Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

India KLM Lockheed L-749 air disaster

2026-05-03T14:52:44Z

Sindhu: created details.

{{Short description|1949 aviation accident in India}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = India KLM Lockheed L-749 air disaster
| image = De Franeker verongelukt-PGM4012046.webm
| caption = Video footage of the disaster
| date = 12 July 1949
| occurrence_type= Controlled flight into terrain
| site = Near [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), [[India]]
| aircraft_type = [[Lockheed L-749 Constellation]]
| plane1_image = Op 28 sept. werd het stoffelijk overschot van Prins Paribatra van Siam, die gedu, Bestanddeelnr 14543.jpg
| plane1_caption = PH-TDF, the aircraft involved in the accident, seen in 1948
| operator = [[KLM]]
| tail_number = PH-TDF
| origin = [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (now [[Jakarta]])
| stopover = [[New Delhi]], India
| destination = [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]], Netherlands
| occupants = 45
| passengers = 35
| crew = 10
| fatalities = 45
| survivors = 0
}}

The '''India KLM Lockheed L-749 air disaster''' occurred on 12 July 1949 when a [[KLM]] [[Lockheed L-749 Constellation]] (registration PH-TDF, named ''Franeker'') crashed into a hill near [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), [[India]], during approach in severe weather. All 45 people on board were killed.

The flight was chartered by the Dutch government and carried a group of 13 prominent American journalists, including radio-commentator [[Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker]], who had been touring the [[Dutch East Indies]] as part of a public relations effort during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]]. The aim of the journey was to influence American opinion regarding Dutch colonial policy in the region.

== Background ==
In the late 1940s, the Netherlands faced increasing international criticism over its attempts to reassert control over the [[Dutch East Indies]] following [[World War II]]. Military campaigns known as the ''police actions'' had weakened Dutch diplomatic standing, particularly in the [[United States]].<ref name="Hoffmann">{{cite web |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Hein |title=De crash van "De Franeker" |url=https://anderetijden.nl/aflevering/602/De-crash-van-De-Franeker |website=[[Andere Tijden]] |access-date=31 March 2026|language=nl}}</ref>

In response, the Dutch government organized a press tour for prominent American journalists, allowing them to travel extensively through the archipelago and interview key figures, including [[Sukarno]], leader of the Indonesian nationalist movement. The tour was intended to present the Dutch perspective and counter negative international coverage.<ref name="Hoffmann" />

The journalists traveled approximately 6,000 kilometres over several weeks and were granted unusual access to political and military leaders. By the end of the trip, many participants were perceived as more sympathetic to the Dutch position.<ref name="Hoffmann" />

== Aircraft and crew==

===Aircraft===
The aircraft involved was a [[Lockheed L-749 Constellation]], a four-engine long-range airliner operated by [[KLM]]. The aircraft, registered PH-TDF and named ''Franeker'', had entered service in 1947 and had accumulated several thousand flight hours prior to the accident.<ref name="Miedema">{{cite web|last1=Miedema |first1=Tjerk |title=Het geheimzinnige einde van de KLM Constellation PH-TDF 'Franeker' |url=https://tjerkmiedema.nl/artikelen_franeker/Het_geheimzinnige_einde_van_de_KLM_Constellation_PH-TDF.pdf |via=tjerkmiedema.nl |access-date=2 April 2025|date=2012|location=[[Kleve]]|language=nl}}</ref> The aircraft had previously operated long-distance flights between the Netherlands and Southeast Asia by other routes due to airspace restrictions.<ref name="Miedema" />

=== Crew ===
[[File:Verongelukt KLM vliegtuig Franeker met portretten van 10 leden van de bemanning., Bestanddeelnr 903-4878.jpg|thumb|The 10 crew members around the involved aircraft]]
The flight was operated by a crew of ten, including three pilots, radio operators, flight engineers, and cabin crew.<ref name="aviacrash" />

The captain was Arnoldus Marcelis "Chris" van der Vaart, an experienced pilot who had accumulated over 4,000 flight hours, including more than 1,300 hours on the [[Lockheed Constellation]]. He had previously completed numerous long-haul flights between the Netherlands and the [[Dutch East Indies]]. The first officer was Cornelis L. van Kooy, assisted by third pilot Pieter Zeeman. The flight crew also included radio operators Johannes Hoogland and Pieter den Daas, as well as flight engineers Heinrich Fronczek and Jacob Willem Dalman. The [[cabin crew]] consisted of steward Jacobus Verhaagen and stewardesses Janny Bruce and Carola Graf.<ref name="aviacrash" />

== Flight ==
On 10 July 1949, the aircraft departed [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] on its return journey to the Netherlands, with scheduled stops including [[New Delhi]] and [[Bombay]]. The passengers included 13 American journalists and other civilians, along with a crew of ten.<ref name="Miedema" /><ref name=VPRO />

On the morning of 12 July, the aircraft departed New Delhi for Bombay. Weather conditions near Bombay were poor, with heavy monsoon rain and low visibility. During the approach to Santa Cruz Airport, the crew descended to low altitude while attempting to align with the runway.<ref name="Miedema" /><ref name=VPRO />

Shortly after losing visual reference in cloud, the aircraft drifted off course and struck a hill near [[Ghatkopar]], a few kilometres from the airport. The aircraft broke apart on impact and all occupants were killed instantly.<ref name="Miedema" /><ref name=VPRO />

== Victims ==

There were 45 people on board the aircraft; 10 crew members and 35 passengers. Among the passengers were 13 prominent American journalists representing major newspapers and radio networks across the [[United States]], including [[Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker]]. The journalists had participated in a Dutch government-sponsored press tour of the [[Dutch East Indies]], and their presence on board contributed to the international impact of the disaster.<ref name="Hoffmann" /><ref name="Miedema" /><ref name=Time />

List of journalists who were killed<ref name=Time>{{cite news |title=The Press Appointment in Bombay |url=https://time.com/archive/6791374/the-press-appointment-in-bombay/ |work=TIME |date=11 July 1949 |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref>:
* [[Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker]] (radio-commentator)
* William Newton ([[Scripps Howard Foundation|Scripps Howard]])
* Charles Gratke ([[Christian Science Monitor]])
* Bertram Hulen ([[The New York Times]])
* Vincent Mahoney ([[San Francisco Chronicle]])
* James Branyan ([[Houston Post]])
* N.A. Barrows ([[Chicago Daily News]])
* John Werkley ([[Time magazine]])
* Elsie Dick ([[Mutual Broadcasting System]])
* E. Burton Heath ([[Newspaper Enterprise Association]])
* Thomas Falco ([[Business Week]])
* George Moorad ([[The Oregonian]])
* Fred Colvig ([[Denver Post]])

== Aftermath ==
=== Burial and memorials ===
[[File:Aankomst urnen slachtoffers van de Franeker (Bombay), Bestanddeelnr 903-5101.jpg|thumb|Arival of the Dutch victims in the Netherlands.]]
[[File:Aankomst urnen slachtoffers van de Franeker (Bombay), Bestanddeelnr 903-5099.jpg|thumb|Remembrance of the Dutch victims upon arrival in the Netherlands]]
The remains of the victims were repatriated to the Netherlands later in July 1949. Funeral ceremonies were held in multiple locations, and several crew members were buried in Dutch cemeteries, including [[Westerveld Cemetery]] in [[Driehuis]].<ref name="aviacrash">{{cite web |title=Constellation "Franeker" stort neer bij Bombay |url=http://www.aviacrash.nl/paginas/franeker.htm |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref>

Memorial services were also held for the American journalists, whose remains were returned to the [[United States]]. The disaster received significant international attention due to their presence on board.<ref name="aviacrash" />

=== Investigation ===
The official investigation concluded that the crash was primarily caused by pilot error in combination with adverse weather conditions. The crew had continued the approach below safe minima in unfamiliar terrain.<ref name="aviacrash" />

Investigators also criticized air traffic control for providing potentially unsafe instructions, including directing the aircraft toward a runway approach path obstructed by terrain under the prevailing weather conditions.<ref name="aviacrash" />

Some irregularities were noted in records, including altered or incomplete log entries, which led to later speculation about the accuracy of the official findings.<ref name="aviacrash" />

=== Sabotage theories ===
Speculation about possible sabotage emerged soon after the crash, partly due to the political context of the flight and the presence of influential American journalists. Some theories suggested deliberate misinformation from air traffic control or interference linked to Indonesian or international actors.<ref name="Hoffmann" /><ref name=VPRO>{{cite web| title=De crash van "De Franeker" |url=https://www.vpro.nl/speel~POMS_VPRO_215413~de-crash-van-de-franeker~.html |work=[[VPRO]] |access-date=2 April 2025|date=12 April 2001|language=nl}}</ref>

Decades later, individuals associated with intelligence services alleged indirect evidence of foul play, including claims of intercepted communications between Indian and Indonesian officials. However, these claims have not been substantiated.<ref name="Hoffmann" />

Most historians and investigators consider sabotage unlikely, attributing the disaster to operational errors and severe weather conditions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vrijsen|first=Eric|title=Sabotage India KLM-toestel 1949 onwaarschijnlijk |url=https://www.ewmagazine.nl/nederland/achtergrond/2019/07/sabotage-india-klm-toestel-1949-onwaarschijnlijk-697910/ |work=[[Elsevier Magazine]] |access-date=31 March 2026|date=8 July 2019|language=nl}}</ref>

== References ==
{{commonscat|1949 KLM Constellation Bombay crash}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1949}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{KLM Royal Dutch Airlines}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1949]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by weather]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed Constellation]]
[[Category:KLM accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:1949 in India]]
[[Category:1940s disasters in India]]
[[Category:India–Netherlands relations]]
[[Category:July 1949 in Asia]]
[[Category:1949 disasters]]
[[Category:20th century in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1949 in mass media]]

Karanpur tehsil

2026-05-03T14:34:53Z

Sindhu: created entry.

{{More citations needed |date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karanpur Tehsil
| native_name = कर्णपुर तहसील
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| mapframe-marker = none
| image_skyline =
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| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|29.844285|73.516745|format=dms|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sri Ganganagar]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = Karanpur city
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 146,878
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 =
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| demographics1_title2 =
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| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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'''Karanpur tehsil''' is one of the nine tehsils in [[Sri Ganganagar district]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7vyrfg_xqYC |title=Census of India, 1981: Census atlas |date=1983 |publisher=Controller of Publications |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> It is located in the north-western part of the district. The city of [[Karanpur]] serves as the headquarters of the tehsil. Its north-western border adjoins [[Bahawalnagar]] district in [[Pakistani Punjab]]. To the east, it is bordered by [[Shriganganagar tehsil]] and [[Padampur tehsil]], and to the south by [[Raisinghnagar tehsil]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Karanpur Tehsil Population Ganganagar, Rajasthan, List of Villages & Towns in Karanpur Tehsil |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/rajasthan/ganganagar/karanpur-population.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The tehsil is predominantly flat, characterised by rich [[Alluvial soil]], with some areas featuring sandy soil.

== Agriculture ==
The crops in the area include [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[guar]], [[cotton]], [[moong]], [[sugarcane]], and [[Mustard seed|mustard]]. Some areas also grow [[kinnow]] and [[mangoes]].

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], the population of Karanpur Tehsil is 146,878, with 77,193 males and 69,685 females.

The rural areas are primarily inhabited by agricultural tribes, predominantly [[Jat Sikhs]] from clans such as Sidhu, Sandhu, Sooch, Sidubrar, Bains, Pandher, Dhillon, Gill, and Dhaliwal.

The city is mainly inhabited by Aroras, Brahmins, and Banias.{{Clarify|date=July 2024}}

SC & ST includes meghwal, meenas, nayak, etc.[[File:Karanpur tehsil relegions..jpg|thumb|531x531px| Religious composition of Karanpur Tehsil]]

== Literacy ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Karanpur Tehsil has a literacy rate of 60.09%, with 67.27% literacy among males and 52.15% literacy among females.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sri Ganganagar district}}

[[Category:Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Rajasthan]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Manda roti

2026-04-27T21:19:47Z

Sindhu:

{{Short description|Extremely thin Indian flatbread}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Manda roti
| image = Tandoori roti I - initial contact (354969180).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = ''Manda roti'' being prepared on an upturned vessel
| alternate_name = ''Mandige'', ''rumali'', or ''veechu'' roti
| country = {{flag|India}}
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|Indian]]
| creator =
| course =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Atta flour|Atta]] and [[maida flour]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Manda roti''', also known as '''rumali roti''', is a traditional [[Indian bread]]. It can be made with cardamom, ghee, sugar and milk. This roti is extremely thin and limp, and served folded like a [[handkerchief]]. Manda roti is usually made with a combination of whole-wheat [[atta flour]] and white wheaten [[maida flour]] and cooked on the convex side of a [[karahi|kadahi]]. It is also known as '''veechu roti''' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] or '''mandige'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Anil Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9HgAAAAMAAJ&q=mandige |title=Anthropology of Sweetmeats |date=2000 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0665-5 |language=en |quote=Mandige or mandage was a delicate baked product; when baked on a heated tile (Kenchu). It was called white-mandige, and when over - heated but still very soft it was ushnavarta-mandige,...}}</ref> in other parts of [[South India]].

== Etymology and history ==
The word '''''manda roti''''' is a compound of two words: '''''manda''''' and '''''roti'''''. The word ''manda'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''maṇḍaka'' and ''roti'' from the Sanskrit word ''roṭikā. Maṇḍaka'' is a wheat-based flatbread mentioned in Sanskrit literature from religious scriptures like ''Skanda purāṇa'' to ''Pākakalā'' texts like ''Bhojanakutūhala''. As per ''Skanda purāṇa'', ''maṇḍaka'' are thin circular symmetrical flat cakes prepared from wheat flour. In ''Bhojanakutūhala,'' the detailed recipe of ''maṇḍaka'' describes that they are cooked on an upturned pot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-14 |title=Mandaka, Maṇḍaka, Mandāka, Mamdaka: 22 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mandaka |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |quote=Maṇḍaka (मण्डक) refers to a "thin flat circular cake-like dish" and is mentioned in the Skandapurāņa 2.5.9... Maṇḍaka (मण्डक) is the name of "wheat dish" having Samita as its base ingredient, as described in the 17th century Bhojanakutūjala... Cook these on an upturned pot in low flame. This is called maņdaka.}}</ref> In ''Madanapala Nighantu,'' several varieties of mandakas are mentioned which are prepared by adding vikola, karkaṭa, drākṣā and kantakäri, among other ingredients.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dash |first=Vaidya Bhagwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-IU3D6Cl3sC&dq=Mandaka&pg=PA503 |title=Materia Medica of Ayurveda: Based on: Madanapala's Nighantu |date= August 2002|publisher=B. Jain Publishers |isbn=978-81-7021-493-9 |language=hi |quote=Mandaka (a type of pastry) Among the mandaka etc., cooked by adding vikola, karkaṭa, drākșā and kantakāri, the former ones are heavier and more nourishing than the latter ones. Mandaka is fried over an earthen pan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cFcH2ZHWLcC|title=Indian Food Tradition A Historical Companion|author=Achaya K. T.|access-date=2019-01-31|year=1994|isbn=978-0-19-562845-6 }}</ref> <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Rumali roti.jpg|A chef preparing manda roti
An aestheticRumani Rotti.jpg|Manda roti
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Cuisine of India}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Indian bread}}
{{Flatbreads}}

[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]

[[Category:Flatbreads]]
[[Category:Hyderabadi cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]
[[Category:Mughlai cuisine]]
[[Category:North Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Roti]]
[[Category:South Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Telangana cuisine]]

Indira Sundaram

2026-04-26T07:29:54Z

Sindhu:

{{Short description|Subject of portraits & photographs (1914–1975)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indira Sundaram
| image = Portrait of Sister 1936.jpg
| alt =
| caption = ''Indira Sundaram'' by [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], 1936
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 28 March 1914
| birth_place = [[Buda Hills]], Hungary
| death_date = 1975
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = Feature of portraits by [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], photographs by [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil]], art works by [[Vivan Sundaram]]
| notable_works =
| spouse = [[Kalyan Sundaram]]
| children = {{ubl|[[Vivan Sundaram]]|Navina Sundaram}}
| mother = [[Marie Antoinette Gottesman]]
| father = [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil]]
}}
'''Indira Sundaram''' ([[née]] Sher-Gil; 28 March 1914 - 1975) was the subject of [[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil|several paintings completed by her sister]], [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], photographs by her father [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil]], and art works by her son [[Vivan Sundaram]].<ref name=Sundaram.2010.720>Sundaram, p. 720</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil with her sister Indira, 1922.jpg|thumb|left|Sunderam with her sister Amrita, 1922]]
Indira Sher-Gil, affectionately known as Indu, was born on 28 March 1914 in a mansion located in the [[Buda Hills]] of Hungary.<ref name=Sundaram.2010.xvi>Sundaram, p. xvi</ref><ref name=Dalmia.2013.5>Dalmia, pp. 5-16</ref> She was the daughter of the Indian aristrocat [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil]] and his Hungarian wife [[Marie Antoinette Gottesman]].<ref name=Dalmia.2013.5/> The youngest of two siblings, her sister was [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], who became a renowned painter and [[List of National Treasures of India|Indian national treasure]].<ref name=Dalmia.2013.5/> Indira moved to the Gottesman family mansion at [[Dunaharaszti]] in September 1916.<ref name=Sundaram.2010.xxxiii>Sundaram, p. xxxiii</ref><ref name=Parichha2021>{{cite book |last1=Parichha |first1=Bhaskar |title=Unbiased Writings on India |date=2021 |publisher=Blue Hill Publications |isbn=978-93-90788-59-0 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wdGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |language=en}}</ref> She was baptized [[Roman Catholic]] on 17 November 1918.<ref name=Dalmia.2013.5/> The family moved back to Budapest in June 1920, when they first stayed with Indira's aunt before moving to the [[Margaret Island]] Grand Hotel on the [[Danube]] and then to India in January 1921.<ref name=Sundaram.2010.xxxvii>Sundaram, p. xxxvii</ref>

In 1929, during Indira's teens, the family moved to Paris, where they lived at first in [[Passy]] and then the more fashionable 11 Rue de Bassano, [[Place des États-Unis]].<ref name=Dalmia.2013.3>Dalmia, pp. 26-31</ref> There she was accepted into the [[École Normale de Musique de Paris|Alfred Cortot School of Music]], where she trained in piano.<ref name=SGSF>{{cite web |title=Sher-Gil Sundaram Arts Foundation {{!}} Sher-Gil Sundaram Family |url=https://ssaf.in/sher-gil-sundaram-family/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406053754/https://ssaf.in/sher-gil-sundaram-family/ |archive-date=6 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref>

==Personal and family==
In October 1937, shortly before [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|Amrita's solo exhibition at Lahore]], Indira married [[Kalyan Sundaram]], with whom she had two children, [[Vivan Sundaram|Vivan]] and {{interlanguage link|Navina Sundaram|de}}.<ref name=Sundaram.2010.xvi/><ref name=SGSF/>

==Paintings and photographs==
Indira features in [[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil|several paintings completed by her sister]] and numerous photographs taken by her father.<ref name=Throckmorton2015>{{cite book |last1=Throckmorton |first1=Jodi |last2=Gupta |first2=Atreyee |last3=Gupta |first3=Latika |last4=Collective |first4=Raqs Media |last5=Krane |first5=Susan |title=Postdate: Photography and Inherited History in India |date=2015 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-28569-9 |page=119 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|chapter=Vivan Sunderam |language=en}}</ref> Some of these images have been combined into art work by her son Vivan.<ref name=Throckmorton2015/>

===''Young Girls''===
{{main article|Young Girls (painting)}}
Indira was one of two models depicted in Sher-Gil's 1932 painting ''[[Young Girls (painting)|Young Girls]]''.<ref name=Dalmia.2013.3/> In it she posed in an upright position, in equal conversation with a fair-haired woman.<ref name=Dalmia.2013.3/>

===''Sleep''===
{{main article|Sleep (Sher-Gil)}}

Sleep, also known as Indu's Nude or Nude of Indira, was completed in 1933. It portrays Indira lying nude on a white sheet, viewed from above, with one arm raised. A shawl featuring a dragon lies beneath her, its shape echoing the curves of her body and hair.<ref name=Ananth2007>{{Cite book |last=Ananth |first=Deepak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vd7qAAAAMAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: An Indian Artist Family of the Twentieth Century |date=2007 |publisher=Schirmer/Mosel |isbn=978-3-8295-0270-2 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref> It nearly sold to [[Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III|Nawab Salar Jung]] and was later exhibited at Sher-Gil's solo show at [[Faletti's Hotel]] in Lahore in 1937.<ref name=Sundaram2010.522>Sundaram, pp. 522-523</ref> It was also displayed at the Indian Academy of Fine Arts exhibition in Amritsar in 1940.<ref name=Sundaram2010.684>Sundaram, pp. 684-685</ref> Though Sher-Gil and politician [[Diwan Chaman Lall]] tried to sell the painting, it remained unsold and is now housed in the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] in New Delhi.<ref name=Sundaram2010.522/>

===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:Portrait of My Sister 1930.jpg|''Portrait of My Sister'' (1930)
File:Young Girls.jpg|''[[Young Girls (painting)|Young Girls]]'' (1932)
File:Painting Sleep 1932.jpg|''[[Sleep (Sher-Gil)|Sleep]]'' (1932)
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

{{Amrita Sher-Gil|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundaram, Indira}}

[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Budapest]]
[[Category:Indian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Majithia family]]

Madwas

2026-04-22T06:48:05Z

Sindhu: starting a pg

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madwas
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.11|N|81.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sidhi district|Sidhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5661
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[486675|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 53]]
| website = {{URL|www.madwas.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Madwas''' is a major town and a railway station in [[Sidhi District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It's also a Tehsil Headquarter. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/sidhi/madwas|title=Madwas Pin Code | Postal Code (Zip Code) of Madwas, Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh, India|website=India TV News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/marwas-gram-mwj/4504|title=10 Departures from Marwas Gram WCR/West Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sidhi.nic.in/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4/|title=गांव और पंचायत | जिला प्रशासन सीधी, मध्य प्रदेश शासन | भारत}}</ref>

==History==
The state of Balendu rulers (Chedi dynasty) was in Madwas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dakshinkosaltoday.com/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%9D-%E0%A4%A8/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525011948/https://dakshinkosaltoday.com/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%9D-%E0%A4%A8/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Madwas is known for its historical fort, which is associated with the Chandela rulers and is a significant landmark in the region.

==Geography==

Madwas belongs to [[Rewa division|Rewa Division]]. It is located {{cvt|55|km}} west of the district headquarters of Sidhi and {{CVT|592|km}} from the state capital of Bhopal towards the east.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Marwas2.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Marwas, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the 2011 [[Census of India]], Madwas village had a population of 5,661, of which 2,943 were males and 2,718 were females. The average [[sex ratio]] of Madwas village is 924, which is lower than Madhya Pradesh state average of 931.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/503204-madwas-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Madwas Village Population - Majhauli - Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Major Trains==
There is many major trains halting in madwas.
* [[Singrauli–Hazrat Nizamuddin Superfast Express]]
* [[Madan Mahal–Singrauli Intercity Express]]
* [[Bhopal–Singrauli Superfast Express]]
* [[Shaktipunj Express]]
* Katni-Bargawan Memu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/249438|title=61603/Katni - Bargawan MEMU - Katni to Bargawan WCR/West Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|first=Siddharth|last=Anand|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rewa Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sidhi district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

St. Michael's High School, Patna

2026-04-20T13:48:20Z

Sindhu: starting new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Michael's High School
| latin_name =
| logo = St_michaels_patna_logo.gif
| logo_size =
| image = St Michaels High School.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Administrative building and assembly stage
| address = Bankipur-Danapur Road
| city = [[Patna]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| postal_code = 800011
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|38|40|N|85|6|9|E|display=inline,title|type:edu_region:IN-BR}}
| schooltype = [[Private school|Private]] secondary school
| motto = {{langx|la|Pro Deo et Patria}}
| motto_translation = For God and Country
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| denomination = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]]
| patron = [[Michael the Archangel]]
| established = {{start date and age|1858}}
| founder = Bishop [[Anastasius Hartmann]]
| status = Active
| closed =
| sister_school = {{ubl|[[St. Xavier's High School, Patna]]|St. Joseph's Convent High School}}
| school_board =
| district =
| authority = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| category =
| oversight =
| superintendent =
| session = April–March
| school_code = 330004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thelearningpoint.net/home/school-listings/cbse-6/ST--MICHAEL-S-HIGH-SCHOOL-DIGHA-GHAT-P-O--PATNA-BIHAR-330004|title=ST. MICHAEL'S HIGH SCHOOL DIGHA GHAT P.O. PATNA BIHAR - The Learning Point|website=thelearningpoint.net}}</ref>
| MOE =
| ofsted =
| ceeb =
| president =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| dean =
| administrator =
| rector = Fr. Norbert Menezes, S.J.
| director =
| principal = Fr. A. Christu Savarirajan S.J.
| campus_director = Fr. Mathew PI, S. J.
| staff =
| faculty = 122
| grades =
| years =
| age_range =
| enrollment = 4800
| enrollment_as_of =
| sixth_form_students =
| other =
| other_grade_enrollment =
| other_grade_label =
| international_students =
| classes =
| avg_class_size = 50-60 students
| ratio =
| system =
| language = English, Hindi
| schedule =
| hours_in_day = 6-7 hrs
| classrooms =
| campuses = Digha, Patna
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|21.55|acre|ha}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stmichaelspatna.edu.in/index.php/about-us/cbse-school-information.html|title=CBSE School Information}}</ref>
| houses = {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} Blue {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}} Green {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} Red {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} Gold 
| colors =
| slogan =
| song =
| fight_song =
| athletics =
| athletic_conference =
| sports = Football,handball, cricket, table-tennis, carrom, chess, throw ball, karate, yoga, badminton, swimming, kho-kho, kabaddi, basketball, track events
| mascot =
| nickname = Michaelites
| team_name =
| rival =
| accreditation =
| national_ranking =
| publication = ''Theatrum[21]''
| yearbook =
| tuition =
| communities =
| feeder_to =
| graduates =
| affiliations =
| alumni =
| nobel_laureates =
| information =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| free_label4 =
| free_text4 =
| free_label5 =
| free_text5 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.stmichaelspatna.edu.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''St. Michael's High School, Patna''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/city-students-shine-in-painting-contest/articleshow/58599179.cms|title=City students shine in painting contest | Patna News |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/vice-president-arrives-today-to-attend-2-events-in-city-tomorrow/articleshow/54121248.cms|title=Vice-President arrives today, to attend 2 events in city tomorrow | Patna News |website=The Times of India}}</ref> also referred to as '''SMHS Patna''' or '''SMHS''' for short,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/st-michaels-beat-st-xaviers-by-9-wickets/articleshow/58393294.cms|title=St Michael's beat St Xavier's by 9 wickets | Patna News |website=The Times of India}}</ref> is a private, [[Roman Rite|Roman]] [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], co-educational high school in the Digha neighborhood of [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India.

Established in 1858 initially as an [[orphanage]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cultural-fest-pupils-of-jesuit-schools-showcase-talent/articleshow/61510965.cms |title=Cultural fest: Pupils of Jesuit schools showcase talent |work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/culture-show-at-school-fest/cid/1368085 |title=Culture show at school fest |website=telegraphindia.com |language=en |access-date=2018-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/0txPDNXphHIOmb2htIJ1UK/The-pitfalls-of-linguistic-jingoism.html| title=The pitfalls of linguistic jingoism - Livemint|website=livemint.com| date=5 March 2010|access-date=2018-10-20}}</ref> it is one of the oldest schools in the state of Bihar,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/decorative-lights-cribs-adorn-patna-churches/articleshow/56160455.cms|title=Decorative lights, cribs adorn Patna churches | Patna News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and is currently managed by the Patna Province of the [[Society of Jesus]]. It was founded by the first Bishop of Patna, Msgr. [[Anastasius Hartmann]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/In-line-for-sainthood-for-96-years/articleshow/38408816.cms |title=In line for sainthood for 96 years |work=The Times of India }}</ref>

The current principal is Edison J. Armstrong who took charge in January 2016 from Peter Arockiasamy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/childrens-principal-given-farewell/articleshow/50788706.cms|title='Children's principal' given farewell | Patna News |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The school's patron saint is [[Saint Michael the Archangel]]. The school authority is the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] in [[New Delhi]].

==History==
In 1854 Monsignor Zuber, Vicar Apostolic of Patna, purchased the land where the school stands intending to form a community of native Christians. The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] destroyed his plans and the place was left without any residents. In 1858, when order was restored, Anastasius Hartmann opened the building as an orphanage for children who became orphans during the rebellion. More buildings were added and the institution gradually grew to become a large boarding house and orphanage combined.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RMmAQAAIAAJ&dq=michaels+high+school+patna&pg=PA174|title=Bengal District Gazetteers|date=21 April 1907|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Departmentôt|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In 1894, the management of the school was handed over to the [[Congregation of Christian Brothers|Irish Christian Brothers]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QaOP5nK-MC&dq=st+michaels+patna+irish+christian+brothers+1894&pg=PA156|title=Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna|first=L. S. S.|last=O`malley|date=21 April 1924|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788172681210|via=Google Books}}</ref> (commonly known as Christian Brothers) under whose management it became one of the leading schools in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]. St Michael's became a high school and sent its first batch of four students to the high school examination in 1896. In 1907, Bengal District Gazetteers for Patna states the number of boys in the school at 283, including a large number of orphans. The staff consisted of six brothers and six secular teachers. During this period, the school received an annual government grant, regulated by the number of students enrolled. St. Michael's set up a volunteer cadet corps in 1893.

Since 1968, the school has been managed by the Jesuits of the Patna Province of the Society of Jesus,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4hvDQAAQBAJ&dq=st+michaels+patna+1968+&pg=PT193|title=Patna: A Paradise Lost!: Saga of a 2500 Year Old City from Ajatshatru to Present Day Patna|first=Navneet|last=Sahay|date=4 November 2016|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=9781946204547|via=Google Books}}</ref> In 1988 the school's affiliation board changed from [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] Board to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).

==Campus and infrastructure==
The school is in Bankipur - Danapur Road (commonly known as Danapur Road), on the banks of the [[Ganges]] in the Digha neighborhood of Patna.

The central building complex houses classrooms, administrative offices, and an auditorium. The administrative offices including the principal's office are at the main entrance on the north gate of the building in front of the assembly ground. The main playground is west of the assembly ground and is used for annual parades as well as for games of cricket and football. The east playground is smaller and used by students to play games. The southeast section of the campus has table tennis boards and a handball wall. Indoor games such as carom, chess, and other board games are housed inside the main building in the playroom.

The auditorium is well-equipped with a PA system and has a stage for plays, performances, annual gatherings, and debate competitions.

The northwest section of the campus has a swimming pool with a diving board. Next to the pool is the school cafeteria. The school has a BEd college ([[St. Xavier's College of Education]]) on its campus to train teachers.

St. Michael's has two computer labs: one each for junior and senior students. The library is well equipped with reference books and caters to students of Class II and onward. The school has one language lab for the students from Class I to VIII and subject-specific labs for Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Mathematics. A dispensary under the supervision of a trained nurse is in the school building to attend to any health care problems of students during school hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stmichaelspatna.edu.in/index.php/about-us/curriculum/other-recsources-facilities.html|title=St. Michael's - Other Resources and Facilities}}</ref>

St. Michael's offers private, citywide transportation services for students and faculty through a bus service company.

==Academic==

===Affiliation===
The institution is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]]. The school prepares its students for the All India Secondary School (Class IX-X) and the All India Senior School Certificate Examinations (Class XI-XII) conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi.

===Subjects===
Below subjects are taught which are in accordance with the CBSE curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbseacademic.nic.in/|title=CBSE | Central Board of Secondary Education : Academics|website=cbseacademic.nic.in}}</ref>
* English
* Hindi
* Sanskrit
* Mathematics
* Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology)
* Value Education/Moral Science
* History, Geography, Civics
* Computer Studies/Science/Applications
* Economics/Economic Applications
* Commerce/Commercial Studies/Applications
* Business Studies
* Accounts

There are three streams for senior secondary classes XI and XII:
*Science Stream with Biology elective
*Science Stream with Economics elective
*Commerce Stream
*Science stream with IP (Informatics Practices) elective

===Medium of instruction===

Since 2010 all classes (I-XII) are taught in English.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stmichaelspatna.edu.in/index.php/admission/cources-of-studies.html|title=St. Michael's - Courses}}</ref>

Before 2010 the school followed Hindi medium for Primary sections (I-V), bilingual (Hindi and English) from Class VI-X (Social Studies and Moral Science in Hindi), and English medium at the +2 level.

==Grading system==

St. Michael's follows the below grading system:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stmichaelspatna.edu.in/index.php/admission/grading-system.html|title=St. Michael's - Grading System}}</ref>

Scholastic-A
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Marks Range || Grade || Grade Point
|-
|91-100 || A1 || 10.0
|-
|81-90 || A2 || 9.0
|-
|71-80 || B1 || 8.0
|-
|61-70 || B2 || 7.0
|-
|51-60 || C1 || 6.0
|-
|41-50 || C2 || 5.0
|-
|33-40 || D || 4.0
|-
|21-32 || E1 ||
|-
|0-20 || E2 ||
|}

Scholastic-B
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Marks Range || Grade || Grade Point
|-
|91-100 || A+ || 10.0
|-
|81-90 || A || 9.0
|-
|71-80 || B+ || 8.0
|-
|61-70 || B || 7.0
|-
|51-60 || C || 6.0
|}

==School session==

The school year is from April to March. Days are divided into eight periods with summer and winter timings. The order in which the classes meet varies from day to day.

==Uniform==

===Boys===

Warm season:
*For Std. I-V: White shirt (half sleeve) with school monogram, black short pants, school belt, black socks and plain black leather shoes.
*For Std. VI-XII: White shirt (half sleeve) with school monogram, black trousers, school belt, black socks and plain black leather shoes.
Cold season:
*For Std. I-XII: White shirt (full sleeve) with school monogram, black trousers, school tie, solid navy blue sweaters without sleeves with V-neck and solid navy blue blazers with school monogram. School cap, muffler and gloves may be used.

===Girls===

Warm season:
*Std. I-VIII: Maroon-colored pleated and divided skirt (knee length), white shirt (half sleeve) with school monogram, black shoes and white socks. Hair ribbons must be maroon colored.
*Std. IX-XII: White salwar (plain), maroon kurta (knee length) with high neck collar, slit 8 to 10 inches, white dupatta (cotton), flat plain black shoes and white socks.
Cold season:
*Std. I-VIII: White shirt (full sleeve), white slacks, maroon-colored V-neck sweaters (half sleeve), maroon-colored blazer with school monogram and school tie.
*Std. IX-XII: Maroon-colored V-neck sweaters (half sleeve) and maroon-colored blazer with school monogram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stmichaelspatna.edu.in/index.php/admission/school-uniform.html|title=St. Michael's - School Uniform}}</ref>

==Student groups==

{{Empty section|date=February 2026}}

==Publications==

The ''Theatrum''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stmichaelspatna.edu.in/index.php/component/content/article.html?id=79|title=The Theatrum at school website}}</ref> is a monthly magazine of the school published by an editorial board consisting of teachers and students. It includes articles by students, events in the school, and student achievements.

The school publishes an annual yearbook featuring talks by the principal, rector, vice-principals, group photographs of all classes, photographs of office bearers and major events, and articles written by students, teachers, and alumni.

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=April 2021}}
* [[Abhayanand]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csrl.in/projects/abhayanand-super30-self-page.html|title=Abhayanand Super 30 - Social Service Education Programs in India {{!}} CSRL|website=csrl.in|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-07-21}}</ref>
* [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/imtiaz-ali-mulls-a-film-on-patna/articleshow/55929374.cms|title=Imtiaz Ali mulls a film on Patna | Patna News |website=The Times of India }}</ref>
* [[Jawed Ashraf]], Ambassador of India to the Republic of France
* [[Shreemani]], Ambassador of Kendriya Vidyalaya <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rjd.co.in/shri-lalu-prasad/ | title=Shreemani - Early Life}}</ref>
* [[Bindeshwari Dubey]], former [[Chief Minister]] of Bihar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bdacollegepichhri.org/?i=1|title=Bindeshwari Dubey - Early Life}}</ref>
* [[Syed Saba Karim]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/saba-karim-was-one-of-the-unsung-heroes-of-indian-cricket-team/article7117133.ece|title=Of Karim, grit and toil|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-21|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Amitava Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://politicsandculture.org/2010/08/10/letters-and-bombs-by-amitava-kumar-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721214829/http://www.politicsandculture.org/2010/08/10/letters-and-bombs-by-amitava-kumar-2/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 July 2011|title=Letters and Bombs by Amitava Kumar|date=2010-08-10|website=Politics and Culture|access-date=2017-07-21}}</ref>
* [[Yashvardhan Kumar Sinha]], Chief Information Commissioner of India, Former High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom,
* [[Sushil Kumar Modi]], Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar<ref>[http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Bihar/Dycm.pdf Profile of the Dy CM]</ref>
* [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/made-in-chandigarh-panjab-university-groomed-me-for-politics-says-mla-rajiv-pratap-rudy/story-gKqy1iEgyzGLSH6CGXzPjN.html|title=Made in Chandigarh: Panjab University groomed me for politics, says MP Rajiv Pratap Rudy|date=22 June 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>[http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2093 Detailed Profile: Shri Rajiv Pratap Rudy]</ref>
* [[Vikram Seth]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ekikrat.in/Vikram-Seth|title=Vikram Seth | Ekikrat.in|website=ekikrat.in}}</ref>
* [[Arun Kumar Singh]], IFS, former Indian ambassador to US<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/10671-buxar-s-arun-singh-is-the-new-ambassador-to-the-usa.html |title=Buxar's Arun Singh is the New Ambassador to the USA |website=Patna Daily |language=en-gb |access-date=2017-07-21}}</ref>
* [[Janmejaya Sinha]], Chairman Boston Consulting Group (BCG) India
* [[Jayant Sinha]], Minister of State for Civil Aviation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/jayant-sinha.html/ |title=Jayant Sinha Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Schools|India|Catholicism}}}}
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]
* [[List of schools in Patna]]
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Patna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://stmichaelspatna.edu.in/}}

{{Schools in Patna}}
{{Jesuit Schools of India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Michael's High School, Patna}}
[[Category:Schools in Patna]]
[[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Bihar]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bihar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1858]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in India]]

Kiran Samant

2026-04-19T23:18:40Z

Sindhu: created article.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kiran Samant
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = [[Rajapur Assembly constituency]]
| party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| birth_date = 1973
| birth_place = [[Ratnagiri]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = Board of Technical Examination, Bangalore
| profession = Politician, [[Civil Engineer]], [[Construction worker|Builder]]
| spouse =
| father = Ravindra Dwarkanath Samant
| relatives = [[Uday Samant]] (brother)
}}

'''Kiran Samant''' (born 1973),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kiran Alias Bhaiyya Samant(Shiv Sena):Constituency- RAJAPUR(RATNAGIRI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=660 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> alias Bhaiyya Samant, is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajapur Election Result 2024 LIVE: Kiran Alias Bhaiyya Samant of SS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajapur-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130214.html |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rajapur Assembly constituency]] in [[Ratnagiri district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Rajapur Assembly Election Results 2024 : राजापुरात किरण सामंत यांचा विजय ; ठाकरे गटाचे राजन साळवी पराभूत |url=https://www.loksatta.com/maharashtra/rajapur-assembly-election-results-2024-kiran-samant-defeated-thackeray-group-mla-rajan-salvi-zws-70-4729158/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Samant is born and raised in [[Ratnagiri]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Yogesh |date=14 November 2024 |title=Maharashtra polls: Kingmaker Kiran Samant wants to be king in Ratnagiri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/kingmaker-kiran-samant-wants-to-be-king-in-ratnagiri-101731524649994.html |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He is the son of Ravindra Dwarkanath Samant. He is the brother of state minister [[Uday Samant]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-18 |title=Deadlocks over Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg ends, BJP fields Union minister Rane |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bjp-narayan-rane-ratnagiri-sindhudurg-shinde-senas-kiran-samant-9277780/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He studied engineering diploma in civil and passed the technical examinations in 1992, conducted by the Board of Technical Examination, [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]. He is a builder and runs his own business.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Samant won from Rajapur Assembly constituency representing [[Shiv Sena]] in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 80,256 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Rajan Prabhakar Salvi of [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiva Sena (UBT)]], by a margin of 19,677 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Rajapur, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: SHS's Kiran Samant defeats SHS (UBT)'s Prabhakar Salvi with 19677 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rajapur-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638396-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samant, Kiran}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Ratnagiri district]]

Patancheru Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:47Z

Sindhu: added basic info first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patancheru
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (40-Patancheru highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Patancheru Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla =[[Gudem Mahipal Reddy]]
| party =
| established = 2008
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
| electors = 2,76,724
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 40
| loksabha_cons= [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
}}

'''Patancheru Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of five constituencies in [[Sangareddy district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Results: TDP-BJP combine bags 14 of 24 assembly seats in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Election-Results-TDP-BJP-combine-bags-14-of-24-assembly-seats-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/35224615.cms |website=indiatimes.com |access-date=29 July 2021 |date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729072733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Election-Results-TDP-BJP-combine-bags-14-of-24-assembly-seats-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/35224615.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It is part of [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is also one of the 24 constituencies of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|GHMC]].<ref>{{cite web |title=KCR's early election gamble gives enough ammo to TRS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcrs-early-election-gamble-gives-enough-ammo-to-trs/articleshow/66104449.cms |website=indiatimes.com |access-date=29 July 2021 |date=7 October 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007181033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcrs-early-election-gamble-gives-enough-ammo-to-trs/articleshow/66104449.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Gudem Mahipal Reddy]] of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] won the seat in 2014 Assembly Election.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Patancheru]]
|-
| [[Ameenpur]]
|-
| [[Jinnaram]]
|-
| [[Gummadidala]]
|-
| [[Ramachandrapuram, Medak|Ramachandrapuram]]
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 2009
| T. Nandeshwar Goud
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014
|rowspan=3| [[Gudem Mahipal Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2018
|-
| 2023
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

==Election results==

===2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Patancheru]]<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Patancheru">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Patancheru |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2940.htm |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=results.eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306161108/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2940.htm |archive-date=6 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Patancheru Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Patancheru Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/patancheru |access-date=6 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306161211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/patancheru |archive-date=6 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|candidate=[[G. Mahipal Reddy]]
|votes=1,05,387
|percentage=38.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kata Srinivas Goud
| votes = 98,296
| percentage =35.50
| change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=
Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Neelam Madhu Mudhiraj|votes=46,162|percentage=16.67|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,091|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,77,618|percentage=69.87|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Patancheru]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[G. Mahipal Reddy]]
| votes = 1,16,474
| percentage = 54.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kata Srinivas Goud
| votes = 78,775
| percentage = 36.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = P Karunakar Reddy
| votes = 7,428
| percentage = 3.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 1,487
| percentage = 0.69%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 37,699
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,14,065
| percentage = 75.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Patancheru<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[G. Mahipal Reddy]]
| votes = 73,986
| percentage =37.06%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = M. Sapanadev
| votes = 55,100
| percentage = 27.6%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = T. Nandeshwar Goud
| votes = 37,226
| percentage = 18.65%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Chinnamail Anji Reddy
| votes = 12,571
| percentage = 6.3%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 18,887
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,99,619
| percentage = 72.15%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Patancheru<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party =Indian National Congress
| candidate =T. Nandeshwar Goud
| votes =42,516
| percentage =26.25%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate =M.Sapanadev
|votes =41,269
| percentage =25.48%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = J. Ramulu
| votes =21,403
| percentage =13.21%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kurra Sathyanarayana
| votes =20,265
| percentage =12.51%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1247
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.52|78.26|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Medak district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

2023–24 Indian Youth League

2026-04-19T16:33:12Z

Sindhu: Stub!

{{Short description|U17 football league in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date = December 2023}}
{{infobox football league season
| image =
| competition = [[Youth League (India)|Youth League]]
| season = [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]
| dates = 13 December 2023 – 25 May 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=AIFF U17 Youth League 2023 schedule, date, time table, teams list, fixtures and format |url=https://thesportsgrail.com/aiff-u17-youth-league-2023-schedule-date-time-table-teams-list-fixtures-and-format/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The SportsGrail |language=en}}</ref>
| winners = Classic FA (2nd title)
| matches = 192
| matches footnote =
| total goals = 768
| best player =
| league topscorer = Md Mahmad Sami (Sudeva Delhi) (11 goals)
| biggest home win = [[Zinc Football|Zinc Football Academy]] 11–0 SAG Football Academy (23 December) [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] 11–0 SAG Football Academy (18 January)
| biggest away win = [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]] 0-13 [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]] (24 January)
| highest scoring = [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]] 0-13 [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]] (24 January)
| prevseason = [[2022–23 U-17 Youth Cup|2022–23]]
| nextseason = [[2024–25 Indian Youth League|2024–25]]
| attendance =
| average attendance =
| updated =
}}

The '''2023–24 Youth League''', also known as the '''2023–24 U-17 Youth League''', was the fourteenth season of the Indian [[Youth League (India)|Youth League]] and the second season of the under-17 category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U-17 AIFF Youth League: Fixtures, format and more |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-12-indian-football-u-17-aiff-youth-league-fixtures-format-telecast |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Khel Now |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-24 |title=AIFF Youth Leagues set to start next month, over 50 teams to participate |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/aiff-youth-leagues-set-to-start-next-month-over-50-teams-to-participate-kalyan-chaubey/article67569290.ece |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of AIFF accredited ‘Elite Category’ academies for 2023-24 season |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-12-indian-football-aiff-accredited-elite-category-academy-list |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Khel Now |language=English}}</ref>

==Changes in format==
* 54 teams were divided into eleven groups based on the zones.
** Groups A, C, D, E, F, and H had 5 teams.
** Groups B and G had 6 teams.
** Groups I, J, and K had 4 teams.
* The tournament would take place in home and away [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format (except in centralized I and J groups) in the [[group stage]].
* After group stage,group winners from A-H groups and runners-up from B and G groups directly advance to the final round.
* Group winners from I-K groups and runners-up from A,C,D,E,F, and H groups advance to Playoff round split into three single [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] groups of three clubs each.
* After playoff-round, three Playoff group winners and runners-up; advance to final round which is further split into four single [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] groups of 4 clubs each.
* After Final round, the group winners and runners-up advance to [[Knockout tournament|knockout]] round.

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club
!State/Region
!Group
!Home
|-
|Brothers Sports Association
|rowspan=5|[[Maharashtra]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group A|A]]
|[[Barnes School|Barnes school and Junior College]], [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Kenkre FC]]
|CPOE, [[Kharghar]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports|Reliance Foundation Young Champs]]
|Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, [[Navi Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]]
|rowspan=2|[[Cooperage Ground]], [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Oranje FC]]
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|rowspan=4|[[West Bengal]]
|rowspan=6|[[#Group B|B]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Ground]], [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[United SC]]
|[[Kalyani Stadium]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
|-
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal Club]]
|Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay Stadium, [[Barrackpur Cantonment]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|[[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha FC]]
|rowspan=2|[[Odisha]]
|OSAP 7th Battalion, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] 
|-
|[[Sports Odisha]]
|[[Capital High School, Bhubaneswar|Capital Ground]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
|-
|Football 4 Change Academy
|[[Manipur]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group C|C]]
|MFA Ground, [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|rowspan=2|[[Assam]]
|Polo Ground, [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
|Harisinga Town Club
|Kokrajhar DSA Stadium, [[Kokrajhar]], [[Assam]]
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[Meghalya]]
|SSA Stadium, [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
|[[Aizawl FC]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|MFA Ground, [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
|-
|[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]]
|rowspan=3|[[Goa]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group D|D]]
|Monte de Guirim Football Ground, [[Guirim]], [[Goa]]
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers FC]]
|Benaulim Football ground, [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]]
|-
|[[Dempo SC]]
|Dempo Sports Ground, Goa
|-
|Belagavi United Football Academy
|rowspan=2|[[Karnataka]]
|Sporting planet sports complex, [[Belagavi]], [[Karnataka]]
|-
|Football Club Mangalore
|Yenepoya University ground, [[Mangalore]], Karnataka
|-
|Muthoot Football Academy
|rowspan=4|[[Kerala]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group E|E]]
|Muthoot Football Academy, [[Mongam]], [[Malappuram]], Kerala
|-
|Parappur FC
|[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium|Thrissur Corporation Stadium]], [[Thrissur]], Kerala
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Corporation stadium]], [[Kozhikode]], Kerala
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]]
|Panampilly Nagar Ground, [[Panampilly Nagar]], [[Kochi]]
|-
|Snipers Football Club
|rowspan=4|[[Karnataka]]
|HAL, [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka
|-
|Alchemy International FA
|rowspan=5|[[#Group F|F]]
|Padukone Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence, [[Bettahalasur]], Bengaluru
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bangalore Football Stadium]], Bengaluru, Karnataka
|-
|[[Kickstart FC]]
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin FC]]
|rowspan=2|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research|Sri Ramachandra Medical College]], [[Porur]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|FC Madras
|FC Madras Academy, [[Mahabalipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
|rowspan=3|[[Delhi]]
|rowspan=6|[[#Group G|G]]
|Sudeva Football Academy, [[Civil Lines, Delhi]]
|-
|[[Delhi FC]]
|Minerva Academy, [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|[[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools]]
|Vedas International School, [[Sohna]], [[Haryana]]
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari Sports Academy]]
|rowspan=2|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Sri Bhaini Sahib Ground, [[Ludhiana]], Punjab
|-
|[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]
|SUS Football Ground, Tangori, Punjab
|-
|Bunkerhill
|[[Haryana]]
|Bunkerhill MSC Soccer Schools, Darbaripur, [[Haryana]]
|-
|[[Baroda FA|Baroda Football Academy]]
|rowspan=3|[[Gujarat]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group H|H]]
|VMC Sports Complex, [[Manjalpur]], [[Gujarat]]
|-
|SAG Football Academy
|rowspan=2|SRPF Group II Football Ground, [[Naroda]], Gujarat
|-
|[[ARA FC]]
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|rowspan=2|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Poornima University]], [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Zinc Football|Zinc Football Academy]]
|MKM Stadium, [[Zawar]], Rajasthan
|-
|[[Corbett FC]]
|rowspan=2|[[Uttarakhand]]
|rowspan=4|[[#Group I|I]]
|rowspan=4|Amenity Sport Academy Ground, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|K.R Football Leaders Club
|-
|[[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|Himalayan FC
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|Subroto XI
|[[Delhi]]
|rowspan=4|[[#Group J|J]]
|rowspan=4|[[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|-
|Bengal Football Academy
|[[West Bengal]]
|-
|Classic Football Academy
|rowspan=4|[[Manipur]]
|rowspan=4|[[#Group K|K]]
|Loitang Football Arena, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
|-
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|rowspan=2|[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]], [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
|-
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|-
|TYDA
|Toubul Mamang Playground, [[Toubul]], [[Manipur]]
|}

==Group stage==
===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|show_matches=y
|update=14 January 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=RFYC
|team2=MCI
|team3=BRO
|team4=KFC
|team5=TOFC


|win_RFYC=7|draw_RFYC=1|loss_RFYC=0|gf_RFYC=35|ga_RFYC=1
|win_MCI=6 |draw_MCI=1 |loss_MCI=1 |gf_MCI=24 |ga_MCI=5
|win_BRO=4 |draw_BRO=0 |loss_BRO=4 |gf_BRO=15 |ga_BRO=8
|win_TOFC=0|draw_TOFC=1|loss_TOFC=7|gf_TOFC=2 |ga_TOFC=31
|win_KFC=1 |draw_KFC=1 |loss_KFC=6 |gf_KFC=12 |ga_KFC=43


|match_MCI_RFYC = 0-2
|match_TOFC_MCI = 0-2
|match_RFYC_BRO = 2-0
|match_BRO_MCI = 0-1
|match_RFYC_KFC = 9-1
|match_TOFC_RFYC =0-2
|match_KFC_BRO = 1-2
|match_MCI_KFC = 3-1
|match_BRO_TOFC = 4-0
|match_BRO_RFYC = 0-2
|match_MCI_TOFC = 3-1
|match_TOFC_KFC = 1-1
|match_RFYC_MCI = 0-0
|match_MCI_BRO = 2-1
|match_KFC_RFYC = 0-9
|match_BRO_KFC = 6-0
|match_RFYC_TOFC = 9-0
|match_KFC_MCI = 0-13
|match_TOFC_BRO = 0-2
|match_KFC_TOFC = 8-0

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_RFYC=Reliance Foundation Young Champs
|name_MCI=Mumbai City
|name_BRO=Brothers Sports Association
|name_KFC=Kenkre FC
|name_TOFC=Oranje FC
}}

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|show_matches=y
|update=14 January 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team2=MBSG
|team4=OFC
|team1=EBFC
|team5=MSC
|team3=USC
|team6=SOD


|win_MBSG=7|draw_MBSG=1|loss_MBSG=2|gf_MBSG=13 |ga_MBSG=6
|win_OFC =4|draw_OFC =1|loss_OFC =5|gf_OFC =16 |ga_OFC=18
|win_EBFC=8|draw_EBFC=1|loss_EBFC=1|gf_EBFC=27|ga_EBFC=9
|win_MSC =2|draw_MSC =0|loss_MSC =8|gf_MSC =8 |ga_MSC=19
|win_USC =6|draw_USC =2|loss_USC =2|gf_USC =18 |ga_USC=9
|win_SOD =0|draw_SOD =1|loss_SOD =9|gf_SOD =6 |ga_SOD=27


|match_MBSG_USC = 1-0
|match_EBFC_MSC = 3-2
|match_MBSG_EBFC =0-4
|match_OFC_USC = 1-2
|match_SOD_MSC = 1-2
|match_OFC_MSC = 2-1
|match_USC_EBFC = 2-1
|match_SOD_MBSG = 0-3
|match_EBFC_SOD = 6-0
|match_OFC_MBSG = 0-2
|match_OFC_SOD = 5-2
|match_MBSG_MSC = 1-0
|match_EBFC_OFC = 3-2
|match_USC_SOD = 1-1
|match_EBFC_USC = 3-2
|match_MBSG_SOD = 2-0
|match_MSC_OFC = 0-2
|match_EBFC_MBSG =0-0
|match_MSC_SOD = 3-1
|match_USC_OFC = 2-2
|match_SOD_USC = 0-1
|match_MSC_MBSG = 0-1
|match_OFC_EBFC = 0-3
|match_SOD_EBFC = 1-2
|match_MBSG_OFC = 3-0
|match_USC_MSC = 3-0
|match_USC_MBSG = 2-0
|match_SOD_OFC = 0-2
|match_MSC_EBFC = 0-2
|match_MSC_USC = 0-3

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=DQ |result2=FR |result3=FR
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round
|col_DQ=black2 |text_DQ=Disqualified|note_res_DQ=Disqualified from league on grounds of age fraud.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-01 |title=East Bengal FC suspended from the AIFF U17 Youth League for Age Fraud |url=https://thebridge.in/football/indian-super-league/east-bengal/east-bengal-suspended-from-aiff-youth-league-age-fraud-46264 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

|name_EBFC=East Bengal Club
|name_MBSG=Mohun Bagan SG
|name_MSC=Mohammedan SC
|name_USC=United SC
|name_OFC=Odisha FC
|name_SOD=Sports Odisha
}}
{{notelist}}</onlyinclude>

=== Group C ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|show_matches=y
|update=14 February 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=F4C
|team2=SHI
|team3=NEU
|team4=AIZ
|team5=HTC


|win_F4C=5 |draw_F4C=1 |loss_F4C=2 |gf_F4C=25 |ga_F4C=9
|win_SHI=4 |draw_SHI=2 |loss_SHI=2 |gf_SHI=21 |ga_SHI=11
|win_NEU=3 |draw_NEU=3 |loss_NEU=2 |gf_NEU=14 |ga_NEU=13
|win_AIZ=3|draw_AIZ=2|loss_AIZ=3|gf_AIZ=13|ga_AIZ=14
|win_HTC=1|draw_HTC=0|loss_HTC=7|gf_HTC=5|ga_HTC=31


|match_F4C_HTC = 4-0
|match_NEU_SHI = 2-2
|match_AIZ_HTC = 4-2
|match_SHI_F4C = 3-3
|match_F4C_AIZ = 2-3
|match_HTC_NEU = 0-4
|match_NEU_AIZ = 1-1
|match_HTC_SHI = 1-0
|match_F4C_NEU = 3-1
|match_SHI_AIZ = 1-0
|match_F4C_SHI = 1-0
|match_HTC_AIZ = 0-4
|match_HTC_F4C = 0-7
|match_SHI_NEU = 5-2
|match_NEU_HTC = 2-1
|match_AIZ_F4C = 0-4
|match_AIZ_NEU = 0-0
|match_SHI_HTC = 6-1
|match_AIZ_SHI = 1-4
|match_NEU_F4C = 2-1

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round

|name_F4C=Football 4 Change Academy
|name_SHI=Shillong Lajong
|name_NEU=NorthEast United
|name_AIZ=Aizawl FC
|name_HTC=Harisinga Town Club
}}

=== Group D ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|show_matches=y
|update=25 January 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=DSC
|team2=GOA
|team3=FCM
|team4=BUFA
|team5=CBFC


|win_DSC=6 |draw_DSC=2 |loss_DSC=0 |gf_DSC=17 |ga_DSC=3
|win_GOA=4 |draw_GOA=1 |loss_GOA=3 |gf_GOA=16 |ga_GOA=8
|win_FCM=3 |draw_FCM=3 |loss_FCM=2 |gf_FCM=9 |ga_FCM=12
|win_BUFA=1|draw_BUFA=2|loss_BUFA=5|gf_BUFA=9|ga_BUFA=16
|win_CBFC=1|draw_CBFC=2|loss_CBFC=5|gf_CBFC=6|ga_CBFC=18


|match_CBFC_GOA = 0-2
|match_BUFA_FCM = 0-2
|match_BUFA_DSC = 0-2
|match_GOA_FCM = 4-1
|match_BUFA_CBFC =4-1
|match_DSC_FCM = 5-1
|match_CBFC_DSC = 1-1
|match_GOA_BUFA = 4-1
|match_BUFA_GOA = 1-1
|match_FCM_CBFC = 0-0
|match_DSC_GOA = 2-1
|match_DSC_BUFA = 2-0
|match_FCM_GOA = 1-0
|match_FCM_BUFA = 2-2
|match_GOA_CBFC = 4-1
|match_FCM_DSC = 0-0
|match_CBFC_BUFA = 2-1
|match_DSC_CBFC = 4-0
|match_CBFC_FCM = 1-2
|match_GOA_DSC = 0-1

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round

|name_GOA=FC Goa
|name_FCM=Football Club Mangalore
|name_CBFC=Churchill Brothers FC
|name_BUFA=Belgaum United Football Academy
|name_DSC=Dempo SC
}}

===Group E===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group E
|show_matches=y
|update=11 January 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=MUT
|team2=KER
|team3=SNI
|team4=GOK
|team5=PAR


|win_KER=5 |draw_KER=1 |loss_KER=2 |gf_KER=23|ga_KER=12
|win_MUT=6 |draw_MUT=1 |loss_MUT=1 |gf_MUT=30 |ga_MUT=10
|win_PAR=2 |draw_PAR=0 |loss_PAR=6 |gf_PAR=6 |ga_PAR=28
|win_SNI=2 |draw_SNI=2 |loss_SNI=4 |gf_SNI=11 |ga_SNI=13
|win_GOK=2 |draw_GOK=2 |loss_GOK=4 |gf_GOK=11 |ga_GOK=18


|match_PAR_MUT = 0-2
|match_GOK_KER = 2-3
|match_KER_PAR = 6-0
|match_SNI_GOK = 0-0
|match_MUT_KER = 2-3
|match_PAR_SNI = 2-0
|match_KER_SNI = 2-0
|match_MUT_GOK = 5-0
|match_GOK_PAR = 2-1
|match_MUT_SNI = 3-1
|match_GOK_SNI = 1-2
|match_PAR_KER = 1-0
|match_KER_MUT = 3-4
|match_SNI_PAR = 5-1
|match_PAR_GOK = 1-3
|match_SNI_MUT = 1-2
|match_SNI_KER = 2-2
|match_GOK_MUT = 2-2
|match_MUT_PAR = 10-0
|match_KER_GOK = 4-1

|res_col_header = Q
|result2=FR |result3=PO |result1=DQ
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round
|col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round
|col_DQ=black2 |text_DQ=Disqualified|note_res_DQ=Disqualified from league on grounds of age fraud.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-01 |title=East Bengal FC suspended from the AIFF U17 Youth League for Age Fraud |url=https://thebridge.in/football/indian-super-league/east-bengal/east-bengal-suspended-from-aiff-youth-league-age-fraud-46264 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

|name_KER=Kerala Blasters FC
|name_MUT=Muthoot Football Academy
|name_SNI=Snipers Football Club
|name_GOK=Gokulam Kerala
|name_PAR=Parappur FC
}}

===Group F===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group F
|show_matches=y
|update=11 January 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=BEN
|team2=CHE
|team3=MAD
|team4=ALC
|team5=KIC


|win_CHE=5 |draw_CHE=2 |loss_CHE=1 |gf_CHE=17 |ga_CHE=9
|win_BEN=6 |draw_BEN=1 |loss_BEN=1 |gf_BEN=21 |ga_BEN=6
|win_MAD=3 |draw_MAD=2 |loss_MAD=3 |gf_MAD=14 |ga_MAD=18
|win_ALC=2 |draw_ALC=2 |loss_ALC=4 |gf_ALC=14 |ga_ALC=18
|win_KIC=0 |draw_KIC=1 |loss_KIC=7 |gf_KIC=11 |ga_KIC=26


|match_KIC_BEN = 2-5
|match_ALC_CHE = 1-1
|match_BEN_ALC = 0-0
|match_CHE_KIC = 5-0
|match_BEN_MAD = 3-0
|match_ALC_KIC = 2-1
|match_CHE_MAD = 1-1
|match_BEN_KIC = 1-0
|match_KIC_MAD = 3-3
|match_CHE_BEN = 2-1
|match_MAD_ALC = 4-3
|match_MAD_KIC = 3-2
|match_CHE_ALC = 3-2
|match_ALC_BEN = 1-5
|match_KIC_CHE = 2-3
|match_MAD_CHE = 0-1
|match_KIC_ALC = 1-4
|match_MAD_BEN = 0-4
|match_BEN_CHE = 2-1
|match_ALC_MAD = 1-3

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round

|name_BEN=Bengaluru FC
|name_ALC=Alchemy International FA
|name_CHE=Chennaiyin FC
|name_KIC=Kickstart FC
|name_MAD=FC Madras
}}

===Group G===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group G
|show_matches=y
|update=25 January 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=PUN
|team2=SUD
|team3=DEL
|team4=BHA
|team5=BHK
|team6=NAM


|win_SUD=6 |draw_SUD=2 |loss_SUD=2 |gf_SUD=33 |ga_SUD=10
|win_PUN=8 |draw_PUN=1 |loss_PUN=1 |gf_PUN=33 |ga_PUN=8
|win_BHA=5 |draw_BHA=1 |loss_BHA=4 |gf_BHA=28 |ga_BHA=18
|win_DEL=6 |draw_DEL=0 |loss_DEL=4 |gf_DEL=30 |ga_DEL=11
|win_BHK=2 |draw_BHK=0 |loss_BHK=8 |gf_BHK=11 |ga_BHK=46
|win_NAM=1 |draw_NAM=0 |loss_NAM=9 |gf_NAM=7 |ga_NAM=49


|match_BHK_SUD = 0-8
|match_BHA_DEL = 4-2
|match_PUN_NAM = 9-0
|match_NAM_BHA = 2-1
|match_SUD_DEL = 1-0
|match_BHK_PUN = 0-2
|match_BHA_PUN = 4-2
|match_NAM_SUD = 0-6
|match_BHK_DEL = 0-6
|match_NAM_BHK = 1-3
|match_PUN_DEL = 3-1
|match_BHA_SUD = 2-3
|match_BHA_BHK = 6-3
|match_SUD_PUN = 9-0
|match_DEL_NAM = 2-2
|match_BHK_NAM = 3-2
|match_DEL_PUN = 0-2
|match_SUD_BHA = 1-1
|match_PUN_BHK = 5-0
|match_BHA_NAM = 1-0
|match_DEL_SUD = 6-1
|match_BHK_BHA = 0-4
|match_PUN_SUD = 1-4
|match_NAM_DEL = 2-1
|match_SUD_BHK = 8-2
|match_DEL_BHA = 3-0
|match_NAM_PUN = 0-5
|match_DEL_BHK = 4-0
|match_SUD_NAM = 1-0
|match_PUN_BHA = 3-0

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=FR
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round

|name_PUN=Punjab FC
|name_SUD=Sudeva Delhi FC
|name_BHA=Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools
|name_NAM=Namdhari Sports Academy
|name_DEL=Delhi FC
|name_BHK=Bunkerhill
}}

===Group H===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group H
|show_matches=y
|update=11 January 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=ZIN
|team2=RAJ
|team3=BAR
|team4=ARA
|team5=SAG


|win_ZIN=6 |draw_ZIN=2 |loss_ZIN=0 |gf_ZIN=41 |ga_ZIN=1
|win_RAJ=6 |draw_RAJ=2 |loss_RAJ=0 |gf_RAJ=31 |ga_RAJ=3
|win_BAR=4 |draw_BAR=0 |loss_BAR=4 |gf_BAR=16 |ga_BAR=16
|win_ARA=2 |draw_ARA=0 |loss_ARA=6 |gf_ARA=5 |ga_ARA=29
|win_SAG=0 |draw_SAG=0 |loss_SAG=8 |gf_SAG=1 |ga_SAG=45


|match_BAR_SAG = 2-0
|match_ZIN_RAJ = 0-0
|match_SAG_ARA = 0-1
|match_ARA_BAR = 2-3
|match_SAG_RAJ = 0-7
|match_ZIN_SAG = 11-0
|match_ARA_RAJ = 0-6
|match_ZIN_BAR = 4-0
|match_BAR_RAJ = 0-2
|match_ARA_ZIN = 0-4
|match_ARA_SAG = 2-1
|match_BAR_ZIN = 1-4
|match_SAG_BAR = 3-0
|match_RAJ_ZIN = 0-0
|match_BAR_ARA = 4-0
|match_RAJ_SAG = 11-0
|match_SAG_ZIN = 1-0
|match_RAJ_ARA = 0-8
|match_RAJ_BAR = 4-3
|match_ZIN_ARA = 10-0

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round

|name_BAR=Baroda Football Academy
|name_ARA=ARA FC
|name_RAJ=Rajasthan United
|name_ZIN=Zinc Football Academy
|name_SAG=SAG Football Academy
}}

===Group I===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group I
|show_matches=y
|update=30 April 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=CFC
|team2=HFC
|team3=KRFL
|team4=MMA


|win_CFC=6 |draw_CFC=0 |loss_CFC=0 |gf_CFC=31 |ga_CFC=1
|win_HFC=2 |draw_HFC=1 |loss_HFC=3 |gf_HFC=9 |ga_HFC=12
|win_MMA=2 |draw_MMA=1 |loss_MMA=3 |gf_MMA=9 |ga_MMA=18
|win_KRFL=0 |draw_KRFL=2 |loss_KRFL=4 |gf_KRFL=1 |ga_KRFL=19


|match_CFC_MMA = 4-0
|match_HFC_KRFL = 0-0
|match_MMA_KRFL = 3-0
|match_CFC_HFC = 5-1
|match_KRFL_CFC = 0-5
|match_HFC_MMA = 0-4
|match_KRFL_MMA = 1-1
|match_HFC_CFC = 0-2
|match_KRFL_HFC = 0-4
|match_MMA_CFC = 0-9
|match_MMA_HFC = 1-4
|match_CFC_KRFL = 6-0

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=PO
|col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round

|name_HFC=Himalayan FC
|name_CFC=Corbett FC
|name_KRFL=K.R Football Leaders Club
|name_MMA=Madan Maharaj
}}

===Group J===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group J
|show_matches=y
|update=30 April 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=SRD
|team2=JFC
|team3=BFA
|team4=SXI


|win_SRD=4 |draw_SRD=2 |loss_SRD=0 |gf_SRD=11 |ga_SRD=5
|win_JFC=2 |draw_JFC=3 |loss_JFC=1 |gf_JFC=9 |ga_JFC=6
|win_BFA=0 |draw_BFA=4 |loss_BFA=2 |gf_BFA=8 |ga_BFA=12
|win_SXI=0 |draw_SXI=3 |loss_SXI=3 |gf_SXI=6 |ga_SXI=11


|match_SRD_SXI = 1-1
|match_JFC_BFA = 1-1
|match_BFA_SXI = 3-3
|match_SRD_JFC = 1-0
|match_SXI_JFC = 0-3
|match_BFA_SRD = 0-3
|match_BFA_JFC = 2-2
|match_SXI_SRD = 1-2
|match_SRD_BFA = 2-1
|match_JFC_SXI = 1-0
|match_JFC_SRD = 2-2
|match_SXI_BFA = 1-1

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=PO
|col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round

|name_SRD=Sreenidi Deccan
|name_JFC=Jamshedpur
|name_BFA=Bengal Football Academy
|name_SXI=Subroto XI
}}

===Group K===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group K
|show_matches=y
|update=4 February 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=CFA
|team2=TYDA
|team3=TRAU
|team4=NER


|win_CFA=4 |draw_CFA=1 |loss_CFA=1 |gf_CFA=16 |ga_CFA=4
|win_TYDA=3 |draw_TYDA=1 |loss_TYDA=2 |gf_TYDA=23 |ga_TYDA=10
|win_TRAU=3 |draw_TRAU=0 |loss_TRAU=3 |gf_TRAU=11 |ga_TRAU=13
|win_NER=1 |draw_NER=0 |loss_NER=5 |gf_NER=2 |ga_NER=25


|match_CFA_TRAU = 3-1
|match_NER_TYDA = 0-7
|match_NER_CFA = 1-0
|match_TYDA_TRAU = 5-1
|match_CFA_TYDA = 2-2
|match_TRAU_NER = 2-1
|match_TRAU_TYDA = 4-3
|match_CFA_NER = 7-0
|match_TYDA_NER = 6-0
|match_TRAU_CFA = 0-1
|match_NER_TRAU = 0-3
|match_TYDA_CFA = 0-3

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=PO
|col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round

|name_CFA=Classic Football Academy
|name_NER=NEROCA
|name_TRAU=TRAU
|name_TYDA=TYDA
}}

==Playoff round==
''All matches to be played at [[Tilak Maidan]], [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]] and Utorda Ground, [[Mormugoa]].''
===Group 1===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group 1
|show_matches=y
|update=30 April 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=CHE
|team2=CFC
|team3=FCG


|win_CHE=2 |draw_CHE=0 |loss_CHE=0 |gf_CHE=5 |ga_CHE=1
|win_CFC=1 |draw_CFC=0 |loss_CFC=1 |gf_CFC=1 |ga_CFC=3
|win_FCG=0 |draw_FCG=0 |loss_FCG=2 |gf_FCG=1 |ga_FCG=3


|match_CFC_CHE =—
|match_CFC_FCG = 1-0
|match_FCG_CFC =—
|match_CHE_FCG =—
|match_FCG_CHE = 1-2
|match_CHE_CFC = 3-0
|res_col_header = Q
|result1=Q |result2=Q
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q = Final round

|name_CHE=Chennaiyin FC
|name_CFC=Corbett FC
|name_FCG=FC Goa
}}

===Group 2===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group 2
|show_matches=y
|update=30 April 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=SNI
|team2=SHL
|team3=MCI


|win_MCI=0 |draw_MCI=0 |loss_MCI=2 |gf_MCI=2 |ga_MCI=5
|win_SHL=1 |draw_SHL=0 |loss_SHL=1 |gf_SHL=4 |ga_SHL=5
|win_SNI=2 |draw_SNI=0 |loss_SNI=0 |gf_SNI=7 |ga_SNI=3


|match_SNI_SHL =—
|match_SNI_MCI = 3-1
|match_MCI_SNI =—
|match_SHL_MCI =—
|match_MCI_SHL = 1-2
|match_SHL_SNI = 2-4
|res_col_header = Q
|result1=Q |result2=Q
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q = Final round

|name_MCI=Mumbai City
|name_SHL=Shillong Lajong
|name_SNI=Snipers Football Club
}}

===Group 3===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group 3
|show_matches=y
|update=30 April 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=CFA
|team2=RAJ
|team3=SRD


|win_CFA=2 |draw_CFA=0 |loss_CFA=0 |gf_CFA=3 |ga_CFA=0
|win_RAJ=1 |draw_RAJ=0 |loss_RAJ=1 |gf_RAJ=3 |ga_RAJ=3
|win_SRD=0 |draw_SRD=0 |loss_SRD=2 |gf_SRD=2 |ga_SRD=5


|match_SRD_CFA =—
|match_CFA_SRD = 2-0
|match_CFA_RAJ =—
|match_RAJ_SRD =—
|match_SRD_RAJ =2-3
|match_RAJ_CFA =0-1
|res_col_header = Q
|result1=Q |result2=Q
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q = Final round

|name_CFA=Classic Football Academy
|name_RAJ=Rajasthan United
|name_SRD=Sreenidi Deccan
}}

==Final round==
===Final Group A===
''All matches to be played at [[Tilak Maidan]], [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]''.
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Final Group A
|show_matches=y
|update=30 April 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team3=MBSG
|team2=PUN
|team1=SUD
|team4=RAJ


|win_MBSG=0 |draw_MBSG=2 |loss_MBSG=1 |gf_MBSG=5 |ga_MBSG=7
|win_SUD=3 |draw_SUD=0 |loss_SUD=0 |gf_SUD=5 |ga_SUD=1
|win_PUN=1 |draw_PUN=1 |loss_PUN=1 |gf_PUN=6 |ga_PUN=3
|win_RAJ=0 |draw_RAJ=1 |loss_RAJ=2 |gf_RAJ=4 |ga_RAJ=9


|match_SUD_PUN = 1-0
|match_PUN_SUD =—
|match_RAJ_MBSG = 3-3
|match_MBSG_RAJ =—
|match_PUN_RAJ = 4-0
|match_RAJ_PUN =—
|match_MBSG_SUD = 0-2
|match_SUD_MBSG =—
|match_PUN_MBSG = 2-2
|match_MBSG_PUN =—
|match_RAJ_SUD = 1-2
|match_SUD_RAJ =—
|res_col_header = Q
|result1=Q |result2=Q
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q = Knockouts

|name_MBSG=Mohun Bagan SG
|name_PUN=Punjab FC
|name_SUD=Sudeva Delhi FC
|name_RAJ=Rajasthan United
}}</onlyinclude>

===Final Group B===
''All matches to be played at Utorda Ground, [[Mormugoa]].''
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Final Group B
|show_matches=y
|update=30 April 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=KER
|team3=RFYC
|team4=USC
|team2=CFC


|win_KER=2 |draw_KER=0 |loss_KER=1 |gf_KER=4 |ga_KER=1
|win_RFYC=1 |draw_RFYC=1 |loss_RFYC=1 |gf_RFYC=5|ga_RFYC=6
|win_USC=1 |draw_USC=0 |loss_USC=2 |gf_USC=2 |ga_USC=4
|win_CFC=1 |draw_CFC=1 |loss_CFC=1 |gf_CFC=5 |ga_CFC=5


|match_RFYC_USC = 0-2
|match_USC_RFYC =—
|match_CFC_KER = 0-1
|match_KER_CFC =—
|match_USC_CFC = 1-2
|match_CFC_USC =—
|match_KER_RFYC = 3-0
|match_RFYC_KER =—
|match_CFC_RFYC = 3-3
|match_RFYC_CFC =—
|match_USC_KER = 0-1
|match_KER_USC =—
|res_col_header = Q
|result1=Q|result2=Q
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q = Knockouts

|name_KER=Kerala Blasters FC
|name_RFYC=Reliance Foundation Young Champs
|name_USC=United SC
|name_CFC=Corbett FC
}}

===Final Group C===
''All matches to be played at Utorda Ground, [[Mormugoa]].''
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Final Group C
|show_matches=y
|update=30 April 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team4=BEN
|team2=F4C
|team1=ZIN
|team3=SNI


|win_BEN=0 |draw_BEN=0 |loss_BEN=3 |gf_BEN=3 |ga_BEN=10
|win_F4C=2 |draw_F4C=0 |loss_F4C=1 |gf_F4C=5 |ga_F4C=4
|win_ZIN=3 |draw_ZIN=0 |loss_ZIN=0 |gf_ZIN=10 |ga_ZIN=1
|win_SNI=1 |draw_SNI=0 |loss_SNI=2 |gf_SNI=4 |ga_SNI=7


|match_SNI_BEN = 3-2
|match_BEN_SNI =—
|match_ZIN_F4C = 3-0
|match_F4C_ZIN =—
|match_BEN_ZIN = 1-5
|match_ZIN_BEN =—
|match_F4C_SNI = 3-1
|match_SNI_F4C =—
|match_SNI_ZIN = 0-2
|match_ZIN_SNI =—
|match_F4C_BEN = 2-0
|match_BEN_F4C =—
|res_col_header = Q
|result1=Q|result2=Q
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q = Knockouts

|name_BEN=Bengaluru FC
|name_F4C=Football 4 Change Academy
|name_ZIN=Zinc Football Academy
|name_SNI=Snipers Football Club
}}

===Final Group D===
''All matches to be played at [[Tilak Maidan]], [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]].''
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Final Group D
|show_matches=y
|update=30 April 2024
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team4=DSC
|team2=CHE
|team3=SHL
|team1=CFA


|win_DSC=0 |draw_DSC=0 |loss_DSC=3 |gf_DSC=2 |ga_DSC=9
|win_CHE=2 |draw_CHE=0 |loss_CHE=1 |gf_CHE=11 |ga_CHE=7
|win_CFA=3 |draw_CFA=0 |loss_CFA=0 |gf_CFA=8 |ga_CFA=1
|win_SHL=1 |draw_SHL=0 |loss_SHL=2 |gf_SHL=5 |ga_SHL=9


|match_CFA_DSC = 1-0
|match_DSC_CFA =—
|match_CHE_SHL = 4-3
|match_SHL_CHE =—
|match_DSC_CHE = 1-6
|match_CHE_DSC =—
|match_SHL_CFA = 0-4
|match_CFA_SHL =—
|match_CFA_CHE = 3-1
|match_CHE_CFA =—
|match_SHL_DSC = 2-1
|match_DSC_SHL =—
|res_col_header = Q
|result1=Q |result2=Q
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q = Knockouts

|name_DSC=Dempo SC
|name_SHL=Shillong Lajong
|name_CFA=Classic Football Academy
|name_CHE=Chennaiyin FC
}}

==Knockouts==
=== Bracket ===
<section begin=Bracket />{{8TeamBracket

|RD1-seed1=A1
|RD1-team1='''Sudeva Delhi FC'''
|RD1-score1='''3'''
|RD1-seed2=D2
|RD1-team2=Chennayin FC
|RD1-score2=1

|RD1-seed3=C1
|RD1-team3=Zinc Football Academy
|RD1-score3=1
|RD1-seed4=B2
|RD1-team4='''Corbett FC'''
|RD1-score4='''2'''

|RD1-seed5=B1
|RD1-team5=Kerala Blasters FC
|RD1-score5=0
|RD1-seed6=C2
|RD1-team6='''Football 4 Change Academy'''
|RD1-score6='''2'''

|RD1-seed8=A1
|RD1-team8=Punjab FC
|RD1-score8=0
|RD1-seed7=D2
|RD1-team7='''Classic Football Academy'''
|RD1-score7='''1'''

|RD2-seed1=A1
|RD2-team1='''Sudeva Delhi FC'''
|RD2-score1='''4'''
|RD2-seed2=B2
|RD2-team2=Corbett FC
|RD2-score2=0

|RD2-seed3=C2
|RD2-team3=Football 4 Change Academy
|RD2-score3=0
|RD2-seed4=D1
|RD2-team4='''Classic Football Academy'''
|RD2-score4='''2'''

|RD3-seed1=A1
|RD3-team1=Sudeva Delhi FC
|RD3-score1=1
|RD3-seed2=D1
|RD3-team2='''Classic Football Academy'''
|RD3-score2='''2'''
}}<section end=Bracket />

=== Quarterfinals ===

{{football box
| round = QF1
| date = {{Start date|2024|05|21|df=y}}
| time = 07:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
| score = 3–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=34556
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin FC]]
| goals1 =
* {{Tooltip|Ginminhao|Ginminhao Khongsai}} {{goal|7}}
* {{Tooltip|Md Sami|Md Mahmad Sami}} {{goal|46}}
* {{Tooltip|Bhanja|Bhanja Kishore Hansdah}} {{goal|74|pen.}}
| goals2 =
* {{Tooltip|Daniyal|Makakmayum Daniyal}} {{goal|9}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]], [[Goa]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 100
| motm =
| referee = Ritesh Rajaram Parsekar
}}

----

{{football box
| round = QF2
| date = {{Start date|2024|05|21|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Zinc Football|Zinc Football Academy]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=34557
| team2 = [[Corbett FC]]
| goals1 =
* {{Tooltip|Ashish|Ashish .}} {{goal|6}}
| goals2 =
* {{Tooltip|Animesh|Animesh Kumar Yadav}} {{goal|62}}
* {{Tooltip|Rodu|Rodu Duo}} {{goal|90+2}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]], [[Goa]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 75
| motm =
| referee = Nisar K
}}

----

{{football box
| round = QF3
| date = {{Start date|2024|05|21|df=y}}
| time = 07:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]]
| score = 0–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=34559
| team2 = Football 4 Change Academy
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
* {{Tooltip|Seiboilal|Seiboilal Lhanghal}} {{goal|41}}
* {{Tooltip|Janggunhao|Janggunhao Khongsai}} {{goal|77}}
| location = [[Mormugao]], [[Goa]]
| stadium = Utorda Ground
| attendance = 20
| motm =
| referee = C Suman Kumar
}}

----

{{football box
| round = QF4
| date = {{Start date|2024|05|21|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Classic Football Academy
| score = 1–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=34558
| team2 = [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]
| goals1 =
* {{Tooltip|Sumit|Brahmacharimayum Sumit Sharma}} {{goal|69}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Mormugao]], [[Goa]]
| stadium = Utorda Ground
| attendance = 40
| motm =
| referee = Diwakar Kumar
}}

=== Semi-finals ===

{{football box
| round = SF1
| date = {{Start date|2024|05|23|df=y}}
| time = 07:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
| score = 4–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=34639
| team2 = [[Corbett FC]]
| goals1 =
* {{Tooltip|Md Sami|Md Mahmad Sami}} {{goal|23|pen.}}
* {{Tooltip|Animesh|Animesh Kumar Yadav}} {{goal|35|o.g.}}
* {{Tooltip|Bhanja|Bhanja Kishore Hansdah}} {{goal|78}}
* {{Tooltip|Zidane|Zidane Khundongbam}} {{goal|89}}
| goals2 =
| location =[[Nagoa]], [[Goa]]
| stadium =Nagoa Panchayat Ground
| attendance = 75
| motm =
| referee = Tobias Mervin A
}}

----

{{football box
| round = SF2
| date = {{Start date|2024|05|23|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Football 4 Change Academy
| score = 0–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=34640
| team2 = Classic Football Academy
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
* {{Tooltip|Bharat|Bharat Lairenjam}} {{goal|17}}
* {{Tooltip|Yaipharemba|Yaipharemba Chingakham}} {{goal|37}}
| location =[[Nagoa]], [[Goa]]
| stadium =Nagoa Panchayat Ground
| attendance = 80
| motm =
| referee = Diwakar Kumar
}}

=== Final ===
{{football box
| round = Final
| date = {{Start date|2024|05|25|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| team1 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
| score = 1-2
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=34682
| team2 = Classic Football Academy
| goals1 =
* {{Tooltip|Gaurav|Gaurav Kumar}} {{goal|60}}
| goals2 =
* {{Tooltip|Samson|Ahongshangbam Samson}} {{goal|56}}
* {{Tooltip|Rishi Singh|Ningthoukhongjam Rishi Singh}} {{goal|49}}
| penalties1 =
| penalties2 =
| location =[[Nagoa]], [[Goa]]
| stadium =Nagoa Panchayat Ground
| attendance = 150
| motm =
| referee = Ritesh Rajaram Parsekar
}}

==Statistics==
{{updated|28 December 2023}}

===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals<ref name="Stats">{{cite web |url=https://i-league.org/statistics-league/u-17-youth-league/ |title=PLAYER STATS - GOALS |website=i-league.org}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1
| align="left" | Md Mahmad Sami
| align="left" | Sudeva Delhi FC
| rowspan="2" | 16
|-
| align="left" | Prem Hansdak
| align="left" | Zinc Football Academy
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3
| align="left" | Omang Dodum
| align="left" | Punjab FC
| rowspan="2" | 12
|-
| align="left" | Iashanbok Buhphang
| align="left" | Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools
|-
| rowspan="1" | 6
| align="left" | Sujin S
| align="left" | Kerala Blasters
| rowspan="1" | 11
|}

== See also ==
*[[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Elite League (India)}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Youth League U17}}
[[Category:Indian Youth League]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian football]]

Cruz Silva

2026-04-19T03:44:42Z

Sindhu: added some info needs work...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Cruz Silva
| image = Cruz Silva (cropped).jpg
| caption = Silva at his office in 2022
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Velim Assembly constituency|Velim]]
| predecessor = [[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]]
| successor =
| office2 = AAP Working President
| term_start2 = 24 May 2022
| term_end2 = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|12|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (2017—present)
| alma_mater = [[Goa Engineering College]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|BE]])
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Civil engineer
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| signature_size =
| website =
}}

'''Cruz Silva''' (born 28 December 1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=%20267 |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref> is an Indian civil engineer and politician who serves as a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Velim Assembly constituency]] since 2022. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP). Silva was elected as an MLA in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS0532.htm?ac=32 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP wins maiden seats in Goa as Venzy Viegas beats Churchill Alemao |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/03/10/aap-wins-first-ever-seats-in-goa-as-venzy-viegas-beats-churchill-alemao.html |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Goa Assembly Election Results 2022 {{!}} Cruz Silva |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/goa-assembly-election-candidates-list-2022/cruz-silva-05035-2}}</ref>

==Education==
Silva graduated as an engineer from the [[Goa Engineering College]], [[Farmagudi, Goa|Farmagudi]] in 1992.<ref name="Sequeira">{{cite news |last1=Sequeira |first1=Newton |title=From building homes to building Velim, aam aadmi Cruz Silva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/from-building-homes-to-building-velim-aam-aadmi-cruz-silva-has-come-a-long-way/articleshow/90340988.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 March 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
===2022 assembly election, Velim ===
{{transcluded section|source=Velim (Goa Assembly constituency)}}
{{#section-h:Velim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Assembly Election 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] from [[Velim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Velim Assembly constituency]] | years = 2022 – present}}
{{s-inc }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Silva, Cruz}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

{{Goa-politician-stub}}
{{AAP-politician-stub}}

Patna Central Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:08Z

Sindhu: added new article initial version...

{{Short description|Bihar Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patna Central
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1977
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Patna Central''' was an [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency]] in [[Bihar]] which existed till 2008. It came under [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency]]. From 2008 the seat was succeeded by [[Kumhrar Assembly constituency]]. [[Arun Kumar Sinha (politician)|Arun Kumar Sinha]] was the last MLA from this constituency.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patna Central Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/patnacentral-bihar-assembly-constituency|access-date=|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Mohammad Shahabuddin
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Shailendra Nath Shrivastava]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Aquil Haider
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Arun Kumar Sinha (politician)|Arun Kumar Sinha]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: See [[Kumhrar Assembly constituency]]''}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== October 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Patna|Patna Central]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Arun Kumar Sinha (politician)|Arun Kumar Sinha]]|votes=89,614|percentage=69.29|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Aquil Haider|votes=29,574|percentage=22.83|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Mohan Prasad|votes=2,962|percentage=2.29|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Om Prakash Awtar|votes=1,909|percentage=1.47|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Saroj Kant Tripathi|votes=1,079|percentage=0.83|change=|}}
{{Election box majority||votes=60,040|percentage=46.46|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,29,329|percentage=35.82|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Patna East Assembly constituency]]
* [[Patna West Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coords|25.60|85.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Government of Patna]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Hasimara railway station

2026-04-07T05:38:33Z

Sindhu: created a info

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Hasimara
| type = [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Jaigaon]] Road, [[Hasimara]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7309|89.3506|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|109.00|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 4 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HSA
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Hasimara Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}
'''Hasimara railway station''' is on [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] and serves the town of [[Hasimara]] and [[Jaigaon]] in [[Alipurduar district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

== Location ==
This railway station is the closest railway station from [[Bhutan]]. The town of [[Phuntsholing]] in Bhutan is just 18 kilometres away from Hasimara Railway Station.<ref>{{Cite web|title=हवाई, सड़क और ट्रेन के माध्यम से भूटान कैसे पहुंचे? इस दुविधा को इस लेख के जरिए करें दूर|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-tips/how-to-reach-bhutan-from-india-in-hindi/articleshow/85918992.cms|website=Indiatimes.com}}</ref>
This railway station lies on NJP Alipurduar line which is an active elephant corridor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jumbo effort to save wildlife on rail tracks|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/jumbo-effort-to-save-wildlife-on-rail-tracks/cid/1870380|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Trains==
Major trains running from Hasimara railway station are as follows:
*[[Panvel–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express]]
*[[SMVT Bengaluru–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NJP Alipurduar Tourist Vistadome Special Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-jalpaiguri-alipur-duar-tourist-special-05777/8374/444/449|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Enjoy another Indian Railways Vistadome ride! New Jalpaiguri-Alipurduar Tourist Special to run from this date; Check timings|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/enjoy-another-indian-railways-vistadome-ride-new-jalpaiguri-alipurduar-tourist-special-to-run-from-this-date-check-timings/2317988/|website=www.financialexpress.com}}</ref>
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya Karmabhoomi Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamakhya Mumbai LTT Karmabhoomi Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamakhya-mumbai-ltt-karmabhoomi-express-22512/8615/547/466|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar–Kamakhya Weekly Express|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar–Kamakhya Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dr-ambedkar-nagar-kamakhya-weekly-express-19305/64793/8/547|title=19305/Dr. Ambedkar Nagar - Kamakhya Weekly Express (PT) - Indore to Kamakhya WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Mahananda Express|Delhi-Alipurduar Mahananda Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo3">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sikkim-mahananda-express-15484/1569/349/449|title=15484/Sikkim Mahananda Express - Old Delhi to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Alipurduar - Secunderabad Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alipurduar Secunderabad Express|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-alipur-duar-secunderabad-special-05479/178862/449/835|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2022-07-31|archive-date=2023-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003014231/http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-alipur-duar-secunderabad-special-05479/178862/449/835|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Kanchan Kanya Express|Sealdah-Alipurduar Kanchan Kanya Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo4">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kanchan-kanya-express-13149/909/325/449|title=13149/Kanchan Kanya Express (PT) - Sealdah to Alipur Duar ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Kamakhya–Arrah Junction Capital Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo5">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-rajendra-nagar-terminal-kamakhya-capital-express-13248/247/854/547|title=13248/Rajendra Nagar Terminal - Kamakhya Capital Express - Patna to Kamakhya ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Ranchi–Kamakhya Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo6">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-ranchi-kamakhya-weekly-express-15661/37/384/547|title=15661/Ranchi - Kamakhya Weekly Express - Ranchi to Kamakhya NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo7">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-alipur-duar-intercity-express-15767/18647/445/449|title=15767/Siliguri - Alipur Duar Intercity Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri Bamanhat Intercity Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Bamanhat Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-bamanhat-express-15467/17335/445/7550|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri–Dhubri Intercity Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Dhubri Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dhubri-intercity-express-15765xx/13867/445/449|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Administration ==
This railway station also serves the town of [[Jaigaon]]. and lies under [[Alipurduar railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Alipurduar district]]
{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Biryani

2026-03-28T23:29:48Z

Sindhu: typo fix

{{Short description|Rice-based dish from South Asia}}
{{good article}}
{{Distinguish|Isfahan beryani}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Biryani
| image = "Hyderabadi Dum Biryani".jpg
| caption = Hyderabad-style biryani
| region = [[South Asia]]
| course = Main dish
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = {{plain list|
* Meat
* Rice
* Spices
* Yoghurt (curd)
}}
}}

{{Contains special characters
|special = [[Devanagari|Hindi]], [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], and [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] text
|fix = Help:Multilingual support
|error = [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes]], unjoined letters running left to right, misplaced vowels, missing conjuncts, or other symbols instead of [[Devanagari|Hindi]], [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] or [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], an appropriate script
}}

'''Biryani''' is a [[mixed rice dish]] originating in [[South Asia]], traditionally made with rice, meat ([[Chicken as food|chicken]], [[Goat meat|goat]], [[beef]]) or seafood ([[Shrimp and prawn as food|prawns]] or [[Fish as food|fish]]), vegetables, and [[spices]]. It was present in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal-era India]], though the precise date and place of origin are debated.<ref name="Collingham 2006"/> It is thought to derive from a [[Persian cuisine|Persian]] rice dish, either ''[[Pilaf|pilau]]'' or ''birinj biryan''.<ref name="Collingham 2006"/><ref name="TheHindu2012"/><ref name="BBC 2016"/> The dish makes use of slow-cooking as in Persian pilau, combined with Persian-style yoghurt-[[marinated]] meat and a spicy [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] style of cooking; it was likely developed in the Mughal court kitchens.<ref name="Collingham 2006"/> It is also possible that biryani was brought to South India before the Mughal era, or that pilau was brought to India and biryani was developed from it before being adopted by the Mughals.

Biryani is one of the most popular dishes in South Asia and among the [[South Asian diaspora]]. The dish was often associated with [[Islam in South Asia|the region's Muslim population]] but is now a mainstream culinary staple embraced by every demographic. Similar dishes are prepared in many other countries, often with local variations, and often brought there by South Asian diaspora populations. Biryani is the most-ordered dish on Indian online food ordering and delivery services, is used in weddings and celebrations throughout the region, and has been described as the most popular dish in India.

== Etymology ==

The word biryani ({{langx|hi|{{Wikt-lang|hi|बिरयानी}}}}, {{langx|ur|{{Wikt-lang|ur|بریانی}}}}) is derived from ''biryan'' or ''beriyan'' ({{langx|fa|{{Wikt-lang|fa|بریان}}}}), which means "to fry" or "to roast", said by [[Merriam-Webster]] probably to be related to {{langx|sa|{{Wikt-lang|sa|भृज्जति}}}} ''bhṛjjati'' with the same meaning.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iX3RXJnHCUC |title=The Persian Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary |last1=Cannon |first1=Garland Hampton |last2=Kaye |first2=Alan S. |publisher=[[Otto Harrassowitz Verlag]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-3-44704-503-2 |page=71}}</ref><ref name="BS2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/when-rice-met-meat-111051400071_1.html |title=When rice met meat |first=Anoothi |last=Vishal |date=14 May 2011 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/biryani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014020333/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/biryani |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2013 |title=Definition of 'biryani' |website=[[Oxford Dictionary of English|Oxford Dictionary]] |access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Biriyani |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biryani#h1 |website=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref> The usage is from the Persian phrase ''birinj biryan'' (with {{langx|fa|{{Wikt-lang|fa|برنج}}}} birinj, "rice"), meaning "fried rice".<ref name="BBC 2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36423412 | title=From Iran to India: The journey and evolution of biriyani |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Pratibha2009">{{cite book |last=Karan |first=Pratibha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZe-r38DYjcC |title=Biryani |publisher=[[Random House|Random House India]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-8400-254-6 |pages=1–12, 45}}</ref>

== Origin ==

=== Historical sources ===

[[File:Havij polo.jpg|thumb|A modern Persian [[Pilaf|pilau]], ''havij polo'' (Persian: هویج پلو, "carrot rice") with rice grains cooked to remain separate and in different colours. Pilau may be an ancestor of biryani.<ref name="Collingham 2006"/><ref name="TheHindu2012"/>]]

[[Pilaf|Pilau]] (Persian: پلو 'plo', "rice") is a Persian rice dish, attested by the polymath and physician [[Avicenna]] in 10th century Persia.<ref name="Nabhan 2014">{{cite book |last=Nabhan |first=Gary Paul |title=Cumin, Camels, and Caravans: A Spice Odyssey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-glDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |page=135 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |date=2014 |isbn=978-0520267206}}</ref>

The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] text ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' (written 1589–1596<ref>{{cite web |title=Ain-I-Akbari.Vol.1 |url=https://famineanddearth.exeter.ac.uk/displayhtml.html?id=fp_00128_en_ainiakbari_vol01 |publisher=University of Exeter |access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref>), from the time of the emperor [[Akbar]], mentions both pilau and biryani, listing ingredients with required quantities for each:<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{cite book |last1='Allami |first1=Abul Fazl |last2=Blochmann |first2=Heinrich (trans.) |author2-link=Heinrich Blochmann |title=The Ain i Akbari |date=1873 |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bengal]] |location=Calcutta |pages=59–60 |url=https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 |archive-date=14 July 2018 |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714022016/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

{{blockquote|Secondly, [dishes] in which meat and rice, &c., are used ... 2. ''Duzdbiryán''. 10 [[seer (unit)|s[eer]]] rice, 3½ s. [[ghee|g'hí]]; 10 s. meat; ½ s. salt: this gives five dishes. 3. ''Qimah Paláo''. Rice and meat as in the preceding; 4 s. g'hí; 1 s. peeled gram; 2 s. onions; ½ s. salt; ¼ s. fresh ginger, and pepper; cuminseed, cardamums and cloves, 1 d[han]. of each: this gives five dishes.{{efn|name="Units"|A [[Seer (unit)|seer]] was a measure of weight, varying by region, but around 1 kg; a [[Indian units of measurement|māshā]] was around 2 grams; and a dhan was around 50 milligrams (the weight of one wheat berry).}}<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari"/>}}

The ''Ain-i-Akbari'' further names a dish of spiced mutton as a biryani, this time without mentioning rice:

{{blockquote|Thirdly, meats with spices... ''Biryán''. For a whole ''[[Badakhshan|Dashmandi]]'' sheep, take 2 [[seer (unit)|s[eer]]] salt; 1 s[eer] [[ghee|g'hí]]; 2 [[Indian units of measurement|m[āshā]]] saffron, cloves, pepper, cuminseed: it is made in various ways."{{efn|name="Units"}}<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari"/>}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|+ [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] biryani timeline
|-
! scope="col" |Period/Emperor
! scope="col" |Dates
! scope="col" |Event
|- style="background-color:lightcoral;"
| ([[Timur]]) || (1370–1405) || (No record of it in Central Asia at that time)<ref name="Vir_invention"/>
|-
| [[Akbar]] || 1556–1605 || Mention of recipes in ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' (1589–1596)<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari"/>
|-
| [[Shah Jahan]] || 1628–1658 || Brief description by [[Sebastien Manrique]] in 1641<ref name="Collingham 2006 Manrique"/>
|-
| [[Aurangzeb]] || 1658–1707 || Mention in letters to his son, [[Bahadur Shah I]]<ref name="Antani 2022"/>
|-
| [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] || 1837–1857 || Recipe<ref name="Sanghvi 2021 Safvi"/>
|-
| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" |Key: () and red background: Unrecorded
|}

The Portuguese priest [[Sebastien Manrique]] described rice dishes on sale in the tent-city of the next Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] as he travelled to [[Lahore]] in 1641. Manrique distinguished "Persian" pilau from "Mogol" biryani:

{{blockquote|Among these dishes the principal and most substantial were the rich and aromatic Mogol Bringes [biryanis]{{efn|See 'Etymology' above on ''birinj''.}} and Persian pilaos of different hues".<ref name="Collingham 2006 Manrique">{{cite book |last=Collingham |first=Lizzie |author-link=Lizzie Collingham |url=https://archive.org/details/curry00lizz |title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |date=6 February 2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-988381-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/curry00lizz/page/38 14, 38] |url-access=registration}}</ref>}}

The dish is mentioned, too, in letters of the emperor [[Aurangzeb]] to his son.<ref name="Antani 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Antani |first1=Vishu |last2=Mahapatra |first2=Santosh |title=Evolution of Indian cuisine: a socio-historical review |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |date=2022 |volume=9 |issue=15 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s42779-022-00129-4.pdf}}</ref> For example:

{{blockquote|Exalted son, I remember the savour of your '[[khichri|khichidi]]' and 'biryani' during the winter. Truly the 'kabuli' cooked by Islam Khan does not surpass them (in point of relish and savour). I wanted to have from you (in my service) Saliman, who cooks 'biryani'; but you did not allow him to serve as my cook. If you happen to find a pupil of his, skilful in the art of cookery, you will send him to me.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Narayanan |first1=Divya |title=Cultures of Food and Gastronomy in Mughal and post-Mughal India |date=2015 |publisher=[[University of Heidelberg]] (PhD thesis) |pages=70-71 |doi=10.11588/heidok.00019906}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bilimoria |first1=Jamshid (trans.) |title=Rukaʿat-i Alamgiri or Letters of Aurangzeb |date=1908 |publisher=Luzac & Co. |location=Bombay |page=12 |url=https://archive.org/details/rukaatialamgirio00aurarich}}</ref>}}

According to the historian Rana Safvi, the earliest actual recipe is from the later Mughal period, from [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]'s time.<ref name="Sanghvi 2021 Safvi">{{cite news |date=25 July 2021 |title=Rude Food by vir Sanghvi: The people's biryani |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/rude-food-by-vir-sanghvi-the-people-s-biryani-101627181800260-amp.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Analysis ===

[[File:Origin of Biryani.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Diagram of [[Lizzie Collingham]]'s analysis of the origin of biryani, proposing that in the [[Mughal Empire|time of the Mughals]], specifically the emperor [[Akbar]], Persian [[Pilaf|pilau]] was adapted to include [[Persian cuisine|Persian-style]] yoghurt-marinated meat and spicy [[Indian cuisine|Indian styles of cooking]] rice.<ref name="Collingham 2006"/>]]

The historian of food [[Lizzie Collingham]] writes that the modern biryani developed in India (Hindustan) in the royal kitchens of the [[Mughal Empire]], specifically during the rule of the emperor [[Akbar]] (1556–1605), and is a mix of the native spicy rice dishes of South Asia, Persian yoghurt-[[marinated]] meat, and the Persian [[pilaf|pilau]] style of garnished rice.<ref name="Collingham 2006">{{cite book |last=Collingham |first=Lizzie |author-link=Lizzie Collingham |url=https://archive.org/details/curry00lizz |title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |date=6 February 2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-988381-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/curry00lizz/page/27 25–29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Collingham writes that "in the kitchens [of the Mughal court]... the [[Persian cuisine|delicately flavoured Persian]] pilau met the pungent and spicy rice dishes of Hindustan to create the classic [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai dish]], biryani".<ref name="Collingham 2006"/>

The cookery writer Pratibha Karan states that biryani is of Indian origin, derived from pilau which Muslim traders and invaders brought with them. She speculates that pilau was an army dish in medieval India. Armies would prepare a one-pot dish of rice with any available red meat. Over time, the dish became biryani due to different methods of cooking.<ref name="Pratibha2009"/><ref name="Vir_invention"/>

In the view of the historian of Islamic cuisine Salma Hussein<ref name="BBC 2016"/> and others, biryani came to South Asia from Persia before the Mughal era,<ref name="Vir_invention">{{cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |title=Biryani Nation |url=http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/rude-food/2010/03/03/biryani-nation/ |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817181203/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/rude-food/2010/03/03/biryani-nation/ |archive-date=17 August 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> most probably arriving in South India's [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]], brought by travelling soldier-statesmen and pilgrims.<ref name="BBC 2016"/> It has also been suggested that the dish was introduced from [[Persia]] by the Mughals.<ref name="Dhillon2013">{{cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Kris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kj3BBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT234 |title=The New Curry Secret |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7160-2352-4 |page=234}}</ref> Another variant theory, that biryani came to India with [[Timurid dynasty|Timur]]'s invasion, appears to be incorrect because there is no record of biryani having existed in his native region of Central Asia during that period.<ref name="Vir_invention"/>

The historian of food [[K. T. Achaya]] states that pilau is "of older usage in India" than biryani, indicating that it could have been a precursor of biryani.<ref name="TheHindu2012">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/food-safari-in-search-of-ambur-biryani/article3452311.ece |title=Food Safari: In search of Ambur biryani |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=Mukund |last2=Jeyan |first2=Subash |last3=Wilson |first3=Subajayanthi |date=26 May 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018041053/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Food/food-safari-in-search-of-ambur-biryani/article3452311.ece |archive-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> Achaya notes that ancient and early medieval Indian texts described rice cooked with meat and spices, suggesting that composite rice dishes were part of the subcontinent's cuisine long before the Mughal period.<ref name="Achaya1994pX">{{cite book |last=Achaya |first=K. T. |title=Indian Food: A Historical Companion |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=1994 |isbn=9780195634488 |page=X}}</ref>He further references early Tamil literature from the Sangam era ({{circa}} 300 BCE–300 CE), describing a dish known in these sources as ūn sōru—rice cooked with meat, ghee, and spices—which bears structural similarities to later layered rice preparations.<ref name="Achaya1994pY">{{cite book |last=Achaya |first=K. T. |title=Indian Food: A Historical Companion |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Delhi |year=1994 |isbn=978-0195634488 |page=Y}}</ref>

[[File:Theories of Biryani's origins.svg|center|thumb|upright=3.5|Biryani evidently has some connection with Persia, but commentators disagree on what that might be. [[Pilaf|Pilau]] is certainly a Persian dish, attested by [[Avicenna]] in 10th century Persia;<ref name="Nabhan 2014"/> ''Birinj biryan'' is a Persian phrase meaning "fried rice".<ref name="Pratibha2009"/> The Mughals had biryani by the reign of [[Akbar]] in the 16th century, attested in the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]''.<ref name="Collingham 2006"/> 
 
Evidence:
1: folk theory<ref name="Vir_invention"/>
2: Kris Dhillon<ref name="Dhillon2013"/>
3: Salma Hussein<ref name="BBC 2016"/>
4,5: Pratibha Karan<ref name="Pratibha2009"/>
6: [[Lizzie Collingham]]<ref name="Collingham 2006"/>]]

== Ingredients ==

[[File:Mirchi ka salan and Dahi chutney.jpg|thumb|Biryani can be accompanied by side dishes such as ''[[mirchi ka salan]]'' and ''[[raita]]''.]]

Ingredients for biryani vary according to the region and the type of meat and vegetables used. Meat (chicken, goat, beef<ref name="Saveur 2017-06-22">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.saveur.com/south-asian-indian-biryani-guide |title=A Beginner's Guide to Biryani, the Ultimate Rice Dish |last=Makhijani |first=Pooja |magazine=[[Saveur]] |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>) is the prime ingredient with rice. Seafood (fish, prawns) and vegetables are sometimes added. Navratan biryani tends to use sweeter, richer ingredients such as [[cashew]]s, [[Sultana (grape)|sultanas]] (''kishmish''), and fruits such as apple and [[pineapple]].<ref name="ndtvravish"/>

The spices and [[condiment]]s used in biryani may include [[fennel seeds]], [[ghee]] (clarified butter), [[nutmeg]], [[Mace (spice)|mace]],<ref name="WWeek">{{cite news |url=http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-17853-the-melting-pot.html |first=Ruth |last=Brown |date=16 August 2011 |title=The Melting Pot – A Local Prep Kitchen Incubates Portland's Next Generation of Food Businesses |newspaper=[[Willamette Week]] |volume=37 |number=41}}</ref> [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[clove]]s,<ref name="WWeek"/> [[cardamom]], [[cinnamon]], [[Bay leaf|bay leaves]], [[coriander]], [[Mentha|mint]], [[ginger]], onions, tomatoes, [[green chilies]],<ref name="Saveur 2017-06-22"/> [[star anise]], and garlic. The premium varieties include [[saffron]].<ref name="WWeek"/> Some commercial recipes for biryani include aromatic essences such as mitha [[attar]], [[kewra]] and [[rose water]]. Dried sour [[prune]]s (''alu bukhara'') may be added. In ''nasi briyani'' and other variants made in Southeast Asian countries such as [[Malaysia]], Singapore, and [[Indonesia]], local spices and aromatics such as [[Pandanus amaryllifolius|pandan]] leaf may be added.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nasi Biryani Recipe |url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1022901-nasi-biryani |access-date=2 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] Cooking}}</ref>

Biryani may be served with side dishes such as ''[[raita]]'' (yoghurt with cucumber, tomato, etc), fried or curried [[aubergine]] (''brinjal''), [[salad]], or a curried side such as ''ande ka salan'' (with boiled eggs)<ref name="ToI - Sides">{{cite web |title=Side Dishes to Enjoy with Biryani |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/web-stories/not-just-regular-raita-other-unique-side-dishes-served-with-biryani/photostory/108397874.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref> or ''[[mirchi ka salan]]'' (with chili peppers).<ref>{{cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Sanjeev |author-link=Sanjeev Kapoor |title=Mirchi Ka Salan |url=https://www.sanjeevkapoor.com/Recipe/Mirchi-Ka-Salan-Khazana-of-Indian-Recipes.html |publisher=[[Sanjeev Kapoor]] |access-date=9 December 2025 |date=2 August 2016}}</ref>

Dietary variations include adding [[Eggs as food|eggs]], [[potato]]es, and substituting meat with [[paneer]] or vegetables, especially in [[Hindu Vegetarianism|Hindu]] or non-religious [[vegetarian]] variants.<ref name="Bhandari 2020">{{cite news |last=Bhandari |first=Kabir Singh |date=21 April 2020 |title=The curious case of potato in Kolkata biryani and how the British fed us a lie |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/the-curious-case-of-potato-in-kolkata-biriyani-and-how-the-british-fed-us-a-lie/story-k1smJjNz1QhxyyVZVdNyKN.html |access-date=19 August 2020 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Kolkata biryani, invented by [[Wajid Ali Shah]] in the 1850s, includes potato.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saha |first=Somdatta |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/the-fascinating-story-of-aloo-in-kolkata-biryani-all-you-need-to-know-4268746 |title=The Fascinating Story Of Aloo In Kolkata Biryani: All You Need To Know! |website=NDTV Food |date=4 August 2023 |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

== Preparation styles ==

=== ''Pakki'' and ''kacchi'' biryani ===

[[File:Lucknowi Mutton Matka Dum Biriyani.jpg|thumb|[[Lucknow]]i style mutton ''kacchi biryani'' [[Dum pukht|cooked in a clay pot sealed with dough]]. The dough seal is broken after cooking.]]

Biryani can be cooked using one of two techniques, ''pakki'' ("cooked") and ''kacchi'' ("raw").<ref name="Dey 2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-origin-of-biryani-how-a-mughal-delicacy-invaded-bengal |title=The origin of Biryani – how a Mughal delicacy invaded Bengal |first=Shuvra |last=Dey |date=16 November 2022 |website=GetBengal |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref> In a ''pakki biryani'', the ingredients are cooked separately (at least in part) and then arranged in layers. The different layers can be individually coloured and flavoured with a brightly-coloured spice such as turmeric or saffron.<ref name="Dey 2022"/> In a ''kacchi biryani'', layers are arranged in a pot which is then [[Dum pukht|sealed and cooked slowly]] (Dum cooking) for the food to steam in its own liquid.<ref name="Dey 2022"/>

=== Difference between biryani and pilau ===

[[File:Indian Cuisine - Biryani on 2017 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Biryani on a 2017 stamp of India]]

[[Pilaf|Pilau]] is a mixed rice dish popular in the [[cuisines of the Indian subcontinent]], Central Asia, and [[Middle Eastern cuisine]]. Opinions differ on the differences between the dishes, if any.<ref name="KrishTulasi2012">{{cite book |last=Shaffer |first=Holly |chapter=6: Dum Pukht |editor1-last=Ray |editor1-first=Krishnendu |editor2-last=Srinivas |editor2-first=Tulasi |title=Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1kZBqJBjOgC&pg=PA124 |year=2012 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-27011-4 |pages=124–125}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myntorlando.com/what-is-the-difference-between-biryani-and-pulao/ |title=What is the Difference Between Biryani and Pulao |website=Mynt Orlando |date=23 June 2023 }}</ref>

The [[British Raj|British-era]] author [[Abdul Halim Sharar]] mentions that biryani has a stronger curried taste due to a greater amount of spices.<ref name="KrishTulasi2012" /><ref name="Abdul1913">{{cite book |first=ʻAbdulḥalīm |last=Sharar |author-link=Abdul Halim Sharar |title=Lucknow: The Last Phase of an Oriental Culture (Hindustan Men Mashriqi Tamaddun ka Akhri Namuna) |translator=E.S. Harcourt |translator2=Fakhir Hussain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98IPSgAACAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-562364-2 |orig-year=1913}}</ref> According to Delhi-based historian [[Sohail Hashmi]], pilau tends to be plainer than biryani, and consists of meat or vegetables cooked with rice with the bottom layered with potatoes or onions. Biryani contains more gravy, and is often cooked longer, leaving the meat (and vegetables, if present) more tender, and the rice more flavoured. Biryani is cooked with additional dressings and often has a light layer of [[scorched rice]] at the bottom.<ref name="ndtvravish">{{cite AV media |people=Ravish Kumar interviews historian Sohali Hashmi |date=9 September 2016 |title=प्राइम टाइम : क्या-क्या अलग करेंगे बिरयानी से? |trans-title=Prime Time: What will separate from Biryani? |medium=Television production |language=hi |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/video/show/prime-time/prime-time-what-will-be-separate-from-biryani-430689?yt |access-date=19 October 2016 |location=Old Delhi |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

The cookery author Pratibha Karan states that while the terms are often applied arbitrarily, the main distinction is that a biryani consists of two layers of rice with a layer of meat (and vegetables, if present) in the middle, while the pilau is not layered. Further, in modern usage, biryani is the primary dish in a meal, while pilau is usually a secondary accompaniment to a larger meal; and biryanis have more complex and stronger spices than pilaus.<ref name="Vir_invention"/>

The translator and cookery author [[Colleen Taylor Sen]] notes that the difference has been extensively debated, that the dishes are both of long-grained rice with meat or vegetables, and are sometimes "almost impossible to tell apart". However, pilau is usually a side dish, biryani a "centre piece" with its own sides; and pilau is a one-pot dish, while biryani's rice and meat can be cooked separately.<ref name="Sen 2015">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VN_vCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |title=Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India |last=Taylor Sen |first=Colleen |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1780233918 |pages=194–195}}</ref>

== Varieties ==

{{main|Varieties of biryani}}

=== In the Indian subcontinent ===

[[File:Hyderabadi egg biryani.jpg|thumb|[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabadi]] egg biryani served with mirchi ka salan, raita and salad]]

There are many types of biryani in the Indian subcontinent. Biryani is the single most-ordered dish in Indian online food ordering and delivery services, and has been described as the most popular dish in India.<ref name="scroll7Feb2020">{{cite news |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=Biryani is India's most popular dish – so why does the BJP hate it so much? |url=https://scroll.in/article/952475/biryani-is-indias-most-popular-dish-so-why-does-the-bjp-hate-it-so-much |access-date=2021-12-17 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=7 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Tandon 2020">{{cite news |last=Tandon |first=Suneera |title=Jubilant FoodWorks forays into biryani business with 'Ekdum' |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jubilant-foodworks-forays-into-biryani-brand-ekdum-11608126898411.html |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=15 November 2021 |date=16 December 2020}}</ref> The names of variants are often based on their region or city of origin. Some have taken the name of the shop that sells it, as in Fakhruddin Biriyani in [[Dhaka]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nibizsoft.com/dhakas-biryani-a-taste-of-aristocracy/ |title=Dhaka's Biryani - A Taste of Aristocracy |date=23 May 2015 |website=NIBiz Soft |access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/amp/story/lifestyle%2Fdhakas-biryani-can-be-unesco-world-heritage-says-food-critic-matt-preston |title=Dhaka's biryani can be UNESCO world heritage, says food critic Matt Preston |first=Hassan |last=Bipul |date=28 March 2016 |website=[[Bdnews24.com]] |access-date=December 17, 2025}}</ref> Students biryani in [[Karachi]], Lucky biryani in Bandra, Mumbai and Baghdadi biryani in [[Colaba]], Mumbai.<ref name="ndtvravish" /> ''Biryanis'' are often specific to the Muslim communities where they originate; they are usually the defining dishes of those communities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/rude-hotels/2009/02/01/where-does-biryani-come-from/ |title=Where does biryani come from? |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624141257/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/rude-hotels/2009/02/01/where-does-biryani-come-from/ |archive-date=24 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="scroll7Feb2020"/>

In 2009, the Deccani Biryani Makers Association submitted 'Hyderabadi Biryani' for a [[geographical indication]], but the attempt failed as they were unable to provide documentary evidence of its historical origin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Delicacy ‘Hyderabadi Biryani’ Fails To Prove Its Origins |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/pursuits/famous-delicacy-hyderabadi-biryani-fails-to-prove-its-origins |publisher=NDTV |access-date=7 January 2026 |date=9 March 2017}}</ref>


=== Outside the Indian subcontinent ===

[[File:Kyet Shar Soon biryani.jpg|thumb|Burmese biryani (''danpauk'')]]

Varieties of biryani have arisen in many countries,<ref name="Wallis 2017">{{Cite news |last=Wallis |first=Bruce |date=12 April 2017 |title=Eat My Words: A taste of Iraqi Kurdistan |url=https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/lifestyle/food/4249270-eat-my-words-taste-iraqi-kurdistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005065230/https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/lifestyle/food/4249270-eat-my-words-taste-iraqi-kurdistan |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=28 December 2018 |work=[[Duluth News Tribune]]}}</ref> and was often spread to such places by South Asian diaspora populations.<ref name="Michelin Malaysia">{{Cite web |title=Iconic Dishes: A Guide to Rice Dishes in Malaysia and Where to Find Them |url=https://guide.michelin.com/en/article/dining-out/iconic-dishes-a-guide-to-rice-dishes-in-malaysia-michelin-guide |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=[[Michelin Guide]] }}</ref> For example in Myanmar, ''danpauk'' ({{Linktext|ဒံပေါက်}}) is a mainstay at festive events such as weddings.<ref name="tmt20Mar2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.mmtimes.com/business/13642-biryani-trade-takes-on-a-new-flavour.html |title=Biryani trade takes on a new flavour|date=2015-03-20 |newspaper=[[The Myanmar Times]] |access-date=25 April 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727012233/https://www.mmtimes.com/business/13642-biryani-trade-takes-on-a-new-flavour.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/mouth-watering-thingyan-food-and-delicacies.html |title=Mouth-watering Thingyan food and delicacies |date=2018-04-06 |newspaper=[[The Myanmar Times]] |access-date=2020-04-25 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112054705/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/mouth-watering-thingyan-food-and-delicacies.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> On the Persian Gulf, biryani (Persian: برياني) is usually saffron-based with chicken,<ref name="rediff_Priya2004">{{cite news |last=Ganapti |first=Priya |date=9 April 2004 |title=Of biryani, history, and entrepreneurship |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/apr/09spec.htm |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> while in Indonesia ''[[nasi kebuli]]'' is an spicy steamed rice dish<ref>{{cite news |title=Nasi Kebuli Gaya Betawi |date=21 February 2009 |newspaper=[[Kompas]] |url=http://travel.kompas.com/read/2009/02/21/08230951/nasi.kebuli.gaya.betawi |language=id |trans-title=Betawi Style Kebuli Rice |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> cooked in goat meat broth, milk and ''[[ghee]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ihcDAAAQBAJ&q=kebuli+rice&pg=PA31 |title=Kumpulan Masakan Favorit Sepanjang Masa |language=id |first=T. S. |last=Dharmaputra |isbn=978-602-213-036-9 |publisher=Puspa Swara |year=2015 |location=Jakarta |access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> In Thailand the dish is known as ''khao mhok'' ({{langx|th|ข้าวหมก}}), using chicken, beef or fish, topped with fried garlic and served with a green sour sauce.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ismael |first=Furqan |date=2022-02-11 |title=ข้าวหมกไก่มาจากไหน ทำไมถึงกลายมาเป็นอาหารอิสลามในประเทศไทย |url=https://www.halallifemag.com/thai-chicken-biryani/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Halal Life Magazine |language=th |trans-title=Where did Khao Mok Gai come from? Why did it become an Islamic food in Thailand?}}</ref>

== In culture ==

Biryani forms "the centrepiece of countless Indian holidays and weddings".<ref name="Haq 2016 BBC">{{cite web |last1=Haq |first1=Husna |title=India’s biryani wars |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/travel/article/20161006-indias-biryani-wars |publisher=[[BBC]] Travel |access-date=9 December 2025 |date=7 October 2016}}</ref> In Bangladesh, kacchi biryani with mutton has been described as "the quintessential wedding dish"<ref name="Old Dhaka"/> of [[Old Dhaka]], largely replacing the murg (chicken) pulao that was favoured in the 20th century<ref name="Old Dhaka">{{cite news |title=Old Dhaka Weddings: Of flavours and traditions |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/old-dhaka-weddings-flavours-and-traditions-3882986 |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> for special occasions across the subcontinent.<ref name="Collingham 2006"/> In [[Delhi]], the Muslim festival of [[Eid al-Adha|Bakr Eid]] was marked by biryani at dinner, using the mutton from the goats slaughtered in memory of the prophet [[Abraham]], who had shown he was willing even to sacrifice his own son.<ref name="Haq 2016 BBC"/>

Biryani is used across the Indian Subcontinent in celebrations. Annual biryani festivals have been held in cities such as [[Ambur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Beef banned from menu at Tamil Nadu biryani festival, authorities asked to reconsider decision |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/beef-banned-from-menu-at-tamil-nadu-biryani-festival-authorities-asked-to-reconsider-decision-1948783-2022-05-12 |access-date=9 December 2025 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=12 May 2022}}</ref> [[Islamabad]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Back Biryani Festival and Presenting of REAP Journal Ceremony |url=https://www.kln.gov.my/web/pak_islamabad/news-from-mission/-/blogs/biryani-festival-and-presenting-of-reap-journal-ceremony |publisher=High Commission of Malaysia, Islamabad |access-date=9 December 2025 |date=4 December 2023}}</ref> and [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biryani Festival 2024 |url=https://moroccoconsulatekhi.com/biryani-festival-2024/ |publisher=Morocco Consulate Karachi |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> South Asian diaspora populations have held their own festivals, for example by the North American Indian Muslim Association in North America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biryani Fest |url=https://indianmuslims.org/biryanifest/ |publisher=North American Indian Muslim Association |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> Biryani festivals have been held more widely in places such as Singapore<ref>{{cite web |title=Savour the Flavours at Singapore's Only Biryani Festival 2.0 |url=https://indiplomacy.com/2025/07/23/savour-the-flavours-at-singapores-only-biryani-festival-2-0/ |website=In Diplomacy |access-date=9 December 2025 |date=23 July 2025}}</ref> and Qatar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands throng first-ever Biryani Festival |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/11/02/2018/Thousands-throng-first-ever-Biryani-Festival |newspaper=[[The Peninsula (newspaper)|The Peninsula]] |access-date=9 December 2025 |date=11 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Biryani Festival launched |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/580964/biryani-festival-launched |newspaper=[[Gulf Times]] |access-date=9 December 2025 |date=8 February 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{commonscat}}

* [[Bannu pulao]]
* [[Fried rice]]
* [[Kabuli pulao]]
* [[Jollof rice]]
* [[Tehri (dish)|Tehri]]
* [[Paella]]
* [[List of rice dishes]]

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Rice dishes |state=collapsed}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes|state=collapsed}}
{{Burmese cuisine}}
{{Indian Dishes |state=collapsed}}
{{Indonesian cuisine}}
{{Malaysian cuisine |state=collapsed}}
{{Pakistani dishes |state=collapsed}}
{{Sri Lankan cuisine}}
{{Street food}}
{{Curry in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Bangladeshi rice dishes]]
[[Category:Burmese rice dishes]]
[[Category:Chicken and rice dishes]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]
[[Category:Fish dishes]]
[[Category:Indian chicken dishes]]
[[Category:Indian meat dishes]]
[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Indonesian cuisine]]
[[Category:Lamb and mutton dishes]]
[[Category:Malaysian cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani rice dishes]]
[[Category:Singaporean cuisine]]

List of airlines of India

2026-03-28T15:24:19Z

Sindhu:

{{short description|none}}
{{redirect|Indian airlines|the defunct airline|Indian Airlines}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

This is a list of airlines currently operating in [[Civil aviation in India|India]].

== Mainline ==
{{Sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header sort-under"
|-
!colspan="2"|Airline
!Image
![[IATA]]
![[ICAO]]
![[Airline call sign|Callsign]]
!Founded
!Hubs/bases
!Destinations
!Fleet size
!Orders
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Air India Limited|Air India Group]]
| [[Air India]]
| [[File:VT-JRF @ JFK, 2024-11-04.png|100px]]
| align="center" | AI
| align="center" | AIC
| align="center" | AIRINDIA
| align="center" | 1932
| align="center" | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
| align="center" | [[List of Air India destinations|85]]
| align="center" | [[Air India fleet|189]]
| align="center" | 374
| align="center" | [[Flag carrier]]
|-
| [[Air India Express]]
| [[File:VT-BXY Air India Express.jpg|100px]]
| align="center" | IX
| align="center" | AXB
| align="center" | EXPRESS INDIA
| align="center" | 2005
| align="center" | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
| align="center" | [[List of Air India Express destinations|62]]
| align="center" | [[Air India Express#Fleet|115]]
| align="center" | 139
| align="center" | [[Low-cost carrier|Low-cost]] subsidiary of [[Air India]]
|-
| colspan="2"|[[Akasa Air]]
| [[File:Akasa Air 737 max 8-200.jpg|100px]]
| align="center" | QP
| align="center" | AKJ
| align="center" | AKASA AIR
| align="center" | 2021
| align="center" | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
| align="center" | [[List of Akasa Air destinations|30]]
| align="center" | [[Akasa Air#Fleet|31]]
| align="center" | 195
| align="center" | [[Low-cost carrier]]
|-
| colspan="2"|[[IndiGo]]
| [[File:IndiGo Airbus A320neo F-WWDG (to VT-ITI) (28915135713).jpg|100px]]
| align="center" | 6E
| align="center" | IGO
| align="center" | IFLY
| align="center" | 2006
| align="center" | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
| align="center" | [[List of IndiGo destinations|140]]
| align="center" | [[IndiGo fleet|413]]
| align="center" | 923
| align="center" |
|-
| colspan="2"|[[SpiceJet]]
| [[File:VT-MXX - Boeing 737 MAX 8 - SpiceJet - MSN 60184 - VGHS.jpg|100px]]
| align="center" | SG
| align="center" | SEJ
| align="center" | SPICEJET
| align="center" | 2004
| align="center" | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]
| align="center" | [[List of SpiceJet destinations|63]]
| align="center" | [[SpiceJet#Fleet|54]]
| align="center" | 129
| align="center" | [[Low-cost carrier]]
|-
|}

== Regional ==
{{Sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header sort-under"
|-
!Airline
!Image
![[IATA]]
![[ICAO]]
![[Airline call sign|Callsign]]
!Founded
!Hubs
!Destinations
!Fleet size
!Orders
!Notes
|-
| [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]
| [[File:VT-AIV.jpg|100px]]
| align="center" | 9I
| align="center" | LLR
| align="center" | ALLIED
| align="center" | 1996
| align="center" | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
| align="center" | [[List of Alliance Air destinations|72]]
| align="center" | 21
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | Owned by the [[Government of India]]
|-
|[[Fly91]]
|[[File:Overhaul.jpg|100px]]
| align="center" | IC
| align="center" | GOA
| align="center" | GOAN
| align="center" | 2022
| align="center" | [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]]
| align="center" | 9
| align="center" | 3
| align="center" | 3
|
|-
| [[IndiaOne Air]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-prd-dgca.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/InventoryList/airOperation/certification/scheduled/sch-oper.pdf |title=List of scheduled/scheduled commuter operators |date=15 October 2024 |work=DGCA |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
| [[File:VT-HJS (side).jpg|border|center|frameless|100px]]
| align="center" | I7
| align="center" | IOA
| align="center" | INDIA FIRST
| align="center" | 2020
| align="center" | [[Bhubaneswar Airport|Bhubaneswar]]
| align="center" | 7
| align="center" | 3
| align="center" | 10<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/indiaone-air-to-buy-up-to-10-twin-otter-300-g-aircraft-to-expand-regional-routes/article70295308.ece|title=India one air to buy 10 twin otter aircraft|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]
| [[File:Star Air Embraer E175 VT-GSH landing at VOBL.jpg|100px]]
| align="center" | S5
| align="center" | SDG
| align="center" | HISTAR
| align="center" | 2019
| align="center" | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]
| align="center" | 32
| align="center" | 11
| align="center" | 2
|
|}

== Cargo ==
{{Sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header sort-under"
|-
!Airline
!Image
![[IATA]]
![[ICAO]]
![[Airline call sign|Callsign]]
!Founded
!Hub(s)
!Destinations
!Fleet size
!Orders
!Notes
|-
| [[Afcom Holdings]]
|
| align="center" | MT
|
|
| align="center" | 2013
| align="center" | [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]]
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | —
|
|-
| [[Blue Dart Aviation]]
| [[File:Blue Dart Aviation Boeing 757-200SF SDS-1.jpg|100px]]
| align="center" | BZ
| align="center" | BDA
| align="center" | BLUE DART
| align="center" | 1994
| align="center" | [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]]
| align="center" | 8
| align="center" | 8
| align="center" | —
|
|-
| Pradhaan Air Express
| [[File:Pradhaan_Air_A320_at_Dubai_Airshow_2023.jpg|100px]]
| align="center" | 6P
| align="center" | PRX
| align="center" | PRADHAAN
| align="center" | 2021
| align="center" | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 3
|
|-
| [[Quikjet Airlines]]
| [[File:Quikjet Airlines Aircraft.jpg|100px]]
| align="center" | QO
| align="center" | FQA
| align="center" | QUIK LIFT
| align="center" | 2007
| align="center" | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]]
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | —
|
|}

== Charter ==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|{{refimprove|date=October 2024}}{{Incomplete list|date=October 2024}}}}
{{Sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header sort-under"
!Airline
!Image
![[IATA]]
![[ICAO]]
![[Airline call sign|Callsign]]
!Founded
!Hubs
!Fleet size
!Notes
|-
|[[Club One Air]]
|[[File:Cessna_550_Citation_II,_Club_One_Air_JP6385372.jpg|100px]]
|—
|—
|—
|2005
|[[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
|8
|
|-
|[[Deccan Charters]]
|[[File:Deccan_Shuttles_Cessna_208B_Grand_Caravan_Vyas-1.jpg|100px]]
|DN
|DKN
|DECCAN
|1997
|[[Bengaluru]]
|5
|
|-
|[[Global Vectra Helicorp]]
|
|—
|—
|—
|1997
|[[Mumbai]]
|30
|
|-
|Halo Airways<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jet Charters Bangalore, Jet Charter Services Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, and other major Indian airports |url=https://www.haloairways.com/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Halo Airways |language=en}}</ref>
|[[File:Haloairlines.png|100px]]
|
|
|
|2019
|[[Kochi]]
|3
|
|-
|[[Fly Safe Aviation|India Fly Safe Aviation]]
|
|—
|—
|—
|2010
|[[Delhi]]
|6
|
|-
|[[JetSetGo]]
|
|—
|—
|—
|2014
|[[Delhi]]
|12
|
|-
|Karnavati Aviation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnavati Aviation operating with its base in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/airlines/KAN|access-date=2025-06-24 |website=CH Aviation|language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|2007
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|10
|
|-
|[[Pawan Hans]]
|[[File:Pawan_hans_helicopter_mizoram.jpg|100px]]
|—
|PHE
|PAWAN HANS
|1985
|[[Delhi]]
|42
|
|-
|Pinnacle Air
|
|—
|—
|—
|2004
|[[Delhi]]
|8
|
|-
|Sirius India Airlines<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirius India Airlines providing premium charter services in India |url=https://careers.ch-aviation.com/news/154400-uaes-airavat-indias-fly-sirius-rebrand-as-transworld-jets |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=CH Aviation |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|2024
|[[Delhi]]
|1
|
|-
|[[TajAir]]
|
|—
|—
|—
|1993
|[[Mumbai]]
|3
|
|-
|{{nowrap|[[Ventura AirConnect]]}}
|
| —
| —
| —
| 2011
| [[Surat]]
| 5
|
|}
== Planned ==
* [[Air Kerala]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/09/04/air-kerala-appoints-ceo-first-flight-in-2025/ |title=Air Kerala Hires New CEO, First Flight in H1 2025 with ATRs |date=4 September 2024 |work=Aviation A2Z |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Al Hind Air]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/3-new-airlines-set-to-lift-indias-aviation-sector-key-details-inside-2713866-2025-04-24|title=Alhind Air among 3 new airlines to start operations in India|date=24 June 2025 |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
* [[FlyExpress (airline)|FlyExpress]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news24online.com/business/who-is-the-owner-of-flyexpress-hyderabad-based-airline-gets-approval-to-launch-new-airline-in-india-after-indigo-fiasco/694701/ |title=Who is the owner of FlyExpress? Hyderabad-based airline gets approval to launch new airline in India |date=25 December 2025 |work=News24}}</ref>
* JettWings Airways<ref>{{cite news |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/guwahatis-jettwings-airways-gets-nod-to-fly-in-12-sectors-in-various-states/108251677 |title=Guwahati's JettWings Airways gets nod to fly in 12 sectors in various states |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Shankh Air]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Shankh Air: India gears up for a new airline as Shankh Air gets aviation min's nod |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/india-gears-up-for-a-new-airline-as-shankh-air-gets-aviation-mins-nod/articleshow/113622629.cms |access-date=24 September 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shankh Air looks to expand regional connectivity in UP, other places |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/shankh-air-looks-to-expand-regional-connectivity-in-up-other-places/article69786546.ece |access-date=15 July 2025 |work=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>

== Defunct ==
{{main|List of defunct airlines of India}}

==See also==
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[List of airlines]]
* [[List of pilot training institutes in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Sen A.-Tata J.R.D., ''Five golden decades of India aviation : Tata's memorable years'', Aeronautical Publications of India, Bombay, 1978

==External links==
* [https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/ Directorate General of Civil Aviation]
* [https://www.flightconnections.com/ Flight Connections]
{{Airlines of India}}
{{Asia topic|List of airlines of}}
{{Transport in India}}
{{List of defunct airlines}}

[[Category:Airlines of India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of airlines by country|India]]
[[Category:India aviation-related lists|Airlines]]
[[Category:Lists of companies of India by industry|Airlines]]
[[Category:Lists of airlines of Asia|India]]

Pettaikaali (TV series)

2026-03-27T19:21:52Z

Sindhu:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pettaikaali (TV series).jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Mystery film|Mystery]]
* [[Romance film|Romantic]]
}}
| director = La. Rajkumar
| writer =
| creator =
| producer = [[Vetrimaaran]]
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Kalaiyarasan]]
* [[Sheela Rajkumar]]
* Bala Hasan
* Antony
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]]
* Goutham
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
}}
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| language = Tamil
| music =
| cinematography = [[R. Velraj|Velraj]]
| editor =
| runtime = approx.30-45 minutes per episode
| company = [[Grass Root Film Company]]
| network = [[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|10|21}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Pettaikaali''''' is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[streaming television|television]] series that aired on [[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/oct/13/trailer-of-aha-tamil-series-pettaikaali-out-35567.html|title=Trailer of Aha Tamil series Pettaikaali out|date=13 October 2022|publisher=www.cinemaexpress.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125161014/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/oct/13/trailer-of-aha-tamil-series-pettaikaali-out-35567.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Its producer and showrunner was [[Vetrimaaran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/oct/13/pettakali-trailer-release-of-vetimaaran-3931762.html|title=வெற்றிமாறனின் புதிய வெப் தொடர்.|date=13 October 2022|publisher=www.dinamani.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125161006/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/oct/13/pettakali-trailer-release-of-vetimaaran-3931762.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/the-pettaikaali-web-series-episode-1-tamil-exclusive-review-101866.html|title=முதன்முறை ரத்தமும் சதையுமாக ஜல்லிக்கட்டு வரலாறு: வெற்றிமாறனின் பேட்டைக்காளி வெப் சீரிஸ் விமர்சனம்|publisher=tamil.filmibeat.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vetri-maaran-s-jallikattu-based-series-pettaikaali-to-stream-from-diwali-news-226979|title=Vetri Maaran's Jallikattu-Based Series 'Pettaikaali' To Stream From Diwali|date=30 September 2022|publisher=www.outlookindia.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125160956/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vetri-maaran-s-jallikattu-based-series-pettaikaali-to-stream-from-diwali-news-226979|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/pettaikaali-series-trailer-vetrimaaran-presents-a-prelude-to-his-film-vaadivaasal-8206706/|title=Pettaikaali trailer: Vetrimaaran presents a prelude to his Vaadivaasal|date=13 October 2022 |publisher=indianexpress.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-vaadivaasal-hot-update-from-director-vetrimaaran-825762.html|title=வாடிவாசல் திரைப்படம் குறித்து வெற்றிமாறன் கூறிய சூப்பர் அப்டேட்!|date=27 October 2022|publisher=tamil.news18.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125160957/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-vaadivaasal-hot-update-from-director-vetrimaaran-825762.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=December 2023}} and it was directed by [[La. Rajkumar]].It was produced by Grass Root Film Company, and stars [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pettaikaali: THESE are the names of Kalaiyarasan and Kishore's characters in the first web series on Jallikattu |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pettaikaali-these-are-the-names-of-kalaiyarasan-and-kishores-characters-in-the-first-web-series-on-jallikattu/0fbf1cd2f0734 |access-date= |publisher=www.ottplay.com |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125160957/https://www.ottplay.com/news/pettaikaali-these-are-the-names-of-kalaiyarasan-and-kishores-characters-in-the-first-web-series-on-jallikattu/0fbf1cd2f0734 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kalaiyarasan]],<ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2022 |title="அவரு மட்டும் இல்லைன்னா குத்துப்பட்டு செத்திருப்பேன்" - நடிகர் கலையரசன் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/actor-kalaiyarasan-share-pettaikaalai-shooting-spot |access-date= |publisher=www.nakkheeran.in |language=ta |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125164017/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/actor-kalaiyarasan-share-pettaikaalai-shooting-spot |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sheela Rajkumar]] and [[Vela Ramamoorthy]].

==Cast==
* [[Kalaiyarasan]] as Pandi
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Muthaiyaa
* [[Sheela Rajkumar]] as Thenmozhi
* Bala Hasan
* Antony as Parthiban
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Selvasekharan
* Goutham

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Kalaiyarasan]] was cast as the male lead role of Pandi.

== Original soundtrack ==

===Title song===
The title song for ''Pettaikaali'' was written by La Rajkumar. It was sung by [[Santhosh Narayanan]].

===Soundtrack===
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Varaan Paar Pettaikaali (வர்றான் பாரு பேட்டைக்காளி)
| lyrics1 = La Rajkumar
| extra1 = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| length1 = 2:16
}}

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=64544C |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Thoongum Yerimalayin Peruvedippu
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Raj Kumar
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|10|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Valvinayum Vanjapperum Pagaiyum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/web-series/pettaikaali-web-series-first-two-episodes-review|title=பேட்டைக்காளி விமர்சனம்: ஜல்லிக்கட்டு பின்னணியில் சாதி ஆதிக்க அரசியல் - முதல் 2 எபிசோடுகள் எப்படி?|date=29 October 2022 |publisher=cinema.vikatan.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pettaikaali-episode-2-review-a-mixed-bag-with-a-few-hits-and-misses-yet-complemented-by-fine-technical-aspects/35c509ae6f493|title=Pettaikaali Episode 2 review: A mixed bag with a few hits and misses, yet complemented by fine technical aspects|publisher=www.ottplay.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Raj Kumar
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|10|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Vanmanenum Kodungoor Aayutham<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pettaikaali-episode-3-review-a-thoroughly-disappointing-outing-thanks-to-lack-of-engaging-sequences/42e8966ec7959|title=Pettaikaali Episode 3 review: A thoroughly disappointing outing, thanks to lack of engaging sequences|publisher=www.ottplay.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125161014/https://www.ottplay.com/review/pettaikaali-episode-3-review-a-thoroughly-disappointing-outing-thanks-to-lack-of-engaging-sequences/42e8966ec7959|url-status=live}}</ref>
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Raj Kumar
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|4}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Kaaliyin Avadharippu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/reviews/the-pettaikaali-web-series-episode-4-tamil-exclusive-review-102563.html|title=காளியின் அவதரிப்பு… சூழ்ச்சியில் சிக்கும் தேன்மொழி: பேட்டைக்காளி 4 எபிசோட்கள் விமர்சனம்|publisher=tamil.filmibeat.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125160958/https://tamil.filmibeat.com/reviews/the-pettaikaali-web-series-episode-4-tamil-exclusive-review-102563.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pettaikaali-episode-4-review-the-riveting-climax-portion-is-the-saving-grace-of-the-latest-installment/827d151dc989|title=Pettaikaali Episode 4 Review: The riveting climax portion is the saving grace of the latest installment|publisher=www.ottplay.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125160959/https://www.ottplay.com/review/pettaikaali-episode-4-review-the-riveting-climax-portion-is-the-saving-grace-of-the-latest-installment/827d151dc989|url-status=live}}</ref>
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Raj Kumar
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|11}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Kadhalin Vazhi Neduga
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Raj Kumar
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|18}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Anbirkum Undo Adaikunthal
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Raj Kumar
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Sadhuranga Kaaigalin Sarivu
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Raj Kumar
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|2}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Sei Alladhu Sethu Madi
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Raj Kumar
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|9}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
}}

== Release ==
Along with the original version in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], there is also a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language dubbed version on [[aha (streaming service)|Aha Telugu]]. The series is also available in [[Hindi]] & [[Marathi language]] dubbed versions titled as 'Bullfight' streaming on [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Play]] & [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Jhakaas]] app respectively.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt22771498}}
* ''[https://www.aha.video/webseries/pettaikaali Pettaikaali]'' at [[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]]
* ''[https://www.ultraplay.in/series/bullfight/nzjmvogzqhws Bullfight (Hindi)]'' at [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Play OTT]]
* ''[https://www.ultrajhakaas.com/series/bullfight/7sofy53nvzhj Bullfight (Marathi)]'' at [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Jhakaas]]

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]

Kolkata Shalimar–Patna AC Duronto Express

2026-03-26T17:12:44Z

Sindhu: created bio

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 80FF00
| name = Kolkata Shalimar - Patna Jn AC ''Duronto Express''
| image = Shalimar Patna Duronto Express.jpg
| caption = The rake of the train arrived at Shalimar Station
| type = [[Duronto Express]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]]
| first = 19 February 2012<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/patnahowrah-duronto-express/article2916714.ece Patna-Howrah Duronto Express] Business Line (The Hindu.com). Retrieved 21 February 2012</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]]
| stops = 2
| end = [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]]
| distance = {{convert|536|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 8 hours 35 minutes
| frequency = Tri-Weekly Service
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]]
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22213 / 22214
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}} Top Operating Speed,{{convert|62|km/h|abbr=on}} average speed
| map = {{Kolkata Shalimar-Patna AC Duronto Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Kolkata Shalimar-Patna AC ''Duronto Express''''' is a premium [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting [[Shalimar Railway Station]] (SHM) to [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Railway Station]] (PNBE). It is currently being operated with 22213 (M, W, F)/ 22214 (T, T, Sat) train numbers.<ref>[http://www.infraline.com/todaynews/Patna-Howrah-Duronto-Express/5/14/3/02_22_2012.htm Patna-Howrah-Duronto-Express] infraline.com</ref>

==Route & halts==

The stations and the stoppage time and platform no. are as follows-

'''Check Train Timings Before Boarding'''

{{Div col|colwidth=10em}}
* '' ''Arrival Starts '''{{stnlnk|Shalimar}} (Starts)''''' ''Departure 09:55 PM'' ''0 Km Platform 1
* '' ''Arrival 12:57 AM '''{{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}} (5 minutes)''''' ''Departure 01:02 AM'' ''207 Km Platform 4
* '' ''Arrival 02:12 AM '''{{stnlnk|Jasidih Junction}} (2 minutes)''''' ''Departure 02:14 AM'' ''317 Km Platform 2
* '' ''Arrival 06:15 AM '''{{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} (Ends)''''' ''Departure Ends'' ''538 Km Platform 3
* '' ''Arrival Starts '''{{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} (Starts)''''' ''Departure 08:45 PM'' ''0 Km Platform 2
* '' ''Arrival 12:07 AM '''{{stnlnk|Jasidih Junction}} (2 minutes)''''' ''Departure 12:09 AM'' ''220 Km Platform 1
* '' ''Arrival 01:43 AM '''{{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}} (5 minutes)''''' ''Departure 01:48 PM'' ''331 Km Platform 4
* '' ''Arrival 05:45 PM '''{{stnlnk|Shalimar}} (Ends)''''' ''Departure Ends'' ''535 Km Platform 1
{{div col end}}

==Engine used==
The Engine used for this Train is a [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP 7]] of Santragachi shed from Shalimar to Patna.

==Coach composition==
The Duronto train provides a different category of accommodation. It has 1 AC tier, 2 AC tier and 3 AC tiers. The coach composition of the Patna Duronto is as follows:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:Lightgreen;" | 12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:Lightgreen;" | 13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:Lightgreen;" | 14
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]||SLR|| B1|| B2|| B3 || B4|| B5|| B6|| B7|| B8|| B9|| B10|| A1|| H1|| EOG
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Duronto Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timeline/edits-kolkata-shalimar-patna-duronto-express-22213-shm-to-pnbe/16936/1913/332
*http://indiarailinfo.com/train/farechart/ticket-fares-kolkata-shalimar-patna-duronto-express-22213-shm-to-pnbe/16936/1913/332

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{Duronto Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata Shalimar-Patna Duronto Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Duronto Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]

Chutti TV

2026-03-24T01:48:37Z

Sindhu: further reworked citations for clarity also and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Indian TV channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}{{Infobox television channel
| name = Chutti TV
| logo_size =
| logo = Chutti TV.png
| logo_caption = Official logo
| launch_date = {{Start date|2007|04|29|df=y}}
| closed_date =
| country = [[India]]
| network = [[Sun TV Network]]
| owner = [[Sun Group]]
| picture_format = [[576i]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| area = [[India]] [[Sri Lanka]] [[Malaysia]] [[Singapore]]
| former_names =
| replaced =
| sister_channels = [[Kushi TV]] [[Chintu TV]] [[Kochu TV]] [[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]] [[Gemini TV]] [[Surya TV]] [[Udaya TV]]
| timeshift_service =
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].
| website = [http://chutti.sunnetwork.in/chutti.html Official Website]
| terr_serv_1 =
| terr_chan_1 =
| online_serv_1 =
| online_chan_1 =
}}
'''Chutti TV''' is a 24-hour [[Tamil language|Tamil]] cartoon television channel from the [[Sun TV Network]] in [[India]]. The [[target audience]] is children aged between 3 and 17.

==History==
It was launched on 29 April 2007, making it Sun TV Network's first ever television channel for kids. Initial shows primarily consisted of dubbed versions of popular shows such as ''[[Dora the Explorer]]'', ''[[Men in Black: The Animated Series]]'', and ''[[He-Man and the Masters of the Universe]]'' before the channel expanded into creating original animated series and live action shows.<ref name="j">{{cite web |last= S.|first=Jeevanantham |work=Journal|title= Evaluating the Impact of Chutti TV on Children's Programming in India|url=https://vocal.media/journal/evaluating-the-impact-of-chutti-tv-on-children-s-programming-in-india |access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/hollywood-actor-jackie-chan-you-need-to-know-interesting-facts-about-here-172990|title=Jackie Chan: "ஒரு இன்சூரன்ஸ் கூட கிடையாது" ஜாக்கிசானைப் பற்றி அறியாத தகவல்கள் இதோ!|first=Rakesh|last=Thara|trans-title=Jackie Chan: "Not a single insurance" Here are some unknown facts about Jackie Chan!|work=[[ABP Live]]|date=16 March 2024|access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref>

Chutti TV made a partnership with American TV network [[Nickelodeon India|Nickelodeon]] until the Tamil audio was added to the Indian channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/spotlight-is-magic-ingredient-named-innovation-missing-from-kids-content-in-south-india-92624.html|title=Spotlight: Is Magic ingredient named innovation missing from kids content in South India? - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201021094627/https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/tanishqs-festive-ad-with-mithila-palkar-is-a-toast-to-the-light-inside-every-woman-108361.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/sun-tv-acquires-three-animated-series-from-cyber-group-studios-for-chutti-tv/|title=Sun TV acquires three animated series from Cyber Group Studios for Chutti TV|date=2018-12-04|website=TelevisionPost|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-17|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817151640/https://www.televisionpost.com/sun-tv-acquires-three-animated-series-from-cyber-group-studios-for-chutti-tv/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/kids-prefer-home-grown-content-feature-films-on-tv-190319|title=Kids prefer home-grown content, feature films on TV|date=2019-03-19|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814001329/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/kids-prefer-home-grown-content-feature-films-on-tv-190319|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, the animated series ''Bommi and Friends'' was telecast on the channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bommis-back-home/article7024297.ece|title=Bommi’s back home|first=Subha J.|last=Rao|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 March 2015|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203123315/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bommis-back-home/article7024297.ece|archive-date=3 December 2023|access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref> That same year, Chutti TV launched a game show called ''Run Singoo Run'' on its platform. ''Run Singoo Run'' is an interactive game show where participants can control the game using motion capture technology. The Tamil version of the game show was launched on May 30, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chutti TV airs the first motion capture game show in Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Chutti-TV-airs-the-first-motion-capture-game-show-in-Tamil/articleshow/47498408.cms |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906174926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Chutti-TV-airs-the-first-motion-capture-game-show-in-Tamil/articleshow/47498408.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, the programs ''Chutti News'' and ''Jilinu Oru Summer'' were hosted by Sinduja.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/66054-chutti-tv-anchor-sinduja-interview|title='நான் ஒண்ணும் சுட்டி இல்ல.. காலேஜ் படிக்கறேனாக்கும்!' -'சுட்டி டிவி' சிந்துஜா ஓபன் டாக்!|trans-title='I'm not small.. I'm going to college!' -'Chutti TV' Sinduja open talk!|work=[[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan]]|language=ta|date=11 June 2016|access-date=2 January 2025|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813145227/https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/66054-chutti-tv-anchor-sinduja-interview|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, ''Bommiyum Tirukkuralum'' hosted by [[G. Gnanasambandan]] was telecast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2019-06-02 |title=Thirukkural in animated form a hit |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020619/thirukkural-in-animated-form-a-hit.html |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629090813/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020619/thirukkural-in-animated-form-a-hit.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, Chutti TV's parent company, Sun TV Network purchased three animated series from the French animation studio Cyber Group Studios for its Tamil kids channel. The three animated series acquired were ''[[Tales of Tatonka]]'', ''G-Fighters'', and ''[[Animalia (TV series)|Animalia]]''.<ref name=":0" />

In 2022, there were false reports that both Chutti TV and the Tamil version of [[Cartoon Network]] would stop airing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/Oct/15/cartoon-network-and-chutti-tv-decided-to-stop-airing-3932994.html|title=கார்டூன் நெட்வொர்க், சுட்டி டிவி ஆகியவை ஒளிபரப்பை நிறுத்தவுள்ளதாக தகவல்|trans-title=Cartoon Network and Chutti TV to stop broadcasting, reports say|work=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta|date=15 October 2022|access-date=2 January 2025|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101071139/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/oct/15/cartoon-network-and-chutti-tv-decided-to-stop-airing-3932994.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, ''[[Jackie Chan Adventures]]'' (Tamil: ஜாக்கி சான் சாகசங்கள்) and ''Dora the Explorer'' (Tamil: டோராவின் பயணங்கள்) were reaired on the channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news4tamil.com/the-adventures-of-jackie-chan-is-back-90s-kids-rejoice/|title=மீண்டும் வருகிறது ஜாக்கி சான் சாகசங்கள்!! மகிழ்ச்சியில் 90s கிட்ஸ்கள்!!|author=Jeevitha|work=News4Tamil|language=ta|trans-title=Jackie Chan's adventures are back!! 90s kids in joy!!|date=7 July 2023|access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/90s-kids-favorite-dora-the-explorer-has-come-back-to-our-chutti-tv-soon-158301|title=Dora the Explorer: “வாங்க நண்பர்களே..எல்லாரும் ஒன்னா போலாம்” - மீண்டும் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் டோராவின் பயணங்கள்..!|trans-title=Dora the Explorer: “Come on friends..let's all be one” - Dora's journeys will be broadcast again..!|date=28 December 2023|language=ta|first=Pechi|last=Avudaiappan|access-date=2 January 2025|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075028/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/90s-kids-favorite-dora-the-explorer-has-come-back-to-our-chutti-tv-soon-158301|url-status=live}}</ref>

== List of television series ==
{{Template:Incomplete list|date=March 2026}}
''No specified dates''
{{div col}}
*''Lollu''<ref name="j"/>
*''Nila''<ref name="j"/>
*''Maanada Mayilada Kids''<ref name="j"/>
*''Cooking Challenge''<ref name="j"/>
*''Science Factory''<ref name="j"/>
*''Tamil Culture''<ref name="j"/>
*''[[Little Krishna]]''<ref name="j"/>
*''[[Boonie Bears|Varupadatha Karadi Sangam]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/hollywood/boonie-bears-guardian-code-movie-review|title=Boonie Bears: Guardian Code Review: `வருத்தப்படாத கரடி சங்கம்' - சென்டிமென்ட்டில் கலக்கும் கரடிகள்!|work=Vikatan|language=ta|trans-title=Boonie Bears: Guardian Code Review: `The Unforgiving Bear Society' - Bears that are mixed with sentiment!|first=Jeevaganesh|last=P.|access-date=2 January 2025|archive-date=15 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515102459/https://cinema.vikatan.com/hollywood/boonie-bears-guardian-code-movie-review|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Bunny Maloney]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moonscoop Sells 725 Half-hours to India’s Chutti TV |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2010/03/moonscoop-sells-725-half-hours-to-indias-chutti-tv/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=animationmagazine.net |language=en-en}}</ref>
*''[[Jackie Chan Adventures|Jackie Chanin Sagasangal]]''
*''Maha Ganesha''
*''Little Hakka''
*''Chutti Raman''
*''[[Danger Mouse (2015 TV series)|Danger Mouse]]''
*''Panchathanthira Kathaigal''
*''Tiantian''
{{div col end}}

=== Formerly broadcast ===
{{div col}}
*''[[Tracey McBean|Crazy Jessy]]''
*''Gloriavin Veedu''
*''Pei Factory''
*''[[Creepschool|Danger School]]''
*''[[Dragon Booster]]''
*''World Ahoy''
*''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender|Avatar]]''
*''Super Suji'' (''Bibi Blocksberg'')
*''Gee Boom Boy''
*''Cedric''
*''Greeka Kadhaigal''
*''[[Geronimo Stilton (TV series)|All in All Azhagu Raja]]''
*''Anna's Tales''
*''[[Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs]]''
*''[[Dragon Tales]]''
*''[[Heidi, Girl of the Alps|Heidi]]''
*''[[Marsupilami (1993 TV series)|Marsupilami]]'' (1993)
*''[[Marsupilami (2000 TV series)|Marsupilami]]'' (2000)
*''Danny & Daddy''
*''Bandolero''
*''Little Sophie''
*''Bumba''
*''Sindhubaadhum Arputha Theevum''
*''[[Stuart Little (TV series)|Stuart Little]]''
*''Vaandu''
*''[[Lanfeust Quest|Naduvula Konjam Fight Pannuvom]]''
*''[[Max Steel (2000 TV series)|Max Steel]]''
*''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]''
*''[[Master Raindrop]]''
*''[[Astro Boy]]''
*''[[Zeke's Pad]]''
*''[[Jumanji (TV series)|Jumanji]]''
*''[[Godzilla: The Series|Godzilla]]''
*''[[The Real Ghostbusters|Ghostbusters]]''
*''[[Code Lyoko]]''
*''[[W.I.T.C.H. (TV series)|W.I.T.C.H.]]''
*''[[Class of the Titans]]''
*''[[Dora the Explorer (TV series)|Dora the Explorer]]''
*''[[Men in Black: The Series]]''
*''[[He-Man and the Masters of the Universe]]''
*''[[Tales of Tatonka]]''
*''G-Fighters''
*''[[Animalia (TV series)|Animalia]]''
*''Bommi and Friends''
*''Run Singoo Run''
*''[[The Jungle Book (2010 TV series)|The Jungle Book]]''
*''[[Pocoyo]]''
*''[[Shaktimaan]]''
*''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]''
*''[[The Penguins of Madagascar]]''
*''[[Adventures of the Gummi Bears]]''
*''[[Wolverine and the X-Men (TV series)|Wolverine and the X-Men]]''
*''[[Teamo Supremo]]''
*''[[Barney & Friends]]''
*''[[Handy Manny]]''
*''[[Little Einsteins]]''
*''Paandavum Roosterum''
*''[[The Famous Five (1995 TV series)|Famous Five]]''
*''1001 Nights – 1001 Arabian Nights''
*''Abu the Little Dinosaur''
*''[[The Adventures of Hyperman (TV series)|The Adventures of Hyperman]]''
*''[[The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius]]''
*''[[Animated Tales of the World]]''
*''Adventurers: Masters of Time''
*''Alex''
*''Altair in Starland''
*''Amar Chitra Katha – Chithra Kadhaigal''
*''Angus & Cheryl''
*''Animaniacs''
*''Anne of Green Gables''
*''Aqua Kids''
*''[[Artzooka!]]''
*''Atomic Betty – Action Betty''
*''Ava Riko Teo''
*''Bumper King Zapper''
*''Bali''
*''[[Barbie Dreamtopia]]''
*''BattleClaw''
*''Beakman's World''
*''The Beeps''
*''Timon & Pumbaa''
*''Bernard''
*''Bibi & Tina – Super Suji 2''
*''The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot''
*''Billy''
*''Blue's Clues''
*''Bob Morane''
*''Bobby and Bill''
*''Bobby's World''
*''Bodhi and Friends''
*''Bonkers''
*''Brady's Beasts''
*''Poochi''
*''Buttercup Wood''
*''The Buzz on Maggie''
*''Captain Flamingo''
*''Casper's Scare School''
*''Channel Umptee-3''
*''Chloe's Closet''
*''Chumballs''
*''Clifford the Big Red Dog''
*''The Daltons''
*''Dark Knights''
*''Detention''
*''Dex Hamilton: Alien Entomologist''
*''Di-Gata Defenders''
*''The Dick Tracy Show''
*''Dinky Dog''
*''Dive Olly Dive!''
*''Doug''
*''Dougie in Disguise''
*''Erky Perky''
*''[[Extreme Ghostbusters]]''
*''Faireez''
*''Fairy Tale Police Department''
*''Fantômette''
*''Flight Squad''
*''Flipper and Lopaka''
*''The Foxbusters''
*''Frankenstein’s Cat''
*''Franny’s Feet''
*''Funky Cops''
*''Funniest Pets & People''
*''George of the Jungle''
*''Geronimo Stilton''
*''GI Joe: A Real American Hero''
*''Galaxy Racers''
*''[[Hannah Montana]]''
*''Harold and the Purple Crayon''
*''The Harveytoons Show – Casper & Friends''
*''Hero: 108''
*''Higglytown Heroes''
*''Iron Man''
*''Jack & Marcel''
*''Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks''
*''Jim Jam and Sunny''
*''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse''
*''Kid Paddle''
*''Kim Possible''
*''Kong: The Animated Series''
*''[[Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness]]''
*''Leon''
*''Lilly the Witch''
*''Little Bear''
*''Little Ghosts''
*''Little Hippo''
*''The Little Prince''
*''Little Red Tractor''
*''Little Vampire''
*''Lloyd in Space''
*''Loonatics Unleashed''
*''Lucky Luke''
*''Magic Tiger''
*''Manon''
*''Martha Speaks''
*''Maya & Miguel''
*''Merlin the Magical Puppy''
*''Mike The Knight''
*''Mio Mao''
*''Moby Dick & the Secret of Mu''
*''Monster Allergy''
*''My Friend Rabbit''
*''My Parents are Aliens''
*''Nanook''
*''The New Adventures of Hanuman''
*''The New Adventures of Nanoboy''
*''The New Lassie – My Friend Lassie''
*''Noobees''
*''Nouky & Friends''
*''Oggy and the Cockroaches''
*''Ozie Boo!''
*''Pablo the Little Penguin: The Series''
*''Patrol 03''
*''Pearlie''
*''Peep and the Big Wide World''
*''Pepper Ann''
*''Pet Alien''
*''The Pink Panther Show''
*''Pinky and the Brain''
*''The Pinky and Perky Show''
*''Ralf, the Record Rat''
*''Rantanplan''
*''Ratz''
*''The Real Ghostbusters''
*''Right on Top''
*''Ripley’s Believe It or Not!''
*''The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show''
*''Ruby Gloom''
*''SamSam''
*''Samurai-X''
*''Scruff''
*''The Secret World of Benjamin Bear''
*''She-Ra: Princess of Power''
*''Shelldon''
*''Shuriken School''
*''Sid the Science Kid''
*''Snorks''
*''Sonic the Hedgehog''
*''Space Goofs''
*''The Spectacular Spider-Man''
*''Stanley''
*''Static Shock''
*''Stunt Dawgs''
*''Super Buffalo''
*''Super WHY!''
*''[[Talking Tom & Friends (TV series)|Talking Tom & Friends]]''
*''Teen Titans''
*''Tiny Toon Adventures''
*''Titeuf''
*''Toopy and Binoo''
*''Tomato Twins''
*''Tommy & Oscar''
*''Totally Spies!''
*''Transformers Academy''
*''Transformers: Armada''
*''Transformers: Beast Machines''
*''Tupu''
*''Ultimate Book of Spells''
*''The Weekenders''
*''What about Mimi?''
*''The Wiggles Show''
*''WordWorld''
*''Worst Best Friends''
*''X-Calibur''
*''X-Men: Evolution''
*''Zorro: Generation Z''
*''[[The Adventures of Tenali Raman|Thenali Raman]]''
*''[[The Garfield Show]]''
*''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy]]''
*''Super 5''
{{div col end}}
''Source''<ref>{{cite web |title=Chutti TV Cartoon List - Old and New Shows |url=https://www.airtel.in/blog/dth/chutti-tv-cartoon-shows/ |website=Airtel |date=8 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SunNetwork - Channel Deatils |url=https://www.sunnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=14&channelname=Chutti%20TV&type=1 |website=www.sunnetwork.in |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Films ===
{{div col}}
*''[[Magic Wonderland]]''
*''[[Killer Bean Forever|Thalaivar Thimingalam]]''
*''[[The Smurfs (film)|The Smurfs]]''
*''[[Boonie Bears: Homeward Journey]]''
*''[[Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme]]''
*''[[Dragonlance: Dragons of Autumn Twilight]]''
*''[[Gaturro: The Movie|Gaturro]]''
*''[[The Great Bear (film)|The Great Bear]]''
*''Here Comes Peter Cottontail''
*''[[The Invincible Iron Man (film)|The Invincible Iron Man]]''
*''Jil Jil Genie''
*''Little Bear: The Movie''
*''The Littlest Angel''
*''[[Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow]]''
*''[[Pinocchio 3000]]''
*''[[Sing to the Dawn (2008 film)|Sing to the Dawn]]''
*''[[The Tangerine Bear]]''
*''[[Ultimate Avengers]]''
*''[[Ultimate Avengers 2]]''
*''[[Zorro and Scarlet Whip Revealed]]''
*''[[Zorro: Return to the Future]]''
*''[[Toy Story]]''
*''[[Toy Story 2]]''
*''[[Toy Story 3]]''
*''[[Monsters, Inc.]]''
*''[[Monsters University]]''
*''[[A Bug's Life]]''
*''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]''
*''[[Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]''
*''[[Jetsons: The Movie]]''
*''[[The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie]]''
*''[[Good Burger]]''
*''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1955 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]''
*''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]''
*''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]''
*''[[Lilo & Stitch|Lilo and Stitch]]''
*''[[Inside Out]]''
*''[[Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film)|Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs]]''
*''[[Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2]]''
*''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]''
*''[[Bruce Almighty]]''
*''[[Evan Almighty]]''
*''[[The Time Machine (2002 film)|The Time Machine]]''
*''[[Jumanji (film)|Jumanji]]''
*''[[Zathura: A Space Adventure]]''
*''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]''
*''[[The One (2001 film)|The One]]''
*''[[Ghost Rider (2007 film)|Ghost Rider]]''
*''[[Rob-B-Hood]]''
*''[[Garfield: The Movie]]''
{{div col end}}

=== Fillers ===
{{div col}}
*''Chutti Seithigal''
*''Comedy Juniors''
*''Daddy My Hero''
*''Rum Bum Bum''
*''School Savari''
*''School Singer''
*''Spell Champ: Power of Words''
{{div col end}}
*''Chutti TV Birthday Wishes''

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQNMWMcB028|title=Chutti TV Logo Song|date=2 April 2014|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| title1 = Chutti TV Logo Song
| note1 =
| length1 = 1:00
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 =
}}

== See also ==
* [[Sun Group]]
* [[Sun TV Network]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://chutti.sunnetwork.in/chutti.html Official Website]
* [http://www.suntv.in/ Sun TV Network Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190412165809/http://www.sun.in/ Sun Group Website]

{{Tamil-language media}}

[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2007]]
[[Category:Sun Group]]
[[Category:Television stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Moin-ul-Haq

2026-03-22T16:48:38Z

Sindhu: starting a entry

{{Short description|Indian sports administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox office holder
| name = Moin-ul-Haq
| image = Moin-ul-Haq (cropped).jpg
| caption = Syed Muhammad Moin-ul-Haq is seated in the last row 6th from the left and fourth from the right at the Indian Olympic Association Managing Committee, 1942
| office = 4th [[All India Football Federation|President of All India Football Federation]]
| term_start = 1948
| term_end = 1950
| predecessor = D. Moir
| successor = [[Pankaj Gupta (sports administrator)]]
| birth_name = Syed Muhammad Moin-ul-Haq
| birth_date = 1881
| birth_place = [[Nalanda district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Asthawan]], [[Nalanda district]], [[Bihar]])
| death_date = 1970
| death_place = Patna
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| education =
| occupation = [[Professor]] Of English<ref name="Prof. Moinul Haque">{{cite web|work=Bihar National college, patna|title=INTRODUCTION|url=http://www.bncollegepatna.in/english.html|access-date=5 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205141202/http://www.bncollegepatna.in/english.html|archive-date=5 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Syed Muhammad Moin-ul-Haq''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|Order of the British Empire|OBE}}<ref name="london-gazette">{{London Gazette|issue=33611|supp=y|page=3484|date=30 May 1930}}</ref> (popularly known as ''Moin Saab''; 1881–11 December 1973), was an Indian Academic and Sports Administrator who had been Professor of English and Principal of [[Bihar National College]] from 1935 to 1953.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbEy8dZYzjUC&pg=PR3| title=Autobiography of An Unknown Cricketer | publisher=Ravi Dayal Publisher | author=Sujit Mukherjee | year=1996 | isbn=81-7530-001-9}}</ref> He has been the first President of [[All India Football Federation]] and a recipient of the Padma Shri in 1970.[[File:IndiaSportsAdministrators11.jpg|thumb|right|alt=text|Indian National Games 1950: Moinul Haq, S.Bhoot, Bombay Chief Minister Kher (center with cane), and Bombay Home Minister Morarji Desai (center)]]

== Early life ==
Moin-ul-Haq was born as Syed Muhammad Moin-ul-Haq at [[Asthawan]] in the [[Nalanda district]] of [[Bihar]] in 1881.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Md Umar |date=2024-01-22 |title=Moin Ul Haq: The Enduring Spirit of Sportsmanship |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/moin-ul-haq-the-enduring-spirit-of-sportsmanship/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Sports ==
He has been crediting for organizing and starting the Inter-University Football Cup Competition in 1929 at Patna College.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Om Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNUCDQAAQBAJ |title=Bihar Ek Etihasik Adhyayan |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-267-2349-2 |pages=358 |language=hi}}</ref>

He was elected as the President of the [[Patna University|Patna University Teacher’s Association]] in 1953 following the formation of [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University|Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur]] in 1952, a conference was organized at the [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur]] where he was elected as the President.<ref name="moinul- haq">{{cite web |title=About L.N.M.U.T.A. |url=http://lnmuta.com/about.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131229142247/http://lnmuta.com/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2013 |access-date=2014-01-06 |publisher=Lalit Narayan Mithila University Teachers’ Association}}</ref>

He was elected as the Founding Vice-president of the [[Bihar Cricket Association]] with KAD Naraoji, the founding president. It was established after a meeting held in Jamshedpur.<ref name=":0" />

He was a Chef-de-mission of the Indian Olympic contingent during the 1948 Olympics held in London and the 1952 Olympics held in Helsinki.<ref name="Padmashri" />

==Accolades==
*The British government appointed an Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in the [[1930 Birthday Honours]].<ref name="london-gazette"/>
*He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in the field of sports in 1970 by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padmashri">{{cite web |title=Padmashri Shri Syed Mohd. Moinul Haq |url=http://www.proudtobebihari.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032159/http://www.proudtobebihari.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=82 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=2014-01-06 |publisher=proud to be bihari}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
*[[Abdul Ghafoor (politician, born 1918)|Abdul Ghafoor]], then Chief Minister of Bihar issued the order to rename Rajendra Prasad Stadium in tribute to Moin Saab, and it was later renamed as [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]] in 1973.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Remembering-Moin-ul-Haq-An-administrator-par-excellence/articleshow/15474719.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501155238/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-13/others/33181627_1_ioa-indian-olympic-association-indian-sports | url-status=live | archive-date=1 May 2013 | title=Remembering Moin-ul-Haq: An administrator par excellence | date=13 August 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref>
*[[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium metro station]], a Metro station near the Moin-ul-Haq Stadium.
*Author and Retired IPS Sudhir Kumar Jha mentions Moin-ul-Haq in his book ''Patna Reincarnated: A New Dawn'' and writes:<blockquote>He was immensely impressed with the strong nation character of the British people and their resilience.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Sudhir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Moin |title=A New Dawn: Patna Reincarnated |date=2005 |publisher=Sudhir Kumar Jha |isbn=978-81-7525-621-7 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Patna]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:India at the Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian sports coaches]]
[[Category:Presidents of the All India Football Federation]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Indian football executives]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Bihar National College]]
[[Category:People from Nalanda district]]
[[Category:1881 births]]

Karan Jani

2026-03-19T06:13:30Z

Sindhu: cleaned up references further and updated info

{{short description|Indian astrophysicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Karan Jani
| image = Karan Jani Astrophysicist LIGO.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|18 May 1988}}
| alma_mater = [[Georgia Tech]] ([[PhD]]), [[Pennsylvania State University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| known_for = [[Black holes]], [[Gravitational Waves]]
| website = http://www.karanjani.com/
}}

'''Karan Jani''' (born 18 May 1988) is an Indian [[astrophysicist]] working on [[black holes]], [[gravitational waves]], and testing [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[General Theory of Relativity]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Vadodara-man-behind-simulation-of-Einsteins-gravitational-waves/articleshow/50970247.cms|title=Vadodara man behind simulation of Einstein's gravitational waves {{!}} Vadodara News – Times of India|date=February 13, 2016|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/VPytU0P2c8ugHxEspfsk3I/Of-LIGO-gravitational-waves-and-a-revolution-in-physics.html|title=Of LIGO, gravitational waves and a revolution in physics|last=Vadukut|first=Sidin|date=2016-03-27|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref name="Gough">{{Cite web|url=https://www.universetoday.com/144886/14-of-all-the-massive-stars-in-the-universe-are-destined-to-collide-as-black-holes/|title=14% of all the Massive Stars in the Universe are Destined to Collide as Black Holes|last=Gough|first=Evan|date=2020-02-05|website=Universe Today|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref> He is currently an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at [[Vanderbilt University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty {{!}} Vanderbilt Astronomy Group |url=https://as.vanderbilt.edu/astronomy/people/faculty/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Vanderbilt College of Arts and Science |language=en-US}}</ref> and holds the endowed position of Cornelius Vanderbilt Dean's Faculty Fellow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Amy |date=26 June 2023 |title=Scientist who helped prove Einstein theory opens doors to black holes for students with diverse majors |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2023/06/26/scientist-who-helped-prove-einstein-theory-opens-doors-to-black-holes-for-students-with-diverse-majors/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Vanderbilt University |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean's Faculty Fellows |url=https://as.vanderbilt.edu/faculty/deans-faculty-fellows.php |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Vanderbilt College of Arts and Science |language=en}}</ref> He has worked at the [[LIGO|LIGO Livingston Observatory]] in the US, the [[Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics|Albert Einstein Institute]] in Germany, the [[Georgia Tech|Georgia Institute of Technology]], and the [[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]] in Canada.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1229726/how-stephen-hawking-influenced-karan-jani-an-indian-astrophysicist/|title=An Indian's journey from A Brief History of Time to meeting Stephen Hawking|last=Thomas|first=Maria|website=Quartz India|date=15 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/karan-jani-recalls-lunch-with-hawking/articleshow/63307463.cms|title=stephen hawking.: Karan Jani recalls lunch with Hawking |date=March 15, 2018|first=Tushar|last=Tere|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Observing 'black hole symphony' using gravitational wave astronomy |url=https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=299622 |access-date=2020-03-17 |website=www.nsf.gov | date=21 November 2019 |language=English}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations]] effort to build a [[gravitational wave detector]] LIGO in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/LIGO-India-project-to-take-off-soon/articleshow/53389886.cms|title=LIGO India project to take off soon|date=July 26, 2016|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/astrophysicist-ligo-researcher-karan-jani-proposes-space-research-center-at-msu-3093190/|title=Astrophysicist, LIGO researcher Karan Jani proposes space research center at MSU|date=2016-10-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Karan was born in Mumbai, India and grew up in [[Vadodara]], Gujarat. He conducted his K-12 schooling at a government school in [[Baroda]], which had no science lab. His interest in physics and astronomy started when he attended [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]] and came across a copy of [[Stephen Hawking]]'s ''[[A Brief History of Time]]''. This inspired him to transfer to [[Penn State]] in the United States, from which he obtained simultaneous degrees in [[astronomy]] and [[astrophysics]] along with a minor in [[mathematics]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Sandhya |date=22 September 2018 |title=This alumnus of a Baroda govt school was part of a team that unlocked a space secret |work=The Print |url=https://theprint.in/science/this-alumnus-of-a-baroda-govt-school-was-part-of-a-team-that-unlocked-a-space-secret/122522/ |access-date=2023-07-11}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Sushmita |date=10 August 2017 |title=The 28-Year-Old Physicist Looking to Revamp India's Education System |url=https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/the-28-year-old-physicist-looking-to-revamp-indias-education-system/79858/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706115310/https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/the-28-year-old-physicist-looking-to-revamp-indias-education-system/79858/ |archive-date=2022-07-06 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=OZY}}</ref> His undergraduate research focused on the gravitational-wave science potential of the [[Laser Interferometer Space Antenna]], under the supervision of [[Lee Samuel Finn]].<ref>{{Cite arXiv|last1=Jani |first1=Karan P. |last2=Finn |first2=Lee Samuel |last3=Benacquista |first3=Matthew J. |title=Pointing LISA-like gravitational wave detectors |year=2013 |class=astro-ph.IM |eprint=1306.3253}}</ref>

Jani obtained his PhD in physics from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] in 2017 with his thesis, "Journey of binary black holes: From supercomputers to LIGO to universe."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jani |first=Karan |date=2017-04-07 |title=Journey of binary black holes: From supercomputers to LIGO to universe |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1853/58269 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Georgia Tech Library|bibcode=2017PhDT.......108J |hdl=1853/58269 }}</ref>

== Research and career ==
Jani has previously held undergraduate research positions at the Institute of Gravitation and Cosmos at Penn State, [[Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics]] and [[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]]. He has held postdoctoral fellowships at Georgia Tech and Vanderbilt University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouhi |first=A. Maureen |date=5 October 2017 |title=College of Sciences Postdocs Shine in 2017 Georgia Tech Postdoctoral Research Symposium |url=https://postdocs.gatech.edu/news/college-sciences-postdocs-shine-2017-georgia-tech-postdoctoral-research-symposium |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Georgia Tech {{!}} Postdoctoral Services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Ethan |date=3 February 2020 |title=Harvard, Vanderbilt Scientists Find "Stellar Budget" for Colliding Stars |work=The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/2/3/stars-collide-black-holes/ }}</ref>

He is part of the [[LIGO]] team made the [[first observation of gravitational waves]] from a [[binary black hole]] merger in 2015.<ref name=":2" /> He was one of the approximately 1200 authors of a paper on the subject in ''[[Physical Review D]]''.<ref name="PRD.">{{Cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=B. P. |last2=Abbott |first2=R. |last3=Abbott |first3=T. D. |last4=Acernese |first4=F. |last5=Ackley |first5=K. |last6=Adams |first6=C. |last7=Adams |first7=T. |last8=Addesso |first8=P. |last9=Adhikari |first9=R. X. |last10=Adya |first10=V. B. |display-authors=1 |date=2017-07-11 |title=Search for intermediate mass black hole binaries in the first observing run of Advanced LIGO |journal=Physical Review D |volume=96 |issue=2 |article-number=022001 |arxiv=1704.04628 |bibcode=2017PhRvD..96b2001A |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.96.022001 |s2cid=201249161}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He was also one of the 3 authors of a paper in ''Nature'' reporting a specific approach for observing an elusive class of black holes called [[intermediate-mass black hole]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jani |first1=Karan |last2=Shoemaker |first2=Deirdre |author2-link=Deirdre Shoemaker |last3=Cutler |first3=Curt |date=March 2020 |title=Detectability of intermediate-mass black holes in multiband gravitational wave astronomy |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=260–265 |arxiv=1908.04985 |bibcode=2020NatAs...4..260J |doi=10.1038/s41550-019-0932-7 |issn=2397-3366 |s2cid=199577340}}</ref>

In 2016, he was part of the delegation that met with [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], for the signing of the [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] between the [[National Science Foundation]] and [[Department of Atomic Energy]] to build a LIGO detector in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news.gatech.edu/2016/04/01/georgia-tech-phd-student-called-meet-indias-prime-minister|title=Georgia Tech PhD Student Called To Meet India's Prime Minister|website=www.news.gatech.edu|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* [[Forbes]] [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] recipient in [[Science]] – 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30-2017/science/|title=30 Under 30 2017: Science|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://physics.gatech.edu/news/karan-jani-named-forbes-30-under-30-science|title=Karan Jani named in Forbes 30 Under 30 in Science|date=2017-01-03|website=School of Physics|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/karan-jani/|title=Karan Jani|first=Vadim |last=Supitskiy|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref>
* Jani was a co-recipient of the [[Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics|Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics]], awarded to "Сontributors who are authors of the paper [[First observation of gravitational waves#Announcement|Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger]] ([[Physical Review Letters]], 11 February 2016) and contributors who also made important contributions to the success of [[LIGO]]." – 2016<ref name="Gough"/><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Gravitational-wave astronomy]]
* [[Gravitational-wave observatory]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.karanjani.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jani, Karan}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Georgia Tech alumni]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania State University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Vanderbilt University faculty]]

Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)

2026-03-15T18:41:11Z

Sindhu: refined section after review and improved wording

{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
| logo =
| logo_alt = 
| logo_upright = 0.8
| abbreviation =
| colorcode = 
| leader =
| president =
| chairman =
| general_secretary =
| secretary =
| ppchairman =
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| treasurer =
| foundation = September 12, 1969
| founder = Keshab Prasad Sharma
| dissolution =
| merger =
| split = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| merged =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| headquarters = [[Prayagraj|Prayagraj (Allahabad)]]
| publication =
| think_tank =
| students =
| youth =
| women =
| labour =
| peasants =
| womens =
| overseas =
| wing4_title = 
| wing4 =
| membership =
| ideology = [[Communism]]
| international =
| colours =
| position =
| slogan =
| eci =
| alliance =
| loksabha_seats =
| rajyasabha_seats =
| symbol =
| website =
| flag =
}}
The '''Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)''' is a political party in [[India]]. The party emerged from a split in the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP) in 1969, in rejection of the shift of the RSP into parliamentary coalition politics. The founding general secretary of the party was Keshab Prasad Sharma.

==Division in the RSP==
Around the time of the [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] a dispute emerged with the RSP on the role of a Marxist-Leninist party within the framework of bourgeois parliamentary elections. Eventually the RSP settled on a line of seeking to join hands with opposition forces to build an electoral alternative to the governing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=snsa/> But at the 1967 RSP All India Conference in Kanpur the head of the party in [[Uttar Pradesh]], Keshab Prasad Sharma, put forth an alternative party line which argued that socialism could only be achieved through armed revolution and that electoral campaigns carried out done solely with the intention of mobilizing masses for armed struggle.<ref name=snsa/> It was argued that Sharma, who had been the leader of the [[Anushilan Samiti]] in the [[United Provinces]] during the [[Indian independence movement|struggle for national independence]] and was a founding member of the RSP, sought to become the general secretary of RSP.<ref name=snsa/><ref>Basu, Asish Krishna. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Marxism_in_an_Indian_State/TabaAAAAMAAJ Marxism in an Indian State: An Analytical Study of West Bengal Leftism]''. Ratna Prakashan, 2003. p. 41</ref><ref>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Jayaprakash_Narayan_1939_1946/XBtuAAAAMAAJ Jayaprakash Narayan: 1939-1946]''. Manohar, 2000. p. 84</ref> Sharma's thesis revived the division in RSP.<ref name=snsa/> The 1968 RSP Special Conference held in Delhi did not endorse the Sharma line.<ref name=snsa/> After the RSP conference Sharma seceded from the party.<ref name=intcon/>

Sharma took the Uttar Pradesh unit of the RSP with him, breaking with the RSP central organization.<ref name=snsa/> The Sharma-led group rejected the policy of coalition politics of the main RSP.<ref name=intcon/> On August 18, 1969 Sharma organized a press conference in Kanpur, announcing that the RSP had split and that he was now leading a separate RSP as its general secretary.<ref name=nhe/> At the press conference Sharma argued that his party would seek to unite militant socialist forces who adhered to Marxism and Scientific Socialism.<ref name=nhe>''New RSP Formed'', ''National Herald'' (Delhi), August 19, 1969, quoted in ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/The_Call/56sgAQAAIAAJ The Call]''</ref> RSPI(ML) was constituted at a party conference in Bihar on September 12, 1969.<ref name=snsa/><ref name=are69>''Split in RSP'', in ''Asian Recorder'', October 22-28, 1969. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1969. p. 9197</ref><ref name=mrp69>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Me%C4%91unarodni_radni%C4%8Dki_pokret/Dn8fAQAAMAAJ Međunarodni radnički pokret]'', Vol. 12. Institut za izučavanje radničkog pokreta, 1969. p. 230</ref><ref name=ipssb/>

==RSPI(ML) political line==
RSPI(ML) rejected electoral participation if it didn't favour the development of armed struggle.<ref>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Notes_et_%C3%A9tudes_documentaires/Vu6BYW9GO5sC Notes et études documentaires]''. La Documentation Française, 1972. p. 75</ref> The party stated that participation in parliamentary politics would lead to [[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionism]] and petit bourgeois deviations.<ref name=are69/><ref>Roy, Meenu. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/India_Votes_Elections_1996/5yWOAAAAMAAJ India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis]''. Deep & Deep Publications, 1996. p. 82</ref> RSPI(ML) emphasized development of class consciousness.<ref name=farid>libcom.org. ''[https://libcom.org/article/experiences-kamunist-kranti-and-faridabad-majdoor-samachar The experiences of Kamunist Kranti and Faridabad Majdoor Samachar]''</ref> The party considered [[trade unions]] as institutions preserving the capitalist order, diverting class struggle into economism.<ref name=farid/>

At the time of the split and the formation of RSPI(ML), the new party declared its immediate objective was the development of armed struggle.<ref name=are69/> Sharma sought to build a united front of revolutionary groups on the basis of a common program.<ref name=are69/> After the formation of RSPI(ML) Sharma reportedly tried to establish contacts with Andhra Pradesh revolutionary leader [[T. Nagi Reddy]], who had begun armed squad actions.<ref name=are69/><ref name=ipssb>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Institute_of_Political_and_Social_Studie/HoZAAAAAMAAJ Institute of Political and Social Studies Bulletin]'', Vol. 4. n.p, 1969. p. 49</ref> In Calcutta Sharma met with Barry Shepherd of the [[Fourth International (post-reunification)|Fourth International]] and the West Bengal Trotskyists, albeit the Trotskyists had labelled Sharma's positions as 'chauvinist'.<ref name=are69/><ref name=intcon/><ref name=snsa>Sadasivan, S. N.. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Party_and_Democracy_in_India/lJ2KAAAAMAAJ Party and Democracy in India]''. Tata McGraw-Hill, 1977. pp. 84-85</ref>

After the RSP split, the Sharma RSP faction supported the Indian government in confrontations with Pakistan and China.<ref name=intcon>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Intercontinental_Press/OwtbAAAAMAAJ Intercontinental Press]'', Vol. 7, 1969. p. 275</ref> RSPI(ML) took a neutral stance on the [[Sino-Soviet split|Sino-Soviet dispute]].<ref name=are69/><ref name=snsa/> The party argued that the Soviet Union and China had deviated from Marxist practice and had developed [[state capitalism]].<ref name=are69/><ref name=intcon>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Intercontinental_Press/OwtbAAAAMAAJ Intercontinental Press]'', Vol. 7, 1969. p. 275</ref> But RSPI(ML) rejected the Chinese line of denouncing the Soviet Union as '[[social imperialism|social imperialist]]'.<ref name=are69/>

RSPI(ML) supported the [[Assam Movement]].<ref name=ush>Umesh Sharma. ''[https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/workersvanguard/1981/0271_02_01_1981.pdf Indian Left Chauvinism Over Assam Violence]'', ''Workers Vanguard'', January 2, 1981. p. 10</ref> The party labelled [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Bihari Muslims]] displaced from Bangladesh as 'staunch enemies of Indian nationalism and newly emerged Bangladesh nationalism'.<ref name=ush/> The party observed 'Assam People's Movement Day' on August 15, 1980, and the party organ ''Krantiyug'' called for resettlement of the Bihar Muslim refugees in other parts of India.<ref name=ush/>

==Party organization==
Sharma led RSPI(ML) as its general secretary.<ref name=are69/><ref name=ipssb/><ref>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Indian_Left_Review/issKAAAAIAAJ Indian Left Review]''. O.P. Verma., 1972. p. 2</ref> Another RSPI(ML) leader was D.O. Brahma.<ref name=ush/> Compared to other communist parties in India, the RSPI(ML) had a more predominately working class membership.<ref name=farid/> By the early 1980s RSPI(ML) had some 1,000 members, mainly workers in mining, steel industry or railways sections.<ref name=farid/> There was a splinter faction of RSPI(ML), the Revolutionary Proletarian Platform (RPP).<ref name=farid/>

The RSPI(ML) party headquarters were initially based in Kanpur, but were later moved to Allahabad (today [[Prayagraj]]).<ref name=snsa/><ref>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/India_Who_s_who/UGhmAAAAMAAJ India Who's who]''. INFA Publications, 1976. p. 413</ref><ref>libcom.org. ''[https://libcom.org/article/minor-threats-and-attacks-45-years-political-experience-india Minor Threats And Attacks – 45 years of political experience in India]''</ref> The party organ of RSPI(ML) is ''Krantiyug'' ('Revolutionary Era').<ref name=farid/><ref name=ush/>

==Bibliography==
*''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Reports_on_National_Situations_and_Our_T/qOEq_KgeNlUC Reports on National Situations and Our Task: Prolelariat Socialist World Revolution Order of the Day]''. Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). All National Conference, 10th, Muzaffarpur, 1969
*''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Reports_on_International_Situations_and/yWQFAAAAMAAJ Reports on International Situations and Our Task: Proletariat Socialist World Revolution Order of the Day]''. Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). All National Conference, 10th, Muzaffarpur, 1969
*''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Reports_and_the_Thesis_on_National_Situa/b-nRmgEACAAJ Reports and the Thesis on National Situations: The Inevitability of the Third World War and Our Task]''. Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). All National Conference, 11th, Kanpur, 1971
*''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Reports_the_Thesis_on_International_Situ/RMkhAAAAMAAJ Reports & the Thesis on International Situations: Inevitability of the Third World War and Our Task]''. Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). All National Conference, 11th, Kanpur, 1971

==External links==
*''[https://wwwkrantiyugweekly.blogspot.com/ Krantiyug]''

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in India]]

History of the Jews in India

2026-03-15T10:34:34Z

Sindhu: cleanup

{{Short description|none}} 

{{Jews and Judaism sidebar |expanded=population}}

The '''history of the Jews in India''' dates back to [[ancient history|antiquity]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sohoni|first1=Pushkar|last2=Robbins|first2=Kenneth X.|title=Jewish Heritage of the Deccan: Mumbai, the Northern Konkan and Pune|date=2017|publisher=Deccan Heritage Foundation; Jaico|location=Mumbai|isbn=9789386348661}}</ref><ref name="Orpa Slapak">[https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=two+millennia ''The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities''] by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. {{ISBN|965-278-179-7}}.</ref><ref name=":0">Weil, Shalva. ''India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art, and Life-Cycle''. Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.]. 2009.</ref> [[Judaism]] was one of the first foreign religions to arrive in the [[Indian subcontinent]] in [[recorded history]].<ref>Weil, Shalva. "Indian Judaic Tradition" in Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds) ''Religions in South Asia'', London: Palgrave Publishers, 2006. pp. 169–183.</ref> Rabbi [[Eliezer ben Jose]] of the 2nd-century AD mentions the Jewish people of India ({{langx|he|translit=Hindu'im|translation=Hindus|rtl=yes|הנדויים}}) in his work ''[[Mishnat Rabbi Eliezer]]'',<ref>''[[Mishnat Rabbi Eliezer]]'' 3:7</ref> saying that they are required to ask for rain in the summer months (during their regular rainy season), yet make use of the format found for winter in the ''[[Amidah]]'' and cite it in the blessing "Hear our Voice" ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translit=Sh'ma koleinu HaShem Elokeinu|שמע קולנו השם אלקינו}}).<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Enelow|editor-first=H.G.|editor-link=Hyman G. Enelow|title=Mishnat Rabbi Eliʻezer (aka The Thirty-two Hermeneutical Principles)|year=1933 |publisher=Bloch |location=New York|page=50 |language=he|oclc=607826 |title-link=Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules}}, s.v. {{Script/Hebrew|אפי' בני מזרח, אפי' הנדויים}}</ref> [[Desi Jews]] are a small religious minority who have lived in the region since antiquity. They were able to survive for centuries despite persecution by [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colonizers]] and non-native [[Portuguese Inquisition|antisemitic inquisitions]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraiva |first=António José |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eG8xUFivagkC&pg=PA348 |title=The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536–1765 |date=2001 |publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-12080-8 |language=en}}</ref>

The better-established Jewish communities have [[Jewish assimilation|assimilated]] many of the local traditions through [[cultural diffusion]].<ref>Weil, Shalva. "Bene Israel Rites and Routines" in Shalva Weil (ed.) ''India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle'', Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. [first published in 2002]; 3Arts, 54(2): 26–37.</ref> While some Indian Jews have stated that their ancestors arrived during the time of the biblical [[Kingdom of Judah]], others claim descent from the [[Ten Lost Tribes]] of the pre-Judaic [[Israelite]]s who arrived in India earlier.<ref>Weil, Shalva. (1991) "Beyond the Sambatyon: the Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes." Tel-Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth, the Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora.</ref> Still some other [[Indian people|Indian]] Jews contend that they descend from the Israelite [[Tribe of Manasseh]], and they are referred to as the [[Bnei Menashe]].

The Jewish population in [[British India]] peaked at around 20,000 in the mid-1940s, according to some estimates, with others putting the number as high as 50,000,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashi |first=Anita Rao |title=The surprising landscape of Indian Jewish food |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220424-the-surprising-landscape-of-indian-jewish-food |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.com |date=25 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> but the community declined rapidly due to emigration to the newly formed state of [[Israel]] after 1948.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hutchison |first1=Peter |title=Netanyahu trip highlights India's tiny Jewish community |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-trip-highlights-indias-tiny-jewish-community/ |access-date=17 July 2018 |newspaper=Times of Israel |date=14 January 2018}}</ref> The Indian Jewish community now comprises 4,429 people according to the latest census.<ref>{{cite web|title=C-01 Appendix: Details of religious community shown under 'Other religions and persuasions' in main table C01 – 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11398/download/14511/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population of Indian Jews
|align = Centre
|footnote = Sources:<ref name="Census1872">{{cite web|last1=Waterfield |first1=Henry |author2=Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057647 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057647 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Memorandum on the census of British India of 1871-72. |year=1872 |pages=50–54 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057654 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057654 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2 |year=1881 |pages=9–18 }}</ref><ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|last1=Baines |first1=Jervoise Athelstane |author2=India Census Commissioner |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318666 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states. |year=1891 |volume=1 |pages=87–95 }}</ref><ref name="Frazer 1897 p.">{{cite book | last=Frazer | first=R.W. | title=British India | publisher=G. P. Putnam's sons | series=The story of nations | year=1897 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9F8qAAAAYAAJ | page=355 | access-date=8 May 2023 | archive-date=8 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508025115/https://books.google.com/books?id=9F8qAAAAYAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352838 |jstor=saoa.crl.25352838 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1901 |pages=57–62 }}</ref><ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|last1=Edward Albert Gait |first1=Sir |author2=India Census Commissioner |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393779 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393779 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |volume=2 |pages=37–42 |publisher=Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. }}</ref><ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394121 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394121 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=39–44 }}</ref><ref name="Bureau of Manufactures">{{cite book |author=United States Department of Commerce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYA0AQAAMAAJ |title=Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No.34 |publisher=Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce |year=1924 |edition=Supplement to Commerce Reports |page=46 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513164851/https://books.google.com/books?id=PYA0AQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793234 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793234 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables. |year=1931 |pages=513–519 }}</ref><ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|author1=India Census Commissioner |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215532 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215532 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 1, India |year=1941 |volume=1 |pages=97–101 }}</ref> <ref name="Census1951">{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/archive/indias-jewish-population-numbers-25000-most-live-in-bombay |access-date=6 January 2025 |title=India's Jewish Population Numbers 25,000; Most Live in Bombay |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref><ref name="Census1961">{{cite book|title=The Bene Israel of India: The Story of the Jews of Bombay |author=Benjamin J. Israel |publisher=Macmillan |year=1963}}</ref><ref name="Census1971">{{cite book|title=The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities |author=Joan G. Roland |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1989}}</ref><ref name="Census1981">{{cite journal|title=The Demography of the Jewish Population of India, 1981 |author=Shalva Weil |journal=Jewish Journal of Sociology |year=1983 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=19–26}}</ref><ref name="Census1991">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jews-of-india |access-date=6 January 2025 |title=Jews of India |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref><ref name="Census2001">{{cite book|title=Jewish Communities of India: Identity in a Colonial Era |author=Shalva Weil |publisher=Routledge |year=2004}}</ref><ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/09/21/population-growth-and-religious-composition/ |access-date=6 January 2025 |title=Population Growth and Religious Composition in India |date=21 September 2021 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>
|percentages = pagr
|1872 | 7,626
|1881 | 12,009
|1891 | 17,194
|1901 | 18,228
|1911 | 20,980
|1921 | 21,778
|1931 | 24,141
|1941 | 22,480
|1951 | 19,302
|1961 | 16,376
|1971 | 12,256
|1981 | 9,342
|1991 | 7,196
|2001 | 4,868
|2011 | 3,624
}}

==Population of Indian Jews in Israel==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population of Indian Jews in Israel (Given that the child is considered Indian Jewish if the Mother is from Indian Jewish background)
|align = Centre
|footnote = Sources:<ref name="AliyahHistorical">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/indian-jews |access-date=6 January 2025 |title=Indian Jews and Aliyah to Israel |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref><ref name="CensusIsrael1950">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/ |access-date=6 January 2025 |title=Israeli Population Census, 1950s |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics, Israel}}</ref><ref name="PopulationStudy2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/05/11/israel-s-religiously-diverse-population/ |access-date=6 January 2025 |title=Israel's Religiously Diverse Population |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref name="IndianAliyahHistorical">{{cite book|title=The Jews of India: Their Story and Contribution to Israel |author=Joan G. Roland |publisher=Routledge |year=2017}}</ref><ref name="HistoricalStudiesAliyah">{{cite journal|title=Migration Patterns of Indian Jews to Israel, 20th Century |author=Shalva Weil |journal=Jewish Journal of Sociology |year=2004 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=75–91}}</ref>
|percentages = pagr
|1911 | 0
|1921 | 52
|1931 | 161
|1941 | 478
|1951 | 3,965
|1961 | 17,856
|1971 | 39,487
|1981 | 54,792
|1991 | 60,128
|2001 | 65,432
|2011 | 68,219
|2021 | 69,874
}}

==Jewish groups in India==
[[File:Jewish communities of India.svg|thumb|Map of Jewish communities in India. Greyed out labels indicate ancient or premodern communities]]
In addition to Jewish expatriates and recent immigrants,<ref>Weil, Shalva. "From Persecution to Freedom: Central European Jewish Refugees and their Jewish Host Communities in India" in Anil Bhatti and Johannes H. Voigt (eds) ''Jewish Exile in India 1933–1945'', New Delhi: Manohar and Max Mueller Bhavan, 1999. pp. 64–84.</ref> there are seven Jewish groups in India.
# Among the many theories noted by [[Shalva Weil]] as to the origin of [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] [[Cochin Jews]], they claim to have first arrived in India together with the Hebrew king [[Solomon]]'s merchants. The fair-complexioned component is of European-Jewish descent, both [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]].<ref>Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Judith Baskin (ed.) ''Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture'', New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles/cochin-pref.htm |title=Foreword – The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref>
# Madras Jews: The [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]], [[Paradesi Jews]] and [[British Jews]] arrived at [[Madras]] during the 16th century. They were diamond businesspeople of Sephardi and Ashkenazi heritage.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=12 January 2017|title=Will Chennai's Jews be there?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000180300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030312192024/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000180300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2003|author=S. Muthiah |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 September 2002}}</ref> Following expulsion from [[Iberia]] in 1492 by the [[Alhambra Decree]], a few families of Sephardic Jews eventually made their way to Madras in the 16th century. They maintained trade connections to Europe, and their language skills were useful. Although the Sephardim mostly spoke [[Judaeo-Spanish]] (i.e., Ladino), in India they learned Tamil and Judeo-Malayalam from the [[Malabar Jews]].<ref name=Katz-Koder-Puthiakunnel>Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973.</ref>
# Nagercoil Jews: The [[Syrian Jews]] and [[Musta'arabi Jews]] were Arab Jews who arrived at [[Nagercoil]] and [[Kanyakumari District]] in 52 AD along with the supposed arrival of [[Thomas the Apostle]], likely making them Christians in reality. Most of them were merchants and had also settled around the town of [[Thiruvithamcode]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafekk.com/destinations/travel-and-tourism/arapalli-the-temple-that-st-thomas-built/|title=Arapalli – The Temple that St. Thomas Built|first=Team|last=CafeKK|website=www.cafekk.com|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728070003/https://www.cafekk.com/destinations/travel-and-tourism/arapalli-the-temple-that-st-thomas-built/|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the turn of the 20th century, most of the families made their way to Cochin and eventually migrated to Israel. In their early days, they maintained trade connections to Europe through the nearby ports of Colachal and Thengaipattinam, and their language skills were useful to the Travancore kings.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/researchesandmi01wolfgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/researchesandmi01wolfgoog/page/n487 469]|quote=nagercoil jews.|title=Researches and missionary labours among the Jews, Mohammedans, and other sects|first=Joseph|last=Wolff|date=28 July 1835|publisher=J. Nisbet|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> As historians Daniel Tyerman and George Bennett cited, the reason for this group of Jews selecting Nagercoil as their settlement was the town's salubrious climate and its significant Christian population.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/voyagesandtrave00socigoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/voyagesandtrave00socigoog/page/n306 260]|quote=nagercoil jews.|title=Voyages and Travels Round the World: By the Rev. Daniel Tyerman and George Bennett, Esq. : Deputed from the London Missionary Society to Visit Their Various Stations in the South Sea Islands, China, India, Madagascar, and South Africa Between the Years 1821 and 1829|first=Daniel|last=Tyerman|date=28 July 1841|publisher=John Snow|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
# The [[Sephardic Jews in India|Jews of Goa]]: These were [[Sephardic Jews]] from Spain and Portugal who fled to [[Portuguese India|Goa]] after the commencement of the [[Inquisition]] in those countries. The community consisted mainly of Jews who had been forcibly converted to Christianity but wanted to remain Portuguese subjects, instead of immigrating to countries where they could practice Judaism openly (e.g. Morocco and Ottoman Empire).<ref>{{Citation|title = Jews & New Christians in Portuguese Asia 1500-Plot–1700|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80cdauHCKHk|date = 6 December 2013|accessdate = 22 February 2016|last = LibraryOfCongress}}</ref> They were the primary targets of the [[Goa Inquisition]]. As a result, its members fled to parts of India outside Portuguese control.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Contra Iudaeos: Ancient and Medieval Polemics Between Christians and Jews|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X-yF4wPWF5EC&q=Dom%2520Gaspar%2520de%2520Leao%2520Pereira%2520jews%2520india&pg=PA248|publisher = Mohr Siebeck|date = 1996|isbn = 9783161464829|language = en|first1 = Ora|last1 = Limor|first2 = Guy G.|last2 = Stroumsa}}</ref>
# The main branch of the Native [[Bene Israel]] community is said to have arrived at the Konkan Coast in ancient times. They are completely mingled in the native culture. They believe that their ancestors fled [[Judea]] during the persecution under [[Antiochus Epiphanes]] and arrived on Indian soil after seven people survived a shipwreck near the Nagaon village on the [[Konkan]] Coast in 175 BC.<ref>[[Tudor Parfitt]], Yulia Egorova, [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-005-7425-4 'Genetics, History and identity: The case of the Bene Israel and the Lemba Culture,'] [[Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry]] vol.29 pp193–224, 2005 p.206.</ref>
# Another branch of the [[Bene Israel]] community resided in Karachi until the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, when they fled to India (in particular, to Mumbai).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weil|first1=Dr. Shalva|title=Bene Israel of Mumbai, India|url=https://www.bh.org.il/bene-israel-mumbai-india/|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Many of them also [[Aliyah|moved to Israel]]. The Jews from the [[Sindh]], [[Punjab]], and [[Pathan]] areas are often incorrectly called Bene Israel Jews. The Jewish community that used to reside in other parts of what became Pakistan (such as [[Lahore]] or [[Peshawar]]) also fled to India in 1947, similarly to the larger Karachi Jewish community.{{Citation needed|date = June 2016}}
# The [[Baghdadi Jews]] arrived in the city of [[Surat]] from Iraq (and other Arab states), Iran and Afghanistan about 250 years ago, in the mid 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2017 |title=Here is everything you need to know about Indian Jews |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/narendra-modi-in-israel-here-is-everything-you-need-to-know-about-indian-jews/ |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
# The [[Bnei Menashe]] ("children of Manasseh") are [[Mizo people|Mizo]] and [[Kuki people|Kuki]] tribespeople in [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]] who are recent converts to [[Rabbinic Judaism]] but claim ancestry reaching back to the lost Ten Lost Tribes of Israel—specifically, one of the sons of Joseph.<ref name=":1">Weil, Shalva. "Lost Israelites from North-East India: Re-Traditionalisation and Conversion among the Shinlung from the Indo-Burmese Borderlands." ''The Anthropologist'', 2004. 6(3): 219-233.</ref>
# Similarly, the small [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking group, the [[Bene Ephraim]] ("children of Ephraim") claim ancestry from Ephraim, one of the sons of Joseph and a Lost Tribe of Israel. Also called Telugu Jews, they have observed Rabbinic Judaism since 1981.
# European Jewish immigrants to India escaping persecution during World War II account for a small portion of Jewish Indians today. From 1938 to 1947, about 200 Jews fled from Europe and sought asylum in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cronin|first=Joseph|date=November 2019|title=Framing the Refugee Experience: Reflections on German-speaking Jews in British India, 1938–1947|journal=German Historical Institute London Bulletin|volume=41}}</ref> Over seventy years later, the descendants of these Jewish migrants have made their own Jewish-Indian mixed community and culture within India.

== Cochin Jews ==
{{Main|Cochin Jews}}
[[File:Receiving jews.jpg|alt=|thumb|The Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Cochin, A.D. 68]]
[[File:Codice Casanatense Jews of Malabar.jpg|thumb|"Malabarese Jews", as depicted by the Portuguese in the 16th century [[Códice Casanatense]]]]
[[File:Jewish synagouge kochi india.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Paradesi Synagogue]] in [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] is an active 16th century synagogue]]
The oldest of the Indian Jewish communities was in the erstwhile [[Cochin Kingdom]].<ref name="Orpa Slapak"/><ref>Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds) ''Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement'', New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78-80.</ref> The traditional account is that traders of [[Judea]] arrived at Cranganore, an ancient port near Cochin in 562 BC, and that more Jews came as exiles from Israel in the year 70 AD, after the destruction of the [[Second Temple]].<ref name="TheShengold">{{cite book |last=Schreiber |first=Mordecai |title=The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia |year=2003 |publisher=Schreiber Publishing |location=Rockville, MD |isbn=1887563776 |page=125}}</ref> Many of these Jews' ancestors passed on the account that they settled in India when the Hebrew King Solomon was in power. This was a time when teak wood, ivory, spices, monkeys, and peacocks were popular in trade in Cochin.<ref name="Jews of India- The Cochin Jews">{{cite web|last1=Meyer|first1=Raphael|title=Jews of India – The Cochin Jews|url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/March2001/Jews_%20of_India_Cochin_Jews1.htm|website=The-south-asian}}</ref>

There is no specific date or reason mentioned as to why they arrived in India, but Hebrew scholars date it to up to around the early Middle Ages. Cochin is a group of small tropical islands filled with markets and many different cultures such as Dutch, Hindu, Jewish, Portuguese, and British.<ref name="Jews of India- The Cochin Jews"/> The distinct Jewish community was called [[Anjuvannam]]. The still-functioning [[Paradesi Synagogue|synagogue in Mattancherry]] belongs to the [[Paradesi Jews]], the descendants of [[Sephardim]] who were expelled from Spain in [[Spanish Inquisition|1492]],<ref name="TheShengold" /> although the Jewish community in Mattancherry adjacent to Fort Cochin had only six remaining members as of 2015.<ref>{{cite news | last=Pinsker | first=Alyssa | date=22 October 2015 | title=The last six Paradesi Jews of Cochin | publisher=[[BBC]] | url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20150914-the-last-six-jews-of-cochin | access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref>

Central to the history of the Cochin Jews is their close relationship with Indian rulers, and this was eventually codified on a set of copper plates granting the community special privileges. The date of these plates, known as "Sâsanam",<ref>Burnell, ''Indian Antiquary'', iii. 333–334</ref> is contentious. The plates themselves provide a date of 379 AD, but in 1925, the tradition was setting it as 1069 AD,<ref>{{cite book|last=Katz|first=Nathan|title=Who are the Jews of India?|year=2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520213234|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWX6pF2PTJwC&q=world+moon&pg=PA35|page=33}}</ref> [[Joseph Rabban]] by Bhaskara Ravi Varma, the fourth ruler of Maliban granted the copper plates to the Jews. The plates were inscribed with a message stating that the village of Anjuvannam belonged to the Jews and that they were the rightful lords of Anjuvannam and it should remain theirs and be passed on to their Jewish descendants "so long as the world and moon exist". This is the earliest document that shows that the Jews were living in India permanently. It is stored in Cochins main synagogue.<ref name="Jews of India-Cochin Jews">{{cite web|last1=Meyer|first1=Raphael|title=Jews of India-Cochin Jews|url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/March2001/Jews_%20of_India_Cochin_Jews1.htm|website=The-south-asian}}</ref>

The Jews settled in [[Kodungallur (Cranganore)]] of the [[Malabar region]], where they traded peacefully until 1524. The Jewish leader Rabban was granted the rank of prince over the Jews of Cochin, given the rulership and tax revenue of a pocket [[principality]] in [[Anjuvannam]], near Cranganore, and rights to seventy-two "free houses".<ref>taken from WP article on Rabban, which appears to rely on Ken Blady's book ''Jewish Communities in Exotic Places''. Northvale, N.J.: [[Jason Aronson]] Inc., 2000. pp. 115–130. Weil, Shalva. "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: the Cnanite Christians and the Cochin Jews of Kerala." ''Contributions to Indian Sociology'', 1982. 16(2): 175–196.</ref> The Hindu king permitted in perpetuity (or, in the more poetic expression of those days, "as long as the world and moon exist") for Jews to live freely, build [[synagogues]], and own property "without conditions attached".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xQzuGncH1TgC&pg=PA59 Three years in America, 1859–1862] (pp. 59–60) by Israel Joseph Benjamin</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GDNuAAAAMAAJ Roots of Dalit history, Christianity, theology, and spirituality] (p. 28) by James Massey, I.S.P.C.K.</ref>

A link back to Rabban, "the king of Shingly" (another name for Cranganore), was a sign of both purity and prestige. Rabban's descendants maintained this distinct community until a chieftainship dispute broke out between two brothers, one of them named [[Joseph Azar (prince)|Joseph Azar]], in the 16th century. The Jews lived peacefully for over a thousand years in Anjuvannam. After the reign of the Rabban's, the Jewish people no longer had the protection of the copper plates. Neighboring princes of Anjuvannam intervened and revoked all privileges that the Jewish people were given. In 1524, the Jews were attacked by the Moors brothers (Muslim Community) on suspicion that they were tampering with the pepper trade and the homes and synagogues belonging to them were destroyed. The damage was so extensive that when the Portuguese arrived a few years later, only a small amount of impoverished Jews remained. They remained there for 40 more years only to return to their land of Cochin.<ref name="Jews of India-Cochin Jews"/>

Today it also attracts tourists as a historic site. Cochin synagogue at Ernakulum operates partly as a shop by one of the few remaining Cochin Jews. It is recorded that currently only 26 Jews live in Kerala, located in different parts of [[Kerala]] such as [[Cochin]], [[Kottayam]] and [[Thiruvalla]]. Dr. John Jacob was one of Kerala's most senior Jews, who lived in [[Kaviyoor]] village, [[Thiruvalla]], [[Pathanamthitta]] District died on 25th May 2025. His body is buried at his [[Kaviyoor]] family church.

In Mala, [[Thrissur]] District, the Malabar Jews have a Synagogue and a cemetery, as well as in [[Chennamangalam]], [[Parur]] and [[Ernakulam]].<ref>Weil, Shalva. "Where are Cochin Jews today? The Synagogues of Kerala, India." ''Cochinsyn.com'', Friends of Kerala Synagogues. 2011.</ref> There are at least seven existing [[synagogues in Kerala]], although not serving their original purpose anymore.

== Madras Jews ==
{{Main|Paradesi Jews}}
[[File:Plan of Fort St George and the City of Madras 1726.jpg|thumb|A plan of Fort St George and the city of Madras in 1726, shows the "Jews Burying Place" (marked as "b."), the "[[Jewish Cemetery Chennai]]", Four Brothers Garden and Bartolomeo Rodrigues Tomb]]

Jews also settled in [[Chennai|Madras (now Chennai)]] soon after its founding in 1640.<ref name="muthiahp125">{{cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2004| author-link=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4|page=125}}</ref> Most of them were coral merchants from [[Livorno]], the Caribbean, London, and Amsterdam who were of Portuguese origin and belonged to the Henriques De Castro, Franco, Paiva or Porto families.<ref name="muthiahp125" />

[[Jacques de Paiva]], originally from the [[Western Sephardim|Amsterdam Sephardic community]] of Amsterdam, was an early Jewish arrival and the leader of the Madras Jewish community. He built the [[Madras Synagogue]] and [[Jewish Cemetery Chennai]] in Peddanaickenpet, which later became the south end of [[Mint Street, Chennai|Mint Street]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The last family of Pardesi Jews in Madras « Madras Musings {{!}} We Care for Madras that is Chennai|url=http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-20/the-last-family-of-pardesi-jews-in-madras/|website=www.madrasmusings.com|date=9 February 2018 |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>

De Paiva established good relations with those in power and bought several mines to source [[Golconda diamonds]]. Through his efforts, Jews were permitted to live within [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]].<ref name="metroplus">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-portuguese-jews-of-madras/article2252700.ece |date=3 September 2007 |work=The Hindu |title=The Portuguese Jews of Madras |first=S. |last=Muthiah |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

De Paiva died in 1687 after a visit to his mines and was buried in the Jewish cemetery he had established in Peddanaickenpet, which later became north Mint Street.<ref name="metroplus" />{{efn|A synagogue once also existed at Mint Street.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sundaram |first=Krithika |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1320429.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609171724/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1320429.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |title=18th century Jewish cemetery lies in shambles, craves for attention |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 October 2012 |access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref>
}} In 1670, the Portuguese population in Madras numbered around 3000.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Parthasarathy|first1=N.S.|title=The last family of Pardesi Jews in Madras|url=http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-20/the-last-family-of-pardesi-jews-in-madras/|website=Madras Musings|date=9 February 2018 |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Before his death he established "The Colony of Jewish Traders of Madraspatam" with Antonio do Porto, Pedro Pereira and Fernando Mendes Henriques.<ref name="metroplus" /> This enabled more Portuguese Jews from Livorno, the Caribbean, London and Amsterdam, to settle in Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editora-eSefarad.com |date=11 April 2010 |title=THE PORTUGUESE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF MADRAS, INDIA, IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY |url=https://esefarad.com/the-portuguese-jewish-community-of-madras-india-in-the-seventeenth-century/ |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=eSefarad |language=es}}</ref> Coral Merchant Street was named after the Jews' business.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000180300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030312192024/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000180300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2003 |title=Will Chennai's Jews be there? |first=S. |last=Muthiah |date=30 September 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref>

Three Portuguese Jews were nominated to be aldermen of the [[Madras Corporation]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iVSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT141 |title=Madras Rediscovered |first=S. |last=Muthiah |publisher=Westland |year=2014 |isbn=978-9-38572-477-0}}</ref> Three – Bartolomeo Rodrigues, Domingo do Porto and Alvaro da Fonseca – also founded the largest trading house in Madras. The large tomb of Rodrigues, who died in Madras in 1692, became a landmark in Peddanaickenpet, but was later destroyed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lustre-dims-legacy-stays/article5088977.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 September 2013 |title=Lustre dims, legacy stays |first=Anusha |last=Parthasarathy |access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref>

Samuel de Castro came to Madras from Curaçao and Salomon Franco came from Leghorn.<ref name="metroplus" /><ref name="ijcp">{{cite web |url=http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/india/chennai.html |title=Chennai – India |publisher=International Jewish Cemetery Project |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301234852/http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/india/chennai.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1688, there were three Jewish representatives in the Madras Corporation.<ref name="muthiahp125" /> Most Jewish settlers resided in Coral Merchants Street in Muthialpet.<ref name="muthiahp125" /> They also had a [[Jewish cemetery|cemetery]], called [[Jewish Cemetery Chennai]] in the neighbouring Peddanaickenpet.<ref name="muthiahp125" />

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi and Rebecca Cohen, Paradesi Jews of Madras.jpg|Rabbi Salomon Halevi (last Rabbi of Madras Synagogue) and his wife Rebecca Cohen, Paradesi Jews of Madras
File:Mr.Cohen his German wife and kids, Paradesi Jews of Madras.jpg|Mr. Cohen, his German wife, and children, Paradesi Jews of Madras
</gallery>

== Bene Israel ==
{{Main|Bene Israel}}
[[File:Beni-israel-india-2.jpg|thumb|A photo of the [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Bene Israel family in [[Alibag]], [[Bombay Presidency]].]]

Foreign notices of the [[Bene Israel]] go back at least to 1768, when [[Rahabi Ezekiel]] wrote to a Dutch trading partner that they were widespread in Maharatta Province, and observed two Jewish observances, recital of the [[Shema]] and observation of [[Shabbat]] rest.<ref name="Katz" >Nathan Katz, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWX6pF2PTJwC&pg=PA91 ''Who Are the Jews of India?,''] California University Press, 2000 pp.91ff.</ref> They claim that they descend from 14 Jewish men and women, equally divided by gender, who survived the shipwreck<ref name=":2" /> of refugees from persecution or political turmoil, and came ashore at Navagaon near [[Alibag]], 20 miles south of Mumbai, some 17 to 19 centuries ago.<ref name="Katz" />

They were instructed in the rudiments of normative Judaism by Cochin Jews.<ref name="Katz" /> Their Jewishness is controversial, and initially was not accepted by the Rabbinate in Israel.<ref name="Katz" /> Since 1964 however they intermarried throughout Israel and are now considered Israeli and Jewish in all respects.<ref>Joseph Hodes,[https://books.google.com/books?id=70-hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT98 ''From India to Israel: Identity, Immigration, and the Struggle for Religious Equality,''] McGill-Queen's Press 2014 pp. 98ff [108].</ref>

They are divided into sub-castes that do not intermarry: the dark-skinned "Kala" and fair-skinned "Gora." The latter are believed to be lineal descendants of the shipwreck survivors, while the former are considered to descend from the concubinage of a male with local women.<ref name="Katz" /> They were nicknamed the ''shanivār telī'' ("Saturday oil-pressers") by the local population as they abstained from work on Saturdays. Bene Israel communities and synagogues are situated in [[Pen, India|Pen]], Mumbai, Panvel, Alibag, Pune, and Ahmedabad with smaller communities scattered around India. The largest synagogue in Asia outside Israel is in Pune, the [[Ohel David Synagogue]].

Mumbai had a thriving Bene Israel community until the 1950s to 1960s, when many families from the community immigrated to Israel, where they are known as Hodi'im (Indians).<ref name="Katz" /> The Bene Israel community has risen to many positions of prominence in Israel.<ref>Weil, Shalva. "Religious Leadership vs. Secular Authority: the Case of the Bene Israel." ''Eastern Anthropologist'', 1996. 49(3–4): 301–316.</ref> In India, the Bene Israel community has shrunk considerably with many of the old synagogues in disuse.

Unlike many parts of the world, Jews have historically lived in India with relatively little [[anti-Semitism]] from the local majority populace, the [[Hindu]]s.<ref name="weiss">{{cite magazine | last=Weiss | first=Gary | date=August 13, 2007 | title=India's Jews | magazine=[[Forbes]] | url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/08/05/india-jews-antisemitism-oped-cx_gw_0813jews.html | access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> However, Jews were persecuted by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] during their control of Goa.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Who are the Jews of India? – The S. Mark Taper Foundation imprint in Jewish studies| publisher = University of California Press| year = 2000| page = 26| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWX6pF2PTJwC&pg=PA26| isbn = 978-0-520-21323-4}}; "''When the Portuguese arrived in 1498, they brought a spirit of intolerance utterly alien to India. They soon established an Office of Inquisition at Goa, and at their hands, Indian Jews experienced the only instance of anti-Semitism ever to occur in Indian soil.''"</ref>

===Mumbai===
{{Main|History of the Jews in Mumbai}}
[[File:Breaking_of_Yom_Kippur_fast_with_Roti_and_Samosas_(8034851404).jpg|thumb|Jews in Mumbai break the Yom Kippur fast with [[roti]] and [[samosa]]s]]

== Baghdadi Jews ==
{{Main|Baghdadi Jews|History of the Jews in Kolkata}}

The first known Baghdadi Jewish immigrant to India, Joseph Semah, arrived in the port city of [[Surat]] in 1730. He and other early immigrants established a synagogue and cemetery in Surat, though most of the city's Jewish community eventually moved to Bombay ([[Mumbai]]), where they established a new [[synagogue]] and cemetery. They were traders and quickly became one of the most prosperous communities in the city. As philanthropists, some donated their wealth for public building projects. The [[Sassoon Docks]] and [[David Sassoon Library]] are famous landmarks still standing today.

The synagogue in Surat was eventually razed; the cemetery, though in poor condition, can still be seen on the Katargam-Amroli road. One of the graves within is that of Moseh Tobi, buried in 1769, who was described as 'ha-Nasi ha-Zaken' (The Elder Prince) by [[David Solomon Sassoon]] in his book ''A History of the Jews in Baghdad'' (Simon Wallenburg Press, 2006, {{ISBN|184356002X}}).

Baghdadi Jewish populations spread beyond Bombay to other parts of India, with an important community forming in Calcutta ([[History of the Jews in Kolkata|Kolkata]]). Scions of this community did well in trade (particularly [[jute]] and [[tea]]), and in later years contributed officers to the army. One, Lt-Gen [[J. F. R. Jacob]] [[PVSM]], became state governor of [[Goa]] (1998–1999), then [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], and later served as administrator of [[Chandigarh]]. [[Pramila (Esther Victoria Abraham)]] became the first ever [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]], in 1947.


<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Keneseth Eliyahu Synagogue of Bombay.jpg|[[Knesset Eliyahoo]], a 150-year-old Jewish [[synagogue]] in Fort, [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
File:Interiors in wider view of Magen David Synagogue, Kolkata.jpg|The [[Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)|Magen David Synagogue]] of Kolkata was built in 1884
</gallery>

== Bnei Menashe ==
{{Main|Bnei Menashe}}
[[File:Flag of the Kuki people.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of Bnei Menashe]]

The Bnei Menashe are a group of more than 9,000 people from the northeastern Indian states of [[Mizoram]] and [[Manipur]]<ref name=":1" /> who practice a form of biblical Judaism and claim descent from one of the [[Lost Tribes of Israel]], the tribe of Menasseh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bneimenashe.com/history.html |title=Bnei Menashe History |website=Bneimenashe.com |author=Stephen Epstein |access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref><ref name="weiss" /> About 7,000 of the Bnei Menashe immigrated to Israel in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/27 September 2011/india/30208182_1_bnei-menashe-immigration-shavei-israel | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317174548/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/27 September 2011/india/30208182_1_bnei-menashe-immigration-shavei-israel | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 17, 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=More than 7,200 Indian Jews to immigrate to Israel | date=September 27, 2011}}</ref>

== Bene Ephraim ==
{{Main|Bene Ephraim}}

The Bene Ephraim are a small group of [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking Jews in eastern [[Andhra Pradesh]] whose recorded observance of Judaism, like that of the Bnei Menashe, is quite recent, dating only to 1991.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Egorova |first1=Yulia |last2=Perwez |first2=Shahid |title=View of Telugu Jews: Are the Dalits of coastal Andhra going caste-awry? |journal=South Asianist |date=30 August 2012 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=7–16 |url=http://www.southasianist.ed.ac.uk/article/view/27/56}}</ref>

There are a few families in [[Andhra Pradesh]] who follow Judaism. Many among them follow the customs of [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]], like wearing long beards men and using head coverings (men) and hair coverings (women) all the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kulanu.org/india/thebeneephraim.php |title=Kulanu: The Bene Ephraim of Andhra Pradesh, India |website=Kulanu.org |date=2011 |author=Yulia Egorova and Shahid Perwez |access-date=January 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618183455/http://kulanu.org/india/thebeneephraim.php |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Delhi Jewry ==
[[File:Ohel David Synagogue.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ohel David Synagogue]] of [[Pune]] is the largest active synagogue in India]]

Judaism in Delhi is primarily focused on the expatriate community who work in Delhi, as well as Israeli diplomats and a small local community. In [[Paharganj]], [[Chabad]] has set up a synagogue and religious center in a backpacker area regularly visited by Israeli tourists.

== Holocaust refugees ==
Between 1938 and 1947, roughly 200 Jews illegally migrated from Europe to India to escape persecution by the Nazi regime. Most of these refugees arrived in India at the start of World War II and consequently were better positioned to find employment and shelter than many European Jews who were forced to leave amid war. Jewish refugees in British India were able to secure jobs in the arts and the service industry while a disproportionately large percentage of the migrants found employment in the medical field. Alongside the adoption of various Indian societal practices and customs, these jobs helped Jewish immigrants create a sense of their unique cultural place and identity as Jews within British India.

Immigration policy within the British Empire in the late 1930s and early 1940s often complicated Jewish entry into British India. One requirement of wartime migrants entering British India was for their passports to be "valid for return," where British officials could repatriate refugees if they were deemed burdensome. The [[Anschluss|annexation of Austria in 1938]] saw the replacement of Austrian passports with German documents, meaning that Austrian Jews attempting to flee with Austrian passports no longer met British immigration requirements. Still, Jewish aid organizations in India (most prominently the Council for German Jewry and the Jewish Relief Association) helped to form policies that benefited Jewish immigrants and regulated how Jews were resettled in India.

Since most Jewish refugees spoke German and originated from Germany or its neighboring countries, British officials and Indian locals often found the migrants indistinguishable from their non-Jewish counterparts. By 1940, many Jewish refugees were suspected of being Nazi sympathizers or agents passing as Jewish.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cronin|first=Joseph|date=November 2019|title=Framing the Refugee Experience: Reflections on German-speaking Jews in British India, 1938–1947|journal=German Historical Institute London Bulletin|volume=41}}</ref>

==Today==
{{main|Indian Jews in Israel}}
{{See also|Synagogues in India}}
[[File:Census of British India by religion, 1921.jpg|thumb|The [[Census of India prior to independence|1921 Census of British India]] shows 22,000 Jews, of which approximately three quarters were located in the [[Bombay Presidency]].]]

The majority of Indian Jews have "made [[Aliyah]]" (migrated) to [[Israel]] since the creation of the modern state in 1948. Over 70,000 Indian Jews now live in Israel (over 1% of Israel's total population).{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Of the remaining 5,000, the largest community is concentrated in [[Mumbai]], where 3,500 have remained from the 30,000 Jews registered there in the 1940s, divided into [[Bene Israel|B'nei]] and [[Baghdadi Jews]],<ref name="tombstones">{{cite web |last1=Benim |first1=Rachel Delia |title=For India's Largest Jewish Community, One Muslim Makes All the Tombstones |url=https://tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/188925/mumbai-tombstone-engraver |website=Tablet Magazine |access-date=4 January 2024 |location=Mumbai |language=en |date=22 February 2015}}</ref> though the Baghdadi Jews refused to recognize the B'nei Israel as Jews, and withheld dispensing charity to them for that reason.<ref name="Katz" />

There are reminders of Jewish localities in Kerala still left such as synagogues. The majority of Jews from the old British-Indian capital of Calcutta (Kolkata) have also migrated to Israel over the last six decades.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== Notable people of Jewish Indian descent ==
[[File:Sulochana publicity still from Prem-Ki-Jyot (1939).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ruby Myers|Sulochana]], actress]]
[[File:Pramila (Esther Victoria Abraham).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Esther Victoria Abraham|Pramila]], actress and former [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]]]]
[[File:David Sassoon.jpg|thumb|upright|[[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David Sassoon]], businessman]]

* [[Esther Victoria Abraham]], also known as Pramila, first [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]]
* [[Firoza Begum (actress)|Firoza Begum]], Indian actress born as 'Erin Daniels'
* [[Eli Ben-Menachem]] (b. 1947), Israeli politician
* [[Jacqueline Bhabha]] (b. 1951), lecturer at Harvard Law School and Harvard Kennedy School of Government
* [[Ranjit Chaudhry]] (1955–2020), Bollywood actor
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar]] (1908–1982), Bollywood actor
* [[Lila Irene Clerides]], [[First Lady of Cyprus]] (1993–2003) and wife of [[Glafcos Clerides]], president of the [[Republic of Cyprus]]
* [[Ruby Daniel]], Israeli author of Cochin Jewish origin
* [[Esther David]] (b. 1945), Jewish-Indian author, an artist and a sculptor<ref>Weil, Shalva. "Esther David: The Bene Israel Novelist who Grew Up with a Tiger" in David Shulman and Shalva Weil (eds) ''Karmic Passages: Israeli Scholarship on India'', New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008. pp. 232–253.</ref>
* [[Karen David]] (b. 1979), British-Canadian actress
* [[Reuben David]] (1912–1989) zoologist<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.estherdavid.com/reubendavid.html |title=Reuben David |website=estherdavid.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208102920/http://estherdavid.com/reubendavid.html |archive-date=8 February 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Fleur Ezekiel]] – Bene Israel model, chosen as Miss India World in 1959
* [[Revital Moses]] – Bene Israeli content creator bridging cultural gap between India and Israel
* [[Nissim Ezekiel]], poet, playwright, editor and art-critic
* [[Lieutenant General]] [[J F R Jacob]], former Chief of Staff of the Indian Army's Eastern Command, and former Governor of Punjab and Goa
* [[Gerry Judah]], artist and designer
* [[Ellis Kadoorie]], philanthropist
* [[Elly Kadoorie]], philanthropists
* [[Horace Kadoorie]], philanthropist
* [[Anish Kapoor]], artist<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 June 2016|title=Anish Kapoor on Wagner: 'He was antisemitic and I'm Jewish. Who cares?'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jun/08/anish-kapoor-on-wagner-he-was-antisemitic-and-im-jewish-who-cares|access-date=12 May 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] (b. 1985), Indian actor
* [[Isaac David Kehimkar]] (b. 1957), [[lepidopterist]], butterfly expert based in Navi Mumbai.
* [[Samson Kehimkar]], musician
* [[Lillian (actress)|Lillian]], Indian film actress
* [[Ezekiel Isaac Malekar]], [[Bene Israel]] rabbi
* [[Ruby Myers]], Bollywood actress of the 1920s known as Sulochana
* [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] (1932–2006), Bollywood actress
* [[Madhura Naik]], actress
* [[Pearl Padamsee]], theatre personality
* [[Sheila Singh Paul]], paediatrician, founder and director of Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi; pioneer in polio vaccination
* [[Joseph Rabban]], the first Israeli king of [[Kodungallur|Shingly]] was given copper plates of special grants from the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler Bhaskara Ravivarman II from [[Kerala]]
* [[Ezekiel Rahabi]] (1694–1771), chief Jewish merchant of the Dutch East India Company in Cochin (Kochi) for almost 50 years
* [[David and Simon Reuben]], businessmen
* [[Lalchhanhima Sailo (rabbi)|Lalchanhima Sailo]], rabbi and founder of Chhinlung Israel People's Convention
* [[Abraham Barak Salem]] (1882–1967), [[Cochin Jews|Cochin Jewish]] Indian nationalist leader
* [[Vice Admiral]] [[Benjamin Abraham Samson]], Indian Navy Admiral, former [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet|Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet]]
* [[Leela Samson]], dancer, choreographer, and actress
* [[Albert Abdullah David Sassoon]], British Indian merchant
* [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David Sassoon]], businessman
* [[Sassoon David Sassoon]], philanthropist and benefactor of the greater Indian Jewish community
* [[Jael Silliman]], Baghdadi Indian Jewish author based in Kolkata
* [[Bensiyon Songavkar]], Indian cricket, silver medalist at the [[2009 Maccabiah Games]]
* [[Solomon Sopher]], Jewish community leader in [[Mumbai]]
* [[Samuel Fyzee-Rahamin]], notable artist

==See also==
{{Portal|Judaism|India}}
* [[Bene Ephraim]]
* [[Bnei Menashe]]
* [[Christianity in India]]
* [[Cochin Jews]]
* [[Desi Jews]]
* [[History of the Jews in Afghanistan]]
* [[History of the Jews in Pakistan]]
* [[History of the Jews in Sri Lanka]]
* [[History of the Jews in Tajikistan]]
* [[Meshuchrarim]]
* [[Paradesi Jews]]
* [[Sephardic Jews in India]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Aafreedi, Navras Jaat (2016). ''[https://www.bagchee.com/books/BB104140/jews-judaizing-movements-and-the-traditions-of-israelite-descent-in-south-asia/ Jews, Judaizing Movements and the Traditions of Israelite Descent in South Asia]'' (New Delhi: Pragati Publications) [ISBN 978-81-7307-158-4].
* Aafreedi, Navras J. (2024). "[https://brill.com/edcollchap/book/9789004694330/BP000009.xml Hindu, Muslim, and Jewish Identities in Modern South Asia]", in ''Empire, Religion, and Identity: Modern South Asia and the Global Circulation of Ideas'', edited by Soumen Mukherjee (Leiden & Boston: Brill) [ISBN 978-90-04-68515-4 (Hardback), 978-90-04-69433-0 (E-book)], pp. 207–229, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004694330_010
* Aafreedi, Navras Jaat (2014). “[http://www.mei.org.in/jijs/14-5 Claimants of Israelite Descent in South Asia]”, ''Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies'' [ISSN 1206-9330], No. 14, pp. 97–111.
* Aafreedi, Navras Jaat (2016). “[http://www.mei.org.in/jijs/1-15 Reciprocal (Mis-)apprehensions: Jews on Non-Jews, and Non-Jews on Jews in Indian Fiction]", ''Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies'' [ISSN 1206-9330], No. 15, pp. 9-20.
* Aafreedi, Navras Jaat (2019). “The Anglicization of India’s Baghdadi Jews and their Emergence as Intermediaries between the British and the Indians” in Aditi Chandra and Vinita Chandra, eds, ''The Nation & Its Margins: Rethinking Community'' (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019) (ISBN 978-1-5275-4018-7, ISBN 1-5275-4018-9), pp. 47–60.
* Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, ed., ''Café Dissensus'', [http://cafedissensus.com/2014/12/31/contents-the-indian-jewry-issue-12/ Issue 12: Indian Jewry], January 2015
* Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, [http://himalmag.com/indian-jewish-literature/ "Community and Belonging in Indian Jewish Literature"], ''Himal Southasian'' ({{ISSN|1012-9804}}), May 2014
* Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, [http://asianjewishlife.org/pages/articles/autumn2010/AJL_Feature_Absence_of.html "Absence of Jewish Studies in India: Creating A New Awareness"], ''Asian Jewish Life'' ({{ISSN|2224-3011}}), Autumn 2010, pp. 31–34.
* Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, [http://www.asianjewishlife.org/pages/articles/AJL_Issue_15_Oct2014/AJL_Issue15_Feature_Jewish-Muslim-Relations-South-Asia.html "Jewish-Muslim Relations in South Asia: Where Antipathy lives without Jews"], ''Asian Jewish Life'' ({{ISSN|2224-3011}}), Issue 15, October 2014, pp. 13–16.
* Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, [http://cafedissensus.com/2014/04/15/the-attitudes-of-lucknows-muslims-towards-jews-israel-and-zionism/ "The Attitudes of Lucknow's Muslims towards Jews, Israel and Zionism"], ''Café Dissensus'' ({{ISSN|2373-177X}}), Issue 7, 15 April 2014
* Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4402232,00.html "History of India's Jewish Beauty Queens"], ''Yedioth Ahronoth'', 3 August 2013
* Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4381475,00.html "Hindi Novel Portrays Life of Indian Jews"], ''Yedioth Ahronoth'', 23 May 2013
* Fernandes Edna (2008). ''The Last Jews of Kerala''. Portobello Books. {{ISBN|978-1-84627-099-4}}.
* Isenberg, Shirley Berry. ''India's Bene Israel: A Comprehensive Inquiry and Sourcebook''. Berkeley: [[Judah L. Magnes Museum]], 1988
* Katz N., Chakravarti, R., Sinha, B. M. and Weil, S. (2007). ''Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: A Perspective from the Margin''. New York and Basingstoke, England: [[Palgrave Macmillan]].
* [[Shalva Weil]], ed. (2009). ''Indian Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle''. Mumbai: Marg Publications, 3rd ed.
* Shulman, D. and Weil, S. (2008). ''Karmic Passages: Israeli Scholarship on India''. New Delhi: [[Oxford University Press]].
* Weil, S. (2018a). "Indian Judaic Traditions". In: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds.) ''Religions in South Asia: An Introduction'' (second edition). New York and London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 186–205.
* Weil, S., ed. (2019). ''[https://www.routledge.com/The-Baghdadi-Jews-in-India-Maintaining-Communities-Negotiating-Identities/Weil/p/book/9781032091662 The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity],'' London and New York: Routledge.
* Weil, S., ed. (2020a). ''The Jews of Goa''. New Delhi: Primus Books.
* Weil, S. 2020b. "Les Bene Israel"; "Paradesis et Malabaris: les Juifs de Cochin". In: Edith Bruder (ed.) ''Juifs d'aillleurs''. Paris: Albin Michel, pp. 245–251 & 252–257.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Judaism in India}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/jews-india Jews of India]—''Encyclopedia of India'' article in [[Encyclopedia.com]]
* [http://www.thejewsofindia.com TheJewsOfIndia.com]—Comprehensive website of Jews in India
* [http://www.bneimenashe.com Bneimenashe.com], Bnei Menashe Jews of North East India
* [http://www.haruth.com/AsianIndia.html Haruth.com]—Jewish India
* [http://www.jewsofindia.org Jewsofindia.org]—Jews of India
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190708172653/http://www.indjews.com/ Indjews.com], Indian synagogues in Israel
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=130&letter=I Indian Jews] – ''[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]''
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=710&letter=B Bene Israel] – ''The Jewish Encyclopedia''
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=558&letter=C Cochin Jews] – ''The Jewish Encyclopedia''
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=40&letter=C Calcutta Jews] – ''The Jewish Encyclopedia''
* [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/india-virtual-jewish-history-tour India Virtual Jewish History Tour] – Jewish Virtual Library
* [http://cochinsyn.com/ Information on synagogues in Kerala, India]

{{Asia topic|History of the Jews in}}
{{Religion in India topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

[[Category:Jewish Indian history| ]]

Mark Wilks

2026-03-07T20:10:53Z

Sindhu:

{{Short description|Madras Army officer, historian and colonial administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Col.
| name = Mark Wilks
| honorific_suffix = FRS
| office = [[Speaker of the House of Keys]]
| monarch = [[King William IV]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| image = ColMarkWilks.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1759
| birth_place = [[Douglas, Isle of Man]]
| death_date = 19 September {{death year and age|1831|1759}}
| death_place = [[Kelloe House]], [[Berwickshire]]
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
| party = Independent
| partner =
| alma_mater =
| children =
| parents = {{ubl|Elizabeth (née Christian)|Rev. James Wilks}}
| profession = {{hlist|Army officer|historian|colonial governor|politician}}
| known_for =
| lieutenant_governor = [[John Ready]]
}}
[[Colonel]] '''Mark Wilks''' [[Speaker of the House of Keys|SHK]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} (1759 – 19 September 1831) was a [[Madras Army]] officer, historian and colonial administrator who worked in southern India principally in the princely state of Mysore. He was the acting Resident at the Wodeyar Court.

==Life==
He was born at [[Kirk Michael, Isle of Man|Kirk Michael]] vicarage in the [[Isle of Man]], the son of Rev. James Wilks and Elisabeth Christian, and came from a lineage of Manx [[landed gentry]]. He was named after his godfather, Bishop [[Mark Hiddesley]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Arthur William |title=Manx Worthies, Or, Biographies of Notable Manx Men and Women |year=1901 |publisher=S.K. Broadbent |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgQPAAAAQAAJ&q=Mark+Wilks+b.+1759&pg=PA154 |access-date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Hi father was a contemporary of [[Thomas Wilson (bishop)|Bishop Wilson]]<ref>Manks Advertiser, Tuesday, October 04, 1831; Page: 7</ref>

He purchased cadetship through [[Sir Henry Fletcher, 1st Baronet, of Clea Hall|Sir Henry Fletcher]], in the court of the Directors of the East India Company in 1781 at the age of 18, joining the [[Madras Army]]. He was commissioned an officer in 1782 and like others, he was trained at Fort St. George, he picked up Persian. He translated the Persian poet [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|Nasir-ud-din]]'s work ''[[Nasirean Ethics|Aklak-i-Naseri]]'' into English. Wilks served as a secretary to the Military Board in 1787, accompanying Sir [[Barry Close]] on a diplomatic mission to Mysore. His early education included Greek and Latin classics which and he would later in life promote its study by his nephew [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]]. He served as the Town Major at [[Fort Saint George]] around 1788, the capital of Madras Presidency.

After a furlough in England Wilks became a private secretary to [[Edward Clive, 1st Earl of Powis|Lord Edward Clive]]. Wilks served alongside [[James Stuart (British Army officer, born 1741)|General James Stuart]] during the storming of [[Srirangapatna]] resulting in the death of [[Tipu Sultan]] in May 1799, receiving the approbation of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]].<ref>Manks Advertiser, Tuesday, October 04, 1831; Page: 7</ref> Wilks was then sent to [[Basra]], from where he returned to India in 1803 to be appointed [[Resident (title)|Resident]] at [[Mysore]].

He wrote several historical works including, ''Report on the Internal Administration of Mysore''. This was a continuation of a report on the survey of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] undertaken by Lieut. Col. [[Colin Mackenzie]]. He also wrote the book ''Historical Sketches of the South of India in an attempt to trace the History of Mysoor''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical sketches of the south of India, in an attempt trace the history of Mysoor ''by Lieut. Colonel Mark Wilks''|location=London|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007704944|postscript=; vol. 1 (1810); vols. 2 & 3 (1817)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''Historical Sketches of the South of India; in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor'' by Colonel Mark Wilks, volumes ii & iii|journal=The Quarterly Review|date=October 1817|volume=18|pages=47–73|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092624956;view=1up;seq=57}}</ref> This also relates to the works of Lieut. Col. Colin Mackenzie. Mark Wilks was the uncle of [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]] who was the Commissioner of Mysore and after whom the Cubbon Park in Bangalore is named.

After his return from India, Mark Wilks, with the active help and co-operation of [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick|James Kirkpatrick]], the [[East India Company]] (EIC) Resident at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], wrote one of the first histories of medieval South India: ''Historical Sketches of the South of India''. This volume examined the rise of the Mysore [[Wodeyar]] dynasty in the confusion following the fall of [[Vijayanagara]] in 1565. Wilks denounced the reign of Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan in his historical enquiries and sought to find the causes for the decline of the Vijaynagar Empire.

In 1813 he was appointed Governor for three years of [[Saint Helena]] where the exiled former French Emperor [[Napoleon]] is said to have found Wilks a highly engaging and affable man. Saint Helena was chiefly a center for slave trade and as Governor he did not outlaw it. He engaged the services of Samuel Ally, a freed slave, who returned with Wilks to the Isle of Man and took employ as his servant.<ref>Rising Sun, Saturday, 1 June 1822; Page: 3</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Samuel Ally (1804–1822) − Find A Grave Memorial|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/192371189/samuel-ally|access-date=2021-12-01|website=www.findagrave.com|language=en}}</ref> Wilks invited [[William Roxburgh]] to study the possibility of cultivating cinchona. After the British government took temporary control of St Helena from the EIC during Napoleon's time on St Helena, Wilks return to England in 1816 and was elected to the Manx parliament, the [[House of Keys]]. In 1826, after the death of his father-in-law, he became [[Speaker of the House of Keys|Speaker of the house]]. A portrait of Mark Wilks still hangs in the [[Tynwald]] building in Douglas.

In February 1826, as Colonel Mark Wilks, he was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27wilks%27%29 |title= Library and Archive Catalogue | publisher= Royal Society| access-date= 30 October 2010}}</ref>

He married twice. In 1813 he married his second wife, Dorothy Taubman, daughter of his predecessor as Speaker. He had a son John Barry (named after Barry Close) who died young and a daughter, Laura, who married Gen. Sir John Buchan KCB of [[Kelloe House]], Berwickshire, where Wilks died on a visit in 1839.

[[Sir Mark Collet, 1st Baronet|Sir Mark Wilks Collet, 1st Baronet]] was his great-great nephew. Their papers are held together at the Manx National Heritage Library and Archives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Family papers of Sir Mark Edlmann Collet, including Buchan, Wilks, Cubbon and Collet relatives − Archives Hub |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/d8fef24a-7e33-351f-9129-0f1fd9a1dd21 |publisher=Manx National Heritage Library and Archives|access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref>

==References==
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Wilks, Mark}}

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/historicalsketc01wilk ''Historical Sketches of the South of India'' (Volume 1)]
*[https://archive.org/details/historicalsketch02wilkuoft ''Historical Sketches of the South of India'' (Volume 2)]
*[https://archive.org/details/historicalsketch03wilkuoft ''Historical Sketches of the South of India'' (Volume 3)]

{{Speaker of the Keys}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilks, Mark}}

[[Category:1759 births]]
[[Category:1831 deaths]]

[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Governors of Saint Helena]]
[[Category:Manx historians]]
[[Category:British resident at Mysore]]
[[Category:People from Michael (sheading)]]

Singapore Indian Development Association

2026-03-04T21:33:42Z

Sindhu: starting article

{{Short description|Community organisation in Singapore}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{primary sources|date=February 2023}}
[[File:SINDA 5Feb.jpg|300px|thumb|The SINDA Headquarters at 1 Beatty Road]]
The '''Singapore Indian Development Association''' ('''SINDA''') is a not-for-profit charity for the [[Indian Singaporeans|Singaporean Indian]] community. Set up to focus on academic performance and socio-economic matters, its mission is to “build a well-educated, resilient and confident community of Indians that stands together with other communities in contributing to the progress of multi-racial Singapore”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SINDA's Mission|url=https://www.sinda.org.sg/aboutsinda/|access-date=9 July 2020|language=en}}</ref>

SINDA is one of four "Self-Help groups" (SHGs) in [[Singapore]] alongside the [[Chinese Development Assistance Council]] (CDAC), Eurasian Association (EA) and Yayasan Mendaki. These groups provide a variety of programmes and services to benefit and uplift their respective communities.<ref>{{Cite web|first=|date=|title=CPFB {{!}} Contributions to Self-Help Groups (SHGs)|url=https://www.cpf.gov.sg/employer/employer-obligations/contributions-to-self-help-groups|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9 July 2020|website=Central Provident Fund Board|language=en-SG}}</ref> SINDA is the only SHG to have its own family service centre, which assists with social, financial and family-related issues.

SINDA runs over 100 programmes, and these revolve primarily around the thrusts of education, youth, family and children, social and financial assistance, and community.

== SINDA Subsidy ==
All SINDA programmes are heavily subsidised or provided at no cost to Singaporean Indians. As of January 2024, the criteria<ref>{{Cite web|title=SINDA's Subsidy Criteria|url=https://www.sinda.org.sg/newsroom/sinda-increasessubsidycriteria/|access-date=9 July 2020|language=en}}</ref> are:
{| class="wikitable"
! Family Per Capita income
! Subsidy
|-
|Up to $1,600
|No fees payable
|-
|Above $1,600
|Commitment fee ($10 per programme)
|-
|Non-Citizens and Non-Permanent Residents
|Full programme cost payable
|}
Family [[Per capita income|Per Capita Income]] (PCI) refers to the total monthly nett household income divided by the number of members living in the household. PCI is used by SINDA to assess the eligibility of individuals and families for financial assistance and programme fee subsidies.

== History ==

=== Formation and Early Years ===
'''1990:''' SINDA was originally founded in July 1990 as a society. Former ministers, [[S. Dhanabalan|S Dhanabalan]] and [[S. Jayakumar (Singaporean politician)|S Jayakumar]], were SINDA’s founding Patrons, while Members of Parliament, S Chandra Das and S Vasoo, served as its Advisors.

Initially, SINDA focused on three projects to address social issues in the community. The first was the SINDA Family Service Centre (FSC) which was set up to assist families and individuals to cope with the challenges of daily living. To meet their needs quickly, scores of social workers and volunteers provided counselling and referral services. The second was Project Vidya, an education support programme to identify high-performing Indian students and provide them with the necessary support and enrichment to excel further. The final project was the Indian Children in Child Care Centres meant to encourage more working Indian parents to send their children to childcare centres to provide a safe, healthy and stimulating environment for quality childcare.

'''1991:''' At the same time that SINDA was formed in August 1990, the Action Committee on Indian Education (ACIE), chaired by [[J. Y. Pillay|J Y Pillay]], highlighted the educational under-performance of Indian students and recommended wide-ranging remedial measures. Several courses of action were proposed and one of them was to have SINDA operate on two fronts; the Education Wing, aimed at Indian students and their parents, and the Welfare Wing, which would focus on reinforcing healthy and happy family relationships.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=SINDA's Revamp in 1991|url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=cddc4067-df4e-4b60-9b93-706e6c12d141|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=AsiaOne}}</ref> This reconstituted SINDA came into effect in August 1991. The Government also approved a community fund, to which all working Indians would collectively contribute to, to fund SINDA’s programmes and services.
[[File:SINDA STEP Tuition .jpg|alt=|thumb|Since inception in 1992, STEP has been conducted across centres situated in MOE schools islandwide.]]
'''1992:''' SINDA Tutorials for Enhanced Performance (STEP) was launched and by March, 2,600 students had enrolled in the programme through referrals of educators and parents. STEP centres were made more accessible, fees affordable, class sizes kept small and training for tutors were enhanced. As of 2024, over 4,000 students attended STEP classes islandwide.

=== Growth and Initiatives: 2000 – 2010 ===

A decade following its reconstitution, SINDA had established itself as the only secular and multi-ethnic organisation for the Indian community in Singapore.

By the 2000s, SINDA expanded its services to include counselling, parenting workshops, student mentoring, and IT training. In benefitting the community, SINDA strengthened its relationships with community partners, and groups such as community centres, Indian Activity Executive Committees (IAECs), Indian organisations and religious organisations.

Alongside STEP, newer programmes were introduced to uplift the Indian community, including the annual charity campaign, Project Give, the Teach programme for struggling students, Project Athena to empower single Indian mothers, and the Back To School Festival offering stationery and shoe vouchers. Collaborations with the community also increased with over 365 partnerships with Indian, religious, community and grassroots organisations in 2023.

'''2008:''' SINDA launched its newsletter, ''SINDA Connections'' ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Publications {{!}} SINDA Connections|url=https://www.sinda.org.sg/publication-categories/sinda-connections/#publication|access-date=9 July 2020|language=en}}</ref>'', which is now circulated to approximately 60,000 Indian households and community organisations. Readers are kept up to date on SINDA’s efforts as well as developments in the community.[[File:SINDA Youth Club Launch 2010.jpg|alt=|thumb|251x251px|In 2010, then Deputy Prime Minister & Minister for Defence, Teo Chee Hean was the Guest of Honour for the official launch of SINDA Youth Club.]]
'''2010:''' The SINDA Youth Club (SYC) was launched to engage 18 to 35-year-olds. SYC’s aim is to nurture generations of Indian leaders with a passion for community building and social leadership.
=== Recent Developments: 2011 to Present ===
'''SINDA 2020 Review and Strategic Restructuring'''

Two decades into SINDA’s inception, while significant strides had been made in improving academic performance, there was continued need for greater social mobility and maximisation of the potential of Singaporean Indians.

In 2011, SINDA launched the ''SINDA 2020'' review in tandem with its 20th anniversary, to evaluate the community’s progress and outlined strategies for future growth. The review resulted in the “SINDA 2020: A New Momentum” report, which recommended key strategies for SINDA to focus on.

Following this report, SINDA restructured its goals by increasing the capacity and impact of existing programmes to improve its services to the community. While signature programmes and events continued to run, new and improved programmes that cater to the evolving needs of the community were piloted and subsequently implemented.

'''Flipped-Model of Engagement'''

A new outreach strategy was introduced to build stronger connections with the community. This approach enabled SINDA to actively engage with its target audience, fostering deeper relationships and gaining a better understanding of issues at a grassroots level.

[[File:SINDA Bus.jpg|left|thumb|SINDA launches the SINDA Bus in 2018 to serve as a mobile satellite centre.]]
'''Key Programme Developments'''

This period marks a shift in SINDA's approach, emphasising greater engagement with the community, broader outreach, and more targeted support for individuals and families in need.

Several new initiatives were introduced to better serve the community:

● '''Door Knocking Exercise''': Piloted in 2016, this initiative targeted neighbourhoods with a higher concentration of low-income Indian families. It became a formal programme in 2017, allowing SINDA to connect more effectively with residents and address their specific needs and concerns.

● '''Prisons Outreach Programme''': Also piloted in 2016, this programme provided family support for the relatives of inmates, helping them manage the challenges during incarceration. This programme also supports the inmates themselves, helping ease them back into the community after their incarceration ends.

● '''SINDA Bus''': Launched in 2018, the ''SINDA Bus'' is a mobile satellite centre designed to extend SINDA’s reach into the heartlands, providing services directly to residents in various communities.

● '''Volunteer Engagement:''' Volunteers continue to be a vital part of SINDA’s success. They play a key role in the delivery of many of SINDA’s programmes. As of 2023, more than 500 volunteers were actively involved, contributing to a total of 3,172 volunteer hours fuelling SINDA’s efforts.

● '''Women Empowerment:''' The Let Her Shine! (LHS!) initiative offers a series of workshops and programmes that equip women with lifelong skills and resources to support their career aspirations. It focuses on the progress and empowerment of Indian women while addressing the challenges they face, with the goal of helping them overcome obstacles and bridge gaps in their professional journeys. Since its inception, the initiative has helped more than 550 young girls and women.

● '''Mentoring Programmes:''' Mentorship initiatives were introduced to connect mentees with experienced professionals to provide career guidance and hands-on experiences.

== Signature Events ==
[[File:SINDA Excellence Awards.jpg|thumb|248x248px|In 2019, 517 students received their SINDA Excellence Awards from then Deputy Prime Minister Mr Heng Swee Keat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SINDA Annual Report 2019|url=https://issuu.com/mysinda/docs/ar2019|access-date=9 July 2020|website=Issuu|date=13 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>]]

=== SINDA Excellence Awards ===
The highest honours bestowed by SINDA upon Indian students who excelled in their respective academic, arts or sports fields. In 2024, 859 students received the awards.

=== Joint Tuition Awards ===
An annual ceremony, held in collaboration with the other SHGs, recognises top students who have shown significant improvements in landmark examinations across all four SHGs' tuition programmes. In 2024, 1,520 students were acknowledged, with 340 of them being Indian students.

=== Back to School Festival ===
A year-end carnival that brings together families in a festive atmosphere and presents students with vouchers to purchase essential items for school, in preparation for the new academic year. In total, 8,500 students received vouchers, and 5,337 households benefitted from the event in 2024.

[[File:SINDA Project Give .jpg|thumb|240x240px|SINDA President Ms Indranee Rajah visiting the Project Give (PG) booth to receive cheques in 2019.]]

=== Project Give ===
An annual fundraising campaign that raises awareness and funds for SINDA’s community initiatives. Over the years, Project GIVE has grown to engage the community more deeply while spreading festive cheer.

'''Project GIVE Heartlands''' is an initiative by SINDA aimed at bringing assistance and celebrations closer to the homes of beneficiaries. In 2024, the initiative expanded from four to eight community venues featuring pop-up booths and community carnivals at locations such as Keat Hong, Pasir Ris, Jurong, [[Chong Pang]], East Coast, Marsiling, Toa Payoh, and Leng Kee. These locations were carefully chosen to serve the large Indian community in each area.

In addition to these efforts, '''Celebrate! Festive Gift Packs''' were distributed to spread festive cheer. In 2024, 1,600 beneficiaries received the Celebrate! Festive Gift Packs as part of the Project GIVE initiative.

=== SINDA Appreciation Ceremony ===
A biennial event that recognises SINDA partners and volunteers for their contribution to the community.

== SINDA Community Fund ==
All working Singaporean Indians are expected to contribute monthly to the SINDA Community Fund through the [[Central Provident Fund|Central Provident Fund Board]] (CPFB)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Provident Fund (Contributions to Community Fund [SINDA]) Rules - Singapore Statutes Online|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/36-R5?DocDate=19980101|access-date=9 July 2020|website=sso.agc.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> – a community fund for the benefit of Indians, especially in the areas of education, youth support and family assistance.

This includes all working Indians in Singapore who are Singapore Citizens, Permanent Residents and Employment Pass holders and are of Indian descent (including Bangladeshis, Bengalis, Parsees, Sikhs, Sinhalese, Telugus, Pakistanis, Sri Lankans, Goanese, Malayalees, Punjabis, Tamils, Gujaratis, Sindhis and all people originating from the Indian sub-continent.)<ref>{{Cite web|title=CPFB {{!}} Must I contribute to the Self-Help Group (SHG) Funds?|url=https://www.cpf.gov.sg/employer/employer-obligations/contributions-to-self-help-groups|access-date=9 July 2020|website=www.cpf.gov.sg|language=en-SG}}</ref>

== Affiliated Centres ==

=== SINDA Youth Hub ===
The SINDA Youth Hub was launched in 2018 to serve as a conducive space for students to study in and spend their time in meaningful ways. It also serves as a bridge, linking youth to many other programmes and services offered by SINDA.

[[File:Vibrance@Yishun.jpg|thumb|Vibrance @ Yishun is a joint project by the four self-help groups, Chinese Development Assistance Council (CDAC), Eurasian Association, SINDA and Yayasan Mendaki.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SINDA Annual Report 2019|url=https://issuu.com/mysinda/docs/ar2019|access-date=9 July 2020|website=Issuu|date=13 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>]]

=== Vibrance @ Yishun Self-Help Groups Centre ===
The ‘Vibrance @ Yishun’ Self-Help Groups Centre is a collaboration between the four SHGs. Launched in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=6 August 2018|title=Self-help groups urged to work more closely with MOE|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/self-help-groups-urged-to-work-more-closely-with-moe|access-date=9 July 2020|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref> Vibrance offers students and families enrichment programmes, educational talks and life skills workshops. The centre also helps SHGs meet the needs of their respective communities, by enabling them to run programmes and activities for their respective beneficiaries.

== Governance ==

SINDA is governed by two bodies – the Board of Trustees and the Executive Committee. These bodies are supported by various sub-committees, each with a specialised focus. Mr. K Shanmugam, Coordinating Minister for National Security and Minister for Home Affairs, is Chairman of SINDA’s Board of Trustees, while Ms. [[Indranee Rajah]], Minister, Prime Minister’s Office, Second Minister for Finance and Second Minister for National Development serves as President of SINDA’s Executive Committee.

=== Life Trustees of SINDA ===

* [[K Shanmugam]]
* [[S. Jayakumar (Singaporean politician)|S Jayakumar]]
* [[S Dhanabalan]]
* S Chandra Das
* [[J. Y. Pillay|J Y Pillay]]
* [[Sat Pal Khattar]]
* N Varaprasad

==See also==

* [[Indian Heritage Centre]]
* [[List of Indian organisations in Singapore]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.sinda.org.sg/ Official Website]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in Singapore]]
[[Category:Overseas Indian organisations]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Singapore]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Singapore]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1991]]

Mamachya Gavala Jaaoo Yaa

2026-03-04T09:46:53Z

Sindhu: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mamachya Gavala Jaaoo Yaa
| native_name = मामाच्या गावाला जाऊ या
| image = Mamachya Gavala Jaaoo Yaa Movie Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sameer Hemant Joshi
| producer = Punkaj Challani
| writer = Sameer Hemant Joshi
| cinematography = Abhijit D. Abde
| editing = Suchitra Sathe
| starring = [[Abhijeet Khandkekar]] [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] Saahil Malge Shubhankar Atre Arya Bhargude Devendra Gaikwad Ninad Mahajani Saniya Godbole Shaunak Joshi
| music = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|21}}
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| runtime = 103 minutes
| distributor = Punkaj Challani Films
}}

'''''Mamachya Gavala Jaaoo Yaa''''' ({{Translation|Let's Go To Uncle's Village}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-lanquage [[Adventure film|adventurous]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by Sameer Hemant Joshi and produced by Pankaj Challani Films. It stars [[Abhijeet Khandkekar]] and [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movie/mamachya-gavala-jaaoo-yaa/2699/|title=Mamachya Gavala Jaaoo Yaa|work=Glamsham}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 21 November 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mamachya Gavala Jaoo Yaa |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/previews/Mamachya-Gavala-Jaoo-Yaa/articleshow/45218589.cms |access-date=2023-03-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story of the film is about the uncle(Mama) we all look up to. He is a friend, a partner in crime, and someone your mother adores, a guy who you look up to, but who lives far away! But distance often bringhearts closer, and that's why one of the most adorable of the relationships keeps growing stronger with our Mama!
Mamachya Gavala Jaaoo Yaa is about this quintessential Mama and his world-apart nephews and niece on an adventurous journey!

==Cast==
* [[Abhijeet Khandkekar]] as Nandu Devkar
* [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
* [[Saahil Malge]]
* [[Shubhankar Atre]]
* Arya Bhargude
* Devendra Gaikwad
* Ninad Mahajani
* Saniya Godbole
* Shaunak Joshi

==Soundtrack==
Music of the film was scored by [[Prashant Pillai]], while the lyrics were written by [[Sandip Khare]] and [[Avdhoot Gupte]].

==Release==
The film was released all over the [[Maharashtra]] on 21 November 2014.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|mamachyagav}}
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s adventure thriller films]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Gudachari 117

2026-03-03T22:00:04Z

Sindhu: added new data w/ infobox...

{{One source|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gudachari 117
| image = Gudachari 117.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Satyanand {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = SVKM Unit
| screenplay = Kodi Ramakrishna
| producer = C. H. Gandhi D. Murali
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[Bhanupriya]] [[Mahesh Babu]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = K. S. Hari
| editing = Suresh Tata
| studio = Sree Vijay Kalyan Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1989|4|21}}
| runtime = 132 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Gudachari 117''''' ({{translation|Agent 117}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[spy film]] directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]. It stars [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Mahesh Babu]] with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. The film was produced by C. H. Gandhi and D. Murali under the Sree Vijay Kalyan Movies banner. It was a commercial success, and had a 100-day theatrical run at the [[box office]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raju|first=B. A.|date=21 August 1989|title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: గడుగ్గాయ్|work=[[Andhra Patrika]]|url=http://pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/newspaperframe.aspx?bookid=57396|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with 4 scientists who come up with a plan to create a powerful satellite, however, they are kidnapped by a terrorist organization. The rest of the story revolves around the protection of scientists and restoring the satellite by Chandrakanth, Secret Agent 117.

==Cast==
*[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Chandrakanth, Secret Agent 117
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Jhansi & Rekha (dual role)
*[[Mahesh Babu]] as Chinna
*[[Murali Mohan]] as D.I.G. Bhargav
*[[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]] as Gajakarnam
*[[Giri Babu]] as Gookarnam
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Vinod
*Chalasani Krishna Rao as Supremo
*[[C. S. Rao]] as Pilot
*Chakrapani as Co-Pilot
*Bhimeswara Rao as Scientist Sarma
*[[Raasi (actress)|Baby Raasi]] as Baby

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gudachari 117
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1989
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 23:36
| label = AMC Audio
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = [[Vijay (1989 film)|Vijay]]
| prev_year = 1989
| next_title = [[Attaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]
| next_year = 1989
}}

Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. The music released on AMC Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Jantharki Rajani"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|3:44
|-
|2
|"Thelladoralu"
|[[S. P. Sailaja]]
|4:01
|-
|3
|"Poothotala Puvvueruku"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]], [[S.P. Sailaja]]
|4:15
|-
|4
|"Vasotha Bang Bang"
|S. P. Sailaja
|4:03
|-
|5
|"Devudu Chaatuna"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. P. Shailaja
|3:16
|-
|6
|"Naginilaga Nannalukove"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|4:17
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:1989 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]

Second Mahanta ministry

2026-03-02T16:13:51Z

Sindhu: starting new article

{{Short description|Cabinet of Assam, India from 1996 to 2001}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|date_formed=15 May 1996
|date_dissolved=17 May 2001
|government_head=[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|state_head=[[Lokanath Misra]] [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]]|political_parties=*'''[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]'''
*'''[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]'''
*'''[[Independent politician|IND]]'''
|election=[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|last_election=[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|legislature_term=5 years
|predecessor=[[Barman Ministry]]
|successor=[[First Tarun Gogoi ministry|Tarun Gogoi I]]
|image=File:The former Chief Minister of Assam, Shri Prafulla Kumar Mahanta calling on the Minister of State for Culture and Tourism (Independent Charge), Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on July 20, 2017 (cropped).jpg
|opposition_party=[[Indian National Congress]]}}

The '''Second Ministry of Prafulla Kumar Mahanta''' was the [[Government of Assam|Cabinet of Assam]] headed by Chief Minister of Assam [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] that was formed after the [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections 1996: AGP bounces back to defeat a weak Congress (I) in Assam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960531-elections-1996-agp-bounces-back-to-defeat-a-weak-congress-in-assam-832980-1996-05-30 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=India Today |date=31 May 1996 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crisis in AGP ministry: Dissidents plan to mount another attack after assembly by-polls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19980608-crisis-in-agp-ministry-dissidents-plan-to-mount-another-attack-after-assembly-by-polls-826627-1998-06-07 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=India Today |date=8 June 1998 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-13 |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Chief Ministers since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513013923/http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |archive-date=2006-05-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Meenu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm2dVWi-2I4C |title=India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis |date=1996 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-900-8 |language=en}}</ref> The results of the election were announced on 22 April 1996 and this led to the formation of the 10th [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Mahanta, along with his council of ministers, was sworn in as Chief Minister on 15 May 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prafulla Kumar Mahanta 1996 ministers |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |accessdate=2018-11-05 |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hqOAAAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |date=1996 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Constituency
!Portfolio
!Party
|-
|[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
[[List of chief ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
|[[Barhampur Assembly constituency|Barhampur]]
|
* Home
* Finance
* General Administration
* '''Any departments not allocated to others'''
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|[[Atul Bora Sr.|Atul Bora]]
|[[Dispur Assembly constituency|Dispur]]
|
* Public Works
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Nagen Sarma]]
|[[Nalbari Assembly constituency|Nalbari]]
|
* Forest
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Prodip Hazarika|Pradip Hazarika]]
|[[Amguri Assembly constituency|Amguri]]
|
* Transport
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Sahidul Alam Choudhury
|[[Algapur Assembly constituency|Algapur]]
|
* Panchayat
* Rural development
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Digen Bora
|[[Batadroba Assembly constituency|Batadroba]]
|
* Food and Civil supplies
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Thaneswar Bora
|[[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangiya]]
|
* Higher Education
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Promode Gogoi]]
|[[Sibsagar Assembly constituency|Sibasagar]]
|
* Flood control
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
|Jatin Mali
|[[Palasbari Assembly constituency|Palasbari]]
|
* Elementary Education
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Abdul Muhib Mazumder]]
|[[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]
|
* Irrigation
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
|[[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
|[[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]]
|
* Labour and Employment
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Biraj Kumar Sarma]]
|[[Gauhati East Assembly constituency|Gauhati East]]
|
* Municipal Administration
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Surendra Nath Medhi
|[[Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|
* Veterinary
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Zoii Nath Sarmah]]
|[[Sipajhar Assembly constituency|Sipajhar]]
|
* Revenue
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
|[[Dharmapur Assembly constituency|Dharmapur]]
|
* Agriculture
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Gunin Hazarika]]
|[[Kaliabor Assembly constituency|Kaliabor]]
|
* Industry
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Kamala Kanta Kalita]]
|[[Chaygaon Assembly constituency|Chaygaon]]
|
* Health
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Rekha Rani Das Boro]]
|[[Barama Assembly constituency|Barama]]
|
* Social Welfare
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Ministers of State'''
|-
|Utpal Dutta
|[[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|
* Social Welfare
* Mines
* Minerals
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Ramendra Narayan Kalita]]
|[[Gauhati West Assembly constituency|Gauhati West]]
|
* Sericulture
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Abdur Rouf (Indian politician)|Abdul Rouf]]
|[[Jania Assembly constituency|Jania]]
|
* Science
* Technology
|[[United Minorities Front, Assam|UMF]]
|-
|[[Akan Chandra Rabha|Akon Rabha]]
|[[Dudhnai Assembly constituency|Dudhnai]]
|
* Soil Conservation
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Abdul Jabbar (politician)|Abdul Jabbar]]
|[[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]
|
* Char areas development
* Wakf Board
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Hiranya Konwar
|[[Mahmara Assembly constituency|Mahmara]]
|
* Veterinary
* Animal Husbandry
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Bubul Das|Bulbul Das]]
|[[Jagiroad Assembly constituency|Jagiroad]]
|
* Fisheries
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Rajendra Mushahary]]
|[[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]]
|
* Plains tribes
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Bhaben Baruah]]
|[[Chabua Assembly constituency|Chabua]]
|
* Health
* Family welfare
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Joseph Toppo]]
|[[Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency|Dhekiajuli]]
|
* Labour
* Employment
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries|Mahanta II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1996|Mahanta II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2001|Mahanta II]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad]]
[[Category:1996 in Indian politics]]

Logout (film)

2026-02-23T16:14:01Z

Sindhu: starting new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Logout
| image = Logout.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Amit Golani
| writer = [[Biswapati Sarkar]]
| producer = Kevin Vaz Ajit Andhare Sameer Saxena Saurabh Khanna Amit Golani [[Biswapati Sarkar]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Babil Khan]]|[[Rasika Dugal]]|Gandharv Dewan|Nimisha Nair}}
| cinematography = Pooja S Gupte
| editing = Atanu Mukherjee
| music = Haroon-Gavin
| studio = [[Viacom18 Studios]] Posham Pa Pictures
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|04|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Logout''''' is a 2025 Indian Hindi-language cyber thriller drama film starring [[Babil Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Varsha |title=Why did Irrfan Khan's son Babil urge people to unfollow social media influencer Pratyush Dua? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-logout-trailer-babil-khan-as-influencer-pratyush-dua-highlights-dark-side-of-social-media-film-to-premiere-on-ott-platform-zee5-on-3144053 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> which is also a sharp critique on our dependence on smartphones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Logout trailer: Influencer Babil Khan faces a digital nightmare after obsessive fan hijacks his phone and life. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/logout-trailer-influencer-babil-khan-faces-a-digital-nightmare-after-obsessive-fan-hijacks-his-phone-and-life-watch-101744123097687.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The cast also includes [[Rasika Dugal]], Gandharv Dewan, and Nimisha Nair.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Naaz |first=Fareha |title=Logout OTT release: Irfan Khan fans excited over son Babil Khan movie; here's when, where to watch cyber-thriller online |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/logout-ott-release-irfan-khan-fans-excited-over-son-babil-khan-movie-heres-when-where-to-watch-cyber-thriller-online-11744178080699.html |website=Mint}}</ref> Directed by Amit Golani, produced by [[Viacom18 Studios]] and Posham Pa Pictures and written by [[Biswapati Sarkar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Logout director Amit Golani: Wanted to highlight how online relationships overshadow real-life bonds |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Apr/11/logout-director-amit-golani-wanted-to-highlight-how-online-relationships-overshadow-real-life-bonds |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> ''Logout'' explores the dark side of digital fame and the psychological toll of life lived online. It was released on [[ZEE5]] on 18 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Logout: Awake-up call on the hidden dangers of phone addiction |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/logout-awake-up-call-on-the-hidden-dangers-of-phone-addiction/ |website=Tribune}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Logouts'' follows Pratyush Dua (Babil Khan), a popular social media influencer on the verge of reaching ten million followers. Charismatic and engaging, Pratyush has built his public image around a carefully curated digital persona. While his online success continues to rise, his sister expresses concern about his increasing obsession with fame and online validation.

His phone is stolen by an obsessed fan with the online handle of Pratmaniac1. Initially, she makes him believe that he left it in a taxi when he was drunk the previous night and pretends to communicate with the taxi driver to leave it at his house. However, when he uses Find my Phone to play a sound, it is revealed that she actually has the phone.

Enraged, Pratyush tries to bribe and threaten her to give his phone back. She refuses and he calls his manager JD to report this to the authorities and try and catch her. However, when she learns of this, she posts a picture on his social media of him eating chicken from KFC, even though he pretends to be vegan. He is initially scared of the pushback and thinks his followers will unfollow him and he won't reach 10 million. However, he discovers the controversy actually makes him gain followers.

He calls his manager JD and tells him not to contact the authorities, since he is still gaining followers and he is scared that if she learns of it, she will delete his account permanently. After that, he tries to figure out who she is. She gives him her initials "SK", using which he tries to figure out who she is. He searches for her on various websites, and finds the name of her father and the college he teaches at which he hastily notes down before he is interrupted by SK threatening him to share his screen on the call.

She lets him end the call so that he can eat lunch, and he installs a landline telephone to use for calls. He calls his ex-girlfriend and apologises for lying about her, and gets her to look on the college's website for SK's father. This search proves inconclusive as the name he had noted down was actually of a different professor who was female. He does not know what to do and repeatedly declines SK's call, in order to find out who her father actually is.

He watches the video he found of her father and learns his real name (Prof. Kishore). He then calls the number listed on the website, which SK's brother picks up. He reveals that SK's name is Sakshi and she suffers from an addiction to her phone – which her father tried to take away, so she stole his inhalers and ran away from home, thereby sending her father to the hospital. He begs Pratyush to ask Sakshi to return home and to tell her that all will be forgiven, since he thinks that Sakshi will listen to Pratyush.

Pratyush then accepts her call and explains to her that what she did was wrong, and that he wants her to go home and doesn't care about his follower count anymore. However, she is convinced that she wants a love story like [[Layla and Majnun|Laila-Majnu]] (characters that Pratyush parodies on his channel), and she forces him to let her permanently delete his account or ruin his ex-girlfriend's life, whom Sakshi thinks was wrong for leaving him. Pratyush is not able to choose, so he breaks down in tears, due to which Sakshi ends the call.

Later, she cryptically sends him a message about his niece, due to which he frantically calls his sister and asks her to safeguard her daughter and stay in the house. He accepts Sakshi's call and asks her not to mess with his family. JD finds out where Sakshi is from the specific points in her latest post. Pratyush confirms this, and JD goes there with a gun. However, he doesn't find Sakshi, and instead finds Pratyush's phone, which he picks up and is immediately pushed off the ledge by Sakshi.

Sakshi takes JD's phone and pretends to be JD, telling Pratyush that she will be arrested soon and asks him to come to the building where she is. Reluctantly, Pratyush arrives and he finds Sakshi with JD's gun. She reveals to him that when he reaches 10 million followers, she will kill him and then herself.

Sakshi forces Pratyush to do a viral trend where the person has to pull down his pants and twerk. Pratyush doesn't want to do it, and during the live stream he breaks down. He tells them about what he had done to his father and asks them to unfollow him since his life is in danger. But the follower count keeps increasing, and Sakshi points the gun at Pratyush. Sakshi isn't able to shoot Pratyush because there is a safety lock on the gun. At this moment, Pratyush's mother calls, and he hears his phone ringing nearby. Pratyush finds his phone, and smashes it using a hammer. He doesn't harm Sakshi, but he informs the building's guards about her.

He subsequently goes to his niece's school for her Annual Day show, where he again breaks down upon meeting his father and apologises to him. Then, another influencer takes a photo of him at the event, and sees his likes increasing, showing the same obsession brewing inside him.

== Cast ==

* [[Babil Khan]] as Pratyush Dua, aka Pratman
* [[Rasika Dugal]] as Pratyush's Sister
* Gandharv Dewan as excitable manager JD
* Nimisha Nair as obsessive fan Sakshi Kishore aka SK
* Medha Rana as The Girl in the party
* [[Bhuvan Bam]] as Himself ([[cameo appearance]])

== Production ==
The film was produced by Digital 18 Media Private Limited (formerly [[Viacom18 Studios]]) in association with Posham Pa Pictures. Prior to its streaming debut, the film was screened at several international film festivals in 2024, including the Indian Film Festival of Stuttgart, [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]], and River to River Florence Indian Film Festival in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-08 |title=Logout trailer: Babil Khan's thriller is a wake-up call on phone addiction |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/logout-trailer-babil-khan-thriller-wake-up-call-on-phone-addiction-2706019-2025-04-08 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The official trailer was released on 8 April 2025, alongside the announcement of the release date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babil Khan plays a frantic social media influencer in ZEE5's 'Logout'; trailer out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/babil-khan-plays-a-frantic-social-media-influencer-in-zee5s-logout-trailer-out/cid/2093230 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref> ''Logout'' was released on [[ZEE5]] on 18 April 2025.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2025-04-08 |title=Watch: In 'Logout', a fan stalks Babil Khan's social media influencer |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1081130/watch-in-logout-a-fan-stalks-babil-khans-social-media-influencer |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Logout trailer: Babil Khan is a social media star willing to kill or die for his phone. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/logout-trailer-babil-khan-is-a-social-media-star-willing-to-kill-or-die-for-his-phone-watch-9933728/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
‘Logout’ received largely positive reviews, with critics praising Babil Khan's performance as a social media influencer confronting cyberstalking, while opinions varied on the screenplay, pacing, and technical aspects. The film's focus on social media addiction, privacy, and isolation was noted, though some found the climax and narrative execution lacking.

Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that Khan's "magnetic performance anchors the cyberstalking thriller," but noted uneven pacing and a dramatic conclusion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/logout-movie-review-babil-khan-cyberstalking-thriller-zee5-rasika-dugal/article69463702.ece|title=Logout movie review: Babil Khan cyberstalking thriller|last=Mitra|first=Shilajit|work=The Hindu|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Rishabh Suri from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted the film as a "relatable take on smartphone-driven chaos," highlighting Khan's ability to lead the narrative.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/logout-movie-review-babil-khan-is-good-in-this-relatable-story-about-smartphone-stolen-sanity-lost-101744972425100.html|title=Logout movie review: Babil Khan is good in this relatable story|last=Suri|first=Rishabh|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=2025-04-17}}</ref>
Udita Jhunjhunwala of [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']] described it as a "watchable commentary on digital isolation," praising Khan but critiquing the inconsistent screenplay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/logout-review-film-babil-khan-rasika-dugal-11745038290562.html|title=Logout review: Film starring Babil Khan|last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|publisher=Mint|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted a "chilling digital descent," but said Rasika Dugal's role was underused.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/logout-review/20250417.htm|title=Logout review|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|work=Rediff.com|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that the film "raises questions about digital obsession but falters in improbability," citing plot conveniences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/logout-movie-review-babil-khans-solo-act-asks-relevant-questions-but-is-lost-in-improbability-9951047/|title=Logout movie review: Babil Khan's solo act|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|publisher=The Indian Express|date=2025-04-17}}</ref>
A reviewer for ''[[ABP Live]]'' noted that the thriller "offers a glimpse into influencer life," commending Khan but pointing to narrative gaps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-logout-review-babil-khan-rasika-dugal-thriller-will-gives-you-an-honest-glimpse-into-the-life-of-influencers-1765962|title=Logout review: Babil Khan, Rasika Dugal thriller|publisher=ABP Live|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Prachi Arya from ''[[India Today]]'' wrote that Khan "stands out in a tech-thriller," but highlighted technical flaws.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/logout-review-bbail-khan-gets-likes-followers-subscribers-in-this-tech-thriller-2710319-2025-04-17|title=Logout review: Babil Khan gets likes in this tech thriller|last=Arya|first=Prachi|publisher=India Today|date=2025-04-17}}</ref>

Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted Khan's "strong performance in a relevant thriller," though some elements felt uneven.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/logout-movie-review-babil-khan-gives-his-best-shot-in-this-watchable-thriller-about-social-media-obsession-13880627.html|title=Logout movie review: Babil Khan gives his best shot|last=Mathur|first=Vinamra|publisher=Firstpost|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Trisha Gaur from Koimoi wrote that Khan's "intense act echoes Shah Rukh Khan’s ‘Fan’," but criticized CGI and dubbing issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/movie-reviews/logout-movie-review-babil-khan-delivers-a-masterclass-for-starkids-on-how-to-perform-in-a-film-as-brilliant-as-shah-rukh-khans-fan-better-at-times/|title=Logout movie review: Babil Khan delivers a masterclass|last=Gaur|first=Trisha|publisher=Koimoi|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Shreyanka Mazumdar of ''[[News18]]'' described the film as "impactful yet inconsistent," praising Khan but noting tonal shifts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/logout-movie-review-babil-khan-shines-in-a-digital-age-thriller-thats-powerful-but-patchy-9301956.html|title=Logout movie review: Babil Khan shines|last=Mazumdar|first=Shreyanka|publisher=News18|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Pratikshya Mishra from ''[[The Quint]]'' noted that the film "explores the influencer-follower dynamic," but found the climax rushed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/babil-khan-latest-movie-logout-full-movie-review-zee5-social-media-influencer-thrillers|title=Logout movie review: Babil Khan's latest movie|last=Mishra|first=Pratikshya|publisher=The Quint|date=2025-04-17}}</ref>
Rahul Desai from [[The Hollywood Reporter|''Hollywood Reporter India'']] wrote that Khan "drives the screenlife thriller," but narrative inconsistencies persisted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/logout-movie-review-babil-khan-is-the-life-of-this-sufficient-screen-life-thriller|title=Logout movie review: Babil Khan is the life|last=Desai|first=Rahul|publisher=Hollywood Reporter India|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha from ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted Khan's "gripping act in a digital obsession tale," but said metaphors felt forced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/logout/amp_ottmoviereview/120356460.cms|title=Logout movie review|last=Kotecha|first=Ronak|work=The Times of India|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' wrote that Khan "lifts a tale of isolation," though the screenplay faltered.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/logout-movie-review-babil-khan-anchors-chilling-tale-of-digital-obsession-isolation/bгра598dd5b1870|title=Logout movie review: Babil Khan anchors chilling tale|last=Vasudevan|first=Aishwarya|publisher=OTTplay|date=2025-04-17}}</ref>

Sharva Srivastava from ''[[Times Now]]'' noted the film's "take on influencer culture," but said the screenlife format disrupted flow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/logout-movie-review-babil-khan-unmasks-toxic-loop-between-influencer-and-follower-insocialmediera-review-151439~~гра439225|title=Logout movie review: Babil Khan unmasks toxic loop|last=Srivastava|first=Sharva|publisher=Times Now|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Troy Ribeiro of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' wrote that the thriller "captures a digital descent," but the climax was predictable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/logout-review-babil-khans-thriller-is-a-sign-out-while-you-still-can-digital-descent|title=Logout review: Babil Khan's thriller|last=Ribeiro|first=Troy|publisher=The Free Press Journal|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath from ''[[Scroll.in]]'' noted that the film "comments on social media behaviour," but criticized its metaphors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1081232/logout-review-stalker-thriller-has-sharp-things-to-say-about-social-media-behaviour|title=Logout review: Stalker thriller|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|publisher=Scroll.in|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Varsha Agarwal of ''[[DNA India]]'' wrote that the thriller "outshines ‘CTRL’," likening it to ‘Fan’ for its obsessive themes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-logout-review-babil-khan-s-cyber-thriller-works-where-ananya-panday-s-ctrl-fails-does-give-dejavu-of-srk-s-fan-3146106|title=Logout review: Babil Khan's cyber thriller|last=Agarwal|first=Varsha|publisher=DNA India|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Sulaya Singha from ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' noted that Khan's act "lifts the film’s take on digital pressures," but pacing lagged.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/here-is-the-review-of-babil-khan-starrer-logout/|title=Here is the review of Babil Khan starrer Logout|last=Singha|first=Sulaya|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Dipti Mishra from ''[[Jagran]]'' wrote that the film "tackles internet obsession," driven by Khan's act.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/reviews-logout-movie-review-internet-obsession-name-fame-and-its-dangers-see-on-zee5-babil-khan-23921251.html|title=Logout movie review: Internet obsession|last=Mishra|first=Dipti|publisher=Jagran|date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Pankaj Shukla of ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' noted a "take on digital fame," but said the resolution was rushed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/logout-movie-review-in-hindi-by-pankaj-shukla-amit-golani-biswapati-sarkar-babil-khan-rasika-dugal-zee5-2025-04-18|title=Logout movie review|last=Shukla|first=Pankaj|publisher=Amar Ujala|date=2025-04-18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* ''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/logout/0-0-1z5734556 Logout]'' on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=27721892}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]
[[Category:Films about social media]]

Kumari Rukmani

2026-02-07T23:45:56Z

Sindhu: created bio.

{{Short description|Indian actress and dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kumari Rukmani
| image = Kumari Rukmani.jpg
| caption = Rukmani in the 1940s
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|04|19}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|09|04|1929|04|19}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| other_names =
| known_for =
| education =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse = [[Y. V. Rao]]
| children = [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
| parents = Nungambakkam Janaki
| relatives = [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] (granddaughter)
| years_active = 1935–2000
}}

'''Kumari Rukmani''' (19 April 1929<ref>{{cite journal |title=Birthdays of Film stars |journal=Kundoosi |year=1951 |pages=34–35 |language=Tamil}}</ref> – 4 September 2007), also known as '''Kumari Rukmini''',<ref name=lavangi /> was an Indian actress and dancer. She has acted in about 100 films in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] languages.<ref name=hindu>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/yesteryear-actor-rukmani-dies/article1905463.ece |title=Yesteryear actor Rukmani dies |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 September 2007 |accessdate=19 November 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119052200/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/yesteryear-actor-rukmani-dies/article1905463.ece |archivedate=19 November 2016}}</ref>

==Childhood==
She is the daughter of Nungambakkam Janaki, also an actress. She hails from [[Melattur, Tamil Nadu|Melattur]] in [[Thanjavur district]].
During the shooting of ''[[Harishchandra (1932 film)|Harishchandra]]'' (1932) in [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]) the producers were looking for a young actor to feature as ''Lohidasan''. Kumari Rukmani, as a child, was staying with her parents in the next room where [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]] who was the female lead in the film, was staying. Rajalakshmi recommended Kumari Rukmani to the producers. The producers talked to the parents and made Kumari Rukmani to feature as ''Lohidasan'' in the film. Thus began her film career.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF/article7645448.ece |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டார்களின் கதாநாயகி! |newspaper=The Hindu |language=Tamil |date=12 September 2015 |accessdate=19 November 2016 |trans-title=Heroine of super stars |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109105803/http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF/article7645448.ece |url-status=live}} ([https://www.translatetheweb.com/?from=ta&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Ftamil.thehindu.com%2Fcinema%2Fcinema-others%2F%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2582%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D-%25E0%25AE%25B8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D-%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BF%2Farticle7645448.ece English translation])</ref>

==Film career==
[[File:Kumari_rukmini_in_AVM_SriValli.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Rukmani in 1945 film ''[[Sri Valli (1945 film)|Sri Valli]]'']]
She featured in many films together with T. P. Rajalakshmi. Her first film as heroine was [[Sri Valli (1945 film)|Sri Valli]] in which she acted as Valli paired with [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]].<ref name=hindu />
In 1946 she featured in [[Lavangi]] paired with the multi-talented [[Y. V. Rao]]. While the shooting of this film was going on both she and Rao fell in love with each other and later got married. Cine actress [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] is their daughter.<ref name=lavangi>{{cite web |author=Randor Guy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/lavangi-1946/article4750082.ece |title=Blast from the past - lavangi 1946 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 May 2013 |accessdate=19 November 2016 |quote=The heroine was Kumari Rukmini, daughter of dancer Nungambakkam Janaki. She entered films as Baby Rukmini and went on to become a star. |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130910173841/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/lavangi-1946/article4750082.ece |archivedate=10 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1935 || ''Harichandra'' || Lohidasan || Child Artist
|-
| 1937 || ''[[Chintamani (1937 film)|Chintamani]]'' || || Child Artist
|-
| 1937 || ''[[Balayogini]]'' || || Child Artist
|-
| 1938 || ''[[Desa Munnetram]]'' || || Child Artist
|-
| 1941 || ''[[Rishyasringar (1941 film)|Rishyasringar]]'' || || Child Artist
|-
| 1945 || ''[[Sri Valli (1945 film)|Sri Valli]]'' || [[Valli|Goddess Valli]] ||
|-
| 1946 || ''[[Lavangi]]'' || [[Jagannatha Pandita Rayalu]]'s wife ||
|-
| 1947 ||''[[Pankajavalli (film)|Pankajavalli]]'' || [[Lord Krishna]] ||
|-
| 1948 || ''Ramadas'' || ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Mullaivanam]]'' || ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Kappalotiya Thamizhan]]<ref name=hindu />'' || Meenakshi Ammal ||[[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]]'s wife
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Sri Valli (1961 film)|Sri Valli]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Mani Osai]]<ref name=hindu />'' || ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Idhayathil Nee]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Kadavulai Kanden]]'' || ||
|-
| 1963 ||''[[Paar Magaley Paar|Paar Magaleya Paar]]''
||Sekar Mother
|
|-
| 1964 ||''[[Poompuhar (film)|Poompuhar]]''||Govalan Mother||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' || [[Radha (Mahābhārata)|Radha]] Karnan Step Mother ||
|-
|1964
|''[[Navarathri (1964 film)|Navarathri]]''
|Ananth Mother
|
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Vennira Aadai]]<ref name=hindu />'' || Seetha ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Idhayak Kamalam]]<ref name=hindu />'' ||Baskar Mother
|
|-
|1966
|''Thedi Vantha Thirumagal''
|
|
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Vilaiyaattu Pillai]]'' || ||
|-
|1970
|''[[Thalaivan (1970 film)|Thalaivan]]''
|Manimegalai
|
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Mayani Mamata]]'' ||
||Telugu film
|-
| 1971 ||''[[Avalukendru Or Manam]]''||Rajam
|
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Irulum Oliyum]]'' || ||
|-
|1971 ||''[[Moondru Dheivangal|Moondrudeivangal]]''
|| ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Karaikkal Ammaiyar (1973 film)|Karaikkal Ammaiyar]]'' || Dharmavathi || [[Karaikkal Ammaiyar|Punithavathi]]'s mother
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Rojavin Raja]]<ref name=hindu />'' ||Visalam
|
|-
| 1978 ||''[[Ennai Pol Oruvan]]''
||Sekar Mother
|
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' || Sivagnanam's mother ||
|}

==Producer==
She has produced two films in Hindi, with Lavangi and Manjari.<ref name=hindu />

==Death==
After ailing for some time, Kumari Rukmani died on 4 September 2007 at her daughter actress [[Lakshmi]] residence in Chennai.<ref name=hindu />

==K. T. Rukmini==
There was another actress/singer named K. T. Rukmini during 1930/40s. She was featured in films like ''[[Menaka (1935 film)|Menaka]]'' (1935), ''Thirumangai Alwar'' (1940) and her last film was ''Ponnuruvi'' (1947).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{BH person|rukmani|Rukmani}}
* {{IMDb name|name=Rukmini}}
* {{youTube|d7qBIr8QqyA|Chyamalan Vanthaaradi}} - A song sung by Kumari Rukmani from the film Ramadas (1948)
* {{youTube|5tUPGiR1Bls|Kalaba Mayile}} - A song sung by K. T. Rukmini (with [[Kothamangalam Seenu]] from the film Thirumangai Alvar (1940)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rukmini, Kumari}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]

Archigenes attenuata

2026-02-07T19:28:51Z

Sindhu: New

{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Archigenes attenuata.png
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Archigenes
| species = attenuata
| authority = [[Harry Tytler|Tytler]], 1915
}}

'''''Archigenes attenuata''''', also known as the '''short-tailed judy''' or the '''attenuated judy''' is a butterfly in the family [[Riodinidae]]. It is found from [[Manipur]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bombay Natural History Society |url=http://archive.org/details/journalofbombayn231914bomb |title=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |date=1886 |publisher=Bombay, Bombay Natural History Society |others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abisara |url=https://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/riodinidae/abisara/#savitri_attenuata |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=www.nic.funet.fi}}</ref>

== Description ==
This species is similar to [[Archigenes atlas|''Archigenes atlas'']] from [[Java]] but the discal band in ''attenuata'' is narrower and curves inwards at the costa while in ''atlas'' it curves outwards at the costa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bombay Natural History Society |url=http://archive.org/details/journalofbombayn231914bomb |title=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |date=1886 |publisher=Bombay, Bombay Natural History Society |others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Riodinidae-stub}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15768849}}

[[Category:Riodinidae]]
[[Category:Butterflies described in 1915]]

Chintaman Vinayak Joshi

2026-02-06T06:20:50Z

Sindhu: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian Marathi writer}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Chintaman Vinayak Joshi
|image = A_cover_of_C._V._Joshi's_book_Hasyachintamani.jpg
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1892|01|19}}
|birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
|death_date = {{death date and age|1963|11|21|1892|01|19|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
|other_names =
|known_for = Humorist, Essayist, Scholar of [[Pali]] and [[Buddhism]]
|education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]]
|alma_mater = [[Fergusson College]]
|employer =
|occupation = {{flatlist|
* Middle school teacher
* college teacher
* writer
}}
|awards =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Chintaman Vinayak Joshi''' (19 January 1892 - 21 November 1963) was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] humorist and a researcher in [[Pali]] literature. He hailed from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], and was popularly known as Chin. Vi. Joshi. Joshi was known for his humorous writing. He also was a scholar of [[Pali]]<ref>https://marathivishwakosh.maharashtra.gov.in/khandas/khand9/index.php/9-2014-11-07-10-37-34/9639-2012-02-26-07-06-44?showall=1&limitstart= {{dead link|date=July 2018}}</ref> and [[Buddhism]].

A Marathi movie "Sarkari Pahune", 1942, directed by [[Master Vinayak]], based on Joshi's writings became very successful and later so did a [[Doordarshan]] serial [[Chimanrao Gundyabhau]], 1977 based on his writings.

Most of Joshi's books are in print as of January 2017. [[S D Phadnis]] has been one of the illustrators for Joshi's books.

==Early life and career==
Joshi was born in [[Pune]]. After finishing his high school education in 1909 at Pune's [[Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya]], he received a bachelor's degree in Philosophy from [[Fergusson College]] in 1913 and a master's degree in Pali and English literature from [[Mumbai University]] two years later.

During 1915-1919, Joshi taught in a high school, first, in Umaravati and then in [[Ratnagiri]]. in 1920, he joined a college in [[Baroda]] as a professor of Pali, English, and Marathi literature. For some years since 1928, he also worked part-time as a Director of Archives for the then [[princely state]] of [[Baroda]]. After retirement from the professorial work, he moved to Pune.

==Literary work==
Besides many collections of his humorous stories, Joshi wrote biographies, children's books, historical articles, and some other highly scholarly works.

His serious works include:

*''Manual of Pali'' (in English)
*''Jatakatil Nivadak Goshti'' (जातकातील निवडक गोष्टी)
*'''Buddha Sampradaya'' (बुद्ध संप्रदाय)
*''Shikawan'' (शिकवण)
*''Adich Hajar Warshampurvicha Samaj'' (अडीच हजार वर्षांपूर्वीचा समाज)
*''Ingraji Shishtachar'' (इंग्रजी शिष्टाचार)
*''Samshayache Jale'' (संशयाचे जाळे)

Joshi's humorous works include:
* चिमणरावाचे च-हाट
* आणखी चिमणराव
* तिसर्यांदा चिमणराव
* चौथे चिमणराव
* गुंड्याभाऊ
* मोरू आणि मैना
* विनोद चिंतामणी
* वायफळाचा मळा
* एरंडाचे गुर्‍हाळ
* ओसाडवाडीचे देव
* चार दिवस सुनेचे
* ना मारो पिचकारी
* घरबशे पळपुटे
* पाल्हाळ
* मेषपात्रे
* रहाटगाडगे
* लंकावैभव
* हापूस पायरी
* संचार
* बोरीबाभळी
* स्टेशनमास्तर
* आरसा
* संचार
* आमचा पण गाव
* सोळा आणे

===Published books===
* Jatakatil Nivadak Goshti, 1930
* Shakyamuni Gautam, 1935
* Erandache Gurhal, 1932
* Chimanravanche Charhat, 1933
* Vayphalacha Mala, 1936
* Aankhi Chimanrav, 1944
* Osadvadiche Dev, 1946
* Gundyabhau, 1947
* Lankavaibhav, 1947
* Rahatgadagan, 1955
* Hasyachintamani, 1961
* Boribhabali, 1962
* Buddhasampraday v shikvan, 1963

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Chimanravanche Charhat book : https://bookstruck.app/book/2781
* Entry of C V Joshi in [[Marathi Wikipedia]] : https://mr.wikipedia.org/s/8qw
*Entry of C V Joshi in [[Marathi Vishwakosh]] https://marathivishwakosh.maharashtra.gov.in/khandas/khand6/index.php/component/content/article?id=11485{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Chintaman Vinayak}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian humorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]

Jageswardihi

2026-01-28T05:48:14Z

Sindhu:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jageswardihi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.5667|N|88.0124|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,404
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713143
| area_code_type = Telephone code /[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Mangalkot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangalkot]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jageswardihi''' is a village in [[Mongalkote (community development block)|Mogalkote]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Katwa subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|36|0|N|88|3|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Katwa subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical place/ religious and/ or cultural centre, C: craft centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|39|0|N|88|7|48|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1=Katwa | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Katwa]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|36|22|N|88|10|47|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Dainhat| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Dainhat]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|37|30|N|88|7|56|E}} | label-pos3=bottom|label3=Panuhat | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Panuhat]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|31|30|N|87|54|12|E}} | label-pos4=bottom|label4= Mongalkote| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Mongalkote]] (R)| shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|42|6|N|88|2|38|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Ketugram| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Ketugram]] (R)| shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|32|54|N|87|54|8|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Nutanhat| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Nutanhat]] (R)|shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|43|53|N|87|58|10|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kandra| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kandra, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|43|20|N|88|5|52|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Gangatikuri| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Gangatikuri]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|27|50|N|88|4|29|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Chandrapur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Chandrapur, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|34|17|N|87|58|53|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Singot| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Singot]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|34|20|N|88|4|47|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Srikhanda| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Srikhanda]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|41|8|N|88|8|21|E}} | label-pos112right|label12=Uddharanpur| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Uddharanpur]] (H)| shape-color12=#AA6666
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|32|50|N|87|52|42|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Kogram| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Kogram]] (H)| shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|31|16|N|88|10|43|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Sribati| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Sribati]] (H)| shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|31|16|N|88|5|36|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Karui| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Karui]] (H)|shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|34|50|N|88|2|50|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Bankapasi| numbered16=C| mark-title16= Bankapasi (C)| shape-color16=black| label-size16=13|label-color16=black 
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|30|40|N|88|1|38|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Kshirgram| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Kshirgram]] (H)| shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|37|48|N|88|6|13|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Jajigram| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Jajigram]] (H)| shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23.6213|88.1915}}| label19=Hooghly River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19=20| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|23.6434|87.9914}}| label20=Ajay River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-5| label-pos20=right| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none}}

===Location===
Jageswardihi is located at {{coord|23.5667|N|88.0124|E|}}.

===Urbanisation===
88.44% of the population of Katwa subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 11.56% of the population live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Jageswardihi had a total population of 4,404 of which 2,217 (50.34%) were males and 2,187 (49.66%) were females. Population below 6 years was 525. Total literacy rate was 70.51% (Male 76.87%, Female 64.07%)

Caste-wise, most of the villagers are from Schedule Caste (SC). Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 36.19 % while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.02 % of total population in Jageswardihi village.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/319144-jageswardihi-west-bengal.html |title = Census 2011 | work= 2011 census | access-date = 28 January 2026}}</ref>

==Economy==
Jageswardihi is primarily an [[agriculture|agricultural]] village, with [[farming]] as the main source of income. The village has a cold storage facility, which is used by [[farmers]] from Jageswardihi and surrounding areas to store crops, particularly [[potatoes]].

==Education==
Jageswardihi has several educational institutions serving the local population. The village has three government free primary schools and one Shishu Shiksha Kendra (SSK). For [[secondary education]], students can attend '''Jageswardihi Bhuban Mohini Smriti Shiksha Niketan''', the village’s high school.

==Culture==
The dominant culture of Jageswardihi is identical to that of most of [[Culture of West Bengal|West Bengal]] and is deeply influenced by [[Bengali Hindus|Hindu Bengali]] culture. Some of the popular festivals in Jageswardihi include:
* [[Shiva|Jageswar Mela]] (April)
* [[Poyla Boishakh]] or Bengali New Year (14/15 April)
* [[Dharmaraj|Dharmaraj Puja]]
* [[Rath Yatra]] (July)
* [[Manasa|Manasa Puja]] (September)
* [[Mahalaya]] (September/October)
* [[Durga Puja]] (September/October)
* [[Lakshmi Puja]] (October)
* [[Kali Puja]] (October/November) and [[Deepawali]]
* [[Kartikeya|Kartik Puja]] (November)
* [[Saraswati]] Puja (February/March)
* [[Dol Purnima]] or Dol Yatra (February/March)

==Transport==
Jageswardihi is on [[State Highway 14 (West Bengal)|State Highway 14]] (Bardhaman-Katwa Road).<ref name=google>Google maps</ref>

[[Bankapasi railway station]], situated on the [[Bardhaman-Katwa line]] is the nearest railway station to Jageswardihi.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-barddhaman-katwa-local-35017/18610/2/1932 | title = 35017 Bardhaman-Katwa local| work= Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info|access-date = 18 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Bhikampali

2026-01-20T12:42:51Z

Sindhu: Stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhikampali
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| map_caption = Bhikampali
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Bhikampali in [[Odisha]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|47|12.5|N|83|34|14|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Official Language]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| subdivision_type5 = Native Language
| subdivision_name5 = [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]
| established_title = First settled
| established_date = 1957
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat government|Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat of Bhikampali]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.28
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 208
| population_total = 920 <ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=398939 {{Dead link|date=May 2022}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-6645]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 768 226
| registration_plate = OR-23
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Raigarh]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Brajarajnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Brajarajnagar]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bargarh]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|45|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|23|°C|°F}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhikampali''' is a medium-sized village in the [[Jharsuguda district]] of [[Odisha]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Bhikampali,+Odisha+768226/@21.7861318,83.5632454,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a272b22195adeb1:0x1c0dd5412c56738c!8m2!3d21.7870961!4d83.5696325|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> It is situated on the banks of Saan-kelo River in the foothill of Chhelia Pahad. The village is located at a distance of 60 km from the district headquarter of [[Jharsuguda]]. It is within the [[Brajarajnagar]] assembly constituency, and the [[Bargarh]] Parliament constituency. {{As of|2011}} census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/380956-bhikampali-orissa.html|title=Bhikampali Village Population – Rengali – Jharsuguda, Orissa|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> its population is 920.

==Etymology==

The name Bhikampali is derived from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] word 'Vikhsapally' which itself is a combination of words 'Vikhsa' and 'Pally'. It later took the flavour of local Koshali language and became Bhikamapali.

==History==

The ancient town of Padampur was submerged in the backwater of [[Hirakud Dam]] when construction of the dam was completed in 1957. This led to people of Padampur town to relocated to multiple nearby small villages located in higher altitudes. One diaspora settled in a very small village named 'Vikshapally' around 2 km from the submerged town. This led to the settlement of the village now known as Bhikampali.

==Geography==

Bhikampali is situated in the foothill of Chhelia Pahad hill. Total area of the village is 3.28 square km (811.620 acres).<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/revenue/ADMN_UNIT/Jharsuguda/Lakhanpur/Bhikampali.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914171807/http://www.odisha.gov.in/revenue/ADMN_UNIT/Jharsuguda/Lakhanpur/Bhikampali.htm |archivedate=14 September 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref> Two small rivers Sankelo and Badkelo flows to the [[Mahanadi]] river to the west of the village. The Mahanadi river with Hirakud reservoir backwater is at a distance of 2 km from the village. Hemgir Forest Range lies to the north of the village. The village is on the outskirts of [[Chhotanagpur plateau]]. The adjacent Chhelia Pahad hill is rich in [[Quartzite]]. The village is very near to the Chhattisgarh border and surrounded by other villages like Chikhilapali, Kapilapur, Bausenpali and Attabira.

==Climate==

The village is situated at 21.47° north longitude and 83.34° east latitude and at a height of 649–682 feet above mean sea level. The highest temperature recorded in summer is 48.0 °C and it has an average rain fall of 1527 mm.

{{weather box
|location = Bhikampali
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 32
|Feb record high C = 35
|Mar record high C = 41
|Apr record high C = 43
|May record high C = 47
|Jun record high C = 46
|Jul record high C = 37
|Aug record high C = 35
|Sep record high C = 35
|Oct record high C = 36
|Nov record high C = 32
|Dec record high C = 31
|Jan high C = 28
|Feb high C = 30
|Mar high C = 34
|Apr high C = 40
|May high C = 42
|Jun high C = 38
|Jul high C = 31
|Aug high C = 31
|Sep high C = 31
|Oct high C = 31
|Nov high C = 30
|Dec high C = 28
|Jan low C = 12
|Feb low C = 15
|Mar low C = 18
|Apr low C = 24
|May low C = 27
|Jun low C = 28
|Jul low C = 24
|Aug low C = 25
|Sep low C = 24
|Oct low C = 21
|Nov low C = 16
|Dec low C = 12
|Jan record low C = 8
|Feb record low C = 8
|Mar record low C = 16
|Apr record low C = 18
|May record low C = 22
|Jun record low C = 22
|Jul record low C = 22
|Aug record low C = 22
|Sep record low C = 22
|Oct record low C = 15
|Nov record low C = 12
|Dec record low C = 7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 18.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 21
|Mar precipitation mm= 13.5
|Apr precipitation mm= 21.3
|May precipitation mm= 42.2
|Jun precipitation mm= 221.0
|Jul precipitation mm= 377.4
|Aug precipitation mm= 409.6
|Sep precipitation mm= 241.9
|Oct precipitation mm= 58.7
|Nov precipitation mm= 13.8
|Dec precipitation mm= 6.0
|Jan humidity=61
|Feb humidity=55
|Mar humidity=45
|Apr humidity=40
|May humidity=40
|Jun humidity=61
|Jul humidity=86
|Aug humidity=86
|Sep humidity=85
|Oct humidity=77
|Nov humidity=67
|Dec humidity=64
|unit rain days=0.01
|Jan rain days=1.4
|Feb rain days=1.5
|Mar rain days=1.5
|Apr rain days=2.0
|May rain days=3.3
|Jun rain days=9.7
|Jul rain days=16.1
|Aug rain days=16.8
|Sep rain days=11.2
|Oct rain days=3.6
|Nov rain days=0.8
|Dec rain days=0.5
|source 1=Weatherbase<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate Data(Weatherbase) (Data for nearest city Jharsuguda is taken for approximation)|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=68824&refer=&cityname=Jharsuguda-Orissa-India&units=metric|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref>
}}

==Transport==

The [[National Highway 130 (India)|National Highway 130]] (Old NH-200) (Raipur to Chandikhol) passes through the village. So it is well connected to the district headquarter Jharsuguda and nearest city [[Raigarh]] in Chhattisgarh via road. It is well connected to neighbouring villages through pukka roads constructed under Pradhan Mantri Gramya Sadak Yojna. Ferry service is available to neighbouring Bargarh and [[Sambalpur]] districts through Hirakud reservoir.
There is no railroad connectivity to the village as of now. The nearest major railway station is Raigarh at a distance of 22 km. The nearest major railway stations in Odisha are [[Belpahar]] (40 km) and Jharsuguda.

The nearest major Airports are [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Raipur]] and [[Kolkata]].

==Governance==

The village is governed under the [[Panchayati Raj]] system. Bhikamppali gram panchayat is the local administrative body for Bhikampali village. Electorally elected [[Sarpanch]] serves a term of 5 years as the head of the gram panchayat. Bhikampali comes under Lakhanpur Panchayat Samiti (Block). Lakhanpur is also the [[Tehsil]] office for the village. It is one of the five R.I. circles of Lakhanpur block having 34 villages under it.<ref name="auto"/> It comes within Brajarajnagar assembly constituency and Bargarh parliamentary constituency.

==Economy==

Traditionally, most of the villagers depend on farming for a livelihood. But from the past two decades, two major mines of TRL Krosaki<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trlkrosaki.com/manufacturing/our-mines.aspx|title=TRL Krosaki :: Manufacturing :: Our Mines|website=www.trlkrosaki.com|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919042531/http://www.trlkrosaki.com/manufacturing/our-mines.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> and OCL India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orissaminerals.gov.in/Mines/OperatingMines_Next.aspx?GL=ming&PL=1 |title=Directorate of Mines |access-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817225813/http://orissaminerals.gov.in/Mines/OperatingMines_Next.aspx?GL=ming&PL=1 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> are operational in the nearby Chhelia Pahad hill. These have provided alternate employment opportunities for the villagers and also prompted a real estate boom in the village.
There is a branch of Utkal Grameen Bank to cater to the banking needs of the villagers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ugb.co.in/branches.htm|title=Utkal Grameen Bank|website=ugb.co.in|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=25 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125080510/http://ugb.co.in/branches.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also, a co-operative society bank branch is there in the village for agricultural financing.

==Demography==

Bhikampali village has a population of 920 of which 448 are males while 472 are females as per Population Census 2011.
In Bhikampali village population of children with age 0–6 is 112 which makes up 12.17% of total population of the village. Average Sex Ratio of Bhikampali village is 1054 which is higher than Odisha state average of 979. Child Sex Ratio for the Bhikampali as per census is 1000, higher than Odisha average of 941.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>
Bhikampali village has higher literacy rate compared to Odisha. In 2011, the literacy rate of Bhikampali village was 72.90% compared to 72.87% of Odisha. In Bhikampali Male literacy stands at 86.73% while female literacy rate was 59.86%.

==Education==

Primary education is provided by Bhikampali Model Primary School under Odisha government. It is one of the reputed primary education institution in the area with students constantly doing well in district level over the years. The secondary education is provided by Bhikampali Panchayat High School<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/panchayat-high-school-bhikampali/21020502501|title=Panchayat High School, Bhikampali, Bhikampali, Jharsuguda – Orissa|website=iCBSE}}</ref> affiliated to Board of Secondary Education, Odisha. Established in 1962, it is one of the oldest high school in the region.
The nearest tertiary educational institution is Mahima College, Bijapali.

==Health and social care==

A formal healthcare system for the village is non-existent. The nearest Primary Healthcare Centre is in the village Palasada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dhsodisha.nic.in/?q=node/90|title=PHC – Directorate of Health Services|website=dhsodisha.nic.in}}</ref> which is around 5 km from the village. The nearest Secondary Healthcare Centre is at Lakhanpur (27 km) and Tertiary Healthcare facility is at Jharsuguda. Lack of proper health care facilities in the village forces the villagers to seek out Quacks in case of medical emergency. Odisha government aided 108 ambulance service is available in the village.

==Religion==

[[Hinduism]] is the prevalent religion of the village. Most of the village population is from Schedule Tribe (ST). Schedule Tribe (ST) constitutes 42.17% while Schedule Caste (SC) 8.80% of the total population in the village. Goddess Padmasini is the village deity.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/> There are temples for Goddess Padmasini, Goddess Samalei, Lord Shiva and Lord Hanuman in the village.

==Culture and regular events==

[[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] is the native language of the village. Odia is widely used for official purpose. Being closer to Chhattisgarh, [[Laria language|Laria]] and [[Hindi]] languages are widely spoken and understood in the village. 'Danda Nrutya' and 'Dalkhai' are dance form practiced by the villagers. Like all over Odisha, Pakhal is the cuisine of choice. Festival likes Nuakhai, Pushpuni, Rath Yatra, Durga Puja, Ganesh Puja, Diwali and Holi are fervently celebrated in the village.
Nama Yangya and Nuakhai Bhetghat are other regular annual events in the village.

==Sport and leisure==

[[Cricket]] and [[association football|Football]] are by far the dominant sports of the village. Regular sporting events involving Cricket and Football are held in the village annually. The village Cricket and Football teams participate in various competitions held in the region. Other traditional sports like [[Kabaddi]], [[Kho kho]], Gilli Danda are also quite popular.
Sankirtan, Pala, Dramatic events and Fishing are the other forms of leisure for the villagers

==Tourism==

Only a decade old, the new Padmasini temple is a major tourist attraction. The nearby Ghanteswari Temple and boating facilities in Hirakud reservoir brings many people to the village.
All the temples of Padampur town got submerged after Hirakud dam was completed in 1957. Remnants of those temples submerged in Hirakud dam backwater are still present to this date. In the summer season, the receding water of the dam makes the structures become visible. The hidden treasures are a major attraction for the historians and civilians alike.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharsugudazp.odishapr.gov.in/web/316_jharsuguda-district-panchayat/hidden/-/asset_publisher/tMn6waGjYWb6/content/padmasini-temple-of-padampur/1089299?redirect=http://www.jharsugudazp.odishapr.gov.in/|title=JHARSUGUDA-District Panchayat – National Panchayat Portal – Govt. of India|website=www.jharsugudazp.odishapr.gov.in|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809011149/http://www.jharsugudazp.odishapr.gov.in/web/316_jharsuguda-district-panchayat/hidden/-/asset_publisher/tMn6waGjYWb6/content/padmasini-temple-of-padampur/1089299?redirect=http://www.jharsugudazp.odishapr.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The famous Koili Ghugar waterfall is just 15 km from the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharsugudazp.odishapr.gov.in/web/316_jharsuguda-district-panchayat/hidden/-/asset_publisher/tMn6waGjYWb6/content/koilighughar-water-fall/1089299?redirect=http://www.jharsugudazp.odishapr.gov.in/|title=JHARSUGUDA-District Panchayat – National Panchayat Portal – Govt. of India|website=www.jharsugudazp.odishapr.gov.in|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809004834/http://www.jharsugudazp.odishapr.gov.in/web/316_jharsuguda-district-panchayat/hidden/-/asset_publisher/tMn6waGjYWb6/content/koilighughar-water-fall/1089299?redirect=http://www.jharsugudazp.odishapr.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Pin code Bhikampali [http://www.whereincity.com/india/pincode/orissa/jharsuguda.htm]
*Info about Bhikamapali [https://villageinfo.in/odisha/jharsuguda/rengali/bhikampali.html]
*Info about Bhikamapali [https://archive.today/20161221042434/http://naveenpatnaik.com/Bhikampali-Village-22539-3089.html]
*Info about Bhikamapali [http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Jharsuguda/Lakhanpur/Bhikampali]
*Info about Bhikamapali [http://wikiedit.org/India/Bhikampali/118978/]

{{Jharsuguda district}}

[[Category:Villages in Jharsuguda district]]

Habra railway station

2026-01-14T09:27:27Z

Sindhu:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Habra
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Habra]], [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.840921|88.657491|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|11|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = [[Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line]] of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]

| platform = 3
| tracks = 3
| other =
| accessible =
| bicycle = Not available
| depth =
| parking = Not available
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HB<ref name="Indian railway codes">{{cite web |title=Indian railway codes |url=http://www.icf.indianrailways.gov.in/PB/pass/stations.html |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref>
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Sealdah}}
}}
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| closed =
| former =
| opened = {{start date and age|1906}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{start date and age|1972}}
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Ashoknagar Road|right=Sanhati Halt|to-left=Sealdah|to-right=Bangaon Junction|type=[[Dum Dum–Bangaon branch line]]}}
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Habra
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| route_map = {{Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Habra railway station''', station code '''HB,''' is a station of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]. It is {{convert|45|km|abbr=on}} away from [[Sealdah railway station]] and {{cvt|23|km}} from [[Barasat]] on the [[Sealdah–Bangaon line]] of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]].<ref>Eastern Railway time table</ref> It serves [[Habra]] town and is a part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.
Station master:Deborshi Ghambush

== Station complex ==
The station consists of three [[Railway platform|platforms]].<ref>{{cite web |title=HB/Habra |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/8222 |website=India Rail Info}}</ref> It has facilities including [[drinking water]] and [[sanitation]]. Here, both two types of [[Train ticket|railway tickets]] - reserved and unreserved are available.

== Electrification ==
The [[Sealdah railway station|Sealah]]–[[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum]]–[[Barasat Junction railway station|Barasat]]–[[Ashoknagar railway station|Ashok Nagar]]–[[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon]] line was electrified in 1963–64.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Electrification |url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |access-date=28 August 2017 |publisher=IRFCA}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
Habra railway station connects [[Gobardanga]], [[Thakurnagar]] and [[Bangaon]] to {{rws|Sealdah||Sealdah station}} and other stations of the [[Sealdah–Bangaon line]]. It is directly connected to [[National Highway 112 (India)|NH 112]] ([[Jessore Road]]). Habra is a major railway station between [[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon junction railway station]] and [[Barasat Junction railway station|Barasat junction railway station]].

== History ==
Habra is located on [[Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line]] of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]. It links between [[Dum Dum]] to [[Khulna]] now in [[Bangladesh]], via [[Bangaon]] was constructed by [[Bengal Central Railway Company]] in 1882–84.<ref name="history">{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian |publisher=Rail India | access-date = 28 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-date = 16 March 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==The station layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=6 valign=top|'''P1'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]], No-1 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|Towards →[[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon]]→ →
|-
|'''Track 2'''
|{{0|→}}Towards ←{{rws|Sealdah}}← ←
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]], No- 2 doors will open on the left/right 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]], No- 3 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|-
|}
{{Routemap
| title = Habra track layout
| title-bg =
| legend = track
| collapsible = yes
| float = none
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon]]
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{rws|Sealdah}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = {{center|Station with three tracks and one side platform and two island platforms}}
}}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains}}}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[North 24 Parganas district]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[Sealdah railway station]]
* [[Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line]]
* [[Bangaon Junction railway station]]
* [[Transport in West Bengal]]
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in India}}
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/8222 Habra Station Map]
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/HABRA+RAILWAY+STATION/@22.8409056,88.6555511,663m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f8b05cabad13d9:0xe7edbbadfb8aed27!8m2!3d22.8409007!4d88.6577398|title=Habra Railway station}}

{{commons category|Habra railway station}}

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1906]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Kamakhya–Gomti Nagar Superfast Express

2026-01-13T21:34:25Z

Sindhu: created article.

{{Short description|Express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kamakhya - Gomti Nagar Superfast Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = 06 January 2022
| last =
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Gomti Nagar}} (GTNR)
| stops = 12
| end = {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}} (KYQ)
| distance = {{convert|1379|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 31 hrs 10 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved [http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1321022551862-pr_11.11.11.docx_1.pdf]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15077 / 15078
| speed = {{ubl|{{cvt|110|km/h|0}} maximum|{{cvt|46.28|km/h|0}} average including halts}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}
'''15077/15078 Kamakhya - Gomti Nagar Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express train]] belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[North Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Gomti Nagar}} railway station of [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}} railway station of [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamakhya Gomti Nagar Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamakhya-gomti-nagar-weekly-express-15077/1892/547/908|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Railways: लखनऊ से पूर्वोत्तर के लिए अब सीधी ट्रेन, गोमती-नगर कामाख्या एक्सप्रेस हर सोमवार चलेगी|url=https://www.naidunia.com/national-indian-railways-now-direct-train-from-lucknow-to-northeast-gomtinagar-kamakhya-express-will-run-every-monday-7219987|website=naidunia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=कामाख्या व गोमती नगर के लिए नई ट्रेन की सुविधा:देर शाम गोमती नगर से बरौनी जंक्शन इस नई ट्रेन का कुलियों व वेंडरों ने किया स्वागत|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/barauni/news/late-evening-gomti-nagar-to-barauni-junction-this-new-train-was-welcomed-by-porters-and-vendors-129281714.html|website=www bhaskar.com}}</ref>
The train in its journey covers [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]].

==Timings==
The train starts from Platform Number 04 of {{rws|Kamakhya}} at 18:30 every Tuesday and reaches Platform Number 01 of {{rws|Gomti Nagar}} on Thursday at 01:40.
For reverse direction, the train starts from {{rws|Gomti Nagar}} every Monday at 10:00 and reaches {{rws|Kamakhya}} on Tuesday at 15:30.

==Route==
===Uttar Pradesh===
*{{rws|Gomti Nagar}}
*{{rws|Gonda Junction}}
*{{rws|Basti}}
*{{rws|Gorakhpur Junction}}
*{{rws|Deoria Sadar}}

===Bihar===
*{{rws|Siwan Junction}}
*{{rws|Chhapra Junction}}
*{{rws|Hajipur Junction}}
*{{rws|Barauni Junction}}
*{{rws|Katihar Junction}}
*{{rws|Kishanganj}}

===West Bengal===
*[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]

===Assam===
*{{rws|New Bongaigaon Junction}}
*[[Goalpara|Goalpara Town]]
*{{rws|Kamakhya Junction}}
__NOTOC__

==Traction==
The train is hauled by [[WDP-4D]]/[[WDP-4B]]/[[WDP-4]] Locomotive of [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri]] from {{rws|Kamakhya}} to {{rws|New Bongaigaon}}. Than from {{rws|New Bongaigaon}} to {{rws|Gomti Nagar}}, the train is hauled by [[WAP-7]]/[[WAP-4]] Locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad]].

==Coach composition==
15077/15078 Gomti Nagar - Kamakhya /Kamakhya - Gomti Nagar Express consists of Two [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second AC (2AC)]] coaches, Six [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Third AC (3AC)]] coaches, Six [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper (SL)]] coaches, Four [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second Sitting(2S)]] coaches Engine and One [[Indian Railways coaching stock|End On Generator (EOG)]] coach.
==See also==
*[[Dibrugarh - Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat Express]]
*[[Gomti Nagar railway station]]
*[[Kamakhya railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:North Eastern Railway zone]]
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamakhya-Gomti Nagar Superfast Express}}

Vidya Sinha

2026-01-13T07:30:08Z

Sindhu: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian actress (1947–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vidya Sinha
| image = VidyaSinha.jpg
| caption = Sinha in 2011
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|11|15|df=y}}
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Province]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|8|15|1947|11|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1974–1986, 2000–2019
| othername =
| spouse = {{marriage|Venkateshwaran Iyer |1968|1996|end=died}} {{marriage|Netaji Bhimrao Salunkhe |2001|2009|end=divorced}}
| children = 1 daughter
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Vidya Sinha''' (15 November 1947 – 15 August 2019) was an Indian actress who acted in [[Hindi]] films, most known for ''[[Rajnigandha]]'' (1974), ''[[Chhoti Si Baat]]'' (1975) and ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]'' (1978). She started her career as a model and won the Miss Bombay title. Her first movie was ''Raja Kaka'' (1974) opposite [[Kiran Kumar]]. However, fame came to her through the low-budget break-away hit ''[[Rajnigandha]]'' (1974), directed by her mentor [[Basu Chatterjee]]. She acted in several films after which she took a hiatus. Returning to acting in the later part of her life, she acted in several TV serials and the Salman Khan movie ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' (2011).

== Early life ==
Vidya Sinha was born on 15 November 1947 in Mumbai. Her father [[Pratap A. Rana]] (film name), also known as Rana Pratap Singh, was an Indian film producer, son-in-law of film director Mohan Sinha.<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-still-regret-saying-no-to-raj-kapoor-for-satyam-shivam-sundaram/20150113.htm |title=I still regret saying no to Raj Kapoor for Satyam Shivam Sundaram |website=Rediff |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926113420/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-still-regret-saying-no-to-raj-kapoor-for-satyam-shivam-sundaram/20150113.htm |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Movies ===
At the age of 18, she participated in a beauty contest where she was crowned Miss Bombay and she regarded one of the most beautiful and greatest actress of Indian cinema.<ref name="rediff" /> After that she began modelling for several popular brands and was discovered by [[Basu Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/vidya-sinha-i-was-never-serious-about-my-career/18165%3C |title=Vidya Sinha: I Was Never Serious About My Career |date=14 December 2012 |access-date=6 August 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |title=Veteran actor Vidya Sinha passes away |date=15 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/veteran-actor-vidya-sinha-passes-away/article29100663.ece |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=N. Ravi |access-date=27 September 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Her first movie was ''Raja Kaka'' (1974) opposite [[Kiran Kumar]].<ref name="The Hindu" /> However, fame came to her through the low-budget break-away hit ''[[Rajnigandha]]'' (1974), directed by Chatterjee.<ref name="The Hindu" /> The movie, with none of the trappings of a typical blockbuster, was a major box office success. This was followed by another hit, ''[[Chhoti Si Baat]]'' (1975), paving the way for starring in mainstream productions with bigger budgets – ''[[Karm]]'' (1977) with [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Shabana Azmi]], ''[[Mukti (1977 film)|Mukti]]'' (1977) with [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Shashi Kapoor]], ''[[Inkaar (1977 film)|Inkaar]]'' (1977) with [[Vinod Khanna]], ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]'' (1978) with [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Ranjeeta Kaur]], [[Gulzar]]'s ''[[Kitaab]]'' (1977), [[Saboot]] (1979), and ''[[Meera (1979 film)|Meera]]'' (1979).<ref name="Hungama" /> Vidya acted in 30 movies over a period of 10 years. In the [[Raj Sippy]] directed ''Josh'' (1981), she played her only negative role; that of a gangster stealing coins from beggars.<ref>Josh 1981 [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0361780/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420154438/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0361780/|date=20 April 2017}}[http://www.ultraindia.com/film-details/614-josh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063201/http://www.ultraindia.com/film-details/614-josh|date=20 February 2019}}[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxcElMAIdYU][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4x7d1Z_azM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417064200/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4x7d1Z_azM|date=17 April 2014}}[https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/if-there-is-a-good-film-i-will-opt-for-it-vidya-sinha/article8366322.ece]</ref> The same year she played [[Vijeta Pandit]]'s mother in the romantic film ''[[Love Story (1981 film)|Love Story]]'', starring opposite [[Rajendra Kumar]] and [[Danny]].<ref name="The Hindu" />

After some years in Australia, Vidya returned to India and started acting in television serials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM10/Vidya-Sinha-braces-limelight-again/Article1-99437.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830184445/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM10/Vidya-Sinha-braces-limelight-again/Article1-99437.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 August 2012 |title=Vidya Sinha braces the limelight again |date=19 May 2006 |access-date=30 March 2014}}</ref> [[Salman Khan]]'s ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' (2011), her film after 25 years, was also her last film.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/veteran-actress-vidya-sinha-dies-at-71-1581121-2019-08-15 |title=Veteran actress Vidya Sinha dies at 71 |date=15 August 2019 |work=India Today}}</ref>

=== Television ===
Vidya Sinha acted in TV serials like ''Bahu Rani'' (2000), ''Hum Do Hain Na'', ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]'' and ''[[Kkavyanjali]]'' (2004).<ref name="The Hindu" /> In 2011 she appeared in the [[NDTV Imagine]] serial ''Haar Jeet''.<ref name="The Hindu" /> She enacted the role of Asad's and Ayaan's grandmother, Badi Bi in the Zee TV show, ''[[Qubool Hai]]''.<ref name="The Hindu" /> She was also seen as Neha's grandmother in ''Itti Si Khushi''.,<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |title='Itti Si Khushi' producer Rajan Shahani, co-star Smiriti Kalra remember late Vidya Sinha |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-itti-si-khushi-producer-rajan-shahani-co-star-smiriti-kalra-remember-late-vidya-sinha-2782054 |access-date=15 August 2019 |work=DNA India |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> as Chandragupt's grandmother in ''[[Chandra Nandini]]'' and as Kulfi's grandmother in ''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]''.<ref name="The Hindu" />

== Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role(s)
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="3"|1974
|''[[Rajnigandha]]''
| Deepa Kapoor
|
|-
|''Raja Kaka''
| Sonu
|
|-
|''[[Hawas (1974 film)|Hawas]]''
| Vidya Kumar
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Chhoti Si Baat]]''
| Prabha Narayan
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Mera Jiwan]]''
| Sandhya
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|1977
|''Mamta''
| Tripti Mathur
|
|-
|''[[Jeevan Mukt]]''
|
|<ref name="Amar Ujala">{{cite news |title='पति पत्नी और वो' की अभिनेत्री विद्या सिन्हा का मुंबई में निधन, आखिरी बार इस सीरियल में आई थीं नजर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-actress-vidya-sinha-today-passes-away |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=Amar Ujala}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Karm]]''
| Asha Shastri/Sadhna
|<ref name="Hungama">{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Vidya Sinha Movies List {{!}} Vidya Sinha Upcoming Movies – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/vidya-sinha/filmography/ |access-date=16 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mukti (1977 film)|Mukti]]''
| Seema K. Sharma
|<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Vidya Sinha (1947–2019): A pictorial tribute to Pati Patni Aur Woh actor |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/vidya-sinha-dead-photos-movies-5898668/ |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 August 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kitaab]]''
| Mrs. Komal Gupta
|<ref name="The Hindu" />
|-
|''[[Inkaar (1977 film)|Inkaar]]''
| Geeta Chaudhary
|
|-
|''Chalu Mera Naam''
| Dolly/Rani/Mrs. Shyamlam
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1978
|''Udeekan''
|Rajni
|Special appearance
|-
|''Tyaag Patra''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sone Ka Dil Lohe Ke Haath]]''
| Parvati
|
|-
|''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''
| Sharda Chaddha
|
|-
|''[[Safed Jhooth]]''
| Kamla Gulati
|
|-
|''[[Tumhare Liye]]''
| Gauri
|
|-
|''Muqaddar''
| Savitri
|
|-
|''[[Atithee]]''
| Meena/Martha
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|1979
|''[[Jeena Yahan]]''
|
| Guest appearance
|-
|''Atmaram''
| Ranjit's wife
|
|-
|''[[Magroor]]''
| Anju
|
|-
|''[[Meera (1979 film)|Meera]]''
| Krishna Rathod
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|1980
| ''[[Saboot]]''
| Asha
|
|-
|''[[Swayamvar]]''
| Shanti Bhargav
|<ref name="NavbharatTimes">{{cite news |title=Vidya Sinha death: नहीं रहीं 'पति, पत्नी और वो' वाली ऐक्ट्रेस Vidya Sinha – veteran actress vidya sinha passes away |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/veteran-actress-vidya-sinha-passes-away/articleshow/70688633.cms |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=Navbharat Times |date=15 August 2019 |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pyaara Dushman]]''
| Munni 'Seema'
| <ref name="hindilyrics">{{cite web |title=Lyrics of Pyara Dushman Movie in Hindi |url=http://www.hindilyrics.net/lyrics/hindi-lyrics-of-Pyara%20Dushman.html |website=hindilyrics.net |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816062751/http://www.hindilyrics.net/lyrics/hindi-lyrics-of-Pyara%2520Dushman.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''Bambai Ka Maharaja''
| Parvati Rajendra Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1981
| ''[[Plot No. 5]]''
| Anuja
|<ref name="20 suspense">{{cite news |title=Bollywood's top 20 suspense films of all time |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bollywoods-top-20-suspense-films-of-all-time-523995.html |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=News18}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love Story (1981 film)|Love Story]]''
| Suman Dogra
|
|-
| ''Nai Imarat''
| Chandra
| Also Producer
|-
|''Josh''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1982
| ''Adhura Aadmi''
| Amjad Khan
|
|-
| ''Raakh Aur Chingari''
| Meena & Salu
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1984
|''Dhokebaaz''
| Radha
|
|-
|''[[Qaidi (1984 film)|Qaidi]]''
| Sita
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1986
| ''Kirayadar''
| Mrs. Laxmi Abhyankar
|
|-
| ''Maa Ki Saugandh''
| Billo
|
|-
| ''[[Krishna-Krishna]]''
| Rani Rukmini
|
|-
| ''[[Jeeva (1986 film)|Jeeva]]''
| Thakurani
|
|-
|1991
| ''Bharat Bhagya Vidhata''
| Shabbir's mother
|
|-
|2010
| ''[[Malik Ek]]''
| Vishnu's Mother
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
| Mrs. Rana
| Final film performance
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1985 || ''Sinhasan Battisi'' || – ||Producer <ref name="The Hindu" />
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Kkavyanjali]]'' || Kkavya's paternal grandmother ||<ref name="The Hindu" />
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Zaara (TV series)|Zaara]]''|| Dadi ||<ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=Pati, Patni Aur Woh Actress Vidya Sinha Passes Away in Mumbai |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pati-patni-aur-woh-actress-vidya-sinha-passes-away-at-72-in-mumbai-2271481.html |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=News18}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Neem Neem Shahad Shahad]]''|| Hansmukh's wife ||<ref name="Pioneer">{{cite news |last1=Pioneer |first1=The |title=Pati, Patni aur Woh actress no more |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/pioneer-exclusive/pati--patni-aur-woh-actress-no-more.html |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816064154/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/pioneer-exclusive/pati--patni-aur-woh-actress-no-more.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''Haar Jeet''|| Sahil's grandmother ||<ref name="The Hindu" />
|-
| 2012 – 2014 || ''[[Qubool Hai]]''|| Badi Bii ||<ref name="The Hindu" />
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''[[Qubool Hai]]''|| Neha's Daadi ||<ref name="The Hindu" />
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Zindagi Wins]]''|| Nurse Mariam ||<ref name="Pioneer" />
|-
| 2015–2016 || ''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]''|| Sushma Tripathi ||<ref name="The Hindu" />
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Chandra Nandini]]''|| Grand-Queen Sonarika of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]||<ref name="The Hindu" />
|-
| 2018–2019 || ''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]''|| Dadi ||<ref name="The Hindu" />
|}

== Personal life ==
Sinha married her neighbour, a Tamil Brahmin named Venkateshwaran Iyer, in 1968. After retiring from her film career she adopted a daughter, Jhanvi, in 1989.<ref name="rediff" /> The next few years were spent in taking care of Jhanvi and her ailing husband, who eventually died in 1996.<ref name="DNA article on complaint">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-vidya-sinha-accuses-husband-of-torturing-her-1220083 |title=Vidya Sinha accuses husband of torturing her |date=9 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330081812/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-vidya-sinha-accuses-husband-of-torturing-her-1220083 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2014}}</ref> Vidya then moved to [[Sydney]], met the elderly Australian doctor, Netaji Bhimrao Salunke, online in 2001, and married him after a quick courtship, in a small temple wedding.<ref name="DNA article on complaint" /> On 9 January 2009, she filed a complaint with the police accusing Salunkhe of physical and mental torture.<ref name="DNA article on complaint" /> They were divorced soon afterwards, and after a protracted battle, she won her case against him for maintenance.<ref name="Vidya Sinha wins divorce case">{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/actor-vidya-sinha-wins-case-against-exhusband/820113/ |title=Actor Vidya Sinha wins case against ex-husband |date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330064956/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/actor-vidya-sinha-wins-case-against-exhusband/820113/ |archive-date=30 March 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2014}}</ref>

== Death ==
On 15 August 2019, Sinha died at a hospital in [[Mumbai]] of [[respiratory failure]] caused by heart and lung disease at the age of 71.<ref name="indiatoday" /> She had been admitted to the hospital on 11 August for breathing problems and subsequently put on a ventilator.<ref name="The Hindu" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0802378}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|vidya-sinha}}
* [https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/vidya-sinha-dead-photos-movies-5898668/ Archived pictures of Vidya Sinha] at ''[[The Indian Express]]''

{{Commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Vidya}}
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Deaths from respiratory failure]]

Kolasib district

2026-01-12T01:32:01Z

Sindhu: general enhance page per standard format and corrected details

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Kolasib}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolasib district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Mizoram|District]] of [[Mizoram]]
| image_skyline = Kolasib, Mizoram - panoramio.jpg
| image_caption = View of [[Kolasib]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Mizoram
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Kolasib
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kolasib]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 1382.51
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 83,955
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 93.50
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 956
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = 3
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://kolasib.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Kolasib district''' is one of the eleven districts of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].

==Geography==

===Hydrology===
Kolasib district has one completed Dam, [[Serlui B Dam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=SerluiB A Milestone in the Power Sector|url=http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1130&Itemid=10|publisher=Eastern Panorama|access-date=8 August 2012|date=20 October 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218013007/http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1130&Itemid=10|archive-date=18 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and two under construction [[Bairabi Dam]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Lalfakzuala|title=Bairabi Dam Project 80MW leh TLAWNG HEP 55MW TAN MOU ZIAKFEL|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/bairabi-dam-project-80mw-leh-tlawng-hep-55mw-tan-mou-ziakfel|publisher=DIPR Mizoram|access-date=13 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108010749/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/bairabi-dam-project-80mw-leh-tlawng-hep-55mw-tan-mou-ziakfel|archive-date=8 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Tuirial Dam]] Construction recommenced in September 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuirial Project To Be Completed by 2014|url=http://www.sinlung.com/2011/11/aizawl-nov-21-abandoned-tuirial-hydro.html|publisher=SINLUNG|access-date=5 August 2012|date=11 November 2011}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|25=1971|26=26,983|27=1981|28=38,432|29=1991|30=48,769|31=2001|32=65,960|33=2011|34=83,955|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kolasib district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Mizoram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11385/download/14498/DDW15C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Mizoram|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|89.58}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|5.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Mizoram|Hinduism]]|darkorange|4.76}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.39}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Kolasib district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 83,955, roughly equal to the nation of [[Andorra]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = 198 Andorra 84,825 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 620th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert| 61|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 27.28%. Kolasib has a [[sex ratio]] of 956 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 93.50%. 55.84% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Tribes make up 87.67% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Kolasib |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/878/download/36380/DH_2011_1502_PART_A_DCHB_KOLASIB.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages spoken in Kolasib district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Mizo language|Mizo]] |value1 = 75.93 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]] |value2 = 7.56 |color2 = darksalmon
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value3 = 5.30 |color3 = orchid
|label4 = [[Kokborok|Tripuri]] |value4 = 4.63 |color4 = gold
|label5 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value5 = 1.90 |color5 = pink
|label6 = [[Hindi]] |value6 = 1.33 |color6 = orange
|label7 = Others |value7 = 3.35 |color7 = grey
}}

According to the 2011 census, 75.93% of the population spoke [[Mizo language|Mizo]], 7.56% [[Hmar language|Hmar]], 5.30% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 4.63% [[Kokborok|Tripuri]], 1.90% [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and 1.33% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Mizoram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10215/download/13327/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1500.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Wildlife==
The [[Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary]] is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] in the district. It was created on 2004 and covers approximately 50 km².<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forest.mizoram.gov.in/page/pualreng-wildlife-sanctuary |title=Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Environment, Forests & Climate Change Department, Government of Mizoram |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>
==See also==

* [[Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kolasib.nic.in/ Kolasib district website]
* [http://www.kolasib.com/ Kolasib website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kolasib district
|North = [[Cachar district]], [[Assam]]
|Northeast = [[Churachandpur district]], [[Manipur]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Champhai district]]
|South = [[Aizawl district]]
|Southwest = [[Mamit district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Hailakandi district]], [[Assam]]
}}

{{Kolasib district}}
{{Mizoram}}

{{coord|24|13|48|N|92|40|48|E|region:IN-MZ_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Kolasib district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Mizoram]]

Mount Khelia

2026-01-05T09:05:04Z

Sindhu: starting a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = [[Patsho Khiamniungan]] : [[ISO 639-3]](kix) {{Audio-IPA|En-Khǖlìo kīng.ogg|['''Khülio King''']}}
| etymology =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kix
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 3462
| elevation_ref = <ref name=":2" />
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| isolation_mi =
| isolation_ref =
| parent_peak =
| listing = {{unbulleted list
| [[List of mountains in Nagaland|Highest peaks in Nagaland]] 2nd<ref name=":Expedition">{{Cite web |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/noklak-joint-mountaineering-expedition-to-mount-khelia-flagged-off/ |title=Noklak: joint mountaineering expedition to mount khelua flagged off |date=13 November 2024 |website=nagalandtribune.in }}</ref>
}}
| map = India Nagaland#India#Asia#Earth
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| label_position = East of Nagaland
| coordinates = {{coord|26|4|24|N|95|11|6|E|region:IN_type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| location = [[Noklak district|Noklak District]], Nagaland, India
| range = [[Patkai|Patkai Range]]
| topo =
| easiest_route = Hiking
}}{{short description|Mountain in the Indian state of Nagaland}}
'''Mount Khülio-King''' ({{IPA|/kʰə.³³lɪɒ³¹.kɪŋ³³/|audio=En-Khǖlìo kīng.ogg|lang=ps}}) , alternatively called '''Khelia King''', is the second highest peak in the Indian state of [[Nagaland]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tümüzo |first=Katiry |last2=Lcho |first2=Kevide |last3=Wonti |first3=Saktum |last4=Child |first4=Catriona |orig-date=April 27, 2024 |title=Earthkeepers project: Noklak Border Mission |url=https://zenodo.org/records/11002249#:~:text=This%20article%20describes%20exploratory%20eldwork%20in%20Noklak%20District%2C,at%20The%20Highland%20Institute%2C%20Kohima%2C%20in%20April%202023. |url-status=live |journal=Highlander Journal |language=en |publisher=The Highland Institute |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616200708/https://zenodo.org/records/11002249 |archive-date=June 16, 2025}}</ref> It is one of the highest in Khiamniungan region and lies along the [[India–Myanmar border]] in [[Patkai|Patkai Range]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":Expedition" /> The peak connects [[Mount Saramati]] in the east of [[Patsho]] village and south of [[Noklak]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Frontier Nagaland - A land of unique history, identity and destiny |url=https://morungexpress.com/frontier-nagaland-a-land-of-unique-history-identity-and-destiny/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230072443/https://morungexpress.com/frontier-nagaland-a-land-of-unique-history-identity-and-destiny |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |website=morungexpress.com}}</ref> The area is generally isolated and difficult to access for humans, allowing the natural landscapes and local [[biodiversity]] to remain relatively [[Human impact on the environment|untouched by human intervention]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babar |first=Aniruddha |date=13 November 2024 |title="The Professor And The Mountain" |url=https://thehillstimes.in/featured/the-professor-and-the-mountain?amp=1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709140933/https://thehillstimes.in/featured/the-professor-and-the-mountain?amp=1/ |archive-date=July 9, 2025 |website=thehillstimes.in}}</ref>

== Significance ==
Mount Khülio-King is important for the local [[ecology]]; it provides a habitat for species such as [[Blyth's Tragopan]], the [[List of Indian state birds|state bird]] of [[Nagaland]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Oral History |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/75173/1/oral_history.pdf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026002930/https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/75173/1/oral_history.pdf |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |website=repository.tribal.gov.in}}</ref> In 2023, a team of biologists discovered a specimen of the [[Fritillaria crassicaulis|''Fritillaria'' ''crassicaulis'']] at the mountain, a species previously only known to inhabit [[Nepal]], [[Sichuan]], and [[Yunnan]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Dey |first=Santanu |last2=Phom |first2=Limamanen |last3=Jing |first3=Vidi |last4=Walling |first4=Tekameren |last5=Chang |first5=Tongpangkokla |last6=Krishna |first6=Gopal |date=2024 |title=Fritillaria crassicaulis (Liliaceae): An addition to Flora of India and its typification |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fedr.202300035 |journal=Feddes Repertorium |language=en |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=353–357 |doi=10.1002/fedr.202300035 |issn=1522-239X}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=353}} The scientists concluded that the species, although present in India, was likely exclusive to Mount Khülio.<ref name=":3" />{{Reference page|page=356}} Similarly, in 2025, researchers uncovered samples of the ''[[Saxifraga rufescens]]'' dwelling on the mountain, species which were previously unknown in Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dey |first=Santanu |last2=Barbhuiya |first2=Hussain A. |last3=Khiamniungan |first3=Thangsoi M. |last4=Moaakum |last5=Jing |first5=Imtilila |title=Saxifraga rufescens var. rufescens (Saxifragaceae): A New Addition to the Flora of India |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fedr.70007 |journal=Feddes Repertorium |language=en |volume= |issue= |page=2 |doi=10.1002/fedr.70007 |issn=1522-239X|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Saktum Wonti, a researcher at the [[Highland Institute]], visited the nearby town of [[Wui village|Wui]] in 2023, where she recorded the words of a local [[Gaonburha]] who stated that the villagers were accustomed to foretelling the weather based upon the positioning of the [[sun]] as viewed from the peak of Mount Khülio. However, the Gaonburha—as reported by Wonti—purported that, in recent times, this method had become unreliable, as [[rain]] was appearing more unpredictably. According to Wonti, this shift in weather phenomena is attributable to [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wonti |first=Saktum |date=2024-05-15 |title=The Call of Home: Rediscovering my Roots on the Indo-Myanmar Border |url=https://k4dm.ca/2024/05/15/the-call-of-home-rediscovering-my-roots-on-the-indo-myanmar-border/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524085615/https://k4dm.ca/2024/05/15/the-call-of-home-rediscovering-my-roots-on-the-indo-myanmar-border/ |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=The Knowledge for Democracy Myanmar (K4DM) Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> In the past, the mountain has served as a defensive position to safeguard local inhabitants during times of conflict.<ref name=":1" />

== Route ==
The mountain is accessible via the [[Choklangan]] or Wui Villages, although travel is obstructed by hazardous road conditions.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Wiktionary-inline|Khǖlìo kīng|Khǖlìo kīng}}

[[Category:Mountains of Nagaland|Khelia]]
[[Category:Landforms of Nagaland]]

2024 Hathras crowd crush

2025-12-26T02:28:51Z

Sindhu: New

{{Short description|Crowd crush in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox event
| title = 2024 Uttar Pradesh crowd crush
| date = {{start date and age|2024|7|2|df=y}}
| place = [[Hathras district]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|region:IN-UP_type:event|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| cause = [[Overcrowding]]
| reported deaths = 121
| reported injuries = At least 150
| map = {{Location map|India Uttar Pradesh#India}}
}}

On 2 July 2024, a [[crowd crush]] occurred at the conclusion of a [[satsang]] organised by a self-styled [[Godman (India)|godman]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2024-07-06 |title=Narayan Sakar Hari (Bhole Baba) {{!}} Policeman-turned-preacher |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narayan-sakar-hari-bhole-baba-policeman-turned-preacher/article68375737.ece |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707221234/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narayan-sakar-hari-bhole-baba-policeman-turned-preacher/article68375737.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> in the village of Mughal Garhi in [[Hathras district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The incident resulted in the deaths of 121 people, most of whom were women and children, and the hospitalisation of at least 150 others. The incident occurred when about 250,000 people showed up for the event, which had permission for at most 80,000.

==Incident==
On 2 July 2024, a [[satsang]] (a religious event) was organised in the village of Mughal Garhi in [[Hathras district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] by the Sri Jagat Guru Baba organisation, founded by a local preacher, Suraj Pal, also known as Narayan Sakar Hari or Bhole Baba.<ref>{{cite news|title=How did a religious gathering in India turn into a deadly stampede?|url=https://apnews.com/article/india-hathras-stampede-cd902854cbc673cbfbd3408963c34792|access-date=3 July 2024|date=3 July 2024|work=Associated Press|first1=Biswajeet|last1=Banerjee|first2=Krutika|last2=Pathi|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706012736/https://apnews.com/article/india-hathras-stampede-cd902854cbc673cbfbd3408963c34792|url-status=live}}</ref> A makeshift tent had been erected in a muddy field for the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shamim |first=Sarah |title=What caused the deadly stampede in Hathras, India? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/3/what-caused-the-deadly-crowd-crush-in-hathras-india |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706012737/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/3/what-caused-the-deadly-crowd-crush-in-hathras-india |url-status=live }}</ref> The crowd crush occurred at the conclusion of the event, when people attempted to leave the premises.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dozens killed in stampede at India religious event|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cv2g7wgj83no|access-date=2 July 2024|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2 July 2024|first=Sharanya|last=Hrishikesh|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702125111/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cv2g7wgj83no|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=107 people killed in stampede at religious event in Uttar Pradesh's Hathras|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/major-stampede-at-religious-event-in-uttar-pradeshs-hathras-over-20-feared-dead-101719917770127.html|date=2 July 2024|access-date=2 July 2024|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702143532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/major-stampede-at-religious-event-in-uttar-pradeshs-hathras-over-20-feared-dead-101719917770127.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Victims==
The incident resulted in the deaths of 123 people, most of whom were women and children, and the hospitalisation of at least 150 others.<ref name="Two Days">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narayan-sakar-hari-hathras-stampede-bhole-baba-satsang-two-days-after-killer-stampede-left-123-dead-no-arrests-and-few-answers-6030303|title=Two Days After Killer Stampede Left 123 Dead, No Arrests and Few Answers|work=[[NDTV]]|date=4 July 2024|access-date=5 July 2024|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706012737/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narayan-sakar-hari-hathras-stampede-bhole-baba-satsang-two-days-after-killer-stampede-left-123-dead-no-arrests-and-few-answers-6030303|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who is Bhole Baba, during whose 'satsang' 120 people died in a stampede?|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/who-is/who-is-bhole-baba-during-whose-satsang-120-people-died-in-a-stampede-1503316125.html|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=2 July 2024|access-date=2 July 2024|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702195158/https://www.thestatesman.com/who-is/who-is-bhole-baba-during-whose-satsang-120-people-died-in-a-stampede-1503316125.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2 July 2024|title=More than 100 killed during stampede at religious gathering in India's Uttar Pradesh with death toll expected to rise|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-02/many-killed-in-stampede-at-religous-gathering-in-north-india/104050938|access-date=5 July 2024|work=ABC News|first=Meghna|last=Bali|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702143540/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-02/many-killed-in-stampede-at-religous-gathering-in-north-india/104050938|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) was tasked with the rescue operations. A responding police officer also died of a [[heart attack]].<ref>{{cite news|title=UP Hathras Stampede: Policeman dies of heart attack after seeing piles of bodies|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/hathras-stampede-updates-up-police-policeman-dies-piles-of-bodies-uttar-pradesh-fulrai-village-rajneesh-etah-district-hospital-2024-07-02-939928|access-date=2 July 2024|work=[[India TV]]|date=2 July 2024|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702195209/https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/hathras-stampede-updates-up-police-policeman-dies-piles-of-bodies-uttar-pradesh-fulrai-village-rajneesh-etah-district-hospital-2024-07-02-939928|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chief minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of Uttar Pradesh [[Yogi Adityanath]] announced an [[ex-gratia]] compensation of {{INRconvert|200000}} for the families of each of the dead and {{INRconvert|50000}} for the injured.<ref>{{cite news|title=107 dead in stampede at religious preacher's congregation in UP's Hathras|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/107-dead-in-stampede-at-religious-preacher-s-congregation-in-up-s-hathras-101719925681785.html|date=2 July 2024|access-date=2 July 2024|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|first=Hemendra|last=Chaturvedi|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702132055/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/107-dead-in-stampede-at-religious-preacher-s-congregation-in-up-s-hathras-101719925681785.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also instructed officials to investigate the cause of the incident.<ref>{{cite news|title=UP Hathras Stampede Live Updates: At least 50 persons killed during 'satsang', CM Adityanath announces Rs 2 lakh ex gratia for families of deceased|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-hathras-stampede-live-updates-satsang-deaths-cm-yogi-adityanath-9428365/|date=2 July 2024|access-date=2 July 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702143532/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-hathras-stampede-live-updates-satsang-deaths-cm-yogi-adityanath-9428365/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Causes==
According to the [[first information report]] (FIR) lodged by the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]], around 250,000 people showed up for the event, which had permission for at most 80,000.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|last=Iyer|first=Aishwarya S.|date=2 July 2024|title=At least 87 people killed in stampede at religious event in India, say local police|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/02/asia/india-uttar-pradesh-stampede-intl/index.html|access-date=2 July 2024|work=[[CNN]]|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702195159/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/02/asia/india-uttar-pradesh-crush-intl|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|last2=Hassan|first2=Aakash|date=3 July 2024|title=India deadly crush blamed on huge overcrowding as death toll passes 120|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/03/india-deadly-crush-blamed-on-huge-overcrowding-as-death-toll-passes-120|access-date=4 July 2024|work=[[The Guardian]]|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706012737/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/03/india-deadly-crush-blamed-on-huge-overcrowding-as-death-toll-passes-120|url-status=live }}</ref> The organisers had not ensured multiple exit routes, resulting in one entry and exit respectively for a crowd of 2.5 lakh. Officials claimed that the deaths occurred when a dust storm caused people to panic and the overcrowding combined with the heat resulted in increased casualties.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|last=Yasir|first=Sameer|date=2 July 2024|title=Stampede at Religious Gathering in Northern India Kills at Least 50|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/02/world/asia/india-stampede-religious-event.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2 July 2024|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702195213/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/02/world/asia/india-stampede-religious-event.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Media agencies reported that the exit from the venue was narrow and the crush started when people pushed each other to get a glimpse of Pal and others tried to collect the soil or dirt around his feet.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ndtv.in/india/hathras-stampede-eye-witnesses-told-the-painful-story-of-accident-6018942|title=Eye witnesses told painful story of the accident|date=2 July 2024|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=2 July 2024|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702195201/https://ndtv.in/india/hathras-stampede-eye-witnesses-told-the-painful-story-of-accident-6018942|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=What happened in Hathras? All you need to know about Bhole Baba, stampede|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-happened-in-hathras-all-you-need-to-know-about-bhole-baba-stampede-101720063717302.html|date=4 July 2024|access-date=4 July 2024|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706012738/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-happened-in-hathras-all-you-need-to-know-about-bhole-baba-stampede-101720063717302.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Devotees wanted to collect soil from around Bhole Baba's feet': The unfolding of UP's Hathras tragedy|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/how-deadly-stampede-broke-out-in-ups-hathras-eyewitnesses-recount-horror-12760709.html|access-date=2 July 2024|work=Money Control|date=2 July 2024}}</ref> Media reports also reported that attendees were held back for Pal and his group to exit first.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/hathras-reason-behind-stampede-in-hathras-came-to-light-convoy-of-storyteller-bhole-baba-was-going-out-and-then-23751031.html|title=Convoy of storyteller Bhole Baba was going out|date=2 July 2024|work=Jagran|access-date=2 July 2024|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702195217/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/hathras-reason-behind-stampede-in-hathras-came-to-light-convoy-of-storyteller-bhole-baba-was-going-out-and-then-23751031.html|url-status=live|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Accident happened due to stampede to touch the feet of Baba|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hathras/hathras-accident-happened-due-to-stampede-to-touch-the-feet-of-baba-sakar-hari-2024-07-02|access-date=2 July 2024|work=Amar Ujala|language=hi|date=2 July 2024|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702195209/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hathras/hathras-accident-happened-due-to-stampede-to-touch-the-feet-of-baba-sakar-hari-2024-07-02|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the victims fell into a roadside drain during the commotion, while others were crushed as they were sitting or squatting on the ground.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hathras: What we know about crush that killed 121 in Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyr7kjvme44o|date=3 July 2024|access-date=3 July 2024|work=[[BBC News]]|first1=Cherylann|last1=Mollan|first2=Dilnawaz|last2=Pasha|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703073904/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyr7kjvme44o|url-status=live }}</ref>

==Investigation==
Pal was believed to be in his [[ashram]] in [[Mainpuri district]] in the aftermath of the incident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Grief and anger after India crush kills 121|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c6p231q5gpro|access-date=3 July 2024|work=[[BBC News]]|date=3 July 2024|first=Anbarasan|last=Ethirajan|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703102155/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c6p231q5gpro|url-status=live }}</ref> A lawyer for Pal said that he denied responsibility for the disaster and attributed it to "anti-social elements", while saying that a "criminal conspiracy" was being brought against him. He added that Pal would cooperate with the police investigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=India preacher denies blame for crush deaths|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2lk5q27jd4o|date=4 July 2024|access-date=4 July 2024|first1=Anbarasan|last1=Ethirajan|first2=Toby|last2=Luckhurst|work=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> At least 11 people,<ref>{{cite news |title='No woman left in my family now': India's Hathras mourns stampede victims |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/9/no-woman-left-in-my-family-now-indias-hathras-mourns-stampede-victims |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709134431/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/9/no-woman-left-in-my-family-now-indias-hathras-mourns-stampede-victims |url-status=live }}</ref> including six of Pal's aides were arrested in connection with the disaster,<ref>{{cite news|title=Six arrested in connection with stampede in north India, police say|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/six-arrested-connection-with-stampede-north-india-police-say-2024-07-04/|access-date=4 July 2024|work=[[Reuters]]|first=Sakshi|last=Dayal|date=2 July 2024 }}</ref> along with the chief organiser of the event. A judicial inquiry composed of three members was also created to investigate the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=India event organiser arrested after fatal crush |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c725dxwdx19o |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=[[BBC]] |first=Meryl |last=Sebastian |date=8 July 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708152937/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c725dxwdx19o |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 July 2024, after the preliminary investigation of the inquiry was completed, six government and police officials were suspended for their alleged negligent handling of the event. Senior officials were not notified about the event and according to the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], a Hathras senior district official had permitted the event to run without inspecting the venue. The panel also blamed the organisers for hiding details of the event in order to get permission to hold the event. In response to the preliminary findings, Pal's lawyer repeated the claim that the incident was a conspiracy.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Saurabh |last2=Patel |first2=Shivam |date=9 July 2024 |title=India suspends six police, government officials for stampede that killed 121 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-suspends-six-police-government-officials-stampede-that-killed-121-2024-07-09/?taid=668d251a9362c5000164159d&utm_campaign=trueAnthem:+Trending+Content&utm_medium=trueAnthem&utm_source=twitter |access-date=9 July 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

==Reactions==
[[President of india|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] expressed condolences over the disaster.<ref>{{cite news|title=Death toll from India stampede rises to at least 97, says official|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/2/at-least-27-dead-in-stampede-during-religious-gathering-in-northern-india|access-date=2 July 2024|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=2 July 2024|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702123140/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/2/at-least-27-dead-in-stampede-during-religious-gathering-in-northern-india|url-status=live}}</ref> The ambassadors of China, France and Germany also expressed condolences.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hathras-stampede-several-envoys-in-india-mourn-loss-of-lives-101719967326151.html|title=Hathras stampede: Several envoys in India mourn loss of lives|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=3 July 2024|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703012612/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hathras-stampede-several-envoys-in-india-mourn-loss-of-lives-101719967326151.html|url-status=live }}</ref>

On 17 July, Suraj Pal reiterated claims of a conspiracy, adding that he was "deeply saddened" over the disaster and that it was "inevitable" at the same time.<ref>{{cite news |title='No-one can change fate': India preacher on deadly crush |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c88657jdvqjo |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=[[BBC]] |first=Cherylann |last=Mollan |date=19 July 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Crowd collapses and crushes#Crowd "stampedes"|Crowd "stampedes"]]{{snd}}When the term "stampede" is inaccurate and inappropriate.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Disasters in India in 2024}}
{{Human crushes}}

{{Auth}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uttar Pradesh stampede, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 in religion]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Crowd collapses and crushes in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hathras district]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:July 2024 in India]]

Swimming at the 1995 South Asian Games

2025-12-06T18:48:44Z

Sindhu: starting info

{{short description|none}}
{{More footnotes|date=March 2017}}

{{Infobox sports competition event
| event = Swimming
| games = 1999 South Asian Games
| image = Swimming pictogram.svg
| imagesize = 100
| venue =
| dates =
| competitors =
| nations =
| prev = [[Swimming at the 1993 South Asian Federation Games|1993]]
| next = [[Swimming at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999]]
}}
The '''[[Swimming (sport)|swimming]]''' competition at the '''[[1995 South Asian Federation Games]]''' in [[Madras]], [[India]].

==Result==
===Men's events===
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=2}}
|-
| 50 m freestyle
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Sebastian Xavier]] || 23.89
| ||
| ||
|-
| 100 m freestyle
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Sebastian Xavier]] || 53.95
| ||
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Muhammad Maroof]] ||
|-
| 200 m freestyle
| {{flagicon|India}} [[J. Abhijit]] || 1:59.44
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Kamal Salman Masud]] ||
| ||
|-
| 400 m freestyle
| ||
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Kamal Salman Masud]] || 4:16.00
| ||
|-
| 1500 m freestyle
| ||
| ||
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Akhtar Zeb]] ||
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan=7|
|- valign="top"
| 100 m backstroke
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
| 200 m backstroke
| ||
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Muhammad Taz]] ||
| ||
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan=7|
|- valign="top"
| 100 m breaststroke
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
| 200 m breaststroke
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mohammad Mizanur Rahman (swimmer)|Mohammad Mizanur Rahman]] || 2:32.05
| ||
| ||
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan=7|
|- valign="top"
| 100 m butterfly
| {{flagicon|India}} [[K. Suresh Kumar]] || 2:07.68
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Kamal Salman Masud]] ||
| ||
|-
| 200 m butterfly
| ||
| ||
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Kamal Salman Masud]] ||
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan=7|
|- valign="top"
| 200 m individual medley
| {{flagicon|India}} [[J. Abhijit]] || 2:11.27
| ||
| ||
|-
| 400 m individual medley
| {{flagicon|India}} [[J. Abhijit]] || 4:42.57
| ||
| ||
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan=7|
|- valign="top"
| 4×100 m freestyle relay
| ||
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] ||
| ||
|-
| 4×200 m freestyle relay
| {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || 8:10.91
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] ||
| ||
|-
| 4×100 m medley relay
| ||
| ||
| ||
|}

==References==
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040404/asp/sports/story_3084962.asp |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040511180648/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040404/asp/sports/story_3084962.asp |archive-date=2004-05-11}} </ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep30/sports.htm |title=tribuneindia... Sports |website=Tribuneindia.com |date=1999-09-30 |access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sports.gov.pk/Participation/7th_SAF_Games.htm |title=Pakistan Sports Board |website=Sports.gov.pk |date= |access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/sports/2004/mar/30saf-swim.htm |title=Gairik Bardhan sets SAF Games swim record - Rediff Sports |website=M.rediff.com |date=2004-03-30 |access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/sports/2004/mar/31saf-swim.htm |title=Poncha sets 200m butterfly mark - Rediff Sports |website=M.rediff.com |date=2004-03-31 |access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|author=National Records |url=http://www.pakswimfed.org.pk/male_open.html |title=Welcome to Pakistan Swimming Federation |website=Pakswimfed.org.pk |date= |access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/08/23/poncha-khade-create-new-saf-records-7-more-gold-in-saf-swimming-1156352629.html |title=Poncha, Khade create new SAF records, 7 more Gold in SAF swimming |website=Oneindia.com |date=2006-08-23 |access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep27/sports.htm|title=Joshi sends South Africa crashing|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/new/archives/ar_showdetails.asp?id=429490&cat=Sports&n_date=2006 |title=Indian swimmers create 5 new records, bag 7 Gold - Sports News - Webindia123.com |website=News.webindia123.com |date=2006-08-23 |access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

{{Swimming at the South Asian Games}}

[[Category:Swimming at the South Asian Games]]
[[Category:1995 South Asian Games]]
[[Category:1995 in swimming]]

{{Swimming-competition-stub}}

Mallikesvarar Temple

2025-12-02T23:29:00Z

Sindhu: starting place!

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Mallikesvarar Temple
| image = Chennamaleeswarar temple1.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Mallikesvarar Temple Temple
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption =

| coordinates = {{coord|13|5|2|N|80|16|12|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = {{lang|ta|மல்லிகேஸ்வரர் திருக்கோவில்}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
| locale = [[Chennai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Mallikesvarar Temple
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Mallikesvarar Temple''' ({{langx|ta|மல்லிகேஸ்வரர் திருக்கோவில்}}) or '''Mallikarjunar Temple''' ({{langx|ta|மல்லிகார்ஜுனர் திருக்கோவில்}}) is a [[Hindu]] temple situated in the neighbourhood of [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] in the city of [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is one of the first<ref name="Officialweb"/> Hindu temples to be constructed<ref name="srinivasacharipxxix">[[#Srinivasachari|Srinivasachari]], Introduction, p xxix</ref> in the British settlement of Madrasapatnam. There is the nearby [[Chennakesava Perumal Temple, Chennai|Chenna kesava perumal]] Temple. They are twin temples. This is also called Chenna Malleeswarar temple. Chenna pattanam may be named after this deities. The word 'chenni' in Tamil means face, and the temple was regarded as the face of the city.<ref name="Srinivasan2002">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/02/28/stories/2002022800030400.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111064537/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/02/28/stories/2002022800030400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 January 2013 | location=Chennai, India | title=Face behind the name | date=28 February 2002| work=[[The Hindu]] | author= Srinivasan, T.A }}</ref>

== History ==
Sources about the history of this temple have the following:
* According to Srinivasan, T.A<ref name="Srinivasan2002"/> The Original twin temples' ([[Chennakesava Perumal Temple, Chennai|Chenna kesava perumal]] and Chenna Malleeswarar) location was later occupied by the [[Madras High Court|High court]] building.<ref name="Srinivasan2002"/> The original twin temples' history dates back to 1646 CE.<ref name="Srinivasan2002"/> Grants made to the original twin temples by Nagabattar and Thimmappar were recorded.<ref name="Srinivasan2002"/> Attack by other European powers and attack and looting of temples by [[Hyder Ali]]'s forces caused the devotees to relocate some vigrahams to the [[Thiruneermalai]] Temple. The twin temples were demolished by the British, for the purpose of security and expansion of the nearby [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St.George]].<ref name="Srinivasan2002"/> Manali Muthu Krishna Mudaliar, translator for Lord Piccode, built new twin temples in 1700 CE in a different location<ref name="Srinivasan2002"/> (at Devaraja mudali Street, later called [[George Town, Chennai|Sowcarpet]]). He donated his lands, used his own funds to build and he refused the money from the British, accepting only land from them.<ref name="Srinivasan2002"/>
* According to the official<ref name="Officialweb">{{Cite web|url=http://chennakesavaperumaltemple.tnhrce.in/|title=Chenna kesava perumal temple, Chennai.|last=|first=|date=|website=Official temple website|publisher=|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref> Chenna Kesava temple website: "The original [[Chennakesava Perumal Temple, Chennai|Chenna kesava perumal]] Temple was located even in the 17th century AD in the place where the Madras High Court is currently located. When the original temple was present, there were a lot of problems in Chennai such as invasion by French and [[Tipu Sultan|Tippu Sultan]]. The British [[East India Company]] demolished the original temple in 1757 AD. Due to public outcry, the East India Company donated land and some money to Manali Muthu krishna Mudaliar, who built the new Chenna Kesava Perumal temple in the year of 1762, at a different location i.e. at Devaraja Mudali Street in [[George Town, Chennai|Sowcarpet area of Chennai city]]. Along with this Vishnu temple, he also built a temple for Shiva - Chenna Malleeswarar temple, thus Chennai got twin temples at Sowcarpet."<ref name="Officialweb"/>
* According to Srinivasachari.C. S,<ref name="srinivascharip25">{{cite book | title=History of the city of Madras written for the Tercentenary Celebration Committee| first=C. S.|last=Srinivasachari|year=1939| publisher=P. Varadachary & Co.|place=Madras|page=25}}</ref> The Mallikesvarar Temple was constructed by Alanganatha Pillai, assistant chief merchant to the East India Company, in the 17th century AD.<ref name="srinivascharip25"/> The temple is first mentioned in a document of 1652 as "Mally Carjuns Old Pagoda".<ref name="srinivascharip25"/> It is also believed to be the Muthialpet Pagoda depicted in a Madras map of 1710.<ref name="srinivascharip25"/>
* According to Muthiah.S,<ref name="Muthiah2012 ">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2960548.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. | last=Muthiah | title=The 'Town Temple' resurrected | date=4 March 2012}}</ref> The Chennakesava Perumal Temple was constructed in 1646.<ref name="Muthiah2012 "/>
* According to the Times of India article,<ref name="TOI_ChennaiHigh2010">{{cite news
| title = Chennai High: Where history beckons
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 August 2010
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-27/chennai/28292743_1_pillars-fort-st-george-madras/2
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130216064735/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-27/chennai/28292743_1_pillars-fort-st-george-madras/2
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 February 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| accessdate = 20 Jan 2013}}</ref> The twin temples of Chenna Kesava and Chenna Malleeswara Swami were originally built by Beri Thimappah, the dubash who brokered the deal between [[Francis Day (Madras)|Francis Day]] and the local chieftain for the small strip of beach that was to become the city of Madras. The city's regional name "Chennai" is said to have been derived from these temples.<ref name="TOI_ChennaiHigh2010"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]
* [[History of Chennai#1750s to the end of the British Raj|History of Chennai in 1700s.]]
* [[Timeline of Chennai history]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book | title=History of the city of Madras written for the Tercentenary Celebration Committee| first=C. S.|last=Srinivasachari|year=1939| publisher=P. Varadachary & Co.|place=Madras|ref=Srinivasachari}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}
{{List of Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]

Tulu Gowda

2025-11-19T17:07:22Z

Sindhu: improved article

{{Short description|Community in South-Western India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tulu Gowda
| native_name = 10 Kutumba 18 Gothra
| image =
| image_caption =
| poptime =
| popplace = [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Kodagu]], [[Kasaragod]] and [[Udupi]]
| region1 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| pop1 = 300,000
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/gowdas-demand-more-representation-from-their-community/articleshow/19154651.cms|title=Gowdas demand more representation from their community|date=23 March 2013|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Kodagu]]
| pop2 = 150,000
| ref2 =
| languages = [[Tulu language|Tulu]],{{sfn |Thurston |Rangachari|1909 |p=271 }}<ref name="Tulu" /> [[Arebhashe dialect|Arebhashe]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| related =
}}
'''Tulu Gowda''' and Arebhashe Gowda are a community primarily found in South Canara District, Kodagu District (Coorg), Indian state of [[Karnataka]] and [[Bandadka]] village of Kasaragod.<ref name=indiatimes19154651>{{cite news |title=Gowdas demand more representation from their community |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/gowdas-demand-more-representation-from-their-community/articleshow/19154651.cms |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=23 March 2013}}</ref> They are officially considered a subsect of the [[Vokkaliga]] community but are culturally and linguistically different.<ref name="Tulu">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/aravind-gowda/story/karnataka-sadananda-gowda-faces-caste-war-in-bjp-141190-2011-09-15|title=Caste war heats up as Sadananda isn't Gowda enough|author=Aravind Gowda |date=September 15, 2011 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> They speak Tulu and Arebhashe.<ref name="ThurstonRangachari1909">{{harvnb|Thurston|Rangachari|1909}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Frederic P. |last2=Vandome |first2=Agnes F. |last3=McBrewster |first3=John |title=Kodagu Gowda |date=2010 |publisher=VDM Publishing |isbn=978-6131607578}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gough |first=Kathleen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC&q=Rural+Society+in+Southeast+India+Draupadi |title=Rural Society in Southeast India |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-04019-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
They were originally called Natha Pantha and Shaivas, owing allegiance to Sringeri Matha.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} During Emperor [[Vishnuvardhana]]’s rule, they became Vaishnavites and worshiped [[Tirupati]] [[Venkateswara|Venkataramana]] (Balaji of Tirupati) and Sabbakka (Sharada of Sringeri).{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} They then settled in the Mangalore-Udupi (Dakshina Kannada-Udupi) region where they spoke the [[Tulu language]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} They are said to have ''10 Kutumba and 18 Bari'' as their primordial root families, from which a ''Nūru Mane'' or "hundred families" arose.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} They then migrated to Coorg (Kodagu) from the Mangalore-Udupi (Dakshina Kannada-Udupi) region, to settle among the Canarese ([[Kannada language|Kannada]]) speaking peoples.<ref name="Dr._Kodi_Kushalappa_Gowda1976">{{cite book|author=Dr. Kodi Kushalappa Gowda|title=Gowda Kannada|year=1976|publisher=Annamalai University}}</ref>

== Community system ==
They have a somewhat elaborate system of caste government.<ref>{{cite book |last1=ಚಿನ್ನಪ್ಪ ಗೌಡ |first1=ಕೂಡೂರು |title=ಗೌಡ ಜನಾಂಗ - ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ |date=2003 |publisher=ಒಕ್ಕಲಿಗರ ಯಾನೆ ಗೌಡರ ಸೇವಾ ಸಂಘ (ರಿ) ಮಂಗಳೂರು |page=91 |url=https://archive.org/details/karavalijanapada0000drpu/karavalijanapada0000drpu/page/101/mode/1up |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> In every village there are two headmen, the Grāma Gowda and the ottu Gauda. For every group of eight or nine villages there is another head called the Māganē Gauda, and for every nine Māganēs there is a yet higher authority called the Kattēmanēyava.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India,_Volume_2.djvu/302|title=Page:Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 2.djvu/302 – Wikisource, the free online library|website=en.wikisource.org}}</ref>[[File:Administrative setup Tulu and Arebhashe Gowdas.jpg|thumb|Administrative and judicial setup|border]]

== Domestic culture ==
=== Marriage system ===
[[File:Song sung while doing aarti for married couples in Arebaase.webm|thumb|Sobane Song sung while doing marriage]]
The caste is divided into eighteen baris or balis, which are of the usual exogamous character, same bari men, women not to marry, they belong to close cousins.<ref name="ThurstonRangachari1909" />
[[File:Gowda Community Marrage Program - Vilya Shastra at Puttur on 2.12 (5).jpg|thumb|Tulu Gowda Marriage Program – Vīḷya śāstra at Puttur]]
In Dakshina Kannada both the groups of Gowdas Tulu and 'Arebhashe' prepare meat or any Non [[Vegetarian]] food during marriage and Gruhaprevesha (House warming functions.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Tulu Gowdas of Puttur Seeme invariably conduct Marriage and Gruha Pravesha as per Vaidhika Practice.{{sfn| Anantharaja Gowda|2015|p=153}}
[[File:Madurangi Rituals in Tulunadu.jpg|thumb|Madrrangi Shastra of Gowda Culture]]

At the time of Marriage, bridegroom's father offers ₹10¼ to the girls parents out of this ₹6¼ is to be sent to Gurumaṭha (Sringeri Matha) through Ūra gauḍa for Girls Mutheidegu (for seeking longer life for the couple).{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Oora Gowda thus collects such offering during the Marriages held under his jurisdiction and hands over the same to Maagane Gowda and through him to Kattemane.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Kattemane Gowda takes it over to Guru Matha (Sringeri Matha) once in a year and seeks blessings from Maṭhādhipati on behalf of married couple.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Oora Gowda occupies an important position in all JEEVANAVARTHANA PRACTICES of Tulu Gowdas of Puttur region. In his absence Othu Gowda takes over his responsibility.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Gowdas follow [[Patrilineal]] succession procedure{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}}. Eldest male member in the Joint family is the Head of the family.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Ūra gauḍa of the village is nominated by Kattemane Head.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} In all functions starting from "Veelya Shastra" (Engagement) up to the marriage the Ūra gauḍa recites an Invocation and Declaration in loud voice which states as
;Transliteration in Tulu
{{quote|Bāṇḍavereḍelā, Aramanetagaleḍēla,
Gurumanetagleḍelā, patt kuṭumo padnenmo barita banduleḍlā, kaṭṭemanetāgleḍlā, māgane ill tāgleḍlā, ūra gauḍrerḍlā, itn̄cina binnereḍlā, battinan̄cina binneḍlā kēnondu baṅgēra bidara (anana purdar) panpi anagalā, nandere baritā (ponnana pudar) ponnaglā tāḷi kaṭṭubō panper.}}
;In English:
{{quote|People of Royalty (Ikkeri), People of Guru Matha (Sringeri Math), Relatives from ten original families and eighteen Gothras of Gowdas, Kattemane (Seeme) Gowdare, Maagane mane (Nada) gowdare, Oora gowdare (Village Head), Relatives of this village, Guest relatives who gathered from distance places we take your permission for the (Name of Boy) from Nander Bali to tie the Mangala soothra to the (Name of the Girl) from Bangera Bali.}}
At this moment the gathered relatives and public will declare their assent saying "Edde Karyo Panpere" (a good work ritual).{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} This Declaration is the same as the recital in Sullia and Kodagu region which is in Kannada.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Here the reference to "Aramane and Gurumane" is essentially to royalty of Ikkeri and Sringeri Mathadhipathies respectively.{{sfn|Anantharaja Gowda|2015|p=154}}

Generally, there is no 'Dowry' system among Gowda clan on the other hand Boys father offers a Kanya shulka to the girls' parents a sum of ₹16¼.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Badikana |first1=Vishwanatha |title=Okkoralu |journal=Okkoralu-Visheshanka |language=kn |issue=Gowda Samaja, Puttur}}</ref>

=== Bari Paddati ===
The caste is divided into eighteen{{sfn|Thurston|Rangachari|1909|p=269}} baris or balis, which are of the usual exogamous character.<ref>{{cite book |last1=ಬಿಳಿಮಲೆ |first1=ಪುರುಷೋತ್ತಮ |title=ಕರಾವಳಿ ಜಾನಪದ |date=1990 |publisher=ಡಾ{{!}} ಪುರುಷೋತ್ತಮ ಬಿಳಿಮಲೆ |page=101 |url=https://archive.org/details/karavalijanapada0000drpu/karavalijanapada0000drpu/page/100/mode/1up |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref> The names of some of these are as follows: Bangāra (gold), Nandara, Malāra (a bundle of glass bangles, as carried about for sale), Sālu, Hemmana (pride or conceit), Kabru, Gōli (Portulaca oleracea, a pot-herb), Basruvōgaru (basru, belly), Balasanna, Kabar, Gundana, Chalyera, Mulyera, Nayera and Karbannāya.<ref name="ThurstonRangachari1909p270">[[#CITEREFThurstonRangachari1909|Thurston Rangachari (1909)]], p.270</ref>{{sfn|Anantharaja Gowda|2015|p=143-145}}<ref name="auto">Puttur Anantharaja Gowda (2015). "IN PURSUIT OF OUR ROOTS". Bengaluru: Tenkila Publications</ref>

== Arsaya ==
Once a year, mostly in the Tulu month of ''Kaarthel'' (June–July), the Gowdas perform a ceremony for the propitiation of all deceased ancestors.<ref name="ThurstonRangachari1909p271">[[#CITEREFThurstonRangachari1909|Thurston Rangachari (1909)]], p.271</ref> They have a special preference for Venkatarāmaswāmi, to whom they make money offerings once a year in September.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} It should reach [[Tirupati]] as an offering, which mostly includes [[coins]], [[Black pepper|pepper]], rupee notes.<ref>Valase, Sangarsha, Samanvaya By Purushothama Bilimale, ''Akruthi Publication Mangaluru, 2019 Pg: 216''</ref>

== Indian Freedom movement ==
{{Main|Amara Sullia Freedom Movement of 1837}}
The Arebhashe Gowdas and Tulu Gowdas were historically involved in a rebellion against British rule in [[Kanara|Canara]]. [[Kedambadi Ramaiah Gowda]] from Sulya rebelled against the British and hoisted ''Jangama'' (Lingayite monk) Kalyanaswamy's flag in ''Bavuta Gudde'' in Mangalore and ruled for 13 days. This was one of the earliest Indian independence struggles against British rule 1834.<ref name="archive201106041056">{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Karnataka / Madikeri News : Appaiah Gowda memorial to honour freedom fighter |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/19/stories/2005051901540300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105616/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/19/stories/2005051901540300.htm |archive-date=2011-06-04 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald316458">{{Cite web |title=Account of an uprising |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/316458/account-uprising.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald316455">{{Cite web |title=Fate of the insurgents |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/316455/fate-insurgents.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Thurston |first1=Edgar |last2=Rangachari |first2=K. |title=Castes and tribes of southern India |volume=II (C to J) |publisher=Government Press |location=Madras |year=1909 |isbn=9789369422180 |pages=269–272 |url=https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso02thuruoft/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=3 August 2021}}
* {{cite book |last1= Kushalappa Gowda |first1=Kodi |title=Gowda Kannada |year=1970 |author-link=K. Kushalappa Gowda |publisher=Annamalai University |url=https://archive.org/details/gowdakannada-arebashe}}
* {{cite book |last1=Anantharaja Gowda |first1= Puttur |title=In Pursuit of Our Roots |publisher=Tenkila Publications |year=2015 |location=Bengaluru |url=https://archive.org/details/are.in_pursuit_of_our_roots_final}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Arebhashe and Tulu Gowda Culture}}

{{Wikisource|Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Gauda}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Vokkaliga]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Tuluva]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

National Highway 2A (India, old numbering)

2025-10-14T17:26:34Z

Sindhu: redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 519 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Rungsung Suisa

2025-10-03T18:09:19Z

Sindhu: updated details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
'''Rungsung Suisa''' (4 March 1907 – 17 April 1971) was an Indian politician.<ref name="SabhaSecretariat1957"/><ref name="Shimray2007b"/> Suisa was one of the key figures in the movement to unite [[Naga people|Naga]]-populated areas in [[Manipur]] with the Naga Hills ([[Nagaland]]).<ref name="Shimray2007">{{cite book|author=U. A. Shimray|title=Naga Population and Integration Movement: Documentation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBPRzDO-9KEC&pg=PA82|year=2007|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-181-6|pages=82–85}}</ref> He was popularly known as 'Uncle Suisa'.<ref name="BiswasThomas2006"/>

Rungsung Suisa belonged to the [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]] tribe.<ref name="Lintner">{{cite book|author=Bertil Lintner|title=GREAT GAME EAST|date=August 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbfjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT65|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-536-6|page=86}}</ref> He was the son of Rungsung Luithui.<ref name="SabhaSecretariat1957"/> He hailed from [[Somdal]], [[Ukhrul district]].<ref name="a">''The Sangai Express''. ''[http://tse.manipur.us/2005/08/2005-08-31_14-00-02/thesangaiexpress.com/Others/Articles.htm Nagas' demand for integration: A historical perspective - II]''</ref> He studied at the Jorhat Christian High School.<ref name="SabhaSecretariat1957">{{cite book|author1=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|author2=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha. Secretariat|title=Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7UeAQAAMAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Lok Sabha|page=467}}</ref> He was amongst the first youths of the Manipur [[Hill tribes of Northeast India|hill people]] to obtain matriculate education.<ref name="a"/>

Suisa was one of five hill leaders named by the President Manipur State Darbar to participate in the Constitution-Making Committee in 1946. However, Suisa and the other hill leaders did not attend the first session of the committee.<ref name="SabhaSecretariat1957"/><ref name="Shimray2007"/> On 13 August 1947 he chaired a meeting of hill leaders, at which the assembled demanded that the hill peoples should have the right to secede from Manipur after a five-year period. However, these demands were not heeded by the committee, and in the new constitution the administration of the hill areas was placed under the control of the Maharaja.<ref name="Shimray2007"/> In June 1948 he was elected unopposed to the Manipur State Assembly.<ref name="SabhaSecretariat1957"/><ref name="Shimray2007"/>

In 1949 he visited Burma, and came into contact with the [[Communist Party of Burma]]. His experience in Burma radicalized his political approach, taking a more revolutionary stance in local politics upon his return.<ref name="Shimray2007"/> He became a member of the Manipur Electoral College in 1951.<ref name="SabhaSecretariat1957"/>

Suisa was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of the [[parliament of India]]) in the [[1957 Indian general election|1957 general election]]. He contested as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur constituency]], obtaining 21,316 votes (26.24% of the votes in the constituency).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1957 TO THE SECOND LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)]''</ref> In parliament, he was represented in various committees.<ref name="Shimray2007"/> The Manipur Naga Council boycotted the [[1962 Indian general election|1962 general election]] and Suisa was one of the Naga leaders that was detained at [[Dum Dum]] for about a year.<ref name="Shimray2007b">{{cite book|author=U. A. Shimray|title=Naga Population and Integration Movement: Documentation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBPRzDO-9KEC&pg=PA90|year=2007|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-181-6|pages=90, 123–124}}</ref>

Suisa was assistant to the vice president of the [[Naga National Council]] 1964–1966.<ref name="Shimray2007"/> In October 1966, following the deadlock in the peace talks, he presented a proposal to solve the Indo-Naga conflict through confederation, with shared responsibilities between India and Nagaland on foreign and military affairs, but full Naga sovereignty on internal affairs.<ref name="Shimray2007b"/><ref name="Ghosh2008">{{cite book|author=Dr. Kunal Ghosh|title=SEPARATISM IN NORTH EAST INDIA: ROLE OF RELIGION LANGUAGE AND SCRIPT|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8ylAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT116|date=1 January 2008|publisher=[[Suruchi Prakashan]]|isbn=978-81-89622-33-6|page=116}}</ref><ref name="Mankekar1967">{{cite book|author=D. R. Mankekar|title=On the Slippery Slope in Nagaland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdeSwrXlbWMC|year=1967|publisher=Manaktalas|page=178}}</ref> He sought to mediate between the Indian government and the Naga leaders.<ref name="BiswasThomas2006">{{cite book|author1=Prasenjit Biswas|author2=C. Joshua Thomas|author3=Indian Council of Social Science Research. North Eastern Regional Centre|title=Peace in India's North-East: meaning, metaphor, and method : essays of concern and commitment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkePAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-89233-48-8|page=362}}</ref><ref name="Shimray2005">{{cite book|author=A. S. Atai Shimray|title=Let Freedom Ring?: Story of Naga Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQSV50-O5-IC&pg=PA258|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-61-3|pages=258}}</ref> Allegedly, [[Indira Gandhi]] was open to accept Suisa's proposal.<ref name="Ghosh2008"/> However, the NNC opposed these moves and did not accept his proposal, as it went against their demand of complete independence.<ref name="Shimray2007b"/> Suisa had travelled to [[London]] together with [[Vizol Koso]] in June 1967 to present the proposal to [[Zapu Phizo]] but he rebuffed it.<ref name="Shimray2005"/><ref name="Vashum2000">{{cite book|author=Reisang Vashum|title=Nagas' Rights to Self Determination: An Anthropological-historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiHhNkvrWvwC&pg=PA91|year=2000|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-774-0|pages=91}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suisa, Rungsung}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:People from Ukhrul district]]

Krishna Chandra College

2025-09-28T16:56:00Z

Sindhu: small cleaned up structure for consistency and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Krishna Chandra College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Gate of Krishna Chandra College at Hetampur 15.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Krishna Chandra College
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = Undergraduate college [[Public college]]
| established = {{start date and age|1897}}
| closed = 
| founder = Maharani Padma Sundari Devi
| parent =
| affiliation = [[University of Burdwan]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president = Ashis Banerjee
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Goutam Chatterjee
| director =
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| postgrad =
| doctoral =
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| address =
| city = [[Hetampur]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 731124
| coordinates = {{coord|23.7778535|N|87.397406|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Urban
| language =
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| website = https://kccollege.ac.in/
| logo = Krishnachandra_college.png
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Krishna Chandra College''', commonly known as Hetampur College, established in 1897, is a government-affiliated college located at [[Hetampur]] in the [[Birbhum district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It claims to be the oldest college in the [[Birbhum district]]. It is affiliated to [[University of Burdwan]] and teaches science, commerce, and arts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of University of Burdwan |url=http://www.buruniv.ac.in/CollegeDetails.php?col_code=308 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==History==
Maharani Padma Sundari Devi, the wife of Maharaja Ramranjan Chakraborty, established this college in 1896 in the name of her father-in-law Raja Krishna Chandra. This college is located in the heart of Hetampur village in the Birbhum district of West Bengal. This college functioned initially as an intermediate college, later in 1956 this college got permission to offer bachelor degree courses. Presently this college offers bachelor's degree courses in different branches of science, arts, and commerce.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us, Krishna Chandra College| url=https://kccollege.ac.in/aboutus.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prospectus, Krishna Chandra College| url=https://kccollege.ac.in/uploads/0f0957ae2dc8d106e15b291aa1fcd96aE%20Prospectus%20KCC_2020-21_Final_14.8.2020.pdf}}</ref>

==Departments and courses==

The college offers different undergraduate courses and aims at imparting education to the undergraduates of lower- and middle-class people of Hetampur and its adjoining areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Courses Offered, Krishna Chandra College|url=https://kccollege.ac.in/courses-offerred.php|access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>

===Science===
Science faculty consists of the departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Botany, Zoology, and Economics.

===Arts and Commerce===
Arts and Commerce faculty consists of departments of Bengali, English, [[Education]], Sanskrit, History, Geography, Political Science, Philosophy, and Commerce.

==Accreditation==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal |date=16 November 2011 }}</ref> This college was accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), and awarded B grade.

==Notable alumni==
*[[Mohammad Zakaria]], actor<ref>Bose, Anjali (ed.), সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান, vol. 2, Sahitya Sangad, Calcutta, January 2019 page 324, ISBN ৯৭৮-৮১-৭৯৫৫-২৯২-৬</ref>

==External links==
*https://kccollege.ac.in/

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{University of Burdwan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Burdwan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1897]]
[[Category:1897 establishments in India]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

Leonard Knight Elmhirst

2025-08-20T23:33:46Z

Sindhu: quick fix

{{Short description|British philanthropist and agronomist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Leonard Knight Elmhirst
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSA}}
| image = Leonard K. Elmhirst NO-NB BLDSA GM2a167n (cropped).jpg
| caption=Elmhirst in 1924
| alt = 
| office1 = Chairman of the [[Dartington Hall|Dartington Trust]]
| term_start1 = 1931
| term_end1 = 1972
| successor1 = [[Maurice Ash]]
| office2 = [[Devon County Council|Devon County Councillor]] for [[Harberton]]
| term_start2 = 1937
| term_end2 = 1952
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1893|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Worsbrough]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|4|16|1893|6|6}}
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British subject]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist}}
* [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
* [[Cornell University]]
{{Endplainlist}}
| occupation = [[Philanthropy|Philanthropist]] and [[agronomy|agronomist]]
| known_for = {{Plainlist}}
* [[Dartington Hall]] project in progressive education and rural reconstruction
* Founded Institute of Rural Reconstruction, [[Sriniketan]]
* Introduced [[artificial insemination of cattle]] to the UK
* President, [[Royal Forestry Society]]
* Member, [[Education in India#Rural education|Indian Rural Education Committee]]
{{Endplainlist}}
| spouse = {{Plainlist}}
* {{marriage|[[Dorothy Payne Whitney]] |1925|1968|reason=died}}
* {{marriage|Susanna Isaacs |1973}}
{{Endplainlist}}
| children = 2
| module =
| allegiance = {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}} [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = {{army|United Kingdom|name=British Army}}
| serviceyears = 1918–1919
| rank =
| unit =
}}
'''Leonard Knight Elmhirst''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSA}} (6 June 1893 – 16 April 1974) was a British philanthropist and agronomist who worked extensively in [[India]]. He co-founded with his wife, [[Dorothy Payne Whitney|Dorothy]], the [[Dartington Hall]] project in progressive education and rural reconstruction.

==Biography==
Leonard Elmhirst was born into a [[landed gentry]] family in [[Worsbrough]] (now part of [[Barnsley]], [[Yorkshire]]), where the family seat is [[Houndhill]]. He was the second of nine siblings (eight boys and one girl). His elder brother, Captain William Elmhirst, was killed on 13 November 1916, aged 24, while serving with the 8th Battalion [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] during the [[Battle of the Somme]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/593481/elmhirst,-/|title=ELMHIRST, W.|website=cwgc.org}}</ref> and the third son, Second Lieutenant Ernest Christopher Elmhirst, was killed on 7 August 1915, aged 20, while serving with the 8th Bn. [[Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)]] during the [[Gallipoli Campaign]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/695747/elmhirst,-ernest-christopher/|title=ELMHIRST, ERNEST CHRISTOPHER|website=cwgc.org}}</ref> both during [[World War I]]. The fourth son, Thomas became Air Marshal Sir [[Thomas Elmhirst]] (KBE, CB, AFC, DL, RAF).

In 1912 Leonard Elmhirst went up to [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], to study history and theology, intending to follow his father into the Church. In 1914, he was deemed unfit for military service and volunteered for overseas service in the [[YMCA]]. His experience of the problems of rural India was to fundamentally change the direction of his career. After one year's service in the army he was demobilised in 1919 and entered [[Cornell University]] in [[Ithaca, New York]] to study agriculture. Arriving almost penniless, he completed a four-year degree course in two years.<ref name="elmhirst">Leonard Knight Elmhirst, ''The Straight and Its Origin'', 1975, OCLC 2046429 originally serialized in ''Cornell Alumni News'', 1974–75</ref>
In 1920 he was elected president of Cornell's Cosmopolitan Club, which was mostly for foreign students, and found that it had large debts and depended on the philanthropy of its alumni and others. Money-raising activities brought him in contact with [[Dorothy Payne Whitney|Dorothy Straight]], who was to become his wife.

In America he also met the 1913 Nobel Laureate for Literature, [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and in November 1921 returned to India as Tagore's secretary. In 1922, in the village of [[Surul]] (of which [[Sriniketan]] is a part) adjacent to Santiniketan, [[West Bengal]], he set up for Tagore an Institute of Rural Reconstruction. Between 1923 and 1925, Leonard travelled twice around the globe, lecturing and supporting Rabindranath Tagore's missions to Europe, Asia and South America.<ref name="elmhirst"/>

The influence of Tagore, and the interests and money of his wife to be, led Elmhirst to undertake an experiment in rural reconstruction at [[Dartington Hall]] in [[Devon]]. It is said that Tagore had become familiar with Dartington during his travels in England and influenced Elmhirst in his selection of the estate, which was purchased in a series of transactions in 1925. Elmhirst also assisted in the re-acquisition of his ancient family seat, [[Houndhill]], a couple of miles from his birthplace.

==Works==
In 1931, when the [[Dartington Hall]] experiment was established they set up a trust to manage its affairs so they could undertake other work worldwide. Leonard's work included:

* Work for [[Exeter University]], Devon County Council and local organisations
* 1929: launched the [[International Conference of Agricultural Economists]]
* 1931: helped to found the policy think tank [[Political and Economic Planning]]<ref name="oxford dnb">{{Cite ODNB|title = Elmhirst, Leonard Knight |author = Anthea Williams|url = https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31072| year=2004 | doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31072 | isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |accessdate = 18 February 2022}}</ref>
* 1932: brought [[artificial insemination of cattle]] from Russia to Devon
* President of the [[Royal Forestry Society]]
* War-time public service during [[World War II]] including agricultural missions to the Middle East and India
* Irrigation and hydroelectricity in the [[Damodar Valley]], India
* 1954: Member, Indian Rural Education Committee

==Personal life==
Leonard married [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]] in September 1925. They had two children. He was the stepfather of racing driver and aviator [[Whitney Straight]] (1912–1979), actress [[Beatrice Straight]] (1914–2001) and writer and KGB spy [[Michael Whitney Straight]] (1916–2004). Their daughter Ruth married the environmentalist [[Maurice Ash]]. On the occasion of the 25th wedding anniversary of Leonard and Dorothy Elmhirst in 1950, Benjamin Britten composed ''[[Five Flower Songs]]'', a cycle of part songs premiered in the open air at Dartington, conducted by [[Imogen Holst]]. After Dorothy died, Leonard married Susanna Isaacs-Elmhirst<ref>{{cite journal|title=Obituary: Susanna Isaacs-Elmhirst|journal=British Medical Journal|date=2010|volume=340|page=2809|doi=10.1136/bmj.c2809|s2cid=72856153}}</ref> in 1973 in Worsborough, Yorkshire.

==Honours==

In 1946 he refused the offer of a [[baron|barony]] from [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Clement Attlee]]. In a letter to Attlee he replied that "My own work, however, as you know, has lain in the main among country people...in India, the USA and in Devonshire...acceptance would neither be easy for me to explain nor easy for my friends to comprehend".<ref>The Elmhirsts of Dartington, ''The Creation of a Utopian Community'', 344. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982</ref> In 1972, he declined another honour from [[Ted Heath]].<ref name="Devon Archives">{{Cite web|title = Papers of Leonard Knight Elmhirst, 1890–1973|author = |url = https://devon-cat.swheritage.org.uk/records/LKE|newspaper = [[South West Heritage Trust]]|date = |accessdate = 18 February 2022|archive-date = 18 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220218154459/https://devon-cat.swheritage.org.uk/records/LKE|url-status = dead}}</ref>

He received honorary doctorates from Freiburg (D.Pol.Sci.), Visva-Bharati (D.Litt.), the University of Durham (D.C.L.), the University of Oxford (D.C.L.), and the University of Exeter (D.C.L.). He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 1926 and a fellow of the American Farm Economic Association in 1960.<ref name="Devon Archives"/>

He was elected Honorary President of the [[Devonshire Association]] in 1959.<ref name="Devon Assc">{{Cite web|title = Presidents |author = |url = https://devonassoc.org.uk/organisation/presidents/|newspaper = [[Devonshire Association]]|date = |accessdate = 18 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category}}
*[[Michael Young, Baron Young of Dartington|Michael Young]], ''The Elmhirsts of Dartington, The Creation of a Utopian Community'', Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elmhirst, Leonard Knight}}
[[Category:English philanthropists]]
[[Category:English educational theorists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from South Yorkshire]]
[[Category:British Army officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Whitney family]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:People from Barnsley]]
[[Category:20th-century British philanthropists]]

2019 Pulwama attack

2025-08-12T19:22:30Z

Sindhu: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Terrorist attack in India}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date = April 2019}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2019 Pulwama attack
| partof = the [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|Jammu and Kashmir
| width = 300
| lat_deg = 33
| lat_min = 57
| lat_sec = 52.84
| lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 74
| lon_min = 57
| lon_sec = 52.27
| lon_dir = E
| label = Lethapora
| border = none
| float = center
| caption =
}}
| map_alt = Map showing the location of the attack in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| map_caption = Location of the attack in the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|union territory of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| location = [[Lethapora]], [[Pulwama district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| target = [[Central Reserve Police Force]] personnel
| coordinates = {{coord|33|57|53|N|74|57|52|E|dim:30_region:IN-JK_type:event|display=inline,title|name=Attack location}}
| date = 14 February 2019
| time = 15:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| timezone = [[UTC+05:30]]
| type = [[Suicide attack]], [[car bombing]]
| fatalities = 40 (+1 suicide bomber)<ref name="Gurung" />
| injuries = 35
| assailants = Adil Ahmad Dar
| accused = 19<ref name=":charge" /> (out of which 7 killed, 7 arrested)<ref name=":4" />
| perps = Mastermind is Mohammad Ismal Alvi he also known as Saifullah, Adnan or Lamboo{{KIA}}<ref name=":4" /> [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=European Foundation for South Asian Studies |title=David Coleman Headley: Tinker, Tailor, American, Lashkar-e-Taiba, ISI Spy |url=https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/david-coleman-headley-tinker,-tailor,-american,-lashkar-e-taibah,-isi-spy/ |website=efsas.org}}</ref>
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}

The '''2019 Pulwama attack''' occurred on 14 February 2019, when a convoy of vehicles carrying Indian security personnel on the [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway]] was attacked by a vehicle-borne [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] at [[Lethapora]] in the [[Pulwama district]] of the erstwhile [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]]. The attack killed 40 [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF){{efn|name=CRPF}} personnel as well as the perpetrator — Adil Ahmad Dar— who was a local [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] youth from the Pulwama district.<ref name="BBC isolate" /><ref name="IT everything">{{Cite web |title=Pulwama Attack 2019, everything about J&K terror attack on CRPF by terrorist Adil Ahmed Dar, Jaish-e-Mohammad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218104624/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=India Today |date=16 February 2019 }}</ref> The responsibility for the attack was claimed by the [[Pakistan]]-based [[Islamism|Islamist]] terrorist<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Yudhijit|date=19 March 2020|title=The Terrorist Who Got Away|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/magazine/masood-azhar-jaish.html|access-date=12 December 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021222739/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/magazine/masood-azhar-jaish.html|url-status=live}}</ref> group, [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name="TOI attack"/> [[India]] blamed neighbouring [[Pakistan]] for the attack, while the latter condemned the attack and denied having any connections to it.<ref name=condemned/> The attack dealt a severe blow to [[India–Pakistan relations]], consequently resulting in the [[2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes|2019 India–Pakistan military standoff]]. Subsequently, Indian investigations identified 19 accused. By August 2021, the main accused along with six others had been killed, and seven had been arrested.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Masood|first=Bashaarat|date=1 August 2021|title=Pulwama attack prime accused, kin of Jaish's Masood Azhar, killed in encounter|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/two-militants-killed-in-encounter-with-security-forces-in-jammu-kashmir-pulwama-7431294/|url-status=live|access-date=2 August 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731044551/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/two-militants-killed-in-encounter-with-security-forces-in-jammu-kashmir-pulwama-7431294/ |archive-date=31 July 2021 }}</ref>

==Background==
{{Further|Kashmir conflict|Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism}}
Kashmir is a disputed territory, claimed both by India and Pakistan with both countries administering part of the territory.<ref name=time/> Pakistan has sought to gain control of Indian-administered Kashmir.{{sfn|Kapur|2011|p=76}}{{sfn|Basrur|2017|p=154}} An insurgency began to proliferate in Indian-administered Kashmir in the late 1980s. Pakistan provided the insurgency with material support.{{sfn|Kapur|2011|pp=62–63, 73}}<ref name="Ganguly">{{cite journal |last1=Ganguly |first1=Sumit |date=1996 |title=Explaining the Kashmir Insurgency: Political Mobilization and Institutional Decay |url=https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article-abstract/21/2/76/11541/Explaining-the-Kashmir-Insurgency-Political?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=International Security |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=103 |doi=10.2307/2539071 |issn=0162-2889 |jstor=2539071 |oclc=5548627724 |s2cid=42758031 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701231353/https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article-abstract/21/2/76/11541/Explaining-the-Kashmir-Insurgency-Political?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Since 1989, about 70,000 people have been killed in the uprising and the Indian crackdown.<ref name="time">{{Cite magazine|last=Hussain|first=Aijaz|title=Tensions Rise in Kashmir as 7 Killed in Gunfight|url=http://time.com/5531703/india-pakistan-kashmir-gunbattle-kills-7/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218233304/http://time.com/5531703/india-pakistan-kashmir-gunbattle-kills-7/|archive-date=18 February 2019|access-date=22 February 2019|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref name="abc">{{Cite web|date=15 February 2019|agency=AP, Reuters|title=India warns of 'crushing response' to Kashmir suicide attack|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-15/india-warns-of-crushing-response-to-kashmir-suicide-attack/10818178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226165059/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-15/india-warns-of-crushing-response-to-kashmir-suicide-attack/10818178|archive-date=26 February 2019|access-date=22 February 2019|website=ABC News|location=Australia}}</ref> According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest|unrest in Kashmir]] grew in 2016 after India killed a popular militant leader, [[Burhan Wani]].<ref name=time/> A rising number of young locals from [[Indian administered Kashmir]] have joined the militancy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 February 2019|title=Soldiers killed as Kashmir tensions mount|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47275072|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301114352/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47275072|archive-date=1 March 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Safi|first1=Michael|last2=Farooq|first2=Azhar|date=15 February 2019|title=Indian PM: Pakistan will pay 'heavy price' for Kashmir bombing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/indian-pm-modi-pakistan-pay-heavy-price-kashmir-bombing|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305094312/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/15/indian-pm-modi-pakistan-pay-heavy-price-kashmir-bombing|archive-date=5 March 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Many sources state that the majority of militants in Kashmir are now local, not foreign.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Yasir |first1=Sameer |last2=Abi-Habib |first2=Maria |date=14 February 2019 |title=Kashmir Suffers From the Worst Attack There in 30 Years|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/world/asia/pulwama-attack-kashmir.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302112343/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/world/asia/pulwama-attack-kashmir.html |archive-date=2 March 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narain |first=Akanksha |date=2016 |title=Revival of Violence in Kashmir: The Threat to India's Security |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351433 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=15–20 |issn=2382-6444 |jstor=26351433}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2021 |title=Nearly 60 foreign terrorists among 243 militants operating in Kashmir |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/nearly-60-foreign-terrorists-among-243-militants-operating-in-kashmir-1270323-2018-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302095206/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/nearly-60-foreign-terrorists-among-243-militants-operating-in-kashmir-1270323-2018-06-26 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=6 March 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref> In 2018 alone, the death toll included 260 militants, 160 civilians and 150 government forces.<ref name=abc/>

Since 2015, Pakistan-based militants in Kashmir have increasingly taken to high-profile suicide attacks against the Indian security forces. In July 2015, three gunmen [[2015 Gurdaspur attack|attacked]] a bus, and police station in [[Gurdaspur]]. Early in 2016, four to six gunmen [[2016 Pathankot attack|attacked]] the [[Pathankot Air Force Station]].<ref name="Panda">
{{Cite web |last=Panda |first=Ankit |date=19 September 2016 |title=Gurdaspur, Pathankot, and Now Uri: What Are India's Options? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/gurdaspur-pathankot-and-now-uri-what-are-indias-options/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116200050/https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/gurdaspur-pathankot-and-now-uri-what-are-indias-options/ |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref> In February and June 2016, the militants [[2016 Pampore attack|killed]] nine and eight security personnel respectively in [[Pampore]]. In September 2016, four assailants [[2016 Uri attack|attacked]] an [[Indian Army]] brigade headquarters in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] killing 19 soldiers. On 31 December 2017, the Commando Training Centre at Lethpora was also attacked by militants killing five security personnel. These attacks took place in the vicinity of the [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway]].<ref name="TOI attack">{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Jaish terrorists attack CRPF convoy in Kashmir, kill at least 38 personnel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215181837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Attack ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="right"
|+{{nowrap|Personnel killed<ref name="BBC isolate"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pulwama-terror-attack-complete-list-of-slain-crpf-jawans-details-pulwama-terror-attack-news-crpf-jawans-death-toll-pulwama-victims-jammu-kashmir/366368|title=Pulwama terror attack: Complete list of martyred CRPF jawans – Details inside|date=15 February 2019|website=Times Now|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215095957/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pulwama-terror-attack-complete-list-of-slain-crpf-jawans-details-pulwama-terror-attack-news-crpf-jawans-death-toll-pulwama-victims-jammu-kashmir/366368|archive-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/identified-jawans-pulwama-terror-attack|title=At 12, Highest Number of Jawans Martyred in Pulwama Hailed from UP|website=The Quint|date=15 February 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035234/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/identified-jawans-pulwama-terror-attack|archive-date=16 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pulwama-attack-punjab-announces-rs-12-lakh-compensation-for-families-of-martyred-crpf-soldiers/366776|title=Punjab announces Rs 12 lakh compensation for families of martyred CRPF soldiers|date=15 February 2019|website=Times Now|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142636/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pulwama-attack-punjab-announces-rs-12-lakh-compensation-for-families-of-martyred-crpf-soldiers/366776|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/pulwama-attack-how-you-can-718620.html|title=Pulwama attack: How to donate to victims' families|date=15 February 2019|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072909/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/pulwama-attack-how-you-can-718620.html|archive-date=19 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
!State
!Number
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|12
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|5
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|4
|-
|[[West Bengal|Bengal]]
|2
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|2
|-
|[[Uttarakhand|Uttarkhand]]
|2
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|2
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2
|-
|[[Assam]]
|1
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|1
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|1
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|1
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|1
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|1
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|1
|-
|'''Total'''
|40
|}

On 14 February 2019, a convoy of 78 vehicles transporting more than 2,500 [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF){{efn|name=CRPF|The [[Central Reserve Police Force]] is the largest central paramilitary force under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. It is used to supplement the local police forces in contingencies and for countering insurgencies. According to Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan of the [[Observer Research Foundation]], it is less trained and armed than the Army.<ref name=Rajagopalan>
Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, [https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/new-terror-attack-exposes-indias-limited-options/ New Terror Attack Exposes India’s Limited Options] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216125212/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/new-terror-attack-exposes-indias-limited-options/ |date=16 February 2019 }}, ''The Diplomat'', 15 February 2019</ref>}} personnel from [[Jammu]] to [[Srinagar]] was travelling on [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway|National Highway 44]]. The convoy had left Jammu around 03:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] and was carrying a large number of personnel due to the highway having been shut down for two days prior. The convoy was scheduled to reach its destination before sunset.<ref name="TOI attack" />

At [[Lethpora]] near [[Awantipora]], around 15:15 IST,<ref name=":1" /> a bus carrying security personnel was rammed by a car carrying explosives. It caused a blast which killed 40 CRPF personnel of the 76th Battalion and injured many others.<ref name="Gurung">{{cite news |last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir |title=What happened at Pulwama and history of terror attacks on convoys |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/what-happened-at-pulwama-and-history-of-terror-attacks-on-convoys/articleshow/68019194.cms |access-date=16 March 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716093915/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/what-happened-at-pulwama-and-history-of-terror-attacks-on-convoys/articleshow/68019194.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The injured were moved to the army base hospital in Srinagar.<ref name="BBC isolate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133|title=Pulwama attack: India will 'completely isolate' Pakistan|date=16 February 2019|publisher=BBC News|access-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215232429/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133|archive-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pakistan-based militant group [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] claimed responsibility for the attack. They also released a video of the assailant Adil Ahmad Dar, 22, from [[Kakapora]] who had joined the group a year earlier.<ref name="TOI attack" /><ref name="auto">{{cite web|date=15 February 2019|title=India will 'completely isolate' Pakistan|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215232429/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133|archive-date=15 February 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Neeta|date=15 February 2019|title=Terrorist Lived 10 km From Site Where He Killed 40 Soldiers in Kashmir|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pulwama-terror-attack-jaish-e-mohammad-terrorist-who-attacked-crpf-in-jammu-and-kashmir-ived-10-km-f-1993899|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215053542/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pulwama-terror-attack-jaish-e-mohammad-terrorist-who-attacked-crpf-in-jammu-and-kashmir-ived-10-km-f-1993899|archive-date=15 February 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|website=NDTV}}</ref> Dar's family had last seen him in March 2018, when he left his house on a bicycle one day and never returned.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hussain|first1=Ashiq|date=16 February 2019|title='Desperately wanted him to quit': Pulwama suicide bomber Adil Dar's mother|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/desperately-wanted-him-to-quit-militancy-pulwama-terror-attack-suspect-s-mother/story-sajhZ3FBnslALDW3S4ClDL.html|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216115921/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/desperately-wanted-him-to-quit-militancy-pulwama-terror-attack-suspect-s-mother/story-sajhZ3FBnslALDW3S4ClDL.html|archive-date=16 February 2019}}</ref> Pakistan denied any involvement, though Jaish-e-Mohammed's leader, [[Masood Azhar]], is known to operate in the country.<ref name="BBC2019">{{cite web|date=15 February 2019|title=How far might India go to 'punish' Pakistan?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47250994|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216101856/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47250994|archive-date=16 February 2019|access-date=16 February 2019|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Dutt|first1=Barkha|date=14 February 2019|title=Everything will change after the Kashmir attack|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/02/15/everything-will-change-after-kashmir-attack/|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217015246/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/02/15/everything-will-change-after-kashmir-attack/|archive-date=17 February 2019|quote=Two decades later, Masood Azhar has not been brought to justice. Instead, he hides in plain sight in Bahawalpur, in Pakistan’s Punjab Province, and is now allowed to address huge Islamist militant gatherings over audio speakers in other parts of Pakistan.}}</ref>

It was the deadliest terror attack on India's state security personnel in Kashmir since 1989.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=14 February 2019|title=Deadliest Kashmir militant attack on troops|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47240660|url-status=live|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301102835/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47240660|archive-date=1 March 2019}}</ref>

===Perpetrator===
The perpetrator was identified as Adil Ahmad Dar, a 22-year old from [[Kakapora]].<ref name="auto"/> According to Dar's parents, Dar became radicalized after he was beaten by Indian police.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2019 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Aditya |title=Pulwama Bomber Was Radicalised After Cops Forced Him to Rub Nose on Ground, Beat Him Up, Say Parents |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/pulwama-bomber-was-radicalised-after-cops-forced-him-to-rub-nose-on-ground-beat-him-up-say-parents-2038441.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130438/https://www.news18.com/news/india/pulwama-bomber-was-radicalised-after-cops-forced-him-to-rub-nose-on-ground-beat-him-up-say-parents-2038441.html |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=6 March 2019 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulwama bomber Adil Ahmad Dar became terrorist after he was beaten by troops, say parents |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-bomber-adil-ahmad-dar-became-terrorist-after-he-was-beaten-by-troops-say-parents-1457317-2019-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226083016/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-bomber-adil-ahmad-dar-became-terrorist-after-he-was-beaten-by-troops-say-parents-1457317-2019-02-15 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=India Today |date=15 February 2019 }}</ref> Between September 2016 and March 2018, Adil Dar was reportedly arrested six times by Indian authorities.<ref name="Raina">{{Cite web |last=Raina |first=Anil |date=17 February 2019 |title=Pulwama bomber was detained six times in less than two years |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/pulwama-bomber-was-detained-six-times-in-less-than-two-years/articleshow/68028982.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191855/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/pulwama-bomber-was-detained-six-times-in-less-than-two-years/articleshow/68028982.cms |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Baabar|first=Mariana|date=18 February 2019|title=Pulwama attack: It's security, intel lapse, Pakistan tells India|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/433239-pulwama-attack-it-s-security-intel-lapse-pakistan-tells-india|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130438/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/433239-pulwama-attack-it-s-security-intel-lapse-pakistan-tells-india|archive-date=28 February 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|website=The News International}}</ref> However, each time he was released without any charges.<ref name=Raina/>

The Pakistani Chief of the Air Staff admitted to playing a role in the Pulwama attacks after initially denying any involvement.<ref>{{cite web | title=Pakistan Minister admits Islamabad's role in Pulwama terror attack | work=The Hindu | date=29 October 2020 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-minister-admits-islamabads-role-in-pulwama-terror-attack/article32973658.ece }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Did Pakistan just admit to 2019 Pulwama attack? PAF officer calls it 'tactical brilliance' amid Pahalgam heat | work=The Economic Times | date=11 May 2025 | url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/did-pakistan-just-admit-to-2019-pulwama-attack-paf-officer-calls-it-tactical-brilliance-amid-pahalgam-heat/articleshow/121074594.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title='Tactical brilliance': Pakistan's top air force official admits role in Pulwama - BusinessToday | date=11 May 2025 | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/it-was-our-tactical-brilliance-pakistans-top-air-force-official-admits-role-in-pulwama-475825-2025-05-11 }}</ref>

==Ignoring Intelligence inputs==
Central Government had received at least 11 intelligence inputs, including from the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] and Kashmir Police, days before the attack. Two days before the attack, [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] uploaded a video of a suicide attack in Afghanistan and hinted at launching a similar attack in Kashmir. The Home Ministry refused to provide CRPF aircraft on the day of the attack and instead let the convoy take the road route, ignoring intelligence inputs.<ref name="frontline government ignored 11 inputs">{{cite news |last1=Bhakto |first1=Anando |title=Eleven intelligence inputs warning of Pulwama attack were ignored |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/pulwama-attack-intelligence-inputs-ignored-national-security-leak-compromise-balakot-bjp-win-2019/article64755942.ece |access-date=22 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721211517/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/pulwama-attack-intelligence-inputs-ignored-national-security-leak-compromise-balakot-bjp-win-2019/article64755942.ece |archive-date=21 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pulwama attack: IED attack warning sent to CRPF, other agencies last week |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/intelligence-warning-of-ied-attack-sent-to-crpf-other-security-agencies-last-week-119021401475_1.html |access-date=22 July 2023 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721211759/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/intelligence-warning-of-ied-attack-sent-to-crpf-other-security-agencies-last-week-119021401475_1.html |archive-date=21 July 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Investigation==
The [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) dispatched a 12-member team to probe the attack, working with the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]].<ref name="BBC isolate" /><ref name="TOI attack" />

Initial investigations suggested the car was carrying more than {{convert|300|kg}} of explosives,<ref name="TOI attack" /> including {{convert|80|kg}} of [[RDX]], a [[high explosive]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2019 |title=Pulwama attack: Seven detained, 80 kg high-grade RDX used by Jaish terrorist |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pulwama-attack-seven-detained-80-kg-high-grade-rdx-used-by-jaish-terrorist-2720490 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035340/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pulwama-attack-seven-detained-80-kg-high-grade-rdx-used-by-jaish-terrorist-2720490 |archive-date=16 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=DNA India}}</ref> and [[ammonium nitrate]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ankur|date=16 February 2019|title=Pulwama attack: Traces of ammonium nitrate, RDX found at terror site|url=https://www.mynation.com/news/pulwama-attack-traces-of-ammonium-nitrate-rdx-found-terror-site-pn0ka3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030411/https://www.mynation.com/amp/news/pulwama-attack-traces-of-ammonium-nitrate-rdx-found-terror-site-pn0ka3|archive-date=17 February 2019|access-date=17 February 2019|website=mynation.com}}</ref> [[Deependra Singh Hooda|Lt Gen Hooda]] said that the explosives might have been stolen from a construction site. He initially said that it was not possible that they were smuggled from across the border, but later said that he could not rule it out.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |last2=Yasir |first2=Sameer |last3=Kumar |first3=Hari |date=15 February 2019 |title=India Blames Pakistan for Attack in Kashmir, Promising a Response |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/world/asia/kashmir-attack-pulwama.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223135448/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/world/asia/kashmir-attack-pulwama.html |archive-date=23 February 2019}}</ref>

[[National Investigation Agency]] was able to establish and confirm the identity of suicide bomber as DNA samples from "meagre fragments of the car" used in suicide attack matched with Adil Ahmad Dar's father. However, even after a year of investigation, NIA was unable to trace the source of explosives.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=13 February 2020|title=Pulwama terror attack: Even after a year, NIA unable to trace source of explosives|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pulwama-terror-attack-first-anniversary-even-after-a-year-nia-unable-to-trace-source-of-explosives/article30813393.ece|access-date=2 August 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The charge-sheet filed by the NIA in August 2020 named 19 accused.<ref name=":charge">{{Cite web|last=Chauhan|first=Neeraj|date=25 August 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=NIA files charge sheet in Pulwama attack case; names Jaish chief Masood Azhar, his brothers and Pakistan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-files-charge-sheet-in-pulwama-attack-names-jaish-chief-masood-azhar-his-brothers-and-pakistan/story-PMOIQITa6Ra37CJrXsXutJ.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827102701/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-files-charge-sheet-in-pulwama-attack-names-jaish-chief-masood-azhar-his-brothers-and-pakistan/story-PMOIQITa6Ra37CJrXsXutJ.html |archive-date=27 August 2020 }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Candle Light March organised in Mehsana Gujarat in wake of 2019 Pulwama Attack.jpg|thumb|Candle light march organised in [[Mehsana]], [[Gujarat]]]]

[[State funeral]]s of security personnel killed in the attack were held in their respective native places.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/state-funeral-to-pulwama-martyrs-from-punjab.html|title=State funeral to Pulwama martyrs from Punjab|date=16 February 2019|website=The Pioneer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142443/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/state-funeral-to-pulwama-martyrs-from-punjab.html|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-pulwama-terror-attack-40-crpf-bravehearts-laid-to-rest-as-india-gives-final-farewell-tributes-pour-in-from-across-the-world-504777|title=Pulwama Terror Attack: 40 CRPF bravehearts laid to rest as India gives final farewell, tributes pour in from across the world|date=16 February 2019|website=India TV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216233418/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-pulwama-terror-attack-40-crpf-bravehearts-laid-to-rest-as-india-gives-final-farewell-tributes-pour-in-from-across-the-world-504777|archive-date=16 February 2019|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref> The [[Government of Punjab, India|government of Punjab]] announced [[ex gratia]] compensation of {{INRConvert|12|l}} each to the families of the killed security personnel from the state and a government job to the [[next of kin]].<ref name=":3" /> India revoked Pakistan's [[most favoured nation]] status.<ref name="BBC isolate" /> The customs duty on all Pakistani goods imported to India were raised to 200%.<ref name=":0">PTI (16 February 2019). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/customs-duty-on-goods-from-pakistan-hiked-to-200-with-immediate-effect/articleshow/68026732.cms Pulwama terror attack: India hikes customs duty to 200% on all goods imported from Pakistan]. ''The Times of India''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216220405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/customs-duty-on-goods-from-pakistan-hiked-to-200-with-immediate-effect/articleshow/68026732.cms|date=16 February 2019}}.</ref> The Indian government urged the [[Financial Action Task Force]] (FATF) to add Pakistan to its [[Financial Action Task Force blacklist|blacklist]] for failing to comply with [[counterterrorism]] measures. The FATF decided to keep it on the 'grey list' and gave Pakistan time till October 2019 to comply with the 27 conditions it had laid down in June 2018, when it was put on the 'grey list', with an attending caveat. If Pakistan failed to comply, it would be added to the blacklist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Jitendra|date=24 February 2019|title=FATF decides Pakistan to be on greylist; role of the Financial Action Task Force explained|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/international/article/financial-action-task-force-pakistan-india-paris-money-laundering-terror-financing-blacklist-greylist/370791|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223812/https://www.timesnownews.com/international/article/financial-action-task-force-pakistan-india-paris-money-laundering-terror-financing-blacklist-greylist/370791|archive-date=25 February 2019|access-date=25 February 2019|website=timesnownews.com}}</ref> On 17 February, the state administration revoked security provisions for separatist leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jain|first=Bharti|date=17 February 2019|title=J&K administration withdraws security of 5 separatist leaders|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jk-admin-withdraws-security-cover-of-five-separatist-leaders/articleshow/68032525.cms?|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217201029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jk-admin-withdraws-security-cover-of-five-separatist-leaders/articleshow/68032525.cms|archive-date=17 February 2019}}</ref>

Protests, [[bandh]]s and candle light marches were held across India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2019|title=Pulwama terror attack: Anger on the streets as bandhs, protests, marches organised across states|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pulwama-terror-attack-bharat-bandh-mamata-banerjee-kolkata-candlelight-march-protests-bandhs-crpf-bhendi-bazaar-mumbai-virar-sion-shiv-sena-bjp/366990|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216150619/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pulwama-terror-attack-bharat-bandh-mamata-banerjee-kolkata-candlelight-march-protests-bandhs-crpf-bhendi-bazaar-mumbai-virar-sion-shiv-sena-bjp/366990|archive-date=16 February 2019|access-date=17 February 2019|website=timesnownews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/protests-across-country-against-pulwama-terror-attack/articleshow/68014683.cms|title=Protests across country against Pulwama terror attack|date=15 February 2019|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/protests-across-country-against-pulwama-terror-attack/articleshow/68014683.cms|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2019|title=Pulwama terror attack: Protest demonstrations, candle light processions taken out|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pulwama-terror-attack-protest-demonstrations-candle-light-processions-taken-out/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217145739/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pulwama-terror-attack-protest-demonstrations-candle-light-processions-taken-out/|archive-date=17 February 2019|access-date=17 February 2019|website=Daily Excelsior}}</ref> There were violent protests in Jammu resulting in a curfew being imposed starting 14 February. The Indian community in the United Kingdom held protests outside the Pakistan High Commission in [[London]].<ref name=":2" /> A delegation of Indian doctors cancelled their visit to Pakistan for the 13th Association of Anaesthesiologists Congress, organised by the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]], in [[Lahore]] on 7 March.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-terror-attack-live-updates-1457992-2019-02-17|title=Pulwama terror attack updates: Indians protest outside Pakistan High Commission in London|date=17 February 2019|website=India Today|access-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217143817/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-terror-attack-live-updates-1457992-2019-02-17|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian broadcaster [[DSport]] said it would no longer broadcast Pakistan Super League cricket matches.<ref name="aj-broadcaster-2019">{{cite web|date=18 February 2019|title=Indian broadcaster pulls out of Pakistan cricket league|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/indian-broadcaster-pulls-pakistan-cricket-league-190218082302541.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015034/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/indian-broadcaster-pulls-pakistan-cricket-league-190218082302541.html|archive-date=19 February 2019|access-date=19 February 2019|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The [[All Indian Cine Workers Association]] announced a ban on Pakistani actors and artists in the [[Indian Film Industry|Indian film industry]], and stated that strong action would be taken on any organisation violating it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 February 2019|title=Pakistani actors banned from working in India after Kashmir attack|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/pakistan/pakistani-actors-banned-from-working-in-india-after-kashmir-attack|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222185234/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/pakistan/pakistani-actors-banned-from-working-in-india-after-kashmir-attack|archive-date=22 February 2019|access-date=20 February 2019|website=Khaleej Times}}</ref> The [[Indian Film & Television Directors' Association|Indian Film and Television Directors Association]] also announced a ban on Pakistani artists in films and music produced in India; the president of the organisation threatened to "vandalise" the [[Film set|sets]] of any Indian film production with Pakistani artists.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pulwama-terror-attack-has-salman-khan-replaced-atif-aslam-in-notebook-after-ban-on-pakistani-artistes-1459441-2019-02-19 Pulwama terror attack: Has Salman Khan replaced Atif Aslam in Notebook after ban on Pakistani artistes?]. ''India Today''. 19 February 2019''.'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112347/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pulwama-terror-attack-has-salman-khan-replaced-atif-aslam-in-notebook-after-ban-on-pakistani-artistes-1459441-2019-02-19|date=21 February 2019}}.</ref>

On 20 February 2019, Pakistani prisoner Shakarullah, who was serving a life term in India's Jaipur Central Jail under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]], was stabbed and beaten to death by four other inmates.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Wadhawan|first1=Dev Ankur|date=20 February 2019|title=Pulwama aftermath: Pakistani inmate murdered inside Jaipur Central Jail|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistani-inmate-murder-jaipur-jail-pulwama-attack-1460616-2019-02-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307221546/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistani-inmate-murder-jaipur-jail-pulwama-attack-1460616-2019-02-20|archive-date=7 March 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=ANI|date=28 February 2019|title=4 arrested in connection with death of Pakistani prisoner in Jaipur jail|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/4-arrested-in-connection-with-death-of-pakistani-prisoner-in-jail-1466800-2019-02-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130357/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/4-arrested-in-connection-with-death-of-pakistani-prisoner-in-jail-1466800-2019-02-28|archive-date=28 February 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|website=India Today}}</ref> India claimed that Shakarullah was allegedly killed in a brawl among the inmates over television volume. Pakistan claimed that he was killed in retaliation of the Pulwama incident.<ref>PTI (21 February 2019). [https://kashmirreader.com/2019/02/21/pak-seeks-response-from-india-on-inmate-killed-in-brawl-in-jaipur-prison/ "Pak seeks response from India on inmate killed in brawl in Jaipur prison"]. ''Kashmir Reader''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191906/https://kashmirreader.com/2019/02/21/pak-seeks-response-from-india-on-inmate-killed-in-brawl-in-jaipur-prison/|date=28 February 2019}}. Retrieved 12 February 2019.</ref>

With reference to the Pulwama terror attack, the FATF has expressed worry over the increasing abuse of [[E-Commerce platform|e-commerce platforms]] by terrorist groups. [[Aluminium powder|Aluminum powder]], an important ingredient used to increase the explosive force of [[Improvised explosive device|improvised explosive devices]] (IEDs), was sourced through [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], according to the July 2025 FATF Report titled Comprehensive Update on Terrorist Financing Risks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Arvind |date=2025-07-08 |title=Explosive for Pulwama attack bought via e-commerce platform: Global terror watchdog |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/explosive-for-2019-pulwama-attack-bought-via-e-commerce-platform-global-terror-watchdog-fatf-2752782-2025-07-08 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-08 |title=FATF report highlights evolving terrorist financing risks and warns of gaps in global understanding of the threats |url=https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/comprehensive-update-terrorist-financing-risks-2025.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=fatf-gafi.org}}</ref>

===Gunfight with the militants===
Following intelligence inputs, in the early morning hours of 18 February, a joint team comprising 55 [[Rashtriya Rifles]], CRPF and [[Special Operations Group (Jammu and Kashmir)|Special Operations Group]] of India killed two terrorists and two supporters in an anti-terrorism encounter operation in the ensuing manhunt for the perpetrators in [[Pulwama]]. One of them, Abdul Rasheed Ghazi alias Kamran, was identified as a Pakistani national and was considered the mastermind of the attack and a commander of the terrorist group Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM).<ref>{{cite web|last=Shekhar|first=Raj|date=18 February 2019|title=Pulwama attack mastermind Abdul Rasheed Ghazi killed by security forces in Kashmir|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pulwama-attack-mastermind-abdul-rasheed-ghazi-killed-by-security-forces-in-kashmir/articleshow/68044481.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218075855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pulwama-attack-mastermind-abdul-rasheed-ghazi-killed-by-security-forces-in-kashmir/articleshow/68044481.cms|archive-date=18 February 2019|access-date=18 February 2019|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In addition, local JeM recruit Hilal Ahmed, along with two sympathisers who housed Ghazi and Ahmed to evade capture, were also shot dead in the encounter. Four security personnel were killed in the gunfight.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Aarti Tikoo|author-link=Aarti Tikoo Singh|last2=Dua|first2=Rohan|date=18 February 2019|title=Four Army personnel including Major martyred in encounter with terrorists in Pulwama|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/encounter-underway-between-security-forces-and-terrorists-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/68041226.cms|url-status=live|access-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218203507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/encounter-underway-between-security-forces-and-terrorists-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/68041226.cms|archive-date=18 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/18/four-indian-soldiers-killed-clash-kashmir-militants/|title=Nine killed as Indian security forces battle Kashmir militants after suicide bombing|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=18 February 2019|work=The Telegraph|access-date=18 February 2019|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218093330/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/18/four-indian-soldiers-killed-clash-kashmir-militants/|archive-date=18 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pulwama-encounter-major-vibhuti-dhoundiyal-second-officer-from-uttarakhand-to-be-killed-in-3-days-1995404|title=Army Major Vibhuti Dhoundiyal, 34, Second Officer From Uttarakhand To Be Killed in 3 Days|website=NDTV.com|access-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218225809/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pulwama-encounter-major-vibhuti-dhoundiyal-second-officer-from-uttarakhand-to-be-killed-in-3-days-1995404|archive-date=18 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Anti-Kashmiri backlash===
[[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] students living in other parts of India faced a backlash after the attack, including violence and harassment,<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 February 2019|title=Violence against Kashmiri students, traders unacceptable: NC|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/(X(1)S(1ca3ba45l0ueekivdewx3a55))/news/kashmir/violence-against-kashmiri-students-traders-unacceptable-nc/313679.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221122151/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/(X(1)S(1ca3ba45l0ueekivdewx3a55))/news/kashmir/violence-against-kashmiri-students-traders-unacceptable-nc/313679.html|archive-date=21 February 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> and eviction from their homes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1464491|title=Kashmiris living in India facing threats, evictions|date=18 February 2019|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222082628/https://www.dawn.com/news/1464491|archive-date=22 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, many Indians offered to house Kashmiris who may have been evicted.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gerken|first1=Tom|last2=Jakhar|first2=Pratik|date=18 February 2019|title=My home and heart are open to you|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-47278366|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221171102/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-47278366|archive-date=21 February 2019|access-date=22 February 2019|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

It was reported that number of Kashmiris fleeing from the rest of India had reached "hundreds".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Majid|first=Zulfikar|date=19 February 2019|title=After attacks, Kashmiri students continue to come home|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/after-attacks-kashmiri-719267.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222151940/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/after-attacks-kashmiri-719267.html|archive-date=22 February 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir Students Organisation reported that 97% of Kashmiri students in [[Dehradun]] had been evacuated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raina|first=Muzaffar|date=20 February 2019|title=After Pulwama, panic dash by Kashmiris outside home state|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/after-pulwama-panic-dash-by-kashmiris-outside-home-state/cid/1685100|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222153439/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/after-pulwama-panic-dash-by-kashmiris-outside-home-state/cid/1685100|archive-date=22 February 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref> Two Indian colleges in Dehradun announced that no new Kashmiri students will receive admission.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 February 2019|title=Pulwama attack aftermath: Two Dehradun colleges say won't admit Kashmiri students|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pulwama-attack-aftermath-two-dehradun-colleges-say-wont-admit-kashmiri-students/1490729/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222152216/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pulwama-attack-aftermath-two-dehradun-colleges-say-wont-admit-kashmiri-students/1490729/|archive-date=22 February 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> One of those colleges, Alpine College, suspended its dean, who is a Kashmiri, after some groups called for him to be fired.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Kavita|date=19 February 2019|title=Protests against Kashmiri students: Mob wanted it so dean was suspended, says head of Dehradun college|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pulwama-attack-kashmiri-students-asked-to-leave-mob-wanted-it-so-dean-was-suspended-says-head-of-dehradun-college-5590191/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222095230/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pulwama-attack-kashmiri-students-asked-to-leave-mob-wanted-it-so-dean-was-suspended-says-head-of-dehradun-college-5590191/|archive-date=22 February 2019|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

[[Tathagata Roy]], the governor of the Indian state [[Meghalaya]], tweeted support for a [[boycott]] of "everything Kashmiri". [[Union Minister]] [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] disagreed with this view.<ref>{{Cite web|author=PTI|date=21 February 2019|title=BJP expresses disagreement over Tathagata's tweet on boycotting 'everything Kashmiri'|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-expresses-disagreement-over-tathagatas-tweet-on-boycotting-everything-kashmiri/articleshow/68099997.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042033/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-expresses-disagreement-over-tathagatas-tweet-on-boycotting-everything-kashmiri/articleshow/68099997.cms|archive-date=22 February 2019|access-date=22 February 2019|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> A Kashmiri merchant was beaten in [[Kolkata]]; the attack was condemned by [[West Bengal]] chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chowdhury|first=Santanu|date=21 February 2019|title=Scared, not sure if I will come back: Kashmiri trader attacked in Kolkata|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/scared-not-sure-if-i-will-come-back-kashmiri-trader-attacked-in-kolkata-5593774/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042033/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/scared-not-sure-if-i-will-come-back-kashmiri-trader-attacked-in-kolkata-5593774/|archive-date=22 February 2019|access-date=22 February 2019|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Kashmir police chief Dilbagh Singh said they had asked affected states to protect students."<ref name="al-jazeera-02-16">{{cite news |last1=Fareed |first1=Rifat |title=Fear grips Kashmiris living in India after deadly suicide attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/fear-grips-kashmiris-living-india-deadly-suicide-attack-190216150244206.html |access-date=17 February 2019 |publisher=Al Jazeera|date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216211513/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/fear-grips-kashmiris-living-india-deadly-suicide-attack-190216150244206.html |archive-date=16 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Former Jammu and Kashmir chief minister [[Omar Abdullah]] met with [[Rajnath Singh]] seeking assistance.<ref name="India-today-16">{{cite magazine|date=16 February 2019|title=Pulwama attack: Kashmiri students from various parts of India allege harassment, CRPF launches helpline|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-terror-attack-kashmiri-students-allege-harassment-crpf-helpline-1457910-2019-02-16|url-status=live|magazine=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216231836/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-terror-attack-kashmiri-students-allege-harassment-crpf-helpline-1457910-2019-02-16|archive-date=16 February 2019|access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref>

===Balakot airstrike===
{{main|2019 Balakot airstrike}}
On 26 February, twelve [[Mirage 2000]] jets of the [[Indian Air Force]] crossed the [[Line of Control]] and dropped bombs into Balakot, Pakistan.<ref name="ndtv-balakot">{{cite news |last1=Prabhu |first1=Sunil |editor1-last=Ghosh |editor1-first=Deepshikha |title=India Strikes After Pulwama Terror Attack, Hits Biggest Jaish-e-Mohammed Camp in Balakot |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-struck-biggest-training-camp-of-jaish-in-balakot-large-number-of-terrorists-eliminated-governm-1999390 |work=NDTV |date=26 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227053325/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-struck-biggest-training-camp-of-jaish-in-balakot-large-number-of-terrorists-eliminated-governm-1999390 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 February 2019|title=Pakistan army confirms Indian jets dropped 'four bombs'|work=The Times of India|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-army-confirms-indian-jets-dropped-four-bombs/articleshow/68171844.cms|url-status=live|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226221047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-army-confirms-indian-jets-dropped-four-bombs/articleshow/68171844.cms|archive-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> India claimed that it attacked a Jaish-e-Mohammed training camp and killed a large number of terrorists, reported to be between 300 and 350.<ref name="ndtv-balakot"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Air Strike Destroys Terror Camp in Pakistan, Upto 350 Terrorists Killed |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/pre-dawn-indian-air-strike-destroys-jem-camp-in-pakistan-sources-say-up-to-350-terrorists-killed-3 |work=BloombergQuint |agency=Press Trust of India |date=26 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227181954/https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/pre-dawn-indian-air-strike-destroys-jem-camp-in-pakistan-sources-say-up-to-350-terrorists-killed-3 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan claimed that they quickly scrambled jets to intercept the IAF jets, who dropped their payloads to quickly return over the Line of Control.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 February 2019|title=Viewpoint: India strikes in Pakistan a major escalation|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47370608|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227061938/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47370608|archive-date=27 February 2019}}</ref>

===India-Pakistan standoff===
{{main|2019 India-Pakistan standoff}}
In an ensuing dogfight between Indian and Pakistani jets, an Indian [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] was shot down over Pakistan and [[Abhinandan Varthaman|its pilot]] captured. Pakistan released the pilot on 1 March.<ref name="Captured">{{cite news|date=1 March 2019|title=Abhinandan: Captured Indian pilot handed back by Pakistan|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47412884|url-status=live|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301173217/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47412884|archive-date=1 March 2019}}</ref>

===Pakistan arrests suspects===
On 5 March, Pakistan arrested 44 members of various groups, including the Jaish-e-Muhammad. Some of those arrested had been named by India in a dossier it gave to Pakistan in the aftermath of the Pulwama attack.<ref name=Asghar>Asghar, Naseem. "[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/190305135807274.html Son of Masood Azhar among 44 arrested] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306074615/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/190305135807274.html |date=6 March 2019 }}," ''[[The Express Tribune]]''.</ref> Pakistan said those arrested will be held for at least 14 days, and if India provided further evidence they would be prosecuted.<ref>Asad Hashim. "[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/190305135807274.html Pakistan arrests scores in fresh crackdown on armed groups] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306074615/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/190305135807274.html |date=6 March 2019 }}," ''[[Al Jazeera English]]''</ref> Among those arrested were relatives of JeM leader [[Masood Azhar]], including his son Hamad Azhar and his brother Abdul Rauf.<ref name=Asghar/>

=== Arrests and operations in India ===
By August 2021, Indian security forces had killed seven of the accused, including Saifullah, while seven had been arrested.<ref name=":4" />

==Reactions==
===India and Pakistan===
Indian [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] condemned the attack and expressed solidarity with the victims and their families. Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh assured that a strong response will be given to the terror attack.<ref name="TOI attack" /> India blamed Pakistan for the attack.<ref name="WP vows">Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (15 February 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indias-modi-promises-retaliation-after-worst-attack-in-kashmir-in-three-decades-kills-dozens/2019/02/15/f5dd55d6-309e-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html Modi vows action after dozens die in deadliest attack in Indian-held Kashmir in 3 decades]. ''The Washington Post''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217084944/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indias-modi-promises-retaliation-after-worst-attack-in-kashmir-in-three-decades-kills-dozens/2019/02/15/f5dd55d6-309e-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html?utm_term=.2baaddc86a06|date=17 February 2019}}</ref> [[BBC News]] has said that the involvement of the Jaish-e-Mohammed in the bombing "directly links" Pakistan to the attack, while also pointing out that Jaish-e-Mohammed had attacked Pakistani military targets in the past.<ref name="BBC punish">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-47250994 Viewpoint: How far might India go to 'punish' Pakistan?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216174604/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-47250994|date=16 February 2019}}, BBC News, 15 February 2019</ref> It is widely accepted among security analysts that Jaish-e-Mohammed is the creation of Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]].<ref>{{harvnb|Moj|2015|p=98}}; {{harvnb|Jaffrelot|2015|p=520}}</ref> Pakistan banned the group in 2002,<ref>{{Cite web|author=PTI|date=17 February 2019|title=Pakistan says it fulfilled obligations against Jaish-e-Mohammad|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-says-it-fulfilled-obligations-against-jaish-e-mohammad/story-CI7c4SokqDaIFSF7sy9pzJ.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112159/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-says-it-fulfilled-obligations-against-jaish-e-mohammad/story-CI7c4SokqDaIFSF7sy9pzJ.html|archive-date=21 February 2019|access-date=22 February 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> but it has resurfaced under different names and retains ISI's support.<ref>{{harvnb|Gregory|2007|pp=1022–1023}}: "However, most of those arrested were subsequently released without any charges and the separatist/terrorist groups, such as the ISI creations Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, have been permitted to re-form, some of them under different names."</ref><ref>{{citation |author=C. Christine Fair |author-link=C. Christine Fair |title=Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=12 January 2016 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cchristinefair/bringingbackthedeadwh_b_8955224.html |quote=This interpretation of the attack as "peace spoiler" misses the strategic element of the ISI's revival of Jaish-e-Mohammad...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bruce Riedel |author-link=Bruce Riedel |title=Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/01/05/blame-pakistani-spy-service-for-attack-on-indian-air-force-base.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=5 January 2016 |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503130537/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/01/05/blame-pakistani-spy-service-for-attack-on-indian-air-force-base.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=live }}: "His group is technically illegal in Pakistan but enjoys the continuing patronage of the ISI."</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' questioned the nature of the link to Pakistan, pointing out that the bomber came from Indian-administered Kashmir and the explosives may also have been locally procured.<ref>Maria Abi-Habib, Sameer Yasir and Hari Kumar (15 February 2019). [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/world/asia/kashmir-attack-pulwama.html India Blames Pakistan for Attack in Kashmir, Promising a Response]. ''New York Times''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223135448/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/world/asia/kashmir-attack-pulwama.html|date=23 February 2019}}.</ref>

The Indian Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] has said that India would completely isolate Pakistan in the diplomatic community.<ref name=":0" />

Pakistan denied the allegation of a link to the attack,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pulwama-attack-matter-of-grave-concern-pakistan/articleshow/68002500.cms|title=Pulwama attack 'matter of grave concern': Pakistan|date=15 February 2019|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215163423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pulwama-attack-matter-of-grave-concern-pakistan/articleshow/68002500.cms|archive-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> and Pakistani foreign minister [[Shah Mahmood Qureshi]] condemned the bombing.<ref name=condemned>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1464205|title=On Kashmir attack, Shah Mahmood Qureshi says 'violence is not the govt's policy'|date=16 February 2019|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223190130/https://www.dawn.com/news/1464205|archive-date=23 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fawad Chaudhry]], Pakistan's federal information minister, said that Pakistan was taking action against Jaish-e-Muhammad and that Pakistan would be able to assist India in taking action against terrorist groups.<ref name="Samaa2019">{{cite web |title=Pakistan is taking action against Jaish-e-Muhammad, Fawad Chaudhry tells Indian media |work=Samaa TV |url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2019/02/pakistan-is-taking-action-against-jaish-e-muhammad-fawad-chaudhry-tells-indian-media/ |date=16 February 2019 |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216193005/https://www.samaa.tv/news/2019/02/pakistan-is-taking-action-against-jaish-e-muhammad-fawad-chaudhry-tells-indian-media/ |archive-date=16 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]'', a Pakistani newspaper, called the assailant a "freedom fighter" who eliminated members of an "occupying force".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Slater|first1=Joana|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|date=15 February 2019|title=Modi vows action after dozens die in deadliest attack in Indian-held Kashmir in 3 decades|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indias-modi-promises-retaliation-after-worst-attack-in-kashmir-in-three-decades-kills-dozens/2019/02/15/f5dd55d6-309e-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217015242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indias-modi-promises-retaliation-after-worst-attack-in-kashmir-in-three-decades-kills-dozens/2019/02/15/f5dd55d6-309e-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html|archive-date=17 February 2019|quote=In Pakistan, Thursday's attack was viewed in starkly different terms. The Nation, an English-language daily newspaper, trumpeted the news on its front page on Friday with a headline saying a "freedom fighter" attack had killed dozens of members of the "occupying force" in Kashmir.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Freedom fighter launches attack, 44 of occupying force killed in IOK |url=https://nation.com.pk/15-Feb-2019/freedom-fighter-launches-attack-44-of-occupying-force-killed-in-iok |work=The Nation |date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215060721/https://nation.com.pk/15-Feb-2019/freedom-fighter-launches-attack-44-of-occupying-force-killed-in-iok |archive-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> Pakistan and India both recalled their ambassadors for "consultations" in a tit-for-tat move.<ref name="aj-recall-envoy">{{cite web|last1=Hashim|first1=Asad|date=18 February 2019|title=Pakistan recalls India envoy amid tensions over Kashmir attack|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pakistan-recalls-india-envoy-tensions-kashmir-attack-190218073652483.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218083705/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pakistan-recalls-india-envoy-tensions-kashmir-attack-190218073652483.html|archive-date=18 February 2019|access-date=19 February 2019|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

On 19 February 2019, Pakistani Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]] said that providing safe haven to terrorists was not in Pakistan's interest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Syed |first1=Baqir Sajjad |title=Pakistan ready to discuss terrorism with India: PM |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1464822 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=20 February 2019|access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222095214/https://www.dawn.com/news/1464822 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> He asked for proof of Pakistani involvement and warned India that any military response would be met with retaliation. Indian Ministry of External Affairs responded by criticising him for not condemning the attack and not offering any condolences for the victims. It said that claims by Adil Ahmad Dar and Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammed was sufficient proof. It said that promise of investigation was unconvincing due to a lack of progress in [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Mumbai]] and [[2016 Pathankot attack|Pathankot attack]] investigations.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 February 2019|title=Pakistan warns India against attacking|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47290107|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223090151/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47290107|archive-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not surprised at Imran Khan's statement: MEA responds to Pakistan PM's claims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-prime-minister-imran-khan-pulwama-attack-mea-india-1459926-2019-02-19 |work=India Today |date=19 February 2019|access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222151903/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-prime-minister-imran-khan-pulwama-attack-mea-india-1459926-2019-02-19 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to Indian criticism, the newspaper ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' pointed out that Pakistani Foreign Minister Qureshi had expressed sympathies with the victims soon after the attack.<ref>Jawed Naqvi (20 February 2019). [https://www.dawn.com/news/1464867 India rejects Imran’s offer, seeks action against perpetrators]. ''Dawn''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222084007/https://www.dawn.com/news/1464867|date=22 February 2019}}.</ref>

Following the attack on the Indian territory, the producers of the Indian Hindi films, including [[Notebook (2019 film)|''Notebook'']], ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' and ''[[Satellite Shankar]]'', decided not to release the films in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 February 2019|title=Pulwama aftermath: Salman Khan's 'Notebook', 'Satellite Shankar' and Shahid Kapoor's 'Kabir Singh' to NOT release in Pakistan|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/pulwama-aftermath-salman-khans-notebook-satellite-shankar-and-shahid-kapoors-kabir-singh-to-not-release-in-pakistan/1467838|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228033025/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/pulwama-aftermath-salman-khans-notebook-satellite-shankar-and-shahid-kapoors-kabir-singh-to-not-release-in-pakistan/1467838|archive-date=28 February 2019|access-date=28 February 2019|website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 February 2019|title=Pulwama Attacks Salman Khan's production Notebook, Satellite Shankar and Shahid Kapoor's Kabir Singh to NOT release in Pakistan|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pulwama-attacks-salman-khans-production-notebook-satellite-shankar-shahid-kapoors-kabir-singh-not-release-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130419/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pulwama-attacks-salman-khans-production-notebook-satellite-shankar-shahid-kapoors-kabir-singh-not-release-pakistan/|archive-date=28 February 2019|access-date=28 February 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=PTI|date=21 February 2019|title=Shahid Kapoor's Kabir Singh And Salman Khan-Produced Notebook Won't Release in Pakistan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shahid-kapoors-kabir-singh-and-salman-khan-produced-notebook-wont-release-in-pakistan-1997334|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228161530/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shahid-kapoors-kabir-singh-and-salman-khan-produced-notebook-wont-release-in-pakistan-1997334|archive-date=28 February 2019|access-date=28 February 2019|website=NDTV}}</ref>

Former Indian cricket players and [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) called for the boycott on the 2019 World Cup group match fixture between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] with raising concerns on banning Pakistan cricket team from playing in the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Masters|first=James|date=26 February 2019|title=Will violence prevent India vs. Pakistan World Cup showdown?|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/26/sport/india-pakistan-kashmir-cricket-world-cup-spt-intl/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044757/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/26/sport/india-pakistan-kashmir-cricket-world-cup-spt-intl/index.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|access-date=3 March 2019|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 February 2019|title=ICC says 'no indication' India v Pakistan World Cup match will not go ahead|publisher=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47361012|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301210922/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47361012|archive-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=22 February 2019|title=ICC warns BCCI: India likely to lose proposal to ban Pakistan from World Cup|newspaper=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/icc-bcci-india-vs-pakistan-2019-icc-world-cup-1462441-2019-02-22|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306045215/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/icc-bcci-india-vs-pakistan-2019-icc-world-cup-1462441-2019-02-22|archive-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> However, after conducting a press meet in Dubai, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) rejected BCCI's statement regarding banning Pakistan from the World Cup and assured that the scheduled match will go ahead as planned despite the [[2019 India–Pakistan standoff|ongoing standoff between the two nations]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=PTI|date=3 March 2019|title=ICC to BCCI: Severing cricket ties with countries not our domain|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/icc-meeting-bcci-letter-boycott-cricket-ties-with-pakistan-pulwama-terror-attack-1469341-2019-03-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303100040/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/icc-meeting-bcci-letter-boycott-cricket-ties-with-pakistan-pulwama-terror-attack-1469341-2019-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2019|access-date=3 March 2019|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Santosh|date=3 March 2019|title=International Cricket Council Turns Down Indian Board's Request on Terrorism: Report|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/international-cricket-council-turns-down-indian-boards-request-on-terrorism-report-2001945|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303113235/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/international-cricket-council-turns-down-indian-boards-request-on-terrorism-report-2001945|archive-date=3 March 2019|access-date=3 March 2019|website=NDTV Sports}}</ref>

On 8 March 2019, the [[India national cricket team]] wore camouflage military caps in tribute to the CRPF personnel killed in the attack during [[Australian cricket team in India in 2018–19#3rd ODI|the third ODI]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at [[Ranchi]]. The players also donated their match fees to the [[National Defence Fund]]. The [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] wrote to the ICC to protest the gesture. The ICC stated that BCCI had asked for, and received, permission to wear the caps.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=11 March 2019|title=India was granted permission to wear camouflage caps in memory of fallen soldiers: ICC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/australia-in-india/india-was-granted-permission-to-wear-camouflage-caps-in-memory-of-fallen-soldiers-icc/articleshow/68360889.cms|url-status=live|access-date=11 March 2019|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311173602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/australia-in-india/india-was-granted-permission-to-wear-camouflage-caps-in-memory-of-fallen-soldiers-icc/articleshow/68360889.cms |archive-date=11 March 2019 }}</ref>

===International community===
The [[United States]] condemned the attack and added it would work with India in counterterrorism efforts. It asked Pakistan to stop sheltering terrorists and urged it to cooperate with the investigation and punish those responsible.<ref>{{cite news |title=US asks Pak to stop supporting terrorists, suspects ISI behind Pulwama |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2019/02/15/us-asks-pak-to-stop-supporting-terrorists-suspects-isi-behind-pulwama.html |work=The Week |agency=Press Trust of India |date=15 February 2019|access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306050134/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2019/02/15/us-asks-pak-to-stop-supporting-terrorists-suspects-isi-behind-pulwama.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pulwama-attack-chief-urges-india-pakistan-defuse-tensions-190220091805765.html Pulwama attack: UN chief urges India, Pakistan to defuse tensions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221221838/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pulwama-attack-chief-urges-india-pakistan-defuse-tensions-190220091805765.html |date=21 February 2019 }}, [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al-Jazeera]]</ref> Pakistan said it was ready to cooperate with such an investigation.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/india-allegations-pakistan-evidence-khan-190219082756101.html India demands Pakistan take 'credible action' over Kashmir attack] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221111938/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/india-allegations-pakistan-evidence-khan-190219082756101.html |date=21 February 2019 }}, [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al-Jazeera]]</ref> A statement from the [[US Department of State]] noted that Pakistan-based [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM) had claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=US condemns Pulwama terror attack, asks Pakistan to deny support to terrorists |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/us-condemns-pulwama-terror-attack-asks-pakistan-to-deny-support-to-terrorists-1456635-2019-02-15 |work=India Today |date=15 February 2019 |location=New Delhi|access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112025/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/us-condemns-pulwama-terror-attack-asks-pakistan-to-deny-support-to-terrorists-1456635-2019-02-15 |archive-date=21 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[China]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=15 February 2019|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-condemns-kashmir-terror-attack/articleshow/68006151.cms|title=China condemns Kashmir terror attack|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604050813/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-condemns-kashmir-terror-attack/articleshow/68006151.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[France]],<ref name="ec2">{{cite news |title=US, Russia, France & India's neighbours extend solidarity and support after Pulwama attack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/us-russia-france-indias-neighbours-extend-solidarity-and-support-after-pulwama-attack/articleshow/67999786.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=14 February 2019 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050755/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/us-russia-france-indias-neighbours-extend-solidarity-and-support-after-pulwama-attack/articleshow/67999786.cms |archive-date=15 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hungary]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hungarian Government strongly condemns the dreadful terrorist attack in Pulwama, India |url=http://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-foreign-affairs-and-trade/news/the-government-of-hungary-condemns-in-the-strongest-terms-the-heinous-terrorist-attack-in-pulwama |website=Website of the Hungarian Government |date=15 February 2019 |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072932/http://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-foreign-affairs-and-trade/news/the-government-of-hungary-condemns-in-the-strongest-terms-the-heinous-terrorist-attack-in-pulwama |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Israel]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel is with India: PM Netanyahu assures PM Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/israel-is-with-india-pm-netanyahu-assures-pm-modi/articleshow/68012382.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=15 February 2019 |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219062312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/israel-is-with-india-pm-netanyahu-assures-pm-modi/articleshow/68012382.cms |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Maldives]],<ref name="ec2"/> [[Nepal]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/condolences-pour-in-from-across-the-globe-for-pulwama-terror-attack-1456479-2019-02-14|title=Condolences pour in from across the globe for Pulwama terror attack|date=14 February 2019|access-date=14 February 2019|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214220737/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/condolences-pour-in-from-across-the-globe-for-pulwama-terror-attack-1456479-2019-02-14|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Russia]],<ref name="ec2" /> [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Outlook India]]|title=Saudi Arabia Condemns Pulwama Terror Attack|date=15 February 2019|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-saudi-arabia-condemns-pulwama-terror-attack/325521|archive-date=13 April 2019|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413192803/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-saudi-arabia-condemns-pulwama-terror-attack/325521|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Singapore]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2019/02/15Feb2019Srinagar|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press Statement: Condolence Letter from Minister for Foreign Affairs Dr Vivian Balakrishnan on the Terror Attack in Pulwama, Jammu & Kashmir, Republic of India, on 14 February 2019|website=www1.mfa.gov.sg|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035127/https://www1.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2019/02/15Feb2019Srinagar|archive-date=16 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1096094758458470400|user=MaithripalaS|title=Extremely saddened about dastardly terror attack killing 40 CRPF (Central Reserve Police Force) Jawans in Balawanapur, South Kashmir (J&K State). The world must condemn such brutal terrorist attacks and take effective action to prevent such incidents in future.@narendramodi|author=Maithripala Sirisena|date=14 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="livemn2">{{cite news |title=World leaders condemn Pulwama terror attack |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/world-leaders-condemn-pulwama-terror-attack-1550159428336.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=15 February 2019 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050840/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/world-leaders-condemn-pulwama-terror-attack-1550159428336.html |archive-date=15 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1465978|title='Dialogue not war' is the solution to Pak-India problems: Turkish ambassador|first=Naveed|last=Siddiqui|date=26 February 2019|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305194935/https://www.dawn.com/news/1465978|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/uae-condemns-terrorist-attack-on-police-force-in-kashmir-1.1550218523466|title=UAE condemns terrorist attack on police force in Kashmir|newspaper=Gulf News|date=15 February 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035341/https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/uae-condemns-terrorist-attack-on-police-force-in-kashmir-1.1550218523466|archive-date=16 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Business Standard]]|title=UK condemns 'senseless' Pulwama attack|date=16 February 2019|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/uk-condemns-senseless-pulwama-attack-119021600017_1.html|archive-date=13 April 2019|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413193207/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/uk-condemns-senseless-pulwama-attack-119021600017_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> condemned the attack, as did the [[United Nations Secretary-General]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/un-secretary-general-antonio-guterres-condemns-pulwama-terror-attack-1993835|title=UN Chief Condemns Pulwama Terror Attack|date=15 February 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215013543/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/un-secretary-general-antonio-guterres-condemns-pulwama-terror-attack-1993835|archive-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> China and Turkey also defended Pakistan's efforts to fight terrorism.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/turkey-rejects-indian-allegations-on-pulwama-attack-pakistan-media/|title=Turkey Rejects Indian Allegations on Pulwama Attack: Pakistan Media|first=EurAsian|last=Times|date=22 February 2019|website=EurAsian Times: Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227181958/https://eurasiantimes.com/turkey-rejects-indian-allegations-on-pulwama-attack-pakistan-media/|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/435666-pulwama-attack-turkey-rejects-indian-allegations|title=Pulwama attack: Turkey rejects Indian allegations|website=thenews.com.pk|date=23 February 2019 |access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182103/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/435666-pulwama-attack-turkey-rejects-indian-allegations|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|title=China offers support for Pakistan counterterrorism efforts after Pulwama attack|date=26 February 2019|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2187697/china-pakistan-discuss-pulwama-terror-attack-ahead-summit-india|archive-date=13 April 2019|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413193609/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2187697/china-pakistan-discuss-pulwama-terror-attack-ahead-summit-india|url-status=live}}</ref> China placed a temporary block on a [[UN Security Council]] resolution following the attack, which was backed by all other permanent members of the council, to designate JeM leader [[Masood Azhar]] as a global terrorist.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Economic Times]]|title=Russia to back 'ban Azhar' proposal: Working on China for support|date=13 March 2019|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/russia-to-back-ban-azhar-proposal-russia-working-on-china-for-support/articleshow/68384457.cms|archive-date=17 March 2019|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317134459/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/russia-to-back-ban-azhar-proposal-russia-working-on-china-for-support/articleshow/68384457.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Iran]]'s Deputy Foreign Minister [[Abbas Araghchi]] met with India's [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister]] [[Sushma Swaraj]] and referring to both the 2019 Pulwama attack and the [[2019 Khash–Zahedan suicide bombing]], he stated that Iran and India would work together to prevent future attacks.<ref name="IT2019">{{cite magazine |title=Enough is enough, says Iran in talks with India after Pak-based terror groups attack both countries |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/enough-is-enough-says-iran-s-deputy-foreign-minister-during-meet-with-sushma-swaraj-on-terrorism-1457980-2019-02-17 |magazine=[[India Today]]|date=17 February 2019 |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219085552/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/enough-is-enough-says-iran-s-deputy-foreign-minister-during-meet-with-sushma-swaraj-on-terrorism-1457980-2019-02-17 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==
The [[Indian cricket team]] paid tribute to the 40 soldiers killed in the Pulwama attack by wearing the camouflage caps instead of the usual sky blue team India cap, during the third [[One Day International]] match with Australia in [[Ranchi]].<ref name="Associated Press" /> Pakistan objected to this gesture and Pakistani Information Minister [[Fawad Chaudhry]] and Foreign Minister [[Shah Mahmood Qureshi]] called the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) to ban the Indian team for allegedly mixing cricket with politics.<ref name="DAWN10March">{{cite news |last1=Siddique |first1=Imran |title=PCB to ask ICC for action against India for 'politicising' cricket with army caps |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1468805/pcb-to-ask-icc-for-action-against-india-for-politicising-cricket-with-army-caps |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313190205/https://www.dawn.com/news/1468805/pcb-to-ask-icc-for-action-against-india-for-politicising-cricket-with-army-caps |url-status=live }}</ref> After a complaint from the [[Pakistani Cricket Board]],<ref name="News18_9March">{{cite news |title=Pakistan Demands ICC Action Against India for Wearing Military Cap |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/pakistan-demands-icc-action-against-india-for-wearing-military-cap-2061525.html |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=News18 |date=9 March 2019}}</ref> The ICC clarified that the Indian team had requested and was granted permission to wear the camouflage caps as a part of fundraising drive and to pay tribute to the soldiers killed in the attack.<ref name="Associated Press">{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Rizwan |title=ICC says India sought permission to wear camouflage caps |url=https://www.apnews.com/70ae704d631045f289e7bfc86b8a35b9 |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=Associated Press News|date=11 March 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[The Lover Boy of Bahawalpur]]
* [[2016 Uri attack]]
* [[2019 Balakot airstrike]]
* [[India–Pakistan relations]]
* [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Basrur |first1=Rajesh |editor1-last=Ganguly |editor1-first=Sumit |editor2-last=Scobell |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Liow |editor3-first=Joseph Chinyong |title=The Routledge Handbook of Asian Security Studies |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781138210295 |edition=2nd |chapter=India and Pakistan: Persistent rivalry }}
* {{cite journal |last=Gregory |first=Shaun |title=The ISI and the War on Terrorism |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=30 |issue=12 |year=2007 |pages=1013–1031 |issn=1057-610X |doi=10.1080/10576100701670862 |s2cid=71331428 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA520 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-023518-5 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=S. Paul |editor1-last=Thompson |editor1-first=William R. |editor2-last=Ganguly |editor2-first=Sumit |title=Asian Rivalries: Conflict, Escalation, and Limitations on Two-level Games |year=2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-7595-3 |chapter=Peace and Conflict in the Indo-Pakistani Rivalry: Domestic and Strategic Causes }}
* {{cite book |last=Moj |first=Muhammad |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |year=2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-389-3 }}

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{India–Pakistan relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pulwama attack}}
[[Category:2019 murders in India]]
[[Category:February 2019 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:February 2019 in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Suicide bombings in 2019]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2019]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2019]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Suicide car and truck bombings in India]]
[[Category:Pulwama district|2019 attack]]
[[Category:Car and truck bombings in 2019]]
[[Category:Indian military scandals]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba attacks]]
[[Category:2019 road incidents in Asia]]
[[Category:Road incidents in India]]

Dagham

2025-08-02T19:13:22Z

Sindhu: added first pg w/ sources...

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{orphan|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dagham
| native_name =
| other_name =
| native_name_lang = Punjabi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.2014|N|76.107|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="geography">{{cite map |author= NASA SRTM |year= 2020 |url= https://www.floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=1271538|title= Elevation of Garhshankar, India Elevation Map |language= English|cartography= topographic|location=Garhshankar |publisher= flood map.net |access-date= 23 Jan 2025}}
</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 254
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2174<ref name="census">{{cite web |url=https://new.census.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |title=DAGAM (133) |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 21 Jan 2025}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 1119/1055 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144527
| iso_code = IN-PB
}}
'''Dagham''' also spelled Dagam, is a village in [[Garhshankar]] tehsil of the [[Hoshiarpur district]] of [[Punjab State]], India. It is located 43 kilometers (26.72 miles) away from the district headquarter [[Hoshiarpur]] and 97.0 kilometers (60.27 miles) from the state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is administrated by a [[Sarpanch]], an elected representative of the village.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3c5ab0bc60ac7929182aadd08703f1ec6/uploads/2024/09/2024092739.pdf |title=List of Reservation sarpanches for Gram panchayat District Hoshiarpur |publisher=Government of Punjab Office of the Deputy Commissioner, Hoshiarpur Notification |access-date= 21 Jan 2025}}</ref>

== Demography ==
As of the [[2011 census of India]], Dagham has a total number of 468 households and population of 2174 of which 1119 are male and 1055 are female. The [[literacy rate]] is 74.1%.<ref name="census"/>

The population of people from [[Schedule Caste]] is 1333 or 61.32% of the total population in Dagham. The town does not have any [[Schedule Tribe]] population so far.<ref name="census"/>

== Education ==
The schools are located in the Garhshankar block, and are managed by the Department of education.

The village has a Punjabi medium, co-educational Government Primary School. The school consists of grades from 1 to 5. The school was established in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://schools.org.in/hoshiarpur/03050310101/gps-dagham.html |title=GPS DAGHAM |publisher=Schools.org.in |access-date = 21 Jan 2025}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2025}} Likewise, a Government Middle School, which consists of grades from 6 to 8, was established in 1977.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://schools.org.in/hoshiarpur/03050310102/gms-dagham.html |title=GMS DAGHAM |publisher=Schools.org.in |access-date = 21 Jan 2025}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2025}}

The village has an English medium, co-educational Private High School called K.C.Gloval High School Dagham which consists of grades from 1 to 8. It was established in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://schools.org.in/hoshiarpur/03050310103/k-c-gloval-high-school-dagham.html |title=KC.GLOVAL HIGH SCHOOL DAGHAM |publisher=Schools.org.in |access-date = 21 Jan 2025}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2025}}

== Landmarks ==
Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Gurudwara Shaheedan Singhan, Dhan Dhan Guru Ravidas Ji Maharaj Gurudwara Central, and Jagat Guru Ravidas Ji Gurudwara Kupawali are religious sites in the village.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hoshiarpur district]]

{{India-stub}}

Ghutgarya

2025-05-20T00:27:01Z

Sindhu: added basic details v1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghutgarya
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Ghutgoria
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4458|N|87.2524|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.6417
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,311
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722168
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03243
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Barjora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barjora]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ghutgarya''' (also known as Ghutgoria) is a [[census town]] in the [[Barjora (community development block)|Barjora]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bankura Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=500| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|87|6|10|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Bankura Sadar subdivision in Bankura district''' M: municipal town/ city, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: hill centre, T: temple/ religious centre, B: barrage Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|19|48|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Beliatore| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Beliatore]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|25|48|N|87|16|48|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Barjora| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Barjora]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|26|44|N|87|15|8|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Ghutgarya| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= Ghutgarya (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|22|11|N|86|54|9|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jhantipahari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Jhantipahari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|15|0|N|87|4|12|E}}| label-pos5=right |label5=Bankura| numbered5=M| mark-title5 =[[Bankura]] (M)| shape-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|16|34|N|86|59|52|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Achuri| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Achuri]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|23|50|N|87|6|32|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Amarkanan| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Amarkanan]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|15|45|N|87|5|32|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bikna| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Bikna]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|18|6|N|86|58|57|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Chhatna| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Chhatna]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|28|12|N|87|7|48|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Durlabhpur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Durlabhpur]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|25|12|N|87|7|12|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Gangajalghati| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Gangajalghati]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|18|51|N|87|5|38|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Kanchanpur| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Kanchanpur, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|28|30|N|87|13|22|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13=Maliara| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Maliara]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|6|22|N|87|11|5|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Medinipur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Medinipur, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|34|12|N|87|6|0|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Mejia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Mejia, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|10|9|N|87|9|48|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Murakata| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Murakata]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|8|31|N|87|12|7|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Onda| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Onda, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|24|33|N|87|22|35|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Pakhanna| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Pakhanna]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|12|48|N|87|1|8|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Puabagan| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Puabagan]] (R)| shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|53|N|86|48|33|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20=Saldiha| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Saldiha]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|31|59|N|86|55|59|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21=Saltora| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Saltora]] (R)| shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|24|0|N|86|59|0|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Susunia| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Susunia]] (H)| shape-color22=#87410E
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|34|29|N|86|55|57|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Biharinath| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Biharinath]] (H)| shape-color23=#87410E
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|9|55|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos24=top|label24=Bahulara| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Bahulara Ancient Temple]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|12|38|N|87|5|31|E}} | label-pos25=bottom|label25=Ekteswar| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Ekteswar]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|12|52|N|87|7|22|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Sonatapal| numbered26=T| mark-title26= [[Sonatapal]] (T) |shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|20|48|N|87|18|12|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27=Jagannathpur| numbered27=T| mark-title27= [[Jagannathpur, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.4754|87.3023}}| label28= Durgapur|labela28= Barrage| label-color28 = #C42222 | label-angle28=0| label-pos28=right| label-size28=10| mark-size28=12| numbered28=B|mark-title28 =[[Durgapur Barrage]]| shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.5088|87.2418}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=40| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.3028|86.8958}}| label30=Dwarakeswar| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=70| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none
|mark-coord31={{coord|23.2488|86.9318}}| label31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=20| label-pos31=top| label-size31=10| mark-size31=0| mark-title31 =none}}

===Location===
Ghutgarya is located at {{coord|23.4458|N|87.2524|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area is part of the Bankura Uplands in the west gradually merging with the Bankura-Bishnupur Rarh Plains in the north-east. The western portions are characterised by undulating terrain with many hills and ridges. The area is having a gradual descent from the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The soil is [[laterite]] red and hard beds are covered with scrub jungle and [[Shorea robusta|sal]] wood. Gradually it gives way to just uneven rolling lands but the soil continues to be lateritic. There are coal mines in the northern part, along the [[Damodar River]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref> It is a predominantly rural area with 89% of the population living in rural areas and only 11% living in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ghutgarya had a total population of 5,311, of which 2,693 (51%) were males and 2,618 (49%) were females. There were 703 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Ghutgarya was 3,389 (73.55% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 April 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bankura'', Ghutgarya covered an area of 3.6417 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 6 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved tap water from un-treated sources, tubewell/ borehole. It had 802 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital, 1 dispensary/ health centre, 2 maternity and child welfare centres, 1 nursing home, 1 veterinary hospital, 1 charitable hospital/ nursery, 16 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had were 2 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at [[Barjora]] 3 km away. It had 4 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among the social cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 public library, 1 reading room. Three important commodities it produced were fishing hooks, sankha and pola bandha. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1429-1434; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1429; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1430; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1431; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Page 1432; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1432; Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 7 April 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Ghutgoria High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1947. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 10 computers and a library with 2,000 books.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130305204/ghutgoria-h-s.html |title = Ghutgoria HS |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

Nutangram High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1966. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 10 computers and a library with 1,000 books.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130304502/nutangram-h-s.html|title = Nutangram HS |publisher=Schools.org.in.| access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

[[Barjora College]] was established in 1985 at [[Barjora]]. It is affiliated with the [[Bankura University]] and offers honours courses in English, Bengali, Sanskrit, history, political science, philosophy, economics and geography.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://barjoracollege.org/(S(itlrit55lna0ov55mez1zfit))/default.aspx | title = Barjora College | publisher = Barjora College | access-date = 13 December 2016 | archive-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161208013404/http://barjoracollege.org/(S(iqbqbyvvyqrlhcv0kkfrd155))/Default.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/BarjoraCollege/Barjora_College.shtml |title = Barjora College | publisher= College Admission | access-date = 13 December 2016}}</ref>

==Culture==

[[David McCutchion|David J. McCutchion]] mentions that the abandoned temple, possibly a Radha-Damodara temple, is a tall and slender smooth curvilinear rekha, largely plain, built of sandstone, having a carved doorway with cusped arch. It was constructed in the 17th-18th century.<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, page 21. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>

The [[Archaeological Survey of India]], Kolkata Circle, describes the Radha Damodar temple as a stone built temple, with a pancha-ratha plan similar to Odisha temple architecture, probably erected in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx|title = ASI, Kolkata|publisher= ASI, Kolkata | access-date = 6 May 2020}}</ref>

The Radha Damodar Jiu Temple is included in the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (serial no. N-WB-30).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist.asp |title = List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of National Importance| work= West Bengal|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140627005558/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist.asp| access-date = 20 April 2020|archive-date = 2014-06-27}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Barjora Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Barjora CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bankura district]]

Wadaj Dam

2024-04-26T00:21:44Z

Sindhu: starting new info

{{Infobox dam
| name = Wadaj Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Wadaj Dam
| dam_crosses = Meena river
| location = Junnar
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]]
| dam_length = {{convert|1875|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|30.7|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|1009|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1983
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|33200|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|467|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1522992|73.849129|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Wadaj Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] and [[dam#Gravity dams|gravity]] dam on Meena river near [[Junnar]], [[Pune district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|30.7|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|1875|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|1009|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|36000.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=2010-10-25 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The dam is located in the Ghod basin and is part of the [[Kukadi River#Kukadi Irrigation Project|Kukadi project]], which constructed five dams in the region. Other dams included in this project are [[Yedgaon Dam]], [[Manikdoh Dam]], [[Dimbhe Dam]] and [[Pimpalgaon Joge Dam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kukadi_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI00460 | title=Kukadi Major Irrigation Project JI00460 | accessdate=February 25, 2013}}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Pune district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Madhavaram, Thavanampalle

2024-04-25T00:30:44Z

Sindhu: starting a article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhavaram|
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.267520744292177|N|78.9760258280524|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| native_name =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| postal_code_type = 
| population_total = 1716
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Thavanampalle]]
| website = {{URL|ap.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AP]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madhavaram''', is a village in [[Thavanampalle]] Taluk, [[Chittoor district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2823_PART_B_DCHB_CHITTOOR.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2823_PART_A_DCHB_CHITTOOR.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref>

== Demographics ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Total Number of Household : 449<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=677163|website=censusindia.gov.in|title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
!Population
!Persons
!Males
!Females
|-
|Total
|1,716
|854
|862
|-
|In the age group 0–6 years
|180
|92
|88
|-
|Scheduled Castes (SC)
|287
|148
|139
|-
|Scheduled Tribes (ST)
|350
|173
|177
|-
|Literates
|946
|537
|409
|-
|Illiterate
|770
|317
|453
|-
|Total Worker
|849
|531
|318
|-
|Main Worker
|835
|527
|308
|-
|Main Worker - Cultivator
|308
|204
|104
|-
|Main Worker - Agricultural Labourers
|498
|303
|195
|-
|Main Worker - Household Industries
|4
|2
|2
|-
|Main Worker - Other
|25
|18
|7
|-
|Marginal Worker
|14
|4
|10
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator
|1
|0
|1
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers
|6
|3
|3
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Workers - Other
|7
|1
|6
|-
|Marginal Worker (3-6 Months)
|9
|2
|7
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (3-6 Months)
|1
|0
|1
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (3-6 Months)
|4
|2
|2
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (3-6 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other (3-6 Months)
|4
|0
|4
|-
|Marginal Worker (0-3 Months)
|5
|2
|3
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (0-3 Months)
|2
|1
|1
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other Workers (0-3 Months)
|3
|1
|2
|-
|Non Worker
|867
|323
|544
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Chittoor district}}

[[Category:Towns in Chittoor district]]