Juliet got unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-official-poster-of-talmar-romeo-juliet-got-unveiled/articleshow/114876068.cms |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

The teaser for the series was released on 19 October 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=The teaser of Talmar Romeo Juliet unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-teaser-of-talmar-romeo-juliet-unveiled/articleshow/114687843.cms |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=28 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Talmar Romeo Juliet teaser: Anirban Bhattacharya introduces Hiya Roy and Debdutta Raha and a lot of colors on screen |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/talmar-romeo-juliet-teaser-anirban-bhattacharya-introduces-hiya-roy-and-debdutta-raha-and-a-lot-of-colors-on-screen/ebac52f6f5903 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> It marked the next Hoichoi World Classic project after ''Mandaar''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Subhadrika |title=Makers drop Bengali web series 'Talmar Romeo Juliet' teaser |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2024/Oct/21/makers-drop-bengali-web-series-talmar-romeo-juliet-teaser |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=21 October 2024}}</ref> The trailer was released on 7 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title='Talmar Romeo Juliet' Trailer: Debdutta Raha and Hiya Roy starrer 'Talmar Romeo Juliet' Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/bengali/talmar-romeo-juliet-trailer-video-debdutta-raha-and-hiya-roy-starrer-talmar-romeo-juliet-official-trailer-video/videoshow/115484024.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |publisher=Hoichoi |access-date=27 August 2025 |date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=The trailer of Talmar Romeo Juliet unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-trailer-of-talmar-romeo-juliet-unveiled/articleshow/115044128.cms |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=7 November 2024}}</ref> It was unveiled at a launch event hosted in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Talmar Romeo Juliet trailer unveiled: A new spin on a classic tale |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/talmar-romeo-juliet-trailer-unveiled-a-new-spin-on-a-classic-tale/1210347 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=9 November 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Subhasmita Kanji of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the series 4.2/5 stars and wrote "If the script is the Romeo of this series, the music is the Juliet. It is a simple romantic story which encompasses the elements of romance, tragedy, anguish, enmity and revenge." She praised the use of regional dialect, the performance of the extended cast, the cinematography and the storytelling.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=টানটান চিত্রনাট্যে যোগ্য সঙ্গত প্রেমের গানের! বন্দুকের সামনে চুমুর বিদ্রোহে কেমন হল তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/talmar-romeo-juliet-review-starring-debdutta-raha-hiya-dey-anirban-bhattacharya-anujoy-chattopadhyay-31732279145444.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323052617/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/talmar-romeo-juliet-review-starring-debdutta-raha-hiya-dey-anirban-bhattacharya-anujoy-chattopadhyay-31732279145444.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 November 2024 |language=bn}}{{rating|4.2|5}}</ref> Debarshi Bandyopadhyay of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated the series 6.5/10 stars and applauded the chemistry between the new pair, the bonding between Rana and his friends, and the screenplay but bemoaned the repetitive pattern in Anirban's direction and the similarity to his previous works ''Mandaar'' and ''Athhoi''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first1=দেবর্ষি |title=তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট: টানটান চিত্রনাট্যে উঁকি দেয় একঘেয়ে 'মন্দার', 'অথৈ'-এর ভাবনা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-web-series-talmar-romeo-juliet-starring-anirban-bhattacharyadebdutta-rahahiya-roy-dgtlx/cid/1560378#goog_rewarded |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=14 November 2024 |language=bn}}{{rating|6.5|10}}</ref>

Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and highlighted "Apart from the name and general plot direction, Talmar Romeo Juliet has little or nothing to do with the Shakespearean classic. The main plot and the subplots are interwoven slowly into a fast climax that could have done better at a slower pace. Despite that, ''Talmar Romeo Juliet'' is a good addition to Hoichoi’s cache of web series." She praised Debdutta and Hiya's strong debut performances besides the seasoned supporting cast, Soumik Halder's cinematography and the raw somatic acting in each frame. But she criticized the uneven episode lengths, continuity issues, dialogues and the accent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Talmar Romeo Juliet Season 1 Review : Of love, land and relatives! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/talmar-romeo-juliet/season-1/seasonreview/115484481.cms |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=22 November 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the series and opined "What sets ''Talmar Romeo Juliet'' apart is its commitment to capturing the essence of North Bengal’s cultural idiosyncrasies. Visually, it is a treat to the senses. There’s an overreliance on violence and gritty visuals that, while effective in creating atmosphere, tend to overshadow the tender moments." He praised the intensity of rivalry between Anujoy and Anirban, the visually vibrant landscapes and the soundtrack which captures forbidden love. But he bemoaned the lengthy world building and Anirban's character's similarity with his previous roles in ''Mandaar'' and ''Athhoi''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Talmar Romeo Juliet: Anirban Bhattacharya and Anujoy Chattopadhyay hold centre stage |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/talmar-romeo-juliet-anirban-bhattacharya-and-anujoy-chattopadhyay-hold-centre-stage/cid/2064397 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars and worded "''Talmar Romeo Juliet'' is an entertaining Bengali show that cannot be missed. One can revisit the show a number of times to absorb the tremendous teamwork that the makers – Arpan, Durbar, and Anirban – have put forward. Each of the actors deserves to be lauded. Each song has to be hummed. And many scenes have to be revisited." She praised the duel between Mostaq and Somanth, and termed it as Anirban's best work in terms of creative direction. But she bemoaned the paint brushed roles of the female characters and the extra loud background score.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Talmar Romeo Juliet review: Forget Shakespeare, watch it for Anujoy Chattopadhyay and Anirban Bhattacharya's duel |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/talmar-romeo-juliet-review-forget-shakespeare-watch-it-for-anujoy-chattopadhyay-and-anirban-bhattacharyas-duel/13e3838ef5697 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=15 November 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Parama Dasgupta of ''[[Aajkal]]'' reviewed the series and noted "The only thing common between ''Romeo and Juliet'' and this series is the title and the core theme. Durbar Sharma has woven a different storyline, keeping the core story constant." She praised Debdutta and Hiya, the fierce battle between Somnath and Mostaq, the performance of the remaining cast and the vibrant cinematography but criticized the over lengthy episodes, hurried climax and the overall similarity of the series with Anirban's previous Shakespeare adaptations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=দাশগুপ্ত |first1=পরমা |title=একটি প্রেমের মৃত্যু ও নৃশংসতার জয়জয়কার! কতটা জমল 'তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট'? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/review-of-hoichoi-web-series-talmar-romeo-juliet-starring-anirban-bhattacharya-anujoy-chattopadhyay-debdutta-raha-hiya-roy-ent-151270 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=2 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

[[Anupam Roy]] reviewed the series for ''[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]]'' and opined "At its core, Talmar Romeo Juliet is a story of love, loss, hope, and despair, woven through a world where the past and present are in constant tension." He praised the storytelling, blend of modernity with tradition, the performance of everyone in the cast and the visually enriched cinematography.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Anupam |title=Exploring love, loss and the duality of time in Talmar Romeo Juliet |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/exploring-love-loss-and-the-duality-of-time-in-talmar-romeo-juliet/1218313 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=16 November 2024}}</ref> [[Raj Chakraborty]] reviewed the series for ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' and wrote "The series depicts a rural story of love, tragedy, friendship, celebration and grief." He praised the performance of everyone in the cast, the bonding and enmity between the characters, the editing, cinematography and the music. He especially applauded Anirban Bhattacharya for his creative direction in the series.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Akash |title=অনির্বাণের 'তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট' দেখে রিভিউ দিলেন রাজ চক্রবর্তী, কেমন হল সিরিজ? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/raj-chakraborty-shares-review-of-talmar-romeo-juliet/ |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=15 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|34131795}}
*[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/talmar-romeo-juliet Talmar Romeo Juliet] on Hoichoi
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Talmar-Romeo-Juliet/0NTEJN3BSE4ZTNB42694S93SIN Talmar Romeo Juliet] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]

Mahadia railway station

2026-02-04T04:12:10Z

Sindhupv: minor edit

{{Short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mahadia
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Barabahali, [[Dhenkanal district]], [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| elevation = {{convert|63|m|ft}}
| coordinates = {{coord|20.750947|85.475883|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| opened = {{start date and age|1998}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MHDB
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Khurda Road}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Odisha
| map_dot_label =
| map_size = 300
| services= {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Hindol Road|right=Sadashibapur|type=[[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]]}}
}}

'''Mahadia railway station''' is a halt railway station on [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]] under the [[Khurda Road railway division]] of the [[East Coast Railway zone]]. The railway station is situated at Barabahali in [[Dhenkanal district]] of the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Vikas|title=Mahadia Ph Railway Station Map/Atlas ECoR/East Coast Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/mahadia-ph-mhdb/7380|access-date=2021-05-28|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahadia Ph Railway Station (MHDB) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/mahadia-ph-mhdb-station|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Railway stations in Odisha}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1998]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Khurda Road railway division]]

{{Odisha-railstation-stub}}

United States India Political Action Committee

2025-12-28T01:29:19Z

Sindhupv:

{{Short description|United States political action committee}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = United States India Political Action Committee
| image = US India Political .jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation = USINPAC
| motto =
| formation = September 2002
| founder = Sanjay Puri
| founding_location = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| type = [[Non-profit organization|Non-profit]]
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status = Active
| purpose = [[India-United States relations]], advocacy for [[Indian-Americans]]
| headquarters =
| location =
| coords = 
| region = [[United States]], [[India]]
| methods =
| fields =
| owner = 
| sec_gen =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| subsidiaries =
| endowment =
| staff =
| staff_year =
| slogan =
| mission =
| website = {{URL|https://www.usinpac.com/|usinpac.com}}
}}
The '''United States India Political Action Committee''' is a [[political action committee]] based in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="sprventures"/> Since its founding in 2002 by businessman Sanjay Puri, USINPAC has described its goal as "working closely with other [[Indian-American]] organizations to promote fair and balanced policies, and create a platform to enable the entry of Indian Americans in the political process."<ref name="sprventures"/> Particular issues of note have related to [[immigration|legal immigration]], [[counter-terrorism]], [[business relations]], [[global health]], [[religious freedom]], [[education]], and US-India trade.<ref name="gnucleardeal"/> USINPAC has also donated significant funding to the political campaigns of both [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] politicians,<ref name="spqusinac"/> and past [[United States Senate|Senate]] candidates supported by USINPAC include [[Aruna Miller]], [[Aneesh Chopra]], [[Vivek Kundra]], and [[Kesha Ram]] among others.<ref name="findrepj"/> USINPAC is involved with the annual US business delegation to India, and has periodically held briefings for members of the [[United States Congress]] and the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref name="spwhindubusinessline"/> An active proponent of the [[H-1B visa|H-1B Visa Program]] between 2003 and 2008,<ref name="pachievementaas"/> USINPAC has also supported the [[U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement]],<ref name="spesanjaypuri"/> the [[Hyde Act]],<ref name="pachievementaas"/> the [[Section 123 Agreement]],<ref name="sprventures"/> the [[Domestic Prosperity and Global Freedom Act]],<ref name="ubigstrides"/> and hate-crime expansions to the [[Local Law Enforcement Enhancement Act]] (LLEEA), among others.<ref name="pachievementaas"/>

==History==

===Background and founding (2000–2003)===
In September 2002,<ref name="nkamdar"/><ref name="spjgainsmuscle"/> Indian-American businessman Sanjay Puri and Vikram Chauhan<ref name="ileadership"/> formally established the United States India Political Action Committee (USINPAC),<ref name="spjgainsmuscle"/> a [[non-profit]] [[political action committee]]<ref name="spmentrepre"/> based in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="sprventures"/> Surabhi Garg headed fundraising and operations,<ref name="ileadership"/> while Puri became chairman in October 2002.<ref name="spflinkedin"/> From the start USINPAC described its goal as "working closely with other Indian-American organizations to promote fair and balanced policies, and create a platform to enable the entry of Indian Americans in the political process."<ref name="sprventures"/> Among other issues, starting in 2002 USINPAC began working to educate US lawmakers on a [[visa (document)|visa]] backlog in India, which within several years had helped lead to increased staff at the [[US Embassy]] in India and funding for a new US Consulate in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="pachievementaas"/>

USINPAC also immediately became involved in political campaigns in the US. Financed largely by individual donors,<ref name="spnnominates"/> USINPAC donated a total $50,000 to seven American politicians in early 2003 for "their stand on immigration policy, relations with India and policies affecting Indian Americans in a post-September 11 scenario." Five of the seven candidates ended up winning their race.<ref name="spjgainsmuscle"/> USINPAC soon had liaisons with the India Caucus in US Congress,<ref name="spjgainsmuscle"/> and on February 13, 2003, USINPAC organized the first India Caucus Day on [[Capitol Hill]], with talks held by politicians such as [[Joseph Crowley|Joe Crowley]], [[Joe Wilson (U.S. politician)|Joe Wilson]], [[Ed Royce (politician)|Ed Royce]], and [[Jim McDermott]].<ref name="spjgainsmuscle"/> In July 2003, USINPAC organized a Capital Hill reception with the [[American Jewish Committee]] and the [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]], in what the ''New York Times'' opined was a "small part of a larger trend of cooperation between Israeli and Indian interests" at large.<ref name="lBONDGROW"/>

===Pakistan aid and bills (2003–2004)===
On the issue of aid to Pakistan, USINPAC has from its founding advocated cutting funding to the [[Pakistani government]], instead arguing aid to Pakistan should come "via non-governmental organizations that support political and economic reform with the specific objective of increasing Pakistani economic integration with the international community of nations."<ref name="pachievementaas"/> According to the ''[[Asia Times]]'', USINPAC "put itself on the political map" in May 2003 "when it successfully lobbied for an amendment to the House's US$3 billion aid package for [[Pakistan]]." The amendment, which was proposed by [[Gary Ackerman]] of the India Caucus in the US Congress, called for "an end to US assistance until Pakistan stopped cross-border attacks in the disputed state of [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]] and gave up weapons of [[Weapon of mass destruction|mass destruction]]."<ref name="spjgainsmuscle"/> While Ackerman withdrew the amendment after disputes, ''Asia Times'' writes "what is important to note is that Ackerman and the USINPAC were not making empty threats: they had the capability to push through the amendment, and the [[White House]] knew it." [[Eni Faleomavaega]] of the India Caucus in the US Congress instead pushed an alternate but similar amendment through, which among other points "ceased the transfer of [[weapons of mass destruction]], including any associated technologies, to any third country or [[terrorist organization]]."<ref name="spjgainsmuscle"/>

===Nuclear agreement (2005–2008)===
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:2em; margin-right:0; font-size:85%; background:offwhite; color:black; width:20em; max-width:40%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"|"A defining moment for the Indian community in the US was the [[U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]] under [[President George W Bush]] [which came into effect in 2008]. USINPAC, under the stewardship of Puri, was at the forefront lobbying for it."
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|—''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]'' (July 5, 2011)<ref name="spqusinac"/>
|}
USINPAC set up operations in [[New Delhi]] in 2005.<ref name="sprventures"/> From 2005 to 2008 USINPAC advocated for expanded cooperation on defense issues between the US and India.<ref name="pachievementaas"/> Starting in 2005, for example,<ref name="sprventures"/> USINPAC was closely involved in the passage of the [[U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement]],<ref name="spesanjaypuri"/><ref name="indianbat"/> playing a key role in getting it through Congress<ref name="spesanjaypuri"/> three years later.<ref name="sprventures"/> The agreement, first drafted by American and Indian politicians in 2005 and announced by US President [[George W. Bush]] in March 2006, would "end a moratorium on sales of [[nuclear fuel]] and reactor components to India's civilian nuclear program."<ref name="spnnominates"/> Lobbying had "intensified" by June 2006,<ref name="mashokhsharma"/> as USINPAC worked with the Indian American Center for Public Awareness and the Indian American Forum for Political Education to ensure that "the 39 members of the India Caucus in the Senate and more than 180 members of the Caucus in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] vote for the deal."<ref name="mashokhsharma"/> USINPAC supported the passage of the related [[Hyde Act]] in 2006,<ref name="pachievementaas"/> and the [[Section 123 Agreement]] passed in 2008,<ref name="sprventures"/> allowing US-India cooperation in the civilian nuclear-energy trade.<ref name="pachievementaas"/> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the agreement was hailed by officials as "historic" and "a centerpiece of American-Indian relations."<ref name="spnnominates"/>

===Political contributions and media (2005–2013)===
By June 2006 USINPAC had contributed a total of over $200,000 to Congressional candidates, and had raised campaign money at nine fund-raisers and receptions since January of that year.<ref name="spnnominates"/> While USINPAC supports both Democratic and Republican candidates, it has maintained long alliances with politicians such as [[Hillary Clinton]], whose support was considered crucial by some to the success of the US-India 123 Agreement.<ref name="spnnominates"/> By 2006 USINPAC had praised Clinton's open stance on [[outsourcing]], stating on their website that "even though she was against outsourcing at the beginning of her political career, she has since changed her position and now maintains that offshoring brings as much economic value to the United States as to the country where services are outsourced, especially India."<ref name="latimesao"/> The ''[[Washington Post]]'' opined in September 2007 that "in just five years, USINPAC has become the most visible face of Indian American lobbying."<ref name="nkamdar"/>

The ''[[India Post]]'' wrote in 2013 that "USINPAC has been active in promoting nuclear, defense, education, and trade relations between USA and India for the past decade."<ref name="qurgeesreview"/> In relation to US-India trade, USINPAC has provided expert testimony in [[Congressional hearing]]s on the topic, and also conducted briefings with the Senate Foreign Affairs and [[House Foreign Affairs Committee]]s.<ref name="gnucleardeal"/> USINPAC was a key proponent in 2013 behind the passage of new measure to expand the [[FBI]]'s tracking categories of hate crimes.<ref name="scapaca"/> In March 2013, Puri testified before the House Committee on Foreign Relations and advocated prioritizing Indian issues such as education, a STEM Teacher exchange, and the "export of gas to ease India’s energy difficulty."<ref name="qurgeesreview"/> Also that year, USINPAC denounced the arrest of Indian diplomat [[Devyani Khobragade]] and the manner it was conducted, calling it a "failure in diplomatic protocol."<ref name="spsdonmodi"/> Accused of making false statements on a visa application, Khobragade had been subjected to a [[strip search]] and [[cavity search]] by police.<ref name="rarrest"/> In an interview, Puri called for her to be returned to India, and for US officials to treat the arrest with more awareness of public perception in India.<ref name="spsdonmodi"/>

===Indian elections and recent issues (2014–2015)===
USINPAC voiced disapproval of the controversial [[John Dayal#John Dayal's Testimony against India at U.S. House of Representative|House Resolution 417]] in April 2014. Proposed by Indian-Christian activist [[John Dayal]] in an attempt to influence the [[Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for Indian general election, 2014|Indian election outcome]], the resolution characterized [[Hinduism]] in a negative light, with Puri stating "it’s just not the job of the US Congress to tell Indians how to vote in their own election."<ref name="spsdonmodi"/> When asked about USINPAC's own stance on the elections, Puri reassured the press that "we [at USINPAC] have worked diligently to make sure there are no undue influences on the election, and the [chairman] of the [[House Foreign Relations Committee]] [Rep. [[Ed Royce (politician)|Ed Royce]] (R-CA)] has assured us that they will stay out of the way."<ref name="spsdonmodi"/> After [[Narendra Modi]] was elected [[Prime Minister of India]],<ref name="spuboday"/> USINPAC spearheaded a campaign to schedule a [[Joint Session of Congress]] with Modi.<ref name="husinpaca"/><ref name="vnototagdress"/> In September, [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[John Boehner]] invited Modi "to address a Joint Meeting of Congress after mid-term elections, at a time of his choosing," with signed notes of support from 100 bipartisan members of Congress.<ref name="spuboday"/>

USINPAC supported grassroots campaigns behind the [[Domestic Prosperity and Global Freedom Act]] and H.R. 2771 (the Expedite Our Economy Act) in 2014, as well as the Senate companion bill S. 2494 (Natural Gas Export Promotion Act). The bills were intended to change current law and enable US exports to India, including [[shale gas]]. During a USINPAC-organised legislative briefing, the bills met with support from politicians such as [[Ted Poe]].<ref name="ubigstrides"/> ''[[The Economist]]'' referred to USINPAC in May 2015 as "the main political lobby for Indian-Americans in Washington."<ref name="spvworldwideweb"/> USINPAC is involved with the annual US business delegation to India to meet with Indian politicians, businesspeople, and newsmakers.<ref name="spwhindubusinessline"/> In June 2015 USINPAC hosted a delegation led by [[Jupally Krishna Rao]] from the newly formed Indian state of [[Telangana]], arranging meetings between American business interests and the delegation "for the purpose of scouting partners and investments."<ref name="delteangana"/> As of November 2015, [[United States Senate]] candidates supported by USINPAC included politicians such as [[Aruna Miller]], [[Ravi Sangisetty]], [[Manan Trivedi]], [[Raja Krishnamoorthi]], [[Aneesh Chopra]], [[Vivek Kundra]], [[Jay Goyal]], and [[Kesha Ram]] among others.<ref name="findrepj"/>

==Mission and ethos==
{{ external media
| float =right
| video1 = [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5494833 "Indian Americans Lobby for U.S. Nuclear Deal" : Sanjay Puri on NPR] (June 19, 2006)
| video2 =
}}
As a [[bipartisan]] [[political action committee]],<ref name="spqusinac"/> USINPAC focuses on diverse issues relevant to the [[Indian-American]] community at large. Particular issues of note have related to [[immigration|legal immigration]], [[counter-terrorism]], [[business relations]], [[global health]], [[religious freedom]], [[education]], and US-India trade.<ref name="gnucleardeal"/> USINPAC has also donated significant funding to the political campaigns of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] politicians,<ref name="spqusinac"/> and in 2009, Puri asserted to the press the USINPAC wanted to ensure that Indian-American candidates "don’t have to think twice about running because they didn't get the financial resources."<ref name="spkajc"/> USINPAC's stance against giving aid directly to the [[government of Pakistan]] has at times led to accusations of an anti-Pakistan bias, as have USINPAC's periodic collaborations with organizations such as the [[American Jewish Committee]].<ref name="nkamdar"/> USINPAC has assured the press their stance is not the result of a religious or cultural bias, clarifying that the group is "not anti-Pakistan, but in the [[Kashmir]] and other sub-continental issues, the group looks after the Indian interests."<ref name="spjgainsmuscle"/> Among other organizations, USINPAC has worked closely with the [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]] (AIPAC) on issues, often jointly lobbying Congress in support of minority interests.<ref name="spjgainsmuscle"/>

==Key people==
The following are key members of the executive committee as of 2015:<ref name="ileadership">
{{cite news
| title =Leadership as of 2015
| url =http://www.usinpac.com/index.php/home/our-leadership
| publisher =USINPAC
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>
*Sanjay Puri - Chairman, Founder
*Surabhi Garg - VP of Finance and Operations
*Robinder Sachdev - Director of India Affairs
*Vikram Chauhan - Director of the Smart Cities Initiative, Founder
*Manish Thakur - Director of US-India Security
*[[Rahul M. Jindal|Dr. Rahul Jindal]] - Director of Healthcare
*Dolly Kapoor - Director of US-States Outreach
*Rahul Srinivasan - Director of the Energy Initiative

==Further reading==
*{{cite news
| title =Indian diaspora gains muscle in Washington
| url =http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EI23Df03.html
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20030928010417/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EI23Df03.html
| url-status =unfit
| archive-date =September 28, 2003
| newspaper =[[Asia Times]]
| date =September 23, 2003
}}
*{{cite news
| title =The Bond Between India and Israel Grows
| url =https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/07/world/the-bond-between-india-and-israel-grows.html?pagewanted=all
| newspaper =[[The New York Times]]
| date =September 7, 2003
}}
*{{cite news
| title = Indian-Americans Test Their Clout on Atom Pact
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/washington/05indians.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FOrganizations%2FC%2FCongress%20&_r=0
| newspaper =[[The New York Times]]
| date =June 5, 2006
}}
*{{cite news
| title =Forget the Israel Lobby. The Hill's Next Big Player Is Made in India.
| url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/28/AR2007092801350.html
| newspaper =[[Washington Post]]
| date =September 30, 2007
}}
*{{cite news
| title =USINPAC chief Sanjay Puri passionate about cutting-edge Indo-US ties
| url =http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-05/news/29621112_1_usinpac-indian-community-indian-americans
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130813011836/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-05/news/29621112_1_usinpac-indian-community-indian-americans
| url-status =dead
| archive-date =August 13, 2013
| newspaper =[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]
| date =July 5, 2011
}}
*{{cite news
| title =US lawmakers forge ahead to set US-India relations on new course
| url =http://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/india-us-relations-on-prime-minister-narendra-modi-us-visit/story/210746.html
| newspaper =[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]
| date =September 25, 2014
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Diaspora politics in the United States]]
*[[Hinduism in the United States]]
* [[Ethnic interest groups in the United States]]
* [[Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America]]
* [[India-United States relations]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2| refs =

<ref name="gnucleardeal">
{{cite news
| title =About
| url =http://www.usinpac.com/index.php/home/aboutusinpac
| publisher =usinpac.com
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>
<ref name="spqusinac">
{{cite news
| title =USINPAC chief Sanjay Puri passionate about cutting-edge Indo-US ties
| first =Ishani
| last =Dutagupta
| url =http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-05/news/29621112_1_usinpac-indian-community-indian-americans
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130813011836/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-05/news/29621112_1_usinpac-indian-community-indian-americans
| url-status =dead
| archive-date =August 13, 2013
| newspaper =[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]
| date =July 5, 2011
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>

<ref name="spsdonmodi">
{{cite news
| title =More people in the US don't know about Modi than do know about him: Sanjay Puri
| first =Deepak
| last =Chitnis
| url =http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2013/12/27/people-us-dont-know-modi-know-sanjay-puri/
| newspaper =American Bazaar Online
| date =December 27, 2013
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>

<ref name="spuboday">
{{cite news
| title =US lawmakers forge ahead to set US-India relations on new course
| first =Eni FH
| last =Faleomavaega
| url =http://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/india-us-relations-on-prime-minister-narendra-modi-us-visit/story/210746.html
| newspaper =[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]
| date =September 25, 2014
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>

<ref name="spwhindubusinessline">
{{cite news
| title =Raising FDI cap in Defence crucial to getting US investments, says panel
| first =Amiti
| last =Sen
| url =http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/raising-fdi-cap-in-defence-crucial-to-getting-us-investments-says-panel/article6824052.ece
| newspaper =[[The Hindu Business Line]]
| date =January 26, 2015
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>
<ref name="spesanjaypuri">
{{cite news
| title =Sanjay Puri
| first =Amiti
| last =Sen
| url =http://www.usinpac.com/index.php/home/our-leadership/sanjay-puri-new
| publisher =usinpac.com
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>

<ref name="delteangana">{{cite news|last1=Delegation|first1=Telangana|title=USINPAC hosts Telangana Delegation|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/pharma/latest-updates/telangana-delegations-us-roadshow-a-success/90388/|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}} (June 26, 2015)</ref>

<ref name="indianbat">{{cite news | title = Indian-Americans bat for N-deal | url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/jun/05ndeal.htm | date = 2006-06-05 | work = [[Rediff.com]] | access-date = 2006-08-29 }} (June 5, 2006)</ref>
<ref name="spvworldwideweb">
{{cite news
| title =The worldwide web
| url =https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21651331-india-should-make-more-valuable-asset-abroad-worldwide-web
| newspaper =[[The Economist]]
| date =May 23, 2015
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>
<ref name="lBONDGROW">
{{cite news
| title =The Bond Between India and Israel Grows
| first =Amy
| last =Waldman
| url =https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/07/world/the-bond-between-india-and-israel-grows.html?pagewanted=all
| newspaper =[[The New York Times]]
| date =September 7, 2003
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>
<ref name="sprventures">
{{cite news
| title =Ventures
| url =http://www.sanjaypuri.com/sanjay-puri-ventures
| publisher =sanjaypuri.com
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>
<ref name="spnnominates">
{{cite news
| title = Indian-Americans Test Their Clout on Atom Pact
| first =Mike
| last =McIntire
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/washington/05indians.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FOrganizations%2FC%2FCongress%20&_r=0
| newspaper =[[The New York Times]]
| date =June 5, 2006
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>
<ref name="spmentrepre">
{{cite news
| title =NRI named the co-chair of a policy committee
| first =Ramesh
| last =Gupta
| url =http://www.nriinternet.com/NRIappointments/USA/Politics/A_Z/P/Sanjay_Puri/index.htm
| newspaper =NRI Internet
| date =December 25, 2005
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>
<ref name="mashokhsharma">
{{cite news
| title =Indo-US Nuclear Deal: Intense Lobbying
| first =Ashok
| last =Sharma
| url =http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/indo-us-nuclear-deal-intense-lobbying-2049.html
| publisher =Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies
| date =June 24, 2006
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>
<ref name="nkamdar">
{{cite news
| title =Forget the Israel Lobby. The Hill's Next Big Player Is Made in India.
| first =Mira
| last =Kamdar
| url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/28/AR2007092801350.html
| newspaper =[[Washington Post]]
| date =September 30, 2007
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>
<ref name="latimesao">
{{cite news
| title = Clinton's free-trade advocacy is hitting labor where it lives
| first =Peter
| last =Wallsten
| url =http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/30/nation/na-buffalo30/2
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140912071640/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/30/nation/na-buffalo30/2
| url-status =dead
| archive-date =September 12, 2014
| newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]]
| date =July 30, 2007
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>

<ref name="ubigstrides">
{{cite news
| title =Big strides in US shale gas deal
| first =Jayanta Roy
| last =Chowdhury
| url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140804/jsp/business/story_18684449.jsp#.VjKVAUr9q2w
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140906184410/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140804/jsp/business/story_18684449.jsp#.VjKVAUr9q2w
| url-status =dead
| archive-date =September 6, 2014
| newspaper =[[The Telegraph India]]
| date =August 3, 2014
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>
<ref name="scapaca">
{{cite news
| title =CAPAC Applauds New FBI Hate Crime Tracking Data
| url =https://capac-chu.house.gov/press-release/capac-applauds-new-hate-crime-tracking-data
| publisher =Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus (CAPAC)
| date =August 2, 2013
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>
<ref name="qurgeesreview">
{{cite news
| title =USINPAC urges review of US-India relations
| url =http://www.indiapost.com/usinpac-urges-review-of-us-india-relations/
| newspaper =[[India Post]]
| date =March 28, 2013
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>

<ref name="pachievementaas">
{{cite news
| title =Achievements
| url =http://www.usinpac.com/index.php/home/achievements
| publisher =usinpac.com
| date =2008
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>
<ref name="spkajc">
{{cite news
| title =Sanjay Puri
| url =http://www.ajc.org/site/c.ijITI2PHKoG/b.2177419/k.6AF2/Americas_Table_Sanjay_Puri.htm
| publisher =ajc.org
| date =2009
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>
<ref name="husinpaca">
{{cite news
| title =USINPAC grassroots campaign makes history in July 2014
| url =http://www.usinpac.com/index.php/latest-press-releases/usinpacinnews/2553-usinpac-grassroots-campaign-makes-history-in-july-2014-1
| publisher =usinpac.com
| date =July 16, 2014
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>

<ref name="spjgainsmuscle">
{{cite news
| title =Indian diaspora gains muscle in Washington
| first =Ramtanu
| last =Maitra
| url =http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EI23Df03.html
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20030928010417/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EI23Df03.html
| url-status =unfit
| archive-date =September 28, 2003
| newspaper =[[Asia Times]]
| date =September 23, 2003
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>
<ref name="rarrest">
{{cite news
| title =Indian American group condemns Khobragade's arrest
| first =Hardeep
| last =Sidhu
| url =http://www.topnews.in/indian-american-group-condemns-khobragades-arrest-2387601
| publisher =topnews.in
| date =December 18, 2013
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>
<ref name="spflinkedin">
{{cite news
| title =Sanjay Puri
| url =https://www.linkedin.com/in/sanjaykpuri
| publisher =[[LinkedIn]]
| access-date = 2015-10-21
}}</ref>
<ref name="vnototagdress">
{{cite news
| title =PM Modi not to address US Congress during Washington visit
| url =http://www.firstpost.com/world/pm-modi-will-address-us-congress-washington-visit-1664721.html
| newspaper =[[First Post]]
| date =August 14, 2014
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>

<ref name="ileadership">
{{cite news
| title =Leadership as of 2015
| url =http://www.usinpac.com/index.php/home/our-leadership
| publisher =USINPAC
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>

<ref name="findrepj">
{{cite news
| title =Senate Candidates supported by USINPAC
| url =http://www.usinpac.com/index.php/find-your-rep/candidates-supported
| publisher =usinpac.com
| access-date = 2015-11-03
}}</ref>


}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|United States India Political Action Committee}}
*[http://www.usinpac.com/ USINPAC.com]
*[https://twitter.com/USINPAC?ref_src=twsrc^google|twcamp^serp|twgr^author USINPAC] on [[Twitter]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/USINPAC USINPAC] on [[Facebook]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/usinpac USINPAC] on [[YouTube]]

{{India–United States relations}}

[[Category:United States political action committees]]
[[Category:Foreign policy political advocacy groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Immigration political advocacy groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]

Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya

2025-12-09T02:26:19Z

Sindhupv: updated details

{{Short description|Indian politician (1880–1959)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pattabhi Sitaramayya
| image = Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya 1997 stamp of India.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| order = 1st
| office = Governor of Madhya Pradesh
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Ravishankar Shukla]] [[Bhagwantrao Mandloi]] [[Kailash Nath Katju]]
| term_start = 1 November 1956
| term_end = 13 June 1957
| predecessor = ''Office Established''
| successor = [[Hari Vinayak Pataskar]]
| office1 = [[President of the Indian National Congress]]
| term_start1 = 1948
| term_end1 = 1949
| predecessor1 = [[J. B. Kripalani]]
| successor1 = [[Purushottam Das Tandon]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1880|11|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gundugolanu]], [[Eluru District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| height =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1959|12|17|1880|11|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh, India {{small|''(Now in [[Telangana]], India)''}}
| birth_name = Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya
| othername =
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| nationality =
}}

'''Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya''' (24 November 1880 – 17 December 1959)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/dr_pattabhi_sitaraimayya.htm |title=Dr Pattabhi Sitaraimayya |access-date=6 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301000033/http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/dr_pattabhi_sitaraimayya.htm |archive-date=1 March 2007 |publisher=congresssandesh.com }}</ref>{{efn|Some sources give birth date as 24 November 1888.}} was an Indian independence activist and political leader in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was also the first governor (1 November 1956 – 13 June 1957) of Madhya Pradesh. His books include ''Feathers and Stones'', ''The History of Congress'', and ''Gandhi and Gandhism''.

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Gundugolanu]] village, [[Krishna district]] (now part of [[Eluru district]]) in [[Andhra Pradesh]] to a [[Niyogi|Telugu Niyogi]] Brahmin family, Pattabhi graduated from the [[Madras Christian College]], fulfilled his ambition to become a medical practitioner by securing a M.B.C.M. degree.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian National Congress|url=https://www.inc.in/en/leadership/past-party-president/b-pattabhi-sitaramayyaa|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Indian National Congress | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222641/https://www.inc.in/en/leadership/past-party-president/b-pattabhi-sitaramayyaa}}</ref>

==Career==
===Medical and early political career===
He started his practice as a doctor in the coastal town of [[Machilipatnam]], headquarters of Krishna District and the political centre of Andhra. He left his lucrative practice to join the freedom fighting movement. During the years 1912–13, when there was a great controversy over the desirability of forming a separate province for [[Andhra State|Andhra]], he wrote a number of articles in "The Hindu" and other journals explaining the need for immediate formation of linguistic provinces.

At the Lucknow session of the Congress in 1916, he demanded the formation of separate Congress circle for Andhra. The demand was opposed by Mahatma Gandhi, but as [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Tilak]] supported Pattabhi, the Andhra Congress Committee came into existence in 1918. He was a member of the Working Committee of the Congress for a number of years and the President of Andhra Provincial Congress Committee in 1937–40.

===Publications and imprisonment===
He ran for the presidency of the [[Indian National Congress]] as the candidate closest to [[Mohandas Gandhi]], against [[Netaji Subash Chandra Bose]] in Tripuri Session of 1939 (in Madhya Pradesh) . He lost owing to [[Netaji]]'s rising popularity and the belief that Pattabhi favoured the inclusion of [[Tamil people|Tamil]]-majority districts in a future [[Telugu people|Telugu]] state in independent India.

Serving on the [[Congress Working Committee]] when the [[Quit India Movement]] was launched in 1942, Pattabhi was arrested with the entire committee and incarcerated for three years without outside contact in the fort in [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]]. During this time he maintained a detailed [[diary]] of day-to-day life during imprisonment, which was published later as ''Feathers and Stones''. He is also the author of ''The History of the Congress'' published in 1935 with an introductory note given by the [[Rajendra Prasad]]. His other popular publication was ''Gandhi and Gandhism''.

===High office===
He ran successfully for Congress presidency in 1948, winning with the support of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the [[Prime Minister of India]]. He was a member of the J.V.P. Committee (Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and Pattabhi) which formally rejected the reorganization of states on linguistic lines but after a 56-day hunger strike by [[Potti Sriramulu]] the formation of Andhra State without Madras City took place. Prior to this he served as a member in the Constituent Assembly, in 1952 he was elected to Rajya Sabha. Pattabhi also served as the [[Governor]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] from 1956 to 1957.
[[File:Scan10014-Enhanced-Colorized.jpg|thumb]]

===Andhra Bank===
With the financial support of [[Yarlagadda Sivarama Prasad|Srimantu Raja Yarlagadda Sivarama Prasad Bahadur]], Sitaramayya established [[Andhra Bank]] in [[Machilipatnam]] on 28 November 1923 which is currently one of the major [[commercial bank]]s of India. Its present headquarters is located at Hyderabad. The head office of Andhra Bank, "Pattabhi Bhavan", is named after him. He also started Andhra Insurance Company, Krishna Jilla Co-Operative Bank in [[Krishna District]] Bhagyalakshmi Bank.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060218012515/http://www.andhrabank-india.com/english/bankprofile.asp#founder Pattabhi's biography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050314011814/http://www.freeindia.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=466 FreeIndia.org – B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya's biography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070301000033/http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/dr_pattabhi_sitaraimayya.htm Congress Sandesh – Pattabhi Sitaramayya's biography]
{{Governors of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sitaramayya, Bhogaraju Pattabhi}}
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Governors of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Andhra movement]]
[[Category:Indian historians]]

LifeCell International

2025-12-02T20:35:35Z

Sindhupv: Done.

{{Short description|Indian biotechnology company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = LifeCell International
| type = Private
| traded_as =
| foundation = 2004
| hq_location_city = [[Chennai]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|S. Abhaya Kumar (Founder [[Chairman]])| S. Mayur Abhaya (MD & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| industry = Healthcare Services
| products = Cord blood banking, metabolic screening and other products catering to the mother & child segment
| revenue =
| num_employees =
| homepage = [https://www.lifecell.in/ Official Website]
| logo =
}}

'''LifeCell International''' is an Indian biotechnology company established in 2004.<ref name="b" /><ref name="a">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1=Bureau |title=LifeCell launches community stem cell bank |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/lifecell-launches-community-stem-cell-bank/article9579807.ece |accessdate=6 June 2019 |publisher=The Hindu BusinessLine |date=10 March 2017}}</ref> It runs India's largest stem cell bank and has also diversified into diagnostics and tissue therapeutics.<ref name="b">{{cite news |last1=Pilla |first1=Vishwanath |title=LifeCell rejigs biz |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/lifecell-rejigs-biz-after-centre-restricts-commercial-stem-cell-banking-3030901.html |accessdate=6 June 2019 |agency=CNBC |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=11 Oct 2018}}</ref> In 2017 the company launched a community stem cell banking which allows sharing of preserved umbilical cord stem cells among its members.<ref name="a" /> The community stem cell banking is claimed to be among the largest and only one of its kind in India.<ref name="c">{{cite news |last1=Koshy |first1=Jacob |title=In the hope of a cure: can stem cells treat autism? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/in-the-hope-of-a-cure-can-stem-cells-treat-autism/article23543334.ece |accessdate=6 June 2019 |agency=The Hindu |date=15 April 2018}}</ref> It was reported in 2017 that LifeCell had preserved stem cells from 3,00,000 individuals<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sukanya Dutta |first1=Sumi |title=Norms for cord blood banking soon |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/apr/22/norms-for-cord-blood-banking-soon-1804635.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903074223/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/apr/22/norms-for-cord-blood-banking-soon-1804635.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |accessdate=22 April 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=New Indian Express |publisher=NewIndianExpress.com}}</ref> in India and was expected to add 60,000 individuals every year in the future<ref name="d">{{cite web |last1=Bhutia |first1=Lhendup G |title=Hardcell |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/health/hardcell |website= |publisher=Open Magazine |accessdate=6 June 2019}}</ref>

In September 2021 LifeCell secured ₹255 [[crore]] in funding by selling a minority stake to OrbiMed Asia Partners IV.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Neetu Chandra |title=LifeCell International announces ₹225 cr fundraise from OrbiMed Asia Part |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/lifecell-international-announces-225-cr-fundraise-from-orbimed-asia-part-11632223409512.html |work=mint |date=21 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Sunny Sharma who is the senior managing director at OrbiMed Asia will join the board of LifeCell after completion of this transaction.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hariharan|first=Sindhu|last2=|last3=|first3=|title=lifecell: LifeCell raises Rs 255 crore investment - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/lifecell-raises-rs-255-crore-investment/articleshow/86397668.cms|access-date=2022-02-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="VCC">{{cite news |title=Healthcare-focused OrbiMed invests $30 mn in stem cell firm LifeCell |url=https://www.vccircle.com/healthcare-focused-orbimed-invests-30-mn-in-stem-cell-firm-lifecell |work=VCCircle |date=21 September 2021}}</ref>

In 2013, the company raised ₹35 crore in a round of funding led by Helion Venture Partners and in 2017 promoters acquired the stake from Helion for ₹72 crore.<ref name="VCC"/>

The company has recorded it's turnover worth ₹240 crore for 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=V |first1=Narayanan |title=LifeCell is strengthening its diagnostics and biologics business divisions |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/lifecell-is-strengthening-its-diagnostics-and-biologics-business-divisions/article34374326.ece |work=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>
__TOC__

==Services==

===BioBank===

BioBank is the name of the community cord blood banking division of LifeCell that refers to the collection at birth, processing, testing, cryopreservation and storage of stem cells from the umbilical cord blood. Cord blood, also called "placental blood", is the blood that remains in the umbilical cord and placenta following the birth of a child and after the umbilical cord is cut. During pregnancy, the umbilical cord functions as a lifeline between mother and child. Cord blood is a rich source of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are primarily responsible for replenishing blood and regenerating the immune system.<ref>{{cite news |title=LifeCell introduces genetic testing for cord blood samples|url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/78/13332/lifecell-introduces-genetic-testing-for-cord-blood-samples.html}}</ref>

===Self Test Kits===

Lifecell announced the launch of self test kits for screening HPV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coming soon: First at-home test to screen for cervical cancers in India|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/health/coming-soon-first-at-home-test-to-screen-for-cervical-cancers-in-india-9900411.html}}</ref> It is regarded as India's first at-home [[cervical cancer]] screening test <ref>{{cite news |title=India's first at-home cervical cancer screening test coming soon|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/indias-first-at-home-cervical-cancer-screening-test-coming-soon/articleshow/97174686.cms}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Health care companies of India]]

Pyramid Saimira

2025-12-02T05:43:21Z

Sindhupv: improved article

{{Short description|Multinational Indian entertainment company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Pyramid Saimira
| image = Logo_of_Pyramid_Saimira.jpg
| type = [[Film Producer|Film production]] [[Film distribution]] [[Film soundtrack|Film soundtrack distribution]] [[Exhibition]]
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
*{{BSE|532791}}
*{{NSE|PSTL}}
}}
| location_city = Chennai
| location_country = India
| area_served = India, China, Malaysia, Singapore, USA, UK
| key_people = Mr.PS Saminathan, Mr N Narayanan
| ISIN = INE165H01018
| industry = [[Entertainment industry|Entertainment]], [[Software Industry|Software]]
| products = [[Motion picture]]s ([[Tamil language|Tamil]])
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pyramid Saimira''', an Indian multinational entertainment company, operating in 6 countries <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pstl.in/aboutus.php |title=Pyramid Saimira Group |access-date=2008-09-18 |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913130714/http://www.pstl.in/aboutus.php |archive-date=2008-09-13 }}</ref> was one of the World's fastest growing entertainment group. Its diversified businesses included Exhibition (Theatre), [[film producer|Film and Television Content Production]], [[film distributor|Distribution]], Hospitality, Food & Beverage, Animation and Gaming, Cine Advertising, etc., which has significantly altered the profile of [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu cinema]], the Tamil film music scene and entertainment industry in India at large. Its founder and CEO died on 28 Jun 2019 due to diabetics related illness.

== Filmography ==
=== Distribution ===
*''[[Aanai]]'' (2005)
*''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007)
*''[[Satham Podathey]]'' (2007)
*''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' (2007)
*''[[Evano Oruvan]]'' (2007)
*''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' (2007)
*[[Ali Bhai]] (2007)
*''[[Vaazhthugal]]'' (2008)
*''[[Arasangam]]'' (2008)
*''[[Kuselan]]'' (2008)
*''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008)
*''[[Naan Kadavul]]'' (2009)

=== Production ===
*''[[Kannamoochi Yenada]]'' (2007)
*''[[Aayudham Seivom]]'' (2008)

== Debts, Problems and Closure ==
Following the failure of ''[[Kuselan]]'' (2008), the production studio began to experience significant financial problems which affected several of their ongoing projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kuselan-fiasco-a-postmortem-news-tamil-kkfthvidcgasi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820045318/http://www.sify.com/movies/kuselan-fiasco-a-postmortem-news-tamil-kkfthvidcgasi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-08-20|title=Kuselan Fiasco- A postmortem|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> The releases of films including [[Krishna (director)|Krishna]]'s ''Yen Ippadi Mayakkinai'' starring [[Richard Rishi|Richard]] and [[Gayathrie]] and Jeppi Azhagar's ''Vaanam Partha Seemayile'' starring [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]] and [[Priyanka Nair]], were sudden cancelled despite having audio releases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/new-releases/three-cheers-for-pyramid.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505201253/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/new-releases/three-cheers-for-pyramid.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 May 2010|title=Three cheers for Pyramid – Lakshman Sruthi – 100% Manual Orchestra -|website=www.lakshmansruthi.com}}</ref> Likewise, Shankar Dayal's ''Anandham Arrambam'', which was meant to be the launch for actor [[Adharvaa Murali]], was also shelved despite beginning production. [[Kamal Haasan]]'s bilingual period film, ''Marmayogi'', was also scrapped after Pyramid Saimira were unable to finance the venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-09-02/kamal-haasan-10-09-09.html|title=Kamal's action against Pyramid Saimira - Kamal Haasan - Raj Kamal International - Unnai Pol Oruvan - Marmayogi - Pyramid Saimira - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

In the year 2010, the management was struck by debts ranging to Rs.500 Crore and cases were filed on it by [[SEBI]] for breaching its terms and finally closed down.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article3296287.ece | title=Madras HC sets deadline for Pyramid Saimira creditors to provide proof of debt | date=9 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008005316/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article3296287.ece | archive-date=8 Oct 2012 | newspaper=The Hindu Business Line | access-date=4 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-23 |title=Sebi bans former Pyramid Saimira chairman from mkts |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-53755720101223 |access-date=2023-03-15}}</ref>

Share investors were duped by company's false auditing practices and internal scams. The promoter assured investors in their AGM that everything was in order and also acknowledged to make a dividend payout as a good will measure. It's another blot in ethics and corporate governance of the promoters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/pyramid-saimira-case-sebi-confirms-ban-against-india-capital/102147/on|title=Compensation, job to wife of slain photojournalist|agency=Press Trust of India|date=30 December 2012|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sat-adjourns-hearingpyramid-saimira-case/85907/on|title=SAT adjourns hearing on Pyramid Saimira case|agency=Press Trust of India|date=16 February 2010|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Key Personalities ==
These are the people who are mainly responsible for Pyramid Saimira.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pstl.in/board_directors.php|title=Main People}}</ref>

{| cell spacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=100%
|- valign=top
| width=20% |
*Mr. P.S. Saminathan Group CEO and CFO
*Mr. K.S.Srinivasan Director & CEO – Pyramid Saimira Production International Ltd
*Mr. Satish Shukla CEO – Saimira Access Technologies Limited
*Mr. T.A.Adikesavan President-Management Services(MS) & Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)
*Mr. R. Venkatakrishnan Chief Operating Officer (COO) --- Saimira Realty Limited
*Mr. G. Gowtham President – Marketing & Movie Cards, PSTL
*Mr. T.Sivakumar CEO – PSTL Exhibition
*Mr R Chandrasekar, GM (Distribution)
*Mr. Ram Mohan Rao President – Content Procurement, PSEL
| width=20% |
*Mr. S.Ganesan Group Company Secretary
*Mr. A.S.Satish Kumar CEO – Pyramid Saimira Theatre Chain (M) Sdn Bhd
*Mr. V.Srinivasan Chief Technical Officer
*Mr. Alok Kumar Vice President – Food & Beverages
*Ms. Subhaa Venkat General Manager – Productions & Creativity
*Ms. Purvi Shah COO – Western Region | Global Head – Corporate Communication
*Mr. G.K.Kalidasan Vice President – HR
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.pstl.in/ Official Website]
*[https://www.imdb.com/company/co0209732/ IMDB Profile]

[[Category:Film distributors of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 2010]]

INSAT-3DS

2025-11-23T10:53:42Z

Sindhupv:

{{Short description|Meteorological satellite by India}}

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = INSAT-3DS
| image = INSAT-3DS_Satellite.jpg
| image_caption = INSAT 3DS
| image_size =
| mission_type = [[Weather satellite]]
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]], [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|MoES]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| website = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/}}
| mission_duration = Planned: 10 years Elapsed: {{Time interval|17 February 2024 12:05|show=ymd|sep=,}}
| spacecraft = INSAT-3DS
| spacecraft_type =
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| launch_mass = {{cvt|2275|kg}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/INSAT_3DS_Satellite_Flagged_off_to_SDSC_SHAR.html|title=INSAT-3DS Satellite Flagged off to SDSC-SHAR|work=[[ISRO]]|date=2024-01-27}}</ref>
| dry_mass = {{cvt|907|kg}}
| dimensions =
| power = 1164 [[Watt|W]]
| launch_date = {{start-date|17 February 2024, 12:05}} [[UTC]]<ref name="sn-20240217">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/india-launches-insat-3ds-meteorological-satellite-with-gslv-rocket/ |title=India launches INSAT-3DS meteorological satellite with GSLV rocket |date=17 February 2024 |access-date=17 February 2024 |work=SpaceNews.com}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk II]] – F14
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|SLP]]
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| entered_service =
| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| last_contact =
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination =
| orbit_period =
| apsis = gee
| instruments =
| programme = [[INSAT]]
| previous_mission = [[INSAT-3DR]]
| next_mission = [[INSAT-3E]]
}}

'''INSAT-3DS''' is an Indian [[meteorological satellite]] built by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). The satellite is a follow on of [[INSAT-3DR]] mission.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://space.oscar.wmo.int/satellites/view/insat_3ds |title=INSAT-3DS |website=World Meteorological Organization OSCAR |accessdate=14 November 2023}}</ref> The satellite was launched on 17 February 2024 at 17:35 IST from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]].

==Satellite Payloads==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! Payload
! Usage
|-
| DRT
| Data Relay Transponder
|-
| SAS&R
| Advanced Aided Search & Rescue
|-
| IMAGER
| 6 channel imager
|-
| SOUNDER
| 19 channel sounder
|}

==Launch==
The INSAT-3DS satellite was initially planned to be launched in January 2024 but was later delayed to February.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/x-ray-polarimeter-satellite-on-1st-day-of-2024-isro-launches-mission-to-study-black-holes/106457315|title=X-ray Polarimeter Satellite: On 1st day of 2024, ISRO launches mission to study Black Holes|work=Economic Times|date=2024-01-01}}</ref> The satellite was launched via the [[GSLV|GSLV-F14]] rocket on 17 February 2024 at 17:35 IST (12:05 UTC).<ref name="sn-20240217"/> This was the first time the extended version of Cryogenic upper stage of the GSLV rocket, CUS-15 was flown with environment friendly white fairing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLV-F14_INSAT-3DS_mission.html|title=GSLV-F14/INSAT-3DS MISSION|work=[[ISRO]]|date=2024-02-08}}</ref> Five days later, all four planned [[Liquid apogee engine|Liquid Apogee Motor]] (LAM) firings were completed. The spacecraft is now in the [[geosynchronous orbit]]. It is expected to reach the In Orbit Testing (IOT) location by Feb 28, 2024, following which it will go to its designated orbital slot.<ref>{{Cite news |title=All four planned Liquid Apogee Motor firings completed, Insat-3DS orbit testing soon: Isro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/all-four-planned-liquid-apogee-motor-firings-completed-insat-3ds-orbit-testing-soon-isro/articleshow/107909520.cms |access-date=2024-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's weather satellite INSAT-3DS enters orbit, all engine firings complete |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-insat-3ds-update-weather-satellite-geosynchronous-orbit-2505552-2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=India Today |date=22 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2024|reason=Date has passed, article should reflect latest status}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{India-spacecraft-stub}}

{{INSAT satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2024}}

[[Category:Weather satellites of India]]
[[Category:2024 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2024]]

New Zuari Bridge

2025-11-19T16:31:42Z

Sindhupv:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox bridge
| bridge_name = New Zuari Bridge
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = New Zuari Bridge.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = The bridge, with its first section completed by Dilip Buildcon
| official_name =
| other_name =
| carries = [[NH 66|NH-66]]
| crosses = [[Zuari River]]
| locale = [[Tiswadi]], [[Goa]], [[India]]
| owner =
| maint =
| id =
| website =
| architect =
| designer =
| engineering =
| design = [[Cable-stayed bridge]]
| material =
| length = {{convert|640|m|ft}}
| width = {{convert|27|m|ft}}
| height =
| mainspan = {{convert|360|m|ft}}
| spans =
| pierswater =
| load =
| clearance =
| below =
| life =
| builder = [[Dilip Buildcon]]
| fabricator =
| begin =
| complete =
| cost =
| open =
| inaugurated = {{start date and age|29 December 2022}} (Northbound carriageway) {{start date and age|22 December 2023}} (Southbound carriageway)
| toll =
| traffic =
| preceded =
| followed =
| heritage =
| collapsed =
| closed =
| replaces =
| map_cue =
| map_image =
| map_alt =
| map_text =
| map_width =
| coordinates = {{Coord|15.4107156|73.903823|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''New Zuari Bridge''', also commonly known as '''Manohar Setu''', is a [[bridge]] over the [[Zuari River]] in [[Goa]], [[India]], linking the districts of [[North Goa district|North Goa]] and [[South Goa]].

Opened in 2022, with a total length of {{convert|640|m|ft}}, New Zuari Bridge is the second longest cable-stayed bridge in India. Named after the [[Zuari River]], the project was under the control of [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI).

== History ==
The foundation stone of the bridge was laid in 2016. It was initially agreed that it would take three years to complete. Bhopal based [[Dilip Buildcon|Dilip Buildcon Limited]] was awarded the bridge construction project. Work on the country's second largest cable bridge started in collaboration with a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] firm. But the work progressed slowly. The construction of the bridge, which was supposed to be completed in 2021, was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]; because the pandemic situation prevented DBL's Chinese consultant from traveling to [[India]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news |title=Goa: Part of new Zuari bridge to open by end of month, says Nilesh Cabral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/part-of-new-zuari-bridge-to-open-by-end-of-month-cabral/articleshow/95894848.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=December 2022 |access-date=2 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Union Road Transport and Highways Minister]] [[Nitin Gadkari]] inaugurated the first phase of the New Zuari Bridge in Goa on 29 December 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways Nitin Gadkari inaugurates Phase I of New Zuari Bridge in Goa |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1887415 |publisher=PIB Mumbai |access-date=2 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The 2nd (southbound) bridge was opened on 22 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-zuari-bridge-route-map-design-status-update | title=Zuari Bridge Project – Information & Status }}</ref>

== Architectural features ==
New Zuari Bridge is a [[cable-stayed bridge]], built using steel pylons {{convert|125|m|ft}} high.<ref name="banglahunt">{{cite web |title=ভারতের দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম ক্যাবল ব্রিজের উদ্বোধন, তৈরি হয়েছে কলকাতার বিদ্যাসাগর সেতুর আদলে |url=https://banglahunt.com/new-zuari-bridge-indias-second-largest-cable-support-bridge-is-now-open/ |website=banglahunt.com |date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> With a total length of {{convert|640|m|ft}}, New Zuari Bridge is the second longest cable-stayed bridge in India. The total width of the bridge is {{convert|27|m|ft}}, with 4 lanes in each direction. The deck over the main span is {{convert|360|m|ft}} long. The two side spans are supported by parallel wire cables and are {{convert|140|m|ft}} long.

== See also ==
* [[Atal Setu, Goa]]
* [[Zuari Bridge]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bridges in Goa]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in South Goa district]]
[[Category:Transport in Panaji]]
[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges in India]]
[[Category:Toll bridges in India]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 2022]]

List of mosques in Jammu and Kashmir

2025-10-30T20:19:15Z

Sindhupv: Stub

{{Short description|none}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}

This is a list of notable [[Mosque|Mosques]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]:
{{Dynamic list|multiple=no}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Image
!Name
!Location
!Year built (CE)
!Notes
|-
|[[File:Jama_Masjid,_Srinagar_(14363005587).jpg|225x200px]]
|[[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar]]
|[[Nowhatta]], [[Srinagar]]
|1402
|Largest Mosque in Jammu and Kashmir, commissioned by Sultan [[Sikandar Butshikan|Sikandar]] at the behest of Mir Mohammad Hamadani, son of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamia Masjid in kashmir |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/jamia-masjid.aspx |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.jktdc.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=2012-10-29 |title=The Legend Of Jamia Masjid |url=https://kashmirlife.net/the-legend-of-jamia-masjid-8764/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Aali Masjid.jpg|225x250px]]
|[[Aali Mosque]]
|Eidgah, [[Srinagar]]
|1417
|Situated at the premises of [[Eidgah Shah-i-Hamdan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aali Masjid |url=http://www.heritageofkashmir.org/projects/conservation-projects/aali-masjid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809232839/http://www.heritageofkashmir.org/projects/conservation-projects/aali-masjid.html |archive-date=2014-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Ashiq |date=2024-09-13 |title=Aali Masjid: Srinagar's second largest Mosque, echoing centuries of spiritual heritage |url=https://www.dailygoodmorningkashmir.com/aali-masjid-srinagars-second-largest-mosque-echoing-centuries-of-spiritual-heritage/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Daily Good Morning Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=AALI MASJID: Historic 600-Year-Old Srinagar Mosque Continues To Stand Against All Odds – Asian Lite UAE |url=https://asianlite.ae/2023/top-news/aali-masjid-historic-600-year-old-srinagar-mosque-continues-to-stand-against-all-odds |access-date=2024-09-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:HAZRATBAL SHRINE 01.JPG|225x250px]]
|[[Hazratbal Shrine]]
|[[Hazratbal]], [[Srinagar]]
|1600s
|Situated on the northern bank of [[Dal Lake]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmir Indians Yield at Shrine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/07/world/kashmir-indians-yield-at-shrine.html |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> The first building of the shrine was constructed in 17th century by Mughal subedar Sadiq Khan during the emperor [[Shah Jahan]]'s reign.
|-
|[[File:Khanqah, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|225x250px]]
|[[Khanqah-e-Moula]]
|Zaina kadal, [[Srinagar]]
|1395
|Also known as Shah-e-Hamdan Masjid. Situated on the right bank of the river [[Jhelum]], commissioned by Sultan [[Sikandar Butshikan|Sikendar]] in memory of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khanqah-e-Moula |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/khanqah-e-molla.aspx |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.jktdc.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-18 |title=Khanqah-e-Moula: A spiritual phoenix that survived fires, Kashmir's historical trials |url=https://thekashmiriyat.co.uk/khanqah-e-moula-a-spiritual-phoenix-that-survived-fires-kashmirs-historical-trials/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The Kashmiriyat |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali.jpg|225x250px]]
|[[Charar-e-Sharief shrine]]
|[[Charari Sharief]], [[Budgam]]
|1460
|[[Sufism|Sufi]] Muslim [[shrine]] and [[mosque]] situated in the town of [[Charari Sharief]] in [[Budgam district]]. It was built to pay homage to Nund Rish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHARAR-E-SHARIF IN KASHMIR |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/charar-e-sharif.aspx |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.jktdc.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Dastgir Sahib (6134053356).jpg|225x250px]]
|[[Dastgeer Sahib]]
|[[Khanyar]], [[Srinagar]]
|1845
|200-year-old shrine situated in [[Khanyar]]. It is associated with [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=2012-07-01 |title=The Revered Dastgeer Sahab |url=https://kashmirlife.net/the-revered-dastgeer-sahab-5075/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Jamia masjid shopian.jpg|225x250px]]
|[[Jamia Masjid, Shopian]]
|[[Shopian]]
|1944 (reconst.)
[[Mughal Period]] (First est.)
|Historic mosque located in the district of [[Shopian district|Shopian]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=Jamia Masjid Shopian |url=https://www.yemberzal.in/2023/02/jamia-masjid-shopian.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque -Srinagar district -J&K -005.jpg|225x250px]]
|[[Akhund Mullah Shah Mosque|Akhund Mullah Shah]]
|[[Hari Parbat]], [[Srinagar]]
|1649
|Also known as ''Dara Shikoh Mosque''. Built by [[Dara Shikoh]] for his spiritual mentor.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/Wkmv_kashir-encyclopedia-vol-1-jk-culture-academy/mode/1up |title=Kashir Encyclopedia |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages |year=1986 |volume=1 |pages=367 |language=ks}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Pathar Masjid in Srinagar 04.jpg|225x250px]]
|[[Pathar Mosque]]
|Zaina Kadal, [[Srinagar]]
|1623
|[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era [[stone]] [[mosque]], located on the left bank of the River [[Jhelum]], opposite the shrine of [[Khanqah-e-Moula]], built by Mughal Empress [[Nur Jahan|Noor Jahan]], the wife of [[Jehangir]].<ref>Lawrence, W.R., {{Google books|DqAHweWRUs0C|The Valley of Kashmir|page=37}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Madin Sahib Mosque in Srinagar 11.jpg|225x250px]]
|[[Madin Sahib]]
|[[Zadibal]], [[Srinagar]]
|1448
|built by [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Sultan Zain-ul-Abideen ''(Budshah)'']]. He named it after his teacher Syed Mohammad Madani, who is also buried to the left of the Masjid.<ref>Mohammad Ishaq Khan(2011). ''Sufis Of Kashmir'', p. 313. Gulshan Books, Srinagar, Kashmir. {{ISBN|978-81-8339-095-8}}.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Jamia masjid sopore.jpg|226x226px]]
| [[Jamia Masjid, Sopore|Jamia Masjid Sopore]]
| [[Sopore]]
| 17th-century
| Historic mosque located on the banks of the River [[Jhelum]]. Built during the reign of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jamia Qadim Masjid |url=https://nmma.nic.in/nmma/builtDetail.do?refId=2439&dynasty=47 |archive-url= |website=The National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities (NMMA)}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Markazi Jamia Masjid Shareef Kupwara.jpg|225x250px]]
|Markazi Jamia Masjid Kupwara
|[[Kupwara]]
|16th Century
|Historic mosque whose construction dates back to the 16th century, and which is situated on the banks of the [[Pohru River|Talri River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kupwara Jamia Masjid: A Place of Worship and a Witness of Interfaith Harmony |url=https://brighterkashmir.com/kupwara-jamia-masjid-a-place-of-worship-and-a-witness-of-interfaith-harmony |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013114606/https://brighterkashmir.com/kupwara-jamia-masjid-a-place-of-worship-and-a-witness-of-interfaith-harmony |archive-date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Brighter Kashmir |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-22 |title=Amid overcast weather conditions, Eid prayers offered across Kashmir |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/amid-overcast-weather-conditions-eid-prayers-offered-across-kashmir/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Masjid_e_Murshideen.jpg|225x225px]]
|Masjid-e-Murshideen
|[[Kupwara]]
|November 1988
|Founded by Pir Mohammed Shams-ud-Din as a centre for both worship and learning, the mosque’s foundation stone was laid on 19 November 1998 and completed over several years through community contributions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=2011-02-21 |title=Mosque With Warmth |url=https://kashmirlife.net/mosque-with-warmth-1235/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315234721/https://kashmirlife.net/mosque-with-warmth-1235/ |archive-date=2023-03-15 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SERVICE |first=GK NEWS |date=2023-04-28 |title=Training for Haj pilgrims of Kupwara to be held on May 2, 3 |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/training-for-haj-pilgrims-of-kupwara-to-be-held-on-may-2-3/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Jamia masjid trehgam.jpg|225x250px]]
|[[Jamia Masjid Trehgam]]
|[[Trehgam]]
|20th-century ''(reconst.)''
15th-century
(est.)
|Notable for sharing a common courtyard with a centuries-old [[Hindu temple]] and the shrine of Sufi saint Syed Ibrahim Bukhari.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-22 |title=Side by side, temple and mosque in Trehgam expose the manufactured portrayal of Kashmir |url=https://thekashmiriyat.co.uk/side-by-side-temple-and-mosque-in-trehgam-expose-the-manufactured-portrayal-of-kashmir/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Kashmiriyat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=RAHEEM |first=TARIQUE |date=2023-01-24 |title=Trehgam: Grand Masjid shares common yard with temple in rare display of religious harmony |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/trehgam-grand-masjid-shares-common-yard-with-temple-in-rare-display-of-religious-harmony/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |date=2023-05-18 |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Hindu temple-Mosque share common yard in Kupwara, promotes harmony {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir-hindu-temple-mosque-share-common-yard-in-kupwara-promotes-harmony/details |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=India Blooms |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-05-14 |title=Unity in diversity: Grand mosque and Hindu temple share common yard in Kashmir's Trehgam village |url=https://theprint.in/india/unity-in-diversity-grand-mosque-and-hindu-temple-share-common-yard-in-kashmirs-trehgam-village/1573749/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==

* [[Islam in Kashmir]]
* [[Imambara Zadibal]]

== References ==
<references />
{{Mosques in India|state=Jammu and Kashmir}}{{List of mosques}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmir, List of mosques in Jammu and}}
[[Category:Lists of mosques in India]]
[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Islam in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Islam in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Ruling party

2025-08-27T14:54:16Z

Sindhupv:

{{Short description|Political party or coalition holding a majority of elected positions}}
{{For|a list including ruling parties by country|List of ruling political parties by country}}
{{party politics}}
[[File:Map of European nationals coloured by percentage of vote governing party got in last election.svg|thumb|Map of European nations coloured by percentage of vote governing party got in last election as of 2022]]
The '''ruling party''' or '''governing party''' in a [[democracy|democratic]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] or [[presidential system]] is the [[political party]] or [[coalition]] holding a majority of elected positions in a [[parliament]], in the case of parliamentary systems, or holding the executive branch, in presidential systems, that administers the affairs of [[Sovereign state|state]] after an election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a 'ruling party'? {{!}} Legal Studies Questions |url=http://www.toppr.com/ask/question/what-is-a-ruling-party/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Toppr Ask |language=en-IE}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ranney |first1=A. |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |chapter=Party Responsibility |date=2001 |pages=11103–11106 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01191-8 |isbn=978-0-08-043076-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3How our democracy works|website=Parliament Gov ZA |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/EducationPubs/how-our-democracy-works.pdf |access-date=2022-04-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meaning of 'ruling party' in English Dictionary|url=https://vdict.pro/en-en/ruling+party |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=vdict.pro}}</ref>

In many countries in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] or even [[democratic republic]] countries like [[Philippines|the Philippines]], the ruling party is the party of the elected president or [[Head of government]] that is in charge of the [[executive branch]] of government. In parliamentary systems, the majority in the [[legislature]] also controls the [[Executive (government)|executive]] branch of government, thus leaving no possibility of opposing parties concurrently occupying the executive and legislative branches of government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government majority |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/government-majority |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk}}</ref> In other systems, such as in an American style [[presidential system]], the party of the [[President (government title)|president]] does not necessarily also have a legislative majority.

A ''ruling party'' is also used to describe the party of [[one-party state]]s, such as the [[Chinese Communist Party]] in the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-09 |title=10 Common Types of Government & Real-World Examples |url=https://thebestschools.org/magazine/common-forms-of-government-study-starters/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=TheBestSchools.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428215227/https://thebestschools.org/magazine/common-forms-of-government-study-starters/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chinese Communist Party |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinese-communist-party |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dominant-party system]]
*[[Multi-party system]]
*[[Non-partisan democracy]]
*[[Party of power]]
*[[The Establishment]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruling Party}}
{{Party-stub}}

[[Category:Ruling party| ]]
[[Category:Types of political parties]]

Bhagthala Kalan

2025-08-17T01:33:36Z

Sindhupv: New...

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhagthala Kalan
| other_name = ਭਾਗਥਲਾ ਕਲਾਂ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.775579|74.788957|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 1478
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151213
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Bhagthala Kalan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਭਾਗਥਲਾ ਕਲਾਂ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagthala Kalan · Punjab 142052, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bhagthala+Kalan,+Punjab+142052/@30.7750631,74.7835493,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919fcd122e2b615:0x58bedc4afd446db2!8m2!3d30.7751297!4d74.7878325!16s/g/1tvt8r6t?hl=en&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIxMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Bhagthala Kalan · Punjab 142052, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 1478 of which 765 are males while 713 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagthala Kalan Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35558-bhagthala-kalan-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151213.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PinCodeArea |title=Postal Code: BHAGTHALA KALAN, Post Bhagthala Kalan BO (Faridkot, Punjab) |url=https://pincodearea.in/BHAGTHALA-KALAN-Pincode-PO-Bhagthala-Kalan-BO |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=PinCodeArea |language=en}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 747 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB |year=2011 |pages=67 |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{India-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Barjora College

2025-08-15T01:01:18Z

Sindhupv: edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Barjora College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = Undergraduate college [[Public college]]
| established = {{start date and age|1985}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[Bankura University]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Arun Kumar Roy
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = [[Barjora]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 722202
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4296529|N|87.2723724|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Urban
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
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| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{URL|https://barjoracollege.co.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Barjora College''', established in 1985, is the general degree college in [[Barjora]], [[Bankura district]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://bankura.gov.in/public-utility/barjora-college/
|title=Barjora College
|website= bankura.gov.in
|access-date= 17 June 2024
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240617055009/https://bankura.gov.in/public-utility/barjora-college/
|archive-date=17 June 2024
|language=en
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |year=2014 |title=Universities Handbook: India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKDXhC1bJdUC |location= |publisher=Inter University Board of India |page=295 |isbn=9788175201170 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/south-bengal/agitation-in-borojora-college-109806.html
|title=বড়জোড়া কলেজে বহিরাগতদের তাণ্ডব !
|website= bengali.new18.com
|date = 27 September 2016
|access-date= 17 June 2024
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240617060527/https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/south-bengal/agitation-in-borojora-college-109806.html
|archive-date=17 June 2024
|language=bn
}}</ref> It offers undergraduate courses in arts. It is affiliated to [[Bankura University]].

==History==
Barjora College was established in 1985 to provide higher education in northern Bankura district. Many distinguished personalities of this area and the common people donated the land for this college. This college was initially started in Barjora High School; later it was shifted to its permanent building in 1987.

==Departments==
===Arts===
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]](Hons)
*[[English language|English]](Hons)
*[[History]] (Hons)
*[[Political science|Political Science]] (Hons)
*[[Philosophy]] (Hons)
*[[Sanskrit]] (Hons)
*[[Geography]] (Hons)
*[[Economics]]
*[[Education]]
*[[Sociology]]

==Accreditation==
In 2016 the college has been awarded B grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC). The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in WestBengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal |date=16 November 2011 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://barjoracollege.co.in/}}

{{Bankura University}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bankura University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1985]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

Umarha

2025-07-28T00:24:04Z

Sindhupv: new details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Umaraha
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Umaraha
| pushpin_map_caption = Census town location on [[Varanasi district]] map
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.388447|83.064326|display = inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District#India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Varanasi tehsil]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 81
| population_total = 6429 <ref name="Demography">{{cite news |title=Demography|publisher=[[2011 Census of India]] website |access-date= |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/209747-umarha-uttar-pradesh.html}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 221112 <ref name="Post code">{{cite news|title=Post code |publisher=mapsofindia.com |access-date= |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/education/b-ed-colleges/varanasi.html}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91-542
| registration_plate = UP65 "XX" ''XXXX''
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = Census town code
| blank_info_sec1 = 209747
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008">{{cite news|title=Delimitation 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website |access-date= |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 =
}}
'''Umaraha''' is a [[census town]] in [[Varanasi tehsil]] of [[Varanasi district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Demography"/><ref name="Census town & village details">{{cite news|title=Census town & village details|publisher=Local Government directory |access-date= |url=http://lgdirectory.gov.in/}}</ref> The census town & village falls under the Umaraha [[gram panchayat]].<ref name="Census town & village details"/> Umarha Census town & village is about 12 kilometers North-East of [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi railway station]], 317 kilometers South-East of [[Lucknow]] and 17 kilometers North-East of [[Banaras Hindu University]] main gate.<ref name="Distances">{{cite news |title=Distances|publisher=[[Google Maps]] |access-date= |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps?source=tldso}}</ref><ref name="Census town & village coordinates">{{cite news |title=Census town & village coordinates |publisher=latlong.net |access-date= |url=http://www.latlong.net/ |archive-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151635/http://www.latlong.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Elevation">{{cite news |title=Elevation|publisher=daftlogic.com|access-date= |url=http://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm}}</ref><ref name="Census town & village info">{{cite news |title=Census town & village info |publisher=WikiEdit.Org |access-date= |url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Umaraha/90618/}}</ref>

== Demography ==
Umaraha has 961 families with a total population of 6,429. [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] of the census town is 921 and [[child sex ratio]] is 1,000. [[Uttar Pradesh]] state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively {{ref|Demography|[note]}}.<ref name="Demography"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Details !! Male !! Female !! Total !! Comments
|-
| Number of houses || - || - || 961 || rowspan="5"|(census 2011)<ref name="Demography"/>
|-
| Adult || - || - || 5,535
|-
| Children || - || - || 894
|-
| Total population || 3,347 || 3,082 || 6,429
|-
| Literacy || 84.3% || 63.7% || 74.5%
|-
|}

== Transportation ==
Umaraha is connected by air ([[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]), by train ([[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi railway station]]) and also connected by Highway Number 29. Nearest operational airports are [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]].The nearest operational railway station is [[Sarnath | Sarnath Station ]] and [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi railway station]] (6 and 36 kilometres respectively from Umaraha).<ref name="Distances"/>

== See also ==
* [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

{{Portal bar|India}}

==Notes==
* {{note|Demography|}} All demographic data is based on [[2011 Census of India]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Varanasi}}
{{Geographic location|Centre = '''Umarha'''
|North =
|Northeast =
|East = [[Ganges]] (10 km)
|Southeast = [[Ganges]] (8 km)
|South =
|Southwest = [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] (12 km)
|West = [[Khajuhi]] (7 km)
|Northwest = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] (29 km)
}}

[[Category:Census towns in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Varanasi district]]

Master of Fisheries Science

2025-06-29T19:02:28Z

Sindhupv: Stub

The '''Master of Fisheries Science''' ('''M.F.Sc''') is a [[master's degree]] for studies in [[fisheries science]] in India. Fisheries science is the academic discipline of managing and understanding [[fishery|fisheries]]. It is typically taught in a university setting, and can be the focus of an [[undergraduate]], [[postgraduate]] or [[Ph.D.]] program. Master level fisheries courses were started by the state agricultural universities to make available the much needed technically competent personnel for teaching, research and development and transfer of technology in the field of fisheries science.<ref name=employmentnews>{{Cite web| title=Career in fisheries and aquaculture | url=http://employmentnews.gov.in/Issue-No-36.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214629/http://employmentnews.gov.in/Issue-No-36.pdf | archive-date=2018-10-11}}</ref>

==History==

Fisheries education in India started with the establishment of the [[Central Institute of Fisheries Education]], [[Mumbai]], in 1961, for in-service training, and later with the establishment of the [[College of Fisheries]] at [[Mangalore]] under the [[Agricultural Universities (India)|State Agricultural University]] (SAU) system in 1969. Over the next four decades, the field grew manifold and evolved as a professional discipline consisting of [[Bachelor's]], [[Master's]] and [[Doctoral]] programmes in various branches of Fisheries Science. At present, out of the nineteen Fisheries Colleges, ten of them offer Master of Fisheries Science in various disciplines and six offer Doctoral programmes. The postgraduate curricula and syllabi are periodically revised by the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) for a common syllabus. All the Fisheries Colleges are in the process of adapting these, bringing in parity of standards between Colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icar.org.in/files/edu/Revised-PG-Course-Curricula-and-Syllabi/Fisheries%2030.4.2009.pdf |title=Fisheries Science |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |date=April 2009}}</ref>

==Eligibility==
The postgraduate degree Master of Fisheries Science is a two-year course offered in various disciplines. Candidates possessing a [[Bachelor of Fisheries Science]] degree from SAU are eligible for admission through a common entrance test conducted by various universities. ICAR common syllabus for M.F.Sc. programme is periodically revised. The programme has 55 total [[Course credit|credits]], including 1 credit for seminar and 15 credits for research.

The Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) is a three-year course offered in various disciplines. The Ph.D. programmes are offered in regular and part-time mode. Candidates possessing a basic B.F.Sc. degree from SAU are eligible for admission through a common entrance test conducted by various universities. The programme has 75 total credits, including 2 credits for seminar and 45 credits for research.

Various colleges are awarding Master ([[MFSc]]) degrees, Doctoral degree and M.Phil in the field of fisheries science and conducting various training programmes and diploma and certificate courses in fisheries.<ref name=employmentnews/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! No. || College Name !! Location !! Affiliation !! Estd
|-
| 1 || [[College of Fisheries]] || [[Mangalore]], Karnataka || Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University || 1969
|-
| 2 || [[Fisheries College and Research Institute]] || [[Thoothukudi]], Tamil Nadu || [[Tamil Nadu Fisheries University]] || 1977
|-
| 3 || College of Fisheries || Panangad, [[Kerala]] || [[Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies]] || 1979
|-
| 4 || College of Fisheries || Rangailunda, [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] || [[Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology]] || 1981
|-
| 5 || College of Fisheries || [[Dapoli]], Maharashtra || [[Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth]] || 1981
|-
| 6 || College of Fishery Science || [[Pantnagar]], Uttaranchal || [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]] || 1985
|-
| 7 || College of Fishery Science || Muthukkur, [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]] || 1992
|-
| 8 || College of Fishery Sciences || [[Kolkata]], West Bengal || [[West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences]] || 1995
|-
| 9 || College of Fisheries || Lembucherra, [[Tripura]] || [[Central Agricultural University]] || 1998
|-
| 10 || Central Institute of Fisheries Education || [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra || [[Deemed University]], ICAR || 1961
|}

==Opportunities for fisheries graduates==
Source:<ref name=employmentnews/>

===State government===

Every state government has a Fisheries Department in which fisheries graduate can apply for the post of Inspector of Fisheries/Research Assistants, Sub-Inspector of Fisheries, Assistant Directors, Assistant Fisheries Development Officer (AFDO) / Fisheries Extension Officer (FEO) and Fisheries Development Officer(FDO). In State Fisheries Development Corporations, they can apply for the posts of Deputy Managers, Managers, Project Officers and Fisheries Officers. In Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA) and Brackish water Farmers Development Agency (BFDA), they can apply for the post of Executive Officers in respective states. Eligibility criteria vary for each state and can be known from respective public service commissions.

===Central government===

Apart from Central Fisheries Institutes listed previously, one can get a job in central agencies; for example, as Technical Officers and Assistant Directors in [[Marine Products Export Development Authority]] (MPEDA), Export Inspection Agency (EIA), Coastal Aquaculture Authority of India (CAA), [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]] (FSSAI) and as Technical Officers and Scientists in Fisheries Survey of India (FSI), [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]] (NIO), [[Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services]] (INCOIS), Hyderabad, etc.

===Academic institutes===

Candidates with bachelor's degrees can apply for the post of Instructor, Research Assistant, Biochemist, Biologist, Technicians, etc. in some conventional universities. Candidates with postgraduate degrees can apply for the post of Assistant Professor in the faculty of Fisheries. For the recruitment of scientists in various agricultural and fisheries Institutions under the ICAR, Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board (ASRB) conducts an All India Competitive Exam, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) followed by viva voce.

===Nationalised banks===

Fisheries graduates can get jobs as an Assistant Development Officer in [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD), Rural Development Officer, Field Officer, Managers in agriculture loan section in nationalized as well as private banks.

===Private sector===

Candidates can work as a manager or officers in seafood processing and export units:

====Scope in fish processing sector====

The [[fish processing]] industry is well developed in the country. There are about 236 EU-approved processing plants and 33 exclusive cold storage facility (storing fish & fishery products only) are available. In addition to this, 215 ice plants, 481 shrimp peeling plants, 371 freezing plants, 495 cold storage units, 7 canning plants, 16 [[fish meal]] plants, 11 [[surimi]] plants, and one [[agar-agar]] production unit are also present. Lot of jobs are available in the above units.

====Scope in fish farming and allied sectors====

Most of the fish farms employ professional fisheries graduates as Farm In Charge. Apart from this, the fish feed requirement is growing steadily. There are 33 feed mills with an installed capacity of 150 000 tpa. This sector is providing direct employment to about 0.3 million people and ancillary activities provide employment to 0.6-0.7 million people.

===Self-employment===

The technical competency of the professional fisheries graduates make them as successful Aqua Consultants. Most of them are working in this area. As an entrepreneur, after obtaining the professional degree in B.F.Sc, candidates can start their own enterprise. The financial support can be obtained through NABARD or through other nationalized banks. The main area in which fisheries enterprise can be developed are: feed manufacturing, feed sales, ornamental fish culture and breeding, aquaculture, hatchery and seed production, fish processing and marketing, net making, establishment of Agri Clinics for fish disease diagnosis and for testing and supply of farm inputs.

===Jobs abroad===

Apart from scope for higher education in fisheries in countries such as USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, China and in European countries, there is a demand for fisheries professionals in the aquaculture and processing sectors in Gulf and African countries. Several fisheries graduates are doing business in foreign countries in field of aquaculture, fish processing export and import.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fishing in India]]
[[Category:Academic degrees of India]]
[[Category:Fisheries science]]

Shivam Sharma (cricketer, born 1995)

2025-04-30T11:33:39Z

Sindhupv:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Shivam Sharma
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|11|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| club1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| year1 = 2021–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 20 February 2021
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1175490.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Shivam Sharma''' (born 14 November 1995) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1175490.html |title=Shivam Sharma |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 20 February 2021, for [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] in the [[2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1250898.html |title=Elite, Group C, Bengaluru, Feb 20 2021, Vijay Hazare Trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 4 November 2021, for Uttar Pradesh in the [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280211.html |title=Elite, Group E, Sultanpur, Nov 4 2021, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1175490}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Shivam}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1995-stub}}

Bijalpur

2025-04-04T11:19:03Z

Sindhupv: enhance information for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bijalpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|38|5|N|75|48|41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Indore District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Indore]]
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Indore Municipal Corporation]] (IMC)
| unit_pref = Metric
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Malini Laxmansingh Gaur
| leader_title1 = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name1 = Manish Singh, IAS
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 40,000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 452001
| registration_plate = MP-09
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rau (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rau]]
| website = {{url|http://imcindore.mp.gov.in/#}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bijalpur''' is in the south-west region of [[Indore]] city in India. It has population of 40,000 (as per Census record 2011).

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bijalpur had a population of 18000. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bijalpur has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 89%, and female literacy is 74%. In Bijalpur, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
Bijalpur is known for its natural environment and farming community. The Kabaddi team in Bijalpur has won many championships, and the city played host to the all India Kabbadi tournament in 1991.

==Geography==
Bijalpur is situated at an altitude of about {{cvt|530|m}} above mean sea level. Climate is sub tropical which is typical in this part of country. Summers are hot and dry followed by monsoon months, with approximate {{cvt|32-35|inch}} of rainfall followed by mild winters in the months of Dec-Jan.
It has Government women polytechnic college situated on Bijalpur square. It also has schools and colleges attached to [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]] and [[RGPV]] in its vicinity. There is a water control flow room in Bijalpur.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=No water supply in nearly 30 colonies in Indore today |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/no-water-supply-in-nearly-30-colonies-in-indore-today |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Free Press Journal |publisher=freepressjournal.in |date=6 Aug 2021 |location=Indore |language=English}}</ref>

==Politics==
Bijalpur area falls under the [[Rau (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rau]] Assembly Constituency<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaushik |first1=Krishn |title=Indore: With 8-time MP Sumitra bowing out, Congress says this time will be different |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/indore-with-8-time-mp-sumitra-mahajan-bowing-out-congress-says-this-time-will-be-different-5727965/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=Indian Express |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=15 May 2019 |location=Indore |language=English}}</ref> in [[Indore District]]. The current elected Member is [[Madhu verma]] from the [[Bhartiya janta party|BJP]].

==Transport==
Bijalpur is situated near the [[National Highway 3 (India)|AB Road (NH 52)]] and has got a frequent connection of city buses from the main Bijalpur Square.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

The nearest broad gauge railway station is [[Rajendra Nagar railway station]]. However, the main railway station of Indore, [[Indore Junction railway station]] is {{convert|10|km}} away. Indore Jn is one of the major stations and has regular daily connections to almost all major cities in the country.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Places of interest==
Bijalpur Lake: Also houses the sewage treatment plant.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodies of missing children found at Bijalpur Lake Indore |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/news/bodies-of-missing-children-found-at-bijalpur-talab-in-madhya-pradesh-indore-127438932.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |publisher=bhaskar.com |date=6 Dec 2021 |location=Indore |language=Hindi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Indore}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Indore]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Indore]]

Shankarlal Decha

2025-04-01T21:46:12Z

Sindhupv: new a details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Shankarlal Decha''' (born 2 July 1964)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly |url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/ErrorPage.aspx |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=assembly.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref> is an [[India]]n politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sagwara Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Dungarpur district]]. He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagwara (ST) Assembly Election Results 2023: Sagwara (ST) Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/sagwara-st-assembly-result-20160 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagwara Election Results 2023 {{!}} Rajasthan Election Results {{!}} Elections 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023/sagwara |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Sagwara Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Shankarlal Decha Wins From Sagwara |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/sagwara-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647174 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Decha is from [[Sagwara]], Dungarpur district, Rajasthan. He is the son of Savji. He married Ganga in 1984.<ref name=":0" /> He studied Class 10 through [[National Institute of Open Schooling]], Noida and passed his examinations in 2016. He discontinued his studies later on. He is a businessman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankarlal Decha(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SAGWARA (ST)(DUNGARPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=367 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Decha won from Sagwara Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election. He polled 75,175 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mohanlal Roat of the [[Bharat Adivasi Party]], by a margin of 11999 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagwara Constituency Election Results 2023: Sagwara Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/sagwara |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankarlal Decha, BJP Candidate from Sagwara Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/rajasthan/shankarlal-decha-s20aed2008a160e2023c003/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="election2023">{{cite web |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |url-access=limited |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Decha, Shankarlal}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Dungarpur district]]

Tumsar Town railway station

2025-03-31T21:27:23Z

Sindhupv: expanded content

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tumsar Town railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_caption =
| address = [[Tumsar]] City, [[Bhandara district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.3835|79.7415|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#Maharashtra
| elevation = {{convert|274|m|ft}}
| line = Tumsar Road–Tirodi branch line [[Bilaspur–Nagpur section]] [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]
| other =
| structure = At ground
| platform = 1
| tracks = Broad gauge {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Available
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TMS
| zone = [[South East Central Railway zone]]
| division = Nagpur
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South East Central Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=South East Central Railway zone|left=Tumsar Road Junction|right=Mitewani|type=Tumsar Road–Tirodi branch line on [[Bilaspur–Nagpur section]] of [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]}}
}}
'''Tumsar Town railway station''' serves [[Tumsar]] city and nearby area in [[Bhandara district]] in Maharashtra, India. Its station code is '''TMS'''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=malik |first1=Ankit |title=0 COVID-19 Special Departures from Tumsar Town SECR/South East Central Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/tumsar-town-tms/9252 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Bhandara district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bhandara district]]
[[Category:Nagpur SEC railway division]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

INS Sukanya (P50)

2025-03-07T14:13:05Z

Sindhupv: redirect edit

#REDIRECT [[INS Sukanya]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Mukhalinga

2025-02-06T19:01:56Z

Sindhupv: added references

{{short description|Lingam with one or more human faces in Hinduism}}
[[File:Mukhalinga.JPG|thumb|A [[Gupta era]] one-faced mukhalinga, [[Bhumara]]]]
[[File:Nepalese stone linga SF Asian Art Museum.JPG|thumb|A four-faced mukhalinga, 10th century, [[Asian Art Museum of San Francisco|Asian Art Museum]]]]

A '''mukhalinga''' or '''mukhalingam''' ([[Sanskrit]]: मुखलिङ्गम्, romanized: {{IAST|mukhaliṅga}}; literally "''lingam with a face''") is a [[linga|lingam]] represented with one or more human faces in [[Hindu iconography]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stutley |first=Margaret and James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQWQDwAAQBAJ&dq=mukhalinga+linga&pg=PT345 |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism: Its Mythology, Folklore and Development 1500 B.C.-A.D. 1500 |date=2019-04-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62754-5 |pages=345 |language=en}}</ref> A lingam is an aniconic representation of the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. Mukhalingas may be of stone or can be made of a metal sheath, which covers the normal lingam.

A mukhalinga generally has one, four, or five faces. Mukhalingas having four faces are also regarded to have an invisible fifth face on top of the linga. The four- and five-faced mukhalingas represent the five aspects of Shiva,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC&dq=mukhalinga+faces&pg=PA98-IA3 |title=Elements of Hindu Iconography |date=1985 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |isbn=978-81-208-0878-2 |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref> which also relate to the classical elements, and the cardinal directions.

While the formless aspect of Shiva is classified as ''nishkala'' (non-material), mukhalingas are classified as ''sakala nishkala'' (material-non-material).<ref name="alayam">ALAYAM : The Hindu Temple;An Epitome of Hindu Culture; G.Venkataramana Reddy; Published by Adhyaksha; Sri Ramakrishna Math; {{ISBN|978-81-7823-542-4}}; Page 46</ref>

==Iconography of stone Mukhalingas in texts==
The iconography and making of the mukhalinga is prescribed in the [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamas]] and the [[Tantra|Tantras]].<ref name="Rao97ff">Rao pp. 86-88</ref> These sculptured lingas fall under the classification of ''manusha-linga'' ("man-made lingas"), the other category being [[Swayambhu]] or naturally occurring lingas.<ref name="Rao97ff"/> A ''manusha-linga'' has three parts: the ''Brahma-bhaga'', the lowest part of the linga which is a square platform; ''Vishnu-bhaga'' - the middle section of the linga with a pedestal or ''pitha'' and ''Rudra-bhaga'', the topmost part of the central shaft with a rounded tip.<ref name="Rao97ff"/> Mukhalinga should be ''sarvasama'' ("all-equal"), where the three parts are equal. On the topmost ''rudra-bhaga'' or ''puja-bhaga'', one face and a maximum of five faces may be carved. If the sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]'') has only one door, then the linga should have only one face on the front (the east), facing the door. In case of two doors, it should have two faces - front and back - facing the doors in the east and the west. In case of three doors, the linga should have three faces, except in the west. When the shrine has four doors, the linga may have four or five faces. The four faces should face the doors in the four cardinal directions; in addition if a fifth face exists, it should be carved on the top and face the front, the east. When mukhalinga is four-faced, instead of only faces, the [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]]s of the deities are carved on the four side; each having two arms.<ref name="Rao97ff"/>

The stone mukhalingas may be depicted comprising just of the central shaft, but may be part of the full assemble, where the shaft is embedded in the ''pitha'' pedestal, denoting the [[yoni]], the feminine counterpart.<ref name="Kossak139"/><ref name="Kossak143">Kossak p. 143</ref><ref name="MET"/>

==Mukhalingas as metal sheaths==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Shivalinga LACMA AC1995.220.1.jpg
| width1 = 170
| alt1 =
| caption1 = One-faced Mukhalinga, [[Maharashtra]]; currently in [[LACMA]]
| image2 = Shivalinga Cover with Five Faces LACMA M.85.279.5.jpg
| width2 = 175
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Five-faced Mukhalinga, [[Himachal Pradesh]]; currently in LACMA
| footer =
}}
A normal linga may be converted into a mukhalinga by covering with a ''kavacha'' ("armour"), a metal (generally gold) covering carved in the shape of the head of Shiva. It has displays the [[third eye]] of Shiva on the forehead, the crescent moon over his head and a crown.<ref name="Daniélou1995">{{cite book|author=Alain Daniélou|author-link=Alain Daniélou|title=The Phallus: Sacred Symbol of Male Creative Power|date=1995|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-59477-731-8|pages=41–43}}</ref> The covering or sheath is also known as a ''kosha'' or ''linga-kosha'', and can be called of metal alloys, gold or silver or<ref name="HardyCucarzi2009"/> copper.<ref name="Kossak139"/> Another form of cover is carved in shape of a linga, with a rounded top, with four faces carved on four sides.<ref name="Pal1985">{{cite book|author=Pratapaditya Pal|title=Art of Nepal: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection|url=https://archive.org/details/artofnepalcatalo0000palp|url-access=registration|date=1 January 1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05407-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofnepalcatalo0000palp/page/109 109]}}</ref>

==One-faced Mukhalinga==
The one-faced mukhalinga is called ''eka-mukhalinga'', "linga with a single face". The face is created in high relief. He wears his hair piled on his head like a bun, while longer hair flow over his shoulders.<ref name="Kossak94">Kossak p. 94</ref> He may also wear earrings and a necklace and have the crescent moon on his head and the third eye on the forehead.<ref name="MET"/> The faces of Shiva are carved generally from the ear onwards, emerging from the linga.<ref name="Kramrisch178">Kramrisch p. 178</ref>

{{clear}}

==Four/Five-faced Mukhalinga==
{{further|Pañcānana}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Five Head Shivalinga at Budhanilkantha.JPG
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Five-headed Mukhalinga embedded in a yoni; [[Budanilkantha]], Nepal
| image2 = Sivalinga (musée de Dahlem, Berlin) (3123143466).jpg

| width2 = 220
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Four-headed metal cover as Mukhalinga, Nepal; currently in [[Museum of Asian Art]]
| footer =
}}

The five-faced mukhalinga is called ''pancha-mukhalinga''. The five faces relate Shiva to the classical elements, the directions, the five senses and five parts of the body. These represent Shiva's five aspects: [[Sadyojata]], [[Vamadeva]], [[Bhairava|Aghora]], [[Tatpurusha]] and [[Ishana]].<ref name="Daniélou1995"/> A four-faced linga is said also to represent the five aspects of Shiva, the fifth aspect is center, the shaft itself or is assumed to be emerging from the top of the shaft and denotes the [[Nirguna Brahman|formless Absolute]].<ref name="Kossak139"/><ref name="Pal1985"/> Thus, a four-faced mukhalinga can be also called a ''pancha-mukhalinga'' ("linga with five faces" of Shiva).<ref name="Kossak139"/> These four-faced lingas are the most commonly found mukhalingas.

The 13th Century A.D. pancha mukha sivalinga is in Kalahasti, [[Andhra Pradesh]].The fifth face would not be shown to highlight the Nishkala character of Sivalinga.<ref>ALAYAM: The Hindu Temple;An Epitome of Hindu Culture; G.Venkataramana Reddy; Published by Adhyaksha; Sri Ramakrishna Math; {{ISBN|978-81-7823-542-4}}; Page 47</ref>

The top face is known as Ishana or Sadashiva, who is rarely depicted and governs zenith and the sky ([[Akasha]]). The east face is Sadyojata or Mahadeva, the regent of the earth ([[Prithvi]]). The west face is Tatpurusha or [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (Shiva's bull mount) or Nandivaktra (the face of Nandi), denoting the wind, [[Vayu]]. While Vamadeva or Uma ([[Parvati]], Shiva's consort) or Umavaktra (the face of Parvati) or Tamreshvara (water, [[Ap (water)|Ap]]) faces north, Aghora or [[Bhairava]] looks south (fire, [[Agni]]). In some texts, the eastern face is called and the western one Sadyojata.<ref name="Rao97ff"/><ref name="Kossak139">Kossak p.139</ref><ref name="Pal1985"/> The icon of the five aspects represents the entire universe.<ref name="Pal1985"/>

In Nepal, the four aspects have similar faces. They wear similar crowns and hairstyles and have Shiva's third eye. Mahadeva may have a moustache and has matted hair piled up on his head. Nandi bears on the forehead the sectarian mark ([[tilaka]]) of the [[Shaiva]]s (worshippers of Shiva) and floral earrings. The face of [[Uma (goddess)|Uma]] also bears the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] mark and depicts Shiva as [[Ardhanarishvara]], the composite androgynous form of Shiva and Parvati. The right half is the male Shiva with a moustache, while the left half is the female Parvati; the eyes, the lips, the earrings (a serpent and floral earring) as well as the sides of the crown may differ in the halves. [[Bhairava]], the terrible form of Shiva, is generally depicted angry; however may have a gentler expression. He wears serpent-earrings or asymmetrical earrings and has curled hair. All of them are depicted with two hands, carrying an [[akshamala]] (rosary) in the right and a water pot in the left. The rosary-bearing hand is held in [[abhayamudra]], gesture of assurance. The rosary signifies Death or Time, while the water-pot stands for its antithesis, ''[[amrita]]'', the elixir of life. The hands indicate that Shiva will lead his devotees to [[moksha]], emancipation.<ref name="Kossak139"/><ref name="Pal1985"/>

Eight faced shivalinga is located at Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) along the banks of River Shivana locally known as "Ashtamukhi Pashupatinath" which is claimed to be unique in terms of its sculpture. The eight faces carved on the lingam exhibit eight moods / facial expressions facing the four directions, two each in one direction placed one above the other.

==Evolution==
Mukhalingas are found throughout India<ref name="Daniélou1995"/> and Nepal.<ref name="Kossak139"/> They also appear in the former [[Champa]] kingdom, presently in [[Vietnam]] as well as [[Cambodia]] and [[Borneo]] in the south east Asia<ref name="HardyCucarzi2009">{{cite book|author1=Andrew David Hardy|author2=Mauro Cucarzi|author3=Patrizia Zolese|title=Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fj8l8v_yP5oC&pg=PA159|year=2009|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-451-7|pages=138, 159}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1961/JSS_054_1e_OConnor_EkamukhalingaFromPeninsularSiam.pdf | title=AN EKAMUKHALINGA FROM PENINSULAR SIAM | publisher=The Siam Society | work=The Journal of the Siam Society | date=1961 | accessdate=2 July 2014 | author=O'Connor, S.J.}}</ref> and Afghanistan to the west of India.<ref name="MET">{{cite book|author=Philippe De Montebello|title=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide|year=1994|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-87099-710-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/metropolitanmuse00metr/page/102 102]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitanmuse00metr/page/102}}</ref> One of earliest specimen of a mukhalinga is a five-faced one in Bhita, which is dated to second century BCE.

[[Alain Daniélou]] says that mukhalingas of Shiva resemble similar depictions of phalluses with carved faces from Greece and those from [[Celts|Celtic]] Europe. He also notes the phalluses with full human figures are also found in France and India, citing the second-century [[Gudimallam Lingam]] as an early example.<ref name="Daniélou1995"/>

==See also==
*[[Spatika Lingam]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=T.A. Gopinatha|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography |volume=2: Part I|year=1916|publisher=Law Printing House|location=Madras|oclc=630452416}}
* {{cite book |last=Kramrisch |first=Stella |author-link= Stella Kramrisch|chapter= Linga: The Linga and the Face of Siva |title=The Presence of Siva |year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location= Delhi|isbn= 9788120804913 }}
* {{cite book|author=Steven Kossak|title=The Lotus Transcendent: Indian and Southeast Asian Art from the Samuel Eilenberg Collection|date=1991|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-87099-613-9}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mukhalinga}}
* [http://www.asianart.com/exhibitions/mukhalinga/mukhalingas.html Online exhibition on mukhalingas]

[[Category:Shiva in art]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Objects used in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Hindu symbols]]
[[Category:Hindu iconography]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Indian sculpture]]

Karapuranathar Temple

2024-11-13T06:40:06Z

Sindhupv: formatting fix

{{short description|Temple to Shiva in Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2019}}

{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Karapuranathar Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11.612326|78.103402}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
|other_names =
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Salem district]]
| location = Uthamacholapuram
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| important_festivals=
| architecture = [[South Indian]], [[Kovil]]
| number_of_temples =
| number_of_monuments=
| inscriptions =
| established = Before 1200 years
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Karapuranathar (Tamil: கரபுரநாதர்) temple''' is an ancient temple in Salem District of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The main deity is [[Shiva]] in ''lingasorubam''. The temple is located near the west bank of [[Thirumanimutharu River (tributary of Kaveri)|Thirumanimutharu river]] at Uthamacholapuram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/sakthivikatan/2017-jan-17/holytemples/127342-karapuranathar-temple-in-uthamacholapuram.html|title=கல்யாண வரம் தரும் கரபுரநாதர்! | Karapuranathar Temple in Uthamacholapuram - Sakthi Vikatan | சக்தி விகடன்|date=3 January 2017|website=www.vikatan.com/}}</ref> The ''[[lingam]]'' is ''suyambu''.{{what|date=March 2022}} The name Karapuranathar is a compound of ''Karai'' ("riverbank"), ''Puram'' ("place"), and ''Nather'' ("Lord").

==History==
The temple was built in the 9th century CE. A scholar told lord shiva was called Karapuranathar the name derived for Karadhushan was pray shiva, the lord tested his devotion. He did not get the prize so he immolated himself. For showing this great devotion the lord extinguished the fire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=999|title=Karapuranathar Temple : Karapuranathar Temple Details | Karapuranathar- Uthamacholapuram | Tamilnadu Temple | கரபுரநாதர்|website=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>

During ''sangam'' era, south India was ruled by many local kings. They were all to pay tax to the three Emperors of South India ([[Cholas]], [[Pandyas]], [[Cheras]]). One of these kings, [[Vēl Pāri]], is described as the master of the hill country of Parambu nādu and held sway over 300 villages.<ref name="Epigraphia Indica, Volume 25, page 91">''Epigraphia Indica, Volume 25, page 91''</ref> Pari patronized various forms of art, literature and bards thronged his court.<ref name="Traditions of Indian classical dance, page 45">''Traditions of Indian classical dance, page 45''</ref> The territory of Parambu nādu consisted of parts of modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]], stretching from [[Piranmalai]] in [[Sivaganga district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to [[Nedungadi]] in [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]]. His [[Favourite|favorite]] was poet [[Kapilar]] who was his close friend and lifelong companion.<ref name="The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru">''The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru''</ref> Kapilar wrote 107 songs.

Pari planned war against the three Emperors. Malaimanpari was defeated and killed by the armies of the emperors. Malaimanpari's two daughters Angavai and Sangavai were saved by [[Kapilar]]. Kapilar asked many kings to marry off their sons to Malaimanpari's daughters without success.

[[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] was an ancient female poet who was a mutual friend of Kabilar and the three kings. So Kapilar requested Avvaiyar's help to save Pari's daughters. She accepted his request. Pāri's death affected Kabilar and he later took his own life by ''[[vadakirrutal]]'', a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] way of committing suicide. He sat facing north and starved himself to death in [[Kabilar Kundru]].<ref>''The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru, Translations from the Asian classics By George L. Hart, Hank Heifetz''</ref>

Pāri's daughters married in the temple to the son of [[Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri]] with the Emperor's acceptance. The Chola Emperor was staying in Uthamacholopuram. The Pandiya Emperor was staying in Virapandy near the temple. The Chera Emperor was staying in Salem in order to attend Angavai and Sangavai's marriages.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Salem district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Salem district]]

Kothanallur

2024-10-11T03:00:40Z

Sindhupv: Made Some Info With Sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kothanaloor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|18|18|N|77|19|18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15877
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 629166
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kothanaloor''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Kanniyakumari district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> '''Kothanaloor''' had a population of 15,877. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. '''Kothanaloor''' has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 77%. In '''Kothanaloor''', 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kanyakumari District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]

{{Kanniyakumari-geo-stub}}

Campbell Bay, Great Nicobar

2024-06-21T10:29:53Z

Sindhupv:

{{About|the village|the national park of the same name|Campbell Bay National Park}}
{{distinguish|Campbell Bay (Nunavut)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Campbell Bay
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = GreatNicobarMap.jpg
| map_caption = Campbell Bay is located in the eastern part of the Great Nicobar Island
| pushpin_map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#India#Bay of Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|7.007565|N|93.9047849|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Great Nicobar]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 76
| population_total = 5736
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type = 
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 645200
| footnotes =
| etymology =
}}
'''Campbell Bay''' is a village in the [[Nicobar district]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Great Nicobar]] [[tehsil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041230/main5.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2017-10-25}}</ref> The island's [[Indira Point]] is famous for being the southernmost point of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095346/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Campbell Bay has 1608 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 86.28%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20&%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Andaman & Nicobar Islands |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andaman & Nicobar Islands |access-date=2015-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801173328/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20%26%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-01 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 5736 || 3362 || 2374
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 692 || 369 || 323
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 453 || 256 || 197
|-
| Literates || 4352 || 2708 || 1644
|-
| Workers (all) || 2707 || 2224 || 483
|-
| Main workers (total) || 2417 || 2037 || 380
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 38 || 28 || 10
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 21 || 21 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 7 || 5 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Other || 2351 || 1983 || 368
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 290 || 187 || 103
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 24 || 15 || 9
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 34 || 25 || 9
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 7 || 1 || 6
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 225 || 146 || 79
|-
| Non-workers || 3029 || 1138 || 1891
|}

==National park==
{{main|Campbell Bay National Park}}
Campbell Bay National Park is a part of Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve. This national park is spread over 426 km2 in the northern part of Great Nicobar. The park reserve's flora includes tropical evergreen forest, tree fern, and orchids and fauna includes [[Crab-eating macaque]], giant robber crab, [[megapode]], and Nicobar pigeon. This comes along the basin side of Glatiya river. The capital of these islands is Port Blair, these Islands were named Swaraj Shahid Island by Netaji Subash Chandra bose.

== INS Baaz ==
[[INS Baaz]] was inaugurated on 31 July 2012 by Admiral Nirmal Verma of [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2012PR3686 |title=Press Information Bureau: Government of India news site |publisher=Pibmumbai.gov.in |access-date=2012-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Vinay Kumar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3707955.ece |title=News / National : Naval air station opened in Campbell Bay |publisher=The Hindu |date=2012-07-27 |access-date=2012-08-01}}</ref> INS Baaz is a full-fledged "forward operating base" of the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]] at the very southernmost tip of the Andaman Nicobar Islands. The Naval Air Station (NAS) Campbell Bay overlooking the six degree Channel, one of the most crucial shipping lanes of the world, will soon become India's eye over the Malacca strait and the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiandefenceboard.com/threads/countering-china-indias-baaz-to-spy-on-the-malacca-strait.3335 |title=Countering China: India's Baaz to spy on the Malacca Strait | IDB - Indian Defence Forum |publisher=Indiandefenceboard.com |access-date=2012-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1368 |title=Defence News - India Now Commands The Strait Of Malacca With Naval Base 'INS Baaz' |publisher=Defencenews.in |access-date=2012-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801005024/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1368# |archive-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Great Nicobar Island]]
* [[Port Blair Port]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nicobar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Great Nicobar tehsil]]
[[Category:Landforms of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Bays of India]]
[[Category:Bays of the Indian Ocean]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Patna/Progress

2024-05-04T12:58:15Z

Sindhupv: new a entry.

<noinclude>This page shows progress on various article improvement areas for [[WP:WikiProject Patna|WikiProject Patna]]. </noinclude>

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Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahungi

2024-04-28T10:01:51Z

Sindhupv: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Half Girlfriend (soundtrack)]]
{{R from song}}
[[Category:2017 songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Manoj Muntashir]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mithoon]]

Rajtarangini

2007-09-10T18:22:26Z

Sindhupv: added details

#REDIRECT [[Rajatarangini]]