Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Firefly (disambiguation)

2026-05-25T02:02:52Z

SimoneMarina699: created the stub needs work!

{{wiktionary|firefly|Lampyridae|lucciola|luciérnagas}}
'''[[Firefly]]''' is a common name for a bioluminescent beetle in the family Lampyridae.

'''Firefly''' or '''fireflies''' may also refer to:

{{tocright|limit=3}}

==Organizations and companies==
* [[Firefly (airline)]], a subsidiary of Malaysia Airlines
* [[Firefly (car rental)]], an international car hire company owned by Hertz
* [[Firefly Aerospace]], a private aerospace firm based in Austin, Texas; formerly "Firefly Space Systems"
* [[Firefly Arts Collective]], a New England regional burning event
* [[Firefly Distillery]], a distillery based in South Carolina that manufactures a line of vodka products
* [[Firefly (marque)]], an electric car brand owned by Nio Inc.
* [[Firefly Tonics]], an English producer of fruit juice drinks with added herbal extracts
* [[Firefly Learning]], an educational technology company from London
* [[Firefly Studios]], a computer game developer from London

==Entertainment==

===Fictional elements===
* [[Firefly (DC Comics)]], a Batman villain
* [[Firefly (Archie Comics)]], a character in the Archie comic book universe
* [[Firefly (G.I. Joe)]], a villain in the G.I. Joe universe, member of Cobra
* [[Firefly (Honkai: Star Rail)|Firefly (''Honkai: Star Rail'')]], a character featured in the Penacony chapter of the game ''Honkai: Star Rail''
* Rufus T. Firefly, a character played by Groucho Marx in the 1933 film ''[[Duck Soup (1933 film)|Duck Soup]]''
* The Fireflies, a rebel militia in the game ''[[The Last of Us (video game)|The Last of Us]]''

===Film and television===
* [[Firefly (TV series)|''Firefly'' (TV series)]], a 2002 science fiction TV program created by Joss Whedon
** [[Firefly (franchise)|''Firefly'' (franchise)]], a science fiction franchise stemming from the TV program created by Joss Whedon
* [[Firefly (2000 film)|''Firefly'' (2000 film)]], a Japanese film directed by Naomi Kawase
* [[Firefly (2005 film)|''Firefly'' (2005 film)]], an independent film directed by Pete Marcy
* [[Firefly (2023 film)|''Firefly'' (2023 film)]], a Philippine film directed by Zig Dulay
* [[The Firefly (1937 film)|''The Firefly'' (1937 film)]], the 1937 film adaptation of the Rudolf Friml operetta starring Allan Jones
* [[The Firefly (Fringe)|"The Firefly" (''Fringe'')]], a 2011 episode of the television series ''Fringe''
* [[The Firefly (2015 film)|''The Firefly'' (2015 film)]], a Colombian film directed by Ana Maria Hermida
* [[Fireflies (2014 film)|''Fireflies'' (2014 film)]], a Bollywood film by Sabal Singh Shekhawat
* [[Fireflies (Australian TV series)|''Fireflies'' (Australian TV series)]], a 2004 Australian TV series
* [[Fireflies (2018 film)|''Fireflies'' (2018 film)]], an Indian Meitei-language documentary film
* [[Fireflies (Israeli TV series)|''Fireflies'' (Israeli TV series)]], a 2025 Israeli TV series
* ''[[Fireflies: Parth Aur Jugnu]]'', an Indian web series

===Literature===
* ''Firefly'', a 1990 science-fiction novel by [[Piers Anthony]]
* [[Firefly (novel)|''Firefly'' (novel)]], a 2021 novel by Philippa Dowding
* ''Fireflies'', a 1988 memoir by [[David Morrell (writer)]]
* [[Fireflies (novel)|''Fireflies'' (novel)]], a 1970 novel by Shiva Naipaul
* ''The Firefly'', a 2003 novel by [[P. T. Deutermann]]

===Music===
* [[Firefly Music Festival]], an annual American music festival held in Dover, Delaware
* [[The Firefly (operetta)|''The Firefly'' (operetta)]], a 1912 operetta by Rudolf Friml

====Bands====
* [[Fire Flies]], an American rock band based in New York City
* [[The Fireflies]], an American doo wop group
* [[Firefly (band)]], the Filipino Indie rock bands

====Albums====
* [[Firefly (Emily Remler album)|''Firefly'' (Emily Remler album)]], 1981
* [[Firefly (Jeremy Steig album)|''Firefly'' (Jeremy Steig album)]], 1977
* [[Firefly (TNT album)|''Firefly'' (TNT album)]], 1997
* [[Firefly (Uriah Heep album)|''Firefly'' (Uriah Heep album)]], 1977
* [[Firefly (Sara Storer album)|''Firefly'' (Sara Storer album)]], 2005
* ''Firefly'', a 2001 album by [[Garnet Rogers]]
* [[Fireflies (Faith Hill album)|''Fireflies'' (Faith Hill album)]], 2005
* [[Fireflies (Frodus album)|''Fireflies'' (Frodus album)]], 1995
* ''Fireflies'', 1998, by Rubygrass, fronted by [[Oskar Saville]]

====Songs====
* [[Firefly (Christina Metaxa song)|"Firefly" (Christina Metaxa song)]], the Cypriot entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, sung by Christina Metaxa
* [[Firefly (Cy Coleman song)|"Firefly" (Cy Coleman song)]], recorded by Tony Bennett in 1958
** "Firefly", a song recorded by Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga on their 2014 album ''[[Cheek to Cheek (album)|Cheek to Cheek]]''
* [[Firefly (InMe song)|"Firefly" (InMe song)]], 2002
* [[Fireflies (Leona Lewis song)|"Fireflies" (Leona Lewis song)]], 2012
* [[Fireflies (Owl City song)|"Fireflies" (Owl City song)]], 2009
* [[Fireflies (Zendaya song)|"Fireflies" (Zendaya song)]], 2013
* "Fire Fly", a song by Mike Oldfield on his 2002 ''[[Tres Lunas]]'' album
* "Fire Fly", a song by Childish Gambino on his 2011 ''[[Camp (album)|Camp]]'' album
* "Firefly", a song by American Music Club on their 1988 ''[[California (American Music Club album)|California]]'' album
* "Firefly", a song by Blackfield on their 2013 album, ''[[Blackfield IV]]''
* "Firefly", a song by A*Teens on their 2001 ''[[Teen Spirit (album)|Teen Spirit]]'' album
* "Firefly", a song by Saves the Day on their 2001 ''[[Stay What You Are]]'' album
* "Firefly", a song by BeForU on their 2003 [[BeForU (album)|self-titled album]]
* "Firefly", a song by Breaking Benjamin on their 2004 ''[[We Are Not Alone (Breaking Benjamin album)|We Are Not Alone]]'' album
* "Fireflies", a song by Fleetwood Mac on their 1980 album ''[[Live (Fleetwood Mac album)|Live]]''
* "Fire Flies", a song by Gorillaz on their 2018 album ''[[The Now Now]]''
* "Fireflies", a song by Patti Smith from her 1996 album ''[[Gone Again]]''
* "Fireflies", a song by JJ Grey & MOFRO on their 2004 album ''[[Lochloosa]]''
* "Fireflies", a song by Finch on their 2005 ''[[Say Hello to Sunshine]]'' album
* "Fireflies", a song by Rhett Miller on his 2006 ''[[The Believer (Rhett Miller album)|The Believer]]'' album
* "Fireflies", a song by Chris Garneau from his 2009 ''[[El Radio]]'' album
* "Fireflies", a song by [[Richard Rawson]] featuring Tom Parker
* "Euphoria (Firefly)", a song by [[Delerium]]
* "Fireflies", a song by [[Sam and the Womp]]
* "Firefly", a song by Jim Yosef for [[NoCopyrightSounds]]
* "Fireflies", a song by Doechii from her 2024 ''[[Alligator Bites Never Heal]]'' mixtape

===Other uses in entertainment===
* [[The Firefly (operetta)|''The Firefly'' (operetta)]], by Rudolf Friml
* ''[[Firefly Role-Playing Game]]'', a role-playing game based on the TV series by Joss Whedon, published by Margaret Weis Productions
* ''[[Firefly: The Game]]'', a board game based on the TV series by Joss Whedon, published by Gale Force Nine

==Vehicles and transportation technology==

===Air===
====Airplanes====
* [[Fairey Firefly]], a 1940s British, naval, reconnaissance and fighter aircraft
* [[Fairey Firefly I]], a 1920s British biplane fighter project (cancelled)
* [[Fairey Firefly IIM]], a 1930s British biplane fighter
* [[Kolb Firefly]], an American ultralight aircraft
* [[MBB Lampyridae]] 'Firefly', a German stealth fighter project during the 1980s
* [[Slingsby T67 Firefly]], a British light training aircraft
====Drones====
* [[Globe KD2G Firefly]], an American target drone
* [[Ryan AQM-91 Firefly]], an American long-range reconnaissance drone
====Helicopters====
* [[Sikorsky Firefly]], an all-electric helicopter built for research purposes

===Land===
====Automobile====
* [[Firefly (vehicle)]], an electric subcompact hatchback sold by Nio Inc's Firefly marque
* [[Pontiac Firefly]], a subcompact automobile based on the Suzuki Cultus
* [[Fiat Global Small Engine]], marketed as "Firefly"

====Rail====
* [[Firefly (train)|''Firefly'' (train)]], a U.S. passenger train operated by the St. Louis - San Francisco Railway
* [[GWR Firefly Class]], a class of steam locomotive on the Great Western Railway
* ''Firefly'', a steam locomotive operated by the [[Orange and Alexandria Railroad]]

====Military====
* [[Sherman Firefly]], a British variant of the M4 Sherman military tank

===Nautical===
* ''Firefly'' (1843), a ship used by the colony of Victoria for a rescue party for the [[Burke and Wills expedition#HMVS Victoria|Burke and Wills expedition]] in northern Australia, 1861
* [[Firefly (dinghy)]], a type of sailing dinghy
* [[Firefly (Taiping Rebellion steamer)|''Firefly'' (Taiping Rebellion steamer)]], an armed Chinese steamer used in the 1860s
* {{HMS|Firefly}}, several ships of the Royal Navy
* [[HMT Firefly|HMT ''Firefly'']], a British trawler that operated between 1930 and 1961
* [[USS Firefly (1814)|USS ''Firefly'' (1814)]], a brig formerly named ''Volant''

===Space===
* [[FireFly (spacecraft)]], an asteroid-searching spacecraft proposed by Deep Space Industries
* [[Firefly Alpha]], a small orbital-class rocket in development

==Technology==

===Hardware===
* Firefly PC Remote, a remote control by [[SnapStream Media]] used to control Windows-based computers
* [[Firefly (mobile phone)]], a simplified cellphone designed for young children

===Computers===
* [[Firefly (supercomputer)]], a supercomputer
* [[DEC Firefly]], a multiprocessor workstation

===Software===
* [[Firefly (cache coherence protocol)]], a method of caching used in the DEC Firefly
* [[Firefly (computer program)]], an ''ab initio'' computational chemistry software
* [[Firefly (key exchange protocol)]], a security protocol used in telephony
* [[Fireflies (computer graphics)]], a rendering artifact
* [[Firefly algorithm]], an algorithm for mathematical optimization
* [[Firefly Media Server]], an audio media server for the Roku SoundBridge and iTunes
* [[Adobe Firefly]], a generative artificial intelligence

==Other uses==
* [[Firefly Estate]], Jamaica
* [[Firefly (website)]], an online community developed in the late 1990s

==See also==
{{canned search|firefly|fire-fly|fireflies|fire-flies}}
* [[Firefly Festival (disambiguation)]]
* {{lookfrom|Firefl}}
* {{intitle|firefly}}
* {{intitle|fireflies}}
* {{intitle|fire fly}}
* {{intitle|fire flies}}
* [[Fire (disambiguation)]]
* [[Fly (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Amurajula Sridevi

2026-04-25T14:48:24Z

SimoneMarina699: Adding a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Amurajula Sridevi''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from Telangana. She is a former Member of the Legislative Assembly in 2004 representing Telugu Desam party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2004 - Constituency wise Results |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/ap04detail.htm |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

Sridevi is from Bellampalli, Telangana.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-22 |title=మూడు నియోజకవర్గాలు.. ఆరుగురు మహిళలు |url=https://m.sakshi.com/telugu-news/mancherial/1820609 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107120843/https://m.sakshi.com/telugu-news/mancherial/1820609 |archive-date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> She married Amurajula Rajeshwar. She passed class 12 and discontinued her BA course from [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University|B.R. Ambedkar open University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amurajula Sridevi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BELLAMPALLI (SC)(MANCHERIAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=33 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sridevi won the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Asifabad Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in the erstwhile [[Adilabad district]], presently renamed as [[Komaram Bheem district]]. She polled 45,817 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Gunda Mallesh of the CPM by a margin of 5452 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: All Candidates of TDP for 2004 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/www.indiavotes.com/ac/allcabdidateparty?stateac=27&emid=176&party=141 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Asifabad 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30416 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> Later, she joined Praja Rajyam Party but lost the 2009 election.<ref>{{Cite news |title=కార్మికులు, కర్షకుల సమ్మిళితం.. బెల్లంపల్లి |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Adilabad/528/123200397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111090143/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Adilabad/528/123200397 |archive-date=2023-11-11 |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> In 2023, she contested and lost from [[Bellampalli Assembly constituency|Bellampally Assembly constituency]] on BJP ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amurajula sridevi Telangana Bellampalli candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/amurajula-sridevi-telangana-bellampalli-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ABN |title=Congress leaders : బీజేపీలోకి కాంగ్రెస్‌ నేతలు |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/telangana/congress-leaders-join-bjp-1112301.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031073254/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/telangana/congress-leaders-join-bjp-1112301.html |archive-date=2023-10-31 |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sridevi, Amurajula}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Satish Chandra Rai (Sikkim politician)

2026-04-21T04:30:34Z

SimoneMarina699: Created

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox office holder
| name = Satish Chandra Rai
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Member of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Namchi-Singhithang Assembly constituency|Namchi-Singhithang]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Krishna Kumari Rai]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
| other_party =
| father =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| date =

|
| year =

|
| source =
}}
'''Satish Chandra Rai''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]] from [[Namchi-Singhithang Assembly constituency|Namchi-Singhithang]]. He was elected in the [[2024 elections in India#Sikkim|2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly by-election]] as a member of the [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikkim bypoll results 2024: SKM nominees elected unopposed from two assembly seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sikkim/sikkim-bypoll-soreng-chakung-and-namchi-singhithang-results-2024/article68901062.ece/ |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN |date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bye Election Result: कौन हैं सतीश चंद्र राय और आदित्य गोले, जिन्होंने निर्विरोध हासिल की जीत |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/elections/who-is-satish-chandra-rai-and-aditya-golay-skm-won-sikkim-bye-election-uncontested/2527090 |website=Zee News Hindi |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=hi |date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bypoll Election Results 2024 Winners: Full List - State Wise, Constituency, MLA, MP names |url=https://www.etnownews.com/news/bypoll-election-results-2024-winners-full-list-state-wise-constituency-mla-mp-names-article-115589031/amp |website=ET Now |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en |date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Satish Chandra}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:People from Namchi district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rai people]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2024–2029]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}

Kolikapudi Srinivasa Rao

2026-04-19T23:23:52Z

SimoneMarina699: Created A Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}}
| birth_place = Tadikonda, [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency|Tiruvuru]], [[NTR district]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Kokkiligadda Rakshana Nidhi]]
| successor =
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}} (2024 – present)
| occupation = Politician
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| year =
| parents = Subba Rao (father)
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
}}

'''Kolikapudi Srinivasa Rao''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician and current [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for [[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tiruvuru, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Kolikapudi Srinivasa Rao defeats YSRCP's Nallagatla Swamy Das with 21874 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/tiruvuru-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548260-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolikapudi Srinivasa Rao, TDP Candidate from Tiruvuru Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/kolikapudi-srinivasa-rao-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a069e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He is member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=టీడీపీలో చేరిన వీరశివారెడ్డి, కొలికపూడి శ్రీనివాసరావు, శ్రీకాంత్ రెడ్డి |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/news/ex-mla-veera-siva-reddy-and-kolikapudi-srinivasa-rao-joined-in-tdp/articleshow/107176868.cms |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref> He is a former convener for Amaravati Joint Action Committee.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=2024-01-03 |title=AP-CID questions Amaravati JAC convener Kolikapudi Srinivasa Rao in RGV case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-cid-questions-amaravati-jac-convener-kolikapudi-srinivasa-rao-in-rgv-case/article67702470.ece |access-date=2024-06-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"
|-
! S.No
! Year
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Votes
! Margin
! Result
|-
|1
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|MLA]]
|[[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency|Tiruvuru]]
|{{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|89,118
| +21,874
|{{Won}}
|}

== Controversies ==

=== Police complaint by Ram Gopal Varma ===
On 27 December 2023, filmmaker [[Ram Gopal Varma]] lodged an online and in-person complaint with the Andhra Pradesh police against Kolikapudi. This followed a live [[TV5 (India)|TV5]] debate in which Kolikapudi allegedly offered a bounty of ₹1 crore for beheading the director over his upcoming film ''[[Vyuham (2024 film)|Vyooham]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-28 |title=Ram Gopal Varma files a complaint against an activist who placed a Rs. 1 crore reward on the filmmaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-gopal-varma-files-a-complaint-against-an-activist-who-placed-a-rs-1-crore-reward-on-the-filmmaker/articleshow/106350584.cms |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Varma also named the show’s anchor and the channel’s owner in his complaint, alleging they facilitated the remarks. In the same debate, Kolikapudi said [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Pawan Kalyan]]’s fans “should not allow Varma to roam free anywhere” for his comments on their favourite stars. The police complaint was filed in [[Vijayawada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Ram Gopal Varma files complaint against activist for offering ₹1 crore bounty on his head |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-gopal-varma-files-complaint-against-activist-for-offering-1-crore-bounty-on-his-head-101703675402758.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Demolition row in Kambampadu ===
After becoming MLA, on 3 July 2024, Kolikapudi Srinivasa Rao was involved in a tense situation at Kambampadu village in [[A. Konduru mandal]]. Acting on complaints from local residents about alleged encroachment, he personally inspected a building under construction by YSRCP MPP (Mandal Praja Parishad President) Kalasani Nagalakshmi’s husband and directed its partial demolition, reportedly stating that he would remove the structure himself if officials failed to act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLA Kolikapudi: ఎమ్మెల్యే కొలికపూడి అత్యుత్సాహం |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/politics/tdp-mla-kolikapudi-srinivasa-rao-demolished-ysrcp-mpp-bhavan/0500/124123177 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> The action, carried out with the help of machinery and accompanied by supporters, led to traffic disruption on the Bhadrachalam National Highway and a standoff with police and officials, who later halted the demolition citing procedural requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BSV |date=2024-07-03 |title=వైసీపీ ఎంపీపీ ఇంటిపైకి బుల్డోజర్‌ - టీడీపీ తిరువూరు ఎమ్మెల్యేపై విమర్శలు |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/andhra-pradesh/amravati/tdp-mla-kolikapudi-srinivasa-rao-faction-politics-demolished-ysrcp-leaders-building-in-tiruvuru-169861 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Sandeep Michael

2026-04-13T05:14:00Z

SimoneMarina699: Details.

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (1985–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
|name=Sandeep Michael
|image=
|birth_date={{birth date|1985|6|23|df=yes}}
|birth_place=[[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref>{{cite web|title=SANDEEP MICHAEL: A Rising Star (2/20/2004)|url=http://www.stick2hockey.com/Article/SANDEEP-MICHAEL--A-Rising-Star/420.html|publisher=stick2hockey.com|access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref>
|death_date={{death date and age|2018|11|23|1985|6|23|df=yes}}
|death_place=Bangalore, Karnataka, India
|height=
|position=[[Field hockey#Positions|Forward]]
|currentclub=
|youthclubs1=
|youthyears1=
|clubs1=
|years1=
|caps(goals)1=
|clubs2=
|years2=
|caps(goals)2=
|clubs3=
|years3=
|caps(goals)3=
|nationalteam1=[[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
|nationalyears1=
|nationalcaps(goals)1=
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2003 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2003 Kuala Lumpur]]|Team}}
}}

'''Sandeep Michael''' (23 June 1985 – 23 November 2018) was an Indian [[field hockey]] player who played as a [[Field hockey#Positions|forward]] for the [[India men's national field hockey team|national team]].

Michael won the Most Promising Player award at the [[2003 Men's Hockey Asia Cup]] which India won. He captained the national junior team to gold in the 2004 [[Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A bright light fades away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/a-bright-light-fades-away/article25579773.ece |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=23 November 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He was employed with Air India.<ref>{{cite web|title=India finds a new star in Sandeep Michael|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/06/06/stories/2003060605631900.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-06-06|access-date=26 July 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Sandeep Michael died on 23 November 2018 in Bangalore after a brief illness, wherein he had slipped into a coma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former hockey forward Sandeep Michael dies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/former-hockey-forward-sandeep-michael-dies-5461494/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/yuvasena/sandeep.htm Player profile at bharatiyahockey.org]

{{India FH Squad 2003 Asia Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Michael, Sandeep}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Big CBS Prime

2026-04-12T20:46:07Z

SimoneMarina699: Adding a post

{{Short description|Indian TV channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Big CBS Prime
| logo = BIG CBS Prime Logo.jpg
| logo_size = 150 px
| logo_caption = Big CBS Prime
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2010|11|29}}
| closed_date = {{End date and age|2013|11}}
| owner = Joint Venture between [[Reliance Broadcast Network Limited]] and [[Paramount International Networks]]
| country = {{IND}}
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| sister_channels = [[Big CBS Spark]] [[Big CBS Love]]
| website = [http://www.bigcbs.com/ Official Website]
}}

'''Big CBS Prime''' was an Indian English-language [[television channel]] established as a [[joint venture]] between [[Reliance Broadcast Network Limited]] and CBS Studios International (now [[Paramount International Networks]]).<ref>[http://www.afaqs.com/media/story.html?sid=28937/ AFAQS].</ref><ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/18/big-cbs-reliance-cbs-to-l_n_686435.html/ BIG CBS: Reliance, CBS To Launch India TV Channels], 08/18/10</ref>

The channel went on air and began telecasting from 29 November 2010 along with sister channels [[Big CBS Spark]], which was aimed at youth and [[Big CBS Love]], aimed at women.

== Availability and distribution ==
Big CBS Prime was distributed through [[Direct To Home|DTH]] platforms such as [[Reliance Digital TV|Big TV]], Videocon d2h and [[Airtel Digital TV]], and on [[cable network]] via Digicable, Den Networks, [[Hathway]], InCable and 7Star.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/reliance-launches-big-cbs-prime/717629/ Reliance launches 'BIG CBS Prime'], 29 November 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.campaignindia.in/Article/240106,big-cbs-prime-to-go-on-air-today.aspx/ BIG CBS Prime to go on air today] 29 November 2010</ref>

==Shows broadcast on Big CBS Prime==

*[[Dexter (TV show)|''Dexter'']]
*''Galileo Extreme''
*''Bullets, Blood & a Fistful of Ca$h''
*''[[America's Got Talent]]''
*''Big Wheels''
*''[[The Jerry Springer Show]]''
*[[Survivor (TV series)|''Survivor'']]
*''Aspire''
*[[Blue Bloods (TV series)|''Blue Bloods'']]
*''[[13: Fear Is Real]]''
*''[[CSI: New York]]''
*[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|''Hawaii Five-0'']]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idubba.com/tv-serials/hawaii-five-0-season-2-big-cbs-prime/14295 |title=Hawaii Five-0 (Season 2) | iDubba - Hindi Serials & TV Show reviews, the Indian Shows TV guide |access-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207022703/http://www.idubba.com/tv-serials/hawaii-five-0-season-2-big-cbs-prime/14295 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Big CBS Spark]]
* [[Big CBS Love]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group}}

[[Category:2010 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2013 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:CBS]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2010]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2013]]
[[Category:Television stations in India]]
[[Category:Reliance Group subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Former CBS Corporation subsidiaries]]

Sunil Thomas

2026-04-12T13:53:05Z

SimoneMarina699: Created.

{{short description|Indian judge}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sunil Thomas
| honorific_prefix = '''Justice'''
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 10 April 2015
| term_end = 9 May 2022
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor =
| nominator = [[Rajendra Mal Lodha]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|5|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tripunithura]], [[Ernakulam]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| parents =
| website = {{URL|http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/st.html|High Court of Kerala}}
}}
'''Sunil Thomas''' (born 10 May 1960) is a retired judge of [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]]. The High Court is headquartered at [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]].<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/st.html|title=Official website if Kerala High Court|via=High Court of Kerala|accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="PIB">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=118220|title=Appointment of Additional Judges in Kerala High Court|via=Press Information Bureau - Government of India|date=13 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="PIONEER">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/india/karnataka-hc-chief-justice-transferred-22-addl-judges-appointed.html|title=Karnataka HC Chief Justice transferred, 22 Addl Judges appointed|via=Dailypioneer|date=14 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="OL">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/karnataka-hc-cji-transferred-22-addl-judges-appointed/891381|title=Karnataka HC CJI Transferred, 22 Addl Judges Appointed|via=Out Look India|date=13 April 2015}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Thomas completed his schooling from [[Rajagiri|Rajagiri High School, Kalamassery]], [[Ernakulam]], graduated from [[St. Albert's College]], obtained a law degree from [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]] and completed his post graduation in law from [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|Cochin University, Ernakulam]]. Thomas enrolled as an Advocate in 1983 and started practice at [[Ernakulam]]. While practicing he served as part time lecturer at [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]]. Thomas entered judicial service as District judge in 2001, served as Additional District and Sessions Judge, Thrissur, till 2005, Palakkad from 2005 to 2007 and Registrar of [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] from 2007 to 2014. He was appointed Additional Judge of the High Court of Kerala on 10 April 2015 and became permanent from 5 April 2017.<ref name="hc"/><ref name="HINDU">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/high-court-to-get-7-new-judges/article7055978.ece|title=High Court to get 7 new judges|via=The Hindu|date=1 April 2015}}</ref> Justice Thomas demitted his office upon attaining the age of superannuation on 10 May 2022.<ref name="rtd">{{cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/kerala-high-court-bids-farewell-to-justice-sunil-thomas-and-justice-k-haripal-set-to-demit-office-in-may-2021#:~:text=News-,Kerala%20High%20Court%20bids%20farewell%20to%20Justice%20Sunil%20Thomas%20and,10%20and%20May%209%20respectively.|title=Kerala High Court bids farewell to Justice Sunil Thomas and Justice K Haripal set to demit office in May 2022|via=Bar & Bench|date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Sunil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Oikonyms in West and South Asia

2026-04-08T09:11:28Z

SimoneMarina699:

{{Short description|Names of inhabited places in parts of Asia}}
[[Oikonym]]s in [[West Asia|West]], [[Central Asia|Central]], [[South Asia|South]], and [[Southeast Asia]] can be grouped according to various components, reflecting common linguistic and cultural histories.{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=65}} [[toponymy|Toponymic]] study is not as extensive as it is for placenames in Europe and Anglophone parts of the world, but the origins of many placenames can be determined with a fair degree of certainty.{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=67}}{{sfn|Siddiqi|1982|p=332}}
One complexity to the study when discussing it in English is that the [[Romanization]] of names, during British rule and otherwise, from other languages has not been consistent.{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=67}}
{{TOCright}}

==Names after natural features==
In [[Rajasthan]], names are frequently given after rock, stone, ravine, and embankment. In the Gangetic plain, the predominant natural features are trees, grass prairies, and bodies of water. Prominent trees, visible from a long way off, would often serve as landmarks and give their name to places before there was any permanent settlement there. This was especially the case where a large tree indicated a ford across a river; for example, the name [[Gaighat (disambiguation)|Gaighāṭ]] indicates a ford next to an [[Dillenia|agai]] tree. Tree names are especially common in areas that were historically under dense forest cover until recent centuries.<ref name="Whalley 1926"/>{{rp|23}}

==Common affixes==
Common [[affix]]es used in South Asian oikonyms can be grouped based on their linguistic origin (with examples from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, and elsewhere such as in [[Sanskrit]]-influenced [[Indonesia]]):

===Dravidian===
====''wal'', ''wali'', ''wala'', ''wara'', ''wada'', ''warree'', ''vli'', ''vadi'', ''vali'', ''pady'' and ''palli''====
Means [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]]{{sfn|Southworth|1995|p=271}} — e.g. [[Dombivli]]; [[Kasan Wala]]; [[Sandhilianwali]]; [[Gujranwala]]; [[Chhindwara]]; [[Tiruchirappalli]]; [[Saraipali]]

====''Kot''====
Means "fort"{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}}{{sfn|Southworth|1995|p=271}} — [[Pathankot]]; [[Sialkot]]

====''Patnam'', ''patham'', ''pattana''====
Means "city", or "city of"{{sfn|Blackie|1887|p=153|loc=PATAM}} — e.g. [[Visakhapatnam]]'

===Indo-Aryan===
====''Alay''====
Means "abode"; from Sanskrit ā-laya. e.g. [[Meghalaya]], [[Himalaya]], Lokā-laya (settlement).

====''-aulī'', ''-olī''====
These suffixes are very common, especially ''-aulī''. In many cases, they are probably derived from Sanskrit ''palli'', referring to a hamlet or small village. For example, [[Bardoli|Bārḍolī]] in Gujarat is attested in a [[Rashtrakuta]]-era inscription as ''Vāraḍapallikā''. Names with these suffixes may also come from Sanskrit ''valli'', meaning "section" or "part"; either origin is plausible.<ref name="Whalley 1927"/>{{rp|72}}<ref name="Sankalia 1949"/>{{rp|53-4, 64}}

At some point, it seems that ''-aulī'' became regarded as a distinct [[morpheme]] by itself, and apparently used independently as a suffix without being derived from an earlier form. For example, the names [[Shamsauli|Shamsaulī]] and [[Shekhauliya|Shekhauliyā]] must have coined after the Muslim conquest to simply mean something like "Shams ud-Dīn's village".<ref name="Whalley 1927"/>{{rp|67, 75}}

The form ''-aulī'' also seems to have become standardised and [[morphological leveling|absorbed similar forms by analogy]]. For example, [[Dubauli (disambiguation)|Dubaulī]] (from ''[[Dubey|Dūbe]]'') is a common village name in eastern Uttar Pradesh, but it is not the regular, expected form of the name. The regular form would be [[Dubelī]], which exists but is far less common. In most cases, the name was assimilated to ''-aulī'' by analogy with other places with names ending in ''-aulī''.<ref name="Whalley 1927"/>{{rp|75}}

====''Bāns''====
Means [[bamboo]], from Sanskrit ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/वंश#Sanskrit vaṃśa]''. It was historically common for villages to be surrounded by bamboo groves that were planted as a form of defence. In many cases, it can be hard to distinguish between places named with ''bāns'' from places named with ''bās'' ("dwelling"), since ''bās'' sometimes becomes [[nasalization|nasalised]] and ''bāns'' sometimes becomes de-nasalised. Examples of places named with ''bāns'' are [[Bansgaon|Bānsgāon]] and [[Bansi|Bānsī]].<ref name="Whalley 1926"/>{{rp|36-7}}

====''Baṛ'', ''Bargad'', ''Vaḍ''====
The names ''baṛ'' and ''bargad'' both refer to the [[banyan]] tree, ultimately from Sanskrit ''vaṭa''.<ref name="Whalley 1926"/>{{rp|25-6}} This is a very common place name element; according to Sankalia, many towns and villages may have originally started out as temporary shelters underneath the wide canopy of a banyan tree. As they grew into more permanent settlements, they kept the name.<ref name="Sankalia 1949"/>{{rp|88}} ''Baṛ'' has the common variations ''baḍ'' and ''baṭ''.<ref name="Whalley 1926"/>{{rp|26}} Another variant is ''vaḍ'', as in [[Vadodara|Vaḍodarā]].<ref name="Sankalia 1949"/>{{rp|88}}

====''Chak''====
A common prefix, especially in eastern Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Whalley 1923"/>{{rp|72}} The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary defines ''chak'' (चक) with several meanings, including "a piece of assigned or rent-free land"; "the detached or unconsolidated fields of a village"; and simply "a sub-division of land". It derives the term from Sanskrit ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/चक्र#Sanskrit chakra]'', meaning "circle".<ref name="Oxford Hindi-English">{{cite book |editor1-last=McGregor |editor1-first=R. S. |title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-864339-X}}</ref>{{rp|296}} Whalley, on the other hand, preferred a derivation from Persian ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/چک#Persian chak]'', noting that "Chak" is frequently followed by a Muslim name.<ref name="Whalley 1923">{{cite journal |last1=Whalley |first1=Paul |title=Place-Names in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Chapter III, Part 3 |journal=The Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society |date=1923 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=47–87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwdDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|72}}

====''Desh''====
Means village, land, country; from Sanskrit देश (desa) for "[[space]]"<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281 |publisher=New Age International |page=281 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNkBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22-desh%22+%22country%22+%22suffix%22 |title=Samagra Savarkar Wangmaya |last=Prantik |first=Maharashtra |publisher=Hindusabha |page=436 |year=1963 |access-date=21 July 2017 |via=Google Books}}</ref> — e.g. [[Bangladesh]]. In [[Indonesia]] it becomes [[Villages of Indonesia#Types of villages|''Desa'']] which is another [[bahasa Indonesia|Indonesian]] word for "village".

====''-ehrā''====
In many cases, this ending is probably a "worn-down" descendant of earlier ''-kheṛa'' ("village").<ref name="Whalley 1926"/>{{rp|2}}

====''Gaṛh''====
Means [[fort]]ress{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|pp=74–75}} — [[Chandigarh]], [[Ramgarh (disambiguation)|Ramgarh]]

====''Gaṛhī''====
According to Whalley, ''Gaṛhī'' when used as a prefix probably in most cases originally referred to a village surrounded by a ditch.<ref name="Whalley 1923"/>{{rp|74}}

====''Maū'', ''-mai''====
In many cases, the place name element ''Maū'' (or ''mai'') may be derived from Sanskrit ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/मर्यादा#Sanskrit maryādā]'', meaning "shore" or "bank". This name is usually given to places by a river, stream, or ''[[jhil]]'' (for example, [[Dalmau|Ḍalmaū]] on the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]]). Examples of these names are [[Arghatmau|Arghaṭmaū]] ("the bank or shore where the water-wheel is"), [[Bhainsmai]] ("shore where cattle or horses graze"), or [[Pathrāmai]] ("stony shore"). In other cases, ''maū'' is a contraction of ''mahuā'': the mahua tree, ''[[Madhuca longifolia]]''.<ref name="Whalley 1926"/>{{rp|4-6}}

Some places have ''Maū'' as a standalone name (for example, [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Maū, Uttar Pradesh]]), while in other cases ''-maū'' is a suffix or even a prefix. The name [[Mawai (disambiguation)|Māwai]] is a variant of ''Maū''.<ref name="Whalley 1926">{{cite journal |last1=Whalley |first1=Paul |title=Place-Names in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Chapter III, Part 1 |journal=The Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society |date=1926 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=1–60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwdDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|4-6}}

====''Nagar''====
Means city, land, country, village;{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}} from Sanskrit नगर (nagara) — e.g. [[Ahmednagar]], [[Biratnagar]]. In [[bahasa Indonesia|Indonesian]], the word ''Negara'' means "[[country]]" and the word ''[[Nagari (settlement)|Nagari]]'' is a term used in [[West Sumatra]] referring to "village". Also used in [[Borneo|Borneo island]], e.g. [[Negara Brunei Darussalam]]

Many modern names using ''nagar'' in full are relatively recent origin; older names with ''nagar'' have often been shortened to ''nār'' or ''ner''.<ref name="Sankalia 1949">{{cite book |last1=Sankalia |first1=Hasmukh Dhirajlal |author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia |title=Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat |date=1949 |publisher=Deccan College |location=Pune |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16229 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|73}}

At least in northern India, ''nagar'' is not used as a prefix. Instead, the forms ''Naglā'' or, more rarely, ''Nagrā'', are used. About 100 places also have the feminine forms ''Nagariyā'' and ''Nagariyā''.<ref name="Whalley 1923"/>{{rp|71}}

====''Nawādā''====
Apparently derived from Sanskrit ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/निवास#Sanskrit nivāsa]'', "dwelling", combined with the Persian name ''Nauābād'' ("new settlement"). [[Nawada (disambiguation)|Nawādā]], along with its feminine variant Nawādiyā, is a very common village name by itself, and it is also used as a prefix for other names.<ref name="Whalley 1923"/>{{rp|74}}

====''-on''====
In many cases, this ending is probably a "worn-down" descendant of earlier ''-gāon'' ("village") or ''-ban'' ("forest").<ref name="Whalley 1926"/>{{rp|2}}

====''-padra'', ''-vadra'', ''-darā''====
The Sanskrit term ''padra'' denoted a roadside village or residence (related to ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/पद्#Sanskrit pad]'', meaning "foot"). Beginning around the 5th century, a regular sound change took place where /p/ became /v/ between vowels, turning this suffix into ''-vadra'' in many place names. In many modern place names, ''-vadra'' has further morphed into ''-darā''. For example, [[Vadodara|Vaḍodarā]] is from an earlier attested form ''Vaṭapadra'', [[Talodra|Talodrā]] is from ''Talapadra'' or ''Talapadraka'', and [[Lathodra|Lāṭhodrā]] is from ''Lāṭhivadra'' (attested in [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]]-era epigraphy). Similar names like [[Saḍodarā]] and [[Raṇodarā]] probably share the same origin, although their older forms are not directly attested.<ref name="Sankalia 1949"/>{{rp|51-3, 61-3, 76-7}}

====''Pahāṛ'' and ''Pahār''====
''Pahāṛ'', with the [[retroflex]] ''ṛ'', means a hill, cliff, or overhanging river bank. ''Pahār'' with a non-retroflex ''r'' is a personal name, derived from Sanskrit ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/प्रहार#Sanskrit prahāra]''. It can be hard to tell these place name elements apart because they can be easily confused in other scripts.<ref name="Whalley 1927">{{cite journal |last1=Whalley |first1=Paul |title=Place-Names in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Chapter III, Section 2: Suffixes |journal=The Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society |date=1927 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=52–98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwdDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|55}}

====''Paṭṭī''====
From Hindi ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/पट्टी paṭṭī]'', meaning "strip", itself derived from Sanskrit ''paṭṭikā''. As a place name element, it is used in the sense of "a strip of land". In some cases it refers to a share of land held in joint tenure by a ''pattidar'' (literally "shareholder").{{sfn|Siddiqi|1982|pp=334-5}}

====''Pilkhu'', ''Pilkhan'', ''Pākaṛ'', ''Pākhaṛ''====
These are all names for the [[pilkhan]] tree, one of several varieties of fig tree viewed as sacred in Hinduism. The forms ''pilkhu'' and ''pilkhan'' come from Sanskrit ''plakṣā'', while ''pākaṛ'' and ''pākhaṛ'' come from Sanskrit ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/पर्कटी #Sanskrit parkaṭī]''. One place with this name is [[Pilkhuwa|Pilkhuwā]].<ref name="Whalley 1926"/>{{rp|27}}

====''Pind''====
literally "lump" or a small altar of sand{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}}

====''Pīpal''====
The pīpal tree, ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'', is a common place name element.<ref name="Whalley 1926"/>{{rp|26-7}}

====''Pur'', ''Purī''====
Means village, town, state, country;{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}} from Sanskrit [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/पुर#Sanskrit पुर] (''pura'') — e.g. [[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]]; [[Kanpur]]; [[Khanpur, Rahim Yar Khan|Khanpur]]. In [[Southeast Asia]]n and some south Asian countries, it is known as ''pura'', e.g. [[Anuradhapura]], [[Singapore|Singapura]], and [[Indonesia]]n cities such as [[Jayapura]], [[Siak Sri Indrapura]], etc. In Indonesia, ''[[Balinese temple|pura]]'' also refers to a Hindu temple.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2019/08/24/things-you-should-know-before-visiting-temples-in-bali.html|title=Things you should know before visiting temples in Bali|publisher=The Jakarta Post}}</ref>

In ancient times, the word ''pura'' strictly referred to a fort, but its meaning was gradually broadened to include any town regardless of its particular function. By the early medieval period, ''pura'' was often used to denote a commercial centre – especially in southern India, where the typical form was ''puram''.<ref name="Thakur 1994">{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1=Renu |title=Urban hierarchies, typologies and classification in early medieval India: c. 750-1200 |journal=Urban History |date=1994 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=61–76 |jstor=44612629 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44612629 |access-date=9 May 2023}}</ref>{{rp|68-9}}

In many cases, old names originally ending in ''-pura'' have become shortened to ''-or'' over the centuries. In the case of [[Mangrol, Gujarat|Mangrol]] (originally ''Maṅgalapura''), the suffix has become ''-rol'' instead.<ref name="Sankalia 1949"/>{{rp|71-3}}

The variant ''purā'' often originally referred to a suburb, or to a Muslim colony.<ref name="Sankalia 1949"/>{{rp|72}}

''Pur'' is not used as a prefix. Instead, the form ''Purā'' is used. In west-central Uttar Pradesh, around [[Kanpur]] and [[Etawah]], the prefix takes the form ''Purwā''. Farther east, toward [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]], it takes the form ''Pure''. The feminine form ''Purī'' is rarely found as a prefix.<ref name="Whalley 1923"/>{{rp|71-2}}

====''Semal'', ''semar'', ''simra'', ''sambal''====
Many places are named after the [[semal]] tree. There are many variations of this place name. One place with this name is [[Sambhal]], where the form ''sambal'' ended up becoming aspirated.<ref name="Whalley 1926"/>{{rp|29}}

====''-vāḍā''====
According to Sankalia, this suffix has two possible origins: from ''-pāṭaka'', which originally designated "a large, but private house, or settlement within a village"; and ''-vāṭaka'', which denoted "a temporarily enclosed place, such as a garden, plantation, or an enclosure of a (low caste) village consisting of boundary trees". The shortened form ''pāḍā'' appears early on in [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit|Ardhamāgadhī Prakrit]], and in early Jain literature refers to a suburb of a larger town. In Gujarat, the present form ''-vāḍā'' first appears in inscriptions dating to the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] period. ''-Vāḍā'' continued to be used productively to form new place names; it would have been originally given to private settlements "characterised either by a personal name or a prominent physiographical feature". Modern names ending in ''-vāḍā'' are descended from either ancient names that originally ended in either ''-pāṭaka'' or ''-vāṭaka'', or more recent names that originally ended in ''-vāḍā''.<ref name="Sankalia 1949"/>{{rp|56-7, 59, 66-7}}

An example is [[Delvada|Delvāḍā]]. This name is attested in a [[Maitraka]] inscription as ''Devakula-pāṭaka'', which would have later been contracted to *''Devalvāḍā'' and then ''Deülavāḍā'' (which is attested in a Chaulukya inscription) before finally reaching the present form.<ref name="Sankalia 1949"/>{{rp|66-7}}

In Maharasthra, the term ''[[wada (house)|vāḍā]]'' refers to a built-up area, with or without an enclosure, belonging to a private citizen.<ref name="Sankalia 1949"/>{{rp|59}}

====''-vasaṇa''====
From Sanskrit, meaning "dwelling" or "residence" (of either an individual or a group). This suffix is especially common in northern Gujarat. Some places, such as [[Jetalvasana]], contain the entire suffix without any modification. Others, like [[Chadasana]], [[Jhulasan]], [[Lunasan]], [[Nandasan]], and [[Ranasan]] (all of which are mentioned in medieval inscriptions with the suffix ''-vasaṇa''), have had the suffix modified to ''-saṇ(ā)'' or ''-san(ā)'' over time.<ref name="Sankalia 1949"/>{{rp|58, 69-70}}

====''-wāṛī''====
From Sanskrit ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/वाटिका#Sanskrit vāṭikā]'', meaning "orchard" or "garden". Commonly paired with tree names, e.g. [[Siswari|Siswārī]]. Some examples with tribal names are also found; these are probably references to an individual person; examples are [[Bharwari|Bharwārī]] and [[Lodhwari|Lodhwārī]].<ref name="Whalley 1926"/>{{rp|25, 29, 60}}

===Persian or Arabic===
{{main|Glossary of Arabic toponyms}}
====''Ābād/abat/apat''====
({{lang|fa|آباد}}): - -abad is a Persian "dwelling of" or "town of", combined with a person's or group's name (usually the founder or primary inhabitant(s)){{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}}{{sfn|Blackie|1887|p=2|loc=ABAD}} — e.g. [[Hyderabad (disambiguation)|Hyderabad]]; [[Islamabad]]; [[Mirza Abad]]; [[Ashgabat]]; [[Leninabad (disambiguation)|Leninabad]]; [[Vagharshapat]]; [[Sardarabad (disambiguation)|Sardarabad]]; [[Sardarapat (disambiguation)|Sardarapat]] . Being a generic and an ambiguous term referring to small isolated farms, village (but not city) on one hand, and towns and cities, on the other hand.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Balland|first1=Daniel|last2=Bazin|first2=Marcel|date=2020-08-30|title=DEH|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/deh-COM_8239|journal=Encyclopaedia Iranica Online|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-20|title=۱۷۰۰ روستای خراسان جنوبی خالی از سکنه شده‌اند|url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B0%DB%B0-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF/a-53885139|url-status=live|website=Deutsche Welle|language=fa-IR|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200621182239/https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B0%DB%B0-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF/a-53885139 |archive-date = 21 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/docs/1385_rahnama_mamoor.pdf|title=Manual for Census Takers [''Râhnamây-e Ma'mur-e Saršomâri'']|publisher=Statistical center of Iran|year=2006|location=Tehran|pages=59–65}}</ref> See also [[abadi (settlement)]].

====''Bandar''====
Means "port" ([[wikt:بندر]]) — e.g. [[Bandar Abbas]]; see {{intitle|Bandar}}

====''Dasht''====
Means field, desert ([[wikt:دشت]]) — e.g. [[Hulandasht]]; see {{intitle|dasht}}

====''Ihtimalī'' and ''Ghair Ihtimalī''====
From Perso-Arabic ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/احتمال#Persian iḥtimāl]'', meaning "probability". In historical South Asian revenue terminology, ''Ihtimali'' referred to flood-prone lands along river banks or in low-lying areas. ''Ghair Ihtimali'' meant the opposite, i.e. not liable to flooding during the rainy season. These were used in place names to distinguish two villages with the same name, such as [[Todarpur Ihtimali]] and [[Todarpur Ghair Ihtimali]] in present-day Aligarh district, India.{{sfn|Siddiqi|1982|p=338}}

====''Khās''====
From Arabic ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/خاص#Arabic khāṣṣ]'', meaning "selected" or "private". In India, it was historically used to refer to a place managed directly by the government or by a [[jagirdar]], without any intermediaries. For example, Jamal Mohd Siddiqi identifies six places with "''khās''" in their name in present-day [[Aligarh district]], India. All six were founded by Rajput chiefs during the Mughal period, and they all occupy a prominent position on high ground. ''Khās'' is also sometimes used in cases where there are two villages with the same name; in this case, ''khās'' is affixed to the older and/or larger one.{{sfn|Siddiqi|1982|p=336}}

====''Kuy''====
Means "neighborhood" ([[wikt:کوی]]) — e.g. [[Kordkuy]]; see {{intitle|kuy}}

====''Mazar''====
(in various languages) shrine, grave, tomb, etc. (from [[wikt:مزار]]), cf. "[[Mazar (mausoleum)]]". The placename usually refers to a grave of a saint, ruler, etc.: [[Mazar-i-Sharif]]; see {{intitle|Mazar}}

====''Mazra'' or ''Majra''====
Derived from Arabic ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/مزرع mazraʕ]'', which originally refers to a farm field. In parts of India, though, the term refers to a hamlet or cluster of houses that is separate from, but subordinate to, a larger village. (The reason for the hamlet's separation is so that farmers can be closer to their crops.) Places with ''Majra'' in their name typically originated in this manner and later became independent villages of their own.{{sfn|Siddiqi|1982|p=335}}

====''Milk''====
Derived from Arabic ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ملك#Etymology_3 milk]'', meaning "possession" or "property". Like ''chak'', it was historically used to designate a rent-free piece of land. ''Milk'' in particular usually designated land held by Muslim zamindars.{{sfn|Siddiqi|1982|p=337}}

====''Munzabtah''====
Derived from Perso-Arabic ''munzabt'', meaning "confiscated". For example, the village of [[Raipur Munzabtah]] in Aligarh district got its name because it was confiscated by the British government after its ''pattidar'' participated in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].{{sfn|Siddiqi|1982|p=337}}

====''Mutafarriqat''====
From Arabic ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/متفرقات mutafarriqāt]'', literally meaning "miscellaneous". This was used historically to denote a fiscal or administrative unit consisting of various scattered pieces of land. Villages called "mutafarriqat" are so named because they belonged to such a unit.{{sfn|Siddiqi|1982|p=336}}

====''Nisfi''====
Derived from Arabic ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/نصف#Arabic niṣf]'', meaning "half". For example, the village of [[Marhauli Nisfi Ashrafabad]] in present-day Aligarh district was formed by taking out a half portion from Ashrafabad.{{sfn|Siddiqi|1982|p=337}}

====''Raiyyat''====
From Perso-Arabic ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/رعیت#Persian ra'iyyat]'', meaning "subjects, peasants, cultivators". It is used, for example, in the name of [[Lalpur Raiyyatpur]] in present-day Aligarh district, which likely originated as a settlement of peasants under the zamindar of nearby [[Lalpur, Aligarh|Lalpur]].{{sfn|Siddiqi|1982|pp=338-9}}

====''Shahr, shehr''====
{{redirect|Shahr|the subdivision found in Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan|Shahr (country subdivision)}}

Means "city"{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}} — e.g. [[Bulandshahr]]

====''[[Kale (disambiguation)|Kale]]'', ''[[Kaleh (disambiguation)|Kaleh]]'', ''[[Qala (disambiguation)|Qala]]'', ''[[Qalat (disambiguation)|Qalat]]'', ''[[Qila (disambiguation)|Qila]]''====
Means fort, fortress, castle;{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}} see also "[[Qal'a]]" — e.g. [[Makhachkala]], [[Akhalkalaki]], [[Solzha-Ghala]], [[Dzaudzhikau]]

====''Ganj'', ''gunj'', ''gunge''====
Persian-Urdu, taken to mean neighborhood in Indian context. For example, [[Daryaganj]], [[Sunamganj]]

====''Basti''====
Refers to a granted habitat, also sanctuary from the Persian suffix, ''bastī''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BASTI English Definition and Meaning {{!}} Lexico.com |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/basti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327172337/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/basti |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 27, 2022 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English |language=en}}</ref>''— e.g.'' [[Basti Maluk]], [[Azam Basti]]

====''Nahr''====
[[wikt:نهر]], river, e.g., [[Nahr-e Mian]]; see {{intitle|Nahr-e}}

====''Nahri''====
Means (irrigation) canal{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=74}}

====''Dera''====
Means "tent"{{sfn|Siddiqi|Bastian|1985|p=75}} — e.g. [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Dera Ismail Khan]]

====''-gerd/-kert''====
Examples: [[Darab|Darabgerd]], [[Dastagird]], [[Dastjerd]], [[Khosrowjerd]], [[Farhadgerd]], [[Stepanakert]], [[Tigranakert (disambiguation)|Tigranakert]]

====''-Stan, Estan''====
{{main|-stan}}
Means "a place abounding in...", "place of..."<ref name="hayyim-dictionary">{{citation|last=Hayyim|first=Sulayman|title=New Persian-English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86&searchhws=yes|chapter=ستان|year=1892 |page=30|volume=2|location=Tehran|publisher= Librairie imprimerie Béroukhim}} Quote= ستان (p. V2-0030) ستان (۲) Suffix meaning 'a place abounding in'. Ex. گلستان a flower or rose-garden. Syn. زار See گازار Note. This suffix is pronounced stan or setan after a vowel, as in بوستان boostan, a garden, and هندوستان hendoostan, India; and estan after a consonant. Ex. گلستان golestan, and ترکستان torkestan. However, for poetic license, after a consonant also, it may be pronounced setan. Ex. گلستان golsetan</ref> — e.g. [[Afghanistan]]; [[Pakistan]]

==See also==
*[[Place names in India]], for a more in-depth explanation of various place names in India.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Geographical Etymology: A Dictionary of Place-names Giving Their Derivations|author1-first=Christina|author1-last=Blackie|edition=3rd|publisher=John Murray|year=1887 |url={{GBurl|nwGBTvF_K6kC}} }}
* {{cite journal|title=Urban Place Names in Pakistan: A Reflection of Cultural Characteristics|author1-first=Akhtar Husain|author1-last=Siddiqi|author2-first=Robert W.|author2-last=Bastian|oclc=500207327|journal=Names|volume=29|issue=1|pages=65–84|year=1985|url=https://ans-names.pitt.edu/ans/article/download/937/936}}
* {{cite conference|title=Significance of technical terms in place names—a case-study of Aligarh District|author1-first=Jamal Mohd|author1-last=Siddiqi|conference=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=43|year=1982|pages=332–341|jstor=44141245}}
* {{cite book|title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity|volume=1|series=Indian philology and South Asian studies|issn=0948-1923|editor1-first=George|editor1-last=Erdosy|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|isbn=9783110144475|author1-first=Franklin C.|author1-last=Southworth|chapter=Reconstructing social context from language: Indo-Aryan and Dravidian pre-history|author1-link=Franklin Southworth}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia|author1-link=Franklin Southworth|author1-first=Franklin C.|author1-last=Southworth|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9781134317776}}
{{refend}}

{{Glossaries of science and engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Western and South Asia, Oikonyms in}}
[[Category:Lists of place name etymologies|*]]
[[Category:Asia geography-related lists|Oikonyms]]
[[Category:Geography of West Asia|Oikonyms]]
[[Category:Geography of South Asia|Oikonyms]]
[[Category:Place name element etymologies|*]]
[[Category:Names of places in India]]
[[Category:Names of places in Pakistan]]

Magneto (2019 film)

2026-04-05T06:29:49Z

SimoneMarina699: starting data

{{short description|Indian Malayalam fantasy thriller short film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Magneto
| image = Magneto (2019 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Nithish Sahadev]]
| writer = Nithish Sahadev
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Al Jaseem Abdul Jabbar Al Jassam Abdul Jabbar Al Sajam Abdul Jabbar
| starring = [[Anand Menen]] [[Sandeep Pradeep]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Aswin Nandakumar
| editing = Anand Menon
| music = Ankit Menon
| studio = Sulthan Brothers
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019|5|24|df=yes|ref1=<ref name="YouTube"/>}}
| runtime = 13 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Magneto ''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]] [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[thriller film|thriller short film]] written and directed by [[Nithish Sahadev]]. The short film stars [[Anand Menen]], who also worked as the editor, alongside [[Sandeep Pradeep]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/short-films/2019/05/25/magneto-malayalam-short-film.html|title=മലയാളത്തിൽ നിന്നൊരു മാഗ്നെറ്റോ; ഹ്രസ്വചിത്രം|language=ml|work=[[Manorama Online]]|date=25 May 2019|access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Magneto (Marvel Comics)|Magneto]] is a mutant, who stands up against the [[X-Men]] with his power to create and control magnetic fields. He has been Alex’s childhood hero since the third grade and once Alex grows up, his attachment to the character enables himself to gain the power to levitate objects. However, he is caught by the police on charges of robbery and uses his powers to escape. He leaves behind a cloth that says "It's just a Beginning".<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/short-film-based-on-magneto-the-character-from-marvel-comics/article27377948.ece|title=When Magneto strikes|first=Athira|last=M|date=31 May 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225170830/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/short-film-based-on-magneto-the-character-from-marvel-comics/article27377948.ece|archive-date=25 February 2021|access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Anand Menen]] as Alex, who later embodies [[Magneto (Marvel Comics)|Magneto]]
*Nisthar
*Murali Chand
*[[Sandeep Pradeep]]
*Vipindas
*Laksmi Karat
*Rakesh Kumar
*Ashuthosh
*Jibin Nair
}}

== Production ==
[[Nithish Sahadev]] was first introduced to [[Magneto (Marvel Comics)|Magneto]] by his friend Aswin Nandakumar on Facebook, who ended up being the cinematographer of this short film.<ref name="H"/> In the post, a guy claimed to be Magneto and was arrested on drug charges, which formed the basis of the short film.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/Jun/03/have-you-heard-of-the-malayali-magneto-1985094.html|title=Have you heard of the Malayali Magneto?|first=Gautham|last=S|date=3 June 2019|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> Sahadev's friend, Al Jaseem Abdul Jabbar, co-produced the short film along with his brothers after hearing the idea but not the story and told Sahadev not to compromise on the quality.<ref name="N"/> Actor [[Sandeep Pradeep]] did the VFX work for the short film.<ref name="N"/>

== Music ==
The music was composed by Ankit Menon.<ref name="YouTube"/>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nizhala En Kude
| extra1 =
| length1 = 1:08
}}

== Release and reception ==
The short film upon release received 89,000 views on YouTube upon release and his since received 166,000 views.<ref name="H"/><ref name="YouTube">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XROwenD7QY|title=MAGNETO Malayalam Short Film | Nithish Sahadev | Sulthan Brothers|date=24 May 2019|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> The short film was shared by actors [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] and singer [[Benny Dayal]].<ref name="H"/>

Gokul m.g of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "The VFX and the background music of the film are really great. They back the narration and some wonderful acting, absolutely well and keep the audience excited".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/290519/thrill-of-superpowers.html|title=Thrill of superpowers | Thrill of superpowers|first=Gokul|last=m.g|date=29 May 2019|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]

V. M. C. Sivakumar

2026-03-26T07:09:06Z

SimoneMarina699: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}

'''V.M.C. Sivakumar''' was the former agriculture minister and speaker of the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. His family had dominated the constituency of [[Neravy T R Pattinam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Neravy T.R.Pattinam]] for decades by winning about 10 elections. '''V.M.C. Sivakumar''' alone won 5 elections with 4 continuous win from 1996 to 2011. He had been a [[Dravida MK|DMK]] leader who moved to AIADMK in the year 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/vmc-sivakumar-joins-aiadmk/article8431843.ece | title=V.M.C. Sivakumar joins AIADMK | first=S. | last=Prasad | date=4 April 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=16 February 2020 }}</ref> He lost his last election in 2016 to [[Geetha Anandan]] from DMK. He was murdered by armed gang due to personal enmity in 2017 January.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-03|title=Former Puducherry minister VMC Sivakumar allegedly murdered|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/27489/former-puducherry-minister-vmc-sivakumar-allegedly-murdered.html|website=Indiablooms.com}}</ref>

==Term as MLA==
V.M.C. Sivakumar as a DMK leader has won four elections in the 1980, 1996, 2001, 2006 elections in [[Neravy T R Pattinam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)]]. In the election of 2011 he won as an independent candidate, which was his 5th term as MLA.

==Assassination==
An armed gang murdered Sivakumar in January 2017. The reason was said to be the personal enmity between Sivakumar and a liquor baron Ramu's family. Days later, it was found Ramu's second wife Ezhilarasi's role was behind the murder.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 January 2017|title=Day after murder, cops probe Ezhilarasi's role|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jan/05/day-after-murder-cops-probe-ezhilarasis-role-1556287.html|access-date=22 April 2021|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivakumar, V. M. C.}}
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:2017 murders in India]]
[[Category:People from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]

List of schools in West Bengal

2026-03-25T21:19:18Z

SimoneMarina699: further update structure to improve readability additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|School lists in West Bengal}}

[[File:1957WestBengal.PNG|thumb|State of West Bengal in India's map.]]

This is a '''list of schools''' in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

== Asansol ==

* [[Loreto Convent, Asansol]]
* [[St. Patrick's Higher Secondary School]]
* [[St. Vincent's High and Technical School]]

==Balurghat==

* [[Balurghat High School]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dakshin Dinajpur]]

==Bardhaman==

* [[Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhaban Girls' High School]]
* [[Burdwan Municipal Girls' High School]]
* [[Burdwan Municipal High School]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Burdwan]]

==Cooch Behar==

* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Cooch Behar|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tufanganj]]
* [[Jenkins School]]
* [[Okrabari Alabakash High School]]
* [[Suniti Academy|Sunity Academy]]
* [[Techno India Group Public School]]

== Darjeeling ==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Chittaranjan High School]]
* [[Dr. Graham's Homes]], [[Kalimpong]]
* [[Goethals Memorial School]], [[Kurseong]]
* [[Loreto Convent, Darjeeling|Loreto Convent]]
* [[Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling|Mount Hermon School]]
* [[Nepali Kalyan High School]]
* [[Rockvale Academy]]
* [[St. Augustine's School]]
* [[St. George's Higher Secondary School]]
* [[St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling]]
* [[St. Paul's School, Darjeeling]]
* [[St. Roberts School, Darjeeling]]
}}

== Durgapur ==

* [[Guru Tegh Bahadur Public School Durgapur]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Durgapur]]

==Howrah==
{{Main|List of schools in Howrah}}

==Jaynagar Majilpur==

* [[Jaynagar Institution]], Jaynagar Majilpur
* [[Majilpur Atul Krishna Vinodini Bhattacharya Vidyapith]], Jaynagar Majilpur
* [[Majilpur Shyamsundar Balika Vidyalaya]], Jaynagar Majilpur

==Kharagpur==

* [[Kaliapara Ramkrishna Vidyabhaban]]
* [[Kharagpur Atulmoni Polytechnic High School]]

==Kolkata==
{{Main|List of schools in Kolkata}}

== Other locations ==


{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Arambagh Girls' High School]], Arambagh
* Bamanhat High School, Bamanhat
* [[Bankura Zilla School]], Bankura
* [[Barrackpore Government High School]], Barrackpore
* [[Bongaon High School]], Bongaon
* Chatra Nandalal Institution, Serampore
* [[Don Bosco Bandel]], Sahaganj
* [[Gangarampur Girls' High School]], Gangarampur
* [[Garh Raipur High School (Higher Secondary)]], Raipur
* [[Harinavi DVAS High School]], Rajpur Sonarpur
* [[Jalpaiguri Zilla School]], Jalpaiguri
* [[Kaigram High School]], Kaigram
* [[Kalikrishna Girls' High School]], Barasat
* [[Kanailal Vidyamandir]], Chandannagar
* [[Krishnagar Collegiate School]], Krishnanagar
* [[Krishnath College School]], Berhampore
* [[Malda Zilla School]], Malda City
* [[Midnapore Collegiate School]], Midnapore
* [[Nabadwip Bakultala High School]], Nabadwip
* [[Nandapur Milani Balika Vidyaniketan]], Nandapur
* [[Raghunathganj High School (10+2)]], Raghunathganj
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Multipurpose School, Kamarpukur]], Kamarpukur
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Narendrapur]], Narendrapur
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Purulia]], Purulia
* [[Sainik School, Purulia]], Purulia
* [[SHMD School]], Jaigaon

}}

{{Education in India}}

[[Category:Lists of schools in India by state or union territory|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in West Bengal| List]]

List of IIT Madras people

2026-03-23T13:34:19Z

SimoneMarina699: general expand formatting as per guidelines and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Dynamic list}}
This is a '''list of notable alumni of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]'''.

==Academia==

=== Deans, directors, and presidents ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Class year
!Notability
!References
|-
|[[Timothy A. Gonsalves]]
|BTech 1976
|1st director of [[Indian Institute of Technology Mandi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/institute/director.html|website=Indian Institute of Technology Mandi |title=Director |access-date=2016-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502220838/http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/institute/director.html|archive-date=2 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ramayya Krishnan]]
|
|Dean of the [[Heinz College]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
|<ref>[http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/faculty-and-research/faculty-profiles/faculty-details/index.aspx?faculty_id=51] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211719/http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/faculty-and-research/faculty-profiles/faculty-details/index.aspx?faculty_id=51|date=6 June 2014}} Ramayya's profile at CMU.</ref>
|-
|[[Shashi Nambisan]]
|BTech 1984
|Professor of Civil Engineering at [[University of Tennessee Knoxville]]; ex-Director of the Center for Transportation Research and Education at [[Iowa State University]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cee.utk.edu/people/people.php?id%3Dshashi |title=Faculty and Staff: UTK CEE |access-date=2014-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607005715/http://cee.utk.edu/people/people.php?id=shashi |archive-date= 7 June 2014 }} His page on University of Tennessee</ref><ref>[http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/people/staff/details/?staffid=1168439304] His profile at Iowa</ref>
|-
|[[Gangan Pratap]]
|BTech 1974; PhD 1978
|Former director [[National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources]]; honorary professor, [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]]; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award—1999
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/daa/list.php?yr=1999|title=DAA – List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees|website=alumni.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ktu.edu.in/eu/org/people.htm|title=APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University :: Home|website=www.ktu.edu.in|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bhaskar Ramamurthi]]
|BTech 1980
|Professor of Electrical Engineering; Director of the Institute at IIT Madras; Doyens of Madras
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tenet.res.in/Aboutus/People/Faculty/personalPages/bhaskar.php|title=Prof. Bhaskar Ramamurthi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014085307/http://tenet.res.in/Aboutus/People/Faculty/personalPages/bhaskar.php|archive-date=14 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/doyens-of-madras-honoured/article6345386.ece|title='Doyens of Madras' honoured|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 August 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Govindan Sundararajan]]
|BTech 1976
|Former director, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI); [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]—1994; [[Padma Shri]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/centenary-conf/sundar.html|title=IISc Centenary Conference|website=www.iisc.ernet.in|access-date=2017-09-10|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111153/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/centenary-conf/sundar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=83|title=Awardee Details: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|website=ssbprize.gov.in|access-date=2017-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735|title=Print Release|date=2014-03-02|access-date=2017-09-10|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302065134/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735|archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[B. N. Suresh]]
|MTech 1969
|Founder Director (2007–2010) [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]; [[Padma Bhushan]]—2013; [[Padma Shri]]—2002; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award—2004
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/former-director|title=Former Director {{!}} IIST|website=www.iist.ac.in|access-date=2017-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/daa/list.php?yr=2004|title=DAA – List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees|website=alumni.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2017-06-10}}</ref>
|-
|[[Subra Suresh]]
|BTech 1977
|President of [[Carnegie Mellon University]]; former director of the [[National Science Foundation]]; former Dean of Engineering at MIT
|<ref>[http://www.cmu.edu/leadership/president-suresh/bio/] Subra Suresh's Bio at CMU.</ref>
|}

=== Professors and scholars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Class year
!Notability
!References
|-
|[[Arumugam Manthiram]]
|PhD 1980
|Professor of Mechanical Engineering at [[University of Texas at Austin]]; Inventor of polyanion cathodes for [[lithium ion batteries]]; Delivered the 2019 Nobel Prize Lecture in Chemistry; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award - 2015
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/goodenough/lecture/ |title=John B. Goodenough Nobel Lecture |work=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Masquelier |first1=Christian |last2=Croguennec |first2=Laurence |title=Polyanionic (Phosphates, Silicates, Sulfates) Frameworks as Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Li (or Na) Batteries |doi=10.1021/cr3001862 |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=113 |issue=8 |pages=6552–6591 |year=2013|pmid=23742145 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Manthiram | first1 = A. | last2 = Goodenough | first2 = J. B. | doi = 10.1016/0378-7753(89)80153-3 | title = Lithium insertion into Fe2(SO4)3 frameworks | journal = Journal of Power Sources | volume = 26 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 403–408 | year = 1989 | bibcode = 1989JPS....26..403M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Manthiram | first1 = A. | last2 = Goodenough | first2 = J. B. | doi = 10.1016/0022-4596(87)90242-8 | title = Lithium insertion into Fe2(MO4)3 frameworks: Comparison of M = W with M = Mo | journal = Journal of Solid State Chemistry | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 349–360 | year = 1987 | bibcode = 1987JSSCh..71..349M | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|-
|[[Anant Agarwal]]
|BTech 1982
|Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]; CEO of [[EdX]]; holds a Guinness World Record for the largest microphone array; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award – 2014
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.csail.mit.edu/user/723 |title=Anant Agarwal | CSAIL |work=csail.mit.edu |access-date=5 October 2011}} Anant Agarwal's profile at Massachusetts</ref><ref>[https://www.edx.org/leadership] Anant Agarwal's profile at EdX</ref><ref>[https://www.ted.com/talks/anant_agarwal_why_massive_open_online_courses_still_matter] A TED talk given by Anant Agarwal</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/daa/list.php?yr=2014|title=DAA – List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees|website=alumni.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2016-08-17}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anima Anandkumar|Animashree Anandkumar]]
|BTech 2004
|Bren Professor of Computing at [[California Institute of Technology]]; director of machine learning research at [[NVIDIA]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newport.eecs.uci.edu/anandkumar/#home|title=Animashree Anandkumar|website=newport.eecs.uci.edu|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mlconf.com/interview-anima-anandkumar/|title=Interview with Anima Anandkumar – The Machine Learning Conference|date=2016-11-08|work=The Machine Learning Conference|access-date=2017-06-17|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[G. K. Ananthasuresh]]
|BTech 1989
|Professor at Department of Mechanical Engineering, [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bengaluru; [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mecheng.iisc.ernet.in/users/ananthasuresh|title=G. K. Ananthasuresh – Department of Mechanical Engineering}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hari Balakrishnan]]
|BTech 1993
|Fujitsu Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT; ACM SIGCOMM Test of Time Award—2011; ACM SIGMOBILE Test of Time Award—2017, 2018; ACM SIGOPS Hall of Fame Award—2015; ACM SIGMOD Test of Time Award—2017; 2020 Infosys Prize; 2021 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Award for Computers and Communications; Member of the National Academy of Engineering; Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nms.csail.mit.edu/~hari/|title= Hari Balakrishnan |access-date=26 February 2014}}Hari's profile at MIT</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sigmod.org/magdalena-balazinska-hari-balakrishnan-samuel-madden-and-michael-stonebraker-receive-the-2017-sigmod-test-of-time-award/|title=Magdalena Balazinska, Hari Balakrishnan, Samuel Madden, and Michael Stonebraker receive the 2017 SIGMOD Test of Time Award – SIGMOD Website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Hari Balakrishnan|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2020/hari-balakrishnan.asp|access-date=2020-12-15|website=www.infosys-science-foundation.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award|url=https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/technical-field-awards/kobayashi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082515/https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/technical-field-awards/kobayashi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2018|access-date=2020-12-15|website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Hari Balakrishnan|url=https://nae.edu/130136/Professor-Hari-Balakrishnan|access-date=2020-12-15|website=NAE Website}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dipankar Banerjee (metallurgist)|Dipankar Banerjee]]
|BTech 1974
|Professor in the Department of Materials Engineering Engineering of the Indian Institute of Science
|<ref name="Faculty profile - Dipankar Banerjee">{{Cite web |url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~dbanerjee/group-leader.html |title=Faculty profile – Dipankar Banerjee |date=2017-12-18 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>
|-
|[[Narayanan Chandrakumar]]
|MSc 1972
|Chemical Physicist; Professor of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras; [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]—1996; J. C. Bose National Fellowship—2009
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chem.iitm.ac.in/faculty/chandrakumar/?page_id=2|title=Profile {{!}} Dr. N. Chandrakumar|website=chem.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2016-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chem.iitm.ac.in/faculty/chandrakumar/?page_id=72|title=Awards and Honours {{!}} Dr. N. Chandrakumar|website=chem.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2016-12-24}}</ref>
|-
|[[K. Mani Chandy]]
|BTech 1965
|Simon Ramo Professor of Computer Science at the [[California Institute of Technology]]; A. A. Michelson Award of CMG (the Computer Measurement Group); Sherman Fairchild Fellowship; IEEE Koji Kobayashi Award for Computers and Communications; Fellow of the IEEE; Member of the National Academy of Engineering; 2014 Dijkstra Prize
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mascots.cs.vt.edu/mascots2012/index.html%3Fpage_id=451.html|title=Keynote 2: Prof. Chandy {{!}} IEEE 20th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://directory.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/search.cgi?uid=mani|title=Kanianthra M. (Mani) Chandy {{!}} Caltech Directory|website=directory.caltech.edu|access-date=2016-04-17|archive-date=23 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023130615/http://directory.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/search.cgi?uid=mani|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.podc.org/podc2014/|title=ACM PODC 2014|website=www.podc.org|access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://leecenter.caltech.edu/chandy-bio.html|title=The Lee Center|website=leecenter.caltech.edu|access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
|-
|[[Atul Chokshi]]
|BTech 1980
|Professor, Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore; Swarnajayanti Presidential Young Investigator Award; MRSI Medal; Metallurgist of the Year Award (Ministry of Steel & Mines); Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, G.D. Birla Gold Medal (IIM); IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://materials.iisc.ac.in/faculty/atul-h-chokshi/|title=Atul H. Chokshi {{!}} Materials Engineering|website=materials.iisc.ac.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-05|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202111046/http://materials.iisc.ac.in/faculty/atul-h-chokshi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[S. A. Choudum]]
|PhD 1974
|Professor at the Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=84220|title=The Mathematics Genealogy Project – Sheshayya Choudum|website=www.genealogy.ams.org|access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mat.iitm.ac.in/home/sac/public_html/|title=FACULTY|website=mat.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref>
|-
|Premkumar
Devanbu
|B.Tech 1977
|Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Computer Science, [[University of California, Davis]]; [https://www.sigsoft.org/awards/outstandingResearchAward.html ACM SIGSOFT Outstanding Research Award]; [https://cs.ucdavis.edu/news/prem-devanbu-wins-alexander-von-humboldt-research-award Alexander von Humboldt Research Award]; [https://www.computer.org/profiles/premkumar-devanbu IEEE Computer Society Harlan Mills Award]
|
|-
|[[Venkatesan Guruswami]]
|BTech 1997
|Associate Professor at the Department of Computer Science, [[Carnegie Mellon University]]; ex-faculty at [[University of Washington]]
|<ref>[https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~venkatg/] Guruswami's profile at CMU.</ref><ref>[https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~venkatg/CV/venkat-CV.pdf] Guruswami's CV at CMU</ref><ref>[http://thetartan.org/2008/8/25/news/heinz] Article announcing Ramayya as Dean</ref>
|-
|[[Viswanathan Kumaran]]
|BTech 1987
|Professor, [[Indian Institute of Science]]
|<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://chemeng.iisc.ac.in/chemeweb/faculty_kumaran.htm |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science}}</ref>
|-
|[[L. Mahadevan]]
|BTech 1986
|de Valpine Professor of Applied Mathematics, Physics and Biology, [[Harvard University]]; [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellow]] 2009; [[Fellow of the Royal Society|F.R.S]]. 2016
|<ref>[http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/mahadevan/mahadevan-oeb.html L. Mahadevan at Harvard] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227163617/http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/mahadevan/mahadevan-oeb.html |date=27 February 2012 }} Mahadevan's profile at Harvard</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/56/|title=L. Mahadevan - MacArthur Foundation|website=www.macfound.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pinaki Majumdar]]
|MTech 1990
|Professor at [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]]; [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]—2007
|<ref name="Biographical Information-Pinaki Majumdar">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hri.res.in/~pinaki/ |title=Biographical Information-Pinaki Majumdar |date=2017-10-31 |website=Harish-Chandra Research Institute |access-date=2017-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx|title=View Bhatnagar Awardees|website=ssbprize.gov.in|access-date=2017-10-31}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pranawachandra Deshmukh]]
|PhD 1979
|Adjunct professor of physics at [[Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati]]; mentor and convener, CAMOST, a joint initiative of Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati and [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati]] (since 2020)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Physics - Dr P. C. Deshmukh |url=https://physics.iittp.ac.in/dr-p-c-deshmukh/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMOST: People |url=https://www.iisertirupati.ac.in/camost/people.php |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.iisertirupati.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[C. G. Krishnadas Nair]]
|BTech 1964
|Author; Metallurgist; [[Padma Shri]] Laureate; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award—1996
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/daa/list.php?yr=1996|title=DAA – List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees|website=alumni.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ramarathnam Narasimhan]]
|BTech 1982
|Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Science; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumni Award – 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/daa/list.php?yr=2016|title=DAA – List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees|website=alumni.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arvind Narayanan]]
|BTech 2004
|Assistant Professor of Computer Science at Princeton University; PET Award for Outstanding Research in Privacy Enhancing Technology—2014
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S34/98/08I05/index.xml|title=Princeton University – Board approves seven faculty appointments|website=www.princeton.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://randomwalker.info/|title=Arvind Narayanan – Princeton|website=randomwalker.info|language=en|access-date=2017-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theory.cse.iitm.ac.in/memberdetails.php?memberid=282|title=Arvind Narayanan @ Theory Group, CSE, IITM|website=theory.cse.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2017-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://petsymposium.org/2014/award/winners.php|title=PET Award|website=petsymposium.org|access-date=2017-01-28}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sethuraman Panchanathan]]
|MTech 1986
|Executive Vice President at [[ASU Knowledge Enterprise Development]]; Chief Research and Innovation Officer at [[Arizona State University (ASU)]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03924-3/|title=Trump picks computer scientist to lead National Science Foundation|date=2019-12-19|access-date=2020-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shanthi Pavan]]
|BTech 1995
|Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras
|<ref name="Pavan on IITM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~shanthi/miscellaneous.html |title=Pavan on IITM |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref>
|-
|[[A. G. Ramakrishnan]]
|MTech 1982; PhD 1989
|Professor at Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru; Member, Karnataka Knowledge Commission, Senate Member, IIIT Allahabad; Manthan Awards 2014 and 2015; Founder-director of RaGaVeRa Indic Technologies Pvt Ltd.
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mile.ee.iisc.ac.in/AGR/index.htm|title=Professor, heads the Medical intelligence and language engineering lab|work=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/ragavera.com/www|title=RaGaVeRa Indic Technologies|website=sites.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/jnanaayoga/Pages/Members-Information.aspx|title=Member, Karnataka Knowledge Commission, Karnataka Jnana Aayoga, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/Journals/Sadhana/Editorial_Board|title=Sadhana | Indian Academy of Sciences|website=www.ias.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/programme.php|title=Editorial Board, Current Science, Jan. 2015 to Dec. 2016.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.isim.ac.in/html/programs.htm|title=Board of Studies, International School of Information Management (ISiM), University of Mysore.|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003121837/http://www.isim.ac.in/html/programs.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| B.S. Sathyaprakash
| MSc Phys. 1981
| Bert Elsbach Professor of Physics [[The Pennsylvania State University]]; Professor of Gravitational Physics [[Cardiff University]]; Associate, International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Bangalore, India;<ref> {{Cite web | url=https://www.icts.res.in/people/associates | title= Associate, ICTS, Bangalore}} </ref> Sathyaprakash Research Group<ref> {{Cite web | url = https://sites.psu.edu/infinity | title = Sathyaprakash Research Group}} </ref>
| <ref> {{Cite web | url = https://science.psu.edu/physics/people/bs-sathyaprakash | title = Bert Elsbach Professor of Physics}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web | url = https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/physics-astronomy/research/research-groups/gravity-exploration-institute/people | title = Gravity Exploration Institute}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mahadev Satyanarayanan]]
|
|Carnegie Group Professor of Computer Science at [[Carnegie Mellon University]]; Principal architect and implementor of the [[Andrew File System (AFS)]]
|<ref>[https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~satya/] Satya's profile at CMU</ref>
|-
|[[V. Srinivasan]]
|BTech 1966
|The Adams Distinguished Professor of Management, Emeritus, [[Stanford University]]; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award—2001
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/faculty/v-srinivasan|title=V. "Seenu" Srinivasan|work=Stanford Graduate School of Business|access-date=2017-07-28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/daa/list.php?yr=2001|title=DAA – List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees|website=alumni.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref>
|-
|[[Marti G. Subrahmanyam]]
|
|Charles E. Merrill [[Professor]] of [[Finance]] at the [[Stern School of Business]] at [[New York University]]
|<ref>[http://people.stern.nyu.edu/msubrahm/ Personal home page] Marti's profile at Stern.</ref><ref>[http://www.stern.nyu.edu/faculty/static/cv/cv_msubrahm_20130109.pdf Curriculum Vitae] Marti's CV at Stern</ref>
|-
|[[Arun Sundararajan]]
|
|Professor at [[Stern School of Business]], [[New York University]]
|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19990922005200/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/news/date/9811/e981130.htm When an Internet Company Goes Public, Will Its Stock Price Dictate Strategy?] An article written by Arun Sundararajan</ref><ref>[http://www.stern.nyu.edu/faculty/bio/arun-sundararajan] Stern's profile of Arun</ref><ref>[http://oz.stern.nyu.edu/] Arun's publications</ref>
|-
|[[Rusi Taleyarkhan]]
|BTech 1977
|Professor, Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/NE/people?group_id=2780&resource_id=3700|title=Faculty & Staff Directory – Nuclear Engineering – Purdue University|website=engineering.purdue.edu|access-date=2016-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/02/07/research-global-energy-solution-turned-nightmare-iit-madras-alumni-rusi-talyerkhan/|title=Research for global energy solution has turned into a nightmare for IIT Madras alumni Rusi Talyerkhan|date=2014-02-07|website=The American Bazaar|access-date=2016-12-13}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sridhar Tayur]]
|
|Ford Distinguished Research Chair and Professor of Operations Management at the Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University; founder, SmartOps and OrganJet
|<ref>[http://public.tepper.cmu.edu/facultydirectory/facultydirectoryprofile.aspx?id=131] Sridhar's profile at CMU.</ref><ref>[http://www.organjet.com/team.html] Sridhar's profile at OrganJet</ref>
|-
|[[Jayant B. Udgaonkar]]
|MSc 1981
|Senior Professor, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; J. C. Bose National fellow; [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] Prize for Biological Sciences – 2000; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award – 2011; G. N. Ramachandran Gold Medal – 2011
|<ref name="Profile on NCBS">{{cite web | url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/sites/default/files/ju_cvbrief_jan16.pdf | title=Profile on NCBS | publisher=National Centre for Biological Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karthik Sarma]]
|BTech 1996
|Founder and Managing Partner, SRS Investment Management, USA
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/mr-karthik-sarma/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sujatha Srinivasan]]
|PhD 2007
|Professor in the department of mechanical engineering and heads the National Center for Assistive Health Technologies and the Rehabilitation Research and Device Development
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sujatha Srinivasan: Professor |url=https://mech.iitm.ac.in/profile.php?fname=sujsree |website=Department of Mechanical Engineering: Indian Institute of Technology Madras}}</ref>
|-
|Vidhya Srinivasan
|BTech 2000
|Vice President and General Manager, Google Search Advertising and Experiences [[Google]] USA
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/ms-vidhya-srinivasan/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Shuba Kumar
|BTech 1994
|Managing Director, Natesan Synchrones Pvt. Ltd. INDIA
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/ms-shuba-kumar/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep
|BTech 1988
|Global Lead, [[World Bank]] USA
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/dr-nagaraja-rao-harshadeep/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bob Balaram]]
|BTech 1980
|Chief Engineer, [[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Mars Helicopter]] Project, [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], [[NASA]] USA
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/dr-jayarao-bob-balaram/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Chakrapani. R. V
|BTech 1984
|Managing Director, Aarvee Associates INDIA
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/mr-chakrapani-r-v/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|}

== Arts and entertainment ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Class year
!Notability
!References
|-
|[[R. Prasanna]]
|
|Guitarist; Life Time Achievement Award, 2003 from Shankaracharya Shri. Jayendra Saraswathi swamigal of the Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131218/entertainment-tvmusic/article/%E2%80%98i-keep-things-simple-rprasanna|title='I like to keep things simple: R.Prasanna|date=2013-12-18|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guitarprasanna.com/bio/|title=Bio – Guitar Prasanna|website=www.guitarprasanna.com|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index.php?uid=679|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831142947/http://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index.php?uid=679|archive-date=31 August 2013|title=Lakshmansruthi – ONLINE MUSIC DIRECTORY|website=profiles.lakshmansruthi.com|url-status=usurped|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref>
|-
|[[S. Sowmya]]
|MSc 1992
|Carnatic music singer; Sangita Kalanidhi Award—2019
|<ref>[http://sowmya.org/biopic.htm] S. Soumya's detailed biography and pictures</ref><ref>[http://kutcheris.com/artist.php?id=172] Sowmya's profile at kutcheris.com</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/carnatic-vocalist-s-sowmya-chosen-for-sangita-kalanidhi-award/article28626165.ece|title=Carnatic vocalist S. Sowmya chosen for Sangita Kalanidhi award|date=2019-07-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sowmya.org/about-2/academics-research/|title=Academics & Research {{!}} Vidushi S. SOWMYA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref>
|}

== Humanities and social sciences ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Class year
!Notability
!References
|-
|[[Nirmalananda Swamiji]]
|MTech 1996
|Head of [[Adichunchanagiri Hills]] Math
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acmutt-usa.com/about-us-1/sri-nirmalanandanatha-swamiji/|title=Adichunchangiri Cultural and Spiritual Foundation of USA – Sri Nirmalanandanatha Swamiji|website=www.acmutt-usa.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aitckm.in/nms/|title=Sri Sri Sri Dr. Nirmalanandanatha Maha Swamiji – Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology|website=aitckm.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/305406/mtech-iit-mutt-head.html|title=MTech from IIT is mutt head|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2017-07-25}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sant Rajinder Singh Ji Maharaj]]
|BTech 1967
|Spiritual leader at Science of Spirituality; retired from [[Bell Labs]] in 1989
|<ref>http://www.sos.org/page/global-leader.html Sant Rajinder's profile at SOS</ref>
|-
|[[Balaji Sampath]]
|BTech 1994
|Founder and Secretary of NGO [[Association for India's Development]] [[India]] Chapter
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Event report: Making RTE Effective: Strategies, Constraints, Outcomes (includes video)|url=http://www.thehinducentre.com/events/article5544390.ece|website=The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy.|access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref>
|}

==Industry==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Class year
!Notability
!References
|-
|[[T. K. Alex]]
|MTech 1971
|Director at ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, 2008–2012
|<ref>[http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?may30_2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613012412/http://isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?May30_2008|date=13 June 2010}} An ISRO press release on Alex</ref><ref>[http://nssdocs.xisp.net/nsswiki1/KalamNSS?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=Bio-Dr-TK-Alex-rev1.pdf] An Aeuronatical Society of India award to Alex.</ref>
|-
|[[B. Jayant Baliga]]
|BTech 1969;
DSc (Honoris Causea) 2016
|Inventor of the [[Insulated-gate bipolar transistor|Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor]]; [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] Award—2010; [[IEEE Medal of Honor]]—2014; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award—1999
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ece.ncsu.edu/people.php/bjbaliga|title=Dr. Jayant Baliga – Primary Faculty – Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering|website=www.ece.ncsu.edu|access-date=2016-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/27/president-obama-honors-nation-s-top-scientists-and-innovators|title=President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators|date=2011-09-27|work=whitehouse.gov|access-date=2017-07-22|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|[[Krishna Bharat]]
|
|Creator of [[Google News]]; principal scientist, [[Google]]
|<ref>[http://research.google.com/pubs/krishna.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704230329/http://research.google.com/pubs/krishna.html|date=4 July 2014}} Krishna Bharat's profile on Google.</ref><ref>[http://www.niemanlab.org/riptide/person/krishna-bharat/] An Interview with Krishna Bharat</ref>
|-
|[[Gururaj Deshpande]]
|BTech 1973
|Founder of Sycamore Networks; chairman at [[Tejas Networks]]; Distinguished Alumnus Awardee from [[IIT Madras]] in 1998
|<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.deshpandefoundation.org/about-us/founders/desh-deshpande/ |title = Deshpande Foundation: Desh Deshpande}}</ref><ref>[http://forbesindia.com/article/zen-garden/kris-gopalakrishnan-destinys-child/22712/1] Gururaj's profile on Forbes Magazine.</ref><ref>[http://www.tejasnetworks.com/board_of_directors_gururaj.html] Gururaj's profile on Tejas Networks</ref><ref>[http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/chennai36/tag/gururaj-desh-deshpande/] Some articles on Gururaj.</ref>
|-
|[[Kris Gopalakrishnan]]
|MSc 1977; MTech 1979
|[[Padma Bhushan]] Laureate; co-founder of [[Infosys]]; President of Confederation of Indian Industry; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award—1998
|<ref>[http://www.infosys.com/about/management-profiles/Pages/s-gopalakrishnan.aspx] Kris' profile at Insfosys.</ref><ref>[http://forbesindia.com/article/zen-garden/kris-gopalakrishnan-destinys-child/22712/1] An article in Forbes Magazine about Kris.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/daa/list.php?yr=1998|title=DAA – List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees|website=alumni.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ramanathan V. Guha]]
|
|Inventor of [[RSS]] feed technology; computer scientist at Google; won the Distinguished Alumnus award from IIT Madras in 2013
|<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.guha.com/cv.html | title=Ramanathan V.Guha}}</ref><ref>[http://iswc2013.semanticweb.org/content/keynote-ramanathan-v-guha] Another profile on Guha.</ref>
|-
|[[Vic Gundotra]]
|
|Ex-Senior Vice President, Social for [[Google]]; widely believed to be the mastermind behind [[Google Plus]]; previously worked at [[Microsoft]]
|<ref>[https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/24/vic-gundotra-the-father-of-google-is-leaving-google-after-8-years/] An article on Vic Gundotra leaving Google</ref><ref>[https://plus.google.com/+LarryPage/posts/A2gm48nzitx] Larry Page personally thanks Vic Gundotra for building Google+ from nothing.</ref>
|-
|[[Venky Harinarayan]]
|BTech 1988
|[[Kosmix]] co-founder; won the Distinguished Alumnus award from IIT Madras in 2013
|<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2012/06/21/kosmix-founders-leave-walmartlabs/] An article in Forbes on Venky</ref>
|-
|[[Jaishankar Menon|Jai Menon]]
|
|IBM Fellow; CTO and VP, Technical Strategy, IBM Systems and Technology Group; significant contributor to [[RAID]] technology; awarded Distinguished Alumnus award by IIT Madras in 2006
|<ref>[http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/menon] IEEE piece on Jaishankar Menon</ref>
|-
|[[C. Mohan]]
|BTech 1977
|[[IBM Fellow]] at [[IBM Almaden Research Center]] and Former [[IBM India]] Chief Scientist; famous for his work on [[Database systems]] and in particular the [[Algorithms for Recovery and Isolation Exploiting Semantics|ARIES]] technology; awarded Distinguished Alumnus award by IIT Madras in 2003
|<ref>[http://researcher.ibm.com/researcher/view_person_subpage.php?id=4273] C. Mohan's IBM Home Page</ref>
|-
|[[B Muthuraman]]
|BTech 1966
|Managing Director of [[Tata Steel]]; [[Padma Bhushan]] Laureate; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award—1997
|<ref>[http://www.tatasteel.com/about-us/management/board-of-directors.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006165621/http://www.tatasteel.com/about-us/management/board-of-directors.asp|date=6 October 2014}} Muthuraman's Profile at Tata Steel</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20140606055731/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=8809632&privcapId=3138393] Muthuraman's profile at Bloomberg</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/daa/list.php?yr=1997|title=DAA – List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees|website=alumni.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prabhakar Raghavan]]
|
|Vice President of Engineering at [[Google]]; former head of [[Yahoo! Labs]]
|<ref>[http://research.google.com/pubs/PrabhakarRaghavan.html] Prabhakar's profile at Google</ref><ref>[http://allthingsd.com/20120304/exclusive-yahoo-labs-head-raghavan-departing-to-google/] An article about Prabhakar's switch from Yahoo! to Google.</ref>
|-
|[[Anand Rajaraman]]
|
|Founder of Junglee and [[Kosmix]].com with Venky Harinarayan; won the Distinguished Alumnus award from IIT Madras in 2013
|<ref>[http://anand.typepad.com/datawocky/anand-rajaraman.html] Anand's profile at Datawocky.</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2012/06/21/kosmix-founders-leave-walmartlabs/] An article in Forbes on Anand</ref>
|-
|[[Raghu Ramakrishnan]]
|
|Technical Fellow at [[Microsoft]]; former vice-president and research fellow at [[Yahoo! Research]]; professor of computer science at the [[University of Wisconsin Madison]]; won the Distinguished Alumnus award from IIT Madras in 2007
|<ref>[http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~raghu/] His profile at the University of Wisconsin</ref><ref>[http://www.geekwire.com/2012/microsoft-hires-yahoo-chief-scientist-database-guru/] An article on Raghu</ref>
|-
|[[Venkat Rangan]]
|BTech 1981
|Co-founder and CTO at Clearwell Systems; served as Professor of Computer Science at [[University of California, San Diego]]
|<ref>[http://www.clearwellsystems.com/ediscovery-company/management.php/#2 Venkat Rangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204213559/http://www.clearwellsystems.com/ediscovery-company/management.php#2|date=4 December 2010}} at [[Clearwell Systems]]</ref><ref>[http://www.amrita.edu/faculty/venkat] Venkat's profile at Amrita University</ref><ref>[http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/users/venkat/] Venkat's profile at UCSD</ref>
|-
|[[P. S. Veeraraghavan]]
|MTech 1971
|Director at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum, 2008–2012; distinguished scientist at ISRO and Director, ISRO Inertial Systems Unit
|<ref>[http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Nov02_2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613015838/http://isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Nov02_2009|date=13 June 2010}} An ISRO Press release on Veeraraghavan.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article41439.ece] A Hindu article on Veeraraghavan</ref><ref>[http://asindia.org/veeraraghavan.aspx] Astronautical Society of India</ref>
|-
|[[Prem Watsa]]
|BTech 1971
|Founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of [[Fairfax Financial]] Holdings, Toronto, Canada; [[Member of the Order of Canada]]; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award—1999
|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927091400/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-25/news/42394364_1_blackberry-board-fairfax-financial-holdings-canada] Attempt by the Prem Watsa owned Fairfax to buy out Blackberry</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20140606045759/http://www.forbes.com/profile/v-prem-watsa-1/] Prem Watsa's profile on Forbes</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/canada/1296405-four-nova-scotians-among-order-of-canada-honourees|title=Four Nova Scotians among Order of Canada honourees|date=2015-07-01|work=The Chronicle Herald|access-date=2017-07-22|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Umesh Subramanian
|BTech 1993
|CTO of [[Citadel Securities]] (2018-Present); CTO of [[Goldman Sachs]] (2014-2018)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umesh Subramanian |url=https://www.citadel.com/our-teams/leadership/umesh-subramanian/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Citadel |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sridhar Ramaswamy]]
|BTech 1989
|CEO of [[Snowflake Computing|Snowflake]] (2024 - Present)
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Sridhar Ramaswamy |date=2024-12-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sridhar_Ramaswamy |access-date=2025-02-06 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Aravind Srinivas
|BTech 2017
|CEO of [[Perplexity AI]] (2022 - Present)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aravind Srinivas |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GhrKC1gAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vineeta Singh]]
|BTech 2005
|CEO of Sugar Cosmetics (2015 - Present)
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Vineeta Singh |date=2025-01-17 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeta_Singh |access-date=2025-02-06 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sridhar Vembu]]
|BTech 1989
|Co-Founder and former CEO of [[Zoho Corporation]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://www.zoho.com/ourstory.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Zoho |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sridhar Vembu & siblings |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sridhar-vembu-siblings/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Krishna Bharat]]
|BTech 1991
|Distinguished Research Scientist at [[Google]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/dr-krishna-bharat/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[S. Somanath|Dr. S. Somanath]]
|Ph. D 2024
|Chairman, [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organization]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/dr-s-somanath/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Federation |first=International Astronautical |title=IAF : S. SOMANATH |url=https://www.iafastro.org/biographie/s-somanath.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.iafastro.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Jaishree Deshpande
|MS 1975
|Trustee and Founder of Deshpande Foundation.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skoll {{!}} Jaishree Deshpande |url=https://skoll.org/attendee/jaishree-deshpande/ |access-date=2025-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desh and Jaishree Deshpande |url=https://www.indiaspora.org/philanthropy-leader/desh-and-jaishree-deshpande/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Indiaspora |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Ramesh Srinivasan
|BTech 1992
|Senior Partner, [[McKinsey & Company|Mckinsey & Co]], USA.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramesh Srinivasan {{!}} McKinsey & Company |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/our-people/ramesh-srinivasan |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramesh Srinivasan {{!}} NYU Tandon School of Engineering |url=https://engineering.nyu.edu/board-member/ramesh-srinivasan |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=engineering.nyu.edu}}</ref>
|-
|Kamesh Rao
|BTech 1979
|CEO, GMR Airports Developers Ltd, India
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/shri-kamesh-rao/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Easyleadz |title=Kamesh Rao - phone & email - Gmr Airports Developers Limited - Coo |url=https://www.easyleadz.com/people/kamesh-rao-3309191 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.easyleadz.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Vellayan Subbiah
|BTech 1990
|Chairman, [[Cholamandalam Investment and Finance Company|Cholamandalam. Investment and Finance]], India
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/shri-vellayan-subbiah/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Venkat Rangan
|BTech 1981
|CTO, Clari Inc
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/mr-venkat-rangan/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkat Rangan |url=https://www.sequoiacap.com/founder/venkat-rangan/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Sequoia Capital |language=en-US}}</ref>[https://www.clari.com/about/]
|-
|GDS Ramkumar
|BTech 1990
|Head of Engineering, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] Info Apps
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/dr-gds-ramkumar/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Sankaran Naren
|BTech 1987
|CIO, ICICI Prudential AMC
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/mr-sankaran-naren/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Mili Majumdar
|MTech 1992
|Managing Director, Green Building Council of India and Senior Vice President U.S. [[Green building council|Green Building Council]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/ms-mili-majumdar/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[P Veeramuthuvel|Palanivel Veeramuthuvel]]
|Ph.D 2016
|Project Director [[Chandrayaan-3|Chandrayaan 3]], [[ISRO]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/dr-palanivel-veeramuthuvel/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[S. Unnikrishnan Nair|Unnikrishnan Nair]]
|Ph.D 2011
|Director, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)]], India
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/dr-unnikrishnan-nair/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Vijay Ullal
|BTech 1980
|Founder and CEO Seabed VC
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/mr-vijay-ullal/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|M. P. Paranthaman
|Ph.D 1988
|Distinguished Corporate Fellow, Chemical Sciences Division, [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] USA
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/prof-m-p-paranthaman/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Ram Sundaram
|BTech 1988
|Former Partner, [[Goldman Sachs]] USA
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/mr-ram-sundaram/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Azeez Mohammed
|BTech 1993
|President and Chief Executive Officer, [[Covanta Holding Corporation]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/dr-azeez-mohammed/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>[https://www.reworldwaste.com/about-us/leadership]
|-
|Durga Malladi
|BTech 1993
|Senior Vice President and General Manager, [[Qualcomm]] USA
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dean's Corporate Advisory Board Member {{!}} Durga Malladi {{!}} UCLA Samueli School Of Engineering |url=https://samueli.ucla.edu/dcab-malladi/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/dr-durga-malladi/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Naveen Tahilyani
|BTech 1995
|CEO and MD, [[Tata AIA Life|TATA AIA]] India
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Alumni & Corporate Relations |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/mr-naveen-tahilyani/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|Suresh Kumar
|BTech 1987
|CTO of [[Walmart]]
|
|}

== Government and politics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Class year
!Notability
!References
|-
|[[Raju Narayana Swamy]]
|
|IAS Officer; Secretary to Government, General Administration, Sainik Welfare, Kerala; former Commissioner of the Civil Supplies Department of Kerala
|<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/fellowship-for-ias-officer/article5412770.ece] Fellowship award for Raju</ref><ref>[http://www.sainikwelfarekerala.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=76] The Government of Kerala website where Raju's name is mentioned.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131012040424/http://newindianexpress.com/education/edex/article285796.ece] An article in [[The Indian Express]] on Raju.</ref><ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/raju-narayanaswamy-iit-ias-kerala-s-cleanup-officer/214374/] Another article about Raju's cleaning up act in the IAS.</ref>
|-
|[[Gopal Krishna Pillai]]
| 1970 ([[Master of Science|MSc]])
Chemistry
|Retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer and former [[Home Secretary of India]]
|<ref>[https://acr.iitm.ac.in/latestdaas/mr-g-k-pillai/]</ref>
|}

== Military and defense ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Class year
!Notability
!References
|-
|[[S. Christopher]]
|PhD 1987
|Secretary, Department of Defence R & D and DG @ DRDO; Defence Research and Development Organisation – Outstanding Scientist for 2012; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award—2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/daa/list.php?yr=2016|title=DAA – List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees|website=alumni.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/2012/NL_September_2012_web.pdf|title=DRDO Newsletter, September 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sudhir Kumar Mishra]]
|MTech 1987
|Distinguished Scientist & Director General @ DRDO; CEO of [[BrahMos Aerospace]]; IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award—2018
|<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sudhir-mishra-to-be-new-head-of-brahmos-corporation-114061600915_1.html|title=Sudhir Mishra to be new head of BrahMos Corporation|date=2014-06-16|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.iitm.ac.in/daa/list.php|title=DAA – List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees|website=alumni.iitm.ac.in|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>
|}

== Notable faculty ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Affiliation
!Notability
!References
|-
|[[Thalappil Pradeep]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[M. Thenmozhi]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Ashok Jhunjhunwala]]
|
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iitm.ac.in/ Official website]
* [http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/ Office of Alumni Affairs, IIT Madras]

{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:IIT Madras people}}
[[Category:Lists of people by university or college in India|Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]
[[Category:IIT Madras]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni| ]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology people]]

Jizya

2026-03-13T08:30:56Z

SimoneMarina699: cleanup

{{short description|Islamic tax on non-Muslims}}
{{about|the religious [[tax per head]]|the land tax|Kharaj}}
{{Taxation|expanded=religious}}{{Islam}}
'''{{translit|ar|Jizya}}''' ({{langx|ar|جِزْيَة|jizyah|poll tax}}, {{IPA|ar|ˈd͡ʒɪz.jæ|}}),<ref name="Britannica-Afsaruddin" /> is a type of [[tax]]ation levied on non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by [[Sharia|Islamic law]].<ref name="Abdel-Haleem2010">{{cite book|last1=Abdel-Haleem|first1=Muhammad|author-link=Muhammad Abdel-Haleem|title=Understanding the Qur'ān: Themes and Style|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingqur00hale|url-access=limited|date=2010|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris|I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd]]|isbn=978-1845117894|pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandingqur00hale/page/n78 70], 79}}</ref> The [[Quran]] and [[hadith]]s mention jizya without specifying its rate or amount,<ref name=asabet>Sabet, Amr (2006), ''The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences'' 24:4, Oxford; pp. 99–100.</ref> and the application of jizya varied in the course of [[Islamic history]]. However, scholars largely agree that early Muslim rulers adapted some of the existing systems of taxation and modified them according to Islamic religious law.<ref name=":0"/>{{sfn|Bravmann|2009|pp=199–201, 204–5, 207–12}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mohammad|first1=Gharipour|title=Sacred Precincts: The Religious Architecture of Non-Muslim Communities Across the Islamic World|date=2014|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|isbn=978-9004280229|page=XV|quote=Sources indicate that the taxation system of early Islam was not necessarily an innovation of Muslims; it appears that 'Umar adopted the same tax system as was common at the time of the conquest of that territory. The land tax or kharaj was an adapted version of the tax system used in Sassanid Persia. In Syria, 'Umar followed the Byzantine system of collecting two taxes based on the account of lands and heads.}}</ref>{{sfn|Shah|2008|p=20|ps=. "Jizia was not a specific Islamic invention but was the norm of the time. "Several of the early caliphs made peace treaties with the Byzantine Empire some of which even required them to pay tribute [Jizia] to the Byzantines" (Streusand, 1997)."}}<ref name="ArnoldPoI2">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Walker Arnold|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]|date=1913|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno|page=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/59 59] ff|quote=There is evidence to show that the Arab conquerors left unchanged the fiscal system that they found prevailing in the lands they conquered from the Byzantines, and that the explanation of ''jizyah'' as a capitation-tax is an invention of later jurists, ignorant of the true condition of affairs in the early days of Islam. (Caetani, vol. iv. p. 610 (§ 231); vol. v. p. 449.) H.Lammens: Ziād ibn Abīhi. (Rivista degli Studi Orientali, vol. iv. p. 215.)}} ([https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno#page/59/mode/1up online])</ref>

Historically, the jizya tax has been understood in Islam as a fee for protection provided by the Muslim ruler to non-Muslims, for the exemption from military service for non-Muslims, for the permission to practice a non-Muslim faith with some communal autonomy in a Muslim state, and as material proof of the non-Muslims' allegiance to the Muslim state and its laws.<ref name="anveremon" /><ref name="ArnoldPoI3">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith|last=Walker Arnold|first=Thomas|date=1913|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/60 60]–1|quote=This tax was not imposed on the Christians, as some would have us think, as a penalty for their refusal to accept the Muslim faith, but was paid by them in common with the other dhimmīs or non-Muslim subjects of the state whose religion precluded them from serving in the army, in return for the protection secured for them by the arms of the Musalmans.|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold}}</ref>{{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=34|ps=. "They replaced the conquered countries, indigenous rulers and armies, but preserved much of their government, bureaucracy, and culture. For many in the conquered territories, it was no more than an exchange of masters, one that brought peace to peoples demoralized and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the years of Byzantine-Persian warfare. Local communities were free to continue to follow their own way of life in internal, domestic affairs. In many ways, local populations found Muslim rule more flexible and tolerant than that of Byzantium and Persia. Religious communities were free to practice their faith to worship and be governed by their religious leaders and laws in such areas as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. In exchange, they were required to pay tribute, a poll tax (''jizya'') that entitled them to Muslim protection from outside aggression and exempted them from military service. Thus, they were called the "protected ones" (''dhimmi''). In effect, this often meant lower taxes, greater local autonomy, rule by fellow Semites with closer linguistic and cultural ties than the hellenized, Greco-Roman élites of Byzantium, and greater religious freedom for Jews and indigenous Christians."}} The majority of Muslim jurists required adult, free, sane [[men|males]] among the [[dhimma]] community to pay the jizya,<ref name="Hilmi1">{{Cite book|author-link=Hilmi M. Zawati|title=Is Jihād a Just War?: War, Peace, and Human Rights Under Islamic and Public International Law (Studies in religion & society)|last=M. Zawati|first=Hilmi|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0773473041|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isjihadjustwar00zawa/page/63 63–4]|url=https://archive.org/details/isjihadjustwar00zawa/page/63}}</ref> while exempting women, children, [[Old age|elders]], [[handicapped]], the ill, [[Insanity|the insane]], [[monks]], [[hermits]], [[slave]]s,<ref name="waelhallaq">{{cite book|last1=Wael|first1=B. Hallaq|author-link=Wael B. Hallaq|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice and Transformations|date=2009|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-86147-2|pages=332–3}}</ref>{{sfn|Ellethy|2014|p=181|ps=. "[...] the insignificant amount of this yearly tax, the fact that it was progressive, that elders, poor people, handicapped, women, children, monks and hermits were exempted, leave no doubt about exploitation or persecution of those who did not accept Islam. Comparing its amount to the obligatory zaka which an ex-dhimmi should give to the Muslim state in case he converts to Islam dismisses the claim that its aim was forced conversions to Islam."}}<ref name="Islamic Law 1250">{{cite journal|last1=Alshech|first1=Eli|title=Islamic Law, Practice, and Legal Doctrine: Exempting the Poor from the ''Jizya'' under the Ayyubids (1171–1250)|year=2003|journal=Islamic Law and Society|volume=10|issue=3|pages=348–375|doi=10.1163/156851903770227584|quote=...jurists divided the dhimma community into two major groups. The first group consists of all adult, free, sane males among the dhimma community, while the second includes all other dhimmas (i.e., women, slaves, minors, and the insane). Jurists generally agree that members of the second group are to be granted a "blanket" exemption from ''jizya'' payment.}}</ref><ref name="Disability in Islamic law">{{cite book|last1=Rispler-Chaim|first1=Vardit|title=Disability in Islamic law|url=https://archive.org/details/disabilityislami00risp|url-access=limited|date=2007|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht, the Netherlands|isbn=978-1402050527|page=[https://archive.org/details/disabilityislami00risp/page/n54 44]|quote=The Hanbali position is that boys, women, the mentally insane, the zamin, and the blind are exempt from paying ''jizya''. This view is supposedly shared by the Hanafis, Shafi'is, and Malikis.}}</ref><ref>[[Majid Khadduri]], ''War and Peace in the Law of Islam'', pp. 192–3.</ref> and [[musta'mins]]—non-Muslim foreigners who only temporarily reside in Muslim lands.<ref name="waelhallaq" /><ref name=":0">{{cite book|editor-first=Gerhard|editor-last=Bowering|editor-first2=Patricia|editor-last2=Crone|editor-first3=Mahan|editor-last3=Mirza|display-editors=etal|title=The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought|date=2013|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=978-0691134840|page=283|quote=Free adult males who were not afflicted by any physical or mental illness were required to pay the ''jizya''. Women, children, handicapped, the mentally ill, the elderly, and slaves were exempt, as were all travelers and foreigners who did not settle in Muslim lands. [...] As Islam spread, previous structures of taxation were replaced by the Islamic system, but Muslim leaders often adopted practices of the previous regimes in the application and collection of taxes.}}</ref> However, some jurists, such as [[Ibn Hazm]], required that anyone who had reached puberty pay jizya.<ref>{{cite web | title=ص415 - كتاب المحلى بالآثار - مسألة الجزية لازمة للحر والعبد والذكر والأنثى - المكتبة الشاملة | url=https://shamela.ws/book/767/2112 }}</ref> Islamic Regimes allowed dhimmis to serve in Muslim armies. Those who chose to join military service were also exempted from payment;<ref name="Abdel-Haleem2010" />{{sfn|Ellethy|2014|p=181|ps=. "[...] the insignificant amount of this yearly tax, the fact that it was progressive, that elders, poor people, handicapped, women, children, monks and hermits were exempted, leave no doubt about exploitation or persecution of those who did not accept Islam. Comparing its amount to the obligatory zaka which an ex-dhimmi should give to the Muslim state in case he converts to Islam dismisses the claim that its aim was forced conversions to Islam."}}<ref name="Mapel, Nardin">Mapel, D.R. and Nardin, T., eds. (1999), ''International Society: Diverse Ethical Perspectives'', p. 231. [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|9780691049724}}. Quote: "''Jizya'' was levied upon dhimmis in compensation for their exemption from military service in the Muslim forces. If dhimmis joined Muslims in their mutual defense against an outside aggressor, the ''jizya'' was not levied."</ref><ref name="Imara"/><ref name="ArnoldPoI" />{{sfn|Shah|2008|pp=19–20}} some Muslim scholars claim that some Islamic rulers exempted those who could not afford to pay from the Jizya.{{sfn|Ellethy|2014|p=181|ps=. "[...] the insignificant amount of this yearly tax, the fact that it was progressive, that elders, poor people, handicapped, women, children, monks and hermits were exempted, leave no doubt about exploitation or persecution of those who did not accept Islam. Comparing its amount to the obligatory zaka which an ex-dhimmi should give to the Muslim state in case he converts to Islam dismisses the claim that its aim was forced conversions to Islam."}}{{sfn|Ghazi|Kalin|Kamali|2013|pp=240–1}}{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=75–6, 77}}

Together with [[Kharaj|kharāj]], a term that was sometimes used interchangeably with jizya,<ref name=mmp109134>{{cite book|last=Morony|first=Michael|title=Iraq after the Muslim conquest|publisher=Gorgias Press|location=NJ, USA|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59333-315-7|pages=109, 99–134}}</ref><ref name=rlp310311>{{cite book|last=Levy|first=Reuben|title=The social structure of Islam|publisher=Routledge|location=London New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-20910-6|pages=310–1|quote="There is little doubt that in origin ''kharaj'' and ''jizya'' were interchangeable terms. In the Arabic papyri of the first century AH only ''jizya'' is mentioned, with the general meaning of tribute, while later the poll tax could be called ''kharaj ala ru'us ahl al-dhimma'', i.e. a tax on the heads of protected peoples. The narrower meaning of the word is brought out by [[Abu Hanifa]], "No individual can be liable at the same time to the zakat and to kharaj." [emphasis added]}}</ref><ref name=scp322>Satish Chandra (1969), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596130 Jizyah and the State in India during the 17th Century], Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 322–40, quote="Although ''kharaj'' and ''jizyah'' were sometimes treated as synonyms, a number of fourteenth century theological tracts treat them as separate"</ref> taxes levied on [[Kafir|non-Muslim]] subjects were among the main sources of revenues collected by some Islamic polities, such as the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent|Indian Muslim Sultanates]].<ref name=opp287>{{cite book|first=Oded|last=Peri|editor-last=Gilbar|editor-first=Gad|chapter=The Muslim waqf and the collection of jizya in late eighteenth-century Jerusalem|title=Ottoman Palestine, 1800–1914 : Studies in economic and social history|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden|year=1990|isbn=978-90-04-07785-0|pages=287|quote=the ''jizya'' was one of the main sources of revenue accruing to the Ottoman state treasury as a whole.}}</ref> Jizya rate was usually a fixed annual amount depending on the financial capability of the payer.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Shawkiy|last1=Abu Khalil|author-link=Shawkiy Abu Khalil|language=ar|date=2006|title=al-Islām fī Qafaṣ al-ʾIttihām|script-title=ar:الإسلام في قفص الإتهام|url=https://archive.org/stream/b38982/93872#page/n0/mode/2up|page=149|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|isbn=978-1575470047}} Quote:
(Translation) "The amount of ''jizya'' is determined in consideration of their economic status, so that more is taken from the prosperous, less from the middle [class], and a very small amount from the poor (''fuqaraʾ''). Those who do not have any means of livelihood or depend on support of others are exempted from paying the ''jizya''." ([https://archive.org/stream/b38982/93872#page/n147/mode/2up online])</ref> Sources comparing taxes levied on Muslims and jizya differ as to their relative burden depending on time, place, specific taxes under consideration, and other factors.<ref name=Abdel-Haleem2010/>{{sfn|Ghazi|Kalin|Kamali|2013|pp=82–3}}<ref name="AbuZahra">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/abouzohra/tafsir|title=Zahrat al-Tafāsīr|publisher=Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī|location=[[Cairo]]|pages=3277–8|first1=Muhammad|last1=Abu Zahra|author-link=Muhammad Abu Zahra|script-title=ar:زهرة التفاسير|language=ar}} Quote: (Translation) "And the money that the dhimmī gives is called ''jizya'': [...] and [it is so named] because it is in return for the protection that they are guaranteed by the Islamic [community], and instead of rendering military service, and since it is [also] in return for what is spent on the poor amongst the ''dhimmī'' community (''ahl al-dhimma'') as ʾImām ʿUmar used to do. [...] and Islam gave the right of equality between all of those who are under its rule, indeed, the ''jizya'' that is demanded from the ''dhimmī'' corresponds to the financial obligations that are compulsory on the Muslim, so he is obliged [to purify] his wealth [through] ''[[zakat]]'', and he is required to pay ''[[Sadaqah|sadaqat]]'' and ''nudhur'', and he is duty-bound to give ''[[Fidyah and Kaffara|kaffarat]]'', as well as other things. And if all that is taken from the Muslim was calculated, it would become clear that it isn't less than what is taken by way of ''jizya'', if it isn't more. And as we have mentioned earlier, the state spends on the poor amongst the ''dhimmī'' community, and it is narrated that ʿUmar – May God Almighty be pleased with him – found an elderly Jew begging, so he asked him: 'Who are you, old man (''shaykh'')?' He said, 'I am a man from the ''dhimma'' community.' So ʿUmar said to him: 'We have not done justice to you in taking from you when you were young and forsaking you in your old age', so ʿUmar gave him a regular pension from the public treasury (''Bayt al-Māl''), and he then said to his servant: "Search for him and those like him, and give them out from the public treasury.""</ref>

The term appears in the Quran referring to a tax or tribute from ''[[ahl al-kitab|People of the Book]],'' specifically Jews and Christians.
Followers of other religions like [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] and [[Hindu]]s too were later integrated into the category of ''dhimmis'' and required to pay jizya. In the [[Indian subcontinent]] the practice stopped by the 18th century with Muslim rulers losing their kingdoms to the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company. It almost vanished during the 20th century with the disappearance of Islamic states and the spread of [[religious tolerance]].<ref name="ipt-p283">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|year=2012|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0691134840|pages=283–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA283|first=Matthew |last=Long |title=Jizya}}</ref> The tax is no longer imposed by nation states in the Islamic world,<ref name=iwt738>{{cite book|title=Islam in the World Today|date=2010|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=978-0801445712|page=738|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA738|author=Werner Ende|author2=Udo Steinbach }}</ref><ref name="HarperOne">{{cite book|last1=Abou El Fadl|first1=Khaled|author-link=Khaled Abou El Fadl|title=The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists|date=2007|publisher=[[HarperOne]]|isbn=978-0061189036|page=214}}</ref> although there are reported cases of organizations such as the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Pakistani Taliban]] and [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] attempting to revive the practice.<ref name=ipt-p283/><ref>[http://www.dawn.com/news/512573/coming-home-to-orakzai Coming home to Orakzai] ABDUL SAMI PARACHA, Dawn.com (JAN 05, 2010). "In December 2008, Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan enforced a strict version of Islamic law in divergence of enviously guarded distinctive tribal culture in Orakzai Agency. Less than a month a later, a decree for jizya was imposed and had to be paid by all minorities if they want protection against local criminal gangs or that they had to convert to Islam."</ref><ref name="raqqa">{{cite magazine|url=https://world.time.com/2014/02/28/al-qaeda-in-syria-extorts-christians/|title=Al-Qaeda Rebels in Syria Tell Christians to Pay Up or Die|magazine=Time|author=Aryn Baker|date=Feb 28, 2014|quote="In a statement posted to Jihadi websites and signed by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the self-designated emir of the future Islamic caliphate of Raqqa, as well as the founder of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria [ISIS] rebel brigade, Christians are urged to pay a tax in order to continue living under ISIS's protection."}}</ref>

==Etymology and meaning==
Commentators disagree on the definition and derivation of the word ''jizya''. [[Ann Lambton]] writes that the origins of ''jizya'' are extremely complex, regarded by some jurists as "compensation paid by non-Muslims for being spared from death" and by others as "compensation for living in Muslim lands."{{sfn|Lambton|2013|pp=204–205}}

According to [[Encyclopedia Iranica]], the Arabic word ''jizya'' is most likely derived from [[Middle Persian]] ''gazītak'', which denoted a tax levied on the lower classes of society in [[Sasanian Persia]], from which the nobles, clergy, landowners ([[Dehqan|dehqāns]]), and scribes (or civil servants, dabirān) were exempted. Muslim Arab conquerors largely retained the taxation systems of the Sasanian and Byzantine empires they had conquered.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moreen |first1=Vera B. |title=JEZYA |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/jezya |website=Encyclopedia Iranica |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, Brill Academic Publishers |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>

[[M. H. Shakir|Shakir]]'s English translations of the [[Quran|Qur'an]] render ''jizya'' as 'tax', while [[Marmaduke Pickthall|Pickthall]] and [[Arthur John Arberry|Arberry]] translate it as "[[tribute]]". [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] prefers to [[Transliteration|transliterate]] the term as ''jizyah''. Yusuf Ali considered the root meaning of ''jizya'' to be "compensation,"{{sfn|Shah|2008|p=19}}<ref>Yusuf Ali (1991 Reprint), Notes 1281 and 1282 to verse 9:29, p. 507</ref> whereas [[Muhammad Asad]] considered it to be "satisfaction."{{sfn|Shah|2008|p=19}}

[[Al-Raghib al-Isfahani]] (d. 1108), a classical Muslim [[Lexicography|lexicographer]], writes that ''jizya'' is a "tax that is levied on Dhimmis, and it is so named because it is in return for the protection they are guaranteed."<ref name="al-Isfahani">{{cite book|last1=al-ʾIsfahānī|first1=al-Rāghib|url=https://archive.org/details/FP106319|title=Mufradāt ʾal-Faẓ al-Qurʾān|publisher=Dār al-Qalam|editor=Ṣafwān ʿAdnān Dāwūdī|location=[[Damascus]]|page=195|language=ar|script-title=ar:مفردات ألفاظ القرآن|author-link=Al-Raghib al-Isfahani}} 4th edition. Translation: "A tax that is levied on Dhimmis, and it is so named because it is in return for the protection they are guaranteed." ([https://archive.org/stream/FP106319/106319#page/n194/mode/1up online])</ref> He points out that derivatives of the word appear in some Qurʾānic verses as well, such as:<ref name="al-Isfahani2">{{cite book|last1=al-ʾIsfahānī|first1=al-Rāghib|url=https://archive.org/details/FP106319|title=Mufradāt ʾal-Faẓ al-Qurʾān|date=2009|publisher=Dār al-Qalam|editor=Ṣafwān ʿAdnān Dāwūdī|location=[[Damascus]]|page=195|language=ar|script-title=ar:مفردات ألفاظ القرآن|author-link=Al-Raghib al-Isfahani}} 4th edition. ([https://archive.org/stream/FP106319/106319#page/n194/mode/1up online])</ref>

* "Such is the reward (jazāʾ) of those who purify themselves" (Q 20:76)
* "While those who believed and did good deeds will have the best of rewards" (Q 18:88)
* "And the retribution for an evil act is an evil one like it, but whoever pardons and makes reconciliation – his reward is [due] from God" (Q 42:40)
* "And will reward them for what they patiently endured [with] a garden [in Paradise] and silk [garments]" (Q 76:12)
* "and be repaid only according to your deeds" (Q 37:39)

[[Muhammad Abdel-Haleem]] states that the term [[poll tax]] does not translate the [[Arabic]] word ''jizya'', being also inaccurate in light of the exemptions granted to children, women, etc., unlike a poll tax, which by definition is levied on every individual (poll = head) regardless of gender, age, or ability to pay. He further adds that the root verb of ''jizya'' is j-z-y, which means 'to reward somebody for something', 'to pay what is due in return for something' and adds that it is in return for the protection of the Muslim state with all the accruing benefits and exemption from military service, and such taxes on Muslims as ''[[zakat]]''.{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=75–6}}

The historian [[al-Tabari]] and the [[Muhaddith|hadith scholar]] [[al-Bayhaqi]] relate that some members of the Christian community asked [[Umar|ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab]] if they could refer to the ''jizya'' as ''[[sadaqah]]'', literally 'charity', which he allowed.{{sfn|Ghazi|Kalin|Kamali|2013|pp=82–3}}<ref name="Buti1">{{cite book|author-link=Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti|first1=Muhammad Saʿid|last1=Ramadan al-Buti|title=Al-Jihād fī'l-Islām|url=https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n0/mode/2up|script-title=ar:الجهاد في الإسلام|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|language=ar|place=[[Damascus]]|date=2005|pages=135–136}} Translation: "It is true that the Christians of Taghlab didn not feel at ease with the words (''jizya'') and (compensation) and they proposed to the leader of the believers ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, that ''jizya'' be taken from them in the name of charity, even if that meant that they would have to pay twice as much, and they said to him: 'Take from us whatever you want, but do not call it a compensation' .. So ʿUmar consulted the companions on this [matter], and ʿAli – May God be pleased with him – advised him to accept it from them with a double amount by the name of charity. This was related by al-Ṭabarī in his history." ([https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n133/mode/2up online])</ref><ref name="ArnoldPoI044">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Walker Arnold|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]|date=1913|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno|pages=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/49 49]–50|quote=They were called upon to pay the ''jizyah'' or tax imposed on the non-Muslim subjects, but they felt it to be humiliating to their pride to pay a tax that was levied in return for protection of life and property, and petitioned the caliph to be allowed to make the same kind of contribution as the Muslims did. So in lieu of the ''jizyah'' they paid a double ''Sadaqah'' or alms,—which was a poor tax levied on the fields and cattle, etc., of the Muslims.}} ([https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno#page/48/mode/2up online])</ref> Based on this historical event, the majority of jurists from Shāfiʿīs, Ḥanafīs and Ḥanbalīs state that it is lawful to take the ''jizya'' from ''ahl al-dhimmah'' by name of ''zakāt'' or ''ṣadaqah'', meaning it is not necessary to call the tax that is taken from them by jizya, and also based on the known legal maxim that states, "consideration is granted to objectives and meanings and not to terms and specific wordings."<ref name="Buti4">{{cite book|author-link=Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti|first1=Muhammad Saʿid|last1=Ramadan al-Buti|title=Al-Jihād fī'l-Islām|url=https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n0/mode/2up|script-title=ar:الجهاد في الإسلام|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|language=ar|place=[[Damascus]]|date=2005|page=136}} Translation: "Based on this (event), the majority of jurists from Shāfiʿīs, Ḥanafīs and Ḥanbalīs state that it is lawful to take the ''jizya'' from ''ahl al-dhimmah'' by name of double ''zakat''. Meaning it isn't necessary to call the tax that is taken from them by (''jizya''), and among the known legal maxim is that consideration is granted to objectives and meanings and not to terms and specific wordings. [...] And you may ask: Is it necessary when the name of this tax is transformed from ''jizya'' to ''zakāt'' or ''ṣadaqah'' that the requested amount be doubled? The answer is that this falls under the laws of the ruler (''ʾaḥkām al-ʾimāmah''), so the command to change the name, and to define the respective amount is exclusive to what the ruler sees most fit according to each time." ([https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n135/mode/2up online])</ref>

According to ''[[Arabic-English Lexicon|Lane's Lexicon]]'', ''jizya'' is the tax that is taken from the free non-Muslim subjects of an Islamic government, whereby they ratify the pact that ensures them protection.<ref>[[Edward William Lane]], ''An Arabic-English Lexicon''. Book 1, p. 422. (Citing ''al-Nihaya fi Gharib al-Hadith'' by [[Ibn Athir#Majd ad-D.C4.ABn|Majd al-Din ibn Athir]] (d. 1210), and others.)</ref><ref name="Muhibbudin119">{{Cite journal|last=Muhibbu-Din|first=M. A.|date=2000-04-01|title=Ahl Al-Kitab and Religious Minorities in the Islamic State: Historical Context and Contemporary Challenges|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume=20|issue=1|page=119|doi=10.1080/13602000050008933|s2cid=143224068|issn=1360-2004}}</ref>

[[Michael G. Morony]] states that:<ref>{{cite book|last=Morony|first=Michael|title=Iraq after the Muslim conquest|publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59333-315-7|location=NJ, USA|page=110|author-link=Michael G. Morony}}</ref><blockquote>[The emergence of] protected status and the definition of ''jizya'' as the poll tax on non-Muslim subjects appears to have been achieved only by the early eighth century. This came as a result of growing suspicions about the loyalty of the non-Muslim population during the second civil war and of the literalist interpretation of the Quran by pious Muslims.</blockquote>[[Jane Dammen McAuliffe]] states that ''jizya'', in early Islamic texts, was an annual tribute expected from non-Muslims, and not a poll tax.<ref>[[Jane Dammen McAuliffe]] (2011), ''Encyclopedia of the Qur'an'', Brill Academic, Vol. 4, pp. 152–153; Vol. 5, pp. 192–3, {{ISBN|978-9-00412-35-64}}.</ref> Similarly, [[Thomas Walker Arnold]] writes that ''jizya'' originally denoted tribute of any type paid by the non-Muslim subjects of the Arab empire, but that it came later on to be used for the capitation-tax, "as the fiscal system of the new rulers became fixed."<ref name="ArnoldPoI02">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Walker Arnold|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]|date=1913|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno|page=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/59 59]|quote=''jizyah'' — a word which originally denoted tribute of any kind paid by the non-Muslim subjects of the Arab empire, but came later on to be used for the capitation-tax as the fiscal system of the new rulers became fixed.}} ([https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno#page/59/mode/1up online])</ref>

[[Arthur Stanley Tritton]] states that both ''jizya'' in west, and ''[[kharaj]]'' in the east Arabia meant 'tribute'. It was also called ''jawali'' in Jerusalem.{{sfn|Tritton|2008|pp=197–198}}{{sfn|Tritton|2008|p=223}} Shemesh says that [[Abu Yusuf]], Abu Ubayd ibn al-Sallām, Qudama ibn Jaʿfar, Khatib, and Yahya ibn Adam used the terms ''Jizya'', ''Kharaj'', ''Ushr'' and ''Tasq'' as synonyms.<ref>A Ben Shemesh (1967), Taxation in Islam, Vol. 1, Netherlands: Brill Academic, p. 6</ref>

The Arabic lexicographer [[Edward William Lane]], after a careful analysis of the etymology of the term "Jizya", says: "The tax that is taken from the free non-Muslim subjects of a Muslim government whereby they ratify the compact that assures them protection, as though it were compensation for not being slain".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4J0OAAAAYAAJ|title=Arabic-English Lexicon|page=422 |last1=Lane |first1=Edward William |date=1865 }}</ref>

==Rationale==
{{see also|Dhimmi}}

===Payment for protection===
According to Abou Al-Fadl and other scholars, classical Muslim jurists and [[Ulama|scholars]] regard the jizya as a special payment collected from certain non-Muslims in return for the responsibility of protection fulfilled by Muslims against any type of aggression,{{sfn|Abou Al-Fadl|2002|p=21|ps=. "When the Qur'an was revealed, it was common inside and outside of Arabia to levy poll taxes against alien groups. Building upon the historical practice, classical Muslim jurists argued that the poll tax is money collected by the Islamic polity from non-Muslims in return for the protection of the Muslim state. If the Muslim state was incapable of extending such protection to non-Muslims, it was not supposed to levy a poll tax."}}<ref name="Hilmi1"/><ref name="ArnoldPoI3"/>{{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=34|ps=. "They replaced the conquered countries, indigenous rulers and armies, but preserved much of their government, bureaucracy, and culture. For many in the conquered territories, it was no more than an exchange of masters, one that brought peace to peoples demoralized and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the years of Byzantine-Persian warfare. Local communities were free to continue to follow their own way of life in internal, domestic affairs. In many ways, local populations found Muslim rule more flexible and tolerant than that of Byzantium and Persia. Religious communities were free to practice their faith to worship and be governed by their religious leaders and laws in such areas as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. In exchange, they were required to pay tribute, a poll tax (''jizya'') that entitled them to Muslim protection from outside aggression and exempted them from military service. Thus, they were called the "protected ones" (''dhimmi''). In effect, this often meant lower taxes, greater local autonomy, rule by fellow Semites with closer linguistic and cultural ties than the hellenized, Greco-Roman élites of Byzantium, and greater religious freedom for Jews and indigenous Christians."}}<ref name="Muhibbudin119"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Davutoglu|first1=Ahmet|title=Alternative paradigms : the impact of Islamic and Western Weltanschauungs on political theory|date=1993|publisher=University Press of America|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0819190475|page=160}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Abou El Fadl|first1=Khaled|author-link=Khaled Abou El Fadl|title=The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists|date=2007|publisher=[[HarperOne]]|isbn=978-0061189036|page=204|quote=According to the dhimma status system, non-Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory. Per this system, non-Muslims are exempt from military service, but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests, like being the president or prime minister of the country. In Islamic history, non-Muslims did occupy high positions, especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=A.C. Brown|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown|title=Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=[[Oxford]]|year=2011|isbn=9780199559282|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadveryshor00brow/page/48 48]|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadveryshor00brow/page/48 }}</ref><ref>
* {{cite book|author-link=Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti|first1=Muhammad Saʿid|last1=Ramadan al-Buti|url=https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n0/mode/2up|title=Al-Jihād fī'l-Islām|script-title=ar:الجهاد في الإسلام|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|language=ar|place=[[Damascus]]|date=2005|page=134}} Translation: "The word (''jizya'') ... is defined as the monetary amount that is taken from the People of the Book, and it is taken in exchange of guaranteeing their protection and safety, and considering them to be part of the Islamic society, such that they receive all the rights that are required by the principle of social insurance." ([https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n133/mode/2up online])
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/WAQfisu|first1=al-Sayyid|last1=Sābiq|title=Fiqh al-Sunnah|script-title=ar:فقه السنة|publisher=al-Fatḥ lil-ʾIʿlām al-ʿArabī|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|page=49|volume=3}} Translation: "Its justification: And Islām obligated ''jizya'' on ''dhimmīs'' in parallel with the obligation of ''zakāt'' on Muslims, so that the two groups be equal, since Muslims and ''dhimmīs'' are under the shade of the same banner and they enjoy all of the same rights and they benefit from the state facilities in an equal proportion, ... (also) in exchange for defending the ''dhimmīs'', and guaranteeing their safety in the Muslim country they live in." ([https://archive.org/stream/WAQfisu/03_fisu#page/n47/mode/2up online])
* {{cite book|first1=Rashīd|author-link=Rashid Rida|last1=Riḍā|title=Majallat al-Manār|script-title=ar:مجلة المنار|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|page=433. n°6|volume=12|title-link=Al-Manar (magazine)}} Translation: "The Companions were in their openings (''futūḥāt'') making the ''jizya'' that they put on the ''ahl al-dhimmah'' in exchange for their protection and safety, and for not making them having to defend themselves and their country by themselves, and that's why they were taking it from those who can participate in military service other than those who can't such as the old and women, and so this was from them an explanation and illustration of the intended meaning (behind this word) in the Noble Book. And the Ottomans were calling it for that reason 'Tax in exchange for not participating in military service'."
([https://archive.org/stream/almanaralmanar/almanar12#page/n361/mode/2up online])
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/al-nozom_al-islameyah/al-nozom_al-islameyah#page/n0/mode/2up|first1=Ḥassan ʾIbrāhīm
|last1=Ḥassan|first2=ʿAlī ʾIbrāhīm|last2=Ḥassan|title=al-Nuẓum al-ʾIslāmiyyah|script-title=ar:النظم الإسلامية|publisher=al-Nahḍah al-Miṣriyyah|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|page=230|date=1999}} Quote: «نظير قيامهم بالدفاع عن الذميين وحمايتهم في الاقاليم الإسلامية التي يقيمون فيها.» Translation: "In exchange for (Muslims) defending ''dhimmis'' and protecting them in the Muslim lands where they live." ([https://archive.org/stream/al-nozom_al-islameyah/al-nozom_al-islameyah#page/n245/mode/2up online])
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/027%20%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF#page/n0/mode/2up|first1=Yūsuf|last1=al-Qaraḍāwī|author-link=Yusuf al-Qaradawi|title=Fiqh al-Jihād: Dirāsah Muqāranah li-Aḥkāmih wa Falsafatih fī Ḍawʾ al-Qurʾān wa al-Sunnah.|script-title=ar:فقه الجهاد: دراسة مقارنة لأحكامه وفلسفته في ضوء القرآن والسنة|publisher=Maktabat Wahbah|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|page=850|date=2009|volume=2|isbn=978-977-225-246-6}} 3rd Ed. Translation: "The ''jizya'' is as we've shown, in its primary sense, in exchange for the military protection that the Muslim country guarantees to the ''ahl al-dhimmah''. That's why if this country was incapable of extending such protection to non-Muslims, it will have no right in taking this ''jizya'' or this tax." ([https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/027%20%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF#page/n847/mode/2up online])
</ref> as well as for non-Muslims being exempt from military service,<ref name="Hilmi1"/>{{sfn|Kalin|2013|pp=240–1}}<ref name="ArnoldPoI3"/>{{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=34|ps=. "They replaced the conquered countries, indigenous rulers and armies, but preserved much of their government, bureaucracy, and culture. For many in the conquered territories, it was no more than an exchange of masters, one that brought peace to peoples demoralized and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the years of Byzantine-Persian warfare. Local communities were free to continue to follow their own way of life in internal, domestic affairs. In many ways, local populations found Muslim rule more flexible and tolerant than that of Byzantium and Persia. Religious communities were free to practice their faith to worship and be governed by their religious leaders and laws in such areas as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. In exchange, they were required to pay tribute, a poll tax (''jizya'') that entitled them to Muslim protection from outside aggression and exempted them from military service. Thus, they were called the "protected ones" (''dhimmi''). In effect, this often meant lower taxes, greater local autonomy, rule by fellow Semites with closer linguistic and cultural ties than the hellenized, Greco-Roman élites of Byzantium, and greater religious freedom for Jews and indigenous Christians."}}<ref name="Imara">{{cite book |last1=ʿImāra |first1=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad Imara |url=https://archive.org/stream/ebook_37#page/n0/mode/2up |title=al-Islām wa'l-ʿaqalliyyāt |date=2003 |publisher=Maktabat al-Shurūk al-Dawliyya |location=[[Cairo]] |page=15 |language=ar |script-title=ar:الاسلام والأقليات}} Translation: "And since the ''jizya'' is in exchange for military service, it is taken only from those who are financially capable, and those who are able to take arms and do military service in defense of a country, and it isn't in exchange for not embracing Islam otherwise [the ''jizya''] would have been taken from monks and the clergy .. and also since those who did volunteer to fight with the Muslims, against the Persians and Byzantines, and who professed a religion other than Islam – in the Levant, Iraq, and Egypt – were exempted from the ''jizya'' and shared equally the battle gains with the Muslims..." ([https://archive.org/stream/ebook_37#page/n15/mode/2up online])</ref>{{sfn|Shah|2008|p=19}}{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=75–6}}<ref name="Shibli1">{{cite book|last=Nuʻmānī|first=Shiblī|title=Umar: Makers of Islamic Civilization|author-link=Shibli Nomani|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=London|year=2004|isbn=9781850436706|page=101}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite book|first1=Rashīd|author-link=Rashid Rida|last1=Riḍā|title=Majallat al-Manār|script-title=ar:مجلة المنار|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|page=433. n°6|volume=12|title-link=Al-Manar (magazine)}} Translation: "The Companions were in their openings (''futūḥāt'') making the ''jizya'' that they put on the ''ahl al-dhimmah'' in exchange for their protection and safety, and for not making them having to defend themselves and their country by themselves, and that's why they were taking it from those who can participate in military service other than those who can't such as the old and women, and so this was from them an explanation and illustration of the intended meaning (behind this word) in the Noble Book. And the Ottomans were calling it for that reason 'Tax in exchange for not participating in military service'."
([https://archive.org/stream/almanaralmanar/almanar12#page/n361/mode/2up online])
* {{cite book|last=al-Zuḥaylī|first=Wahbah|author-link=Wahbah al-Zuhayli|url=https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n0/mode/2up|title=ʾĀthar al-ḥarb fī l-fiqh al-Islāmī : dirāsah muqārinah|script-title=ar:آثار الحرب في الفقه الإسلامي : دراسة مقارنة|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|language=ar|location=[[Damascus]]|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57547-453-3|pages=691–692 }} Translation: "The ''jizya'' is taken in exchange for guaranteeing their protection and safety, and in exchange for not participating in military service in defence of the nation and in protecting its citizens." ([https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n689/mode/2up online])
* {{cite book|author-link=Mohammad Salim Al-Awa|first1=Moḥammed|last1=Salīm al-ʿAwā|title=Fī al-Niẓām al-Siyāsā lil-dawlah al-ʾIslāmiyyah|script-title=ar:في النظام السياسي للدولة الإسلامية|publisher=Dār al-Shurūq|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|date=2006|page=247}} Quote: «وأصح أقوال الفقهاء في تعليلها – أنها بدل عن إشترك غير المسلمين في الدفاع عن دار الإسلام، لذلك أسقطها الصحابة والتابعون عاماً قبل منهم الإشتراك في الدفاع عنها» Translation: "And the most correct sayings of the jurists in its (''jizya'') justification – is that it is in exchange for non-Muslims defending the nation, and that's why the Companions and Successors exempted those who joined them in its defense."
* {{cite book|first1=Will|last1=Durant|title=The Story of Civilization: The Age of Faith|volume=4|page=218|quote=This tax fell only upon non-Moslems capable of military service; it was not levied upon monks, women, adolescents, slaves, the old, crippled, blind or very poor. In return the dhimmis were excused (or excluded) from military service, were exempted from the two and a half per cent tax for community charity, and received the protection of the government.}}
</ref> and in exchange for the aid provided to poor dhimmis.<ref name="AbuZahra"/> In a treaty made by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khalid]] with some towns in the neighborhood of Hirah, he writes: "If we protect you, then jizya is due to us; but if we do not, then it is not due."<ref name="ArnoldPoI444">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Walker Arnold|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]|date=1913|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno|pages=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/61 61]|quote=Again, in the treaty made by Khālid with some towns in the neighborhood of Hīrah, he writes: "If we protect you, then ''jizyah'' is due to us; but if we do not, then it is not due."}} ([https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno#page/61/mode/2up online])</ref><ref name="HasanShah220">{{Cite journal|last=Shah|first=Nasim Hasan|year=1988|title=The concept of Al-Dhimmah and the rights and duties of Dhimmis in an Islamic state|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.1080/02666958808716075|issn=0266-6952|page=220}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Zaydān|first=ʿAbd al-Karīm|url=https://archive.org/stream/waq54020/54020#page/n0/mode/2up|title=ʾAḥkām al-Dhimmiyīn wa-l-mustaʾminīn fī dār al-Islām|script-title=ar:أحكام الذميين والمستأمنين في دار الإسلام|publisher=Dār al-Quds – Muʾassassat al-Risālah|language=ar|location=[[Damascus]]|year=1982|page=154 }} Quote: «جاء في صلح خالد بن الوليد ... في منطقة الحيرة، ما يأتي: "... فإن منعناكم فلنا الجزية و إلا فلا ..."» Translation: "It was stated in the peace treaty made by Khālid b. al-Walīd ... in the neighborhood of al-Ḥīrah, what follows: «... If we protect you, then ''jizya'' is due to us; but if we do not, then it is not due...»" ([https://archive.org/stream/waq54020/54020#page/n153/mode/2up online])</ref><ref>[[Shibli Nomani|Nuʿmānī, Shiblī]] (Entry Author), {{cite book|editor=Rashīd Riḍā|editor-link=Rashid Rida|title=Majallat al-Manār|trans-title=Al-Manar|script-title=ar:مجلة المنار|language=ar|location=[[Cairo]]|page=873. n°45|volume=1|title-link=Al-Manar (magazine)}} Translation: "This is a treaty made by Khālid b. al-Walīd ... If we protect you, then jizya is due to us; but if we do not, then it is not due. This was written in the year twelve in [[Safar]]." ([https://archive.org/stream/almanaralmanar/almanar01#page/n872/mode/1up online])</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Yūsuf|last1=al-Qaraḍāwī|author-link=Yusuf al-Qaradawi|title=Ghayr al-Muslimīn fī al-Mujtamaʿ al-ʾIslāmī|script-title=ar:غير المسلمين في المجتمع الاسلامي|url=https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/020%20%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A#page/n0/mode/2up|publisher=Maktabat Wahbah|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|page=62|date=1992|isbn=978-977-7236-55-3}} 3rd Ed. Translation: "Khālid wrote in the treaty that he concluded with some towns in the neighborhood of al-Ḥīrah that: «If we protect you, then ''jizya'' is due to us; but if we do not, then it is not due»." ([https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/020%20%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A#page/n63/mode/2up online])</ref> Early [[Hanafi]] jurist [[Abu Yusuf]] writes:

{{blockquote|'After [[Abu ʿUbaydah]] concluded a peace treaty with the people of [[Syria]] and had collected from them the jizya and the tax for agrarian land (''kharāj''), he was informed that the [[Byzantine Empire|Romans]] were readying for battle against him and that the situation had become critical for him and the Muslims. Abu ʿUbaydah then wrote to the governors of the cities with whom pacts had been concluded that they must return the sums collected from jizya and kharāj and say to their subjects: "We return to you your money because we have been informed that troops are being raised against us. In our agreement you stipulated that we protect you, but we are unable to do so. Therefore, we now return to you what we have taken from you, and we will abide by the stipulation and what has been written down, if God grants us victory over them."'{{sfn|Shaltut|2013|pp=428–9}}<ref name="ArnoldPoI4">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Walker Arnold|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]|date=1913|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno|pages=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/60 60]–1|quote=The Emperor [[Heraclius]] had raised an enormous army with which to drive back the invading forces of the Muslims, who had in consequence to concentrate all their energies on the impending encounter. The Arab general, Abū ʻUbaydah, accordingly wrote to the governors of the conquered cities of Syria, ordering them to pay back all the ''jizyah'' that had been collected from the cities, and wrote to the people, saying, "We give you back the money that we took from you, as we have received news that a strong force is advancing against us. The agreement between us was that we should protect you, and as this is not now in our power, we return you all that we took. But if we are victorious we shall consider ourselves bound to you by the old terms of our agreement." In accordance with this order, enormous sums were paid back out of the state treasury, and the Christians called down blessings on the heads of the Muslims, saying, "May God give you rule over us again and make you victorious over the Romans; had it been they, they would not have given us back anything, but would have taken all that remained with us."}} ([https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno#page/60/mode/2up online])</ref><ref name=Wahbah1>{{cite book|last=al-Zuḥaylī|first=Wahbah|author-link=Wahbah al-Zuhayli|url=https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n0/mode/2up|title=ʾĀthar al-ḥarb fī l-fiqh al-Islāmī : dirāsah muqārinah|script-title=ar:آثار الحرب في الفقه الإسلامي : دراسة مقارنة|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|language=ar|location=[[Damascus]]|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57547-453-3|pages=692–693 }} Translation: "Abu ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarāḥ, when he was informed that the [[Byzantine Empire|Romans]] were readying for battle against him in the boundaries of the Islamic State in the north, Abu ʿUbaydah then wrote to the governors of the cities with whom pacts had been concluded that they must return the sums collected from jizya and kharāj and say to their subjects: "We return to you your money because we have been informed that troops are being raised against us. In our agreement you stipulated that we protect you, but we are unable to do so. Therefore, we now return to you what we have taken from you, and we will abide by the stipulation and what has been written down, if God grants us victory over them." And when they stated that to them, and they returned the sums that they took from them, they (the Christians) said: "May God give you rule over us again and make you victorious over [the Romans]; had it been they, they would not have given us back anything, but would have taken all that remained with us."" ([https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n691/mode/2up online])</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Zaydān|first=ʿAbd al-Karīm|url=https://archive.org/stream/waq54020/54020#page/n0/mode/2up|title=ʾAḥkām al-Dhimmiyīn wa-l-mustaʾminīn fī dār al-Islām|script-title=ar:أحكام الذميين والمستأمنين في دار الإسلام|publisher=Dār al-Quds – Muʾassassat al-Risālah|language=ar|location=[[Damascus]]|year=1982|page=155}} Translation: "Abu ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarāḥ, when he was informed by his governors that the [[Byzantine Empire|Romans]] were readying for battle against him, he then wrote to them that they must return the ''jizya'' that they took from them. And he ordered them to say to their subjects: "We return to you your money because we have been informed that troops are being raised against us. In our agreement you stipulated that we protect you, but we are unable to do so. Therefore, we now return to you what we have taken from you, and we will abide by the stipulation and what has been written down, if God grants us victory over them." ([https://archive.org/stream/waq54020/54020#page/n153/mode/2up online])</ref>}}

In accordance with this order, enormous sums were paid back out of the state treasury,<ref name="ArnoldPoI4" /> and the Christians called down blessings on the heads of the Muslims, saying, "May God give you rule over us again and make you victorious over the Romans; had it been they, they would not have given us back anything, but would have taken all that remained with us."<ref name="ArnoldPoI4" /><ref name=Wahbah1/> Similarly, during the time of the [[Crusades]], [[Saladin]] returned the jizya to the Christians of [[Syria (region)|Syria]] when he was compelled to retract from it.<ref>{{cite book|last=al-Zuḥaylī|first=Wahbah|author-link=Wahbah al-Zuhayli|url=https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n0/mode/2up|title=ʾĀthar al-ḥarb fī l-fiqh al-Islāmī : dirāsah muqārinah|script-title=ar:آثار الحرب في الفقه الإسلامي : دراسة مقارنة|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|language=ar|location=[[Damascus]]|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57547-453-3|page=693 }} Translation: "And this (historical precedents for the ''jizya'' being returned when the state couldn't protect ''ahl al-dhimma'') has an equivalent [during the times] of the [[Crusades]], as such ''[[Saladin|Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn al-Ayyūbī]]'' returned the ''jizya'' to the Christians of [[Syria (region)|Syria]] when he was compelled to retract from it." ([https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n691/mode/2up online])</ref> The Christian tribe of al-Jurajima, in the neighborhood of [[Antioch]], made peace with the Muslims, promising to be their allies and fight on their side in battle, on condition that they should not be called upon to pay jizya and should receive their proper share of the booty.<ref name="ArnoldPoI">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Walker Arnold|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]|date=1913|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno|pages=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/61 61]–2|quote=... the jizyah was levied on the able-bodied males, in lieu of the military service they would have been called upon to perform had they been Musalmans; and it is very noticeable that when any Christian people served in the Muslim army, they were exempted from the payment of this tax. Such was the case with the tribe of al-Jurājima, a Christian tribe in the neighborhood of Antioch who made peace with the Muslims, promising to be their allies and fight on their side in battle, on condition that they should not be called upon to pay jizyah and should receive their proper share of the booty.}} ([https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno?ui=embed#page/60/mode/2up online])</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Yūsuf|last1=al-Qaraḍāwī|author-link=Yusuf al-Qaradawi|title=Ghayr al-Muslimīn fī al-Mujtamaʿ al-ʾIslāmī|script-title=ar:غير المسلمين في المجتمع الاسلامي|url=https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/020%20%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A#page/n0/mode/2up|publisher=Maktabat Wahbah|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|page=63|date=1992|isbn=978-977-7236-55-3}} 3rd Ed. Translation: "It is very clear that any Christian group who joined the service of the Muslim army was exempted from this tax, just as is the case with the tribe of «al-Jurājima», a Christian tribe near Antioch, who made peace with the Muslims, promising to be their allies, and fight on their side in battle, on condition that they should be exempted from [the payment of] the ''jizya'', and should receive their proper share of the booty." ([https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/020%20%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A#page/n63/mode/2up online])</ref> The [[Oriental Studies|orientalist]] [[Thomas Walker Arnold]] writes that even Muslims were made to pay a tax if they were exempted from military service, like non-Muslims.<ref name="ArnoldPoI0001">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Walker Arnold|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]|date=1913|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno|pages=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/62 62]–3|quote=On the other hand, when the Egyptian peasants, although Muslim in faith, were made exempt from military service, a tax was imposed upon them as on the Christians, in lieu thereof.}} ([https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno?ui=embed#page/62/mode/2up online])</ref><ref name="NasimShah221">{{Cite journal|last=Shah|first=Nasim Hasan|year=1988|title=The concept of Al-Dhimmah and the rights and duties of Dhimmis in an Islamic state|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.1080/02666958808716075|issn=0266-6952|page=221}}</ref> Thus, the [[Shafi'i]] scholar [[al-Khaṭīb ash-Shirbīniy]] states: "Military service is not obligatory for non-Muslims – especially for dhimmis since they give jizya so that we protect and defend them, and not so that he defends us."<ref>{{cite book|last=al-Zuḥaylī|first=Wahbah|author-link=Wahbah al-Zuhayli|url=https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n0/mode/2up|title=ʾĀthar al-ḥarb fī l-fiqh al-Islāmī : dirāsah muqārinah|script-title=ar:آثار الحرب في الفقه الإسلامي : دراسة مقارنة|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|language=ar|location=[[Damascus]]|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57547-453-3|page=692 }} Translation: "The [[Shafi'i]] scholar [[al-Khaṭīb ash-Shirbīniy]] stated: «Military service is not obligatory for non-Muslims -- especially for a ''dhimmi'' since he gives the ''jizya'' so that we protect and defend him, and not so that he defends us.»" ([https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n691/mode/2up online])</ref> [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] states that there is a consensus amongst Islamic jurists that jizya is in exchange for military service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/contemporary/2005/07/article01a.shtml|language=ar|first=Mohammad Salim|last=Al-Awa|author-link=Mohammad Salim Al-Awa|title=Nidhām ʾAhl al-Dhimma, Ruʾyah Islāmiyah Muʿāssira|script-title=ar:نظام أهل الذمة: رؤية إسلامية معاصرة|date=2005-07-13| quote=Jizya is in exchange for military service, and the companions and successors exempted it from non-Muslims who joined Muslims in defending the nation, just as the Imam Ibn Hajar pointed in his commentary on al-Bukhari, ''Fath al-Bari'', and he relates that [opinion] – and indeed this is correct – to the majority of jurists.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604103025/http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/contemporary/2005/07/article01a.shtml|archive-date=2009-06-04|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref> In the case of war, jizya is seen as an option to end [[Hostility|hostilities]]. According to [[Abul Kalam Azad|Abu Kalam Azad]], one of the main objectives of jizya was to facilitate a [[peace]]ful solution to hostility, since non-Muslims who engaged in fighting against Muslims were thereby given the option of making peace by agreeing to pay jizya. In this sense, jizya is seen as a means by which to legalize the cessation of war and military conflict with non-Muslims.<ref>Mun'im Sirry (2014), ''Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions'', p. 178. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0199359363}}.</ref> In a similar vein, [[Mahmud Shaltut]] states that "jizya was never intended as payment in return for one's life or retaining one's religion, it was intended as a symbol to signify yielding, an end of hostility and a participation in shouldering the burdens of the state."{{sfn|Shaltut|2013|pp=14–5}}

===Other rationales===
Modern scholars have also suggested other rationales for the Jizya, both in a historic context, and, among modern Islamist thinkers, as a justification for the use of Jizya in a modern context,<ref name=cornell>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Vincent J. Cornell|title=Jizyah|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0421|url-access=subscription|isbn=9780195305135}}</ref><ref name="esposito-shahin-149">{{cite book|last=[[John Esposito]] and [[Emad Shahin|Emad El-Din Shahin]]|title=The Oxford handbook of Islam and politics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford, UK|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-539589-1|pages=149–50|quote=One of Mawdudi's most significant legacies was the reintroduction into the modern world — and into modern language — of an idealized vision of the Islamic community. [...] Non-Muslims in the Muslim state would be categorized, in classical terms, as dhimmis, a protected class; would be restricted from holding high political office; would have to pay the jizyah poll tax; ...}}</ref> including:

*as a symbol of humiliation to remind dhimmis of their status as a conquered people and their subjection to Islamic laws<ref name=anv/>
*as a financial and political incentive for ''dhimmis'' to convert to Islam.<ref name=anveremon>{{cite book|author=Anver M. Emon|title=Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law|date=26 July 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199661633|pages=99–109}}</ref><ref name=anv>{{cite book|author=Anver M. Emon|title=Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFbWEPGx7SkC&dq=the+jizya+offered+non-Muslims+an+incentive+to+convert+to+Islam&pg=PA105|date=26 July 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199661633|pages=105|quote=As al-Mwardi indicated, the jizya served a complex set of purposes: (1) the jizya permitted the inclusion of non-Muslims in the polity and the retention of their faith; (2) the jizya reminded the dhimmis of their humiliated status as a conquered people (adhillä' maqhürin) and their subjection to Islamic law; and (3) the jizya offered non-Muslims an incentive to convert to Islam.}}</ref> The Muslim jurist and theologian [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] suggested in his interpretation of Q.9:29 that jizya is an [[incentive]] to convert. Taking it is not intended to preserve the existence of disbelief (''kufr'') in the world. Rather, he argues, jizya allows the non-Muslim to live amongst Muslims and take part in Islamic civilization in the hope that the non-Muslim will convert to Islam.<ref>[[Jane Dammen McAuliffe]], "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi on Ayat al-Jizya and Ayat al-Sayf", in Conversion and Continuity: Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands, Eight to Eighteenth Centuries, eds. Michael Gervers and Ramzi Jibran Bikhazi (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1990), pp. 103–19.</ref>
*as a substantial source of revenue for at least some times and places (such as the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad era]]) and as economically inconsequential in others.<ref name=RGHIGP2015:199/>{{sfn|Ahmed|1975}}
*Asma Afsaruddin also writes that around the end of the 8th century CE, "payment of the jizyah began to be conceptualized by a number of influential jurists as a marker of inferior socio-legal status for the non-Muslim", as "earlier tolerant attitudes toward non-Muslims began to harden".<ref name="Britannica-Afsaruddin"/>
*[[Sayyid Qutb]] saw it as punishment for "[[polytheism]]".
*Modern Pakistani scholars have taking the stance of viewing the badge of humiliation or as a mercy for non-Muslims for the protection given to them by the Muslims.{{efn|In view of the general body of the [[Faqīh|Fuquha]], it is imposed upon the non-Muslims as a badge of humiliation for their unbelief, or by way of mercy for protection given to them by the Muslims.{{sfn|Ahmed|1975}}}}
*Abdul Rahman Doi has interpreted it as a counterpart of the [[zakat]] tax paid by Muslims.<ref name=cornell/>
*The 11th century jurist [[Ibn Hazm]] elaborates; "Allah has established the infidel's ownership of their property only for the institution of booty for Muslims".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Dg4AAAAIAAJ|title=Etudes d'Orientalisme dédiées à la mémoire de Lévi-Provençal, Vol. II|date=1962 |page=457}}</ref>
*Muslim Jurist [[Malik ibn Anas]]'s al-Muwatta declares that "Zakat is imposed on the Muslims to purify them and to be given back to their poor, whereas jizya is imposed on the people of the Book to humble them (to show they are subjects of the state)."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJNgCwAAQBAJ |title=The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise |date=9 February 2016 |page=209|publisher=Open Road Media |isbn=9781504034692}}</ref>

==In the Qur'an==
Jizya is sanctioned by the Qur'an based on the following verse:

{{Verse translation|qātilū-lladhīna lā yuʾminūna bi-llāhi wa-lā bi-l-yawmi-l-ākhir, wa-lā yuḥarrimūna mā ḥarrama-llāhu wa-rasūluh, wa-lā yadīnūna dīna'l-ḥaqq, ḥattā yu'ṭū-l-jizyata 'an yadin, wa-hum ṣāghirūn|Fight those who believe not in God and in the Last Day, and who do not forbid what God and His Messenger have forbidden, and who follow not the Religion of Truth among those who were given the Book, till they pay the jizyah with a willing hand, being humbled.|attr2=translated via ''[[The Study Quran]]''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nasr|first1=Seyyed Hossein|last2=Dagli|first2=Caner K.|last3=Dakake|first3=Maria Massi|last4=Lumbard|first4=Joseph E.B.|last5=Rustom|first5=Mohammed|title=The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2015}}</ref><ref>See alternative translation via {{harvnb|Abdel-Haleem|2012|p=83}}:
"Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.
"</ref>|attr1={{qref|9|29|b=yl}}}}

1. "Fight those who believe not in God and the Last Day" (''qātilū-lladhīna lā yuʾminūna bi-llāhi wa-lā bi-l-yawmi-l-ākhir'').

Commenting on this verse, [[Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti]] says:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramadan al-Buti|first1=Muhammad Saʿid|url=https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n0/mode/2up|title=Al-Jihād fī'l-Islām|date=2005|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|place=[[Damascus]]|pages=101–102|language=ar|script-title=ar:الجهاد في الإسلام|author-link=Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti}} (Translation): "The verse commands ''qitāl'' (قتال) and not ''qatl'' (قتل), and it is known that there is a big distinction between these two words{{nbsp}}... For you say ''qataltu'' (قتلت) so-and-so if you initiated the fighting, while you say ''qātaltu'' (قاتلت) him if you resisted his effort to fight you by a reciprocal fight, or if you forestalled him in that so that he would not get at you unawares." ([https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n100/mode/2up online])</ref><blockquote>[T]he verse commands ''qitāl'' ({{Langx|ar|قتال|label=none}}) and not ''qatl'' ({{Langx|ar|قتل|label=none}}), and it is known that there is a big distinction between these two words{{nbsp}}... For you say {{'}}''qataltu'' ({{Langx|ar|قتلت|label=none}}) so-and-so{{'}} if you initiated the fighting, while you say {{'}}''qātaltu'' ({{Langx|ar|قاتلت|label=none}}) him{{'}} if you resisted his effort to fight you by a reciprocal fight, or if you forestalled him in that so that he would not get at you unawares.</blockquote>[[Muhammad Abdel-Haleem]] writes that there is nothing in the Qur'an to say that not believing in God and the Last Day is in itself grounds for fighting anyone.{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=72–4}} Whereas [[Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati|Abū Ḥayyān]] states "they are so described because their way [of acting] is the way of those who do not believe in God,"{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=72–4}} Ahmad Al-Maraghī comments:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmad b. Muṣṭafā|first=Al-Maraghī|url=https://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%8A|title=Tafsīr Al-Maraghī|volume=10|page=95|language=ar|script-title=ar:تفسير المراغي}} Quote: «[https://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%8A/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9#.5B.D8.B3.D9.88.D8.B1.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D9.88.D8.A8.D8.A9_.289.29:_.D8.A2.D9.8A.D8.A9_29.5D أي قاتلوا من ذكروا حين وجود ما يقتضى القتال كالاعتداء عليكم أو على بلادكم أو اضطهادكم وفتنتكم عن دينكم أو تهديد منكم وسلامتكم كما فعل بكم الروم وكان ذلك سببا لغزوة تبوك]» Translation: "That is, fight those mentioned when the conditions which necessitate fighting are present, namely, aggression against you or your country, oppression and persecution against you on account of your faith, or threatening your safety and security, as was committed against you by the Byzantines, which was what led to Tabuk."</ref><blockquote>[F]ight those mentioned when the conditions which necessitate fighting are present, namely, aggression against you or your country, oppression and persecution against you on account of your faith, or threatening your safety and security, as was committed against you by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], which was what led to [[Battle of Tabouk|Tabuk]].</blockquote>

2. "Do not forbid what God and His Messenger have forbidden" (''wa-lā yuḥarrimūna mā ḥarrama-llāhu wa-rasūluh'').

The closest and most viable cause must relate to ''jizya'', that is, unlawfully consuming what belongs to the Muslim state, which, [[Al-Baydawi|al-Bayḍāwī]] explains, "it has been decided that they should give,"{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=72–4}}<ref>[[Al-Baydawi|Al-Bayḍawī]], Tafsīr (2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1988), vol. 1, p. 401.</ref> since their own scriptures and prophets forbid breaking agreements and not paying what is due to others. His Messenger in this verse has been interpreted by exegetes as referring to [[Muhammad|Muḥammad]] or the [[People of the Book]]'s own earlier messengers, [[Moses]] or Jesus. According to Abdel-Haleem, the latter must be the correct interpretation as it is already assumed that the People of the Book did not believe in Muḥammad or forbid what he forbade, so that they are condemned for not obeying their own prophet, who told them to honour their agreements.{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=72–4}}

3. "Who do not embrace the true faith" or "behave according to the rule of justice" (''wa-lā yadīnūna dīna'l-ḥaqq'').

A number of translators have rendered the text as "those who do not embrace the true faith/follow the religion of truth" or some variation thereof.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [[Muhammad Abdel-Haleem]] argues against this translation, preferring instead to render ''dīna'l-ḥaqq'' as 'rule of justice'.

The main meaning of the Arabic ''dāna'' is 'he obeyed', and one of the many meanings of ''dīn'' is 'behaviour' (''al-sīra wa'l-ʿāda'').{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=72–4}} The famous Arabic [[Lexicography|lexicographer]] [[Fairuzabadi|Fayrūzabādī]] (d. 817/1415), gives more than twelve meanings for the word ''dīn'', placing the meaning 'worship of God, religion' lower in the list.{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=72–4}}<ref>Fayrūzabādī, ''al-Qamūs al-muḥīṭ'', reprint (4 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1952), vol. 4, p. 227.</ref> ''Al-Muʿjam al-wasīṭ'' gives the following definition: "'dāna' is to be in the habit of doing something good or bad; 'dāna bi- something' is to take it as a religion and worship God through it." Thus, when the verb ''dāna'' is used in the sense of 'to believe' or 'to practise a religion', it takes the preposition ''bi''- after it (e.g. ''dāna bi'l-Islām'') and this is the only usage in which the word means religion.{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=72–4}}<ref>''Al-Muʿjam al-wasīṭ'' (Cairo: Majmaʿ al-Lugha al-ʿArabiyya, 1972); al-Rāzī, ''al-Tafsīr al-kabīr'', vol. 8, p. 29.</ref> The jizya verse does not say ''lā yadīnūna bi-dīni'l-ḥaqq'', but rather ''lā yadīnūna dīna'l-ḥaqq''.{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=72–4}} Abdel-Haleem thus concludes that the meaning that fits the jizya verse is thus 'those who do not follow the way of justice (''al-ḥaqq'')', i.e. by breaking their agreement and refusing to pay what is due.{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=72–4}}

4. "Until they pay jizya with their own hands" (''ḥattā yu'ṭū-l-jizyata 'an yadin'').

Here ''ʿan yad'' (from/for/at hand), is interpreted by some to mean that they should pay directly, without intermediary and without delay. Others say that it refers to its reception by Muslims and means "generously" as in "with an open hand," since the taking of the jizya is a form of munificence that averted a state of conflict.<ref>[[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]] (2015), ''The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary'', {{ISBN|0061125865}}. Quote: "Here with a willing hand renders ʿan yad (lit. "from/for/at hand"), which some interpret to mean that they should pay directly, without intermediary and without delay (R). Others say that it refers to its reception by Muslims and means "generously" as in "with an open hand," since the taking of the jizyah is a form of munificence that averted a state of conflict (Q, R, Z)."</ref> al-Ṭabarī gives only one explanation: that 'it means "from their hands to the hands of the receiver" just as we say "I spoke to him mouth to mouth", we also say, "I gave it to him hand to hand"'.{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=75–6, 77}} [[M.J. Kister]] understands '''an yad'' to be a reference to the "ability and sufficient means" of the ''dhimmi''.<ref>M.J. Kister "'An yadin (Qur'an IX/29): An Attempt at Interpretation," Arabica 11 (1964):272–278.</ref> Similarly, [[Rashid Rida]] takes the word ''Yad'' in a metaphorical sense and relates the phrase to the financial ability of the person liable to pay jizya.{{sfn|Shah|2008|p=19}}

5. "While they are subdued" (''wa-hum ṣāghirūn'').

[[Mark R. Cohen]] writes that 'while they are subdued' was interpreted by many to mean the "humiliated state of the non-Muslims".{{sfn|Cohen|2008|p=56}} According to Ziauddin Ahmed, in the view of the majority of ''Fuqahā'' (Islamic jurists), the jizya was levied on non-Muslims in order to humiliate them for their unbelief.{{sfn|Ahmed|1975|p=293}} In contrast, Abdel-Haleem writes that this notion of humiliation runs contrary to verses such as, ''Do not dispute with the People of the Book except in the best manner'' (Q 29:46), and the Prophetic ''ḥadīth'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2076|title=Sahih al-Bukhari 2076 – Sales and Trade – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com}}</ref> 'May God have mercy on the man who is liberal and easy-going (''samḥ'') when he buys, when he sells, and when he demands what is due to him'.{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=75–6, 77}} [[Al-Shafi'i]], the founder of the Shafi'i school of law, wrote that a number of scholars explained this last expression to mean that "Islamic rulings are enforced on them."<ref>[[Al-Shafi'i]], ''Kitabul Umm'', 4/219. Quote: «.وَسَمِعْت عَدَدًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ الصَّغَارُ أَنْ يَجْرِيَ عَلَيْهِمْ حُكْمُ الْإِسْلَامِ» Translation: "And I heard a number of the people of knowledge state that ''al-sighar'' means that Islamic rulings are enforced on them."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=al-Zuḥaylī|first=Wahbah|url=https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n0/mode/2up|title=ʾĀthar al-ḥarb fī l-fiqh al-Islāmī : dirāsah muqārinah|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57547-453-3|location=[[Damascus]]|page=705|language=ar|script-title=ar: آثار الحرب في الفقه الإسلامي : دراسة مقارنة|author-link=Wahbah al-Zuhayli}} Quote: «لا أن يضربوا و لا يؤذوا قال الشافعي: [...] و الصغار : أن يجري عليهم الحكم» Translation: "al-Shafi'i said: [...] And ''aṣ-Ṣaghār'' means that rulings are enforced on them, it does not mean that they should be beaten or be harmed." ([https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n703/mode/2up online])</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/027%20%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF#page/n0/mode/2up|first=Yūsuf|last=al-Qaraḍāwī|author-link=Yusuf al-Qaradawi|title=Fiqh al-Jihād: Dirāsah Muqāranah li-Aḥkāmih wa Falsafatih fī Ḍawʾ al-Qurʾān wa al-Sunnah.|script-title=ar:فقه الجهاد: دراسة مقارنة لأحكامه وفلسفته في ضوء القرآن والسنة|publisher=Maktabat Wahbah|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|page=831|date=2009|isbn=978-977-225-246-6|volume=2|edition=3}} Quote: «وليس معنى: [[File:Ra bracket.png|frameless|20x20px]] [[File:La bracket.png|frameless|20x20px]] Translation: "And it is not the case that the meaning of: "... while they are ''ṣāghirūn''" is to humiliate them, and making them feel shame, like some may misunderstand, but [the meaning] is as Imām Shāfiʿī explained, that (''aṣ-Ṣaghār'') means that Islamic rulings are enforced on them, and he narrated this from the scholars, so he stated: (I heard a number of the people of knowledge state: ''aṣ-Ṣaghār'' means that Islamic rulings are enforced on them...)" ([https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/027%20%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF#page/n827/mode/2up online])</ref> This understanding is reiterated by the [[Hanbali]] jurist [[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya]], who interprets ''wa-hum ṣāghirūn'' as making all subjects of the state obey the law and, in the case of the [[People of the Book]], pay the jizya.{{sfn|Kalin|2013|pp=240–1}}

==In the classical era==

===Liability and exemptions===

Rules for liability and exemptions of jizya formulated by jurists in the early [[Abbasid]] period appear to have remained generally valid thereafter.{{sfn|Cahen|loc=p. 561|ps=. "A certain number of rules formulated during the 'Abbasid period appear to be generally valid from that time onwards. Jizya is only levied on those who are male, adult, free, capable and able-bodied, so that children, old men, women, invalids, slaves, beggars, the sick and the mentally deranged are excluded. Foreigners are exempt from it on condition that they do not settle permanently in the country. Inhabitants of frontier districts who at certain times could be enrolled in military expeditions even if not Muslim (Mardaites, Amenians, etc.), were released from jizya for the year in question."}}{{sfn|Lambton|2013|p=205|ps=. "These rules, formulated by the jurists in the early 'Abbasid period, appear to have remained generally valid thereafter."}}

Islamic jurists required adult, free, sane, able-bodied males of military age with no religious functions among the dhimma community to pay the jizya,<ref name="Hilmi1"/> while exempting women, children, elders, handicapped, monks, hermits, the poor, the ill, the insane, slaves,<ref name="Hilmi1"/><ref name="waelhallaq"/>{{sfn|Ellethy|2014|p=181|ps=. "[...] the insignificant amount of this yearly tax, the fact that it was progressive, that elders, poor people, handicapped, women, children, monks and hermits were exempted, leave no doubt about exploitation or persecution of those who did not accept Islam. Comparing its amount to the obligatory zaka which an ex-dhimmi should give to the Muslim state in case he converts to Islam dismisses the claim that its aim was forced conversions to Islam."}}<ref name="Islamic Law 1250"/><ref name="Disability in Islamic law"/> as well as [[musta'mins]] (non-Muslim foreigners who only temporarily reside in Muslim lands)<ref name="waelhallaq"/> and converts to Islam.{{sfn|Lambton|2013|pp=204–205}} Dhimmis who chose to join military service were exempted from payment.<ref name="Abdel-Haleem2010" />{{sfn|Ellethy|2014|p=181|ps=. "[...] the insignificant amount of this yearly tax, the fact that it was progressive, that elders, poor people, handicapped, women, children, monks and hermits were exempted, leave no doubt about exploitation or persecution of those who did not accept Islam. Comparing its amount to the obligatory zaka which an ex-dhimmi should give to the Muslim state in case he converts to Islam dismisses the claim that its aim was forced conversions to Islam."}}<ref name="Mapel, Nardin"/><ref name="ArnoldPoI" />{{sfn|Shah|2008|pp=19–20}} If anyone could not afford this tax, they would not have to pay anything.{{sfn|Ellethy|2014|p=181|ps=. "[...] the insignificant amount of this yearly tax, the fact that it was progressive, that elders, poor people, handicapped, women, children, monks and hermits were exempted, leave no doubt about exploitation or persecution of those who did not accept Islam. Comparing its amount to the obligatory zaka which an ex-dhimmi should give to the Muslim state in case he converts to Islam dismisses the claim that its aim was forced conversions to Islam."}}{{sfn|Kalin|2013|pp=240–1}}{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|pp=75–6, 77}} Sometimes a dhimmi was exempted from jizya if he rendered some valuable services to the state.<ref name="NasimShah221"/>

The [[Hanafi]] scholar [[Abu Yusuf]] wrote, "slaves, women, children, the old, the sick, monks, hermits, the insane, the blind and the poor, were exempt from the tax"{{sfn|Stillman|1979|pp=159–161}} and states that jizya should not be collected from those who have neither income nor any property, but survive by begging and from alms.{{sfn|Stillman|1979|pp=159–161}} The [[Hanbali]] jurist [[Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la|al-Qāḍī Abū Yaʿlā]] states, "there is no jizya upon the poor, the old, and the chronically ill".<ref>[[Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la|al-Qāḍī Abū Yaʿlā]], ''al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyyah'', p. 160. Quote: «وتسقط الجزية عن الفقير وعن الشيخ وعن الزَمِن [أي صاحب العاهة]» Translation: "There is no jizya upon the poor, the old, and the chronically ill."</ref> Historical reports tell of exemptions granted by the second caliph '[[Umar]] to an old blind Jew and others like him.<ref name="Hilmi1"/>{{sfn|Dagli|2013|pp=82–3}}<ref name="Sabir1">{{cite book|last1=Ṭaʿīmah|first1=Ṣābir|url=https://archive.org/stream/fath39210/islam-wa-alakhar#page/n0/mode/2up|title=al-Islām wa'l-ʿĀkhar — Dirāsah ʿan Waḍʿiyat Ghayr al-Muslimīn fī Mujtamaʿāt al-Muslimīn|date=2008|publisher=Maktabat al-Rushd|location=[[Riyadh]]|page=499|script-title=ar:الإسلام والآخر — دراسة عن وضعية غير المسلمين في مجتمعات المسلمين}} Quote: «وقصته رضي الله عنه مشهورة مع اليهودي الذي رآه على باب متسولاً، وهو يقول: شيخ كبير ضرير البصر، فضرب عضده من خلفه وقال: من أي أهل الكتاب أنت؟ قال: يهودي، قال: فما ألجأك إلي ما أرى؟ قال: أسأل الجزية والحاجة والسن، قال: فأخذ عمر بيده وذهب به إلى منزله فرضخ له بشيء من المنزل، ثم أرسل إلى خازن بيت المال فقال: انظر هذا وضرباءه فوالله ما أنصفناه، أن أكلنا شبيبته ثم نخذله عند الهرم، وقرأ الآية الكريمة: [[File:Ra_bracket.png|frameless|20x20px]]إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَاءِ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَالْعَامِلِينَ عَلَيْهَا وَالْمُؤَلَّفَةِ قُلُوبُهُمْ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ وَالْغَارِمِينَ وَفِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ ۖ فَرِيضَةً مِّنَ اللَّهِ ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ[[File:La_bracket.png|frameless|20x20px]] [التوبة : ٦٠] والفقراء هم المسلمون، وهذا من المساكين من أهل الكتاب، ووضع عنه الجزية وعن ضربائه» Translation: "And his [ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb] – May God be pleased with him – famous story with the Jew that he saw by a door begging, while stating: 'An old man, blind sight'. ʿUmar then asked him, 'So why are you begging?' 'I am begging for money', the man said, 'so I can pay the ''jizya'' and fulfill my needs'. ʿUmar took him by the hand and led him to his home and gave him gifts and money, then he sent him to the treasurer of the public treasury (''Bayt al-Mal'') and said, 'Take care of him and those like him, for by God, we have not treated him fairly if we benefited from him in his younger days but left him helpless in his old age! Then he recited the verse, "Alms-tax is only for the poor and the needy, for those employed to administer it, for those whose hearts are attracted ˹to the faith˺, for ˹freeing˺ slaves, for those in debt, for Allah's cause, and for ˹needy˺ travellers. ˹This is˺ an obligation from Allah. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise." {{qref|9|60|b=y|s=y}} and the poor are amongst the Muslims and this one is from the needy amongst the People of the Book.' So ʿUmar exempted him and those like him from payment of the ''jizya''." ([https://archive.org/stream/fath39210/islam-wa-alakhar#page/n499/mode/2up online])</ref>{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|p=80}}<ref name="Tahir-ul-Qadri">{{cite book|first1=Muhammad|last1=Tahir-ul-Qadri|author-link=Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri|date=2011|title=Fatwa on Terrorism and Suicide Bombings|pages=150–2|location=London|publisher=[[Minhaj-ul-Quran UK|Minhaj-ul-Quran]]|isbn=978-0-9551888-9-3|title-link=Fatwa on Terrorism}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=al-Zuḥaylī|first=Wahbah|url=https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n0/mode/2up|title=ʾĀthar al-ḥarb fī l-fiqh al-Islāmī : dirāsah muqārinah|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57547-453-3|location=[[Damascus]]|page=700|language=ar|script-title=ar:آثار الحرب في الفقه الإسلامي : دراسة مقارنة|author-link=Wahbah al-Zuhayli}} Quote: «ما روي عن سيدنا عمر رضي الله عنه: أنه مر بشيخ من أهل الذمة يسأل على أبواب المساجد بسبب الجزية و الحاجة و السن، فقال: ما أنصفناك كنا أخذنا منك الجزية في شبيبتك ثم ضيعناك في كبرك، ثم أجرى عليه من بيت المال ما يصلحه، و وضع عنه الجزية و عن ضربائه.» Translation: "What was narrated from Sayyiduna ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb – May God be pleased with him – : That he passed by an old man from the dhimma community who was begging in front of the doors of the mosques because of [the need to pay] jizya and fulfill his needs and his old age, so he [ʿUmar] said: 'We have not done justice to you in taking from you when you were young and forsaking you in your old age', so he gave him a regular pension from the Bayt al-Māl (Public Treasury), and he exempted him and his likes from the jizya." ([https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n699/mode/2up online])</ref><ref name="Ihsan2"/> The [[Maliki]] scholar [[Al-Qurtubi]] writes that, "there is a consensus amongst [[Ulama|Islamic scholars]] that jizya is to be taken only from heads of free men past puberty, who are the ones fighting, but not from women, the children, the slaves, the insane, and the dying old."<ref>[[Al-Qurtubi]], ''[[Al-Jami li-Ahkam al-Qur'an|Al-Jami' li Ahkam al-Qur'an]]'', vol.8, p. 72. Quote: «قال علماؤنا: الذي دل عليه القرآن أن الجزية تؤخذ من المقاتلين... وهذا إجماع من العلماء على أن الجزية إنما توضع على جماجم الرجال الأحرار البالغين، وهم الذين يقاتلون دون النساء والذرية والعبيد والمجانين المغلوبين على عقولهم والشيخ الفاني» Translation: "Our scholars have said: that which the Qurʾān has indicated is that the jizya is taken from fighters ... and there is a consensus amongst scholars that the jizya be only placed on the heads of free men who have reached puberty, who are the ones fighting with the exclusion of women and children and slaves and the crazy insane and the dying old man."</ref> The 13th century [[Shafi'i]] scholar [[Al-Nawawi|Al-Nawawī]] wrote that a "woman, a hermaphrodite, a slave even when partially enfranchised, a minor and a lunatic are exempt from ''jizya''."<ref name="Nawawi-Ar">[[Al-Nawawi|Al-Nawawī]], ''Minhaj al-Talibin'', 3:277.</ref><ref name="Nawawi-En">{{cite book|author=[[Al-Nawawi|Al-Nawawī]] (Translated by E.C. Howard)|title=Minhaj et talibin: a manual of Muhammadan law|publisher=Adam Publishers|year=2005|isbn=978-81-7435-249-1|pages=337–8}}</ref> The 14th century Hanbali scholar [[Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya|Ibn Qayyim]] wrote, "And there is no Jizya upon the aged, one suffering from chronic disease, the blind, and the patient who has no hope of recovery and has despaired of his health, even if they have enough."<ref>[[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya]], ''Ahkam Ahl al-Dhimma'', 1/16. Quote: «ولا جزية على شيخ فان ولا زمن ولا أعمى ولا مريض لا يرجى برؤه، بل قد أيس من صحته، وإن كانوا موسرين: وهذا مذهب أحمد وأصحابه، وأبي حنيفة، ومالك، والشافعي في أحد أمواله، لأن هؤلاء لا يقتلون ولا يقاتلون، فلا تجب عليهم الجزية كالنساء والذرية.» Translation: "And there is no Jizya upon the aged, one suffering from chronic disease, the blind, and the patient who has no hope of recovery and has despaired of his health, even if they have enough: And this is the opinion of Ahmad and his followers, and Abū Ḥanīfah, Malik, and al-Shafi'i in one narration, since those do not fight and aren't fought, and so the jizya is exempted from them such as women and children."</ref> Ibn Qayyim adds, referring to the four [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Madhhab|maddhabs]]: "There is no Jizya on the kids, women and the insane. This is the view of the [[Imam#Sunni Imams|four imams]] and their followers. Ibn Mundhir said, 'I do not know anyone to have differed with them.' [[Ibn Qudamah|Ibn Qudama]] said in al-Mughni, 'We do not know of any difference of opinion among the learned on this issue."<ref>[[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya]], ''Ahkam Ahl Al-Dhimma'', 1/14. Quote: «ولا جزية على صبي ولا امرأة ولا مجنون: هذا مذهب الأئمة الأربعة وأتباعهم. قال ابن المنذر: ولا أعلم عن غيرهم خلافهم. وقال أبو محمد ابن قدامة في " المغنى " : (لا نعلم بين أهل العلم خلافا في هذا) .» Translation: "There is no Jizya on the kids, women and the insane: This is the view of the [[Imam#Sunni Imams|four imams]] and their followers. Ibn Mundhir said, 'I do not know anyone to have differed with them.' [[Ibn Qudamah|Abu Muhammad Ibn Qudama]] said in 'al-Mughni', 'We do not know of any difference of opinion among the learned on this issue.'"</ref> In contrast, the Shāfi'ī jurist [[Al-Nawawi|Al-Nawawī]] wrote: "Our school insists upon the payment of the poll-tax by sickly persons, old men, even if decrepit, blind men, monks, workmen, and poor persons incapable of exercising a trade. As for people who seem to be insolvent at the end of the year, the sum of the poll tax remained as debt to their account until they should become solvent."<ref name="Nawawi-Ar"/><ref name="Nawawi-En"/> [[Abu Hanifa]], in one of his opinions, and Abu Yusuf held that monks were subject to jizya if they worked.{{sfn|Lambton|2013|loc=p. 205|ps=. "Monks were exempted according to some jurists, but Abu Hanifa and Abu Yusuf hold that they paid jizya if they worked."}} Ibn Qayyim stated that the ''dhahir'' opinion of Ibn Hanbal is that peasants and cultivators were also exempted from jizya.<ref>[[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya]], ''Ahkam Ahl Al-Dhimma'', 1/17. Quote: «وأما الفلاحون الذين لا يقاتلون والحراثون [...] وظاهر كلام أحمد أنه لا جزية عليهم» Translation: "As for peasants who do not fight ... the ''dhahir'' from the writings of Ahmad [ibn Hanbal] is that there is no jizya [on them]."</ref>

Though ''jizya'' was mandated initially for [[People of the Book]] (Judaism, Christianity, [[Sabianism]]), it was extended by Islamic jurists to all non-Muslims.<ref>Seed, Patricia. ''Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492–1640'', [[Cambridge University Press]], Oct 27, 1995, pp. 79–80.</ref><ref name="al-Yaqoubi1">{{Cite book|last=Al-Yaqoubi|first=Muhammad|author-link=Muhammad al-Yaqoubi|year=2015|title=Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations|pages=54–5|publisher=Sacred Knowledge|isbn=978-1908224125|title-link=Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations }}</ref> Thus Muslim rulers in India, with the exception of [[Akbar]], collected ''jizya'' from [[Hindu]]s, [[Buddhists]], [[Jainism|Jains]] and [[Sikh]]s under their rule.<ref name=markovits>Markovits, C. (Ed.). (2002). ''A History of Modern India: 1480–1950''. Anthem Press; pages 28–39, 89–127</ref>{{nonspecific|date=February 2016}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate : a political and military history|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3|pages=282–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=Emperors of the peacock throne : the saga of the great Mughals|url=https://archive.org/details/emperorspeacockt00eral|url-access=limited|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|location=New York|year=2000|isbn=978-0-14-100143-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/emperorspeacockt00eral/page/n400 401]–6}}</ref> While early Islamic scholars like Abu Hanifa and Abu Yusuf stated that jizya should be imposed on all non-Muslims without distinction, some later and more extremist jurists do not permit jizya for idolators and instead only allowed the choice of conversion to avoid death.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=9|title=Political conditions of the Hindus under the Khaljis|author=[[Kishori Saran Lal]]|pages=232}}</ref>

The sources of jizya and the practices varied significantly over Islamic history.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gerber|first=Jane|title=Sephardic studies in the university|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|location=London|year=1995|isbn=978-0-8386-3542-1|pages=54–74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Daniel Dennett|title=Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=1950|isbn=978-0-674-33158-7|pages=107–10, 116–28}}</ref> [[Shelomo Dov Goitein]] states that the exemptions for the indigent, the invalids and the old were no longer observed in the milieu reflected by the [[Cairo Geniza]] and were discarded even in theory by the Shāfi'ī jurists who were influential in Egypt at the time.<ref>[[Shelomo Dov Goitein|Goiten, S.D.]], "Evidence on the Muslim [[Tax per head|Poll Tax]] from Non-Muslim Sources", ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1963'', Vol. 6, pp. 278–9, quote – "The provisions of ancient Islamic law which exempted the indigent, the invalids and the old, were no longer observed in the Geniza period and had been discarded by the [[Shāfi'ī]] School of Law, which prevailed in [[Egypt]], also in theory."</ref> According to [[Kristen A. Stilt]], historical sources indicate that in [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Egypt]], poverty did "not necessarily excuse" the dhimmi from paying the tax, and boys as young as nine years old could be considered adults for tax purposes, making the tax particularly burdensome for large, poor families.<ref name=Stilt-5.4>{{cite book|last1=Stilt|first1=Kristen|title=Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt|publisher=OUP Oxford|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofTPUY61X-IC&q=jizya+poor&pg=PT62|access-date=19 January 2016|chapter=Case5.4|date=12 January 2012|isbn=9780191629822}}</ref> Ashtor and Bornstein-Makovetsky infer from Geniza documents that jizya was also collected in Egypt from the age of nine in the 11th century.<ref name=ashtornine>Eliyahu Ashtor and Leah Bornstein-Makovetsky (2008), Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd Edition, Volume 12, Thomson Gale, Article: Kharaj and Jizya, Quote: "...Many extant *Genizah letters state that the collectors imposed the tax on children and demanded it for the dead. As the family was held responsible for the payment of the jizya by all its members, it sometimes became a burden and many went into hiding in order to escape imprisonment. For example there is a Responsum by *Maimonides from another document, written in 1095, about a father paying the jizya for his two sons, 13 and 17 years old. From another document, written around 1095, it seems that the tax was due from the age of nine."</ref>

===Rate of the jizya tax===
The rates of jizya were not uniform,<ref name="Britannica-Afsaruddin">{{cite web |last1=Afsaruddin |first1=Asma |title=jizyah, Islamic tax |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/jizya |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=10 November 2021 |quote=The rate of taxation and methods of collection varied greatly from province to province and were influenced by local pre-Islamic customs.}}</ref> as Islamic scripture gave no fixed limits to the tax.<ref name="ArnoldPoI03">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Walker Arnold|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]|date=1913|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno|page=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/60 60]|quote=The rates of jizyah levied by the early conquerors were not uniform}} ([https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno#page/60/mode/2up online])</ref>
By the time of Mohammed, the jiyza rate was one dinar per year imposed on male [[dhimmi]]s in Medina, Mecca, Khaibar, Yemen, and Nejran.{{sfn|Tritton|2008|p=204}} According to [[Muhammad Hamidullah]], the rate was ten dirhams per year "in the time of the Prophet", but this amounted to only "the expenses of an average family for ten days".<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=Hamidullah |first1=Muhammad |title=Introduction to Islam |date=1970 |publisher=International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations |page=188 |quote="as al-Ghazali has said...In connection with the assassination of a Muslim ambassador in the Byzantine territory, the Prophet proposed three alternatives: "Embrace Islam—if not, pay the jizyah tribute...if not, do not interfere between thy subjects and Islam if these former desire to embrace Islam . if not, pay the jizyah (cf. Abu 'Ubald), To establish liberty of conscience in the world was the aim and object of the struggle of the Prophet Muhammad and who may have a greater authority in Islam that he? This is the "holy war" of the Muslims, the one which is undertaken not for the purpose of exploitation, but in a spirit of sacrifice, its sole object being to make the Word of God prevail. All else is illegalThere is absolutely no question of waging war for compelling people to embrace Islam; that would be an unholy war." |author-link=Muhammad Hamidullah}}</ref> [[Abu Yusuf]], the chief qadhi of the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]], states that there was no amount permanently fixed for the tax, though the payment usually depended on wealth: the ''Kitab al-Kharaj'' of Abu Yusuf sets the amounts at 48 [[dirham]]s for the richest (e.g. moneychangers), 24 for those of moderate wealth, and 12 for craftsmen and manual laborers.<ref name=Hunter>Hunter, Malik and Senturk, p. 77</ref>{{sfn|Stillman|1979|pp=159–160}} Moreover, it could be paid in kind if desired;{{sfn|Kalin|2013|pp=240–1}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shah|first=Nasim Hasan|year=1988|title=The concept of Al-Dhimmah and the rights and duties of Dhimmis in an Islamic state|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.1080/02666958808716075|issn=0266-6952|page=219|quote=Instead of cash, jizya may be paid in kind.}}</ref><ref name="Ghayr1">{{cite book|first1=Yūsuf|last1=al-Qaraḍāwī|author-link=Yusuf al-Qaradawi|title=Ghayr al-Muslimīn fī al-Mujtamaʿ al-ʾIslāmī|script-title=ar:غير المسلمين في المجتمع الاسلامي|url=https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/020%20%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A#page/n0/mode/2up|publisher=Maktabat Wahbah|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|page=39|date=1992|isbn=978-977-7236-55-3}} 3rd Ed. Quote: «وكان يسمح بدفع الجزية نقداً أو عيناً، لكن لا يسمح بتقديم الميتة أو الخنزير أو الخمر بدلاً من الجزية.» Translation: "And it was accepted to pay it in cash or in kind, but it wasn't permitted to [pay] the ''jizya'' by means of dead [animals], pigs or wine." ([https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/020%20%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A#page39/n0/mode/2up online])</ref> cattle, merchandise, household effects, even needles were to be accepted in lieu of [[coin|specie]] (coins),<ref name="ArnoldPoI5"/> but not pigs, wine, or dead animals.<ref name="Ghayr1"/><ref name="ArnoldPoI5">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Walker Arnold|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]|date=1913|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno|page=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/60 60]|quote=This tax could be paid in kind if desired; cattle, merchandise, household effects, even needles were to be accepted in lieu of specie, but not pigs, wine, or dead animals.}} ([https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno#page/60/mode/2up online])</ref>

The jizya varied in accordance with the affluence of the people of the region and their ability to pay. In this regard, Abu Ubayd ibn Sallam comments that the Prophet imposed 1 dinar (then worth 10 or 12 dirhams) upon each adult in Yemen. This was less than what Umar imposed upon the people of Syria and Iraq, the higher rate being due to the Yemenis greater affluence and ability to pay.<ref>''The Spread of Islam Throughout the World'', edited by Idris El Hareir, Ravane Mbaye, p. 200.</ref>

The rate of jizya that were fixed and implemented by the second caliph of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], namely [[Umar|'Umar bin al-Khattab]], during the period of his Khilafah, were small amounts: four dirhams from the rich, two dirhams from the middle class and only one dirham from the active poor who earned by working on wages, or by making or vending things.<ref name=":12">[[Muhammad Shafi]]'', [[Maariful Quran|Ma'ārifu'l-Qur'ān]]'' '''4''', p. 364.</ref>

At least during one period, during the governorship of [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]] in Iraq (680–714), the rate of jizya was sufficiently high and more than taxes on Muslims that officials of Al-Hajjaj's wrote to warn him that public revenues had greatly diminished because Christians were converting to Islam to avoid paying jizyah.<ref>Amin, Ahmad, Doha al Islam (The Forenoon of Islam), v.1, p.363] quoted in {{cite book| title=Traditionalists, Militants and Liberals in Present Islam |publisher=The Research and Publishing House |date=1977 |first1= Jebran |last1=Chamieh |page=100}}</ref>

The 13th-century scholar [[Al-Nawawi|Al-Nawawī]] writes, "The minimum amount of the jizya is one dinar per person per annum; but it is commendable to raise the amount, if it be possible to two dinars, for those possessed of moderate means, and to four for rich persons."<ref>[[Al-Nawawi|Al-Nawawī]] (Translated by E.C. Howard) (2005). Minhaj et talibin: a manual of Muhammadan law. Adam Publishers. pp. 339–340. {{ISBN|978-81-7435-249-1}}.</ref> Abu 'Ubayd insists that the ''dhimmis'' must not be burdened beyond their capacity, nor must they be caused to suffer.<ref>Ahmet Davutoğlu (1994), ''Alternative paradigms: the impact of Islamic and Western Weltanschauungs on political theory'', p. 160. University Press of America.</ref>

Scholar [[Ibn Qudamah]] (1147 – 7 July 1223) narrates three views on what the rates of jizya should be.
#That it is a fixed amount that can't be changed, a view that is reportedly shared by scholars of fiqh [[Abu Hanifa]] and [[al-Shafi'i]].
#That it is up to the [[Imam]] (Muslim ruler) to make [[Ijtihad|ijtihād]] (independent reasoning) so as to decide whether to add or decrease. He gives the example of '[[Umar]] making particular amounts for each class (the rich, the middle class and the active poor).
#That there should be a strict minimum to be one dinar, but there is no upper limit.<ref>Ibn Qudamah, ''Al-Mughni'', 13/209-10. Quote: «وفي مقدار الجزية ثلاث روايات: 1 – أنها مقدرة بمقدار لا يزيد عليه ولا ينقص منه، وهذا قول أبي حنيفة والشافعي؛ [...] 2 – أنها غير مقدرة بل يرجع فيها إلى اجتهاد الإمام في الزيادة والنقصان، قال الأشرم: قيل لأبي عبد الله: فيزداد اليوم فيه وينقص؟ يعني من الجزية، قال: نعم، يزاد فيه وينقص على قدر طاقتهم، على ما يرى الإمام، [...] وعمر جعل الجزية على ثلاث طبقات: – على الغني ثمانية وأربعين درهمًا. – وعلى المتوسط أربعة وعشرين درهما. – وعلى الفقير اثني عشر درهما. [...] وهذا يدل على أنها إلى رأي الإمام. [...] قال البخاري في صحيحه (4/ 117)، قال ابن عيينة: عن ابن أبي نجيح، قلت لمجاهد: ما شأن أهل الشام عليهم أربعة دنانير، وأهل اليمن عليهم دينار؟ قال: جعل ذلك من أجل اليسار، ولأنها عوض فلم تتقدر كالأجرة. 3 – أن أقلها مقدر بدينار، وأكثرها غير مقدر، وهو اختيار أبي بكر، فتجوز الزيادة ولا يجوز النقصان؛» Translation:(incomplete) "Concerning the rate of jizya, [we can discern between] three opinions: 1. That it is a fixed amount that can't be augmented, nor abated, and this is the opinion [as narrated from] Abu Hanifa and al-Shafi'i; [...] 2. That it isn't fixed, but it is up to the Imam (Muslim ruler) to make ijtihad (independent reasoning) in [determining whether to make] additions or subtractions, al-Ashram said: It was said to Abi 'Abd Allah: So we add or reduce it? Meaning from jizya. He said: "Yes, it is added or subtracted according to their (dhimmis) capability, [and] according to what the Imam sees [most fitting] [...] And 'Umar made the jizya into three different layers: 48 dirhams from the rich, 24 dirhams from the middle class and 12 dirhams from the [working] poor. [...] And this indicates that it goes to the opinion of the Imam. [...] al-Bukhari said in his Sahih (4:117): Ibn 'Uyaynah said: From Ibn Abi Najih: I said to Mujahid: What is the matter with the people of al-Sham who are required to pay 4 dinars, whereas the people of Yemen [only] pay one dinar? He said: It was made so for easing things (depending on the capacity of each), and since it is in exchange for something so its [amount] wasn't fixed like employment. [...] 3. That its minimum is rated at one dinar, but its maximum isn't fixed, and this is the choice of Abu Bakr, so it is permitted to add, and it wouldn't be lawful to reduce."</ref>

Scholar [[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332 – 17 March 1406) states that jizya has fixed limits that cannot be exceeded.<ref>[[Ibn Khaldun]], translation: Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood (1969), ''The Muqaddimah : an introduction to history; in three volumes'' '''1''', p. 230. [[Princeton University Press]].</ref> In the classical manual of [[Shafi'i]] [[fiqh]] ''[[Reliance of the Traveller]]'' it is stated that, "[t]he minimum non-Muslim poll tax is one dinar (n: 4.235 grams of gold) per person (A: per year). The maximum is whatever both sides agree upon."<ref name= "reliance1">{{cite web|url=http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf |title=Reliance of the Traveller |author=[[Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri]], [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] | page= 608|year =1368|work=Amana Publications |access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref name = "reliance2">{{cite web|url=http://dailyrollcall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/the-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf |title=A Classic Manual of Islamic Scared Law |author= [[Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri]], [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] |year=1368| work=Shafiifiqh.com|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref>

===Collection methods===
According to [[Al-Ghazali]] jizya was "to establish liberty of conscience in the world" and not for "compelling people to embrace Islam; that would be an unholy war."<ref name=":2" />

According to [[Mark R. Cohen]], the Quran itself does not prescribe humiliating treatment for the [[dhimmi]] when paying Jizya, but some later Muslims interpreted it to contain "an equivocal warrant for debasing the dhimmi (non-Muslim) through a degrading method of remission".{{sfn|Cohen|2008|pp=56, 64, 69}} In contrast, the 13th century hadith scholar and [[Shafi'i]]te jurist [[Al-Nawawi|Al-Nawawī]], comments on those who would impose a humiliation along with the paying of the jizya, stating, "As for this aforementioned practice, I know of no sound support for it in this respect, and it is only mentioned by the scholars of Khurasan. The majority of scholars say that the jizya is to be taken with gentleness, as one would receive a debt. The reliably correct opinion is that this practice is invalid and those who devised it should be refuted. It is not related that the Prophet or any of the [[Rashidun|rightly-guided caliphs]] did any such thing when collecting the jizya."{{sfn|Dagli|2013|pp=82–3}}<ref name="Nawawi2">[[Al-Nawawi|Al-Nawawī]], ''Rawḍat al-Ṭālibīn wa ‛Umdat al-Muftīn'', vol. 10, pp. 315–6. al-Maktab al-Islamiy. Ed. Zuhayr al-Chawich. Quote: « قُلْتُ: هَذِهِ الْهَيْئَةُ الْمَذْكُورَةُ أَوَّلًا: لَا نَعْلَمُ لَهَا عَلَى هَذَا الْوَجْهِ أَصْلًا مُعْتَمَدًا، وَإِنَّمَا ذَكَرَهَا طَائِفَةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِنَا الخراسَانِيِّينَ، وَقَالَ جُمْهُورٌ الْأَصْحَابِ: تُؤْخَذُ الْجِزْيَةُ بِرِفْقٍ ، كَأَخْذِ الدُّيُونِ . فَالصَّوَابُ الْجَزْمُ بِأَنَّ هَذِهِ الْهَيْئَةَ بَاطِلَةٌ مَرْدُودَةٌ عَلَى مَنِ اخْتَرَعَهَا، وَلَمْ يُنْقَلْ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ وَلَا أَحَدًا مِنَ الْخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ فَعَلَ شَيْئًا مِنْهَا ، مَعَ أَخْذِهِمِ الْجِزْيَةَ.» Translation: "As for this aforementioned practice (''hay'ah''), I know of no sound support for it in this respect, and it is only mentioned by the scholars of Khurasan. The majority (''jumhūr'') of scholars say that the jizya is to be taken with gentleness, as one would receive a debt (''dayn''). The reliably correct opinion is that this practice is invalid and those who devised it should be refuted. It is not related that the Prophet or any of the rightly-guided caliphs did any such thing when collecting the jizya." (Translation by Dr. Caner Dagli, taken from: [[Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad|H.R.H. Prince Ghazi Muhammad]], [[Ibrahim Kalin]] and [[Mohammad Hashim Kamali]] (Editors) (2013), ''[http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709055514/http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf|date=2017-07-09}}'', pp. 82–3. The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. {{ISBN|978-1-903682-83-8}}.)</ref><ref name="Buti2">{{cite book |last1=Ramadan al-Buti |first1=Muhammad Sa'id |url=https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n0/mode/2up |title=Al-Jihād fī'l-Islām |date=2005 |publisher=Dār al-Fikr |place=[[Damascus]] |page=133 |author-link=Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti}} Quote: «الإمام النووي [...] قال في كتابه روضة الطالبين [...]: «قلْت: هذه الْهيئَة الْمذكورة أَولا: لا نعلَم لها علَى هذا الْوجه أَصلا معتمدا، وإِنما ذكرها طائِفة من أَصحابنا الخراسانيين، وقال جمهور الأَصحاب: تؤْخذ الجزية برفق، كأَخذ الديون. فالصواب الجزم بأَن هذه الْهيئَة باطلة مردودة على من اخترعها، ولم ينقل أَن النبي ولا أَحدا من الخلَفاء الراشدين فعل شيئَا منها، مع أَخذهم الْجزية.» وقد كرر هذا التحذير وهذا النكير على هؤلاء المخترعين، في كتابه المشهور المنهاج.» Translation: "The Imām al-Nawawī [...] said in his book ''Rawḍat al-Ṭālibīn'' [...] : «I said: As for this aforementioned practice, I know of no sound support for it in this respect, and it is only mentioned by the scholars of Khurasan. The majority (''jumhūr'') of scholars say that the jizya is to be taken with gentleness, as one would receive a debt (''dayn''). The reliably correct opinion is that this practice is invalid and those who devised it should be refuted. It is not related that the Prophet or any of the rightly-guided caliphs did any such thing when collecting the ''jizya''.» And he repeated this warning and this negation on those innovators, in his famous book ''al-Minhāj''." ([https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n132/mode/2up online])</ref> [[Ibn Qudamah]] also rejected this practice and noted that Muhammad and the [[Rashidun|Rashidun caliphs]] encouraged that jizya be collected with gentleness and kindness.{{sfn|Dagli|2013|pp=82–3}}<ref name="Buti7">{{cite book |last1=Ramadan al-Buti |first1=Muhammad Sa'id |url=https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n0/mode/2up |title=Al-Jihād fī'l-Islām |date=2005 |publisher=Dār al-Fikr |place=[[Damascus]] |page=133 |author-link=Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti}} Translation: "And Ibn Qudāmah mentioned in his ''Mughni'' (encyclopedic book on ''fiqh'') some of these flawed innovations [in the collection of this tax], and he clarified that the way of the Prophet of God – Peace be upon him -, his companions, and the [[Rashidun|rightly-guided caliphs]] was contrary to that, and that they encouraged that ''jizya'' be collected with gentleness and kindness." ([https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n132/mode/2up online])</ref><ref name="IbnQudamah1">[[Ibn Qudamah]], ''Al-Mughni'', 4:250.</ref>

[[Ann Lambton]] states that the jizya was to be paid "in humiliating conditions".{{sfn|Lambton|2013|pp=204–205}} Many of the Islamic scholars base this on Surat At-Tawbah 9:29 which states – "(9:29) '''Those who do not believe in Allah and the Last Day''' – even though they were given the scriptures, and who do not hold as unlawful that which Allah and His Messenger have declared to be unlawful, and who do not follow the true religion – fight against them until they pay tribute out of their hand and are utterly subdued." Ennaji and other scholars state that some jurists required the jizya to be paid by each in person, by presenting himself, arriving on foot not horseback, by hand, in order to confirm that he lowers himself to being a subjected one, and willingly pays.<ref name="mennp60">{{cite book|last=Ennaji|first=Mohammed|year=2013|title=Slavery, the state, and Islam|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=60–4|isbn=978-0521119627}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Aghnides|first=Nicolas|title=Islamic theories of finance : with an introduction to Islamic law and a bibliography|publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59333-311-9|pages=398–408}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tsadik|first=Daniel|title=Between foreigners and Shi'is : nineteenth-century Iran and its Jewish minority|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Stanford, USA|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8047-5458-3|pages=25–30}}</ref>

The Maliki scholar [[Al-Qurtubi]] states, "their punishment in case of non-payment [of jizya] while they were able [to do so] is permitted; however, if their inability to pay it was clear then it isn't lawful to punish them, since, if one isn't able to pay the jizya, then he is exempted".<ref>[[Al-Qurtubi]], Ahkam al-Qur'an, vol. 8, p. 49. Quote: «وأما عقوبتهم إذا امتنعوا عن أدائها مع التمكين فجائز، فأما مع تبين عجزهم فلا تحل عقوبتهم، لأن من عجز عن الجزية سقطت عنه» Translation: "Their punishment in case of non-payment [of jizya] while they were able [to do so] is permitted; however, if their inability to pay it was clear, then it isn't lawful to punish them, since, if one isn't able to pay the jizya, then he is exempted."</ref> According to [[Abu Yusuf]], jurist of the fifth [[Abbasid caliphate|Abbasid]] [[Caliph]] [[Harun al-Rashid]], those who didn't pay jizya should be imprisoned and not be let out of custody until payment; however, the collectors of the jizya were instructed to show leniency and avoid corporal punishment in case of non-payment.{{sfn|Stillman|1979|pp=159–160}} If someone had agreed to pay jizya, leaving Muslim territory for enemy land was, in theory, punishable by enslavement if they were ever captured. This punishment did not apply if the person had suffered injustices from Muslims.<ref>Humphrey Fisher (2001), ''Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa.'' NYU Press. p. 47.</ref>

Failure to pay the jizya was commonly punished by house arrest and some legal authorities allowed enslavement of dhimmis for non-payment of taxes.<ref name="Lewis, B. 1992 pages 7">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Bernard|title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry|date=1992|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0195053265|pages=[https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/7 7]|quote=[...] those who remained faithful to their old religions and lived as protected persons (dhimmis) under Muslim rule could not, if free, be legally enclaved unless they had violated the terms of the dhimma, the contract governing their status, as for example by rebelling against Muslim rule or helping the enemies of the Muslim state or, according to some authorities, by withholding payment of the Kharaj or the Jizya, the taxes due from dhimmis to the Muslim state.|url=https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/7}}</ref><ref name=mcmh>Mark R. Cohen (2005), Poverty and Charity in the Jewish Community of Medieval Egypt, [[Princeton University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0691092720}}, pp. 120–3; 130–8, Quotes: "Family members were held responsible for individual's poll tax (mahbus min al-jizya)"; "Imprisonment for failure to pay (poll tax) debt was very common"; "This imprisonment often meant house arrest... which was known as ''tarsim''"</ref><ref>I. P. Petrushevsky (1995), Islam in Iran, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0-88706-070-0}}, pp 155, Quote – "The law does not contemplate slavery for debt in the case of Muslims, but it allows the enslavement of Dhimmis for non-payment of jizya and kharaj.(...) "</ref> In South Asia, for example, seizure of dhimmi families upon their failure to pay annual jizya was one of the two significant sources of slaves sold in the slave markets of Delhi Sultanate and Mughal era.<ref>Scott C. Levi (2002), "Hindu Beyond Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 12, Part 3 (November 2002): p. 282</ref>

===Use of tax===
Jizya was considered one of the basic tax revenues for the early Islamic state along with [[zakat]], kharaj, and others.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Çizakça|date=2011|first1=Murat|title=Islamic Capitalism and Finance: Origins, Evolution and the Future|page=20}}</ref> and was collected by the [[Bayt al-Mal]] (public treasury).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Weiss|first1=Holger|title=Social Welfare in Muslim Societies in Africa|page=18}}</ref> Holger Weiss states that four fifths of the ''fay'' revenue, jizya and kharaj, goes to the public treasury according to the Shafi'i madhhab, whereas the Hanafi and Maliki madhhabs state that the entire ''fay'' goes to the public treasury.<ref>Holger Weiss, ''Social Welfare in Muslim Societies in Africa'', p. 17.</ref>

In theory, jizya funds were distributed as salaries for officials, pensions to the army and charity.{{sfn|Cahen|p=562}} Cahen states, "But under this pretext it was often paid into the Prince's ''khass'', "private" treasury."{{sfn|Cahen|p=562}} In later times, jizya revenues were commonly allocated to Islamic scholars so that they would not have to accept money from sultans whose wealth came to be regarded as tainted.{{sfn|Lambton|2013|pp=204–205}}

Sources disagree about expenditure of jizya funds on non-Muslims. [[Ann Lambton]] states that non-Muslims had no share in the benefits from the public treasury derived from jizya.{{sfn|Lambton|2013|pp=204–205}} In contrast, according to several Muslim scholars, Islamic tradition records a number of episodes in which the second caliph, Umar, stipulated for needy and infirm dhimmis to be supported from the [[Bayt al-Mal]], which some authors hold to be representative of Islam.{{sfn|Dagli|2013|pp=82–3}}{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|p=80}}<ref name="Tahir-ul-Qadri"/><ref name="Ihsan2">{{cite book|first1=Al-Hindī|last1=Iḥsān|language=ar|title=Aḥkām al-Ḥarb wa al-Salām fī Dawlat al-Islām|script-title=ar:أحكام الحرب والسلام في دولة الإسلام|location=[[Damascus]]|publisher=Dār al-Numayr|date=1993|page=15}}</ref><ref name=islamicfinance>{{cite book|author1=Kamaruddin Sharif|author2=Wang Yong Bao|editor1-last=Iqbal|editor1-first=Zamir|editor2-last=Mirakhor|editor2-first=Abbas|title=Economic Development and Islamic Finance|pages=239|isbn=978-0-8213-9953-8|quote=As these examples show, the responsibility for social safety and security that the Islamic state has undertaken has not been restricted to its citizens, but has also included all residents.|date=2013-08-05|publisher=World Bank Publications }}</ref><ref>'Umar bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Qurchi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FGlGCwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&pg=PT277 ''Samahat al-Islam''. pp. 278–9.] Maktabat al-'Adib.</ref> Evidence of jizya benefitting non-residents and temporary residents of an Islamic state is found in the treaty that Khalid bin al-Walid concluded with the people of Al-Hirah of Iraq in which any aged person who was weak, had lost his or her ability to work, fallen ill, or who had been rich but became poor, would be exempt from jiyza and his or livelihood and the livelihood of his or her dependents, who were not living permanently in the Islamic state, would be met by [[Bayt al-Mal]].<ref name=islamicfinance2>{{cite book|author1=Kamaruddin Sharif|author2=Wang Yong Bao|editor1-last=Iqbal|editor1-first=Zamir|editor2-last=Mirakhor|editor2-first=Abbas|title=Economic Development and Islamic Finance|pages=239}}</ref><ref name="Shibli2">{{cite book|last=Nuʻmānī|first=Shiblī|author-link=Shibli Nomani|title=Umar: Makers of Islamic Civilization|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=London|year=2004|isbn=9781850436706|page=131}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamidullah|first1=Muhammad|title=Le Prophète de l'Islam : Sa vie, Son œuvre|date=1998|publisher=El-Najah|volume=2|location=Paris|pages=877–8|language=fr|quote=Rappelons ici la pratique du Calife Abû Bakr : après la conquête de la ville de Hîrah, le commandant Khâlid, au nom du calife, conclut un traité, où il dit : "... en outre, je leur accorde que tout vieillard qui deviendrait inapte au travail, ou qu'aurait frappé un malheur, ou bien qui, de riche deviendrait pauvre, se mettant ainsi à la merci de la charité de ses coreligionnaires, sera exonéré par moi de la jizya (capitation), et recevra l'aide du Trésor Public des Musulmans, lui et les personnes dont il a la charge, et ce, pour aussi longtemps qu'il demeurera en terre d'Islam (''dâr al-Islam'').|author-link=Muhammad Hamidullah}} Translation: "Let us recall here the practice of the Caliph Abu Bakr : After the conquest of the city of Hirah, the commandant Khalid, by the name of the Caliph, concluded a treaty, where he states : "... I assured them that any [non-Muslim] person who is unable to earn his livelihood, or is struck by disaster, or who becomes destitute and is helped by the charity of his fellow men will be exempted from the ''jizya'' and he and his family will be supplied with sustenance by the [[Bayt al-Mal]] (public treasury), and this, as long as he's staying in the abode of Islam (''dar al-Islam'')."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=al-Zuḥaylī|first=Wahbah|url=https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n0/mode/2up|author-link=Wahbah al-Zuhayli|title=ʾĀthar al-ḥarb fī l-fiqh al-Islāmī : dirāsah muqārinah|script-title=ar:آثار الحرب في الفقه الإسلامي : دراسة مقارنة|language=ar|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|location=[[Damascus]]|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57547-453-3|page=700 }} Translation: "And it was stated in the treaty of Khalid b. al-Walid with the people of al-Hirah: I assured them that any [non-Muslim] person who is unable to earn his livelihood, or is struck by disaster, or who becomes destitute and is helped by the charity of his fellow men will be exempted from the ''jizya'' and he and his family will be supplied with sustenance by the [[Bayt al-Mal]] (public treasury)." ([https://archive.org/stream/GS51434/51434#page/n699/mode/2up online])</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kitāb al-Kharāj|script-title=ar:كتاب الخراج|publisher=Dār al-Maʿrifah|location=[[Beirut]]|pages=143–4|author=Abu Yusuf|author-link=Abu Yusuf|language=ar}} Quote: «هذا كتاب من خالد بن الوليد لاهل الحيرة [...] وأيما شخص ضعف عن العمل أو أصابته آفة من الآفات أو كان غنيا فافتقر وصار أهل دينه يتصدقون عليه، طرحت جزيته وأعيل من بيت مال المسلمين و عياله» Translation: "This is a treaty of Khalid b. al-Walid to the people of al-Hirah [...] Any [non-Muslim] person who is unable to earn his livelihood, or is struck by disaster, or who becomes destitute and is helped by the charity of his fellow men will be exempted from the ''jizya'' and he and his family will be supplied with sustenance by the [[Bayt al-Mal]] (public treasury)."</ref><ref name="Ihsan1">{{cite book|first1=Al-Hindī|last1=Iḥsān|language=ar|title=Aḥkām al-Ḥarb wa al-Salām fī Dawlat al-Islām|script-title=ar:أحكام الحرب والسلام في دولة الإسلام|location=[[Damascus]]|publisher=Dār al-Numayr|date=1993|page=15}} Translation: "And dhimmis had also a kind of social insurance in case of destitution or advanced age or sickness, and the justification for that is the treaty of Khalid b. al-Walid that he wrote with the people of al-Hirah [who were] Christians after its ''fath'': 《Any [non-Muslim] person who is unable to earn his livelihood, or is struck by disaster, or who becomes destitute and is helped by the charity of his fellow men will be exempted from the ''jizya'' and he and his family will be supplied with sustenance by the [[Bayt al-Mal]] (public treasury).》"</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Yūsuf|last1=al-Qaraḍāwī|author-link=Yusuf al-Qaradawi|title=Ghayr al-Muslimīn fī al-Mujtamaʿ al-ʾIslāmī|script-title=ar:غير المسلمين في المجتمع الاسلامي|url=https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/020%20%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A#page/n0/mode/2up|publisher=Maktabat Wahbah|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|pages=16–7|date=1992|isbn=978-977-7236-55-3}} 3rd Ed. ([https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/020%20%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A#page/n17/mode/2up online]); {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/027%20%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF#page/n0/mode/2up|first1=Yūsuf|last1=al-Qaraḍāwī|author-link=Yusuf al-Qaradawi|title=Fiqh al-Jihād: Dirāsah Muqāranah li-Aḥkāmih wa Falsafatih fī Ḍawʾ al-Qurʾān wa al-Sunnah|script-title=ar:فقه الجهاد: دراسة مقارنة لأحكامه وفلسفته في ضوء القرآن والسنة|publisher=Maktabat Wahbah|language=ar|place=[[Cairo]]|page=1005|volume=2|date=2009|isbn=978-977-225-246-6}} 3rd Ed. Translation: "The Prophet of God ﷺ said: «Everyone of you is a guardian, and everyone of you is responsible for his charges: The ruler (''Imām'') is a guardian and is responsible for his subjects ...» And that is how things went in the (period) of the Rāshidūn and those after them. So we find in the treaty of protection between Khālid b. al-Walīd and the town of al-Ḥīrah in ʿIrāq, who were Christians: (I assured them that any [non-Muslim] person who is unable to earn his livelihood, or is struck by disaster, or who becomes destitute and is helped by the charity of his fellow men will be exempted from the jizya and he and his family will be supplied with sustenance by the public treasury). And this was in the era of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, with the presence of a large number of companions, and this was (also) written by Khālid to Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq the successor of the Prophet of God, and no one disagreed with him (on this matter), and (so) things like this are considered to be a consensus." ([https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/027%20%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF#page/n1001/mode/2up online])</ref> Hasan Shah states that non-Muslim women, children, the indigent and slaves are exempted from the payment of jizya, and they are also helped by stipends from the public treasury when necessary.<ref name="HasanShah220"/>

At least in the early Islamic era of the Umayyads, jizya was a levy that was sufficiently onerous for non-Muslims and had a sufficiently significant revenue for rulers that there were more than a few accounts of non-Muslims seeking to convert to avoid paying it and revenue-conscious authorities denying them the opportunity.<ref name=RGHIGP2015:199/>

Robert Hoyland mentions repeated complaints by fiscal agents of revenues diminishing as conquered people converting to Islam, peasants attempting to convert and join the military but being rounded up and sent back to the countryside to pay taxes and governors circumventing the exemption on jizya for converts by requiring recitation of the Quran and circumcision.<ref name=RGHIGP2015:199>[[#RGHIGP2015|Hoyland, ''In God's Path'', 2015]]: p.199</ref>

Patricia Seed describes the purpose of jizya as "a personal form of ritual humiliation directed at those defeated by a superior Islam" and quotes the Quranic verse calling for jizya: "Fight those who believe not in Allah... nor acknowledge the religion of truth... until they pay the jizya with willing submission and feel themselves subdued". She notes that the word translated as "subdued", ''ṣāghirūn'', comes from the root ''ṣ-gh-r'' ("small", "little", "belittled" or "humbled").<ref name="seed-1995-79">{{cite book |last1=Seed |first1=Patricia |title=Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492–1640 |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-49757-2 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw9xPM3o_GwC&q=jizya&pg=PA79 |access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> Seed calls the idea that jizya was a contribution to help pay for the "military defense" of those who paid not a rationale but a rationalisation that was often found in societies in which the conquered paid tribute to conquerors.<ref name="seed-1995-82">{{cite book |last1=Seed |first1=Patricia |title=Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492–1640 |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-49757-2 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw9xPM3o_GwC&q=jizya&pg=PA79 |access-date=21 February 2020 |quote=Payment of tribute was often rationalized, as jizya had been, as a contribution by indigenous peoples to their military defense.}}</ref>

==History==

===Origins===
The history of the origins of the jizya is very complex for the following reasons:{{sfn|Cahen|p=559}}
* [[Abbasid]] authors who systematized earlier historical writings in which the term ''jizya'' was used with different meanings interpreted it according to the usage common in their own time.
* The system established by the Arab conquest was not uniform but rather resulted from a variety of agreements or decisions.
* The earlier systems of taxation on which it was based are still imperfectly understood.{{sfn|Cahen|p=559}}

[[William Montgomery Watt]] traces its origin to a pre-Islamic practice among the Arabian nomads in which a powerful tribe would agree to protect its weaker neighbors in exchange for a tribute that would be refunded if the protection proved ineffectual.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[William Montgomery Watt]] (1980), pp. 49–50.</ref> Robert Hoyland describes it as a poll tax originally paid by "the conquered people" to the mostly-Arab conquerors, but it later became a "religious tax, payable only by non-Muslims".<ref name=RGHIGP2015:198>[[#RGHIGP2015|Hoyland, ''In God's Path'', 2015]]: p.198</ref>

Jews and Christians in some southern and eastern areas of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] began to pay tribute, called ''jizya'', to the Islamic state during Muhammad's lifetime.{{sfn|Stillman|1979|pp=17–18}} It was not originally the poll tax that it would become later but rather an annual percentage of produce and a fixed quantity of goods.{{sfn|Stillman|1979|pp=17–18}}

During the [[Battle of Tabouk|Tabuk campaign]] in 630, Muhammad sent letters to four towns in the northern [[Hejaz]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] to urge them to relinquish maintenance of a military force and rely on Muslims to ensure their security in return for payment of taxes.<ref name="Gil">{{cite book|last=Gil|first=Moshe|author-link=Moshe Gil|title=A History of Palestine: 634–1099|url=https://archive.org/details/historypalestine00gilm|url-access=limited|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=1997|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historypalestine00gilm/page/n54 28]–30}}</ref> [[Moshe Gil]] argues that the texts represent the paradigm of letters of security that would be issued by Muslim leaders during the subsequent [[early Muslim conquests|early conquests]], including the use of the word jizya, which would later take on the meaning of poll tax.<ref name="Gil"/>

Jizya received divine sanction in 630, when the term was mentioned in a Quranic verse (9:29).{{sfn|Stillman|1979|pp=17–18}} Max Bravmann argues that the Quranic usage of the word ''jizya'' develops a pre-Islamic common-law principle, which states that reward must necessarily follow a discretional good deed into a principle mandating that the life of all prisoners of war belonging to a certain category must be spared if they grant the "reward" (jizya) to be expected for an act of pardon.{{sfn|Bravmann|2009|p=204|ps=. "Whereas in the (non-Islamic) examples mentioned by us above the good deed consists in the pardon granted by an individual according to his discretion to an individual who has been vanquished and taken captive by him, in the Qur'an verse discussed by us the good deed, and hence also the "reward" (jizya = jaza' = tawab) necessarily following it according to ancient Arab common law have become a practice normally occurring and that must be performed: the life of all prisoners of war belonging to a certain privileged category of non-believers must, as a rule, be spared. All must be subject to pardon – provided they grant the "reward" (jizya) to be expected for an act of pardon (sparing of life)."}}

In 632, jizya, in the form of a poll tax, was first mentioned in a document that was reportedly sent by Muhammad to Yemen.{{sfn|Stillman|1979|pp=17–18}} [[William Montgomery Watt|W. Montgomery Watt]] argues that the document was tampered with by early Muslim historians to reflect a later practice, but [[Norman Stillman]] holds it to be authentic.{{sfn|Stillman|1979|pp=17–18}}

===Emergence of classical taxation system===
Taxes levied on local populations in the wake of [[Early Muslim conquests|early Islamic conquests]] could be of three types, based on whether they were levied on individuals, on the land, or as collective tribute.{{sfn|Cahen|p=559}} During the first century of Islamic expansion, the words ''jizya'' and ''kharaj'' were used in all these three senses, with context distinguishing between individual and land taxes ("kharaj on the head," "jizya on land," and vice versa).{{sfn|Cahen|p=559}}<ref name="anver">Anver M. Emon, ''Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law'', p. 98, note 3. [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0199661633}}. Quote: "Some studies question the nearly synonymous use of the terms kharaj and jizya in the historical sources. The general view suggests that while the terms kharaj and jizya seem to have been used interchangeably in early historical sources, what they referred to in any given case depended on the linguistic context. If one finds references to "a kharaj on their heads," the reference was to a poll tax, despite the use of the term kharaj, which later became the term of art for land tax. Likewise, if one fins the phrase "jizya on their land," this referred to a land tax, despite the use of jizya which later come to refer to the poll tax. Early history therefore shows that although each term did not have a determinate technical meaning at first, the concepts of poll tax and land tax existed early in Islamic history." Denner, Conversion and the Poll Tax, 3–10; Ajiaz Hassan Qureshi, "The Terms Kharaj and Jizya and Their Implication", Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society 12 (1961): 27–38; Hossein Modarressi Rabatab'i, Kharaj in Islamic Law (London: Anchor Press Ltd, 1983).</ref> In the words of Dennett, "since we are talking in terms of history, not in terms of philology, the problem is not what the taxes were called, but what we know they were."{{sfn|Dennett|1950|p=11}} Regional variations in taxation at first reflected the diversity of previous systems.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}} The [[Sasanian Empire]] had a general tax on land and a poll tax having several rates based on wealth, with an exemption for aristocracy.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}} In [[Iraq]], which was conquered mainly by force, Arabs controlled taxation through local administrators, keeping the graded poll tax, and likely increasing its rates to 1, 2 and 4 dinars.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}} The aristocracy exemption was assumed by the new Arab-Muslim elite and shared by local aristocracy by means of conversion.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}}{{sfn|Hoyland|2014|p=99}} The nature of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] taxation remains partly unclear, but it appears to have involved taxes computed in proportion to agricultural production or number of working inhabitants in population centers.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}} In [[Syria]] and upper [[Mesopotamia]], which largely surrendered under treaties, taxes were calculated in proportion to the number of inhabitants at a fixed rate (generally 1 [[dinar]] per head).{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}}{{clarify |Meaning WHAT? Per year? Really from EVERY person, or per productive male subject? What was the average income, i.e. what was a dinar's actual worth to peasants, craftsmen, day labourers? As of now: useless data. |date= August 2025}} They were levied as collective tribute in population centers which preserved their autonomy and as a personal tax on large abandoned estates, often paid by [[peasants]] in produce.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}} In post-conquest [[Egypt]], most communities were taxed using a system which combined a land tax with a poll tax of 2 dinars per head.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}}{{clarify |Meaning WHAT? As of now: useless data. |date= August 2025}} Collection of both was delegated to the community on the condition that the burden be divided among its members in the most equitable manner.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}} In most of [[Iran]] and Central Asia local rulers paid a fixed tribute and maintained their autonomy in tax collection, using the [[Sasanian]] dual tax system in regions like [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}}

Difficulties in tax collection soon appeared.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}} Egyptian Copts, who had been skilled in tax evasion since Roman times, were able to avoid paying the taxes by entering [[Monastery|monasteries]], which were initially exempt from taxation, or simply by leaving the district where they were registered.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}} This prompted imposition of taxes on monks and introduction of movement controls.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}} In Iraq, many peasants who had fallen behind with their tax payments, converted to Islam and abandoned their land for Arab garrison cities in hope of escaping taxation.{{sfn|Cahen|p=560}}{{sfn|Hoyland|2014|p=199}} Faced with a decline in agriculture and a treasury shortfall, the governor of Iraq [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf|al-Hajjaj]] forced peasant converts to return to their lands and subjected them to the taxes again, effectively forbidding peasants to convert to Islam.{{sfn|Cahen|p=561}} In Khorasan, a similar phenomenon forced the native aristocracy to compensate for the shortfall in tax collection out of their own pockets, and they responded by persecuting peasant converts and imposing heavier taxes on poor Muslims.{{sfn|Cahen|p=561}}

The situation where conversion to Islam was penalized in an Islamic state could not last, and the devout [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] caliph [[Umar II]] has been credited with changing the taxation system.{{sfn|Cahen|p=561}} Modern historians doubt this account, although details of the transition to the system of taxation elaborated by Abbasid-era jurists are still unclear.{{sfn|Cahen|p=561}} Umar II ordered governors to cease collection of taxes from Muslim converts,{{sfn|Dennett|1950|p=103|ps=. "ʿUmar II, however ordered all converts to be exempt from the poll tax. They paid their land tax as always."}} but his successors obstructed this policy. Some governors sought to stem the tide of conversions by introducing additional requirements such as undergoing circumcision and the ability to recite passages from the Quran.{{sfn|Hoyland|2014|p=199}} According to [[Robert G. Hoyland|Hoyland]], taxation-related grievances of non-Arab Muslims contributed to the opposition movements which resulted in the Abbasid revolution.{{sfn|Hoyland|2014|pp=201–202}} In contrast, Dennett states that it is incorrect to postulate an economic interpretation of the [[Abbasid Revolution]]. The notion of an Iranian population staggering under a burden of taxation and ready to revolt at the first opportunity, as imagined by [[Gerlof van Vloten]], "will not bear the light of careful investigation", he continues.{{sfn|Dennett|1950|p=113}}

Under the new system that was eventually established, kharaj came to be regarded as a tax levied on the land, regardless of the taxpayer's religion.{{sfn|Cahen|p=561}} The poll-tax was no longer levied on Muslims, but treasury did not necessarily suffer and converts did not gain as a result, since they had to pay [[zakat]], which was instituted as a compulsory tax on Muslims around 730.{{sfn|Cahen|p=561}}{{sfn|Hoyland|2014|p=200}} The terminology became specialized during the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid era]], so that ''kharaj'' no longer meant anything more than land tax, while the term "jizya" was restricted to the poll-tax on dhimmis.{{sfn|Cahen|p=561}}

===India===
[[File:Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Indian Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], who re-introduced jizya]]
In India, Islamic rulers imposed ''jizya'' on non-Muslims starting with the 11th century.<ref name=jacksonpages284286>{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|date=2003|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521543293|pages=284–6}}</ref> The taxation practice included ''jizya'' and ''kharaj'' taxes. These terms were sometimes used interchangeably to mean poll tax and collective tribute, or just called ''kharaj-e-jizya''.<ref>Irfan Habib, Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500, Vol VIII, part 1, pp. 78–80. {{ISBN|978-81-317-2791-1}}.</ref>

Jizya was expanded by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. [[Alauddin Khilji]] legalized the enslavement of the jizya and kharaj defaulters. His officials seized and sold these slaves in growing Sultanate cities where there was a great demand of slave labour.<ref>Fouzia Ahmed (2009), The Delhi Sultanate: A Slave Society or A Society with Slaves?, Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, 30(1): 8–9</ref> The Muslim court historian [[Ziauddin Barani]] recorded that [[Qadi|Qazi]] Mughisuddin of Bayanah advised Alā' al-Dīn that Islam requires imposition of jizya on Hindus, to show contempt and to humiliate the Hindus, and imposing jizya is a religious duty of the Sultan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Elliot|first=H. M. (Henry Miers), Sir|author2=John Dowson|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3.)|page=184|chapter=15. Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí, of Ziauddin Barani|year=1867|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n199/mode/2up|publisher=London, Trübner & Co.|quote=Quote – The Sultan then asked, "How are Hindus designated in the law, as payers of tributes or givers of tribute? The Qazi replied, "They are called payers of tribute, and when the revenue officer demands silver from them, they should tender gold. If the officer throws dirt into their mouths, they must without reluctance open their mouths to receive it. The due subordination of the ''zimmi'' is exhibited in this humble payment and by this throwing of dirt in their mouths. The glorification of Islam is a duty. God holds them in contempt, for he says, "keep them under in subjection". To keep the Hindus in abasement is especially a religious duty, because they are the most inveterate enemies of the Prophet, and because the Prophet has commanded us to slay them, plunder them, enslave them and spoil their wealth and property. No doctor but the great doctor ([[Hanafi]]), to whose school we belong, has assented to the imposition of the '''jizya''' (poll tax) on Hindus. Doctors of [[Fiqh|other schools]] allow no other alternative but Death or Islam.}}</ref>

During the early 14th century reign of [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]], expensive invasions across India and his order to attack China by sending a portion of his army over the Himalayas, emptied the precious metal in the treasury of the Sultanate.<ref name=vincentpages236242/><ref>William Hunter (1903), {{Google books|5IQqAAAAYAAJ|A Brief History of the Indian Peoples|page=124}}, 23rd Edition, pp. 124–8</ref> He ordered minting of coins from base metals with face value of precious metals. This economic experiment failed because Hindus in his Sultanate minted counterfeit coins from base metal in their homes, which they then used for paying jizya.<ref name=vincentpages236242>Vincent A Smith, {{Google books|p2gxAQAAMAAJ|The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911}}, Chapter 2, pp 236–42, [[Oxford University Press]]</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396460/Muhammad-ibn-Tughluq Muḥammad ibn Tughluq] Encyclopedia Britannica (2009)</ref> In the late 14th century, mentions the memoir of [[Tughlaq dynasty]]'s Sultan [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]], his predecessor taxed all Hindus but had exempted all Hindu [[Brahmin]]s from jizya; Firoz Shah extended it to also include the Brahmins at a reduced rate.<ref name=vincentpages249251/><ref name=firoz374383>[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n389/mode/2up Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi] Autobiography of Firoz Shah Tughlaq, Translated y Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 – The History of India, Cornell University, pp 374–83</ref> He also announced that any Hindu who converted to Islam would become exempt from taxes and jizya as well as receive gifts from him.<ref name=vincentpages249251/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Annemarie Schimmel|title=Islam in the Indian Subcontinent|date=1997|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=978-9004061170|pages=20–23|author1-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref> On those who chose to remain Hindus, he raised the jizya tax rate.<ref name=vincentpages249251>Vincent A Smith, {{Google books|p2gxAQAAMAAJ|The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911}}, Chapter 2, pp. 249–51, [[Oxford University Press]].</ref>

In Kashmir, [[Sikandar Butshikan]] levied jizya on those who objected to the abolition of [[Varna (Hinduism)|hereditary ''varnas'']], allegedly at the behest of his neo-convert minister Suhabhatta.<ref>''Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148‒1459); From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-‛Ābidīn''. Edited by Walter Slaje. With an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis. 7.] Halle 2014. {{ISBN|978-3-86977-088-8}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|url=https://www.academia.edu/42709412|title=Brahma's Curse : Facets of Political and Social Violence in Premodern Kashmir|year=2019|isbn=978-3-86977-199-1|series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 13|pages=36|chapter=What Does it Mean to Smash an Idol? Iconoclasm in Medieval Kashmir as Reflected by Contemporaneous Sanskrit Sources}}</ref> [[Ahmad Shah I|Ahmad Shah]] (1411–1442), a ruler of [[Gujarat]], introduced the Jizyah in 1414 and collected it with such strictness that many people converted to Islam to evade it.<ref>Satish C. Misra, ''The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat'' (Bombay, 1963), p.175.</ref>

Jizya was later abolished by the third [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]], in 1564.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/satishchandrahistoryofmedievalindia/page/n41/mode/2up|title=Satish Chandra History Of Medieval India|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Truschke|first=Audrey|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/590382|title=Aurangzeb : The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King|date=2020-07-20|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5|pages=66–77|language=en|chapter=5. Moral Man and Leader|doi=10.1515/9781503602595-009|s2cid=243691670|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503602595-009/html}}</ref> However, in 1679, Aurangzeb chose to re-impose jizya on non-Muslim subjects in lieu of military service, a move that was sharply critiqued by many Hindu rulers and Mughal court-officials.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lal|first=Vinay|author-link=Vinay Lal|title=Aurangzeb, Akbar, and the Communalization of History|url=http://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/mughals-and-medieval/aurangzeb/communalization-of-history/|website=Manas}}</ref><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Lal|first=Vinay|author-link=Vinay Lal|title=Aurangzeb's Fatwa on Jizya|url=http://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/mughals-and-medieval/aurangzeb/aurangzebs-fatwa-jizya/|access-date=2021-02-05|website=MANAS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chandra|first=Satish|year=1969|title=Jizyah and the State in India during the 17th Century|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596130|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=12|issue=3|pages=322–340|doi=10.2307/3596130 |jstor=3596130|issn=0022-4995|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The specific amount varied with the socioeconomic status of a subject and tax-collection were often waived for regions hit by calamities; also, monks, [[musta'min]]s, women, children, elders, the handicapped, the unemployed, the ill, and the insane were all perpetually exempted.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Aurangzeb|first1=Emperor of Hindustan|url=http://archive.org/details/rukaatialamgirio00aurarich|title=Ruka'at-i-Alamgiri; or, Letters of Aurungzebe, with historical and explanatory notes;|last2=Jamshedji Hormasji Bilimoriya|date=1908|publisher=London : Luzac [etc., etc.]|others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Truschke|first=Audrey|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/590382|title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King|date=2017-01-01|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5|pages=89–100|chapter=7. Later Years|doi=10.1515/9781503602595-011|s2cid=242351847|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503602595-011/html}}</ref> The collectors were mandated to be Muslims.<ref name=":13" /> In some areas revolts led to its periodic suspension such as the 1704 AD suspension of jizya in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]] of India by Aurangzeb.<ref>Markovits, C. (Ed.). (2002). ''A History of Modern India: 1480–1950'', Anthem Press. pp. 109–12.</ref>

===Southern Italy===
After the [[Norman conquest of Sicily]], taxes imposed on the Muslim minority were also called the ''jizya'' (locally spelled ''gisia'').<ref name=gisia/> This poll tax was a continuation of the jizya imposed on non-Muslims in the [[Emirate of Sicily]] and [[Emirate of Bari|Bari]] by [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Islamic rulers of southern Italy]], before the Norman conquest.<ref name=gisia>Shlomo Simonsohn, Between Scylla and Charybdis: The Jews in Sicily, Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004192454}}, pp 24, 163</ref>

===Ottoman Empire===
{{see also|Devshirme}}
[[File:Jizya document Chokmanovo 1615.jpg|thumb|A jizya document from 17th century [[Ottoman Empire]].]]
{{Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar}}

Jizya collected from Christian and Jewish communities was among the main sources of tax income of the Ottoman treasury.<ref name=opp287/> In some regions, such as Lebanon and Egypt, jizya was payable collectively by the Christian or the Jewish community, and was referred to as ''maqtu''—in these cases the individual rate of jizya tax would vary, as the community would pitch in for those who could not afford to pay.<ref>Stefan Winter (2012), The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788, [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|978-1107411432}}, p. 64.</ref><ref>Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman et al (1960), {{ISBN|9789004161214}}, Jizya</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2015}}

The Ottoman state also collected Jizya from Muslim and non-Muslim groups they registered as Gypsy (Kıpti), such as [[Romani people|Roma]] in Western Anatolia and Balkans and [[Abdal people (West Asia)|Abdals]], [[Dom people|Doms]] and [[Lom people|Loms]] in [[Kastamonu]], [[Çankırı]]-[[Tosya]], [[Ankara]], [[Malatya]], [[Harput]], [[Antep]], and [[Aleppo]] no later than late 17th century. Abdals and [[Tahtacı]]s in Teke ([[Antalya]]) were affiliated with another fiscal category, ifraz-ı zulkadriyye, until 1858, when the Ottoman reformers incorporated the fixed tax of relevant groups into the Gypsy poll tax.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Yılgür |first= Egemen |title= The 1858 Tax Reform and the Other Nomads in Ottoman Asia |year= 2023 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume= 60 |issue= 2 |pages=1–20 |doi= 10.1080/00263206.2023.2185882 |url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2023.2185882|url-access= subscription }}</ref>

===Abolition===
In [[Iran|Persia]], ''jizya'' was paid by the [[Zoroastrian]] minority until 1884, when it was removed by pressure on the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] government from the Persian Zoroastrian Amelioration Fund.<ref>"The Zoroastrians who remained in Persia (modern Iran) after the Arab–Muslim conquest (7th century AD) had a long history as outcasts. Although they purchased some toleration by paying the jizya (poll tax), not abolished until 1882, they were treated as an inferior race, had to wear distinctive garb, and were not allowed to ride horses or bear arms." [http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9035741/Gabars Gabars], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 29 May 2007.{{full citation needed|date=November 2015}}</ref>

The ''jizya'' was eliminated in [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]] in the 19th century, but continued to be collected in Morocco until the first decade of the 20th century (these three dates of abolition coincide with the French colonization of these countries).<ref>"Though in Tunisia and Algeria the ''jizya/kharaj'' practice was eliminated during the 19th century, [[Moroccan Jew]]ry still paid these taxes as late as the first decade of the twentieth century." Michael M. Laskier, ''North African Jewry in the Twentieth Century: Jews of Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria'', NYU Press, 1994, p. 12.</ref>

The Ottoman Empire abolished the ''jizya'' in 1856. It was replaced with a new tax, which non-Muslims paid in lieu of military service. It was called ''baddal-askari'' (lit. 'military substitution'), a tax exempting Jews and Christians from military service. The [[Kurdish Jews|Jews of Kurdistan]], according to the scholar Mordechai Zaken, preferred to pay the "baddal" tax in order to redeem themselves from military service. Only those incapable of paying the tax were drafted into the army. Zaken says that paying the tax was possible to an extent also during the war and some Jews paid 50 gold liras every year during [[World War I]]. According to Zaken, "in spite of the forceful conscription campaigns, some of the Jews were able to buy their exemption from conscription duty." Zaken states that the payment of the ''baddal askari'' during the war was a form of bribe that bought them at most a one-year deferment."<ref>Mordechai Zaken, ''Jewish Subjects and their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival'', Brill, 2007, pp. 280–284–71.</ref>

==In recent times==
The jizya is no longer imposed by Muslim states.<ref name=iwt738/>{{sfn|Cahen|p=562}} Nevertheless, there have been reports of non-Muslims in areas controlled by the Pakistani Taliban and ISIS being forced to pay the jizya.<ref name=ipt-p283/><ref name="raqqa"/>

In 2009, officials in the [[Peshawar]] region of Pakistan claimed that members of the [[Taliban]] forced the payment of ''jizya'' from Pakistan's minority [[Sikhs in Pakistan|Sikh community]] after occupying some of their homes and kidnapping a Sikh leader.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090417/world.htm#6|title=Sikhs pay Rs 20 million as 'tax' to Taliban|work=The Tribune|date=16 April 2009|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> In 2014, the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) announced that it intended to extract jizya from Christians in the city of [[Raqqa]], Syria, which it controlled <ref>{{Cite web |last=Klama |first=R. B. |title=Syrian jihadists subjugate Christians in Raqqa |url=https://www.mnnonline.org/news/syrian-jihadists-subjugate-christians-raqqa/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Mission Network News |language=en-US}}</ref>

In June, the [[Institute for the Study of War]] reported that [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] claims to have collected the ''fay'', i.e. jizya and kharaj.<ref name="ISWJune30">{{cite web|last1=Caris|first1=Charlie|title=The Islamic State Announces Caliphate|url=http://iswiraq.blogspot.co.uk/2014/06/the-islamic-state-announces-caliphate.html|publisher=Institute for the Study of War|access-date=1 July 2014}}</ref>

The late Islamic scholar [[Abul A'la Maududi]], of [[Pakistan]], said that Jizya should be re-imposed on non-Muslims in a Muslim nation.<ref name="esposito-shahin-149" /> [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] of [[Egypt]] also held that position in the mid-1980s;<ref name="rsp101102">{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Rachel|title=The challenge of political Islam non-Muslims and the Egyptian state|url=https://archive.org/details/challengepolitic00scot|url-access=limited|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Stanford, Calif|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8047-6906-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/challengepolitic00scot/page/n117 101]|quote=In the mid-1980s Yusuf al-Qaradawi argued that non-Muslims should not serve in the army and should pay the jizya on the basis that the Islamic state is best protected by those who believe in it.}}</ref> however, he later reconsidered his legal opinion on this point, stating: "[n]owadays, after [[Conscription|military conscription]] has become compulsory for all [[Citizenship|citizens]]—Muslims and non-Muslims—there is no longer room for any payment, whether by name of jizya or any other."<ref name="Qaradawi">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/026%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9%20%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D9%88%20%D8%B1%D8%AF%20%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA#page/n0/mode/2up|first1=Yūsuf|last1=al-Qaraḍāwī|author-link=Yusuf al-Qaradawi|date=2007|title=al-Dīn wa-al-siyāsah : taʼṣīl wa-radd shubuhāt|script-title=ar:الدين والسياسة : تأصيل ورد شبهات|page=157|location=[[Dublin]]|publisher=European Council for Fatwa and Research}} Quote: «و اليوم بعد أن أصبح التجنيد الإجباري مفروضا على كل المواطنين − مسلمين و غير مسلمين − لم يعد هناك مجال لدفع أي مال، لا باسم جزية، و لا غيرها.» Translation: "Nowadays, after military conscription has become compulsory for all citizens — Muslims and non-Muslims — there is no longer room for any payment, whether by name of ''jizya'', or any other." ([https://archive.org/stream/qaradawi.net/026%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9%20%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D9%88%20%D8%B1%D8%AF%20%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA#page/n155/mode/2up online])</ref> According to Khaled Abou El Fadl, moderate Muslims generally reject the [[Dhimmi|dhimma system]], which encompasses jizya, as inappropriate for the age of nation-states and [[Democracy|democracies]].<ref name="HarperOne"/>

==Assessment and historical context==
{{see also|Taxation of the Jews in Europe}}

Some authors have characterized the complex of land and poll taxes in the pre-Abbasid era and implementation of the jizya poll tax in early modern South Asia as discriminatory and/or oppressive,{{sfn|Hoyland|2014|p=198|ps=. "The most contentious aspect of this discriminatory policy was taxation. Initially, as one would expect, the Arabs, as conquerors and soldiers/rulers, did not pay any taxes. The (adult male) conquered people, on the other hand, all paid tax, irrespective of their religion or ethnicity, unless they were granted an exemption in return for providing military service or spying or the like."}}{{sfn|Stillman|1979|p=28}}<ref name=jamalmalik>{{cite book|last=Malik|first=Jamal|title=Islam in South Asia a short history|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Netherlands|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-16859-6|page=69|quote=It is to be noted that this tax was collected in lieu of military service, but the problem gets compounded when we learn that so many Hindus fought in Muslim armies. It was only with expanding Muslim rule by the later half of the fourteenth century, that ''jizya'' was levied on non-Muslims as a discriminatory tax, but was relaxed here and there.}}</ref><ref>Chandra, S. (1969), Jizyah and the State in India during the 17th Century, Journal de l'histoire economique et sociale de l'Orient, p. 339. Quote: "Politically, the greatest objection to ''jizyah'' was that it harassed and alienated some of the most influential sections of the Hindus, namely the urban masses [...] These people were subjected to great harassment and oppression by the collectors of ''jizyah'', and in retaliation resorted on a number of occasions to ''hartal'' and public demonstrations."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Markovits|first=Claude|title=A history of modern India, 1480–1950|publisher=Anthem|location=London|year=2004|isbn=978-1-84331-152-2|page=30|quote=the ''jizya'' [was] the symbol par excellence of the superiority of Muslims over non-Muslims: it is highly doubtful that it was in reality levied as a tax distinct from the land tax; the terms ''jizya'' and ''kharaj'' are interchangeable in the texts dating from this time. The extremely theoretical nature of this discrimination must be kept in mind when there is reference to its abolition or its restoration under the Moguls.}}</ref> and the majority of Islamic scholars, amongst whom are [[Al-Nawawi]] and [[Ibn Qudamah]], have criticized humiliating aspects of its collection as contrary to Islamic principles.{{sfn|Dagli|2013|pp=82–3}}<ref name="Nawawi2"/><ref>Takim, L. (2007), Holy Peace or Holy War: Tolerance and Co-existence in the Islamic Juridical Tradition, Islam and Muslim Societies, 4(2). pp. 14–6</ref><ref name="Buti3">{{cite book|author-link=Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti|first1=Muhammad Sa'id|last1=Ramadan al-Buti|url=https://archive.org/stream/elbouti/jihad#page/n0/mode/2up|title=Al-Jihād fī'l-Islām|publisher=Dār al-Fikr|place=[[Damascus]]|date=2005|pages=132–3}} Quote: «تزيدات مبتدعة في طريقة استحصال الرسم أو الضريبة التي تسمى الجزية. و في معاملة الكتابيين عموماً، لم نقرأها في القرآن، و لم نجد دليلاً عليها في سنَّة عن رسول الله ﷺ، و إنما ذكرها بعض متأخري الفقهاء. [...] و قد أنكر محققو الفقهاء على إختلاف مذاهبهم، هده التزايدات المبتدعة، و المقحمة في أحكام الشرع و مبادئه، و حذروا من اعتمادها و الأخذ بها.» Translation: "Heretical additions in the collection methods of the tax that is called the ''jizya'', and in the common behavior with the People of the Book in general, that we didn't read in the Qur'an, and that we didn't find evidence for in the Sunnah of the Prophet of God – Peace be upon him, but that was mentioned by some later jurists (''fuqahā''). [...] In point of fact, leading scholars (''muḥaqqiqū'') of jurisprudence, despite their differences in their respective schools of jurisprudence (''madhāhib''), have denied and refuted these heretical innovations, that were intrusive in the rules and principles of the Law, and they warned against following and taking them."</ref> Discriminatory regulations were utilized by many pre-modern polities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Emon|first=Anver|title=Religious pluralism and Islamic law|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, United Kingdom|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-966163-3|page=98|quote=Imposing poll-taxes and other regulatory measures on minority religious communities was not unique to the Islamic tradition. Rather, discriminatory regulations were utilized by many polities throughout antiquity, late antiquity, and the medieval period.}}</ref> However, W. Cleveland and M. Bunton assert that dhimma status represented "an unusually tolerant attitude for the era and stood in marked contrast to the practices of the [[Byzantine Empire]]". They add that the change from the Byzantine and Persian rule to Arab rule lowered taxes and allowed dhimmis to enjoy a measure of communal autonomy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Victoria|first1=William L. Cleveland, late of Simon Fraser University, Martin Bunton, University of|title=A history of the modern Middle East|date=2013|publisher=Westview Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0813348346|page=13|edition=Fifth}}</ref> According to [[Bernard Lewis]], available evidence suggests that the change from Byzantine to Arab rule was "welcomed by many among the subject peoples, who found the new yoke far lighter than the old, both in taxation and in other matters".<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|year=2002|title=Arabs in History|page=[https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory00bern/page/57 57]|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19280-31-08|url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory00bern/page/57 }}</ref>

[[Ira Lapidus]] writes that the Arab-Muslim conquests followed a general pattern of nomadic conquests of settled regions, whereby conquering peoples became the new military elite and reached a compromise with the old elites by allowing them to retain local political, religious, and financial authority.<ref name="Lapidus">{{Cite book|last=Lapidus|first=Ira M.|author-link=Ira M. Lapidus|title=A History of Islamic societes|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|page=53|isbn=9780521514309 }}</ref> Peasants, workers, and merchants paid taxes, while members of the old and new elites collected them.<ref name="Lapidus"/> Payment of various taxes, the total of which for peasants often reached half of the value of their produce, was not only an economic burden, but also a mark of social inferiority.<ref name="Lapidus"/>

[[Norman Stillman]] writes that although the tax burden of the Jews under early Islamic rule was comparable to that under previous rulers, Christians of the Byzantine Empire (though not Christians of the Persian empire, whose status was similar to that of the Jews) and Zoroastrians of Iran shouldered a considerably heavier burden in the immediate aftermath of the Arab conquests.{{sfn|Stillman|1979|p=28}} He writes that escape from oppressive taxation and social inferiority was a "great inducement" to conversion and flight from villages to Arab garrison towns, and many converts to Islam "were sorely disappointed when they discovered that they were not to be permitted to go from being tribute bearers to pension receivers by the ruling Arab military elite," before their numbers forced an overhaul of the economic system in the 8th century.{{sfn|Stillman|1979|p=28}}

The influence of jizya on conversion has been a subject of scholarly debate.<ref name="Tramontana">{{cite journal|last=Tramontana|first=Felicita|title=The Poll Tax and the Decline of the Christian Presence in the Palestinian Countryside in the 17th Century|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=56|issue=4–5|year=2013|pages=631–652|doi=10.1163/15685209-12341337|quote=The (cor)relation between the payment of the poll-tax and conversion to Islam, has long been the subject of scholarly debate. At the beginning of the twentieth century scholars suggested that after the Muslim conquest the local populations converted ''en masse'' to evade the payment of the poll tax. This assumption has been challenged by subsequent research. Indeed Dennett's study clearly showed that the payment of the poll tax was not a sufficient reason to convert after the Muslim conquest and that other factors—such as the wish to retain social status—had greater influence. According to Inalcik the wish to evade payment of the jizya was an important incentive for conversion to Islam in the Balkans, but Anton Minkov has recently argued that taxation was only one of a number of motivations.}}</ref> [[Julius Wellhausen]] held that the poll tax amounted to so little that exemption from it did not constitute sufficient economic motive for conversion.{{sfn|Dennett|1950|p=10|ps=. "Wellhausen makes the assumption that the poll tax amounted to so little that exemption from it did not constitute sufficient economic motive for conversion."}} Similarly, [[Thomas Walker Arnold|Thomas Arnold]] states that jizya was "too moderate" to constitute a burden, "seeing that it released them from the compulsory military service that was incumbent on their Muslim fellow subjects." He further adds that converts escaping taxation would have to pay the legal alms, zakat, that is annually levied on most kinds of movable and immovable property.<ref name="ArnoldPoI7">{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Walker Arnold|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]|date=1913|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno|pages=[https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/59 59]|quote=... but this jizyah was too moderate to constitute a burden, seeing that it released them from the compulsory military service that was incumbent on their Muslim fellow-subjects. Conversion to Islam was certainly attended by a certain pecuniary advantage, but his former religion could have had but little hold on a convert who abandoned it merely to gain exemption from the jizyah; and now, instead of jizyah, the convert had to pay the legal alms, zakāt, annually levied on most kinds of movable and immovable property.}} ([https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno#page/58/mode/2up online])</ref> Other early 20th century scholars suggested that non-Muslims converted to Islam ''en masse'' in order to escape the poll tax, but this theory has been challenged by more recent research.<ref name="Tramontana"/> Daniel Dennett has shown that other factors, such as desire to retain social status, had greater influence on this choice in the early Islamic period.<ref name="Tramontana"/> According to [[Halil İnalcık]], the wish to avoid paying the jizya was an important incentive for conversion to Islam in the Balkans, though Anton Minkov has argued that it was only one among several motivating factors.<ref name="Tramontana"/>

[[Mark R. Cohen]] writes that despite the humiliating connotations and the financial burden, the jizya paid by Jews under Islamic rule provided a "surer guarantee of protection from non-Jewish hostility" than that possessed by Jews in the Latin West, where Jews "paid numerous and often unreasonably high and arbitrary taxes" in return for official protection, and where treatment of Jews was governed by charters which new rulers could alter at will upon accession or refuse to renew altogether.{{sfn|Cohen|2008|pp=72–73}} The [[Pact of Umar]], which stipulated that Muslims must "do battle to guard" the dhimmis and "put no burden on them greater than they can bear", was not always upheld, but it remained "a steadfast cornerstone of Islamic policy" into early modern times.{{sfn|Cohen|2008|pp=72–73}}

Yaser Ellethy states that the "insignificant amount" of the jizya, as well as its progressive structure and exemptions leave no doubt that it was not imposed to persecute people or force them to convert.{{sfn|Ellethy|2014|p=181|ps=. "[...] the insignificant amount of this yearly tax, the fact that it was progressive, that elders, poor people, handicapped, women, children, monks and hermits were exempted, leave no doubt about exploitation or persecution of those who did not accept Islam. Comparing its amount to the obligatory zaka which an ex-dhimmi should give to the Muslim state in case he converts to Islam dismisses the claim that its aim was forced conversions to Islam."}} Niaz A. Shah states that ''jizya'' is "partly symbolic and partly commutation for military service. As the amount is insignificant and exemptions are many, the symbolic nature predominates."{{sfn|Shah|2008|pp=19–20}} [[Muhammad Abdel-Haleem]] states, "[t]he jizya is a very clear example of the acceptance of a multiplicity of cultures within the Islamic system, which allowed people of different faiths to live according to their own faiths, all contributing to the well-being of the state, Muslims through ''[[Zakat|zakāt]]'', and the ''ahl al-dhimma'' through ''jizya''."{{sfn|Abdel-Haleem|2012|p=86}}

In his essay, ethnographer [[Shelomo Dov Goitein]] highlighted the limitation of studying the potential economic and other adverse social consequences of the jizya without any reference to non-Muslim sources:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596268|title=Evidence on the Muslim Poll Tax from Non Muslim Sources|pages=278–279|jstor=3596268 }}</ref>
{{blockquote|There is no subject of Islamic social history on which the present writer had to modify his views so radically while passing from literary to documentary sources, i.e., from the study of Muslim books to that of the records of the Cairo Geniza as the jizya...or the poll tax to be paid by non-Muslims. It was of course, evident that the tax represented a discrimination and was intended, according to the Koran's own words, to emphasize the inferior status of the non-believers. It seemed, however, that from the economic point of view, it did not constitute a heavy imposition, since it was on a sliding scale, approximately one, two, and four dinars, and thus adjusted to the financial capacity of the taxpayer. This impression proved to be entirely fallacious, for it did not take into consideration the immense extent of poverty and privation experienced by the masses, and in particular, their persistent lack of cash, which turned the "season of the tax" into one of horror, dread, and misery.}}

In 2016, Muslim scholars from more than 100 countries signed the [[Marrakesh Declaration]], a document that called for a new Islamic jurisprudence based on the recognition of [[civic nationalism]] based governments, implying that the dhimmī system is inapplicable in the modern era in relation to the time of the writing of the Qur'an.<ref name="Britannica-Afsaruddin"/>

==See also==
* [[Dhimmi]]
* [[Kharaj]]
* [[Leibzoll]]
* [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Millet system]]
* [[Rav akçesi]]
* [[Taxation of the Jews in Europe]]
* [[Tolerance tax]]
* [[Al-Kaffarah]]
* [[Religious discrimination]]
* [[1942 wealth tax in Turkey]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|33em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite book|first=Abdullah Yusuf|last=Ali|author-link=Abdullah Yusuf Ali|title=The Holy Quran|publisher=King Fahd Holy Qur'an Printing Complex|location=Medina|year=1991}}
* {{cite book|first=Khaled|last=Abou Al-Fadl|year=2002|author-link=Khaled Abou Al-Fadl|title=The Place of Tolerance in Islam|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|isbn=978-0-8070-0229-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/placeoftolerance0000abou}}
* {{cite journal|first=Muhammad|last=Abdel-Haleem|author-link=Muhammad Abdel-Haleem|title=The jizya Verse (Q. 9:29): Tax Enforcement on Non-Muslims in the First Muslim State|journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies|year=2012|issn=1465-3591|volume=14|issue=2|doi=10.3366/jqs.2012.0056|pages=72–89}}
*{{cite journal |title=The concept of Jizya in early Islam |first=Ziauddin |last=Ahmed |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=14 |pages=293–305 |number=4 |year=1975 |jstor=20846971}}
* Aisha Y. Musa "[https://colgate.academia.edu/AishaMusa/Papers/1183861/_jizya_Toward_a_more_Quranically_based_Understanding_of_a_Historically_Problematic_Term_ jizya: Towards a Qur'ānically-based understanding of a Historically Problematic Term", in ''Transcendental Thought''], November 2011.
* {{cite book|last=Lambton|first=Ann|author-link=Ann Lambton|title=State and Government in Medieval Islam|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|year=2013|isbn=978-1-136-60521-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cahen|first1=Claude|author-link=Claude Cahen|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|chapter=Ḏj̲izzya|volume=2|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book|last=Bravmann|first=M. M.|title=The spiritual background of early Islam studies in ancient Arab concepts|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden Boston|year=2009|isbn=978-90-04-17200-5}}
* Cleveland, William L. ''A History of the Modern Middle East'', Westview Press, Nov 1, 1999. {{ISBN|0-8133-3489-6}}
* Choudhury, Masudul Alam; Abdul Malik, Uzir (1992). ''The Foundations of Islamic Political Economy''. Hampshire: The Macmillan Press. {{ISBN|0312068549}}.
* {{cite book|first=Daniel Clement|last=Dennett|date=1950|title=Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=9780674331594}}
* {{cite book|first1=Yaser|last1=Ellethy|date=2014|title=Islam, Context, Pluralism and Democracy: Classical and Modern Interpretations (Islamic Studies Series)|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1138800304}}
* [[Fred Donner|Donner, Fred McGraw]] (1981). ''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/donner.html The Early Islamic Conquests]'', [[Princeton University Press]].
* {{Cite book|last=Hoyland|first=Robert G.|author-link=Robert G. Hoyland|title=In Gods Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvmKBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780190209650}}
* Narain, Harsh (1990). Jizyah and the spread of Islam. New Delhi: Voice of India.
* Hunter, Shireen; Malik, Huma; Senturk, Recep (2005). ''Islam and Human Rights: Advancing a U.S.-Muslim Dialogue''. [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]].
* {{Cite book|title=War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad|last1=H.R.H. Prince|first1=Ghazi Muhammad|publisher=The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-903682-83-8|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Kalin|author3-link=Mohammad Hashim Kamali|last3=Mohammad Hashim|first3=Kamali|url=http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf|ref=CITEREFGhaziKalinKamali2013|author2-link=Ibrahim Kalin|author1-link=Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad|access-date=2015-12-11|archive-date=2017-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709055514/http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|first=Mahmoud|last=Shaltut|title=The Qur'an and Combat|volume=War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad|editor=[[Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad]]|editor2=[[Ibrahim Kalin]]|editor3=[[Mohammad Hashim Kamali]]|publisher=The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-903682-83-8|url=http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf|access-date=2015-12-11|archive-date=2017-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709055514/http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|first=Ibrahim|last=Kalin|title=Islam and Peace: A Survey of the Sources of Peace in the Islamic Tradition|volume=War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad|editor=[[Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad]]|editor2=[[Ibrahim Kalin]]|editor3=[[Mohammad Hashim Kamali]]|publisher=The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-903682-83-8|url=http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf|access-date=2015-12-11|archive-date=2017-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709055514/http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|first=Caner|last=Dagli|title=Jihad and the Islamic Law of War|volume=War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad|editor=[[Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad]]|editor2=[[Ibrahim Kalin]]|editor3=[[Mohammad Hashim Kamali]]|publisher=The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-903682-83-8|url=http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf|access-date=2015-12-11|archive-date=2017-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709055514/http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Esposito|first=John L.|author-link=John Esposito|date=1998|title=Islam: The Straight Path|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-511233-7|title-link=Islam: The Straight Path}}
* {{cite book|last=Stillman|first=Norman|author-link=Norman Stillman|title=The Jews of Arab lands : a history and source book|publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America|location=Philadelphia|year=1979|isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Niaz A.|last=Shah|title=Self-Defense in Islamic and International Law: Assessing Al-Qaeda and the Invasion of Iraq|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0230606180}}
* [[Shelomo Dov Goitein|Goiten, S.D.]] "Evidence on the Muslim [[Tax per head|Poll Tax]] from Non-Muslim Sources", ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1963'', Vol. 6.
* {{cite book
|first=Thomas
|last=Walker Arnold
|author-link=Thomas Walker Arnold
|publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Robinson Ltd]]
|date=1913
|title=Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith
|url=https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno
}}
* {{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Mark R.|author-link=Mark R. Cohen|title=Under crescent and cross : the Jews in the Middle Ages|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|year=2008|isbn=978-0-691-13931-9}}
* Seed, Patricia. ''Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492–1640'', [[Cambridge University Press]], Oct 27, 1995, {{ISBN|0-521-49757-4}}.
* {{cite book|last=Tritton|first=A. S.|title=Caliphs and their non-Muslim subjects : a critical study of the covenant of ʻUmar|publisher=Routledge|location=London New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-415-61181-7}}
* [[William Montgomery Watt|Watt, William Montgomery]] (1980), ''Islamic Political Thought: The Basic Concepts'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043677/jizya Jizya] – ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
{{Islam topics|Law}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Abolished taxes]]
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia]]
[[Category:Economy of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:History of taxation]]
[[Category:Islam and other religions]]
[[Category:Persecution of Christians by Muslims]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus]]
[[Category:Poll taxes]]
[[Category:Taxation in Islam]]
[[Category:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Taxation of foreigners]]
[[Category:Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:Islamic economic jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Religious taxation]]

Bivabati Bose

2026-03-03T08:04:53Z

SimoneMarina699: started a stub...

{{Short description|Indian social activist and wife of Sarat Chandra Bose}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Bivabati Bose
| native_name = বিভাবতী বোস
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Sarat Bose and wife Bivabati in 1921.jpg
| caption = Bivabati Bose (seated) with Sarat Bose
| other_names = Bibhabati Bose
| birth_date = 1896
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|06|26|1896}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]]
| spouse = [[Sarat Chandra Bose]]
}}

'''Bivabati Bose''' ({{née|'''De'''}}; c. 1896 – 1954) was a [[Gandhian Movement|Gandhian]] social activist and a revolutionary of the [[Indian independence movement]]. She was married to [[Sarat Chandra Bose]], an Indian nationalist leader and barrister, and played significant role in supporting nationalist activities and political engagements of her husband and her brother-in-law, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].
== Early life and marriage ==
Bivabati De was born in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) in 1896 to Akshay Kumar Dey Biswas and Subala Dey, a prominent family in North Calcutta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Chitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_O7NSAAACAAJ |title=Mother of My Heart: The Story of Bivabati Bose |date=2009 |publisher=Thema |isbn=978-81-86017-71-5 |language=en}}</ref> At the age of thirteen in 1909, Bivabati married [[Sarat Chandra Bose]], who was then a budding barrister and later became a prominent figure in the [[Indian National Congress]] and the independence movement.<ref name="Gordon1990">{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Leonard A. |title=Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-231-07442-1 |location=New York |pages=31, 50, 400, 647}}</ref> Although she had no formal education, she could read and write Bengali, and late studied English with Sarat.<ref name="Gordon1990" /> Together, they established the Bose family residence at 1 Woodburn Park in Calcutta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-04 |title=How Sisir Bose saved Netaji's Elgin Road house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/how-sisir-bose-saved-netajis-elgin-rd-house/articleshow/57456177.cms |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> which became a focal point for political discussions and activities related to the freedom struggle.<ref name="Gordon1990" />

== Role during the Independence Movement ==
Bivabati Bose managed the large joint family household, providing stability and support amidst the turbulent political careers of Sarat Chandra and Subhas Chandra Bose. Sarat Bose faced repeated arrests and detentions by the British authorities, including periods of imprisonment in the 1930s and internment during [[India in World War II|World War II]] (1941–1945).<ref name="Gordon1990" /> During these times, Bivabati maintained the house as a safe haven and meeting place for nationalists.<ref name="NetajiOrgBio">{{cite web |title=Sarat Chandra Bose |url=http://www.netaji.org/saratbose.php |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=Netaji Research Bureau |quote=Sarat Bose was imprisoned or interned by the British colonial rulers repeatedly... During these long periods, his wife Bibhabati shouldered the heavy burden of managing a large joint family. }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> She was known for her fortitude and resilience in managing the family's resources and raising their children during prolonged periods of her husband's absence.<ref name="Gordon1990" />

She shared a close relationship with her brother-in-law, Subhas Chandra Bose.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghose |first=Chandrachur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4LuzgEACAAJ |title=Bose: The Untold Story of an Inconvenient Nationalist |date=2022 |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-670-09600-8 |language=en |quote=The letters to mejobowdidi ''Bivabati'' stand in contrast to the bulk of his other letters, in showing the tender worldly facet of his persona, which largely remained eclipsed by the image that developed in the later years.}}</ref> The family home at Woodburn Park was where Netaji was under house arrest before his escape in January 1941, an event planned within the household with the involvement of family members, including Bivabati's son, [[Sisir Kumar Bose]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Sugata |title=His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-674-04754-9 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=179}}</ref>

== Family ==
[[File:Seated_Bibhabati,_Sisir_Kumar,_Anita_and_Sarat_Chandra_with_standing_Roma_Emilie_and_Chitra_in_Vienna,_November_1948.jpg|thumb|Bivabati Bose (seated, from left), Sisir Kumar, Anita and Sarat Chandra with standing Roma Emilie and Chitra in Vienna, November 1948]]
Bivabati and Sarat Chandra Bose had eight children who survived to adulthood:
* Asoke Nath Bose (1915–1994) - Chemical Engineer
* [[Amiya Nath Bose]] (1915–1996) - Barrister, Member of Parliament<ref name="Gordon1990" />
* [[Sisir Kumar Bose]] (1920–2000) - Pediatrician, Member of Legislative Assembly, Founder Director of [[Netaji Research Bureau]]<ref name="Gordon1990" />
* [[Subrata Bose]] (1932–2016) - Electrical Engineer, Member of Parliament<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2016 |title=Subrata Bose passes away |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/subrata-bose-passes-away-121497.html |access-date=1 May 2025 |newspaper=The Statesman}}</ref>
* Mira Roy (b. 1911/12)<ref name="Gordon1990" />
* Gita Biswas (née Bose)<ref name="Gordon1990" />
* Roma Ray Choudhury (née Bose)<ref name="Gordon1990" />
* Chitra Ghosh (1930–2021) - Political Scientist, Professor <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-08 |title=Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's niece Chitra Ghosh passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-niece-chitra-ghosh-passes-away-7138207/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821080333/https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-niece-chitra-ghosh-passes-away-7138207/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Shanti Bose (died young)<ref name="Gordon1990" />

== Later life and legacy ==
After India's independence and the death of Sarat Chandra Bose in 1950, she became directly involved in politics. She contested and won the vacant South Calcutta Assembly seat as a United Left Front candidate.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} She supported the establishment and activities of the [[Netaji Research Bureau]], founded by her son Sisir Kumar Bose in 1957 at the family home.<ref name="Gordon1990" /> After prolonged illness, Bose died in her family home in Kolkata on 26 June 1954.

Letters written by Sarat Chandra Bose and Subhas Chandra Bose to Bivabati have been included in many publications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prasad |first=Bimal |date=July 1969 |title=India: Correspondence, 1924–32 of Subhas Chandra Bose. Netaji Research Bureau, Calcutta. 1967. 427p. Rs. 17.50 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/097492846902500322 |journal=India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=281–285 |doi=10.1177/097492846902500322 |issn=0974-9284|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2009, her daughter Chitra Ghosh published a memoir titled ''Mother of My Heart: the Story of Bivabati Bose'' on the life of her mother.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Bivabati}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]

Pranitha Subhash

2026-03-02T01:28:24Z

SimoneMarina699: page fix

{{short description|Indian actress }}
{{Indian patronymic|Pranitha|Subhash}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pranitha Subhash
| alt =
| image = Pranitha at CCL 3's Chennai Rhinos Vs Karnataka Bulldozers match (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Pranitha in 2015
| birth_name = Pranitha Subhash
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|10|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|Nitin Raju|2021}}
| children = 2
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2010–present
}}

'''Pranitha Subhash''' (born 17 October 1992<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday, Pranitha Subhash: Know The First Film of South Indian Actress |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-pranitha-subhash-know-the-first-film-of-south-indian-actress-6184771.html |work=News18 |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pranitha Subhash के घर फिर गुजेंगी किलकारी, 31 की उम्र में बनेंगी दूसरी बार मां, बेबी बंप फ्लॉन्ट कर दी जानकारी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/south-cinema-pranitha-subhash-announces-second-pregnancy-at-age-31-she-flaunted-her-baby-bump-8522156.html |work=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |date=25 July 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>) is an Indian actress who appears in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Malayalam]] films. She debuted as an actress in the 2010 Kannada film, ''[[Porki]]''. In 2012, she starred in ''[[Bheema Theeradalli]]'' and got a break through,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shambhavi |date=6 April 2019 |title=South films actress Pranitha Subhash to make her Bollywood entry with 'Bhuj- The Pride Of India'. She married Nitin Raj a business man from Banglore. |work=The Indian Wire |url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/pranitha-subhash-bhuj-india-bollywood-117099/ |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107160024/https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/pranitha-subhash-bhuj-india-bollywood-117099/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and appeared in several commercially hits like ''[[Baava]]'' (2010), ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2013), ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani|Masss]]'' (2015) and ''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' (2018).

==Career==
Pranitha debuted in the 2010 Kannada film ''[[Porki]]'' opposite [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]. After the success of ''Porki'', she refused several offers from Kannada films and became choosy about her projects before signing for the Telugu film ''[[Baava]]'', a love story where she starred opposite [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daithota |first1=Madhu |title=Pranitha moves to Tollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/pranitha-moves-to-tollywood/articleshow/6110237.cms |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=1 July 2010 |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107161518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/pranitha-moves-to-tollywood/articleshow/6110237.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She was praised unanimously for her portrayal of a Telugu village belle in the film. She then went on to appear in her first Tamil film, ''Udhayan'', starring [[Arulnithi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=I don't like to overwork: Pranitha Subhash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/i-dont-like-to-overwork-pranitha-subhash/articleshow/8950305.cms |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=23 June 2011 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331190508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/i-dont-like-to-overwork-pranitha-subhash/articleshow/8950305.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

She was then signed up for her second Tamil project ''[[Saguni]]'', opposite [[Karthi]], which released in both Tamil and Telugu languages. ''Saguni'' was her biggest release: a film that released in a record 1,150 theatres all over the world.

She then appeared in ''[[Jarasandha (film)|Jarasandha]]'' and ''[[Bheema Theeradalli]]'', a real-life story of a [[naxalite]], both opposite [[Duniya Vijay]]. Pranitha was praised for her portrayal of Bheemavva by critics and won a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare]] nomination for the same.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095119/http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> She won the Santosham award that year for ''Bheema Theeradalli''.

She then acted in the Kannada film ''[[Whistle (Kannada film)|Whistle]]'', for which she earned a nomination at the [[SIIMA]] awards.

After this, she appeared in the [[Telugu language]] film ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'', which was released in September 2013 and went on to become the highest grossing Telugu language film of all time, collecting over ₹100 crore. It also won her nominations at various award events. The film is being remade in other languages.

During the same time, she worked on a Kannada film ''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]'', opposite [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]. She also worked on ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]'', starring [[Raveena Tandon]] and [[Mohan Babu]], in which she was paired opposite [[Manchu Manoj]]. Both the films fared well. After a brief gap of two years, she signed for another Tamil film ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani|Masss]]'', opposite [[Suriya]] in late November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pranitha Subhash joins Suriya's Masss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Pranitha-Subhash-joins-Suriyas-Masss/articleshow/45268060.cms |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017 |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007115232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Pranitha-Subhash-joins-Suriyas-Masss/articleshow/45268060.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In late 2014, she acted in a Telugu film ''[[Dynamite (2015 film)|Dynamite]]'', opposite Manchu Vishnu.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Latha |date=2 September 2015 |title=Pranitha Subhash says Telugu action flick 'Dynamite' will show her in a new avatar |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pranitha-subhash-says-telugu-action-flick-dynamite-will-show-her-in-a-new-avatar-2121171 |work=DNA |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>

In late June 2015, she acted in the Telugu film ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'', featuring [[Mahesh Babu]].

She recently worked with [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] in the song "Chan Kitthan".<ref>{{Citation |last=T-Series |title=Official Video: Chan Kitthan Song {{!}} Ayushmann {{!}} Pranitha {{!}} Bhushan Kumar {{!}} Rochak {{!}} Kumaar |date=28 June 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFYCc577kjQ |via=YouTube |access-date=4 July 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120643/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFYCc577kjQ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2020, Pranitha completed her executive education and received a degree in Professional & Leadership Development from [[Harvard Kennedy School]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Pranitha Subhash is now a Harvard alumni |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actress-pranitha-subhash-is-now-a-harvard-alumni/articleshow/79526052.cms |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117154445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actress-pranitha-subhash-is-now-a-harvard-alumni/articleshow/79526052.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Other work==
===Endorsements===
Subhash endorsed brands like [[Joyalukkas]], SVB Silks Salem, Bombay Jewellery, Welight Academy of Education, Sri Lakshmi Jewellery, Pondichery and
RS Brothers. She was signed as the brand ambassador of the team Karnataka Bulldozers in the [[Celebrity Cricket League]] in its third season in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pranitha's rooting for the Bulldozers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Pranithas-rooting-for-the-Bulldozers/articleshow/18861624.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140209135706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-08/news-interviews/37560688_1_pranitha-kerala-strikers-kiccha-sudeep |url-status=live |archive-date=9 February 2014 |date=8 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> In October 2014, Subhash along with Anu Prabhakar was selected as the ambassador for the Jewels of India – a fashion jewellery exhibition in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anu Prabhakar, Pranitha at inauguration of Jewels of India |url=http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Anu-Prabhakar-Pranitha-at-inauguration-of-Jewels-of-India-92440.html |publisher=Newswala |date=10 October 2014 |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118013013/http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Anu-Prabhakar-Pranitha-at-inauguration-of-Jewels-of-India-92440.html |archive-date=18 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Subhash was the brand ambassador of Jewels Exotica the following year.
She was the face of GRB and Lulu mall among others.

===Business===
Subhash bought stakes in a hospitality company and now co-owns a restaurant called Bootlegger on Lavelle Road, Bangalore.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Pranitha-turns-her-passion-into-a-business/articleshow/49582009.cms Telugu: Pranitha turns her passion into a business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101053039/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Pranitha-turns-her-passion-into-a-business/articleshow/49582009.cms |date=1 November 2015 }}. ''The Times of India'' (29 October 2015). Retrieved 11 September 2018.</ref>

===Philanthropy===
Subhash has been involved in various philanthropic activities in India. She is working towards modernising public education in Karnataka by adopting schools and providing them with better infrastructure and sanitation facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/241018/pedda-girl-gets-charitable.html |title='Pedda' girl gets charitable |first=Shashiprasad |last=SM |date=24 October 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130111618/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/241018/pedda-girl-gets-charitable.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Subhash and a group of volunteers refurbished an ageing school in Karnataka's Hassan district. She has been committed to the cause by bringing an overhaul in the infrastructure and introducing language teachers in the schools.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pranitha-subhash-shares-the-colours-of-joy-with-kids/articleshow/68534866.cms |title=Pranitha Subhash shares the colours of joy with kids |date=23 March 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116114748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pranitha-subhash-shares-the-colours-of-joy-with-kids/articleshow/68534866.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, at least 13 such schools have been adopted by various individuals and has set a precedence to the others.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/may/15/do-gooders-adopt-revive-govt-schools-1976990.html |title=Do-gooders adopt, revive govt schools |date=15 May 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222101955/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/may/15/do-gooders-adopt-revive-govt-schools-1976990.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She contributed US$10,000 to the same cause.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=14 October 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pranitha-subhash-adopts-government-school/articleshow/66194398.cms |title=Pranitha Subhash adopts government school |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pranitha-subhash-adopts-government-school/articleshow/66194398.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019, the Election Commission (EC), along with [[Rahul Dravid]], had appointed Subhash as a brand ambassador to promote awareness among general public on voting before the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election in India]]. The initiative was termed as "State Icons" and aimed to reach out to millions of voters in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=9 April 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pranita-subhash-turns-brand-ambassador-to-spread-awareness-on-voting/articleshow/68790409.cms |title=Pranitha Subhash turns brand ambassador to spread awareness on voting |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525074323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pranita-subhash-turns-brand-ambassador-to-spread-awareness-on-voting/articleshow/68790409.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, Subhash was a part of the Young South Indian Leaders delegation, organised by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] of Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/311218/pranitha-subhashs-israel-diaries.html |title=Pranitha Subhash's Israel diaries |first=Sashidhar |last=Adivi |date=31 December 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111142517/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/311218/pranitha-subhashs-israel-diaries.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pranitha married businessman Nitin Raju in an intimate ceremony on 30 May 2021.<ref name="marriage">{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=1 June 2021 |title=Actor Pranitha Subhash gets married to Nitin Raju in private ceremony |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-pranitha-subhash-gets-married-to-nitin-raju-in-private-ceremony/article34697326.ece |access-date=16 July 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716063757/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-pranitha-subhash-gets-married-to-nitin-raju-in-private-ceremony/article34697326.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-actor-pranitha-subhash-marries-businessman-nitin-raju-149818 |title=Kannada actor Pranitha Subhash marries businessman Nitin Raju |date=31 May 2021 |website=The News Minute |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814135555/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-actor-pranitha-subhash-marries-businessman-nitin-raju-149818 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2022, she gave birth to a daughter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=12 June 2022 |title=Exclusive: I was secretly hoping for a baby girl: Pranitha Subhash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-i-was-secretly-hoping-for-a-baby-girl-pranitha-subhash/articleshow/92147018.cms |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612025403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-i-was-secretly-hoping-for-a-baby-girl-pranitha-subhash/articleshow/92147018.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cyril |first=Gace |date=11 June 2022 |title=Pranitha Subhash blessed with baby girl, shares pics from hospital |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pranitha-subhash-blessed-with-baby-girl-shares-pics-from-hospital-1961067-2022-06-11 |magazine=India Today |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115165643/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pranitha-subhash-blessed-with-baby-girl-shares-pics-from-hospital-1961067-2022-06-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2024, she gave birth to a son.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pranitha Subhash blessed with 2nd child, a son: 'This time I feel more chilled out and nothing is really stressing me' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pranitha-subhash-blessed-with-2nd-child-a-son-this-time-i-feel-more-chilled-out-and-nothing-is-really-stressing-me-101725519467096.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Porki]]''
| Anjali Iyer
| [[Kannada Language|Kannada]]
|
|
|-
|''Em Pillo Em Pillado''
| Badra
| rowspan=2 |[[Telugu Language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Baava]]''
| Varalakshmi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Udhayan (film)|Udhayan]]''
| Priya
| [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Jarasandha (film)|Jarasandha]]''
| Samantha
|rowspan=2 |Kannada
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012
| ''[[Bheema Theeradalli]]''
| Bheemavva
|
|
|-
|''[[Saguni]]''
| Sridevi
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Snehitaru]]''
| Anjali
|rowspan=3 |Kannada
|
|
|-
|''[[Mr. 420 (2012 film)|Mr. 420]]''
| Rukmini
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Whistle (Kannada film)|Whistle]]''
| Anu
|
|
|-
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
| Prameela
|rowspan=2 |Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014
| ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]''
| Kuchala Kumari "Kuku"
|
|
|-
|''[[Angaaraka]]''
| Priya
|rowspan=2 |Kannada
|
|
|-
|''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]''
| Pranitha
|
|
|-
|''[[Rabhasa]]''
| Bhagyam
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[Masss]]''
| Anuradha Shakthivel
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Dynamite (2015 film)|Dynamite]]''
|Anamika
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[A 2nd Hand Lover]]''
| Herself
|Kannada
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]''
| Babu's cousin
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Jaggu Dada]]''
| Herself
|Kannada
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]''
| Divya
|rowspan=2 |Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]''
| Priya
|
|
|-
|''[[Mass Leader]]''
| Deepa
|Kannada
|
|<ref>Sunayana, Suresh (24 January 2017) [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Pranitha-Subhash-is-the-lead-in-Leader/articleshow/52970710.cms Vamsi Krishna: Pranitha Subhash roped in as the lead in Leader | Kannada Movie News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702053707/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Pranitha-Subhash-is-the-lead-in-Leader/articleshow/52970710.cms |date=2 July 2016 }}. ''Times of India''. Retrieved 11 September 2018.</ref>
|-
| 2018
|''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]''
| Reethu
|rowspan=2 |Telugu
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[N.T.R: Kathanayakudu]]''
|Krishna Kumari
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Hungama 2]]''
| Vani Kapoor
|rowspan=2 |[[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Hungama 2: Shilpa Shetty and Paresh Rawal are ready for a laugh riot with Meezan and Pranita Subhash |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hungama-2-shilpa-shetty-and-paresh-rawal-are-ready-for-a-laugh-riot-with-meezan-and-pranitha-subhash-1631101-2019-12-24 |magazine=India Today |date=24 December 2019 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103075646/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hungama-2-shilpa-shetty-and-paresh-rawal-are-ready-for-a-laugh-riot-with-meezan-and-pranitha-subhash-1631101-2019-12-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhuj: The Pride of India]]''
| Usha Karnik
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Thankamani (film)|Thankamani]]'' || Arpitha Nath IPS|| [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]] || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dileep's latest film 'Thankamani' based on true incidents wraps up shoot |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/09/06/thankamani-dileep-movie-ratheesh-raghunandan-true-incidents-in-kerala.html |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=6 September 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924134722/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/09/06/thankamani-dileep-movie-ratheesh-raghunandan-true-incidents-in-kerala.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ramana Avatara]]''
|Seetha
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=15 December 2018 |title=Ramana Avatara finds its heroine in Pranitha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramana-avatara-finds-its-heroine-in-pranitha/articleshow/67080314.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910111109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramana-avatara-finds-its-heroine-in-pranitha/articleshow/67080314.cms |archive-date=10 September 2019 |access-date=22 August 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Film !!Award !!Category !!Result !!Ref
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Bheema Theeradalli]]''
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-1.html |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awrds (South) Kannada Nominations |date=4 July 2013 |magazine=Filmfare |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411053139/https://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2nd SIIMA Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Actress
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|''[[Whistle (2013 film)|Whistle]]''
|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd SIIMA Awards]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Actresses who are battling for 2014 SIIMA Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Leading-beauties-for-2014-SIIMA-Award/articleshow/38792368.cms |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227101340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/leading-beauties-for-2014-siima-award/articleshow/38792368.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|[[61st Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
|''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]''
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|4th SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Actress
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Ujala Ali |title=Dubai hosts fourth South Indian International Movie Awards |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/dubai-hosts-fourth-south-indian-international-movie-awards-1.38919 |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=8 August 2015 |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520112641/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/dubai-hosts-fourth-south-indian-international-movie-awards-1.38919 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]''
|[[Edison Awards (India)|9th Edison Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/edison-awards-2015-thani-oruvan-yet-again-sweeps-maximum-number-of-awards-377945-2016-02-15 |title=9th Annual Edison Awards |magazine=India Today |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616211032/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/edison-awards-2015-thani-oruvan-yet-again-sweeps-maximum-number-of-awards-377945-2016-02-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianewstime.com/entertainment/9th-annual-edison-awards-2016-winners-list/ |title=9th Annual Edison Awards 2016 Winners list |website=India News Time |date=16 February 2016 |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412110930/https://www.indianewstime.com/entertainment/9th-annual-edison-awards-2016-winners-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Pranitha Subhash}}
* {{Facebook|PranitaSubhash}}
* {{IMDb name|id=3912256}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subhash, Pranitha}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

Pathanamthitta

2026-02-25T17:12:13Z

SimoneMarina699: minor added page per standard format and corrected details

{{For|the district with the same name|Pathanamthitta district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pathanamthitta
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name = Pilgrim Capital of Kerala
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{photomontage
| photo2a = Kolam Thullall.jpg
| photo2b = KonniBoard.jpg
| photo1a = Sabarimala temple during Periyar butterfly survey at Sabarimala, 2014 (20).jpg
| photo3b =
| photo4a = Gavi, Kerala.jpg
| photo4b = Aranmula mirror.jpg
| photo5a = Kerala boatrace.jpg
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| size = 240
| border = 0
| color = #FFFFFF
| foot_montage = ''From left to right'' : [[Sabarimala]] temple, [[Padayani]] is an art form, Konni elephant cage, [[Gavi, Kerala|Gavi]], Aranmula Mirror, Kerala Boat Race.
}}
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.2648|N|76.7870|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[K. K. Nair]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Pathanamthitta Collectorate opens its walls of art for remembering K.K. Nair the Father of Pathanamthitta District|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/collectorate-opens-its-walls-for-art/article7691415.ece|access-date=29 April 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Collector
| leader_name = [[Prem Krishnan]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Web Desk|first=Express|title=Pathananthitta is first cashless collectorate in Kerala|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/demonetisation-cashless-payments-pathanamthitta-is-first-cashless-collectorate-in-kerala-4441998/|access-date=27 December 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|location=Kerala|date=23 December 2016}}</ref>
(04/03/2024-Present)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 23.50
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 31
| population_total = 37538
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 689645
| area_code = 0468
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in Kerala|KL – 03]]
| website = {{URL|https://pathanamthitta.nic.in/en/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Pathanamthitta town.jpg|thumb|200px|Pathanamthitta Town]]
[[File:Gavi, Kerala.jpg|thumb|200px|
[[Gavi, Kerala|Gavi]], a major tourist destination in Pathanamthitta.
]]
[[File:Perunthenaruvi Pathanamthitta (10).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Perunthenaruvi Falls]], Pathanamthitta]]

'''Pathanamthitta''' ({{IPA|ml|pɐt̪ːɐnɐn̪d̪iʈːɐ|IPA}}), is a [[municipality|Municipal Town]] in southern [[Kerala]], India, spread over an area of {{cvt|23.5|km2}}. It is the administrative capital of [[Pathanamthitta district]]. The town has a population of 37,538 (as of 2011 census). The Hindu pilgrim centre [[Sabarimala]] is situated in the Pathanamthitta district; as the main transport hub to Sabarimala, the town is known as the 'Pilgrim Capital of Kerala'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralatravels.com/resourcepage.php?sid=14&rid=281 |title=KeralaTravels |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915041754/http://www.keralatravels.com/resourcepage.php?sid=14&rid=281 |archive-date=15 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pathanamthitta District, the thirteenth revenue district of the State of Kerala, was formed with effect from 1 November 1982, with headquarters at Pathanamthitta. Forest covers more than half of the total area of the District. Pathanamthitta District ranks the 7th in area in the State. The district has its borders with Allepey, Kottayam, Kollam and Idukki districts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Nearest town is Thiruvalla (largest town in Pathanamthitta District), located at a distance of 30 km. Thiruvalla railway station is 30 km via Thiruvalla-Kumbazha highway.

== Etymology ==
The district's name is a combination of two [[Malayalam]] words, {{transliteration|ml|pathanam}} and {{transliteration|ml|thitta}}, which together mean 'array of houses on the river side'.<ref name="ptahistory">{{cite web| title=History| url=http://www.pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm| publisher=Government of India| access-date=2009-08-27| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729035512/http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm| archive-date=29 July 2009| df=dmy-all}}</ref> The district headquarters is located on the banks of the river [[Achankovil]].

== History ==
The regions that form the town were formerly under the rule of [[Pandalam dynasty|Pandalam]], which had connections with the [[Pandya kingdom]]. It is believed that [[Hindu]] God [[Lord Ayyappa]] was the King of this region.<ref>"History — Pathanamthitta"</ref> When Pandalam was added to the princely state of [[Travancore]] in 1820, the region came under Travancore administration.

[[Pathanamthitta district]], along with most parts of [[Alappuzha]] district, was part of the [[Kollam district|Quilon district]] of the [[Travancore|Travancore Kingdom]] until the formation of Pathanamthitta district in 1982.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shungoonny Menon |first=P. |url=http://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog |title=A history of Travancore from the earliest times |date=1878 |publisher=Madras, Higginbotham |others=University of California}}</ref>

Modern day Pathanamthitta District, the thirteenth revenue district of the State of Kerala was formed with effect from 1 November 1982, with headquarters at Pathanamthitta.

== Geography ==
Pathanamthitta has an average elevation of 18 metres (62 ft) above sea level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Pathanamthitta.html |title=FallingRain Map |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>

The main trunk road from south to Sabarimala starts from MC Road at [[Adoor]] via NH 183A Pathanamthitta. From The North it Starts from [[Thiruvalla]] MC Road and Continues through [[State Highway 7 (Kerala)]], The [[Main Eastern Highway]] (Punalur-Muvattupuzha Road/SH-08), [[Main Central Road]] (Kesavadasapuram-Angamaly Road/SH-01), NH 183A Kollam -Teni via Adoor- Pathanamthitta.

== Climate ==

{{climate chart
| Pathanamthitta district
|22.2|31.5|16.05
|22.8|32.9|235.5
|24.1|32.6|75.7
|24.9|32.6|167.4
|24.7|31.6|125.4
|23.5|29.7|594.7
|23.1|29.2|231.6
|23.2|29.4|562.8
|23.3|30.0|297.0
|23.3|29.9|195.5
|23.1|30.3|93.1
|22.6|31.0|87.5
| float = right
| clear = both
}}

Pathanamthitta has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] bordering a [[tropical rainforest climate]], more or less the same as is prevalent elsewhere in Kerala. Annual temperatures range between 20 °C (68 °F) and 39 °C (102 °F). The district experiences three distinct weather conditions: winter, summer and the monsoon. The winter season is experienced from December to February and summer season from March to May. There are two rainy seasons: The [[Southwest monsoon|South-West monsoon]] (June to September) and the [[Northeast monsoon|North-East monsoon]] (October to November). The South-West monsoon is usually very heavy. About 75% of its annual rainfall is received during this season.

The town has a tropical climate. The monsoons start in June.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/Pathanamthitta-weather |title=PATHANAMTHITTA Weather, Temperature, Best Season, Pathanamthitta Weather Forecast, Climate |access-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425042855/http://www.mustseeindia.com/Pathanamthitta-weather |archive-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The months of April–May can get significantly humid. The best weather is from October to February. 
Pathanamthitta experiences three distinct seasons: [[summer]], [[monsoon]] and [[winter]]. Typical summer months are from March to May. The warmest month in Pathanamthitta is April. Although summer doesn't end until May, the city often receives locally developed heavy [[thundershower]]s in May (although humidity remains high).

The monsoon lasts from June to August, with moderate rainfall. Most of the heavy rainfall in the city falls between June and July, and June is the wettest month of the year. The Last weeks of June is also days of floods. The three major rivers viz Pampa, [[Achankovil]] and Manimala swell with rainwater.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.pathanamthitta.com/physiography.htm |title = Pathanamthitta, Pathanamthitta Hotels, Pathanamthitta Real estate, Pathanamthitta Resorts}}</ref>

Winter begins in December. December through February are the winter months. The lowest temperatures are experienced during January.

A 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) study on ambient air quality among 123 Indian cities found that Pathanamthitta had the cleanest air in India, in terms of least concentration of dust particles in air.<ref name=Sathish>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hassan-among-three-indian-cities-with-minimum-air-pollution-who/article5997972.ece|title=Hassan among three Indian cities with minimum air pollution: WHO, Other two cities are Kollam and Pathanamthitta in Kerala|date=11 May 2014|last=Sathish |first=G. T|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Two out of the three least polluted cities in India are from Kerala, Kollam being the second least polluted. As per the database, in Pathanamthitta, the annual mean of PM10 and PM2.5 is recorded at 23 and 10 respectively, which is closer to the recommended level of concentration of particulate matter. While a number of Indian cities are among the world's most polluted, Pathanamthitta's air quality is comparable to some of the cleanest cities in North America, Europe and Australia.<ref name=Sathish />
{{Weather box/concise_C
| location=Pathanamthitta, Kerala
| source=Climate-Data.org<ref name="Climate-Data.org">"CLIMATE: PATHANAMTHITTA",
Climate-Data.org. Web: [http://en.climate-data.org/location/34524/].</ref>
| 31.0|31.8|32.9|33.0|32.5|30.5|29.8|29.9|30.4|30.3|30.0|30.4
| 22.4|23.2|24.6|25.5|25.4|24.3|23.8|23.8|24.0|23.9|23.6|22.6
| 20|36|66|160|264|476|446|306|241|318|214|57
}}

==Economy==

===Agriculture===
Agriculture is the main occupation of the people. About 75% people are dependent on this sector. [[Rubber]] is the most important crop, with its plantations covering over {{convert|478|km2|sqmi}}. The hilly terrain coupled with high humidity makes the region suitable for rubber plantations. [[Rice|Paddy]] is the most important crop cultivated in the wet lands. [[Tapioca]] and pulses are the important dry land crops. Other major crops are [[coconut]], [[banana]], [[black pepper|pepper]] and [[ginger]]. In certain areas [[cashew]], [[pineapple]], [[sugarcane]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] and other tree spices are cultivated. The land available for cultivation is less since sizeable area of the district is reserve forest.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+ '''Major Agricultural Products'''
! Products || Area under cultivation (km2) || Production (tonne)
|-
| [[Rice]] || 43.39 || 10784
|-
| [[Sugar Cane]] || 1.23 || 601
|-
| [[black pepper|Pepper]] || 56.51 || 1328
|-
| [[Ginger]] || 5.26 || 1358
|-
| [[Cardamom]] || 6.64 || 82
|-
| [[Cashewnut]] || 11.41 || 686
|-
| [[Rubber]] || 478.47 || 69094
|-
| [[Tapioca]] || 79.91 || 226993
|-
| [[Coconut]] || 217.39 || 380
|}
* Source : ''Statistics for Planning-DES 2006''

===Fisheries===
Pathanamthitta district has a unique position in the inland fisheries map of [[Kerala]] state with its freshwater resources like [[river]]s, [[reservoirs]], [[streams]], [[ponds]], [[Quarry|quarries]] and [[paddy fields]]. The fisheries activities in this region started with the establishment of a Fresh Water Survey Station. The district has an Ornamental Fish Breeding resource centre and a National Fish Seed Farm. There are 2444<ref name="ptadb06">{{cite web|publisher=Government of Kerala |url=http://www.kilaonline.org/documents/Disrict%20level%20database%202006/Pathanamthitta.pdf |title=District level database of Pathanamthitta |year=2006 |access-date=2009-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122144317/http://www.kilaonline.org/documents/Disrict%20level%20database%202006/Pathanamthitta.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2008 }}</ref> fishermen depending on this sector for their livelihood.

== Administration ==
{{Main|Administration of Pathanamthitta district}}

[[File:Pathanamthitta district wise kerala assambly election 2016 constituency map.svg|thumb|Kerala Assembly Election 2016 Constituency map of Pathanamthitta]]
Pathanamthitta assembly constituency was part of the [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)]] but now Pathanamthitta is a separate Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |title=Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies |access-date=2008-10-20 |work=Kerala |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2009}}</ref>
Pathanamthitta comes under Aranmula Assembly constituency. Earlier, Pathanamthitta itself was an Assembly constituency. But after delimitation, Pathanamthitta lost its named constituency.

The district headquarters is at Pathanamthitta town. The district administration is headed by the [[District Collector]] [[Prem Krishnan]]. He is assisted by five Deputy Collectors holding charges of general matters, revenue recovery, land acquisition, land reforms and election.
Under the three tier system of [[Panchayati Raj|panchayat]] in rural areas, Pathanamthitta has one district panchayat, 9 block panchayat and 57 [[Gram panchayat|grama panchayats]].
Under the single tier system in urban areas, there are 4 municipalities the district. In addition, there is a [[census town]] ([[Kozhencherry]]).

As per the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008, Pathanamthitta has five [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituencies]], down from eight. However, the district was unified into a single Parliamentary constituency, thus contributing a seat to the [[Lok Sabha]]. The [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta parliamentary constituency]] is formed by including all the five Assembly constituencies of the district along with two other Assembly constituencies in the neighboring [[Kottayam district]].<ref>
{{cite web
|title = Parliamentary Constituencies of Kerala - 2008
|url = http://kerala.gov.in/deli_cons_2009.htm#17
|publisher = Government of Kerala
|access-date = 2009-08-27
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090903222311/http://www.kerala.gov.in/deli_cons_2009.htm#17
|archive-date = 3 September 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| author=Radhakrishnan Kuttoor
| title=Due recognition for the youngest district
| work=The Hindu
| date=2008-01-31
}}</ref>

[[Indian National Congress]], the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]/[[Communist Party of India|CPI]], Bharathiya Janatha party(BJP)and [[Kerala Congress]] are the main political parties.

==Municipality Members==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Pathanamthitta Municipality Election 2025 Results
|-
! Ward !! Ward Name !! Councilor Name !! Alliance
|-
| 001 || Mundukottackal || Saji K. Simon || INC/UDF
|-
| 002 || Kairaleepuram || V. R. Johnson || CPI(M)/LDF
|-
| 003 || Kulasekharapathy || Ansar Muhammed || INC/UDF
|-
| 004 || Arabic College || Shainy Ashraf || CPI(M)/LDF
|-
| 005 || Kumbazha North || Aravindakshan Nair || INC/UDF
|-
| 006 || Myladupara Thazhom || Bijimol Mathew || KC(M)/LDF
|-
| 007 || Myladupara || Akhil Madathileth || BJP/NDA
|-
| 008 || Plaveli || Joji Samuel || CPI(M)/LDF
|-
| 009 || Kumbazha East || Ambika Venu || INC/UDF
|-
| 010 || Kumbazha South || M. N. Vijayaraj || CPI(M)/LDF
|-
| 011 || Kumbazha West || Nejim Rajan || INC/UDF
|-
| 012 || Chuttippara East || Sagheer || IUML/UDF
|-
| 013 || Valamchuzhi || Adv. Geetha Suresh || INC/UDF
|-
| 014 || Kannankara || Misna Arif || INC/UDF
|-
| 015 || Town Square || Fathima S. || INC/UDF
|-
| 016 || Petta North || Bibin Baby || Others
|-
| 017 || Collectorate || C. K. Arjunan || INC/UDF
|-
| 018 || Kallarakkadavu || Adv. A. Suresh Kumar || INC/UDF
|-
| 019 || Azhoor West || Asha Mohanraj || INC/UDF
|-
| 020 || Azhoor || Manju V. G. || CPI/LDF
|-
| 021 || Kodumthara || Leo Akhil || INC/UDF
|-
| 022 || College Ward || Kochurani B. || Others
|-
| 023 || Karimpanakkuzhi || Abel Mathew || INC/UDF
|-
| 024 || Churulikode || Ajin Varghese || CPI(M)/LDF
|-
| 025 || North YMCA || Sobha K. Mathew || CPI(M)/LDF
|-
| 026 || Pattamkulam || Ammini Teacher || CPI(M)/LDF
|-
| 027 || Thycavu || Sindhu Anil || INC/UDF
|-
| 028 || Anchakkala || Anila Anil || CPI(M)/LDF
|-
| 029 || Poovanpara || Sajini Mohan || INC/UDF
|-
| 030 || Vettippuram || Sherina Rahim || Others
|-
| 031 || Vanchipoika || Ansil Ahammed || CPI(M)/LDF
|-
| 032 || Peringamala || P. K. Aneesh || CPI(M)/LDF
|-
| 033 || Saradamadom || Joyamma Simon || INC/UDF
|}

===Municipalities: 4===

# [[Thiruvalla]]
# Pathanamthitta
# [[Adoor]]
# [[Pandalam Municipality|Pandalam]]

== Transportation ==
===Airport===
The proposed Sabari International Airport, Cheruvally would be the closest airport upon completion, at 28 km away from Pathanamthitta town.

[[Thiruvananthapuram]] International Airport (113 km), [[Cochin]] International Airport, at [[Nedumbassery]], [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] (142 km) are the nearest airports.

===Heliport===
Perunad Heliport (helipad) is situated in Kuttikayam estate, Mampara road. Which is known as Sabarimala helipad. Chipsan Aviation Pvt Ltd, having service from various location. Most of the Sabarimala pilgrimages are using this heliport.

===Railway===
[[Chengannur railway station]] (Code: CNGR) (24 km) is the nearest Railway station. [[Tiruvalla railway station]] (Code: TRVL) (30 km) is the only railway station in the District. [[Mavelikara railway station]] (Code: MVLK) (32.5 km) is also nearest station after Chengannur and Tiruvalla stations. [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction Railway Station]] (Code: QLN) is 62 km away from Pathanamthitta. The location of Chengannur private bus stand in front of the station makes it the most convenient one. Direct Bus services to Pathanamthitta are operated from both Tiruvalla and Chengannur.
The proposed [[Chengannur]] – [[Pandalam]] – [[Kottarakkara]] – [[Thiruvananthapuram]] railway line passes through the district.

=== Road ===
[[File:View of Pathanamthitta.jpg|thumb|View of Pathanamthitta]]
Pathanamthitta is the meeting point of two major State Highways T.K. Road (SH – 07) and Main Eastern Highway (Punalur-Muvattupuzha Road / SH – 08). The town is well connected to major towns and cities inside and outside Kerala by the State run K.S.R.T.C and private buses as well as Luxury Services. Both the KSRTC and private buses play equal roles in satisfying the transportation needs of the town. The cities of [[Kollam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]], [[Thrissur]] etc. are connected by KSRTC services whereas hi-range townships like Punalur, Kumali, Pala and the Malabar Area of Northern Kerala are connected by private bus services. KSRTC is running chain services that connect Pathanamthitta with the [[Kollam|City of Kollam]] via [[Adoor]], Also to [[Chengannur]] railway via [[Elavumthitta]] or [[Kozhencherry]]. Plenty of A/C Luxury Bus services are operated from Pathanamthitta to Bangalore, Chennai, Mangalore and Mumbai on a daily basis.

KSRTC bus depots in Pathanamthitta district are Pathanamthitta, Konni, [[KSRTC Terminal Complex Thiruvalla|Thiruvalla]], Adoor, Mallapally, KSRTC Operating centers are situated in Ranni, Pandalam and a Temporary KSRTC Depot working during Sabarimala season at Pamba.

== Tourism ==
[[File:Adavi Eco Tourism.jpg|thumb|Lake tourism in Adavi]]
Pathanamthitta district is known as the ''Headquarters of Pilgrimage Tourism'', of the Kerala State. Situated near the [[Western Ghats]] and bordered by the hills, Pathanamthitta district is a treat to eyes with its vast unending stretches of forests, rivers and rural landscapes. Blessed by nature, the district is famous for its scenic beauty, fairs and festivals.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://pathanamthittatourism.com |title = Welcome to District Tourism Promotion Council, Pathanamthitta - Official Website of DTPC, Pathanamthitta | Kerala Tourism}}</ref> ''Land of Lord Ayyappa'' is the tag-line of Pathanamthitta tourism.
Pathanamthitta attracts a large number of tourists every year. Pilgrim centres and other eco tourism spots like [[Gavi, Kerala|Gavi]] and [[Adavi, Kerala|Adavi]] are most visited in Pathanamthitta.

== Distance from Pathanamthitta ==
* [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]] (10;Km)
* [[Kozhencherry]] (13 km)
* [[Aranmula]] (15 km)
* [[Ranny]] (15 km)
* [[Pandalam]] (16 km)
* [[Adoor]] (17 km)
* [[Kalanjoor]] (22 km)
* [[Chengannur]] (24 km)
* [[Thiruvalla]] (30.7 km)
* [[Mavelikara]] (32 km)
* [[Kayamkulam]] (40 km)
* [[Kottayam]] (58 km)
* [[Sabarimala]] (65 km)
* Alappuzha (65 km)

== Culture zone ==
Places around Pathanamthitta city within a distance of 15 km include, [[Elanthoor]], [[Ranny]], [[Vadaserikara]], [[Kozhencherry]], [[Vechoochira]], [[Kadammanitta]], [[Vazhamuttom]], [[Adoor]], [[Pandalam]], Manjinikara, [[Mathoor]], Cheekanal, [[Omallur]], [[Malayalappuzha]], [[Kodumthara]], Elavumthitta-Muloor Smarakam, [[Kodumon]], Kalanjoor, Ayroor Cherukolpuzha, Ulanadu, [[Kaipattoor]], [[Mylapra]], [[Uthimoodu]], [[Thumpamon]], Maroor, [[Pramadom]], [[Konni, Pathanamthitta|Konni]], [[Chengara]] and [[Valamchuzhy]]. The places beyond these are [[Thiruvalla]], [[Nilackal]], [[Parumala]], and [[Maramon]]. Pathanamthitta lies on the road route to the pilgrim town of [[Sabarimala]], which is 65 km away. The Chettikulangara temple, at Mavelikkara is about 35 km from Pathanamthitta. [[Padanilam]] Parabrahma Temple is situated 26 km from Pathanamthitta. Aranmula is around 14 km from Pathanamthitta. Aranmula Temple is one of the biggest temples in South India en route to Sabarimala.

* Sabarimala Mandala Pooja.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sabarimala.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95&Itemid=97 |title=Mandala Pooja/ Makaravilakku |publisher=Sabarimala.kerala.gov.in |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>
* [[Maramon Convention]] was recorded in 2010 as one of the largest Christian gatherings in Asia. The annual conventions are held during the first half of February.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pathanamthittainfo.com |title=pathanamthittainfo.com |publisher=pathanamthittainfo.com |access-date=2013-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517150801/http://www.pathanamthittainfo.com/ |archive-date=17 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Cherukolpuzha Convention|Cherukolpuzha Hindu matha convention]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmmp.org/ |title=About it |publisher=Hmmp.org |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.festivalsofindia.in/aranmula-vallamkali/ |title=Festivals of India-Aranmula-Vallamkali (Boat Race ) |publisher=Festivalsofindia.in |date=2010-06-15 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>
* Aranmula annual boat race.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.festivalsofindia.in/aranmula-vallamkali/ |title=Festivals of India- Aranmula Boat race |publisher=Festivalsofindia.in |date=2010-06-15 |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref>
* Aranmula Kannadi – Centuries old art of mirror making from metal composites.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Y-kWGe01jE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/8Y-kWGe01jE |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=The Making of Aranmula kannadi |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2010-01-04 |access-date=2013-03-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* Kumbanadu Convention is the largest Pentecostal peoples gathering at Kumbanadu.
* Mylapra Perunnal - The feast of St. George at Mylapra Valiyapally, on May 6 and May 7 attracts thousands of devotees from far and wide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-07 |title=മൈലപ്ര പള്ളി പെരുന്നാൾ സമാപിച്ചു |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/pathanamthitta/news/pathanamthitta-1.8539133 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Newspaper |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people from Pathanamthitta District ==

[[File:Mohanlal Viswanathan BNC.jpg|thumb|190px|Indian film actor [[Mohanlal]] is from [[Elanthoor]], Pathanamthitta.]]
See [[List of people from Pathanamthitta District]]

== Demographics ==
As per Census of India 2011 Pathanamthitta district had a population
of 11,97,412 (11.97 Lakh) and which was lower than 12.34
lakh of previous Census of 2001. Males constitute 46.9% of the population and
females 53.1%. 89% of Total population in Pathanamthitta lives in Rural area
and only 11% lives in urban. Pathanamthitta District ranks the 12th
place in terms of population size in the state. In total density of the District
is 452 Persons per km2 which the 12th in States as per 2011 Census. In
Sex-ratio, the District is in the 2nd position with 1132 females per 1,000
males. In Child Sex-ratio, the District has the 1st rank with 976 female
children per 1000 male children. The District has the second position in total
literacy rate (96.55 per cent) and female literacy rate (95.83 per cent). Agricultural
Labourers constitute 14.1 per cent while Cultivators form 10.5 per cent of the
Total Workers in the District. There are five engineering colleges and one medical college in Pathanamthitta District.

== Religion ==
{{bar box
| title = Religions in Pathanamthitta District
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|56.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|blue|38.12}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|4.6}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.35}}
| caption = Distribution of religions 
{{small|Source: 2011 Census.}}
}}
[[Hinduism]] (56%) is the majority faith in Pathanamthitta. [[Christianity]] (39%) forms a significant minority.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://pathanamthitta.nic.in/demography/ |title = Demography | Pathanamthitta District, Government of Kerala | India}}</ref>

Pathanamthitta is a center of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, with its largest diocese in members, Thumpamon Diocese being headquartered here at Saint Basil Aramana, Pathanamthitta with the diocesan co-cathedral at Makamkunnu Saint Stephen Orthodox Cathedral in Pathanamthitta Town, the other being [[St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Thumpamon|Saint Mary Orthodox Cathedral in Thumpamon]]. In 1992, Thumpamon Orthodox Diocese covered 101 parishes with 12 chapels. The current diocesan bishop is [[Abraham Seraphim|Abraham Mar Seraphim]] a member of Saint George Orthodox Valiyapally, Thumpamon Eram.

===Religious conventions===
* The Cherukolpuzha Convention, in Pathanamthitta is an important religious convention of the Hindus. It is held at [[Cherukole]] on the sand banks of [[Pamba River]], usually in February every year. It is organized by the Ayroor-Cherukolpuzha Hindumatha Maha Mandalam at Vidyadhiraja Nagar at Ayroor village.<ref>[https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/cherukolpuzha-pathanamthitta/52 Cherukolpuzha], Kerala Department of Tourism</ref>
* The [[Maramon Convention]], one of the largest Christian [[Convention (meeting)|convention]] in Asia, is held at [[Maramon]], Pathanamthitta, [[Kerala]], India annually during the month of February on the vast sand-bed of the [[Pampa River]] next to the [[Kozhencherry]] Bridge. It is organised by Malabar Mar Thoma Syrian Christian Evangelistic Association, commonly known as MTEA, the missionary wing of the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]].
*Kumbanad Convention is the second largest Christian convention in Kerala and it is the general convention of [[India Pentecostal Church of God]].It is held at the second last week of January annually at Hebronpuram, Kumbanad.
* Madhya Thiruvithamcore Syrian convention held every year during the three-day Lent in February. It was started in 1918 under the auspices of Thumpamon diocese and is held on the grounds of St Stephen's cathedral, Makamkunnu, Pathanamthitta. It was started when Thengumtharayil Geevarghese corepiscopa was the vicar of the church. It is the oldest and largest convention in the orthodox Syrian church.

=== Places of worship ===
[[File:ശബരിമല ക്ഷേത്രം.JPG|thumb|[[Sabarimala]] Temple]]
* The [[Sabarimala|Sabarimala Sree Ayyappa Temple]], a pilgrim centre in the [[Sabarimala (place)|Sabarimala hills]] in the Pathanamthitta district. It is known as the 'Pilgrim Capital of Kerala'.
* [[Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple]] is one of the [[Divya Desams]], the 108 temples of [[Vishnu]] revered by 12 poet saints, or [[Alwars]].
* [[Anikkattilammakshethram]], Shivaparvathy temple
* Thrikalanjoor SreeMahadeva Temple
* [[Vaipur]] Mahadeva Temple
* [[Malayalappuzha Devi Temple]] in Malayalappuzha
* [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Pathanamthitta|St.Peter's Malankara Syrian Catholic Cathedral, Pathanamthitta]]
* [[Assemblies of God in India]], Thiruvalla
* [[India Pentecostal Church of God]], Hebronpuram, Kumbanad
* [[St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala]]
* [[St. George Orthodox Church, Mylapra]], also known as 'Mylapra Valiyapalli
* [[St Mary's Orthodox Church, Kallooppara]]
* St. Ignatius Monastery, Manjinikkara, Omalloor. Saint Elias III, the Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church, arrived in Omalloor, Manjanikkara on February 12, 1932, but died the next day, February 13. The Manjanikkara Dayara attracts thousands of pilgrims every year.

== Flora and fauna ==

[[File:Bengal Tiger Kerala India.jpg|thumb|The [[tiger]] inhabits Pathanamthitta's reserve forests]]
Pathanamthitta has tropical biodiversity with forest, plantations, rivers and fertile land. Fifty percent of the district is covered with forest, providing rich flora and fauna. The district has a variety of plants including medicinal, spices, tuber crops and those yielding fruits and fiber. Aromatic plants and spices such as [[black pepper|pepper]], [[ginger]], [[cardamom]] and [[turmeric]] are cultivated on a large scale. Trees such as timber, teak, rosewood, jack tree, manjakadambu, anjili, pala can be found in abundance.

The forests of the district have excellent wild life habitats. A variety of animals and birds can be found. [[Bengal tiger|Tigers]], [[Indian elephants|elephants]], [[gaur]], [[deer]], monkeys and other wild animals are found in the forest. [[Giant squirrel]], [[lion-tailed macaques]], [[barking deer]] and [[bear]] can also be spotted in the reserve. [[Malabar grey hornbill]] and [[great Indian hornbill]] are found. Pathanamthitta also houses the Indian [[peacock]]. Wide variety of other birds such as [[sunbirds]], [[woodpeckers]] and [[kingfishers]] can also be seen.

The existence of the wildlife habitat is under threat from various areas. [[Pollution]] from fertilizer and industries and [[illegal sand mining]] are the major threats. Issues connected to [[Sabarimala]] pilgrimage such as clearing of forest land and large amount of waste discharged also threatens the habitat.<ref name="pampapollution">{{cite web| title=Pampa pollution| url=http://www.savepampa.org/pps/Pampa_Pollution.htm| publisher=Pampa Parirakshana Samithy, N.G.O.| access-date=2009-08-27}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title=TDB to get forest land at Nilackal today
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/16/stories/2005061608210300.htm
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106020106/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/16/stories/2005061608210300.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=2012-11-06
| date=2005-06-16
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| access-date=2009-08-27
}}</ref>

== Educational Institutions ==
government Medical college konni.
{{Main|Education in Pathanamthitta district}}

== Sports ==
Main stadiums in the town are Pathanamthitta K. K. Nair Stadium and Pathanamthitta Indoor Stadium. Other stadiums include Pramadom Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium. These stadiums host sports events in state, district levels and is also used for other purposes.

===Cultural Sports===
The [[Aranmula Boat Race]] is part of a festival celebrated during the month of September. Though the snake boat race is also performed at nearby places, the race held at [[Aranmula]] is unique because of the boats' shape and design. Maramadimatsaram (Ox Race) is another such seasonal sport. This is held as part of the largest annual cattle fair of [[Central Travancore]] region. The race is held in three categories.<ref>{{cite web| title=Maramadimatsaram| url=http://www.keralatourism.org/event/festival/maramadimatsaram-6187776.php| publisher=Department of tourism, Kerala| access-date=2009-08-27| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301004610/http://www.keralatourism.org/event/festival/maramadimatsaram-6187776.php| archive-date=1 March 2012| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kubhazha]]
*[[Kurisumuttom, Pathanamthitta|Kurisumuttom]]
*[[Malamekkara Mulluthara Devi Temple]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=24379 pib.nic.in]

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pathanamthitta}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190517150801/http://www.pathanamthittainfo.com/ pathanamthittainfo.com]
* http://www.elanthoordevi.org
{{Pathanamthitta district}}
{{Central Travancore}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pathanamthitta| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pathanamthitta district]]

Ninja (singer)

2026-02-22T10:01:51Z

SimoneMarina699:

{{Short description|Indian Punjabi singer and actor}}
{{About|the Indian playback singer|the South African rapper and singer|Watkin Tudor Jones}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ninja
| birth_name = Amit Bhalla
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|03|06}}
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| image = Ninja.jpeg
| caption = Ninja in 2019
| spouse = {{Marriage|Jasmeet Kaur|2019}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|[[algoze]]|[[tumbi]]|[[harmonium]]|[[dhol]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor}}
| past_member_of = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh#Mafia Mundeer |Mafia Mundeer]]
| past_members = {{flatlist|
* [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
* [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
* [[Ikka Singh |Ikka]]
* [[Raftaar]]
* Lil Golu
* J Star
* Money Aujla
* Leo Grewal
* [[Alfaaz]]
}}
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
* [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]
}}
}}

'''Amit Bhalla''' professionally known as '''Ninja''' (formerly Ninja Jatt) is an Indian [[playback singer]] and actor associated with [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi music]] and [[Punjabi cinema|cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/birthday-special-ninja-lesser-known-facts-about-the-punjabi-singer-actor/photostory/68284352.cms|title=Birthday Special! Ninja: Lesser known facts about the Punjabi singer-actor|date=6 March 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/looking-for-fitness-motivation-check-out-ninjas-latest-work-out-video/articleshow/72155025.cms|title=Looking for fitness motivation? Check out Ninja's latest workout video - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> He is Best known for his songs like ''Aadat, Oh Kyu Ni Jan Sake, Roii Na, Thokda Reha and Gall Jattan Wali''. He made his acting debut with the movie [[Channa Mereya (film)|Channa Mereya]] for which he received Filmfare Best Debut Male Award.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2018_-27233.html|title=Winners of the Jio Filmfare Awards (Punjabi) 2018|website=filmfare.com|language=en|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/channa-mereya-punjabi-movie-review-film-rating-sairat-remake-bollywood-news/18427180|title=Channa Mereya (Punjabi) Movie Review: It's a fairly good remake of 'Sairat'|date=17 July 2017|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>
== Early life ==
Ninja hailing from [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab]]. In an interview, Ninja stated that he faced many difficulties during his struggling period.<ref name=yt>{{Citation|title=Ninja in conversation with ABP Sanjha|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jdQrTIH-fY|language=en|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> In his college days, Ninja held a part-time job in the telecom industry.<ref name=":1" />

Ninja was also a member of [[Yo Yo Honey Singh#Mafia Mundeer |Mafia Mundeer]], a platform pioneered by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]. He recalls in interviews, that during his first meet for a recording session, Singh gave him the name "Ninja Jatt" after hearing his vocals. He later shortened it to "Ninja" which he still uses as his stage name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=morningdesk |date=2024-02-21 |title=Yo Yo Honey Singh 😎 ने Ninja को दिया था ये नाम |url=https://www.abplive.com/short-videos/entertainment/yo-yo-honey-singh-gave-this-name-to-ninja-2618722 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:105%;"
|- bgcolor="#AAAAACCCCDDDDD" align="center"
! Title
!Year
! Music

! Lyricist
!Label
!Notes
|-
|''Annd Mand Ka Tola''
| rowspan="3" |2014
|Akash Kashyap
|Kuwar Virk
|CM Music
|
|-
|''Pinda Wale Jatt''
|JSL
|Sulakahn Cheema
|Karma Entertainment
|
|-
|''Teri Bhabhi Hai''
|JSL
|[[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]
|INX Media
|
|-
|''Thokda Reha''
| rowspan="3" |2015
| rowspan="5" |Goldboy
|Sulakhan Cheema
|Malwa Records
|
|-
|''Aadat''||''Nirmaan''
|Malwa Records
|
|-
|''Gall Jattan Wali''
|''Pardeep Malak''
|Malwa Records
|
|-
|''Dil''
| rowspan="7" |2016
|Nirmaan
|Mad 4 Music
|
|-
|''Naam Tera''
|Aman Grewal
|Mad 4 Music
|
|-
|''Desi Da Recard''
|The Boss
|Pardeep Malak
|Malwa Records
|
|-
|''Flying Cars''
|Sultaan
|Sultaan
|Speed Records
|
|-
|''Oh Kyu Jan Ske''
| rowspan="3" |Goldboy
|''Yadi Dhillon''
|White Hill Music
|
|-
|''License''
|[[Sidhu Moose Wala|Shubhdeep Sidhu]]
|Speed Records
|
|-
|''Viah''
|Dharambir Bahngu
|Shemaaro Punjabi
|
|-
|''Jattan Da Putt Marha Hogya''
| rowspan="8" |2017
|Mr. V Grooves
|Jassi Lohka
|White Hill Music
|
|-
|''Athra Subhah''
|Goldboy
|Bablu Sodhi
|Speed Records
|
|-
|''Maqabla''
|Sonu Ramgariya
|Pardeep Malak
|White Hill Music
| rowspan="5" |From Movie "Channa Mereya"
|-
|''Jinne Saah''
|Jaidev Kumar
|Happy Raikoti
|White Hill Music
|-
|''Door''
| rowspan="5" |Goldboy
|Yadi Dhillon
|White Hill Music
|-
|''Tutda Hi Jaave''
|Kumaar
|White Hilk Music
|-
|''Hawwa De Warke''
|Navi Kamboj
|White Hill Music
|-
|''Roi Na''
|Nirmaan
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|
|-
|''Aj Wi Chauni Aa''
| rowspan="3" |2018
|Rangrez Sidhu
|Speed Records
|
|-
|''Challenges''
|Byg Byrd
|[[Sidhu Moose Wala|Sidhu Moosewala]]
|White Hill Music
|
|-
|''Battle''
|Gagzstudiz
|Simar Doraha
|Speed Records
|
|-
|''Hommies''
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''Western Penduz''
|''Jerry''
|T- Series
|
|-
|''Tres Amor''
|''Preet Hundal''
|Nirmaan
|T-Series
|
|-
|''Kalla Changa''
|B Praak
|Jaani
|White Hill
Music
|
|-
|''Mitraan Da Naa''
| rowspan="4" |2020
|Desi Crew
|Pardeep Malak
|White Hill Music
|
|-
|''Chor''
|Goldboy
|Nirmaan
|Gringo Entertainment
|Featuring [[Yuvika Chaudhary]]
|-
|''Loaded''
|Preet Hundal
|Pardeep Malak
|Gringo Entertainment
|Duet with Gurlez Akhtar
|-
|''Dokha''
|Goldboy
|Pardeep Malak
|Gringo Entertainment
|
|-
|''Satan Lage Ho''
| rowspan="9" |2021
|Gaurav And Kartk Dev
|Karma
|Khaki Entertainment
|Featuring [[Ruhi Singh]]
|-
|''Jatt Nikle''
|Sembhy
K
|Pardeep Malak
|White Hill Music
|With Shipra Goyal
|-
|''Be Ready''
|Desi Crew
|[[Happy Raikoti]]
|Happy Raikoti
|
|-
|''Befikra''
|Yeah Proof
|Laddi Chahal
|Khaki Entertainment
|
|-
|''Tere Naalon''
|Goldboy
|Yadi Dhillon
|White Hill Music
|Featuring [[Payal Rajput]]
|-
|''Aadat Ve''
|Gaurav & Kartik Dev
|Vivi
|Gringo Entertainment
|Featuring [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]]
|-
|''Sohneya Ve''
|Yeah Proof
| rowspan="2" |Laddi Chahal
|Nischay Records
|
|-
|''Na Puch Ke''
|Laddi Gill
|Khaki Entertainment
|
|-
|''Ishq Story<ref>[https://www.lyricsmin.com/lyrics/ishq-story-ninja-deedar-kaur/ Ishq Story Lyrics Ninja & Deedar Kaur] ''Lyricsmin''.</ref>''
|Enzo
| rowspan="2" |Navi Ferozpurwala
|[[Times Music]]
|Duet with Deedar Kaur
|-
|''Jinna Royi Aan''
|2022
|Goldboy
|[[Tips Industries|Tips Punjabi]]
|Featuring [[Mahika Sharma|Mahira Sharma]] & [[Paras Chhabra]]
|-
|''Heer''<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjabi singer Ninja gears up to release romantic Indie track Heer on 20 July|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/punjabi-singer-ninja-gears-up-to-release-romantic-indie-track-heer-on-20th-july-2025-article-13295637.html |work=Money Control |date=18 July 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |2025
|Aden
|Raja
|Ninja Official
|
|-
|''HAMMER''
|Bull Music
|[[Fateh Shergill]]
|Ninja
|}

===Film Songs===
* "Wafa" - ''[[Jind Mahi]]'' (2022)
* "Burrah Burrah" - ''[[Love in Vietnam]]'' (2025)

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
!Notes
! Refs.
! Language
|-
|''2017''
|''[[Channa Mereya (film)|Channa Mereya]]''
|''Jagat''
|Lead Role With [[Payal Rajput]]
|''<ref>{{Citation|title=Channa Mereya Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/channa-mereya/movieshow/61222087.cms|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>''
| rowspan="5" |''Punjabi''
|-
| rowspan="4" |''2019''
|''High End Yaariyan''
|''Sachin''
|Lead Role With [[Jassi Gill|Jassie Gill]] and [[Ranjit Bawa]]
|''<ref>{{Citation|title=High End Yaariyaan Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/high-end-yaariyaan/movieshow/66475090.cms|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>''
|-
|''[[Ardab Mutiyaran]]''
|''Vicky Ahuja''
|Lead Role With [[Sonam Bajwa]]
|''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ardab-mutiyaran-trailer-sonam-bajwas-strong-character-steals-the-show/articleshow/71214279.cms|title='Ardab Mutiyaran' trailer: Sonam Bajwa's strong character steals the show - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>''
|-
|''Doorbeen''
|''Shinda''
|Lead Role With [[Jass Bajwa]] and [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
|''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/the-teaser-of-ninjas-doorbeen-is-out/articleshow/70974609.cms|title=The teaser of Ninja's 'Doorbeen' is out - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>''
|-
|''Zindgi Zindabad''
|''Mintu''
|Lead Role
|''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/zindagi-zindabad-ninja-shares-on-set-pictures/articleshow/69742642.cms|title=Zindagi Zindabad: Ninja shares on set pictures – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 June 2019 |language=en|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>''
|-
|}

=== Upcoming ===
''Good Luck Jatta And Casting with Shailesh Pundhir''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ninja-turns-producer-with-good-luck-jatta-details-inside/articleshow/70072135.cms|title=Ninja turns producer with 'Good Luck Jatta ' And 'Munda waade Ghar da '! Details inside - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 July 2019 |language=en|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Song/Movie
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''Oh Kyu Ni Jan Sake''
| ''[[PTC Punjabi Music Awards]]''
|''Best New Age Vocalist''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/ptc-punjabi-music-awards-2017-winners|title=PTC Punjabi Music Awards 2017 Winners|date=27 March 2017|website=DESIblitz|language=en|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Hawa De Warke''
|''[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]''
|''Best Playback Singer''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2018-ammy-virk-ninja-noora-sisters/|title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2018: Ammy Virk, Ninja, Noora Sisters|last=Kaur|first=Nimrat|date=30 March 2018|website=PTC NEWS|language=en-US|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[Channa Mereya (film)|''Channa'' ''Mereya'']]
|[[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|''Filmfare Awards'']]
|''Best Debut Male Award''
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=8906536}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ninja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

St. John the Baptist Church, Mumbai

2026-02-03T06:07:17Z

SimoneMarina699: edit

{{short description|Ruined church in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. John the Baptist Church
| fullname = Igreja de São João Batista
| image = SEEPZ church 4.jpg
| caption = Ruins of St. John the Baptist Church
| pushpin map = Maharashtra
| pushpin mapsize = 200
| map caption = Location of the church
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1216159|72.8743576|region:IN|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| osgraw = 
| osgridref = 
| location = [[Andheri]], [[Mumbai]]
| country = India
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| previous denomination =
| sui iuris church = [[Latin Church]]
| website =
| status = Ruins
| functional status = Inactive (since 1840 AD) Semi-active (since 2003 AD)
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architectural type = Church
| style = [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]]
| years built = 1579 AD
| groundbreaking =
| completed date =
| tower quantity =
| bells =
| bell weight =
| diocese = [[Archdiocese of Bombay]]
| diocese start =
| province =
| bishop =
| dean =
| subdean =
| vicar =
| precentor =
| archdeacon =
| canon =
| director =
| organist =
}}

'''St. John the Baptist Church''' is an abandoned and ruined church presently located within the [[SEEPZ]] Industrial Area, in [[Andheri]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It was built by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] in 1579 and opened to public worship on the feast of [[John the Baptist]] that year. It also had an attached [[graveyard]]. The church was abandoned in 1840 after an epidemic hit the village. Fr. José Lourenço Pais, the then Vicar of [[Kondivita]] transferred the church to the nearby [[Marol]] village. The [[baptismal font]], pillars and [[Altar (Catholicism)|altars]] were transferred to the new church.

After abandonment, the church fell into decay and vegetation started to take over the ruins. Despite being abandoned, the native [[Christianity|Christians]] visit the church once every year, as is traditional worldwide.

The church was handed back to Fr. Rodney Esperance of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Bombay Archdiocese]] in 2003 by the then [[Maharashtra]] [[Chief Minister]] [[Sushil Kumar Shinde]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130720083220/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-28/mumbai/27215539_1_seepz-church-shiv-sena CM gives SEEPZ church back to archdiocese]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* ''Roofless, but soul is intact'', Jeetha D'Silva, [[Times of India]], pg-5, 2005-07-10
* {{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-st-john-s-opens-for-mass-1096878 | title=St. John's opens for mass | date=15 May 2007 | publisher=DNA | first=Deepa H | last=Sarna | access-date=13 June 2018 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint John the Baptist Church, Mumbai}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1579]]
[[Category:Portuguese structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Church ruins in India]]
[[Category:Jesuit church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Andheri]]

{{India-RC-church-stub}}

Sathyamurthi Perumal Temple, Thirumayam

2026-01-24T03:37:04Z

SimoneMarina699: Stub.

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sathyamurthi Perumal Temple
| image = Thirumayam5.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10.246945|78.751996|type:landmark_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Pudukottai district|pudukottai]]
| location = Tamil Nadu, India
| elevation_m =
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Sathyamurthy Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
* Ujeevana Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
}}
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]], [[rock-cut architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Sathyamurthi Perumal Temple''' in [[Thirumayam]], a panchayat town in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Sathyamurthi Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Ujeevana Thayar.<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam|year=1993}}</ref>

The temple is believed to have been built during the 9th century by the [[Pallavas]]. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five-tiered raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower and is behind a fort built during the 15th century. [[Pushkarni|The temple tank]] is located inside the premises.

The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] as a protected monument. The temple follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship. Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the car festival during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (April - May), [[Krishna Jayanti]] during ''Avani'' (August - September) and Adi Puram during July - August being the most prominent.

==Legend==
The ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' mentions the legend included in the temple's [[Sthala purana|regional legend]]. Once, [[Adisesha|Adishesha]], the serpent-mount of [[Vishnu]], wanted to convert his [[Guṇa|guna]] (quality) from ''tamas'' (darkness) to ''satvik'' (purity). He performed a penance at this place via the [[Patala|netherworld]] in a path, which went on to become the river Pamapar. Vishnu appeared to him in the form of [[Hayagriva]] and granted him a boon. [[Chandra]] also performed penance at this place. Vishnu was pleased by his devotion and appeared to him in the form of [[Vamana]].<ref name=R/>

As per another legend, a sage named Satya performed penance at this place. Pleased by his devotion, Vishnu granted him a boon that he would appear to the sage whenever he wished. The sage had no wish to move away from river where he was performing the penance. Vishnu converted the river to a Pushkarani, the rock to Meyyam hill and banyan tree to Asvatta tree. The sage performed penance again and wished salvation. Vishnu told him that he would attain salvation at the same time as king Pururava. Vishnu appeared in the form of a boar and created havoc in the kingdom of Pururava. The king chased the boar to the forest where the sage was performing penance. The sage was disturbed and opened the eyes, while the king saw the boar disappeared. Vishnu appeared to grant a vision to both of them. He granted salvation to the sage and directed the king to build a temple at this place, which went on to become the Satyamurthi Perumal temple.<ref name=R/>

==History==
Historians believe that the temple was built during the 9th century CE by the [[Pallavas]]. M.A. Dhaky places the period to be the seventh decade of the 9th century CE. He has also compared the images of the temple to that of [[Vijayalaya Choleeswaram]] in [[Narthamalai]], built by [[Muthuraja|Muttaraiyar]] kings during the same period.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cave I at Nārttamalai: A Reappraisal|jstor= 3249518|last=Schwindler|first=Gary J.|journal= Artibus Asiae|volume=41|issue=2/3|year=1979|publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers|pages=241–42|doi= 10.2307/3249518}}</ref> Another view is that the temple to have been built by a vassal of [[Pallavas]] following the [[Rock-cut architecture]] of [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]] built by [[Mahendravarman I]] (590-630 CE) and his son [[Narasimhavarman I]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Lord of Vengadam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rntPBAAAQBAJ&q=sathyamurthy+temple&pg=PA34|page=33|last=S.R.|first=Ramanujan|publisher=PartridgeIndia|year=2014|isbn=9781482834628}}</ref> An inscription in the temple indicates contributions to the temple by Perumbidugu Perumdevi, mother of Sattan Maran, a contemporary and vassal of Pallava king [[Nandivarman II]] (731-796 CE).<ref name=CPRE>{{cite web|title=Thirumayam Rockcut temples|url=http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/ThirumayamRockCutTemples_2925.aspx|publisher=CPR Environment Education centre, Chennai|date=2019|access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref>

The fort, the [[Shiva]] and Vishnu temples are the tourist attractions. The fort played an important role in the history of [[Thondaiman]] rulers of [[Pudukottai]] and the British. The 40-acre fort was built by Vijaya Ragunatha Sethupathi of [[Ramanathapuram]] in 1687 CE. On the hill, there is a rock-cut Shiva temple with inscriptions on music. There are relics of another fort. At the foot of the hill are the Shiva and Vishnu temples. It was in this fort that the brother of [[Kattabomman]], Oomathurai was ensnared and imprisoned. An old armor used by him is exhibited here.<ref>''Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu''</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Thirumayam1.jpg|250px|left|thumb|The Temple tank of Thirumayam temple]]
The temple is located in [[Thirumayam]], a village in the [[Madurai]] - [[Pudukottai]] road, {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} from the temple. The presiding deity is called Sathyamurthi Perumal. The temple is old and large, and striking in appearance. The main statue of Sathyamurthi Perumal approximately seven feet in height, is standing on a rock, along with his wives. In the next [[Sannidhanam]] (sanctum), [[Mahavishnu]]'s sculpture is in sleeping position, called {{Transliteration|ta|ari thuyil}} in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], sleeping with a sense of knowing what is going on at present. Sculptures of Mahavishnu in this position can be viewed in many temples, although this is one of the largest examples. There are many other ''sannidhis'' in the temple. All the statues are sculptured beautifully.<ref>''108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams (Vol. 4''.Ramesh, M. S. (1996))</ref> It is this, the reclining form of Vishnu christened Azhagiya Neyyar (the Deity who enchants all his devotees with his beauty), that is also the largest sculpture of Anantasayi (Vishnu in reclining pose) in India. It is a natural cavern which has been rockcut to have various images. The hall preceding the sanctum, the ''Ardha mandapa'' is rectangular in shape, similar to the sanctum. The wall behind the presiding deity has images of [[Garuda]], [[Chitragupta]], [[Markandeya]], [[Brahma]], the [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s, the [[vasu]]s, and the [[kinnara]]s.<ref name=CPRE/>

The temple is adjacent to the Sathyagiriswara Sivan temple, located in the same complex. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] as a ticketed monument.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Tamil Nadu|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=2013-09-09|year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of ticketed monuments - Tamil Nadu|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_tn.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=2013-09-09|year=2011}}</ref>

==Religious significance, Religious practices and festival==
[[File:Thirumayam seen from fort.JPG|250px|thumb|The view of the temple as seen from [[Thirumayam Fort]]]]
Sathyamurthi Perumal temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupathi Anthathi'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar.<ref name=dinamalar/> The image of the reclining deity is bigger than the Ranganatha image in [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam temple]]. The [[Adisesha|Adishesha]] in the temple is believed to as a protecting force. Once it emanated fumes on the attacking [[asura]]s who wanted to destroy it. Following the legend, the image is sculpted in such a way showing flames emanating from it.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=537–9}}</ref>

The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] sect of the Vaishnava tradition and follows [[Vaikhanasa|vaikhānasāgama]]. In modern times, the temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, from the Brahmin class. Four daily rituals are performed at various times of the day and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the car festival during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (April - May), [[Krishna Jayanti]] during ''Avani'' (August - September) and Adi Puram during July - August being the most prominent. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite news|title=Sathyamurthi Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=411|newspaper=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district}}
{{commons}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]

Purohit Swami

2026-01-23T14:08:21Z

SimoneMarina699: added a article

{{Short description|Indian Hindu teacher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
[[Shri]] '''Purohit Swami''' ({{Birth date|1882|10|12|df=y}} – 1941) was a [[Hindu]] teacher from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

== Biography ==
{{Unreferenced|section|date=February 2024}}
Purohit was born '''Shankar Gajannan Purohit''' in [[Badnera]], then in [[British Raj|British India]]'s [[Bombay Presidency]], to a wealthy [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Brahmin]] family.

As a child he became proficient in Marathi, English, and Sanskrit. He was well educated, obtaining a B.A. in philosophy at [[Calcutta University]] in 1903 and a law degree from Deccan College and Bombay University.

As a teenager, he decided to be [[celibacy|celibate]] (as a ''[[brahmacharya]]''), but in 1908 he accommodated his parents' wishes and married Godu Bai. After the birth of daughters in 1910 and 1914, and a son in 1915, he resumed his vow of celibacy.

A year or two before his marriage, he met a young man four years older than himself named Natekar. Purohit says this meeting "was love at first sight," and Natekar, who later took the monastic name Bhagwan Shri Hamsa, became Purohit's guru.

In 1923 his guru directed him to embark on a mendicant pilgrimage the length and breadth of India. Begging bowl in hand, he passed several years in this way. He travelled to Europe on an extended visit in 1930.

== Friendship with Yeats ==

In 1931, [[Thomas Sturge Moore]] introduced Purohit to the Irish poet [[W. B. Yeats|William Butler Yeats]]. The two men struck up a friendship which lasted until Yeats's death, collaborating on a number of literary projects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Sanjay Kumar |title=The Meeting of a Saint and a Poet: W.B. Yeats and Purohit Swami |journal=The Creative Launcher |date=30 April 2021 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=174–180 |doi=10.53032/TCL.2021.6.1.20 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/0e67a52f50d771438f1b99b30ce8fe38/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y |access-date=7 February 2024 |issn=2455-6580|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Yeats wrote an introduction to Purohit's 1932 book, ''The Autobiography of an Indian Monk: His Life And His Adventures''. In 1934, Purohit was mentioned in Bhagwan Shri Hamsa's book ''The Holy Mountain'', supplemented with an introduction by Yeats. He worked with Yeats during 1935 and 1936, in [[Mallorca]], on the translations to ''The Ten Principal Upanishads'' (1938, [[Faber and Faber]]), and in 1938 published his own version of [[Patanjali]]'s ''Aphorisms of Yoga'' with a handful of illustrated yoga exercises and postures. Yeats included him in the ''[[Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892–1935]]''.

He translated the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' into English. Unlike most translations, Purohit Swami's translates every word into English and avoids the use of Sanskrit concepts that may be unfamiliar to English-speakers, for example translating the word ''[[yoga]]'' as "spirituality". He also avoids mentioning the [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna (caste) system]]; where the original ''Gita'' mentions the different ''varnas'' he interprets this as different occupations within society.

== Legacy ==
{{Unreferenced|section|date=February 2024}}
He represents a very important but largely unremembered link between the generation of [[Swami Vivekananda]] and the post-World War II society in which Eastern thought has become an accepted element of spiritual life.

Purohit is known in the West principally for his work on translations of major Hindu texts. During his state visit in June 2023 to the US, Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] presented the Bidens with a first edition print of the book ''The Ten Principal Upanishads'' (1937), translated from Sanskrit by Purohit Swami and Yeats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Arjun |title=PM Modi gifts Biden Yeats' 'Ten Principal Upanishads': What are Upanishads and why was Yeats interested in them? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/pm-modi-biden-yeats-ten-principal-upanishads-8680613/ |access-date=7 February 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=22 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{W. B. Yeats}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Swami, Shri Purohit}}
[[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Amravati district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

{{Hindu-bio-stub}}

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 3

2025-12-30T04:55:04Z

SimoneMarina699: Adding details

{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 3
| image = Bigboss3.jpg
| image_alt =
| bgcolour = #191970
| caption = Title card of season 3
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| num_days = 83
| num_housemates = 15
| winner = [[Vindu Dara Singh]]
| runner_up = [[Pravesh Rana]]
}}
| num_episodes = 84
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|10|04}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2009|12|26}}
| episode_list =
}}

'''''Bigg Boss 3''''', also sometimes called '''''Bigg Boss Tritiya!''''',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/bigg-boss-season-3-review/20091005.htm|title=Namashkar, it is Bigg Boss Tritiya! |work=[[Rediff]]|date=5 October 2009 |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> is the third season of the Indian [[reality TV]] programme ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Features-Events/Features/Sneak-Peek-Bigg-Boss-house-season-3/articleshow/5080227.cms |title=Sneak Peek: Bigg Boss house season 3 |date=2 October 2009 |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005191528/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Features-Events/Features/Sneak-Peek-Bigg-Boss-house-season-3/articleshow/5080227.cms |archive-date=5 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It began airing on 4 October 2009 on [[Colors TV]] with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as the host.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/amitabh-bachchan-to-host-bigg-boss-3/articleshow/15952019.cms|title=Amitabh Bachchan to host Bigg Boss 3|date=5 September 2009}}</ref> The 84-episode series ended on 26 December 2009 with actor [[Vindu Dara Singh]] emerging as the winner.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vindu-dara-singh-wins-bigg-boss-season-three/559720/|title=Vindu Dara Singh wins 'Bigg Boss' season three|date=27 December 2009}}</ref> [[Pravesh Rana]] was the first runner-up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television-bigg-boss-14-from-hina-khan-to-asim-riaz-bigg-boss-first-runner-up-of-bigg-boss-seasons-1-to-13-1352499|title=Bigg Boss REWIND: From Hina Khan To Asim Riaz, FIRST Runner Ups Of Every Season Of Bigg Boss|date=1 October 2020}}</ref>

==Housemates status==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | Status
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | Vindu
| Day 1
| Day 68
| style="background:#BFFF00;" |{{nowrap|Evicted by Housemates}}
|-
| Day 69
| Day 83
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Pravesh
| Day 32
| Day 83
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |{{center|1st runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Poonam
| Day 1
| Day 83
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{center|2nd runner-up}}
|-
| 4
| Bakhtiyar
| Day 1
| Day 79
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| 5
| Aditi
| Day 1
| Day 75
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 6
| Claudia
| Day 1
| Day 68
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 7
| Raju
| Day 1
| Day 61
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Rohit
| Day 1
| Day 54
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Vinod
| Day 33
| Day 47
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Shamita
| Day 1
| Day 41
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| 11
| Tannaz
| Day 1
| Day 40
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Ismail
| Day 1
| Day 33
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Sherlyn
| Day 1
| Day 26
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 14
| rowspan="2" | Kamaal
| Day 1
| Day 18
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| Day 46
| Day 67
| {{Guest}}
|-
| 15
| Jaya
| Day 1
| Day 5
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

==Housemates==
The participants in the order of appearance and entered in house are:

===Original entrants===
* [[Ismail Darbar]] – Singer and music composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv-ismail-darbar-on-bigg-boss/20091109.htm|title='I was the strongest contender in Bigg Boss'|date=9 November 2009}}</ref> He is known for directing the songs of the hit film ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' starring [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Salman Khan]] and [[Ajay Devgan]]. He also produced the music of films like ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' and ''[[Shakti: The Power]]''.
* [[Sherlyn Chopra]] – Model and actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Sherlyn Chopra in Bigg Boss 3|date=1 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/shamita-sherlyn-add-glamour-to-bigg-boss-3-528|title=Shamita, Sherlyn add glamour to Bigg Boss|date=5 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/nov/02/slide-show-1-sherlyn-chopra-on-bigg-boss.htm|title='My 'strip' performance in Bigg Boss was in jest'|date=2 November 2009}}</ref> She has appeared in Bollywood films like ''[[Dosti: Friends Forever]]'' and ''[[Raqeeb]]''. She was crowned as Miss Andhra in 1999.
* [[Kamaal R. Khan|Kamaal Rashid Khan]] – Director and Bhojpuri film actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-expels-kamaal-khan/articleshow/5147730.cms|title=Bigg Boss expels Kamaal Khan|newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kamaal-khans-return-to-bigg-boss-house-61226-2009-11-18|title=Kamaal Khan's return to Bigg Boss house|date=19 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/11/tv-kamal-khan-on-bigg-boss.htm|title='Bigg Boss has not paid housemates to eat & enjoy'|date=11 December 2009}}</ref> He is known for appearing in films like ''Sitam'', ''Munna Pandey Berozgaar'' and [[Deshdrohi|''Desh Drohi'']]. He has been a part of many controversies regarding his films and his outspoken personality.
* [[Poonam Dhillon]] – Film actress.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/poonam-dhillon-shamita-in-big-boss-3/story-qGgBNtlLJYnEuY6UWByvQK.html|title=Poonam Dhillon, Shamita in Big Boss 3|date=2 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv-poonam-dhillon-on-bigg-boss/20091228.htm|title='I would love to do more reality shows'|date=28 December 2009}}</ref> She is a veteran Bollywood actress who appeared in many yesteryear films like ''[[Kabhi Ajnabi The]]'', ''[[Qayamat (1983 film)|Qayamat]]'' and ''[[Main Aur Mera Haathi]]''. She appeared in the hit [[Zee TV]] show ''[[Kittie Party]]''.
* [[Bakhtiyaar Irani|Bhakhtyar Irani]] – Television actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bakhtiyaar-irani-opts-out-of-bigg-boss-63434-2009-12-20|title=Bakhtiyaar Irani opts out of 'Bigg Boss'|date=21 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/23/tv-bhakhtyar-irani-on-bigg-boss.htm|title=Bhakhtyar: I'm an emotional person|date=24 December 2009}}</ref> He is known for his role of Shiv in ''[[Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki]]'' along with [[Sana Saeed]]. In 2006, he participated in the reality show ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 2]]''.
* [[Tannaz Irani]] – Actress and model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tanaaz-evicted-from-bigg-boss/story-mq1cEsyhho9G5WEOcUHauJ.html|title=Tannaz evicted from Bigg Boss|work=Hindustan Times |date=16 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/16/tv-tanaaz-irani-on-bigg-boss.htm|title='We fight like that in front of our kids'|date=16 November 2009}}</ref> She has appeared in many shows like ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'' and ''[[Nach Baliye]]''. She was also seen in films like ''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]'' and ''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]'' and ''[[36 China Town]]''.
* [[Vindu Dara Singh]] – Actor.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/after-bigg-boss-i-hope-i-get-as-lucky-as-shilpa-vindu-dara-singh/story-yWMm4sq8ud17q2xB6wl4HM.html|title=After Bigg Boss, I hope I get as lucky as Shilpa: Vindu Dara Singh|work=Hindustan Times |date=27 December 2009}}</ref> He is the son of wrestler and actor [[Dara Singh]]. He starred in films like ''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]'' and ''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]''.
* [[Aditi Govitrikar]] – Actress, model and doctor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/18/aditi-gets-evicted-from-bigg-boss.htm|title=Aditi gets evicted from Bigg Boss|date=18 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/aditi-keen-on-doing-more-reality-shows/story-2sUJaa7YCKPCq5EkmaGIZK.html|title=Aditi keen on doing more reality shows|work=Hindustan Times |date=19 December 2009}}</ref> She earned the title of Miss World in 2001 and is also a former Gladrag Champion who completed her MBBS by education. She has appeared in films like ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]'' and participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''.
* Jaya Sawant – Housewife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rakhi-s-mom-evicted-from-bigg-boss/story-IdMrGMbNZja6RCxEHohe9H.html|title=Rakhi's mom evicted from Bigg Boss|work=Hindustan Times |date=10 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jaya-sawant-on-bigg-boss/20091012.htm|title=Jaya Sawant: 'The girls would laugh at me in Bigg Boss'|date=12 October 2009}}</ref> She was the mother of actress, dancer and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)|Bigg Boss 1]]'' contestant [[Rakhi Sawant]].
* [[Shamita Shetty]] – Film actress and model.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/shamita-to-exit-bigg-boss-house/story-k5vts0E3aqsLwwpNU9vdYL.html|title=Shamita to exit Bigg Boss house|work=Hindustan Times |date=14 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shamita-quits-bigg-boss-for-sister-s-wedding/541273/|title=Shamita quits Bigg Boss for sister's wedding|date=14 November 2009}}</ref> She is the sister of Bollywood actress [[Shilpa Shetty]]. She is known for her role in ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' as Ishika. She later appeared in films like ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]'', ''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]'' and ''[[Cash]]''.
* [[Claudia Ciesla]] – Model and actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/claudia-vindoo-evicted/20091211.htm|title=Claudia, Vindoo to be evicted but...|date=11 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv-claudia-on-bigg-boss/20091214.htm|title=Claudia: 'Pravesh and I are only friends'|date=14 December 2009}}</ref> She is from Germany and has appeared in films like ''[[Karma (2008 Indian film)|Karma]]''.
*[[Rohit Verma]] – Fashion designer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/entertainment-quarter/video/rohit-out-of-bigg-boss-1140597-2009-11-27|title=Rohit Verma evicted from Bigg Boss 3|date=28 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/27/rohit-verma-gets-evicted-from-bigg-boss.htm|title=Rohit Verma gets evicted from Bigg Boss|date=27 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/30/tv-rohit-verma-on-bigg-boss.htm|title=Rohit Verma: 'Vindoo is the villain of Bigg Boss'|date=30 November 2009}}</ref> He was seen in the film ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''.
* [[Raju Srivastav]] – Comedian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/entertainment-quarter/video/raju-srivastav-evicted-from-bigg-boss-1140555-2009-12-04|title=Raju Srivastav evicted from Bigg Boss|date=5 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/raju-srivastav-out-of-bigg-boss/20091204.htm|title=Raju Srivastav out of Bigg Boss|date=4 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv-raju-srivastav-on-bigg-boss/20091207.htm|title='I was shocked when Tanaaz, Aditi pulled my pajamas'|date=7 December 2009}}</ref> He was a popular comedian who had appeared in shows like ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'' and ''[[Comedy Circus]]''. He also appeared in films like ''[[Baazigar]]'', ''[[Tezaab]]'' and ''[[Maine Pyaar Kiya]]''.

===Wild card entrants===
* [[Pravesh Rana]] – Model, presenter and actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mr-india-pravesh-rana-in-bigg-boss/articleshow/5198536.cms|title=Mr India Pravesh Rana in Bigg Boss|newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/look/2009/nov/05/tv-bigg-boss-wildcard-entry.htm|title=Former Mr India enters Bigg Boss house|date=5 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv-pravesh-rana-on-bigg-boss/20091229.htm|title='I have no grudge against Rohit Verma'|date=29 December 2009}}</ref> He won the title of Mr. India in 2008. He also has walked the ramp for various top designers.
* [[Vinod Kambli]] – Cricketer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv-vinod-kambli-in-bigg-boss/20091106.htm|title=Vinod Kambli to enter Bigg Boss?|date=6 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vinod-kambli-evicted-from-big-boss/20091120.htm|title=Vinod Kambli evicted from Bigg Boss|date=20 November 2009}}</ref> He played for India as a left-handed middle order batsman, as well as for Mumbai and Boland, South Africa.

===Guest entrants===
* [[Panchi Bora]] – Actress. She is known for playing Prachi in ''[[Kayamath]]''.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Guest appearances==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: white; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#191970; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week
! style="background:#191970; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Day
! style="background:#191970; color:#fff; width:5%;" | Guest(s)
! style="background:#191970; color:#fff; width:5%;" | Purpose of Visit
! style="background:#191970; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Ref(s)
|-
! Premiere
! Day 1
| [[Rakhi Sawant]]
| To support her mother Jaya
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Rakhi Sawant supports her mother on Bigg Boss 3|date=4 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
! 1
! Day 6
| [[Salman Khan]] & [[Kareena Kapoor]]
| To promote their film ''[[Main Aurr Mrs Khanna]]''
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Salman Kareena in Bigg Boss|date=7 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" | 2
! Day 13
| [[Akshay Kumar]]
| To promote his film ''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]''
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/akshay-kumar-in-bigg-boss-season-3/articleshow/15963685.cms|title=Akshay Kumar in Bigg Boss Season 3|date=17 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | Day 14
| [[Sharad Kelkar]] & Supriya Kumari
| rowspan="3" | Special appearances from Colors shows for Diwali special
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Colors celebrates Diwali in Bigg Boss house|date=18 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rashami Desai]] & [[Tina Datta]]
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref name=":4" />
|-
| [[Pracheen Chauhan]] & [[Archana Taide]]
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref name=":4" />
|-
! 3
! Day 20
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]] & [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
| To promote their film ''[[Aladin (film)|Aladin]]''
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Aladin in Bigg Boss|date=23 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
! 4
! Day 27
| [[Ajay Devgn]] & [[Asin]]
| To promote their film ''[[London Dreams]]''
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Ajay, Asin to appear on Bigg Boss 3|date=29 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
! 5
! Day 34
| [[Ranbir Kapoor]] & [[Katrina Kaif]]
| To promote their film ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]''
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2009/ranbir-katrina-bigg-boss-061109.html|title=Ranbir and Katrina appear on Bigg Boss|date=6 November 2009}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | 6
! Day 39
| [[Shilpa Shetty]]
| To announced news of her wedding to Shamita Shetty
| style=" text-align:center; |
|-
! Day 41
| [[Saif Ali Khan]] & [[Kareena Kapoor]]
| To promote their film ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]''
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Saif Kareena to appear on Bigg Boss 3|date=10 November 2009}}</ref>
|-
! 7
! Day 43
| Zeus Irani
| To meet his father Bhakhtyar Irani
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Tannaz Bhakhtyar son in Bigg Boss|date=19 November 2009}}</ref>
|-
! 8
! Day 53
| [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Chunky Panday]]. [[Sameera Reddy]] & [[Neha Dhupia]]
| To promote their film ''[[De Dana Dan]]''
| style=" text-align:center; |
|-
! 9
! Day 62
| [[Ranbir Kapoor]]
| To promote his film ''[[Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year]]''
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Ranbir again on Bigg Boss 3|date=5 December 2009}}</ref>
|-
! 10
! Day 69
| [[Hema Malini]]
| To promote new dance series ''[[Dancing Queen (Indian TV series)|Dancing Queen]]''
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Hema Malini Amitabh Bachchan reunite on Bigg Boss 3|date=13 December 2009}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" | 11
! rowspan="2" | Day 74
| [[Delnaaz Irani]]
| To support brother [[Bakhtiyaar Irani|Bhakhtyar Irani]]
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Family in Bigg Boss|date=16 December 2009}}</ref>
|-
| Dina Umarova
| To support husband [[Vindu Dara Singh]]
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref name=":5" />
|-
! rowspan="3" | Day 75
| [[Arzoo Govitrikar]]
| To support sister [[Aditi Govitrikar]]
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref name=":5" />
|-
| Anmol Thakeria & Paloma Thakeria
| To support their mother [[Poonam Dhillon]]
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref name=":5" />
|-
| Priya Rana
| To support her brother [[Pravesh Rana]]
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref name=":5" />
|-
! Day 76
| [[Kareena Kapoor]]
| To promote her film ''[[3 Idiots]]''
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Kareena in Bigg Boss|date=20 December 2009}}</ref>
|-
! 12
! Day 83
| [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| To promote her film ''[[Pyaar Impossible!]]''
| style=" text-align:center; | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Priyanka Chopra in Bigg Boss finale|date=26 December 2009}}</ref>
|}

==Weekly summary==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:20px;"
! rowspan=4 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 1'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
*
"Ghar Ek Mandir" where every member have to play different roles like mother, sister, son, daughter, son-in-law etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigbossseason3.com/2009/10/big-boss-season-3-episode-2.html|title=BIG BOSS SEASON 3|publisher=Bigg Boss 3 Official website|access-date=11 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014141715/http://www.bigbossseason3.com/2009/10/big-boss-season-3-episode-2.html|archive-date=14 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Guarding a gold coin in a locker from a secret agent. If the agent wins he gets immunity from nominations next week. Vindu won the task and won the immunity from week 2 nominations.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Jaya Sawant, Kamal Khan, Sherlyn Chopra
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Jaya Sawant was evicted after facing public vote.
|-
| '''Hand Grenade''' ||
* ''Option 1'': Pick one house member who pays too much time and attention to his/her clothes, makeup, looks etc. This person will have to spend one week with simplicity i.e. simple clothes, no make-up etc.
* ''Option 2'': Pick one house member who according to you is very lazy. This person will have to wash clothes of all the housemates for one week.
* Jaya Sawant chose ''Option 1'' for Rohit.
|-
! rowspan=3 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 2'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* The male housemates were asked to do all the chores (cooking, cleaning etc.). Housemates would fail the task if BiggBoss finds any female housemate doing the chores.
* "Dil Aanek Dhadkan Ek". The housemates should sing a unity anthem(Ek Dusre Se from [[Hum (film)|Hum]]) together when an alarm is set off by Bigg Boss.
* The male house mates were asked to choreograph and rehearse dancing for the song "[[Chiggy Wiggy]]" from [[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]], the female house mates would watch and learn the steps to perform the song in the activity area without practicing themselves. [[Akshay Kumar]] chose Poonam as the best dancer in the group.
* Day 14:The female house mates were asked to choose 'Man of the week'. It was a tie between Rohit and Bhakhtyar. Female housemates were then asked to treat them as kings for the rest of the day.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Kamal Khan, Sherlyn Chopra
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Nobody was evicted as a 'gift' by Bigg Boss as it was the [[Diwali]] weekend.
|-
! rowspan=3 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 3'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* Day 16: "Talent Bonanza - Kala Ka Pradarshan". Each house mate should perform an act(singing, dancing etc.) during the week. The other house mates got 200 points each, and they had to use those points to award points for the other inmates' performance.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Kamal Khan, Sherlyn Chopra
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Day 18: Kamal Khan has been ejected from the Bigg Boss house because of his rude and violent behaviour.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Kamal-Khan-off-Bigg-Boss-for-violent-behaviour/articleshow/5147000.cms | work=The Times of India | first1=Bharati | last1=Dubey | title=Kamal Khan off Bigg Boss for violent behaviour | date=22 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=4 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 4'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* "Happy to Help" - House mates to make gift hampers for children. Items for the gift hampers would be fed through a conveyor belt after an alarm is set off by Big Boss. No more than five people can work at a time and all the hampers should contain the same list of items.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Sherlyn Chopra, Vindu Dara Singh
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Sherlyn Chopra was evicted after facing public vote.
|-
| '''Hand Grenade''' ||
* ''Option 1'': Pick one house member who will be responsible for cleaning the entire house for one week.
* ''Option 2'': Pick one house member who will not step on the ground for one week. Other housemates will have to carry that person from one place to another if need be, except for toilet and bathroom.
* Sherlyn Chopra chose ''Option 1'' for Vindu.
|-
! rowspan=5 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 5'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* House mates to prepare a short film. Shamita has been given an individual task wherein as a 'Mahanideshak' she has to keep a check whether the housemates are following the rule of speaking in Hindi or not. Failing which Shamita has the power to send the defaulter to jail.
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* Big Boss declared Open Nominations: Since few housemates broke the rule of discussing about nominations, Big Boss declared open nominations, wherein each house member has to declare his vote in front of other housemates.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Tanaaz B Irani, Bhakhtiyaar M Irani, Vindu Dara Singh and Ismail Darbar
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Ismail Darbar was evicted after facing public vote.
|-
| '''Hand Grenade''' ||
* ''Option 1'': Pick one male and one female who will have to talk to one another in sign language only. They can talk to rest of the housemates normally.
* ''Option 2'': Pick one male and one female who will have to stay together for one week, as if they are each other's shadow.
* Ismail Drabar chose ''Option 2'' for Tanaaz & Bhakhtiyaar.
|-
! rowspan=4 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 6'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* Aditi has been honored with a title of 'Malika-e-Big Boss 3' for this weekly task. Everybody should be doing the things with Aditi's consent. She should be given a royal treatment and she will be the only one sleeping in Girls' room. The duties among other housemates have been divided as follows: Cleaning jobs – 2 people (Poonam & Rohit), Kitchen – 2 people (Bhakhtiyaar & Pravesh), Serving – 2 people (Vindu & Tanaaz), Entertainment – 2 people (Claudia & Vinod), Security – 1 person (Shamita). Raju will only be responsible for the job of 'Mahanideshak'.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Tanaaz B Irani, Bhakhtiyaar M Irani
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Tanaaz Irani was evicted after facing public vote. Shamita Shetty walked out of the show for her sister [[Shilpa Shetty|Shilpa's]] wedding.
|-
| '''Hand Grenade''' ||
* ''Option'': Pick one house member who will be given the chance to talk to his/her loved one using the phone from Vodafone stand.
* Tanaaz Irani chose Poonam, so that Poonam could talk to her daughter.
|-
! rowspan=4 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 7'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* On the occasion of Children's Day, housemates were told to dress up like kids and had to enact a school day.
* " Jal Hi Jiwan Hai" - Housemates have been provided with a 1000 Litre capacity water tank. Housemates have to use this water for all daily chores (except for cooking and drinking purposes) till the end of this weekly task. Except for this tank water all the sources for water in the house have been shut down. Amount of water left in the tank at the end of task will be a deciding factor for weekly budget.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Bhakhtiyaar, Aditi, Pravesh, Claudia, Vinod & Rohit
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Vinod was evicted after facing public vote
|-
| '''Hand Grenade''' ||
* ''Option 1'': Pick one house member who will spend most of his/her time with Kamal Khan as his buddy.
* ''Option 2'': Pick one house member who will tell bed time story to Kamal Khan every night.
* Vinod Kambli chose ''Option 2'' for Vindu.
|-
! rowspan=5 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 8'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* " Mansik Arogya Kendra" - Big Boss's house has been turned into a mental asylum wherein, Poonam is the doctor, Kamal the warden, Claudia the nurse and rest of the housemates are patients. Weekly budget will depend on the fact that how well does the warden performs his role and duties.
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* This time a change in nomination procedure, Big Boss asked each house member to name one person whom they want to nominate and one person whom they want to be safe from next week's eviction.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Rohit and Vindu
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Rohit Verma was evicted after facing public vote.
|-
| '''Hand Grenade''' ||
* ''Option'': Pick one male house member who will wear female clothes for the entire week..
* Rohit Verma chose Raju for this task.
|-
! rowspan=4 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 9'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* Housemates have to nominate one person as a leader who shall make sure Rules are followed by housemates as per the rule book. If any one breaks the rule, leader should immediately report to Bigg Boss. Failure in doing so, leader shall go to jail and budget would be reduced to half. If leader continues for 2 full successive day, then he/she shall be exempted from nomination for the next week. If leader continues for 4 full days then he/she shall go straight to final week.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Vindu, Raju and Pravesh
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Raju Srivastav was evicted after facing public vote.
|-
| '''Hand Grenade''' ||
* ''Option 1'': Pick one housemember who will be staying in the garden for one week.
* ''Option 2'': Pick one housemember who will have to wash clothes for all the contestants for one week.
* Raju Srivastav chose ''Option 1'' for Pravesh.
|-
! rowspan=5 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 10'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* Kamal Khan was appointed as the Big Boss of the house for this week and it will be up to him to run the house as per his wish including rules, tasks, punishments.
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* This time a change in nomination procedure, Big Boss himself nominated all the housemembers. During the week 9 task, all of the contestants, violated the rules of Big Boss house. As a punishment to this violation, all the members were nominated for eviction.
* Bigg Boss does a mock drill of Bhaktiyaar winning the Bigg Boss Season 3, which makes all the housemates initiate discussions against him.
* Bigg Boss calls everyone for the results of the nominations and Kamal Khan leaves the Bigg Boss house
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Aditi, Bhaktiyaar, Claudia, Poonam, Pravesh and Vindu
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Claudia was evicted after facing public vote.
* Vindu was evicted by the votes from the housemates in the eyes of the housemates, but has been put in a secret room
|-
| '''Hand Grenade''' ||
* ''Option to Claudia'': Immunity to be given to a housemate
* Pravesh gets the immunity from any nomination
* ''Option to Vindu'': One housemate to be nominated for next week
* Bhaktiyaar is given the nomination for the next week
|-
! rowspan=5 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 11'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
*the weekly task titled – song and dance. For this task, they have been provided with props and a red round carpet which is placed in the garden area. As part of the task, each one needs to dance to their allotted song on the red carpet along with the props as well as perform when the group song is being played by wearing masks.
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* With respect to Hand Grenade given by Vindu, Bhaktiyaar is already nominated for this week. Pravesh is safe and reaches finals thanks to hand-grenade from Claudia
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Bhaktiyaar, Vindu, Poonam, and Aditi
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Aditi Gowitrikar was evicted after facing public vote.
|-
| '''Hand Grenade''' ||
* One housemate has to do the serving of food and washing clothes for the next whole week
* Bhaktiyaar was given the hand grenade
|-
! rowspan=8 style="width: 6%;" colspan="1" style="background:#191970; color:#fff;" | '''Week 12''' '''(Finale Week)'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* N/A
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* Bakhtiyar has opted out of the game on Day 79, accepting the offer given by Bigg Boss. The hand grenade given by Aditi to Bakhtiyar is transferred to Pravesh, to serve the food to the remaining members.
*
|-
| '''Finalists''' ||
* Vindu, Poonam and Pravesh
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Bhakhtiyar had accepted the offer given by Bigg Boss of taking Rs. 1 million and opted out of the show on Day 79.
* Poonam was evicted on the final day after facing public vote (Day 84).
|-
| '''Hand Grenade''' ||
* The hand grenade is transferred to Pravesh after Bakhtiyar's untimely exit.
|-
| '''2nd Runner up ''(Day 84)''''' ||
* '''Poonam Dhillon'''
|-
| '''Runner up ''(Day 84)''''' ||
* '''Pravesh Rana'''
|-
| '''Winner ''(Day 84)''''' ||
* '''Vindu Dara Singh'''
|}

Highlights

'''Week 1'''

* Day 5: Vindu and Bhakhtyar's fight almost came to blows over spilled milk in the Gym area. Vindu took offense when Bhakhtyar asked him to clean the spillage, assuming that Vindu created the mess.
* Kamal shouted at Poonam, Kamal felt she was referring to him when she said 'some' people are shameless and turn up at the table to eat without helping in the kitchen.

'''Week 2'''
* Kamal went on a hunger strike claiming that he would not eat or drink until Claudia says "I Love You" to him. After a day Big Boss set off the alarm in the middle of night when Kamal was trying to have food secretly.
* Kamal and Bhakhtyar were sent to jail, as they were found without their mikes for several hours.

'''Week 3'''
* Day 18: Kamal hit Rohit Verma with a bottle which hits Shamita instead and went on to fight with Raju Srivastav for supporting Rohit. Kamal used highly offensive language, swearing at Raju and Rohit. Kamal was ejected from the house after all the fellow contestants started revolting against him for physical fights.
Rohit was chatting with Shamita when he said he wasted some points last day for some unworthy performances (ref - Day 16:Tasks), and that he assumed he donated those points for charity and will get over it. Kamal took offense and threw a bottle at Rohit. Raju opined that Kamal should have talked to him if felt bad about the remark, hitting Rohit was not called for. Big boss called Kamal to the confession room and advised him to calm down. The housemates were not happy about no action being taken on Kamal. They planned to leave the house if no action was taken against him. Kamal was subsequently thrown out of the house for such violent behaviour.

'''Week 4'''
* Day 22: Rohit was not allowed to speak. Shamita was asked to interpret Rohit's actions and convey the message in Hindi language only, failing which both would be jailed. They will have to continue until Big boss orders them to stop.

'''Week 5'''
* Day 31: After watching the first part of the short film 'Agar, Magar, Lekin', Big Boss declared it to be a flop. Housemates were given a second chance to prepare a better film with good story, music and typical Hindi film masala.
* Day 32: Aditi was sent to jail by Shamita on account of speaking in English. Second short film 'Milke Judaa Na Hon' prepared by the housemates was appreciated by Big Boss and was thus declared a Superhit.

'''Week 6'''
* Day 35: Pravesh and Claudia were sent to jail (for one day) by Bigg Boss as they were found talking in English for a long time.
* Day 36: Bigg Boss declared that Shamita did not justify the role of 'Mahanideshak' and with the consent of housemates Raju was chosen as the new 'Mahanideshak'.

'''Week 7'''
* Day 43: Bigg Boss banned Vindu, Rohit and Raju from nomination on basis of planning and plotting. For the first time Six housemates are nominated for eviction.
* Day 44: Vindu, Raju and Rohit were punished for discussing nominations and plotting against other housemates.

Vindu Dara Singh was sent to the jail. Raju Srivastav was asked to spend his day on a floating bed in the Swimming Pool. Rohit suffered the most, as he was put inside a cage like a bird. The cage was lifted in the air by a crane. They were prohibited from talking to each other.

* Day 46: Claudia and Pravesh were ordered by Bigg Boss not to speak each other as they were caught talking in English multiple times. Kamal re-enters the Bigg Boss house on wild card entry this week. Bakhtiyar is badmouthing Claudia. Bakhtiyar cries.

'''Week 8'''
* Day 52: On the basis of Dr. Poonam's analysis (in the weekly task of mental asylum), Aditi's and Claudia's roles of patient and nurse respectively, were interchanged. Big Boss showed Rohit's video this time capturing his nicer side. Bakhtiyar keeps repeating that he is wanting Vindu and Raju out of the show.

'''Week 9'''
* Day 57 Bhaktiyaar is safe from being nominated. Raju nominated Bhaktiyar to be safe but Bhaktiyar nominated against Raju. Kamal being a guest does not have the right to nominate or get nominated.
* Poonam, Raju, Aditi, Bakhtiyaar and Pravesh are sent to jail for rules that were broken by housemates while they were the prime ministers of the house. Housemates break rules to ensure that all go to jail one by one and so that its fair to everyone.

'''Week 10'''
* Day 62: Kamal has a sudden bout of depression and suffers high blood pressure
* Day 67: Kamal Khan left the house.
* Day 68: Claudia is evicted from the house and Vindu Dara Singh has been sent to a secret room in the house where he can watch the other contestants.

'''Week 11'''
* Day 71: Bakhtyaar is already nominated as he got a hand-grenade from Vindu; Vindu, Aditi, and Poonam are also nominated for this week
* Day 77: Aditi is evicted from the house.

'''Week 12'''
* Day 78: Baktiyaar left the house in the final week when Big Boss offered any one contestant to take 1 million rupees and leave the show if he is insecure about his victory. Baktiyaar accepted the offer and took the money and left the house. Now the three finalists are Poonam Dhillon, Pravesh Rana and Vindu Dara Singh. The hand grenade, given by Aditi to Bakhtiyar, is transferred to Pravesh.
* Day 79: Pravesh tries to excite Vindu by asking him that why is he acting fake, and throws all the food in the swimming pool.
* Day 81: Pravesh has taken an oath for not drinking water and eating food as a penance for throwing food in the pool.
* Day 84: Vindu wins the car and wins the final of Bigg Boss-Season 3.

==Nominations table==


<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 2
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 8}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 9
! colspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 11
! colspan="3" style="width:5%;" style="background:#FFD700;" | Week 12
|-
! style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 64}}
! style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 68}}
! style="width:5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 78}}
! colspan="2" style="width:5%;" style="background:#FFD700;" | Day 83
|-
! Vote to:
! colspan="7" | Evict
! Save
! colspan="7" | Evict
|-
! colspan="16" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | Vindu
| rowspan="2" | Jaya Rohit
| rowspan="2" | Poonam Tannaz
| rowspan="2" | Kamaal Sherlyn
| rowspan="2" | Sherlyn Ismail
| rowspan="2" | Bakhtiyar Tannaz
| rowspan="2" | Bakhtiyar Tannaz
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''Banned''
| rowspan="2" | Rohit
| rowspan="2" | Pravesh Claudia
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Aditi
| colspan="1" style="background:#87CEFA;" |{{nowrap|''Secret Room'' (Days 69–70)}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:#91A3B0;" |{{font colour|white|''{{nowrap|Didn't Take The Money}}''}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center" | '''''Winner''''' (Day 83)
|-
| style="background:#BFFF00;" |{{nowrap|''Evicted By Housemates'' (Day 68)}}
| Aditi Poonam
|-
! Pravesh
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | ''Exempt''
| Bakhtiyar Aditi
| Rohit
| Vindu Raju
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Vindu
| style="background:#FBF373;" | Vindu Poonam
| style="background:#91A3B0;" |{{font colour|white|''{{nowrap|Didn't Take The Money}}''}}
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |{{nowrap|'''''1st runner-up'''''}} (Day 83)
|-
! Poonam
| Kamaal Rohit
| Kamaal Ismail
| Kamaal Vindu
| Ismail Aditi
| Tannaz Bakhtiyar
| Tannaz Bakhtiyar
| Aditi Pravesh
| Vindu
| Pravesh Claudia
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Bakhtiyar
| Vindu Aditi
| style="background:#91A3B0;" |{{font colour|white|''{{nowrap|Didn't Take The Money}}''}}
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''''{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}''''' (Day 83)
|-
! Bakhtiyar
| Jaya Kamaal
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| Vindu Kamaal
| Sherlyn Vindu
| Vindu Ismail
| Rohit Claudia
| Rohit Claudia
| Vindu
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Vindu Raju
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Vindu
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Vindu Poonam
| style="background:#A67B5B;" |{{font colour|white|''{{nowrap|Took The Money}}''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFCCFF;" | ''Walked'' (Day 79)
|-
! Aditi
| Sheryn Jaya
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| Sherlyn Ismail
| Vindu Ismail
| Shamita Poonam
| Pravesh Vinod
| Rohit
| Raju Vindu
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Vindu
| Vindu Poonam
| colspan="3" style="background:#fa8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 75)
|-
! Claudia
| Jaya Ismail
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| Sherlyn Aditi
| Tannaz Bakhtiyar
| Bakhtiyar Tannaz
| Bakhtiyar Aditi
| Rohit
| Vindu Raju
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |Pravesh (to save)
| colspan="3" style="background:#fa8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 68)
|-
! Raju
| Jaya Aditi
| Poonam Bakhtiyar
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| Sherlyn Ismail
| Tannaz Bakhtiyar
| Shamita Tannaz
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''Banned''
| Aditi
| Pravesh Aditi
| colspan="6" style="background:#fa8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 61)
|-
! Rohit
| Jaya Claudia
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| Kamaal Vindu
| Vindu Sherlyn
| Tannaz Bakhtiyar
| Tannaz Bakhtiyar
| style="background:#959FFD;" | ''Banned''
| Vindu
| colspan="7" style="background:#fa8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 54)
|-
! Vinod
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | ''Exempt''
| Pravesh Bakhtiyar
| colspan="8" style="background:#fa8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 47)
|-
! Shamita
| Jaya Sherlyn
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| Sherlyn Vindu
| Vindu Ismail
| Rohit Vindu
| colspan="9" style="background:#FFCCFF;" | ''Walked'' (Day 41)
|-
! Tannaz
| Jaya Sherlyn
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| Vindu Sherlyn
| Sherlyn Vindu
| Vindu Ismail
| Shamita Poonam
| colspan="9" style="background:#fa8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 40)
|-
! Ismail
| Aditi Claudia
| Tannaz Bakhtiyar
| Tannaz Bakhtiyar
| Tannaz Bakhtiyar
| Tannaz Bakhtiyar
| colspan="10" style="background:#fa8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 33)
|-
! Sherlyn
| Kamaal Tannaz
| Tannaz Bakhtiyar
| Vindu Kamaal
| Vindu Claudia
| colspan="11" style="background:#fa8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 26)
|-
! Kamaal
| Jaya Poonam
| Poonam Bakhtiyar
| Tannaz Rohit
| colspan="3" style="background:#FFE08B;" |''Ejected'' (Day 18)
| colspan="5" style="background:#8FCCC1;"|''Guest'' (Days 46-67)
| colspan="4" style="background:#FFE08B;" |
|-
! Jaya
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| colspan="14" style="background:#fa8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 5)
|-
! colspan="16" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
| colspan="2" {{n/a|None}}
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| colspan="2" {{n/a|None}}
| ''[[#endnote 2|2]]''
| ''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
| ''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 5|5]]''
| ''[[#endnote 6|6]]''
| ''[[#endnote 7|7]]''
| ''[[#endnote 8|8]]'',''[[#endnote 9|9]]''
| ''[[#endnote 10|10]]''
| colspan="2" {{n/a|None}}
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"
! Against public vote
| Jaya Kamaal Sherlyn
| Kamaal Sherlyn
| <s>Kamaal</s> Sherlyn
| Sherlyn Vindu
| Bakhtiyar Ismail Tannaz Vindu
| Bakhtiyar Tannaz
| Aditi Bakhtiyar Claudia Pravesh Rohit Vinod
|Rohit Vindu
| Pravesh Raju Vindu
| colspan="2" | Aditi Bakhtiyar Claudia Poonam Pravesh Vindu
| Aditi Bakhtiyar Poonam Vindu
| Bhakhtyar Poonam Pravesh Vindu
| colspan="2" | Bakhtiyar Poonam Pravesh Vindu
|-
! {{nowrap|Re-entered}}
| colspan="6" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Kamaal'''
| colspan="4" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Vindu'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|-
! Guest
| colspan="6" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| colspan="5" style="background:#8FCCC1;" |'''Kamaal'''
| colspan="4" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|-
! {{nowrap|Secret Room}}
| colspan="11" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:#87CEFA;" |'''Vindu'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
|-
! Walked
| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:#fcf;" |'''Shamita'''
| colspan="6" style="background:#ccc;" | ''None''
| style="background:#fcf;" |'''Bakhtiyar'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" | ''None''
|-
! Ejected
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| style="background:#FFE08B; text-align:center" |'''Kamaal'''
| colspan="12" style="background:#ccc;" | ''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Evicted
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Jaya'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Sherlyn'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Ismail'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Tannaz'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Vinod'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Rohit'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Raju'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Claudia'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Aditi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No eviction''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''Poonam'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#BFFF00;" |'''Vindu'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Pravesh'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Vindu'''
|}
</blockquote>

''Color Key'''
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
: {{Color box|#DAFF99|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has Re-Entered.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the person was saved by another housemate.
: {{Color box|#FFD700|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been granted immunity from nominations.
: {{Color box|#87CEFA|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate was in the caravan or secret room.
: {{Color box|#E9FFDB|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate entered as a wild card entrant.
: {{Color box|#73FB76|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the first runner-up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the second runner-up.
: {{Color box|#FA8072|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{Color box|#fcf|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been walked out of the show.
: {{Color box|#FFE08B|border=darkgray}} indicates the housemate was ejected.

===Nomination notes===
{{smalldiv|1=
* {{note|4|4}}: On Day 19, there was no eviction post Kamaal's ejection.
* {{note|5|5}}: On Day 41, Shamita left the house post hearing her sister Shilpa Shetty's wedding announcement.
* {{note|6|6}}: Rohit, Raju and Vindu were banned from nominations process for breaking the rules.
* {{note|7|7}}: The housemates had to nomination one housemate for eviction. Later, the housemates had to save one housemate for the ninth week.
* {{note|8|8}}: Bhakhtiyar was saved from nominations after majority saved him.
* {{note|9|9}}: Due to breaking the rules, Bigg Boss nominated all the housemates for eviction.
* {{note|10|10}}: Housemates had to evict one out. As Vindu had the majority votes, he was evicted. But there was a twist, Vindu re-entered the following day and was kept in a secret room.
* {{note|11|11}}: Bhakhtiyar was directly nominated after Vindu voted his name.
* {{note|12|12}}: Post her eviction, Claudia saved Pravesh saving him from nominations.
* {{note|13|13}}: Bhakhtiyar walked out of the house with the bag of money.
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101002171433/http://bb4.in.com/ ''Bigg Boss 3'' Official Website]

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2009 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons|03]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]

Amruthalur mandal

2025-12-11T03:40:20Z

SimoneMarina699: Adding new page.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amruthalur mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.117|N|80.658|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Amruthalur]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 124.51
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 44713
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Amruthalur''' is a [[mandal]] in the [[Bapatla district]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bapatla.ap.gov.in/tehsil/ |title=Bapatla district - Mandals |access-date= 2 June 2023}}</ref> in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Its headquarters are at [[Amruthalur]].

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Amruthalur mandal (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.58}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|4.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.97}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.39}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 44,713 in 13207 households. The total population constitute,
22,123 males and 22,590 females — a sex ratio of 1021 females per 1000 males. 3,695 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 1,912 are boys and 1,783 are girls — a sex ratio of 933 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 72.65% with 29,801 literates. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 20,576 (46.02%) and 1,948 (4.36%) of the population respectively.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Guntur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/146/download/234/DH_2011_2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Amruthalur mandal (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|thumb = left
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 96.48 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 3.27 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.25 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 96.48% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 3.27% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bapatla district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Bapatla district]]

Goa Institute of Public Administration and Rural Development

2025-12-05T06:34:50Z

SimoneMarina699: started new entry

{{short description|Administrative institute of the Government of Goa, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Goa Institute of Public Administration and Rural Development
| native_name =
| type = Institute
| seal =
| seal_caption =
| seal_alt =
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| formed = {{start date and age|2014|01|01|df=yes}}
| preceding1 = Rural Development and Administration (1996-2014)
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| agency_type =
| jurisdiction =
| status = Active
| headquarters = [[Goa]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|29|33.51|N|73|55|4.79|E}}
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister_type =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| deputyminister_type =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| parent_agency_type = 
| child1_agency =
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{Official|https://www.goa.gov.in/department/goa-institute-of-public-administration-rural-development/}}
}}
The '''Goa Institute of Public Administration and Rural Development (GIPARD)''' is an administrative institute of the [[Government of Goa]], India. It is located at the Ela Farm at [[Old Goa]].

==History==
The Goa Institute for Rural Development and Local Administration was established vide Government Order No. 6/3/8 I-PER (Vol. VI) dated 23 October 1996.<ref>{{cite news|title=Government of Goa Department of Education, Art and Culture|newspaper=Official Gazette|publisher=Government of Goa|date=1999-02-18|series=II|number=47|url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/9899/9899-47-SII-OG-1.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407164450/https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/9899/9899-47-SII-OG-1.pdf|archive-date=2021-04-07}}</ref> By an Order dated 5 November 1999, the [[Government of Goa]] reconstituted the Goa Institute for Rural Development and Local Administration as the Goa Institute of Rural Development and Administration, an autonomous body "responsible for all aspects of training policy and training management for employees of the Government of Goa", with effect from 1 December 1999.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|title=Government of Goa Department of Rural Development of R. D. A.|newspaper=Official Gazette|publisher=Government of Goa|date=1999-11-25|series=I|number=35|url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/9900/9900-35-SI-OG-1.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407165019/https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/9900/9900-35-SI-OG-1.pdf|archive-date=2021-04-07}}</ref> The Goa Institute of Rural Development and Administration was headed by a Board of Governors, chaired by the Minister for Rural Development of the [[Government of Goa]].<ref name="auto1"/>

The Goa Institute of Rural Development and Administration was dissolved and a new institution named as the Goa Institute of Public Administration &
Rural Development (GIPARD) was established on 1 January 2014, as an autonomous body, registered under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://gipard.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/RTI_Manuals.pdf|title=Manual. 1. Particulars of Organization, Functions and Duties, [Section 4(1) (b) (i)]|date=March 2015|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407163006/https://gipard.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/RTI_Manuals.pdf|archive-date=2021-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The GIPARD is also the Administrative Training Institute for [[Goa]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-government-sets-up-its-own-administrative-training-institute/articleshow/35965843.cms|title=Goa government sets up its own administrative training institute | Goa News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 June 2014 }}</ref> The [[Government of Goa]] signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yashada.org/yashada_2019/pdfs/Annual_Report/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf |title= Annual report |website= www.yashada.org|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210407175533/https://www.yashada.org/yashada_2019/pdfs/Annual_Report/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf |access-date=2021-04-07|archive-date= 2021-04-07 }}</ref> with the [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] Academy of Development Administration (YASHADA), [[Pune]] in order to set up the institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-government-sets-up-its-own-administrative-training-institute/articleshow/35965843.cms|title=Goa government sets up its own administrative training institute|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407174735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-government-sets-up-its-own-administrative-training-institute/articleshow/35965843.cms|archive-date=2021-04-07}}</ref>

==Leadership==
The GIPARD is managed by a Board of Governors, of which the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary of Goa]] is the Ex-Officio President. The institute also has an Executive Committee, of which the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary of Goa]] functions as the Ex-Officio Chairperson.<ref>{{cite news|title=Government of GOA Department of Agriculture|newspaper=Official Gazette|series=I|number=15|url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/1415/1415-15-SI-OG-0.pdf|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407181216/https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/1415/1415-15-SI-OG-0.pdf|archive-date=2021-04-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sanjay Gihar, an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]], is{{as of?|date=February 2024}} the Director General of the institute.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://gipard.gov.in/?page_id=126|title=Staff of GIPARD|publisher=Goa Institute of Public Administration & Rural Development|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407181950/https://gipard.gov.in/?page_id=126|archive-date=2021-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> The institute also has its Core Faculty.<ref name="auto2"/>

==Functions==
The GIPARD administers training to Officers and staff of the [[Government of Goa]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Government of Goa Department of Agriculture|newspaper=Official Gazette|publisher=Government of Goa|date=2018-11-15|series=II|number=33|url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/1819/1819-33-SII-OG-0.pdf|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407182727/https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/1819/1819-33-SII-OG-0.pdf|archive-date=2021-04-07|url-status=live}}</ref> The institute also provides [[capacity building]] training on subjects like rural development,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=766493|title=Goa officials to don 'Swayampurna Mitra' hats for outreach drive - Daijiworld.com|date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407183852/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=766493|publisher=daijiworld.com|archive-date=2021-04-07|accessdate=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/CHIEF-MINISTER-LAUNCHES-AATMANIRBHAR-BHARAT-SWAYAMPURNA-GOA.pdf|title=Chief Minister launches Aatmanirbhar Bharat Swayampurna Goa|date=2020-10-01|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407183734/https://www.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/CHIEF-MINISTER-LAUNCHES-AATMANIRBHAR-BHARAT-SWAYAMPURNA-GOA.pdf|archive-date=2021-04-07}}</ref> disaster management,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/05/08/goanews/gipard-releases-ready-reckoner-for-vps-on-covid-19-challenges/|title=GIPARD releases 'ready reckoner' for VPs on COVID-19 challenges - The Navhind Times|date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407184459/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/05/08/goanews/gipard-releases-ready-reckoner-for-vps-on-covid-19-challenges/|archive-date=2021-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ncrmp.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/PSC/MoM17.pdf|title=NCRMP (Phase-II) 17th Project Steering Committee (PSC) meeting held on 30th December, 2019 - Minutes of the Meeting-reg.|date=2019-12-30|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919052345/https://ncrmp.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/PSC/MoM17.pdf|archive-date=2020-09-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nidm.gov.in/pdf/trgreports/2019/October/3-5Oct2019.pdf|title=Course Report|publisher=National Institute of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|date=October 2019|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407183027/https://nidm.gov.in/pdf/trgreports/2019/October/3-5Oct2019.pdf|archive-date=2021-04-07|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Institutions]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nirdpr.org.in/nird_docs/gpdp/introduction.pdf|title=1. Introduction|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407183223/http://nirdpr.org.in/nird_docs/gpdp/introduction.pdf|archive-date=2021-04-07|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Training-to-make-little-village-republics-of-Goa-selfsufficient-in-a-post-COVID-world/160535|title=Herald: Training to make little village republics of Goa self-sufficient in a post COVID world|work=Herald|location=Goa, India|date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525210727/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Training-to-make-little-village-republics-of-Goa-selfsufficient-in-a-post-COVID-world/160535|archive-date=2020-05-25|accessdate=21 September 2025}}</ref> etc.

The GIPARD also trains the members of local self-government bodies of [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/if-zp-members-perform-they-can-be-future-mlas-cm/articleshow/79846833.cms|title=If zilla panchayat members perform, they can be future MLAs: Goa CM | Goa News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407183614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/if-zp-members-perform-they-can-be-future-mlas-cm/articleshow/79846833.cms|archive-date=2021-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goa365.tv/general/E/gipard-organizes-training-programme-for-newly-elected-panchas/01753.html|title=GIPARD organizes training programme for newly elected panchas|date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407183910/https://www.goa365.tv/general/E/gipard-organizes-training-programme-for-newly-elected-panchas/01753.html|archive-date=2021-04-07}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Goa]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Goa]]
[[Category:State agencies of Goa]]

Mateus de Oliveira Xavier

2025-11-30T07:13:58Z

SimoneMarina699: starting a entry!

{{Short description|Portuguese bishop (1858-1929)}}
{{Cleanup translation|Portuguese|type=check|listed=nolist}}
{{Infobox religious biography
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| religion = Roman Catholic
| denomination = Catholic
| school = University of Coimbra
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| birth_place = Vila de Rei
| death_date = {{death date and age|1929|05|19|1858|09|14|df=y}}
| death_place = Goa
| resting_place =
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| spouse =
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| parents = Joaquim de Oliveira Maria Joaquina Braz de Oliveira
| location = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin]]
| title = Archbishop of Goa and Daman
| period = 31 December 1908 - 19 May 1929
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[[Dom (title)|Dom]] '''Mateus de Oliveira Xavier''' ([[Vila de Rei]], Vila de Rei, 14 October 1858 — [[Old Goa|Goa]], 19 May 1929) was a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] Bishop Of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin]] and [[Patriarchate of the East Indies|Patriarch of the East Indies]].

== Biography ==
He was the son of Joaquim de Oliveira and Maria Joaquina Braz de Oliveira. At an early age, he, along with his siblings, were sent to Fundada, to live with their paternal grandparents.<ref name="arqnet">{{citation |url=http://www.arqnet.pt/dicionario/xaviermo.html |contribution=D. Mateus Oliveira Xavier |title=Portugal: Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico |volume=VII |pages=706-707 |language=Portuguese |location=Lisbon, Portugal}}</ref> There, under the care of his uncles, João and Sebastião de Oliveira Xavier and Aniceto de Oliveira, he received the rudimentary [[theology|theological instruction]].<ref name=arqnet/> In 1871, he was sent to the neighbouring village of Sertã to study Latin, with Father Joaquim Pedro Pereira, a distinguished professor, before completing his Latin exam at the ''Liceu de Santarém'' (''lyceum of Santarém'').<ref name=arqnet/>

In October 1874, he entered the ''Seminário Patriarcal de Santarém'' (''Patriarchal Seminary of Santarém'') to study the ecclesiastical sciences.<ref name=arqnet/> Once his theological studies were concluded, in October 1879, he went to [[Castelo Branco, Portugal|Castelo Branco]] (seat of the Diocese) and prepared to receive religious orders, along with his brothers.<ref name=arqnet/> Ordained presbytery on 11 June 1881, he continued on to Coimbra; in October he registered for theology studies at the [[University of Coimbra|university]], studying with distinction and concluding in 1888.<ref name=arqnet/>

In addition to inheriting the chaplaincy at the [[Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Nova|Convent of Santa Clara]], he presided as the president of the Conference of the St. Vincent de Paul, the philanthropic association constituted by students.<ref name=arqnet/> In October 1888, he was appointed professor of ecclesiastical and preparatory studies, as well as spiritual director at the ''Colégio das Missões Ultramarinas'' (''College of Overseas Missions'') in [[Cernache do Bonjardim]].<ref name=arqnet/> He held this position until 1893.<ref name=arqnet/>

===Missionary===
In 1893, the Patriarch of the East Indies, D. [[António Sebastião Valente]], returned to Portugal on sabbatical, in order to alleviate his failing health.<ref name=arqnet/> Recognizing his abilities, he invited Bishop Mateus to be his private secretary. Oliveira Xavier accepted the position and left for Portuguese India on 11 January 1884, arriving on 5 March in Goa.<ref name=arqnet/> On 7 November D. Mateus Xavier was named missionary for the Patriarchy of India.<ref name=arqnet/> He landed in [[Cochim]] on 18 February 1894 and visited the suffragan diocese, then governed by D. João Gomes Ferreira, before carrying-on to Goa.<ref name=arqnet/>

There, in addition to his duties, he was nominated metropolitan and pontifical judge, before finally being elected rector of the [[Rachol Seminary]] in June 1894.<ref name=arqnet/> Undertaking a vast series of reforms at the seminary, he established a preparatory school that concentrated in theological studies.<ref name=arqnet/> With further authorization from the government and pontificate, he created a theology faculty, turing the Rachol Seminary into primary and best institution in India.<ref name=arqnet/>

===Bishop===
[[File:Se Cathedral in 2013.JPG|thumb|235px|left|A view of the Sé Cathedral of Goa, reconstructed through initiatives of the former Bishop of Cochim]]
Following the death of Bishop D. João Gomes Ferreira, D. Mateus Xavier was nominated to replace him as the Bishop of Cochim on 11 October 1897.<ref name=arqnet/> D. [[António Sebastião Valente]] and the Minister of the Navy, [[Henrique de Barros Gomes]], supported his nomination, which was confirmed on 11 October 1897 by Pope [[Leo XIII]].<ref name=arqnet/> Since the Papal bulls were slow to reach India, the episcopal consecration was only held on 30 January 1898, in the Sé Cathedral of Goa. He arrived in the Diocese on 5 March, making his solemn entry to take possession of his diocese.<ref name=arqnet/>

His first act in the Diocese was to re-begin work on the new cathedral, whose central nave fell into ruin following a stormy night: D. Mateus Xavier, therefore, had no cathedral to preach from, when he arrived.<ref name=arqnet/> Furthermore, the Christians in the area were embroiled in controversies associated with the caste system.<ref name=arqnet/> He sought to resolve or arbitrate many of the issues of these Christians, opening the local churches and continued work on the cathedral.<ref name=arqnet/>

The cathedral, which was constructed in a nondescript style, that mixed [[Manueline]] and Indian ornamentation.<ref name=arqnet/> Work on the site began in the middle of 1898.<ref name=arqnet/> It was re-opened for worship of the [[Te Deum]] marking the coronation of [[Pope Pius X]] on 9 August 1903, eventually solemnly consecrated on 19 November 1905, assisted by patriarch D. [[António Sebastião Valente]], local and neighbouring bishops (a total of 11 prelates).<ref name=arqnet/>

D. Mateus Xavier contributed to the advancement of local education, expanding local schools and elevating smaller schools to ''lyceums'', contracting 15 and 20 teachers, establishing full preparatory instruction that allowed entry to Indian universities.<ref name=arqnet/> Later, these official schools were aggregated into the University of Madrasta, receiving subsidies from English government, under appropriate conditions.<ref name=arqnet/>

===Later life===
By decree on 31 December 1908, after the death of D. [[António Sebastião Valente]], Bishop Mateus was elevated to Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies (on 26 February 1909), a position he held until his death, on 19 May 1929. In 1928, with the addition of Diocese of Daman, the archbishopric was expanded, and D. Mateus Xavier became the Archbishop of Goa and Daman.

== See also ==
* [[Catholic Church in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bolive.html Catholic Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/eind0.htm#1435 GCatholic]

{{Subject bar |portal1=Biography |portal2=Catholicism |portal3=India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Xavier, Mateus de Oliveira}}
[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:Patriarchs of the East Indies]]

Bajaj Lite

2025-11-25T05:35:11Z

SimoneMarina699: cleanup article to improve readability to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{notability|Products|date=February 2015}}

The '''Bajaj Lite''' is a [[concept car]] unveiled by [[Bajaj Auto]] at the Auto Expo 2008 in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 9, 2008|title=Days before Tata launch, Bajaj joins minicar race|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/days-before-tata-launch-bajaj-joins-minicar-race/articleshow/2684525.cms|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Bajaj auto produce two wheelers and this prototype was introduced to upgrade from two wheels to four wheel product range. The concept is worked on to offer low running cost and higher fuel efficiency. Bajaj was in talks with [[Renault]] for mass production.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20080121-hamara-lite-735084-2008-01-11|title = Hamara Lite|date = 11 January 2008|access-date = 25 January 2015|website = |publisher = India today|last = |first = }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Concept cars]]
[[Category:Bajaj Auto|Lite]]
[[Category:Cars of India]]

{{Modern-auto-stub}}

Guntupalle, Eluru district

2025-11-23T20:52:20Z

SimoneMarina699: started place...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Guntupalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.00150|N|81.08214|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kamavarapukota mandal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588381-vijayarai-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Vijayarai Village Population - Pedavegi - West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh|publisher=}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.06
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 4113
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 534 475
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Guntupalle''' is a village in [[Eluru district|Eluru District]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Kamavarapukota mandal]] of [[Eluru revenue division]]. It is located at a distance of 42 km from district headquarters [[Eluru]] city. It is well known tourist destination famously known for [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments|Guntupalli caves]]. The nearest train station is [[Eluru railway station]].

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Guntupalle had a population of 4113. The total population constitutes 2086 males and 2027 females, a sex ratio of 972 females per 1000 males. 395 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, a child sex ratio of 946 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 70.06%.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Varanasi–Singrauli Intercity Express

2025-11-11T17:49:17Z

SimoneMarina699: Place

{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Varanasi Junction - Singrauli Intercity Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|07|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Varanasi Junction}}
| stops = 7
| end = {{rws|Singrauli}}
| distance = {{convert|210|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 5 hours
| frequency = Daily
| class = general unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 13345 / 13346
| speed = {{convert|30.5|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 13345 / 46 '''Varanasi Junction - Singrauli Intercity Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} and {{rws|Singrauli}} in [[India]].

It operates as train number 13345 from {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} to {{rws|Singrauli}} and as train number 13346 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Coaches==
The 13345 / 46 Varanasi Junction - Singrauli Intercity Express has two AC Chair Car, ten Non AC chair car, six general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a [[Dining car|pantry car coach]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/sonbhadra-10846768.html | title=जल्द रुकने लगेगी इंटरसिटी एक्सप्रेस | publisher=Jagran.com | date=7 November 2013 | accessdate=15 February 2019 }}</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 13345 {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} - {{rws|Singrauli}} Intercity Express covers the distance of {{convert|210|km|0|abbr=on}} in 6 hours 40 mins (32 km/h) and in 7 hours 15 mins as the 13346 {{rws|Singrauli}} - {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} Intercity Express (29 km/h).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/sonbhadra-tractor-on-chunarchopan-railtrack-14396455.html | title=
चुनार-चोपन खंड में रेलवे ट्रैक पर दौड़ा दिया ट्रैक्टर | publisher=Jagran.com | date=27 July 2016 | accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref>

As the average speed of the train is less than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 13345 / 46 Varanasi Junction - Singrauli Intercity Express runs from {{rws|Varanasi Junction}} via {{rws|Chunar}}, {{rws|Robertsganj}}, [[Chopan]] to {{rws|Singrauli}}.

==Traction==
As the route is electrified, a [[Patratu]] based [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive pulls the train to its destination.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/varanasi-singrauli-intercity-express-13345/15175/334/1221 13345 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/singrauli-varanasi-intercity-express-13346/15176/1221/334 13346 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varanasi - Singrauli Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]

Ajay Mehra

2025-11-07T10:36:43Z

SimoneMarina699:

{{short description|Indian cricketer and sports commentator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ajay Mehra
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Ajay Mehra
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|10|5|df=y}}<ref name="ESPNcricinfo" /><ref name=carchive/>
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = Batsman
| family = [[Vijay Mehra (Indian cricketer)|Vijay Mehra]] (father)
| club1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| year1 = 1989/90–1997/98
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| year2 = 1998/99–1999/00
| clubnumber2 =
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 46
| runs1 = 2,181
| bat avg1 = 34.61
| 100s/50s1 = 5/8
| top score1 = 200*
| deliveries1 = 391
| wickets1 = 4
| bowl avg1 = 52.75
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/0
| catches/stumpings1 = 45/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| matches2 = 13
| runs2 = 382
| bat avg2 = 34.72
| 100s/50s2 = 0/5
| top score2 = 64
| deliveries2 = 96
| wickets2 = 1
| bowl avg2 = 70.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = n/a
| best bowling2 = 1/6
| catches/stumpings2 = 8/–
| date = 20 August
| year = 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/30972.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Ajay Mehra''' (born 5 October 1969<ref name="ESPNcricinfo">{{Cite web
|title = Player Profile - Ajay Mehra
|url = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ajay-mehra-30972
|work = ESPNcricinfo
|access-date = 2025-07-13
|quote = Cricketer profile and statistics
}}</ref>) is an Indian former [[first-class cricket|first-class]] [[cricket]]er and sports commentator. During his playing career he represented [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] and [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]. His father [[Vijay Mehra (Indian cricketer)|Vijay Mehra]] played [[Test cricket]] for India.

==Early and personal life==
Mehra was born in 1969 in [[Delhi]] to [[Vijay Mehra (Indian cricketer)|Vijay Mehra]], an international cricketer, and Kusum Mehra, a professor at [[Lady Sriram College]] in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Test batsman Vijay Mehra dies |url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/2006/aug/25mehra.htm |access-date=20 August 2019 |work=Rediff |date=25 August 2006}}</ref> He has a sister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Mehra dies at 68 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/257729.html |access-date=20 August 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 August 2006}}</ref>

==Career==
A right-handed batsman, Mehra made his first-class debut for Punjab at the age of 20 during the [[1989–90 Ranji Trophy]]. He played most of his cricket for Punjab, before finishing his career with a two-season stint with Rajasthan between 1998/99 and 1999/00. He also played for Rest of India team in the 1994–95 Irani Cup, [[Board President's XI (India)|Board President's XI]] in a first-class match against [[England A (cricket)|England A]] in 1995 and [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]] in the [[1995–96 Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=First-Class Matches played by Ajay Mehra |url=https://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/9/9959/First-Class_Matches.html |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> He scored more than 2000 runs in 46 first-class appearances, with five centuries.<ref name=carchive>{{cite web |title=Ajay Mehra |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/9/9959/9959.html |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref>

Mehra took to sports commentary after his playing days and worked as a commentator for several networks such as [[Doordarshan]], [[ESPN India]] and [[Neo Sports]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajay Mehra |url=https://www.news18.com/byline/ajay-mehra.html |publisher=News18 |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> Apart from cricket, he also did commentary on [[kabaddi]] and [[Pro Wrestling League]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ugra |first1=Sharda |title=For the love of commentary |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/qmJl4ZTN1kGw1mcZqGrEHM/For-the-love-of-commentary.html |access-date=20 August 2019 |work=LiveMint |date=1 June 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=30972}}
* {{CricketArchive|id=9959}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehra, Ajay}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab, India cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket commentators]]

Balachadi

2025-11-04T00:36:44Z

SimoneMarina699: small adjusted references for clarity after review

{{Short description|Village in Jodiya Taluka of Jamnagar district, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''Balachadi''' is a village in Jodiya Taluka of [[Jamnagar district]], [[Gujarat]], India. It is 25 kilometres east of [[Jamnagar]], near the [[Gulf of Kutch]].

==History==
[[File:Polish child refugees and war orphans in India 1941.jpg|thumb|Polish child refugees and war orphans in Balachadi, India, 1941]]

During the British period, Balachari belonged to the Hadiana sub-division of the Jodiya ''pargana'' under [[Nawanagar State]]. The Balachadi Estate was formerly a seaside summer resort that belonged to the rulers of Nawanagar. The estate comprises 426 acres of land.<ref name="bg"/>

There was a campsite for Polish refugee children of [[World War II]], built by [[K. S. Digvijaysinhji]], Jam Saheb Maharaja of Nawanagar in 1942, near his summer resort. He gave refuge to hundreds of Polish children rescued from Soviet concentration camps.<ref name="ol2010">{{cite web | title=Little Warsaw Of Kathiawar |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | date=20 December 2010 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/little-warsaw-of-kathiawar/268578 | access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="docv2013">{{cite web | title=Good Maharaja saves Polish children - beautiful story of A Little Poland in India | website=newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl | date=10 November 2013 | url=http://newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/good_maharaja_saves_polish_children___premiere_of_a_little_poland_in_india_in_new_delhi;jsessionid=A6A8EEBD502F3978A62F42449C9E01CC.cmsap2p | access-date=7 May 2016 | archive-date=16 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516221156/http://newdelhi.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/good_maharaja_saves_polish_children___premiere_of_a_little_poland_in_india_in_new_delhi;jsessionid=A6A8EEBD502F3978A62F42449C9E01CC.cmsap2p | url-status=dead }}</ref> The campsite is now part of the Sainik School.<ref name="ss2016">{{cite web | title=Origin and History | website=Welcome to Sainik School Balachadi | date=27 April 2016 | url=http://www.ssbalachadi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=73 | access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> There were other bigger Polish settlements in India at the time in areas such as [[Memorial Pillar (Valivade)|Valivade]] and [[Panchgani]] in [[Maharashtra]]. Valivade was the largest settlement of Polish citizens In India during the war.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Piotrowski|first=Tadeusz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kefzi0_vwIC&q=%22Jamnagar%22%20polish&pg=PA126|title=The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World|date=2015-09-17|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5536-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Phadnis|first=Samrat|date=February 13, 2014|title=Over 70 Polish refugees to visit city in March, relive WW-II memories|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Over-70-Polish-refugees-to-visit-city-in-March-relive-WW-II-memories/articleshow/30313290.cms|url-status=live|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202041706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Over-70-Polish-refugees-to-visit-city-in-March-relive-WW-II-memories/articleshow/30313290.cms|archive-date=2020-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Deshpande|first=Devidas|date=July 31, 2011|title=The last Pole of Valivade|work=Pune Mirror|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/the-last-pole-of-valivade/articleshow/32090088.cms|url-status=live|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020125307/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/the-last-pole-of-valivade/articleshow/32090088.cms|archive-date=2019-10-20}}</ref>

The [[Sainik School, Balachadi]] is the only [[Sainik School]] of Gujarat. It was established in 1961.<ref name="ss2016"/><ref name="Akila2016">{{cite web | title=સૈનિક શાળા બાલાચડી જામનગરના વાર્ષિકદિનની ઉજવણી | website=Akilanews.com | date=7 May 2016 | url=http://www.akilanews.com/29102013/saurashtra-news/9495101383029409-9495 | language=gu | access-date=7 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602205548/http://www.akilanews.com/29102013/saurashtra-news/9495101383029409-9495 | archive-date=2 June 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="panchayat">{{cite web | title=જામનગર જીલ્લા પંચાયત - જીલ્લા વિષે - જોવાલાયક સ્થળો - બાલાચડી-જોડીયા | website=panchayat | url=http://jamnagardp.gujarat.gov.in/jamnagar/jilavishe/balacadi-jodiya.htm | language=gu | access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The sea-shore is about three-fourths of a mile to the north of the village, and there are some rocky heights, almost the only lofty ground along the southern shore of the [[Gulf of Kutch]]. It is probably to these high shores that the village owes its name namely Balachari, ''Lofty Village'', as these bluffs are a great landmark in this part of the gulf.<ref name="bg"/>

Other derivation for the name of this village is from Balakhadi or 'the Burying Place of the Children,' as it is said in ancient legends to be the burial ground of the children of the [[Yadava]]s. But this derivation is mostly not accepted.<ref name="bg"/>

==Places of interest==
It is believed that formerly the land extended far to the north of its present range and that it has encroached three or four miles to the south during the last 1000 or 1200 years. A small masonry platform on which are numerous [[linga]]s or symbols of [[Shiva]] is said to be visible on very extraordinary low tides.<ref name="bg"/>

On the sea-coast, about three-fourths of a mile from Balachari, is a temple of Baleshvar, specially worshiped by Rabaris and Bharvads, but also reverenced by other castes. Near the temple is a [[Ficus religiosa|pipal]] tree called the ''Moksh Piplo'' and said to have been there since the time of Krishna. The legend regarding the Baleshvar Mahadev is as follows : That the linga was originally covered with sand, and a herdsman's cow used always to go there and pour her milk over the spot underneath which the linga lay. The herdsman noticing this one day followed her, and the cow, fearing that she might be prevented offering her adoration to the Mahadev, galloped to the spot and her hoof struck accidentally against the ling but with such force that an impression of her hoof was left in the stone. The herdsman following dug at the spot, and found that there was a linga. Accidentally his digging instrument struck the linga and blood spurted therefrom, and the mark of the blow is still visible, as is the impression of the cow's hoof. When the herdsman returned to his village and related these marvels a temple was built over it and it was installed with much devotion. Fairs are held at the ''Moksh Piplo'' or Salvation Pipal on the thirteenth-fourteenth and last day of the dark half of the month of [[Shraavana]]. Many people come from Jamnagar, Hariana, Jodiya, and the surrounding villages to this fair, and booths are erected, and toys, sweets, and country cloth are sold therein.<ref name="bg"/>

==Economy==
The aloe littorals, ''Kunwar Pathu'', abounds on the coast and its flower-stalks are gathered largely for pickling and exported. These stalks are called ''selran''. Near the village is a large tank which however only retains its water until January or February according to the rainfall.<ref name="bg"/>

Fish are caught at both Balachari and Sachana in stone ''vada''s or enclosures; the fish enter these at high tide, and when the tide recedes the water filters through the enclosure walls which are built of loose stones, and the fish are left stranded. Turtles are often caught in these enclosures. The loose stones of the walls of these enclosures are soon cemented together by oysters and are then very strong. They are semicircular in shape with the convex side facing the sea. At Sachana there is a bush vada not very far above low-water mark. Branches of [[Babul (tree)|Babul]] are firmly fixed in a low stone wall until a large hedged enclosure is completed some 600 or 800 yards in length. In this enclosure very large fish are often caught, especially rays of different kinds in which this coast abounds, sharks, sawfish, swordfish, pomfret, soles, and sometimes even the dugong. Turtles of very large size are found, and one of the species found in these seas has a large thick tail. The small pearl oyster is found on the coral reefs on the coast and also on those fringing the islands in the gulf as well as two or three other kinds of oyster.<ref name="bg">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar |url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|page=375}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jamnagar district}}
{{coord|22|36|N|70|13|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Jamnagar district]]
[[Category:Refugee camps in India]]
[[Category:Polish refugees]]
[[Category:Polish expatriates in India]]

Muskan Ahirwar

2025-11-02T00:55:02Z

SimoneMarina699: starting a post

{{Short description|Indian educator and librarian (born 2006–07)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muskan Ahirwar
| image = Muskan Ahirwar.jpg
| caption = Muskan in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|9|2016|01|26}}
| birth_place =
| education =
| occupation = Educator and librarian
| organisation =
| spouse =
| mother =
| father =
| awards =
| honours =
| website =
}}

'''Muskan Ahirwar''' (born {{birth based on age as of date|9|2016|01|26|noage=1}}) is an Indian educator and librarian from [[Bhopal]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2016 |title=Bhopal's little librarian gets big ovation for ingenuity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/bhopal-s-little-librarian-gets-big-ovation-for-ingenuity/story-7c56CBQcuJlcMMh0LlVqyH.html |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=This 9-Year-Old Started Her Very Own Library For Slum Children |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/a-9-year-old-started-a-library-for-slum-children-in-bhopal-meet-muskaan-ahirwar |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, when she was 9 years old, she created a community library for children in the [[Slum|worker's colony]] where she lives, named {{lang|hi|Kitabi Masti}} ("fun with books") in [[Hindi]]. The library has since moved to a dedicated space and has been expanded to over 3,000 books.<ref>{{Citation |title=Swabhiman Bharat Story of Muskan Ahirwar: A 14-year Librarian & Teacher, Bal Pustakalay |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhqE47Jcae0 |publisher=News18 India |via=Youtube |access-date=6 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Madhya Pradesh के Bhopal में 16 साल की मुस्कान बनीं मिसाल, गरीब बच्चों के लिए चलातीं है Library |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dlq7zHs6cGU |publisher=NDTV MP Chhattisgarh |via=Youtube |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=A Beacon of Hope: "Kitabi Masti" a bibliophile made out of waste that illuminates young lives |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/madhya-pradesh/kitabi-masti-library-made-out-of-waste-where-children-share-the-joy-of-reading/na20231027103216753753300 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=27 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She has been given several awards for her work including by [[NITI Aayog]], [[Hyderabad Literary Festival|Hyderabad Literature Festival]], and the [[Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

== Kitabi Masti ==

[[File:Kitabi_Masti,_the_library_founded_by_Muskan_Ahirwar.jpg|thumb|Kitabi Masti (Muskan standing, centre) with children who use the library]]

The library, ''Kitabi Masti'' ("fun with books"), is built in the common space of Durganagar worker's colony in Arera Hills of Bhopal where Muskan lives.<ref>{{Citation |title=Meet India's Little Librarian |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEwowu6Kg6M |publisher=Al Jazeera |via=Youtube |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ScooNews |first=Team |date=25 March 2016 |title=A library for slum children thats run by a 9-year-old |url=https://scoonews.com/news/news-a-library-for-slum-children-thats-run-by-a-9-year-old-544/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=ScooNews |language=en-US}}</ref> She started the library on 26 January 2016 with her sister Neha to serve the children who live in the area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2016 |title=Muskaan Ahirwar: 9 years old, class 3, librarian of a Bhopal slum is educating generation next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/muskaan-ahirwar-9-years-old-class-3-librarian-of-a-bhopal-slum-is-educating-generation-next/articleshow/51329103.cms |access-date=6 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muskaan is running a library at just nine years old |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/states/madhya-pradesh/muskan-ahirwar-youngest-librarian-from-bhopal-1347.html |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=www.newsnationtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=This 10-year-old girl runs an international library {{!}} मुस्कान ने सहेजा शिक्षा का अधिकार |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3j7W0qAW7M |publisher=Aapki News |via=Youtube |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=Hindi}}</ref> The library began with 25 books hung on a string outside her house.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Tanaya |date=10 March 2016 |title=9-Year-Old Muskaan from Bhopal Runs a Library to Educate Other Kids in Her Slum |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/48885/children-library-in-bhopal/ |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="asianage.com">{{Cite web |title=Class V student who runs library in slum gets Chief Minister to help |url=https://www.asianage.com/newsmakers/040817/class-v-student-who-runs-library-in-slum-gets-chief-minister-to-help.html |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=www.asianage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=यहां बच्ची चलाती है Library {{!}} Slum Area में आशा की किरण बनी Muskaan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5ELNu5w4pM |publisher=IBC24 News |via=Youtube |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=Hindi}}</ref> "I was nine years old when I started this library{{nbsp}}... I had collected some books which I displayed outside my house by hanging them on a rope. The colourful images fascinated the children in the locality. They started visiting my house regularly to read the books. This is how my interest in books started to grow."<ref name=":3" />

In 2017, Muskan was awarded a grant by [[Madhya Pradesh]] Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] to fund development of the library.<ref name="asianage.com" /> The library has since moved to a dedicated space which has been renovated using waste materials by architecture students from the [[National Association of Students of Architecture]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> The library has been expanded to over 3,000 books through contributions of books from places in India as well as the United States, South Africa, and other countries.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

== Awards ==
[[File:Muskan_Ahirwar_at_the_Childrens_Champion_Awards_2023.jpg|thumb|Muskan at the Children's Champion Awards 2023]]Muskan has been recognised with several awards for her work and has also been commended by Madhya Pradesh [[UNICEF]] Field Office Chief, Michael Juma.<ref name=":0" />
* 2016: Women Transforming Award by NITI Aayog for her work<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Indian |first=The Logical |date=27 December 2016 |title=A Girl Who Has Set Up A Library Outside Her House For The Slum Children In Her Neighborhood |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/muskan/ |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Meet the 9-Year-Old Librarian Muskan Ahirwar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_icC6EHpIYM |publisher=The Quint |via=Youtube |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2016: Thought Leader award by NITI Ayog in New Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women Transforming india aWards 2016 – NITI Aayog -A Budding Librarian- Muskan Ahirwar |url=https://www.lisportal.com/lis-result/women-transforming-india-awards-2016-niti-aayog-a-budding-librarian-muskan-ahirwar |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=www.lisportal.com}}</ref>
* 2018: Princess Diana Award, Sushiksha Awards<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banik |first=Mahuya |date=1 July 2021 |title=The Story of Muskan Ahirwar, a 14-year old librarian for Bhopal slum kids. |url=https://doerlife.com/the-story-of-muskan-ahirwar-a-14-year-old-librarian-for-bhopal-slum-kids/ |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Doer Life |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2019: [[Food 4 Thought Foundation|Food4Thought Foundation]]'s Indian Reading Olympiad, category "I am bond" under 18, award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muskan Ki Masti |url=https://food4thoughtfoundation.org/muskan-ki-masti/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Food4thought Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2019: India Reading Olympiad, Hyderabad Literature Festival<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=18 January 2019 |title=Muskan to be honoured at Hyderabad Litfest |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/muskan-to-be-honoured-at-hyderabad-litfest/articleshow/67579465.cms |access-date=9 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 2020: Devi Awards Indore countdown series<ref name=":1" />
* 2023: Children's Champion Award by the Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Children Category {{!}} Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights (DCPCR) |url=https://dcpcr.delhi.gov.in/dcpcr/children-category |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=dcpcr.delhi.gov.in}}</ref>
* 2023: Vivekanand State Youth Award{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/@kitabimasti/videos Kitabi Masti Youtube Channel]
* [https://www.instagram.com/kitabimastilibrary_official Kitabi Masti Instagram]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahirwar, Muskan}}
[[Category:2000s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian librarians]]
[[Category:Indian women librarians]]
[[Category:21st-century women librarians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]

Simhat

2025-10-28T18:07:28Z

SimoneMarina699:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Simhat
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.957888|N|88.549409|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
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| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_km2 = 1.6147
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6945
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741246
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03216
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Haringhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haringhata]]
| website = {{URL|http://nadia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Simhat''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Haringhata (community development block)|Haringhata]] [[Community development block|CD block]] in the [[Kalyani subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|0|0|N|88|29|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Kalyani subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|6|0|N|88|32|40|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Punglia | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Punglia]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|4|15|N|88|39|2|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Darappur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Darappur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|5|10|N|88|32|37|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Lalpur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Lalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|2|53|N|88|29|40|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Chanduria | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Chanduria]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|2|40|N|88|30|37|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Shimurali | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Shimurali]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|2|0|N|88|30|37|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Priyanagar | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Priyanagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|1|18|N|88|29|28|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Jangal | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Jangal, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|1|42|N|88|28|48|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Madanpur | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Madanpur, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|0|15|N|88|29|48|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Saguna | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Saguna, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|59|20|N|88|29|40|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Kulia | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kulia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|56|50|N|88|33|15|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Simhat | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= Simhat (CT)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|58|15|N|88|35|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Subarnapur | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Subarnapur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|33|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Digha | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Digha, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|59|40|N|88|25|55|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Kalyani |label-size14=13 | numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Kalyani, West Bengal]] (M)|label-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|3|50|N|88|32|0|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Chakdaha |label-size15=13 | numbered15=M| mark-title15= [[Chakdaha]] (M)|label-color15=#800000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|57|31|N|88|29|43|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Gayespur |label-size16=13 | numbered16=M| mark-title16= [[Gayespur]] (M)|label-color16=#800000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|58|25|N|88|34|30|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Haringhata |label-size17=13 | numbered17=M| mark-title17= [[Haringhata]] (M)|label-color17=#800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|2|32|N|88|36|55|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Chaugacha| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Chaugacha]] (R)| shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|31|49|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Mohanpur| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Mohanpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|3|41|N|88|30|40|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Palpara| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Palpara]] (R)| shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|59|0|N|88|25|20|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= University of Kalyani| numbered21=F| mark-title21= [[University of Kalyani]] (F) |shape-color21=#967117
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|59|15|N|88|31|28|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= AIIMS Kalyani| numbered22=F| mark-title22= [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]] (F) |shape-color22=#967117
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|6|40|N|88|28|40|E}}|label23= Hooghly| labela23=River|label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 0| label-pos23=top| label-size23=11| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none}}

===Location===
Simhat is located at {{coord|22.057888|N|88.549409|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Nadia district is part of the large alluvial plain formed by the Ganges-Bhagirathi system. The Kalyani subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi/ Hooghly]] on the west. Topographically, Kalyani subdivision is a part of the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | accessdate = 17 October 2020}}</ref> The smallest subdivision in the district, area-wise, has the highest level of urbanisation in the district. 76.73% of the population lives in urban areas and 23.27% lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 17 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Simhat had a total population of 6,945, of which 3,754 (54%) were males and 3,191 (46%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 554. The total number of literate persons in Simhat was 5,723 (89.55% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 10 October 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', Simhat covered an area of 1.6147 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved tapwater from treated source, hand pump. It had 609 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 dispensary/ health centre, 1 veterinary hospital, 10 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 1 primary school, other school facilities at Jaguli 1 km away. Two important commodities it produced were vegetable, paddy.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 635-656; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 635; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 641; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 643; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 646; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 655; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 2833 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 30 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]

Shooter Kahlon

2025-10-20T15:36:02Z

SimoneMarina699: New.

{{Short description|Indian singer and lyricist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Shooter Kahlon
| image = Shooter Kahlon.jpg
| origin = [[Nawanshahr]], [[Punjab, India]]
| genre = [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi]]
| occupation = Singer • lyricist
| years_active = 2020—present
| label = [[5911 Records]] • [[Sidhu Moose Wala]] • Juke Dock
| website =
}}
'''Shooter Kahlon''' is an Indian singer and lyricist associated with the [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi music]] industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kaur |first=Lajwinder |date=2021-11-18 |title=ਸ਼ੂਟਰ ਕਾਹਲੋਂ ਅਤੇ ਸਿੱਧੂ ਮੂਸੇਵਾਲਾ ਦਾ ਨਵਾਂ ਗੀਤ SATISFY ਜਿੱਤ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ ਦਰਸ਼ਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ, ਦੇਖੋ ਵੀਡੀਓ |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/sidhu-moose-wala-and-shooter-kahlon-latest-song-satisfy-released |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=Punjabi}}</ref> He started his singing career with the "Galaaman" song from the 2022 film ''[[Shooter (2022 film)|Shooter]]''. on 17 April 2020, his single "Full Flame" was released which featured [[Sidhu Moose Wala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Team |first1=Kiddaan. com |date=2021-10-29 |title=Sidhu Moosewala And Shooter Kahlon Coming Together For A Collaboration Soon, Spotted Shooting Together |url=https://kiddaan.com/sidhu-moosewala-and-shooter-kahlon-coming-together-for-a-collaboration-soon-spotted-shooting-together/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Kiddaan |language=en-US}}</ref> In the same year he released the song "Game" featuring Sidhu Moose Wala. The song has been viewed over 147 million on [[YouTube]] as of May 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check Out Latest Punjabi Song Music Video - 'Game' Sung By Shooter Kahlon and Sidhu Moose Wala |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/check-out-latest-punjabi-song-music-video-game-sung-by-shooter-kahlon-and-sidhu-moose-wala/videoshow/77926867.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shooter Kahlon Reveals His Stage Name Was Given By Sidhu Moosewala . Shares A Call Recording |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/373308-Shooter-Kahlon-Reveals-His-Stage-Name-Was-Given-By-Sidhu-Moosewala-Shares-A-Call-Recording |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Harinder pal |date=2020-09-03 |title=GAME Full Video by Shooter Kahlon Sidhu Moose Wala |url=https://celebritytadka.com/game-full-video-by-shooter-kahlon-ft-sidhu-moose-wala/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Celebrity Tadka |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/sidhu-moosewala/chart-history/can/ |title=Sidhu Moosewala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503101903/https://www.billboard.com/artist/sidhu-moosewala/chart-history/can/ |archive-date=2022-05-03 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kahlon was born in the early 1990s into a middle-class family in Kahlon village, [[Nawanshahr]], [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tremblay |first=Trinette |date=2022-09-02 |title=Interview Shooter Kahlon |url=https://thepersonage.com/shooter-kahlon/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=The Personage |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shooter Kahlon |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/punjabi/singer/shooter-kahlon |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Singer
!Label
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|Galaaman
|Shooter Kahlon
|Geet MP3
|
|-
|2020
|Full Flame
|Shooter Kahlon
|[[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Punjabi Songs 2020 'Full Flame' Sung By Shooter Kahlon Ft. Sidhu Moose Wala |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-songs-2020-full-flame-sung-by-shooter-kahlon-ft-sidhu-moose-wala/videoshow/75231060.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|Game
|[[Sidhu Moose Wala]], Shooter Kahlon
|[[5911 Records]]
|<ref>{{Cite web | date=2020-09-04 |title=A Newly Released Song "Game" By Shooter Kahlon & Sidhu Moose Wala Is Surely An Energy Booster!! |url=https://www.thepollywood.com/a-newly-released-song-game-by-shooter-kahlon-sidhu-moose-wala-is-surely-an-energy-booster/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=The Pollywood |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Brit Asia |date=2020-09-07 |title=Sidhu Moose Wala's Latest 'GAME' Gets Over 6M Views in 24 Hours |url=https://britasia.tv/sidhu-moose-walas-latest-game-gets-over-6-million-youtube-views/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=BritAsia TV |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=team |first=Celebritytadka |date=2020-09-03 |title=GAME Full Video by Shooter Kahlon Sidhu Moose Wala |url=https://celebritytadka.com/game-full-video-by-shooter-kahlon-ft-sidhu-moose-wala/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Celebrity Tadka |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-01 |title=Sidhu Moose Wala's song 'Game' will be motivating and inspiring: Hunny Singh |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/sidhu-moose-wala-new-song-game-is-motivating-director-hunny-singh-en |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=PTC News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Satisfy
|Shooter Kahlon, Sidhu Moose Wala
|5911 Records
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-11 |title=Sidhu Moosewala unveils the enticing poster for his next 'Satisfy' in collaboration with Shooter Kahlon |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/sidhu-moosewala-unveils-the-enticing-poster-for-his-next-satisfy-in-collaboration-with-shooter-kahlon |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch Latest Punjabi Song Official Music Video - 'Satisfy' Sung By Sidhu Moose Wala And Shooter Kahlon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-latest-punjabi-song-official-music-video-satisfy-sung-by-sidhu-moose-wala-and-shooter-kahlon/videoshow/87775598.cms |access-date=2023-05-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Skookum
|Shooter Kahlon
|5911 Records
|
|-
|2021
|Touchwood
|Shooter Kahlon
|5911 Records
|
|-
|2021
|Dear Mama 2
|Shooter Kahlon
|5911 Records
|
|-
|2022
|Taur Tappa
|Shooter Kahlon
|Shooter Kahlon
|
|-
|2023
|Front
|Shooter Kahlon
|Juke Dock
|
|-
|2023
|Stick Talk
|Shooter Kahlon
|SagaHits
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trending Punjabi Video Song 'Stick Talk' Sung By Shooter Kahlon And Gurlez Akhtar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/trending-punjabi-video-song-stick-talk-sung-by-shooter-kahlon-and-gurlez-akhtar/videoshow/100333019.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kahlon, Shooter}}
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:People from Nawanshahr]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Geeta Kapur (choreographer)

2025-10-19T12:35:12Z

SimoneMarina699: started new entry

{{short description|Indian choreographer and television personality}}
{{distinguish|text=Indian art historian and critic [[Geeta Kapur]]}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{infobox person
| name = Geeta Kapur
| image = Geeta Kapoor in February 2020.jpg
| alt = Geeta Kapur – Choreographer
| caption = Kapur in 2020
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|7|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| years_active = 1990–present
| other_names =
| occupation = {{Hlist | [[Choreographer]] | [[television personality]]}} 
}}

'''Geeta Kapur''' (born 5 July 1973)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farah Khan wishes Geeta Kapur on 48th birthday, says blessed to have this girl in my life |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/farah-khan-wishes-geeta-kapur-on-48th-birthday-says-blessed-to-have-this-girl-in-my-life-1824017-2021-07-05 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=India Today |date=5 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian choreographer and television personality. She has judged several Indian dance reality shows, such as ''[[Dance India Dance]]'' (2009–2015), ''[[Super Dancer]]'' (2016–present), and ''[[India's Best Dancer]]'' (2020–present).

==Career==
Kapur started her career when she joined the troupe of noted Bollywood choreographer [[Farah Khan]] at the age of 17.<ref>{{cite news |title=Geeta Kapoor makes you dance! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Geeta-Kapoor-makes-you-dance-/articleshow/4291315.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719031205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-20/tv/27998452_1_judges-dance-india-dance-chemistry |url-status=live |archive-date=19 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 March 2009 |first1=Ravneet |last1=Kaur}}</ref> She later assisted Farah Khan in many films, including [[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]], [[Dil Toh Pagal Hai]], [[Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham]], [[Mohabbatein]], [[Kal Ho Na Ho]], [[Main Hoon Na]], and [[Om Shanti Om]], and the musical [[Bombay Dreams]] (2004).<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/lifestyle/2004/04/25/2004-04-25_planet_bollywood__glittering.html PLANET BOLLYWOOD Glittering excess rules in Broadway's new 'Bombay Dreams']{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[New York Daily News]], 25 April 2004.</ref> She led choreography in many Bollywood films, including [[Fiza]] (2000), [[Aśoka (film)|Asoka (2001)]], [[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]] (2002), [[Heyy Babyy]] (2007), [[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]] (2008), [[Aladin (film)|Aladin]] (2009), [[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'s [[Sheila Ki Jawani]]' (2010), [[Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya]] (2011), and [[Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi]] (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mypopkorn.com/tv/dance-india-dance-watch-geeta-kapur-being-honored-in-april-18-episode.html |title=Dance India Dance, Watch Geeta Kapur Being Honored in April 18 Episode |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329122500/http://www.mypopkorn.com/tv/dance-india-dance-watch-geeta-kapur-being-honored-in-april-18-episode.html |archive-date=29 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=n>{{cite news |title=Geeta Kapoor |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/370272/Geeta-Kapoor/biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225030356/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/370272/Geeta-Kapoor/biography |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2012 |first=Rachel |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |year=2012 |last=Saltz}}</ref> She has also choreographed award ceremonies and concerts like Temptation Reloaded, and has also choreographed the opening ceremony of Pepsi IPL 2013.

She started out as a secondary background dancer in many song sequences such as the song 'Dum Tara' of [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]], 'Tujhe Yaad Na Meri Aaye' from the movie Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, and 'Gori Gori' from Main Hoon Na, using a mix of classical and modern dance moves. Starting in the late 1990s she performed in movies such as ''[[Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak]]''. She also appeared in [[Kuch Kuch Locha Hai]].

Kapur made her television debut with the reality show ''[[Dance India Dance]] ([[Dance India Dance#Season 1|season 1]])'' on [[Zee TV]] in 2008, with co-judges choreographers [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terrence Lewis]] and [[Remo D'Souza]]. [[Mithun Chakraborty|Mithun Chakrabarty]] was the grand master. She trained a group which was called Geeta Ki Gang.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/dance-india-dance-season-1/0-6-1688/episodes |title=Dance India Dance Season 1 |website=zee5 |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>

In 2009, she appeared on the ''[[Dance India Dance#Season 2|season 2]]'' of ''[[Dance India Dance]]'', along with choreographers Terrence Lewis and [[Remo D'Souza]] as judges and mentors. They trained 18 contestants in dance forms like [[ballet]], acrobatics, mid-air dancing, contemporary, Bollywood and [[Hip-hop dance|hip-hop]].<ref name=re>{{cite news |title=The reality of the small screen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/The-reality-of-the-small-screen/articleshow/5396171.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033801/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-31/tv/28087707_1_reality-show-small-screen-sach-ka-saamna |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 December 2009 |first1=Radhika |last1=Bhirani}}</ref>

She made a special appearance in the show [[DID Li'l Masters|DID Lil Masters]], in which her mentor [[Farah Khan]] and [[Sandip Soparrkar|Sandip Soparkar]] were the judges, during auditions as well as in a special episode. She also acted as the judge of DID Doubles along with choreographers [[Marzi Pestonji]] and Rajiv Surti. She judged the ''[[Dance India Dance#Season 3|third season]]'' of the highly acclaimed show ''[[Dance India Dance]]'' along with [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terrence Lewis]], and [[Remo D'Souza]]. In 2012, she was seen judging the second season of DID Lil Masters along with [[Marzi Pestonji]]. Kapur was then seen as a judge of Dance Ke Superkids along with Farah Khan and Marzi.

She is a judge on ''[[Super Dancer|Super Dancer Chapter 4]]'' alongside [[Shilpa Shetty Kundra]] and [[Anurag Basu]].

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%; width:75%; background: #f9f9f9"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Show
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Channel
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Dance India Dance]] ([[Dance India Dance#Season 1|season 1]])''
| rowspan=12|Judge
|rowspan=8| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| rowspan=3|2010
| ''[[Dance India Dance]] ([[Dance India Dance#Season 2|season 2]])''
|-
| ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters|DID Li'l Masters (season 1)]]''
|-
| ''[[Dance Ke Superstars]]''
|-
|-
|rowspan=2| 2011
| ''[[Dance India Dance Doubles|DID Doubles]]''
|-
| ''[[Dance India Dance]] ([[Dance India Dance#Season 3|season 3]])''
|-
|rowspan=2| 2012
| ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 2|DID Li'l Masters (season 2)]]''
|-
| ''[[Dance Ke Superkids]]''
|-
| rowspan=2|2013
| ''India's Dancing Superstar''
| [[STAR Plus]]
|-
| ''[[DID Dance Ka Tashan ]]''
| rowspan=4|[[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 3|DID Li'l Masters ( season 3 )]]''
|-
|Rowspan=2|2015
| ''[[Dance India Dance|Dance India Dance Super Mom Season 2]]''
|-
| ''[[Dance India Dance (season 5)]]''
| Guest
|-
|2016
|''[[Super Dancer|Super Dancer - Dance Ka Kal]]''
|rowspan=4|Judge
|rowspan=3|[[Sony TV]]
|-
|2017
|'' [[Super Dancer (Chapter 2)]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|2018
|''[[Super Dancer (Chapter 3)]]''
|-
| ''[[India Ke Mast Kalandar]] ''
|[[Sony SAB]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/sab-tv-launches-two-new-shows-india-ke-mast-kalandar-and-namune-in-the-weekend-slots-26248 |title=SAB TV launches two new shows 'India Ke Mast Kalandar' and 'Namune' in the weekend slots |website=Mumbai Live |date=21 July 2018 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2019
| ''[[Dance Plus (season 5)]] ''
|Guest
|[[StarPlus|Star Plus]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}
|-
|2020
| ''[[India's Best Dancer]] ''
|Judge
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/malaika-arora-geeta-kapur-terence-lewis-to-judge-sony-tvs-new-dance-show/ |title=Malaika Arora, Geeta Kapur & Terence Lewis to judge Sony TV's new dance show |date=20 December 2019 |website=BizAsia |language=en-GB |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2021
| ''[[Maharashtra's Best Dancer]] ''
|Guest
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|-
| ''[[Super Dancer (Chapter 4)]]''
|rowspan=2|Judge
|rowspan=2|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
|2021-22
| '' India's Best Dancer - 2 ''
|-
|-
|2022
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]] ''
|Panelist
|[[Colors TV]]
|-

|2023
|'' India's Best Dancer Season 3 ''
|rowspan=2|Judge
|rowspan=2|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
|2024
|'' India's Best Dancer Season 4 ''
|-
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of dancers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0438473}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080501041100/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/50/index.html Filmography] [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Geeta}}
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Television judges]]
[[Category:1973 births]]

Directorate of Estates

2025-10-19T07:38:01Z

SimoneMarina699: started a stub...

{{Short description|Indian government agency}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Directorate of Estates
| seal = Emblem_of_India.svg
| seal_width = 70px
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of India]]
| formed = {{Start date|1944|df=yes}}
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption = Headquarters of Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
| jurisdiction = [[India]]
| chief1_name = Sandeep Kulharia, IRSME
| chief1_position = Director of Estates-I
| chief2_name = Manik Chandra Sonowal, CSS
| chief2_position = Director of Estates-II
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| website = [https://esampada.mohua.gov.in/signin/ www.esampada.mohua.gov.in]
}}
The '''Directorate of Estates''' is an attached office under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs of [[India]]. It was established in 1944. It administers and manages the estates of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Services|url=https://esampada.mohua.gov.in/signin/our_services|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Directorate of Estates|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226065126/https://esampada.mohua.gov.in/signin/our_services |archive-date=2020-12-26 }}</ref> Its main region of the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory]] of [[New Delhi]]. It also has extended services in its 8 Regional offices in [[Chandigarh]], [[Chennai]], [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Nagpur]] and [[Shimla]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who we are|url=https://esampada.mohua.gov.in/signin/who_we_are|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Directorate of Estates|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226065153/https://esampada.mohua.gov.in/signin/who_we_are |archive-date=2020-12-26 }}</ref>

==Estates==

The department owns and controls many venues along with the [[Central Public Works Department]]. It also administers estates in the adjoining areas of served regions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pan India Presence|url=https://esampada.mohua.gov.in/signin/pan_india_presences|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Directorate of Estates|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226065147/https://esampada.mohua.gov.in/signin/pan_india_presences |archive-date=2020-12-26 }}</ref>

It mainly consists of the following types of estates-

===Government Residential Accommodations===

Providing Government Residential Accommodation to the officers/officials of eligible offices of Government of India is the core service of this department.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-24|title=E-Sampada: How To Apply For Government Accommodation|url=https://housing.com/news/e-awas-gpra/|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Housing News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Government General Pool Residential Accommodation Rules, 2017|url=http://www.bareactslive.com/ACA/act3029.htm|access-date=2021-11-02|website=www.bareactslive.com}}</ref>

===Government Office Space Accommodation===

The Directorate of Estates also administers the allotment of Office Accommodation at Delhi and other locations. The office spaces are allotted to eligible central government offices, based on availability of space. Office space is allotted to offices considering parameters like the employee strength of offices, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-29|title=‘Data of office space rented by govt. depts not centrally maintained’|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/data-of-office-space-rented-by-govt-depts-not-centrally-maintained/article35608200.ece|access-date=2021-11-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Government Commercial Space Accommodation===

Directorate of Estates also manages the allotment and ownership rights of [[INA Colony|INA Market]] as well as the newly constructed markets in [[New Moti Bagh]] and Kidwai Nagar (East)

===Venues for conclaves and ceremonies===

It controls and operates mainly two venues in New Delhi -

* [[Vigyan Bhawan]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Advocatetanmoy|date=2020-07-07|title=The Directorate of Estates is the custodian of Vigyan Bhavan|url=https://advocatetanmoy.com/2020/07/07/the-directorate-of-estates-is-the-custodian-of-vigyan-bhavan/|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Advocatetanmoy Law Library|language=en}}</ref>
* 5 Ashoka Road Bungalow<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Ashoka Road Bungalow Can Now Be Booked For Marriages On App|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/5-ashoka-road-bungalow-can-now-be-booked-for-marriages-on-app-1988287|access-date=2021-11-02|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

===Holiday Homes and Touring Officers Hostels===

Directorate of Estates administers the booking of Holiday Homes and Touring Officers’ Hostels (TOH) of Government of India which are maintained by Central Public Works Department.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Government Holiday Homes and Touring Officers Hostel{{!}} National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/central-government-holiday-homes-and-touring-officers-hostel|access-date=2021-11-02|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pawan|title=CPWD Holiday Home List: Details of Touring Officers’ Hostel, Location, Contact Number etc. {{!}} Central Govt Employees News - 7th Pay Commission - Staff News|url=https://www.staffnews.in/2021/02/cpwd-holiday-home-list-details-of-touring-officers-hostel-location-contact-number-etc.html|access-date=2021-11-02|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Allotment system==

The Directorate currently uses an automated system for allotment. All processes regarding bookings and payments are done online. Allotments under the GPRA are based on a ‘Unified Waiting List’ for a particular type of accommodation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Government General pool Residential Accommodation Rules, 2017 of Directorate of Estates.|url=https://icar.org.in/content/central-government-general-pool-residential-accommodation-rules-2017-directorate-estates-0|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Indian Council of Agricultural Research|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107045307/https://icar.org.in/content/central-government-general-pool-residential-accommodation-rules-2017-directorate-estates-0 |archive-date=2021-11-07 }}</ref> In this waiting list, all applicants, including those waiting for initial allotment, as well as change of accommodation, are clubbed together. The allotments are made, based on their date of priority and seniority. Each applicant gets two allotments in each type of accommodation, i.e., initial and change. The prices depend on the basic pay of employees of different ranks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS|url=https://esampada.mohua.gov.in/signin/static/docs/faq/Revised%20FAQ%20CGGPRA%20Rules%202017_%20updated%20on%2016%20December%202020-converted.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-07|website=MOHUA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226065037/https://esampada.mohua.gov.in/signin/static/docs/faq/Revised%20FAQ%20CGGPRA%20Rules%202017_%20updated%20on%2016%20December%202020-converted.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-26 }}</ref>

==References==

<references />

[[Category:1944 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government ministries established in 1944]]

Savitri Vrata

2025-10-03T03:25:40Z

SimoneMarina699: Stub.

{{Short description|Hindu festival where wives pray for husbands}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Savitri Vrata
|type = Hindu
|image = Savitiri saves Satyavan.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Savitri begs Yama for Satyavan's life.
|official_name =
|nickname = Savitri Vrata, Sabitri Brata
|observedby = Married Hindu women of Bihar, Nepal, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh
|litcolor =
|longtype =
|significance =
|begins =
|ends =
|date = [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]] [[Amavasya]]
|date2023 = 19 May
|celebrations =
|observances =
|relatedto = [[Savitri and Satyavan]]
}}

'''Savitri Vrata''' (also '''Savitri Brata''') or '''Savitri Amavasya''' is a [[fasting]] day, commemorating the pious act of [[Savitri and Satyavan|Savitri]] who rescued her husband, [[Savitri and Satyavan|Satyavan]], from the god of death ([[Yama]]). It occurs on the new moon day in month of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnmPzgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |pages=612 |language=en}}</ref> Married Hindu women observe a fast to promote a long, healthy life for their husbands.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babb |first=Lawrence A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsJKNbszQ7MC&dq=savitri+puja&pg=PA142 |title=The Divine Hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in Central India |date=1975 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-03882-9 |language=en}}</ref> It is celebrated in the [[Indian states]] of [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and in [[Nepal]].

The same festival is observed on [[Vat Purnima]], the full moon of Jyestha in other regions including [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]]. {{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

==Legend behind the festival==
{{Main|Savitri and Satyavan}}
The story of Savitri is noted in the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. The [[vrata]] was named after Savitri, the beautiful daughter of King Ashvapati. She selected Satyavan as her life partner, a prince in exile who lived in the forest with his blind father Dyumatsena. Before marrying him, she was foretold that Satyavan would only live for a year - although, this did not stop her decision. After a year, Satyavan, accompanied by Savitri, went to the forest to chop wood, but fell unconscious and died. [[Yama]], the god of death, appeared to take away Satyavan's soul. Seeing this, Savitri followed them, believing it to be her duty as a wife. Yama, moved by the devotion of Savitri, returned the life of her husband. Soon Satyavan regained his lost kingdom, and his father, Dyumatsena, regained his sight.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Savitri's virtue of faithfulness and devotion towards her husband has made her an exemplary figure for Hindu women. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=1756–1757 |language=en}}</ref>

==Customs and rituals==
The rituals related to Savitri Vrata are collectively compiled under ''Vat''-''Savitri puja'' which is mainly derived from the Sanskrit text the ''[[Skanda Purana]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Albert Henry |date=1900 |title=The Vaṭa-Sāvitrī-Vrata, According to Hemādri and the Vratārka |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/592513 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=21 |pages=53–66 |doi=10.2307/592513 |jstor=592513 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupte |first=B. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FSWKWzNSagC&dq=skand+puran+savitri&pg=PA244 |title=Hindu Holidays and Ceremonials: With Dissertations on Origin, Folklore and Symbols |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0953-2 |language=en}}</ref> Rituals are also noted in later literary works (such as the ''Chaturvarga Chintmani'' and ''Vratarka)'' inspired by and extracted from the ''Skanda Purana''.<ref name=":2" />

During Savitri Vrata, reverence is offered to Savitri and a [[banyan]] tree - by watering and wounding a thread around it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monger |first=George P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avDXAQAAQBAJ&dq=savitri+puja&pg=PA399 |title=Marriage Customs of the World: An Encyclopedia of Dating Customs and Wedding Traditions, 2nd Edition [2 volumes] |date=2013-04-09 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-664-5 |pages=399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarun |first=Sharma |date=2016 |title=Medicinal Plants Used In Various Indian Traditional Customs |url=http://www.interscience.org.uk/images/article/v6-i5/1ijahm.pdf |journal=International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine |volume=6 |pages=2329–2330 |via=Google Scholar}}</ref> Aside from its medicinal qualities and national symbolism, the banyan tree is offered homage because it is believed that Savitri attained spiritual prowess through its shade during her encounter with Yama.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vat Savitri Vrat, Know the method of worship and the auspicious time. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/religion/vat-savitri-vrat-2024-date-puja-vidhi-shubh-muhurat-upay-pujan-samagri-list-sry |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

In Odisha, women offer worship to a grinding stone or ''sila pua'' which is considered to be a symbolic representation of Savitri.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Dina Krishna |date=2013 |title=Sabitri Brata: Important Ritual of Married Women with Husbands Alive |pages=26 |work=Editor’s Note |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jun/engpdf/26-33.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625063922/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jun/engpdf/26-33.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Karva Chauth]]
* [[Varalakshmi Vratam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/festivals.htm Festivals of Orissa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106224332/http://orissatourism.gov.in/festivals.htm |date=6 November 2011 }}

{{Odia culture}}
{{Bengali Hindu people}}
{{Hindu festivals}}
{{Savitri and Satyavan}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:June observances]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Vrata]]
[[Category:Savitri and Satyavan]]

Malli (2013 TV series)

2025-10-01T09:04:29Z

SimoneMarina699: starting a post

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = மல்லி
| image = Malli Puthuyugam TV Serial.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Soap opera [[Drama|Kids drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| creative_director =
| director = [[A. R. Ramesh]]
| starring = [[Sandra Amy|Sandra]] Sethu Darwin Baby Harini
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 260
| list_episodes =
| producer = Rame
| company =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Puthuyugam TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2013|11|23}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2014|9|1}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''Malli''' ({{langx|ta|மல்லி}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language soap opera that aired on [[Puthuyugam TV]] from 23 November 2013 to 1 September 2014 on Monday through Friday at 6:30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] for 260 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.screen4screen.com/puthu-yugam-malli-serial-news/| title=Malli Serial Completed its 250 Episode| publisher= Screen 4 Screen | date=| accessdate=}}</ref> The show stars [[Sandra Amy|Sandra]], [[Sonia Agarwal]], Sethu Darwin, Baby Harini, Murali, Susithira and directed by [[A. R. Ramesh]]. This serial also re-telecast on same Channel It airs Monday through Friday at 08:30pm (2015).

==Plot==
The story revolves around two characters, Shivani and Bala. Shivani born in a rich family who gets neglected from the parental love since their parents run after money and profession. But she manages to get brotherly love from Bala who hails from a middle-class family. Bala imagines Shivani as his older sister Malli who's dead. Getting the affection needed, Shivani too think herself as Malli at times.

==Cast==
* [[Sonia Agarwal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.chennaionline.com/cinema/news/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=62bfd434-794f-47ea-a510-c7aabf969c14&CATEGORYNAME=TFILM|title=Sonia Agarwal starring on TV series as Malli|publisher=Chennai Online|date=|accessdate=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029021304/http://tamil.chennaionline.com/cinema/news/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=62bfd434-794f-47ea-a510-c7aabf969c14&CATEGORYNAME=TFILM|archive-date=29 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> / [[Sandra Amy|Sandra]]
* Deepthi Sri
* Sethu Darwin
* Baby Harini
* Theni Murugan
* Murali
* Susithira
* Lingges Nadarajan

==International broadcast==
* {{flagicon|Singapore}} In [[Singapore]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Channel on [[V Thamizh HD]]. It aired Monday through Friday at 8:30PM.
* {{flagicon|Malaysia}} In [[Malaysia]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Channel on [[Astro Vaanavil]]. It airs Monday through Friday at 11:00Am & 4:30PM.
* It airs in United States, [[Europe]] and [[Australia]] on [[Athavan TV]] on Monday through Friday at 7:30PM.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/PuthuYugamTV/ Puthuyugam TV on YouTube]
*[https://www.youtube.com/show/malliserial Malli on Youtube]

{{Puthuyugam TV shows}}

[[Category:Puthuyugam TV television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language fantasy television series]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Tumchi Mulgi Kay Karte?

2025-09-27T07:35:35Z

SimoneMarina699: New.

{{Short description|Marathi-language crime thriller TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tumchi Mulgi Kay Karte?.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Strawberry Pictures
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|01|15|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|12|20|df=y}}
| network = [[Sony Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 345
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer = [[Manava Naik]]
| country = India
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related =
}}

'''''Tumchi Mulgi Kay Karte?''''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: तुमची मुलगी काय करते?) ({{translation|What does your daughter do?}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] crime-thriller drama series.<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुमची मुलगी काय करते?' मालिकेने गाठला २०० भागांचा टप्पा; टीमने केलं असं सेलिब्रेशन|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/tumchi-mulgi-kay-karte-serial-completed-e-200-episode-celebration-done-by-the-team-a592/|access-date=2023-01-29|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref> It starred [[Madhura Velankar]], Jui Bhagwat and Harish Dudhade in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रसंग रटाळ वाटू नये म्हणून मालिकेत करण्यात आला हा वेगळा प्रयोग|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/mata-sanmaan/tv-serial/one-take-shot-in-tumchi-mulgi-kay-karte/articleshow/90014724.cms|access-date=2023-01-29|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref> It is produced by [[Manava Naik]] under the banner of ''Strawberry Pictures''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhura Welankar to make her TV comeback after 12 years; details inside - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/madhura-welankar-to-make-her-tv-comeback-after-12-years-details-inside/articleshow/87888366.cms|access-date=2023-01-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered on 20 December 2021 on [[Sony Marathi]], replacing ''Vaidehi - Shatjanmache Apule Nate''. The show aired its last episode on 15 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुमची मुलगी काय करते?' मालिकेने पार केला ३०० भागांचा टप्पा|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/tumchi-mulgi-kay-karte-tumchi-mulgi-kay-karte-serial-completed-300-episode-a592/|access-date=2023-01-29|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref> The show was also dubbed in [[Bengali language]] as ''Tomar Meye Ki Kore?''
([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: তোমার মেয়ে কী করে?) which premiered on 5 December 2022 and aired on [[Sony Aath]].

Following the success of the serial, a spin-off serial titled '''''Kaaran Gunhyala Maafi Naahi'' ''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: कारण गुन्ह्याला माफी नाही) ({{translation|Because crime has no forgiveness}}) was released in 2023 with its final episode airing in 2024.

== Plot ==
In a dangerous and challenging attempt to save her own teenage daughter, a reputed school-teacher named Shraddha Mirajkar who is also trusting mother ends up saving the bunch of vulnerable teenagers who are exposed to the hazardous world of narcotics which results in tarnishing her own reputed image in front of society and her family. It is a story of a simple working mother who is ready to go to any extent to find and instil faith in her lost innocent daughter. Shraddha believes that she has brought up her daughter Savani in the most appropriate way; whereas a teen college-going Savani becomes scapegoat to a vicious narcotics world and suddenly disappears. Shraddha’s nightmare begins with her search to find Savani. With the help of Inspector Vijay Bhosale, she unveils certain facts and truths about Savani and the dark world. She has walked into but decides to tread the same path and enter the dangerous malicious world to trace and bring back her lost daughter.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Madhura Velankar]] as Shraddha Abhay Mirajkar (née Sawant):<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुमची मुलगी काय करते'चा थरारक आठवडा; १५ जानेवारीला मालिकेचा महाएपिसोड|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/tumchi-mulgi-kay-karte-thrilling-week-of-tumchi-mulgi-kay-karte-marathi-serial-mahaepisode-of-the-serial-on-15th-january-1140242/amp|access-date=2023-01-29|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref> A teacher, Savani's mother, Abhay's wife, Wyankat's daughter, Madhav and Kumud's daughter-in-law
* Jui Bhagwat as "Sau" Savani Abhay Mirajkar: Shraddha's and Abhay's daughter, Madhav, Kumud, Wyankat and Varsha's granddaughter, Vaibhavi and Viraj's first cousin, Akshay and Karishma's friend
* Harish Dudhade as "Chiku" Inspector Vijay Bhosale: Rajesh and Sharmila's son

=== Recurring ===
* Chandralekha Joshi as PSI Seema Jamdade
* Nitin Bhajan as ACP Bhushan Sherekar (Super Cop)
* [[Madhugandha Kulkarni]] as ACP Vishakha Chaudhari
* Ashish Kulkarni as Abhay Mirajkar: Savani's father, Shraddha's Husband, Kumud and Madhav's son, Wyankat's son-in-law, Ajit's brother
* Satish Pulekar as Madhav Mirajkar: Kumud's husband, Ajit and Abhay's father, Shraddha and Neeta's father-in-law, Savani, Vaibhavi and Viraj's grandfather
* Vidya Karanjikar as Kumud Mirajkar: Madhav's wife, Ajit and Abhay's mother, Shraddha and Neeta's mother-in-law, Savani, Vaibhavi and Viraj's grandmother
* [[Sanjay Mone]] as Wyankat Sawant:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanjay Mone to join ‘Tumchi Mulgi Kay Karte’ soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sanjay-mone-to-join-tumchi-mulgi-kay-karte-soon/articleshow/90309891.cms|access-date=2023-01-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Shraddha's father, Varsha's husband, Abhay's father-in-law, Savani's grandfather
* [[Nayana Apte-Joshi]] as Varsha Sawant: Shraddha's mother, Wyankat's wife, Abhay's mother-in-law, Savani's grandmother
* Surabhi Dhamal as Vaibhavi Mirajkar: Ajit and Neeta's daughter, Savani's first cousin, Viraj's sister, Madhav and Kumud's granddaughter
* Harshal Patil as Ajit Mirajkar: Abhay's brother, Neeta's husband, Madhav and Kumud's son, Vaibhavi and Viraj's father
* Gauri Kulkarni as Neeta Mirajkar: Viraj and Vaibhavi's mother, Madhav and Kumud's daughter-in-law
* Inesh Kotian as Viraj Mirajkar: Ajit and Neeta's son, Savani's first cousin, Vaibhavi's brother, Madhav and Kumud's grandson
* Prashant Sathe as "Kilver" Sanjay Vengsarkar: A cartel leader, IPS Officer
* Sharvari Lohokare as Charu Gala / Lata Karde (Fake "Kilver"): Kilver's operative, Abhay's friend
* Pratima Joshi as "Tai" Vidya Gole: A drug dealer, Kilver's rival
* [[Kshitee Jog]] as CBI Officer Kankyakumari Dange (KK Madam):<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुमची मुलगी काय करते?' मालिकेत होणार क्षिती जोगची एन्ट्री; दोन मैत्रिणी पुन्हा एकत्र झळकणार|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/tumchi-mulgi-kay-karte-marathi-serial-kshitee-jog-entry-in-the-series-two-friends-will-appear-together-again-1103428/amp|access-date=2023-01-29|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref> Assigned for the murder case of MLA Mahadik
* Tejas Ghadigaonkar as Shyaam Ji: KK's assistant
* [[Tushar Ghadigaonkar]] as Bangdu: Tai's brother
* [[Jayant Savarkar]] as Chintu Nana: Wyankat's friend
* [[Manava Naik]] as Nilanjana Verma:<ref>{{Cite web|title=मनवा नाईकचा छोट्या पडद्यावर कमबॅक, 'या' मालिकेत महत्त्वाची भूमिका!|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/manava-naik-marathi-actress-comeback-in-serial-tumchi-mulgi-kay-karte-new-character-entry-suspense-female-producer-marathi-entertainment-mhrn-723726.html|access-date=2023-01-29|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref> Savani's psychiatrist
* Meera Joshi as Sonia Mohan: An actress
* Abhinav Kurane as Akshay Vilas Sadavarte: Savani's friend
* Shrushti Bhilare as Karishma Mane: Mahalaxmi's daughter, Rahul's sister, Savani's friend
* Geeta Panchal as Mahalaxmi Mane: Mirajkar's maid
* Sanjana Patil as "Nuts" Natasha Rao: Savani's friend
* Sushrut Mulavekar as "Anky" Ankit: Natasha's step-brother
* Unknown as Himmat Khatri: Natasha's boyfriend
* Suvedha Desai as "Bhaagu" Bhagyashree Dalvi: Savani's collegemate
* Vivek Gore as Prasad Varadkar: Shraddha's colleague
* Megha Pathre as Bhasha Naik: Shraddha's colleague
* Sanjeevkumar Patil as MLA Aamdaar Mahadik
* Aparna Chothe as Vandana Lokhande
* Rutuja Gadre as Neha Tai Shette: Lead reporter of Jagruti.com news channel
* Milind Phatak as Rajesh Bhosale: Vijay Bhosale's father, Sharmila's husband
* Ashwini Mukadam as Sharmila Rajesh Bhosale: Vijay Bhosale's mother, Rajesh's wife
* Srushti Bahekar as Bashundhara Godbole
* Tejas Raut as Vish
* Vishwas Navare as Zele
* Shashank Chandra as Constable "Tawde"
* Mamta Brid as Mayu, prisoner
* Apurva Choudhari as Sangi, prisoner
* Kalyani Gajageshwar as Juley, prisoner
* Unknown as Bhanu Argade: Kilver's ex-operative
* Unknown as Himavanti Gala: Charu Gala's mother

== Dubbed version ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Last aired
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (original version)
| ''Tumchi Mulgi Kay Karte?'' तुमची मुलगी काय करते?
| 20 December 2021
| [[Sony Marathi]]
| 15 January 2023
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (dubbed version)
| ''Tomar Meye Ki Kore?'' তোমার মেয়ে কী করে?
| 5 December 2022
| [[Sony Aath]]
| TBA
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt24055968}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/tumchi-mulgi-kay-karte-1700000831 ''Tumchi Mulgi Kay Karte?''] at [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Sony Marathi original programming]]

Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2023

2025-09-17T16:29:55Z

SimoneMarina699: Started first bio with sources

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= February 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = India men's cricket team in Ireland in 2023
| team1_image = Cricket Ireland flag.svg
| team1_name = Ireland
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 18
| to_date = 23 August 2023
| team1_captain = [[Paul Stirling]]
| team2_captain = [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won = 0
| team2_twenty20s_won = 2
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Andrew Balbirnie]] (76)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (77)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] (3)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (4) [[Ravi Bishnoi]] (4) [[Prasidh Krishna]] (4)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind)
}}
The [[Indian national cricket team|India men's cricket team]] toured Ireland in August 2023 to play three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2023/articles/000001/000158.shtml |title=Indian Summer for Ireland |work=CricketEurope |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329030825/https://cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2023/articles/000001/000158.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3112776 |title=Ireland confirm details for series against India, Bangladesh |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2023/articles/000002/000281.shtml |title=India series finally confirmed |work=CricketEurope |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328032437/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2023/articles/000002/000281.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 2023, [[Cricket Ireland]] (CI) released the tour itinerary,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/ireland-men-a-big-2023 |title=India and Bangladesh series' details confirmed as Ireland Men look forward to a big 2023 |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603001837/https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/ireland-men-a-big-2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ireland-to-host-india-for-three-t20is-in-august-1363970 |title=Ireland to host India for three T20Is in August |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> with all the matches to be played in [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|Malahide]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/125958/india-to-tour-ireland-in-august-for-short-t20i-series-cricbuzzcom |title=India to tour Ireland in August for short T20I series |work=Cricbuzz |date=17 March 2023 |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> On 27 June 2023, Cricket Ireland announced the schedule of the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3559022 |title=Fixtures confirmed for India's T20I tour of Ireland |access-date=26 July 2023 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> India won the series 2–0, with the third and the last match of the series being washed-out.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-ireland-2023-1384631/ireland-vs-india-3rd-t20i-1384638/match-report |title=India take series 2-0 as persistent drizzle washes out third T20I |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!{{cr|IRE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/ireland-mens-squad-released-for-india-t20i-series |title=Ireland Men's squad released for India T20I series |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=Cricket Ireland |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811203512/https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/ireland-mens-squad-released-for-india-t20i-series |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556024/india-s-squad-for-t20i-series-against-ireland-announced |title=India's squad for T20I series against Ireland announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Paul Stirling]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Mark Adair]]
* [[Ross Adair]]
* [[Andrew Balbirnie]]
* [[Curtis Campher]]
* [[Gareth Delany]]
* [[George Dockrell]]
* [[Fionn Hand]]
* [[Josh Little]]
* [[Barry McCarthy]]
* [[Harry Tector]]
* [[Lorcan Tucker]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ben White (cricketer)|Ben White]]
* [[Theo van Woerkom]]
* [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]]
|
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]]
* [[Shivam Dube]]
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
* [[Prasidh Krishna]]
* [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]
* [[Avesh Khan]]
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]
* [[Ishan Kishan ]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Tilak Varma]]
|}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 August 2023
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 139/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Barry McCarthy]] 51[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 47/2 (6.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 24 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] 2/2 (0.5 overs)
| result = India won by 2 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384634.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|The Village]], [[Dublin]]
| umpires = [[Roland Black]] (Ire) and [[Mark Hawthorne (umpire)|Mark Hawthorne]] (Ire)
| motm = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = No further play was possible due to rain.
| notes = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] captained India for the [[List of India national cricket captains#T20I|first time in T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jasprit-bumrah-returns-as-india-captain-for-t20is-in-ireland-1389942|title=Jasprit Bumrah returns to lead India for T20Is in Ireland |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=31 July 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>
* [[Prasidh Krishna]] and [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] (Ind) both made their T20I debuts.
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 August 2023
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 185/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 58 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Barry McCarthy]] 2/36 (4 overs)
| score2 = 152/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andrew Balbirnie]] 72 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 2/15 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 33 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384637.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|The Village]], [[Dublin]]
| umpires = [[Roland Black]] (Ire) and [[Paul Reynolds (umpire)|Paul Reynolds]] (Ire)
| motm = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] (Ind) took his 50th wicket in T20Is.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IRE vs IND: Arshdeep Singh overtakes Jasprit Bumrah to become fastest India pacer to 50 T20I wickets|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ireland-vs-india-arshdeep-singh-fastest-50-t20i-wickets-2424060-2023-08-20|work=India Today|access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref>
* [[Andrew Balbirnie]] (Ire) scored his 2,000th run in T20Is.
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 August 2023
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = Match abandoned
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384638.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|The Village]], [[Dublin]]
| umpires = [[Jareth McCready]] (Ire) and [[Paul Reynolds (umpire)|Paul Reynolds]] (Ire)
| motm =
| toss = No toss.
| rain = No play was possible due to rain.
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-ireland-2023-1384631 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Ireland}}
{{International cricket in 2023}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India men's cricket team in Ireland in 2023}}
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 in Irish cricket]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Ireland]]

Digambara monk

2025-09-16T14:03:23Z

SimoneMarina699:

{{Short description|Monk in the Digambara tradition of Jainism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}

[[File:Acharya_KundaKunda.jpg|thumb|Image of ''Āchārya Kundakunda'' (author of [[Pancastikayasara]], [[Niyamasara]])]]

{{Jainism}}
A '''Digambara monk''' or '''Digambara Sādhu''' (also ''muni'', ''sādhu'') is a [[Sadhu|Sādhu]] in the [[Digambar]] tradition of [[Jainism]], and as such an occupant of the highest limb of the four-fold ''[[Sangha (Jainism)|sangha]]''. Digambar Sādhus have 28 primary attributes which includes observance of the five supreme vows of ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahimsa]]'' (non-injury), truth, non-thieving, [[celibacy]] and non-possession. A Digambar Sādhu is allowed to keep only a feather whisk, a water gourd and scripture with him.

[[File:Pichi kamandal shastra.jpeg|thumb|The Ascetic (''Sādhu'') keeps with him a feather-whisk (''picchī'') – implement of compassion, a water-pot (''kamaņdalu'') – implement of purity, and scriptural treatise (''śāstra'') – implement of knowledge.{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=197}}]]

In Jainism, those ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|śrāvakas]]'' (householders) who wish to attain ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (liberation) renounce all possessions and become an ascetic. According to the [[Jain text]], ''[[Dravyasamgraha]]'':{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=196}} {{blockquote|Salutation to the Ascetic (Sādhu) abound in faith and knowledge, who incessantly practises pure conduct that surely leads to liberation.|Dravyasaṃgraha (54)}}

Digambar Sādhus are also called ''nirgranth'' which means "one without any bonds".{{sfn|B.K. Jain|2013|p=62}} The term originally applied to those of them who were on the point of attaining omniscience, on the attainment of which they were called ''munis''.{{sfn|C.R. Jain|1926|p=19}}

[[Rishabhanath]] (the first ''[[Tirthankar]]'') is said to be the first ''Digambar'' Sādhu of the present half cycle of time (''[[avasarpini]]'').{{sfn|B.K. Jain|2013|p=31}} In 2011, [[Patrick Olivelle]] stated that the context in which the Greek records mention [[gymnosophists]] include ritual suicide by cremation traceable to [[Ājīvika]]s, rather than the traditional Jain ritual of embracing death by starvation and taking samadhi by voluntarily sacrificing everything including food and water (''sallekhana''). Therefore, gymnosophists cannot be compared to Jaina monks.{{sfn|Olivelle|2011|pp=207–208 with footnotes}} ''Āchārya'' [[Kundakunda]] is one of the most revered ''Digambar'' sādhus.

== Mūla Guņas (Root virtues) ==

Every Digambara monk is required to observe 28 ''mula gunas'' (lit. twenty-eight primary attributes) compulsory. These are also called root-virtues, because it is said that in their absence other saintly virtues cannot be acquired. They are thus like the root, in the absence of which stems and branches tuneless come into being.{{sfn|C.R. Jain|1926|p=26}} These twenty-eight primary attributes are: five supreme vows (''mahāvrata''); five regulations (''samiti''); five-fold control of the senses (''pañcendriya nirodha''); six essential duties (''Şadāvaśyaka''); and seven rules or restrictions (''niyama'').

=== Mahavratas ===

According to [[Acharya Samantabhadra]]'s [[Ratnakaraņdaka śrāvakācāra]]:

{{blockquote|Abstaining from the commitment of five kinds of sins (injury, falsehood, stealing, unchastity, and attachment) by way of doing these by oneself, causing these to be done, and approval when done by others, through the three kinds of activity (of body, speech, and thought), constitutes the great vows (''mahāvrata'') of celebrated ascetics.|Ratnakaraņdaka śrāvakācāra (72)}}

{{ordered list
|'''Ahimsa''':

The first vow of a Digambara monk relates to the observance of ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahiṃsā]]'' (non-injury). The monk is required to renounce ''himsa'' (injury) in all three forms:{{sfn|C.R. Jain|1926|p=28}}{{unordered list
|''Kŗita'' – He should not commit any act of ''himsa'' (injury) himself.
|''Karita'' – He should not ask anyone else to do it for him.
|''Anumodana'' – He should not, in any way, encourage commission of an act of ''himsa'' by saying or doing anything subsequent to the act.}}

There were five types of Ahimsa as per scriptures. These are the negation of following: Binding, beating, mutilating limbs, overloading, withholding food and drink. However over the centuries, Jain monks and philosophers have added stricter meanings and implementations. The concept of Ahimsa is specially well expanded and made diverse in the scriptures dating afterwards 10th century AD.

The monk should not injure any living being either in actions or thoughts.

|'''Truth''':

A digambara monk must not say things which, though true, can lead to injury to living beings.

| '''Asteya (Non-thieving)''':

Not to take anything if not given. According to the Jain text, ''[[Tattvārthasūtra]]'', five observances that strengthen this vow are:{{sfn|Jain|2011|p=95}}{{unordered list
|Residence in a solitary place,
|Residence in a deserted habitation,
|Causing no hindrance to others,
|Acceptance of clean food, and
|Not quarrelling with brother monks.}}

| '''Brahmacharya''':

''[[Brahmacharya]]'' refers to the self-control in respect of sex-function. It means avoiding all the kinds of natural and unnatural sex-gratification.{{sfn|C.R. Jain|1926|p=29}}

| '''[[Aparigraha]]''':

Renunciation of worldly things and foreign natures, external and internal.{{sfn|C.R. Jain|1926|p=26}}

}}

===Fivefold regulation of activities===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header="Nirgranthas" inscription of Ashoka (c.236 BCE)
| total_width=400
| image1 = Ashoka Pillar at Feroze Shah Kotla, Delhi 03.JPG
| image2 = Nirgranthas on the 7th Major Pillar Edict of Ashoka 3rd century BCE.jpg
| footer=The word "[[Nirgranthas]]" ([[Brahmi script]]: 𑀦𑀺𑀕𑀁𑀣𑁂𑀲𑀼, ''Nigaṁṭhesu''), for "Jain Digambara monks", appears on the 7th [[Major Pillar Edict]] of [[Ashoka]]: "Some [[Mahamatra]]s were ordered by me to busy themselves with the affairs of the [[Samgha]]. Likewise others were ordered by me to busy themselves also with the [[Brahmanas]] (and) [[Ajivikas]]. Others were ordered by me also to busy themselves with the Nirgranthas" (Line 26).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=E. |title=Inscriptions of Asoka |edition=new |date=1925 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n292 132] |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch |language=sa}}</ref> [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[New Delhi]] (3rd century BCE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baruah |first1=Bibhuti |title=Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism |date=2000 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176251525 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s1PZAMD13SMC/page/n23 15] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s1PZAMD13SMC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hirakawa |first1=Akira |title=A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna |date=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120809550 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC&pg=PA100 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{ordered list|start=6
|irya samiti 
A digambara monk does not move about in the dark, nor on grass, but only along a path which is much trodden by foot. While moving, he has to observe the ground in front of him, to the extent of four cubits (2 yards), so as to avoid treading over any living being.{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=55}} This ''samiti'' (control) is transgressed by:{{sfn|C.R. Jain|1926|p=62}}{{ordered list
|not being careful enough in looking at the ground in front, and
|sight-seeing along the route.
}}
| ''bhasha samiti'' 
Not to criticise anyone or speak bad words.
| {{Transliteration|sa|eshana}} 
The observance of the highest degree of purity in the taking of food is {{Transliteration|sa|eshana samiti}}. The food should be free from four kinds of afflictions to ''tarasa jīva'' (living beings possessing two or more senses), viz {{unordered list
|pain or trouble,
|cutting, piercing etc.,
|distress, or mental suffering, and
|destruction or killing
}}
| ''adan-nishep'' 
To be careful in lifting and laying down things.{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=125}}
| ''pratişthāpanā'' 
To dispose of the body waste at a place free from living beings.{{sfn|C.R. Jain|1926|p=37}}
}}

===Strict control of five senses===
''Panchindrinirodh''

This means renouncing all things which appeals to the mind through the senses.{{sfn|C.R. Jain|1926|p=37}} This means shedding all attachment and aversion towards the sense-objects pertaining to
{{ordered list|start=11
|touch (''sparśana'')
|taste (''rasana'')
|smell (''ghrāņa'')
|sight (''chakşu'')
|hearing (''śrotra''){{sfn|Jain|2013|p=196}}
}}

===Six Essential Duties ===
{{ordered list|start=16
|Samayika (Equanimous dispassion)
{{Main|Samayika}}
The monk is required to spend about six {{Transliteration|sa|gharis}} (a ghari {{=}} 24 minutes) three times a day, that is, morning, noon, and evening, in practising equanimous dispassion.{{sfn|C.R. Jain|1926|p=37}}{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=143}}
| ''stuti'' 
Worship of the four and twenty [[Tirthankaras]]
| ''vandan'' 
To pay obeisances to siddhas, [[Arihant (Jainism)|''arihantas'']] and acharya
| ''Pratikramana'' 
Self-censure, repentance; to drive oneself away from the multitude of ''karmas'', virtuous or wicked, done in the past.{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=191}}
| ''Pratikhayan'' 
Renunciation
| ''Kayotsarga'' 
Giving up attachment to the body and meditate on soul. (Posture: rigid and immobile, with arms held stiffly down, knees straight, and toes directly forward){{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=210}}
}}

===Seven rules or restrictions (''niyama'') ===
{{ordered list|start=22
| {{Transliteration|sa|adantdhavan}} 
Not to use tooth powder to clean teeth.
| {{Transliteration|sa|bhushayan}} 
To rest only on earth or a wooden pallet.
| ''Asnāna'' 
Non-bathing. A digambara monk does not take baths. In his book "Sannyāsa Dharma", [[Champat Rai Jain]] writes:

{{blockquote|The saint is not allowed to bathe. For that will be fixing his attention on the body. There is no question of dirt or untidiness. He has no time to think of bathing or of cleaning his teeth. He has to prepare himself for the greatest contest in his career, namely, the struggle against Death, and cannot afford to waste his time and opportunity in attending to the beautification and embellishment of his outward person. Nay, he knows fully that death appears only in the form of the physical person which is a compound and, as such, liable by nature to dissolution and disintegration.{{sfn|C.R. Jain|1926|p=45}}}}
| ''ekasthiti-bhojana'' 
Taking food in a steady, standing posture.{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=197}}
| {{Transliteration|sa|ahara}} 
The monk consumes food and water once a day. He accepts pure food free from forty-six faults (''doşa''), thirty-two obstructions (''antarāya''), and fourteen contaminations (''maladoşa'').{{refn|group=note|A digambara monk's food intake is also explained as:
*''Gochari''. This signifies that, as a cow does not concern herself with the beauty, ornaments, richness of apparel, and the like of the person who comes to feed her, so is the conduct of a monk.
*Analogy of a bee's action. As the bee gathers honey without damaging any of the flowers from which it extracts it, in the same way the saint takes his food without causing injury or inconvenience to any of the givers.
*Filling the pit. As people fill a pit without regard to the beauty or ugliness of tho material with which it is to be filled, in the same way the saint should look upon his stomach which is to be filled regardless of the consideration that the food is not toothsome.}}
| ''Keśa-lonch'' 
To pluck hair on the head and face by hand.{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=196}}
| ''nāgnya'' 
To renounce clothes.
}}

== Dharma ==
According to Jain texts, the ''[[Dharma (Jainism)|dharma]]'' (conduct) of a monk is tenfold, comprising ten excellencies or virtues.{{sfn|C.R. Jain|1926|p=49}}
*Forbearance: The absence of defilement such as anger in the ascetic, who goes out for food for preserving the body, when he meets with insolent words, ridicule or derision, disgrace, bodily torment and so on from vicious people.
*Modesty (humility): Absence of arrogance or egotism on account of high birth, rank and so on.
*Straightforwardness: Behaviour free from crookedness.
*Purity: Freedom from greed.
*Truth: Using chaste words in the presence of noble persons.
*Self-restraint: Desisting from injury to life-principles and sensual pleasures while engaged in careful activity.
*Supreme austerity: Undergoing penance in order to destroy the accumulated karmas is austerity. Austerity is of twelve kinds.
*Gift- Giving or bestowing knowledge etc. appropriate to saints.
*Non-attachment: giving up adornment of the body and the thought ‘this is mine’.
*Perfect celibacy: It consists in not recalling pleasure enjoyed previously, not listening to stories of sexual passion (renouncing erotic literature), and renouncing bedding and seats used by women.

The word 'perfect' or 'supreme' is added to every one of the terms in order to indicate the avoidance of temporal objectives.

== Twenty-two afflictions ==
Jain texts list down twenty-two hardships (''parīşaha jaya'') that should be endured by an ascetic who wish to attain ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (liberation). These are required to be endured without any anguish.{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=156}}{{sfn|S.A. Jain|1992|p=252-256}}
#''kşudhā'' – hunger;
#''trişā'' – thirst;
#''śīta'' – cold;
#''uşņa'' – heat;
#''dañśamaśaka'' – insect-bite;
#''nāgnya'' – nakedness;
#''arati'' – displeasure;
#''strī'' – disturbance due to feminine attraction;{{refn|group=note|Prof. S.A. Jain in his English translation of the Jain text, ''Sarvarthasiddhi'' writes:{{blockquote|In the presence of lovely, intoxicated women in the bloom of youth, the ascetic residing in lonely bowers, houses, etc. is free from agitation or excitement, even though he is disturbed by them. Similarly, he subdues agitations of his senses and his mind like the tortoise covered by his shell. And the smile, charming talk, amorous glances and laughter, lustful slow movement of women and the arrows of Cupid have no effect on him. This must be understood as the conquest of the disturbance caused by women.{{sfn|S.A. Jain|1992|p=252}}}}}}
#''caryā'' – discomfort arising from roaming;
#''nişadhyā'' – discomfort of postures;
#''śayyā'' – uncomfortable couch;
#''ākrośa'' – scolding, insult;
#''vadha'' – assault, injury;
#''yācanā'' – determination not to beg for favours;
#''alābha'' – lack of gain; not getting food for several days in several homes;
#''roga'' – illness;
#''traņasparśa'' – pain inflicted by blades of grass;
#''mala'' – dirt of the body;
#''satkāra-puraskāra'' – (absence of) reverence and honour;
#''prajñā'' – (conceit of) learning;
#''ajñāna'' – despair or uneasiness arising from failure to acquire knowledge;
#''adarśana'' – disbelief due to delay in the fruition of meritorious deeds.

== External austerities ==
According to the Jain text, ''[[Sarvārthasiddhi]]'', "Affliction is what occurs by chance. Mortification is self-imposed. These are called external, because these are dependent on external things and these are seen by others."{{sfn|S.A. Jain|1992|p=263}}

Several Jain texts including ''[[Tattvarthsutra]]'' mentions the six external austerities that can be performed:{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=133}}
#'Fasting' to promote self-control and discipline, destruction of attachment.
#'Diminished diet' is intended to develop vigilance in self-control, suppression of evils, contentment and study with ease.
#'Special restrictions' consist in limiting the number of houses etc. for begging food, and these are intended for overcoming desire.
#'Giving up stimulating and delicious food' such as ghee, in order to curb the excitement caused by the senses, overcome sleep, and facilitate study.
#Lonely habitation: The ascetic has to 'make his abode in lonely places' or houses, which are free from insect afflictions, in order to maintain without disturbance celibacy, study, meditation and so on.
#Standing in the sun, dwelling under trees, sleeping in an open place without any covering, the different postures – all these constitute the sixth austerity, namely 'mortification of the body'.

Jain monks and advanced laypeople avoid eating after sunset, observing a vow of ''ratri-bhojana-tyaga-vrata''.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=285}} ''Digambara'' monks observe a stricter vow by eating only once a day.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=285}}

== Āchārya ==
{{Main|Acharya (Jainism)}}
[[File:Acharya5.jpg|thumb|[[Vidyasagar (Jain monk)|Vidyasagar]], a prominent Digambara monk]]
''Āchārya'' means the Chief Preceptor or the Head. ''Āchārya'' has thirty-six primary attributes (''mūla guņa'') consisting in:{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=189-191}}
*Twelve kinds of austerities (''tapas'');
*Ten virtues (''dasa-lakşaņa dharma'');
*Five kinds of observances in regard to faith, knowledge, conduct, austerities, and power. These are:{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=190}}
**''Darśanācāra'': Believing that the pure Self is the only object belonging to the self and all other objects, including the karmic matter ({{Transliteration|sa|dravya karma}} and ''no-karma'') are alien; further, believing in the six substances ({{Transliteration|sa|[[Dravya (Jainism)|dravyas]]}}), seven Realities (''[[Tattva (Jainism)|tattvas]]'') and veneration of [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]], Teachers, and the Scripture, is the observance in regard to faith (''darśanā'').
**''Jñānācāra'': Reckoning that the pure Self has no delusion, is distinct from attachment and aversion, knowledge itself, and sticking to this notion always is the observance in regard to knowledge (''jñānā'').
**''Cāritrācāra'': Being free from attachment etc. is right conduct which gets obstructed by passions. In view of this, getting always engrossed in the pure Self, free from all corrupting dispositions, is the observance in regard to conduct (''cāritrā'').
**''Tapācāra'': Performance of different kinds of austerity is essential to spiritual advancement. Performance of penances with due control of senses and desires constitutes the observance in regard to austerities (''tapā'').
**''Vīryācāra'': Carrying out the above-mentioned four observances with full vigour and intensity, without digression and concealment of true strength, constitutes the observance in regard to power (''vīryā'').
*Six essential duties (''Şadāvaśyaka''); and
*''Gupti'': Controlling the threefold activity of:{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=125}}
**the body;
**the organ of speech; and
**the mind.

== See also ==

* [[Ethics of Jainism]]
* [[List of Digambar Jain ascetics]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
*{{citation |title=Digambaratva aur Digambar muni |first=Babu Kamtaprasad |last=Jain |ref={{sfnref|B.K. Jain|2013}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k--2oAEACAAJ |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-263-5122-0 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] }}
*{{citation |last=Jain |first=Champat Rai |author-link=Champat Rai Jain |title=Sannyasa Dharma |url =https://archive.org/details/SannyasaDharma |date=1926 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|C.R. Jain|1926}} }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Jaini |editor-first=Padmanabh S. |title=Collected Papers On Jain Studies |url={{Google books|HPggiM7y1aYC|plainurl=yes}} |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |edition=First |isbn=978-81-208-1691-6 }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=S.A. |title=Reality |date=1992 |publisher=Jwalamalini Trust |url=https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT |edition=Second |quote= {{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|S.A. Jain|1992}} }}
*{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9CJ3jZpcqYC|title=Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha|isbn=9788190363952|last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|year=2013|quote=Non-copyright|publisher=Vikalp Printers}}
* {{citation |first=Vijay K. |last=Jain |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC |date=2012 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |quote={{PD-notice}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title= Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsutra |date=2011 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |location=[[Uttarakhand]] |isbn=978-81-903639-2-1 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC |quote= {{PD-notice}} }}
* {{citation |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |title=Ascetics and Brahmins: Studies in Ideologies and Institutions |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TecNS3Vi2F4C |year=2011 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn= 978-0-85728-432-7 }}
* {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 |quote={{PD-notice}} }}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Digambara monks| ]]
[[Category:Jain monasticism]]

Abhiyum Naanum (TV series)

2025-09-07T13:50:16Z

SimoneMarina699:

{{Short description|Indian Tamil soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Abhiyum Naanum serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| executive_producer = Vaidehi Ramamoorthy
| director = Natarajan
| screenplay = Karthik Yuvraj Saba Iyyapan
| starring = Riya Manoj [[Vidhya Mohan]] Baby Nidhish
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 726
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company = [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] Vision Time India Pvt Ltd.
| theme_music_composer = N. R. Raghunanthan
| opentheme = ''Konjum kili'' - sung by Super Singer Srinisha
| cinematography = R.P. Sathiyamoorthy
| editor = M.S Thiyagarajan M.Prabakaran Lakshmi Murugesan
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 25–27 minutes
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2020|10|26}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2023|02|25}}
}}

'''''Abhiyum Naanum''''' ({{Translation| ''Abhi and I''}}) is a 2020–2023 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[soap opera]] that aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. It premiered on 26 October 2020 and ended on 25 February 2023 with 726 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil TV show 'Abhiyum Naanum' to go off-air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-abhiyum-naanum-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/97915956.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 February 2023 }}</ref> It stars Riya Manoj, [[Vidhya Mohan]] and Nidhish Kutty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhiyum Naanum, they are the hero and heroine!|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/actress-vidhya-vinu-mohans-new-serial-abhiyum-naanum/articleshow/79445222.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abiyum Naanum completes 100 episodes; Rajkamal, Vidya Vinu Mohan and Akila thank fans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/abiyum-naanum-completes-100-episodes-rajkamal-vidya-vinu-mohan-and-akila-thank-fans/articleshow/81093195.cms|access-date=2021-02-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The show is available on [[Sun NXT]]. This show replaced [[Azhagu (TV series)]] and was replaced by [[Malar (2023 TV series)]].

==Synopsis==
Abhirami, nicknamed Abhi, is an eight-year-old girl raised by Saravanan, who works as a driver for a wealthy family. Abhi develops a strong connection with Meena, Saravanan's employer, and it is later revealed that Abhi is Meena and Shiva's lost child. Saravanan adopted Abhi at a young age based on an astrological prediction that Rajeshwari's son and his wife would not survive if they keep the child before she turns nine years old. Abhi also faces conflicts with Mukhil, Meena and Shiva's indulged son who is envious of the attention Abhi receives from his mother. In addition to this, Girija, Shiva's younger sister, is stingy and covetous and dislikes Abhi and Meena, as well as Rajeshwari, the family matriarch.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Riya Manoj as Abhirami "Abhi" Sivasubramaniam: Siva and Meena's daughter; Saravanan's adoptive daughter; Mukhil's sister (2020–2023)
* [[Vidhya Mohan]] as Meena Veluchamy Sivasubramaniam: Veluchamy and Vijayalakshmi's daughter; Eshwaran's sister; Siva wife; Abhi and Mukhil's mother (2020–2023)
* Nidhish Kutty as Ilamukhil "Mukhil" Sivasubramaniam: Siva and Meena's son; Abhi's brother (2020–2023).

===Supporting===
* Shyam ji as Raghuvaran "Raghu" Sangilikaruppan: Rajeswari and Sangilikaruppan's younger son; Siva and Girija's brother; Janani's ex-fiancé; Vaathi's husband
* Ramya Gowda as Vaathi Vishwanathan Raghuvaran: Jaanaki and Vishwanathan's youngest daughter; Kaarkulali and Magilni's sister; Raghu's wife
* Akhila Prakash as Girija Sangilikaruppan Sundaramoorthy: Rajeshwari and Sangilikaruppan's daughter; Siva and Raghu's sister; Sundar's wife; Sumo's mother
* Kurinji Nathan as Sundaramoorthy aka Sundar: Girija's husband; Sumo's father
*[[Aravind Akash]] as Dr. Sivasubramaniam "Siva" Sangilikaruppan: Rajeshwari and Sangilikaruppan's elder son; Girija and Raghu's brother; Meena's husband; Abhi and Mukhil's father
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Rajeshwari Sangilikaruppan: Vishwanathan's sister; Sangilikaruppan's widow; Siva, Girija and Raghu's mother; Abhi, Mukhil and Sumo's grandmother
*Aadhish Jatti Jaganathan as Sumohan "Sumo" Sundarmoorthy: Girija and Sundarmoorthy's son; Abhi and Mukhil's cousin
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Sangilikaruppan: Rajeshwari's husband; Siva, Girija and Raghu's father; Abhi, Mukhil and Sumo's grandfather (Dead)
* [[Rajkamal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhiyum Naanum fame Rajkamal flaunts his singing skills|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/abhiyum-naanum-fame-rajkamal-flaunts-his-singing-skills-watch/articleshow/83746103.cms|access-date=22 June 2022|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> as Saravanan: Abhi's adoptive father; Keerthi's love interest
* Yamuna Chinnadurai as Keerthi: Mukhil's teacher; Saravanan's love interest
* Lakshmi Raj / Sekar Raja as Eshwaran Veluchamy: Veluchamy and Vijayalakshmi's son; Meena's brother; Kalyani's husband
* Vanaja as Kalyani Eshwaran: Eshwaran's wife
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as Veluchamy: Vijayalakshmi's husband; Eshwaran and Meena's father; Abhi and Mukhil's grandfather
* Dharani as Vijayalakshmi Veluchamy: Veluchamy's wife; Eshwaran and Meena's mother; Abhi and Mukhil's grandmother
* Sathish Arunagiri as Dr. Prakash: Siva's arch-rival
* Master Jerome as Munna: Mukhil's friend
* Roja Sholapur as Jaanaki Vishwanathan: Sethupet Sekizhar's daughter; Vishwanathan's widow; Kaarkulali, Maagilni and Vaathi's mother
* Hensha Deepan as Maagilni Vishwanathan: Jaanaki's second daughter; Kaarkulali and Vaathi's sister
* Nisha as Kaarkulali Vishwanathan: Jaanaki's eldest daughter; Maagilni and Vaathi's sister
* V C Jeyamani as Sethupet Sekizlar: Retired Tamil professor; Jaanaki's father; Kaarkulali, Magilni and Vaathi's grandfather; Mukhil's tuition master
* Tamil Selvan as Kuruvi: Vaathi's friend

===Special appearances===
* Parthan Siva as Vishwanathan: Rajeshwari's brother; Jaanaki's husband; Kaarkulali, Maagilni and Vaathi's father (Dead)
* [[Singampuli]] as Pulikutty: Rajeshwari's cousin's son
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Jill Jung Juck: Pulikutty wife
* [[RJ Vigneshkanth]] as Harrish: Siva's friend (Dead)
*[[Nandita Swetha]] as herself: Raghu's love interest
*Suhasini as Meenakshi: Nandhitha's sister
*Baba Lakshman as Meenakshi's husband
*Narasimha Raju as Himalayan priest
*Jishnu Menon as Karthikeyan

==Reception==
In its debut week, it became the fifth most watched Tamil television program garnering 6.6 million impressions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=WEEK 43 - DATA: Saturday, 24th October 2020 To Friday, 30th October 2020|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111165652/https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=11 November 2020|access-date=|website=BARC India}}</ref> The following week it increased to 6.89 million impressions occupying the same position as of previous week.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=WEEK 44 - DATA: Saturday, 31st October 2020 To Friday, 6th November 2020|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112120059/https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=12 November 2020|access-date=|website=BARC India}}</ref> The following week it garnered 7.10 million impressions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=WEEK 45 - DATA: Saturday, 7th November 2020 To Friday, 13th November 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124103814/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2020-11-24|access-date=|website=BARC India}}</ref> In week 47, it dropped to 6.853 million impressions occupying fifth position.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 47 - DATA: Saturday, 21st November 2020 To Friday, 27th November 2020|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|website=[[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210034036/https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=2020-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Do you know which serial was leading last week? Details released|url=https://www.cineulagam.com/tv/06/187745|website=Cineulagam}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kannil Pokira
| lyrics1 = ''Arun Bharathi''
| extra1 = [[M. M. Manasi]]
| length1 = 2:59
| title2 = Konjum Killi
| lyrics2 = Vishal Chandrasekhar
| extra2 = [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
| length2 = 3:05
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-abiyum-naanum-episodeno-Oct26-2020/detail/106861/0 Abhiyum Naanum] [[Sun NXT]]
*{{IMDb title|13545614}}

{{Sun TV shows}}
{{Works by Vision Time Tamil}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Diocese of Tiruchirapalli

2025-08-25T09:11:18Z

SimoneMarina699: started info

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Tiruchirapalli
|latin = Dioecesis Tiruchirapolitanus
|country = [[India]]
|local = திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி மறைமாவட்டம்
| image = St Mary's Church - Trichy.jpg
| image_size = 245
| image_alt = St.Mary's Cathedral in Tiruchirappalli
| caption = [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Tiruchirappalli]]
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai|Madurai]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai|Madurai]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of Our Lady of Health in [[Tiruchirappalli]], aka [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Tiruchirappalli|St. Mary's Cathedral]]
|cocathedral =
|area_km2 = 5,198
|population = 2,156,765
|population_as_of = 2010
|catholics = 208,990
|catholics_percent= 9.8
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Savarimuthu Arokiaraj]]
|bishop_title = Bishop
|coadjutor =
|metro_archbishop = [[Antony Pappusamy]]
|vicar_general =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://trichydiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli/Trichy''' ({{langx|la| Tiruchirapolitan(us)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Tiruchirapalli]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai|Madurai]] in India. The episcopal seat is [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Tiruchirappalli]], also known as the Cathedral of the Mother of Good Health.

==History==
* 1606: Established as [[Mission “sui iuris”]] of Madura from the [[Diocese of Cochin]]
* 1773: Suppressed
* 1836: Restored as the [[Apostolic Vicariate]] of Madura and Coromandel Coast from the [[Diocese of São Tomé of Meliapore]]
* 1 September 1886: Promoted as Diocese of Madurai
* 7 June 1887: Renamed as Diocese of Trichinopoly
* 21 October 1950: Renamed as Diocese of Tiruchirapalli

==Special churches==
*[[Basilica of the Holy Redeemer, Tiruchirapalli]], a minor basilica

==Leadership==
[[File:Bishop Alexis Canoz.jpg|thumbnail|Alexis Canoz S.J., first bishop of Trichy.]]
[[File:Mgr Barthe116.jpg|thumbnail|Bishop [[Jean-Marie Barthe]], S.J., Second bishop of Tiruchirapalli]]
[[File:Bishop_Savarimuthu_Arokiaraj.jpg|thumbnail|Bishop [[Savarimuthu Arokiaraj]], Bishop of Tiruchirapalli]]

; Bishops of Tiruchirapalli
* [[Savarimuthu Arokiaraj]] (15 August 2021 - Incumbent)
* Apostolic Administrator of Tiruchirapalli - [[Devadass Ambrose Mariadoss]] (14 July 2018 - 15 August 2021)
* [[Antony Devotta]] (16 November 2000 – 14 July 2018)
* [[Gabriel Lawrence Sengol]] (6 October 1990 – 14 October 1997)
* [[Thomas Fernando]] (November 33, 1970 – 6 October 1990)
* [[James Mendonça]] (7 March 1938– 19 December 1970)
* [[John Peter Leonard]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (later Archbishop) (2 January 1936 – 8 January 1938)
* [[Ange-Auguste Faisandier]], S.J. (19 December 1913 – 24 September 1934)
* [[Jean-Marie Barthe]], S.J. (21 March 1890 – 19 December 1913)
* [[Alexis Canoz]], S.J. (7 June 1887 – 2 December 1888)
; Bishops of Madurai
* Alexis Canoz, S.J. (1 September 1886 – 7 June 1887)
; Vicars Apostolic of Madura and Coromandel Coast
* Alexis Canoz, S.J. (25 April 1846 – 1 September 1886)
* [[Clément Bonnand]], [[M.E.P.]] (3 October 1836 – 3 April 1850)
* [[Louis-Charles-Auguste Hébert]], M.E.P. (8 July 1836 – 3 October 1836)

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Servant of God Annammal Selvanayagam Pillai<ref name="CCBI">{{cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=17 October 2019}}</ref>
* Servant of God Rev. Fr. [[Antony Soosainather]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rosarians.in/priestly_ordination_fr.php |title=Rosarians |publisher=Rosarians.in |date= |accessdate=2020-02-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/tiru0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtiru.html Catholic Hierarchy]

{{coord|10.8047|N|78.6916|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiruchirapalli}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1600s]]
[[Category:1606 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Jalna Dry Port

2025-08-17T02:02:27Z

SimoneMarina699: Created A Details - done

{{Short description| Dry port in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox port
| name = Jalna Dry Port (Multi-Modal Logistic Park)
| image =
| caption = Multi Modal Logistic Park
| pushpin_map = India#Maharashtra
| location = [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Jalna
| coordinates = {{coord|19|50|59.3|N|75|48|47.1|E|display=inline}}
| built = 2024
| size = 500 Acre
| operated = [[Container Corporation of India]]
}}

'''Jalna dry port''' is a [[dry port]] (inland port) located near [[Jalna, Maharashtra]], India. It has been developed by [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]] (JNPT). The facility was inaugurated on 12 March 2024 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It will be operated and maintained by [[Container Corporation of India|CONCOR]]<ref name='DST1'>{{cite web|url=https://dst.news/news/concor-to-take-over-jalna-dry-port-operations/|title=CONCOR to take over dry port operations |work= Daily Shipping Times|date= 18 March 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>
National Highways Logistics Management Limited (NHLML) and JNPT have signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for the development of Multi-Modal Logistics Park (MMLP) at Jalna Dry Port in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1861169#|title=National Highways Logistics Management Limited & JNPT sign MoU for the development of Multi Modal Logistics Park (MMLP) at Jalna in Maharashtra |work= [[Press Information Bureau]]|date= 21 September 2024 |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>

The dry port is expected to operate as one of the largest major container ports of India with an upcoming container handling capacity of almost 10 million Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit ([[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]]). As announced earlier, [[JNPT]] envisaged the need to establish extended logistic facilities in the hinterland to facilitate the overall operations at the port.future. Geographically strategic locations of [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]] and [[Aurangabad]] for Jalna dry port along with [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway|Delhi - Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project]] and [[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway]] Samrudhhi Mahamarg would make these cities "growth engines" of Maharashtra in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/dry-port-near-jalna-to-be-ready-by-end-of-2021-danve/articleshow/80912373.cms|title= Dry Port - Jalna: Update|website= [[The Times of India]]|date = 15 February 2021}}</ref>

==History==
In 2014, Union Transport Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] revealed that the government was looking to set up [[Marathwada]]'s first dry port on 500 acres of land between Aurangabad and Jalna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/Regions-first-dry-port-to-come-up-at-Aurangabad-Jalna-road/articleshow/39905606.cms|title=Region's first dry port to come up at Aurangabad-Jalna road |work=Times of India|author=|date=9 August 2014|publisher=|access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref>
The Port was to be developed on private-public partnership basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/jnpt-to-float-tenders-to-develop-jalna-dry-port/article9448057.ece|title=JNPT to float tenders to develop Jalna dry port|author=|date=28 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=4 July 2018}}</ref>
JNPT appointed [[Ernst & Young]] as consultants to prepare a detailed project report (DPR) for the project in 2015. 185 hectares of land had been acquired at the cost of Rs. 88 Crores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/JNPT-hires-consultant-to-make-Jalna-dry-port-project-report/articleshow/50336952.cms|title=JNPT hires consultant to make Jalna dry port project report |author=Sanjay Banerjee|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 December 2015|access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/2018/02/18/pm-modi-inaugurates-phase-i-of-rs-7900-crore-fourth-container-terminal-at-jnpt|title=PM Modi Inaugurates Phase-I Of Rs 7,900-Crore Fourth Container Terminal At JNPT|author=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=4 July 2018}}</ref>
In June 2018, during the then Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]]' trip to the UAE to attract investments to Maharashtra, Dubai-based [[DP World]] agreed to invest in logistics parks in Nagpur and develop logistics hubs along the transport corridor from JNPT to the interiors by nursing dry ports of Wardha, Jalna, Nasik and Sangli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/uae-to-invest-in-maharashtra-infra-projects/story/278933.html|title=UAE to invest in Maharashtra infra projects- Business News|author=|date=11 June 2018|website=www.businesstoday.in|accessdate=4 July 2018}}</ref> Fadnavis had mentioned that the government’s sanction for a dry port at Jalna district would enable expeditious movement of goods to JNPT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aurangabad-jalna-have-emerged-as-states-industrial-magnet-devendra-fadnavis-5163993/|title=Aurangabad, Jalna have emerged as state's industrial magnet: Devendra Fadnavis|author=|date=5 May 2018|publisher=|accessdate=4 July 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalna district topics}}

[[Category:Dry ports]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalna district]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalna]]

Romanov (vodka)

2025-08-16T13:52:17Z

SimoneMarina699: updated references additionally

{{Short description|Indian brand of vodka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = Romanov
| logo = [[File:Romanov indianvodka.png|240 px]]
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Vodka]]
| abv = 42.8%
| proof = 75
| manufacturer = [[United Spirits]] (USL)
| origin = India
| introduced =
| discontinued =
| colour = Colourless
| flavour =
| ingredients = Grain
| variants = {{hlist|Premium|Green Apple|Orange|Lemon}}
| related = [[White Mischief (liquor)|White Mischief]]
| website =
}}

'''Romanov''' is a brand of vodka manufactured and marketed by [[United Spirits]], a subsidiary of [[United Breweries Group]]. The brand derives its name from the [[Romanov]] dynasty that ruled the [[Russian Empire]] from 1612 to 1917. It has a two-star rating from the [[International Taste and Quality Institute]]. It contains 42.8% alcohol by volume.<ref name=BusinessMapsOfIndia1>{{cite web|url=http://business.mapsofindia.com/top-brands-india/vodka.html |title=Top 10 Vodka Brands in India |publisher=Business Maps of India |date= 15 January 2014 |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldblaze.in/top-10-popular-vodka-brands-in-india/ |title=Top 10 Popular Vodka Brands in India owner of romanov is sunil solanki from india. |publisher=WorldGate |date=1 November 2014 |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itqi.com |title=International taste and Quality Institute}}</ref>

==Variants==
Romanov comes in four flavours:<ref name=BusinessMapsOfIndia1/>
* Premium
* Orange
* Lemon
* Apple

Romanov Red is another brand name owned by USL, used for marketing vodka as well as non-alcoholic [[energy drink]]s.<ref name=BusinessStandard1>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/united-spirits-enters-non-alcoholic-drinks-category-with-romanov-110022100001_1.html |title=United Spirits enters non-alcoholic drinks category with Romanov |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=21 February 2010 |access-date=2 May 2015|last1=Sindhu |first1=Seema }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-united-spirits-plans-energy-drinks-under-romanov-red-brand-1247267 |title=United spirits plans energy drinks under Romanov red brand|work=[[DNA|Daily News and Analysis]] |date=13 May 2009 |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref>

==Sales==
{{Update|section|date=March 2023}}

Romanov is one of the cheapest vodkas available in India, and thus it is popular in low-cost clubs and with college students. Along with [[White Mischief (liquor)|White Mischief]], Romanov controls 70% of India's domestic market for vodka,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Now-its-the-turn-of-diet-vodka/articleshow/2105162.cms |title=Now it's turn of the diet Vodka |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=7 June 2007 |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> which increased to 89% in 2010.<ref name=BusinessStandard1/> From 2008 to 2017, sales of Romanov's unflavoured vodkas decreased by more than 50%, while flavoured vodka sales increased more than tenfold.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govind |first=Deepti |date=23 October 2018 |title=Magic Moments dominance gives Smirnoff, others a hangover |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/cImn0AhinQmPQEn3Y42i1H/Magic-Moments-dominance-gives-Smirnoff-others-a-hangover.html |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=mint}}</ref>

==Gallery==
[[File:Romanov premiumvodka.gif|none|thumb|Romanov Premium Vodka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Alcoholic drinks}}{{Vodkas}}
{{United Spirits}}
{{Vodkas}}

[[Category:Vodka brands]]
[[Category:Indian drink brands]]
[[Category:Indian vodkas]]
[[Category:United Spirits brands]]

Vikram Verma

2025-08-11T05:29:49Z

SimoneMarina699: quick rework details based on references and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =Vikram Verma.jpg
| name = Vikram Verma
| caption=Vikram Verma in 2004
| residence = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx|title=Members Page|website=164.100.47.5|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|1|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dharampuri]], [[Central India Agency]], [[British India]]
| office=[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]], [[Government of India]]
| termstart=26 August 2002
| termend=13 May 2004
| primeminister= [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| succeeded=[[Sunil Dutt]]
| office2 =[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency2 =[[Madhya Pradesh]]
| termstart2 =April 2000
| termend2 =April 2012
| spouse=[[Neena Verma]]
| party= [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| nationality = Indian
}}

'''Vikram Verma''' (born 23 January 1944) is an Indian politician and a leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) from Dhar, [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He formerly served as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) in the [[Rajya Sabha]]. He also served as a [[Minister (government)|Minister]] in the [[Government of India]] for [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth and Sports Affairs]] from 2002 to 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx|title=Members Page|website=164.100.47.5|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Verma was born in a [[Jat]] family of Kharagdaniya gotra in village Dharampuri of [[Dhar]] district in Madhya Pradesh. His father is Ganpat Singh Verma. He married [[Neena Verma]] on 22 June 1978. Neena is a [[Member of the legislative assembly]] (MLA) from Dhar, Indore. They have three daughters. His eldest daughter is married to the elder son of [[Sahib Singh Verma]], former [[Chief Minister of Delhi]].

==Education==
Verma did his primary education in [[Dharampuri]] village. He graduated from Christian College, [[Indore]]. He received his M.A. (Hindi & Political Science) from Indore Christian College, Indore. He completed LL.B. from Indore Christian College, Indore.

== Corruption allegations ==
On 17 July 2015,an Indian [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information]] (RTI) activist, lodged a complaint against Verma which was never proved.

==Political career==
*He was president of the students' union in his college life.
*1969-72 : he remained chairman of Dharampuri Municipality.
*1977-80 : he was first time elected member of state assembly and appointed parliamentary secretary.
*1980-85, Member, [[Legislative Assembly]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and was Pradesh mantri of Bhartiya Janta Party.
*1989-93 Cabinet Minister, School Education, Higher Education, Sports, Culture, Government of Madhya Pradesh.
*1990-93 and 1993-98 1978-80 Parliament Secretary, Education, Sports and Youth Welfare, Government of Madhya Pradesh
* 1993-98 Leader of the Opposition, Legislative Assembly, Madhya Pradesh
* August 2002-04 Union Cabinet Minister of youth affairs and sports, Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] in [[Third Vajpayee Ministry]]
*2006 Re-elected to [[Rajya Sabha]]
* 2007- Appointed National Vice President of Bharatiya Janata Party<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/vikram-verma-named-new-bjp-vice-president_1009836.html|title=Vikram Verma named new BJP Vice President|website=Thaindian News|access-date=18 May 2009|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175719/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/vikram-verma-named-new-bjp-vice-president_1009836.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
Verma won several awards in national level debates in Literature and participated in literary and socio-cultural activities.{{cn|date=May 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Vikram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Dhar]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1990–1992]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Vaman Narayan Joshi

2025-07-05T17:58:07Z

SimoneMarina699: Info

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter (1889 – 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vaman Narayan Joshi
| birth_date = 1889
| birth_place = Samsherapur, [[Akole]] tehsil, [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1964|01|14|1889}}
| death_place =
| other_names = Daji
| nationality =
| occupation = Freedom fighter, revolutionary
| known_for = Involvement in the assassination of [[A. M. T. Jackson]]
| organization =
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| criminal_charge =
| criminal_penalty = [[Life imprisonment]]
}}

'''Vaman Narayan Joshi''' (also spelled as '''Waman Narayan Joshi''') (1889 {{En dash}} 14 January 1964) also known as '''Daji''' was an Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary from [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lecture on freedom fighters held under 'Gamak' series |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/lecture-on-freedom-fighters-held-under----gamak----series.html |publisher=[[Daily Pioneer]] |date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Vaman Narayan Joshi |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?25024 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture}}</ref> He is known for his involvement in the assassination of [[Nashik]]'s district collector, [[A. M. T. Jackson]], as Joshi trained [[Anant Laxman Kanhere]], who carried out the killing of Jackson.<ref>{{cite news |title=क्रांतिकारक वामन नारायण जोशी |url=https://www.mahamtb.com/Encyc/2023/5/9/swatantrata-senani-Vaman-Narayan.html |publisher=[[Tarun Bharat]] |date=9 May 2023 |language=Marathi}}</ref> Following Jackson's assassination, Joshi was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment. He became a prominent figure in the revolutionary movements of his time.<ref name=Hindi>{{cite news |last1=Neel Rajput |title=अंडमान की सेल्युलर जेल की दीवारें हैं वामन नारायण जोशी के संघर्ष की गवाह |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-walls-of-cellular-jail-in-andaman-witness-to-the-struggle-of-waman-narayan-joshi-22266933.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=5 December 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=क्रांतिकारी वामन नारायण जोशी (दाजी काका) |url=https://www.mahamtb.com/Encyc/2021/5/27/article-on-kalajayi-savarkar-published-by-mumbai-tarun-bharat-revolutionary-vaman-narayan-joshi-daji.html |publisher=[[Tarun Bharat]] |date=27 May 2021 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Joshi was born into a poor family in 1889 in the village of Samsherapur in the [[Akole]] tehsil of [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]]. After his father's death, Joshi and his elder brother resorted to begging to support their family due to severe financial difficulties.<ref name=Hindi/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sharayu Prakash Kulkarani |title=Andamaanat Kaalyaapaanyachi Shiksha Bhogalele Kraantikaarak Vaman Narayan Joshi (Daaji) |publisher=Karnala Charitable Trust |pages=64 |url=https://www.bookganga.com/eBooks/Books/details/4948497152862278756}}</ref> He worked as a teacher in a Panchayat Union school.<ref>{{cite book |author1=D.G. Hariprasath |author2=S. Padmavathi |title=Mahatma Gandhi Assassination: J.L. Kapur Commission Report - Part - 2 |date=17 January 2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781946436375 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znjpDQAAQBAJ&dq=Daaji+Narayan+Joshi&pg=PT225}}</ref>

== Role in the Independence movement ==
At the age of 15, he took a pledge to boycott foreign goods, a commitment he upheld throughout his life. In 1907, when he was in [[Nashik]], he became actively involved in revolutionary organisations such as Mitra Mela and [[Abhinav Bharat]], founded by [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]].<ref name=Hindi/>

Joshi played a major role in the assassination of [[Arthur Mason Tippetts Jackson]], the British collector of Nasik. He trained [[Anant Laxman Kanhere]] for the assassination, orchestrating the plan that led to Jackson's death.<ref name=Hindi/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nambyar |first=P. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvZRIHwQDtwC&dq=vaman+narayan+joshi&pg=PA848 |title=Index of Cases Judicially Noticed |date=1905 |publisher=Prince |language=en}}</ref>

He provided firearms training to Anant Kanhere and assisted him in identifying Jackson for the assassination. Joshi drafted the entire assassination plan in a letter, sending it to Kanhere at his residence in [[Aurangabad]]. Upon comprehending the plan from Joshi's letter, Kanhere tore it into fragments and disposed of them in a corner of the room. Later, the British authorities reconstructed the 28 torn pieces of this letter and presented them as evidence against Vaman Narayan Joshi in court.<ref name=Hindi/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XhFAQAAMAAJ&dq=vaman+narayan+joshi&pg=PA679 |title=Allahabad Law Journal |date=1906 |publisher=Indian Press |language=en}}</ref>

== Imprisonment ==
On 29 December 1909, Vaman Narayan Joshi was arrested for his involvement in the assassination of Jackson. He was taken from his ancestral home in Samsherapur in handcuffs and ropes. Despite a search of the house, nothing incriminating was found. British authorities paraded him before the public, marching him 40 kilometres from Samsherapur to Nasik to instill fear among the people.<ref name=Hindi/>

In Nasik Jail, Joshi faced brutal treatment for several days by a police sub-inspector named Ali Khan. He was offered leniency in exchange for confessing to the crime and implicating his fellow revolutionaries, particularly mentioning [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]. However, Joshi bravely faced the torture and calmly stated, "I accept death, but I will not disclose any information about my comrades."<ref name=Hindi/>

In 1918, he was transferred from [[Cellular Jail]] to [[Yerwada Jail]] in [[Pune]], where he was kept for four years and subjected to unbearable hardships, including forced labour, before his release in 1922. After serving his sentence, Joshi returned to his village and found his family scattered and facing continued harassment from British authorities.<ref name=Hindi/>

== Death ==
Vaman Narayan Joshi died on 14 January 1964.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vaman Narayan Joshi |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?25024# |publisher=Amritmahotsav |date=4 October 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Aggarwal |first=Som Nath |title=The Cellular Jail in Our Freedom Struggle |publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-9350071434 |language=English}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Vinayak Narayan}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

Gyaraspur

2025-06-28T05:25:41Z

SimoneMarina699: slightly improved section for clarity also and corrected details per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gyaraspur
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
{{multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 290
|image_style =
|perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Maladevi Temple Gyaraspur facade.jpg
| caption1 = [[Maladevi Temple]]
| image2 = Bhairavnath2.jpg
| caption2 = A [[Bhairava|Bhairavnath]] sculpture from Gyaraspur (dated to 9-10th century)
}}
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|40|N|78|6|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vidisha district|Vidisha]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = Gyaraspur
| seat_type = gram panchayat
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =BJP
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =11
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =2.7
| area_water_percent =
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| elevation_m =
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| population_total = 7000
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 466661
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gyaraspur''' is a town in the [[Vidisha district]], Madhya Pradesh, India. It is also the headquarters of a tehsil of the same name.<ref>{{cite book | title = Reports of National Panchayat Directory | url = http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=4043&parenttype=B&ptype=V | accessdate = 2011-11-04 | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj }}</ref>

== History ==

Gyaraspur was of considerable importance in [[medieval India]]. The place has several ruins of several old Hindu, Jain and Buddhist places of worship. These include Maladevi Temple, Hindola Torna and the Bajramath Surya Temple.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vidisha.nic.in/tourism/tour_2.htm | title = Places to visit in Gyaraspur | publisher = Collectorate, Vidisha | accessdate = 2011-11-04 | archive-date = 16 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181016012340/http://vidisha.nic.in/tourism/tour_2.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Somerset_states">{{cite book | title = Indian states: a biographical, historical, and administrative survey |author1=Somerset Playne |author2=R. V. Solomon |author3=J. W. Bond |author4=Arnold Wright | editor = Arnold Wright | edition = illustrated, reprint | publisher = Asian Educational Services | year = 1922 | isbn = 978-81-206-1965-4 | page = 57 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per [[Census of India 2011]] Gyaraspur town has population of 6,271 of which 3,242 are males while 3,029 are females. Total 1,354 families residing in the town.<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/481646-gyaraspur-madhya-pradesh.html</ref>

==Administration==
Gyaraspur is a Tehsil headquarter and total 117 villages in the tehsil. <ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/madhyapradesh/admin/vidisha/03577__gyaraspur/</ref> A Police Station and a Community Hospital is in the tehsil.

== Transport ==
Gyaraspur is located near [[Vidisha]] (38 km) and [[Sanchi]] (48km). [[Udaipura]], famous for its heritage temples, can be reached via [[Gulabganj]] and basoda.

==Topography==
Gyaraspur lies in a gorge of some low steep hills, at distance of about 38.4 km north-east from the district headquarters town Vidisha. The place is situated on the old highway road [[Bhopal]] to [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh |Sagar]]. Buses ply on the road.

==Sites==
The extensive ruins, scattered in and around the Tehsil, narrate the story of glory that was Gyaraspur in the late ancient and early medieval times. These ruins indicate that the place has passed through the influence of Buddhism, Brahmanism and Jainism.

Some key sites include:

#[[Maladevi Temple]] (Jain): This temple is quite picturesquely situated on the slope of a hill overlooking the valley. Located on a huge platform cut out of the hillside and strengthened by a massive retaining wall, Maladevi temple is in fact imposing and stupendous building. It comprise an entrance-porch, a hall and a shrine surrounded by a circumambulatory passage and crowned with a lofty Shikara all covered with rich carving. Though now Jain images occupy the shrine room and hall, a figure of a goddess occupying the dedicatory block on the outer door frame and other decorative sculptures probably indicate that the temple was originally dedicated to some hindu goddess and it was subsequently appropriated by the Jains.
#Hindola Torna: It is one of the 'Toranas' or ornamental entrance arches leading to a large temple either of [[Vishnu]] or of [[Trimurti]]. Hindola means a swing, and this tarana with its two upright pillars and cross-beam has a truly connotative name. All the four sides of the two lofty pillars are carved into panels with insets of the ten incarnations of Vishnu.
#[[Bajramath Temple]] (Jain): The bajramath is a fine example of a very rare class of temples with three shrines or cells placed abreast. All these shrines now occupied by Jain idols belonging to the [[Digambara]] sect. More precisely the central shrine was dedicated to Surya, the southern to Vishnu and the northern to Siva. The carving of the doorway is exceptionally fine and vigorous. The Shikara of the temple is unusual in its plan and design.
#Dekhinath / Dhaikinath stupa (Buddhist), a Buddhist [[stupa]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=ZTt7jZmFXIJ6PdSO&v=kElMc3DWxIs&feature=youtu.be |title=The origin of Japanese two world mandala {{!}} SOAS University of London |date=2019-05-07 |last=Tanaka, Kimiaki |access-date=2024-09-25 |via=YouTube}}</ref> It is found to the west of Gyaraspur. It was in ruins and was partially restored. It stands on a large platform and has four niches which had a Buddha statue in each but now stand empty. The damaged statues are now at an [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] storage room for this site. The stupa is a hemispherical dome of about 10 meter diameter, standing on a 2.75 high platform (berm) with cardinal projections .A Buddhist inscription in a 9th to 10th century script found here helps date the site. This is notable as it is further confirmation that Buddhism was thriving in north Madhya Pradesh at around the 10th century.
#Athakamba Temple, a 9th century [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] temple

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" height="150px" perrow="3" align="center">
File:Gyaraspur, Maladevi-Tempel (1999).jpg|[[Maladevi Temple]]
File:Gyaraspur, Maladevi-Tempel, Detail (1999).jpg|[[Maladevi Temple]]
File:Gyaraspur, Hindola-Torana (1999).jpg|Hindola Torana
File:0112521 Dhaikinath Buddhist Stupa, Gyaraspur, Madhya Pradesh 02.jpg|Path to the Dhaikinath Stupa
File:0112521 Dhaikinath Buddhist Stupa, Gyaraspur, Madhya Pradesh 04.jpg|Dhaikinath Buddhist Stupa
File:Athakamba Temple N-MP-279 (32).jpg|Athakamba Temple
File:Athakamba Temple N-MP-279 (10).jpg|Athakamba Temple
File:Athakamba Temple N-MP-279 (8).jpg|Athakamba Temple
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Vidisha district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Vidisha district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Vidisha district]]

Bahlika (king)

2025-06-17T17:38:15Z

SimoneMarina699:

{{Short description|King in a Sanskrit epic}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{langr|sa-Latn|Bahlika|cat=no}} (king)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| image = File:Vidura confers Dhritarashtra.jpg
| caption = Pahari miniature depicting Bahlika (leftmost, in ivory garments) in a conference before [[Kurukshetra war]]
| family = {{bulleted list|[[Pratipa]] (father)|Sunanda (mother)|[[Devapi]], [[Shantanu]] (brothers)}}
| children = {{bulleted list|Somadatta (son)|[[Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Rohini]] (daughter)}}
| relatives = {{bulleted list|[[Bhurishravas]] (grandson)|[[Bhishma]] (nephew)}}
| info-hdr = Information
}}
'''{{langr|sa-Latn|Bahlika}}''' ({{Langx|sa|बाह्लिक}}), also spelled '''{{langr|sa-Latn|Vahlika}}''' or '''{{langr|sa-Latn|Balhika}}''', was a king of the [[Bahlikas|Bahlika kingdom]] mentioned in [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]], most notably the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He was the second son of King [[Pratipa]] of the [[Lunar dynasty]] and the elder brother of [[Shantanu]], who later became the king of [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru Kingdom]] and the father of [[Bhishma]]. Bahlika was also a prominent elder of the Kaurava lineage and participated in the events leading up to and during the [[Kurukshetra War]].

==Biography==
[[File:EpicIndia.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Bahlika Kingdom alongside other locations of kingdoms and republics mentioned in the Indian epics or [[Bharata Khanda]]]]

===Accession to the throne===

Bahlika was the second of the three sons of [[Pratipa]] and his wife Sunanda, the king and queen of [[Hastinapur]]a. With his eldest son [[Devapi]] set to inherit, Pratipa gifted some newly-conquered land (though in some versions of the story, this is the land [[Jarasandha]] gifted Bahlika for agreeing not to join [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala]] in a war against [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]])<ref>Purwadi. Mahabharata. Yogyakarta: Media Abadi, 2004. Print.</ref> to his second son; the land was given the name Bahlika as a result. However, due to leprosy, Pratipa's eldest son Devapi refused to ascend the throne and retired into the woods to perform [[penance]]. Shantanu then became the crown prince and upon Pratipa's death became the king of Hastinapura, with Bahlika's blessing.<ref>Muir, J. Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India, Their Religion and Institutions, by J. Muir. New Delhi: Oriental Publishers and Distributors, 1976. Print.</ref>

=== Family ===
Bahlika had a son named Somadatta, who in turn had several sons, including [[Bhurishravas]], Bhuri, and Shala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Puranic_Encyclopedia/mvXsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |language=en}}</ref> According to ''[[Harivaṃśa|Harivamsha]]'', He also had a daughter—Pauravi (also called [[Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Rohini]])—who married [[Vasudeva]] of the [[Yadava]] clan. Rohini is identified as the mother of [[Balarama]] and [[Subhadra]]. Pauravi's sons included Avagaha and Nandaka. Somadatta's daughter was married to the king of Kashi, Abhibhu, who later fought on the Kaurava side during the Kurukshetra War.

===Before the Kurukshetra War===

Bahlika was present at significant events in the Kuru dynasty, including the demonstration of martial skills by the Kuru princes and the coronation of [[Yudhishthira]] as crown prince. During the ''[[Rajasuya|Rajasuya yajna]]'' of Yudhishthira, Bahlika acknowledged his authority and presented him with a golden chariot. He also attended the infamous dice game that led to the Pandavas' exile.<ref>{{cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 4 |date=June 2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |pages=810, 790}}</ref>

Later, Bahlika sought to dissuade both the [[Kaurava|Kauravas]] and the [[Pandava|Pandavas]] from engaging in war, advocating for peace among the Bharatas. However, once hostilities commenced, he aligned himself with the Kauravas.<ref name=":0" />

===During the Kurukshetra War===

Bahlika and his kingdom fought on the side of Duryodhana during the war. [[Bhishma]] considered him to be an ''Atirathi''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |date=June 2015 |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 4 |publisher=Penguin UK |page=827}}</ref> On the first day, Bahlika fought against [[Dhrishtaketu]]. On the ninth day, [[Bhima]] destroyed Bahlika's chariot; however, he was saved by [[Laxman Kumara|Lakshmana Kumara]]. On the thirteenth day, he participated in the killing of [[Abhimanyu]] (he is not mentioned as an active participant, and is assumed to be a silent bystander). On the fourteenth day, he fought against the [[Upapandavas]] and [[Shikhandi]], simultaneously, resisting them.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Kisari |title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/index.htm  |access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

===Death===

On the fourteenth day of the war, Bahlika slew [[Senavindu]]. Afterwards, [[Satyaki]] battled Bahlika's son [[Somadatta]] and knocked him unconscious with his arrows. Furious, Bahlika rushed to his son's aid, only to be counter-checked by Bhima. Bahlika struck Bhima with a dart that made him delirious. Upon recovering his senses, Bhima hurled a mace at Bahlika's head, killing him.

The war would extinguish Bahlika's line. His only child and heir, Somadatta, as well as Somadatta's oldest son, [[Bhurishravas]], were killed by [[Satyaki]]. In the Chatahurdi compilation, Bhurishravas's nine interpolated brothers die as well.<ref name="autogenerated1">Ganguli, Kisari Mohan. The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose by Kisari Mohan Ganguli.</ref> Bhurishravas's two sons, Pratipa and Prajanya, were killed by Abhimanyu on the thirteenth day of the war.

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

St. Aloysius Institute of Technology

2025-05-07T14:34:37Z

SimoneMarina699: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[St. Aloysius, Mangaluru]]

Baadrayal

2025-04-23T21:26:59Z

SimoneMarina699: cleaned up citations per standard format and added references to improve readability

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baadrayal
| other_name = Badhrayal
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|36|0|N|76|54|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Sawai Madhopur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 322220
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = RJ25
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Gangapur City]], [[Sawai Madhopur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
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| footnotes =
}}

'''Baadrayal''' or '''Badhrayal''' is a village in [[Gangapur City]], [[Sawai Madhopur]] district in the state of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=37396&rlbtype=V |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224142614/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=37396&rlbtype=V |archive-date=24 February 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Baadrayal is located near to the main railway line from Delhi to Mumbai, accessed via Kota on the rail path from [[New Delhi]].<ref name="indiarailinfo">{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/3208|title=Khandip Railway Station Map/Atlas WCR/West Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|first=Nikhil|last=Rokdiya|website=indiarailinfo.com|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref>

The nearest airport is Sanganer Airport in Jaipur and the nearest railway stations are Shri Mahabirji railway station and [[Khandip]] railway station. Most of the area in the village is used for agriculture. The whole village is dependent on [[ground water]] as its only source of water. The village is known in nearby areas for a temple, Dhuni. The nearby villages are Rendayal, Gujar, Mohcha Ka Pura, and Nayagaon.

== Water ==
Most of the resources are Deep Tubewells which are dependent on ground water{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}. Baadrayal is also the part of chambal SawaiMadhopur nadauti project SawaiMadhopur baler schemes{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sawai Madhopur district]]

{{Bharatpurdivision-geo-stub}}

DD Sikkim

2025-02-22T18:21:19Z

SimoneMarina699: started data

{{Short description|Doordarshan TV channel in Gangtok, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
|network_name = Doordarshan Sikkim
|network_logo = 
|country = India
|network_type = [[Terrestrial television|Terrestrial]] and [[satellite television|satellite]] [[television network]]
|available = India and parts of Asia, China and Gulf countries.
|owner = [[Prasar Bharati]]
|launch_date = 2003
|founder = [[Government of India]]
|past_names = Doordarshan Kendra Gangtok
|headquarters = [[Gangtok]]
|website = [http://www.ddindia.gov.in/AboutDD/Pages/Do..]
}}
'''DD Sikkim''' is a state owned television channel telecasting from [[Doordarshan]]. The station broadcasts from a 30-mile radius transmitter coming out of [[Gangtok]] and delivers local programming for about one hour and 15 minutes on weekdays.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNSTARRED QUESTION NO:1749 ANSWERED ON:04.12.2012 COMMISSIONING OF GANGTOK DDK |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/630067/1/130505.pdf |date=2012}}</ref> A 15-minute news bulletin from the Guwahati studios is also shown. Most of its local programming is carried in the [[Nepali language]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Silver Screen |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/Indian_Silver_Screen/Ncg7EAAAQBAJ |access-date=5 January 2025 |date=2021 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of programs broadcast by DD National]]
* [[All India Radio]]
* [[Prasar Bharati|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
* [[DD Direct Plus]]
* [[List of South Asian television channels by country]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726051932/http://www.ddindia.gov.in/ Doordarshan Official Internet site]
* [http://www.ddinews.gov.in/ Doordarshan news site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120414015108/http://passionforcinema.com/doordarshan-down-memory-lane An article at PFC]

{{CATV}}
{{Terrestrial television channels of India}}

[[Category:Doordarshan]]
[[Category:Foreign television channels broadcasting in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1998]]
[[Category:Indian direct broadcast satellite services]]
[[Category:Mass media in Sikkim]]