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O. Jothi

2026-05-07T02:32:42Z

Simonaa:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = O. Jothi
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 6 May 2026
| constituency = [[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = Dusi. K. Mohan
| successor = [[Mukkur N. Subramanian]]
}}

'''O. Jothi''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055606/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC068.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC068.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=cheyyar Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a068|access-date= 30 Apr 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tiruvannamalai.nic.in/elected-representatives/ |access-date=30 Apr 2022|title=Elected Representatives, Thiruvannamalai District |website=www.tiruvannamalai.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430152135/https://tiruvannamalai.nic.in/elected-representatives/|archive-date=30 Apr 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||51.27% || Dusi. K. Mohan|| [[ADMK]] || 39.81%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jothi, O}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Reyat Hossain Sarkar

2026-05-06T16:26:59Z

Simonaa: Started Basic Pg Basic Info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption = Dev at the [[53rd International Film Festival of India]] in [[Goa]]
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Bhagabangola Assembly constituency|Bhagabangola]]
| predecessor = [[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]
}}
'''Reyat Hossain Sarkar''' is an Indian politician from the [[Trinamool Congress]] and member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhagabangola Assembly constituency|Bhagabangola constituency]] of [[Murshidabad district]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title= Bye Election to Assembly Constituencies: Results June-2024|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S2562.htm |work=ECI |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=TMC MLAs Sayantika Banerjee, Reyat Hossain Sarkar take oath in West Bengal Legislative Assembly |url= https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/tmc-mlas-sayantika-banerjee-reyat-hossain-sarkar-take-oath-in-west-bengal-legislative-assembly20240705163434/|work= ANI|location= |access-date=2024-11-06}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Reyat}}
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

Special Intensive Revision

2026-05-06T09:55:59Z

Simonaa: put up new entry

{{short description|Process of reorganizing electoral voter rolls in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Special Intensive Revision
| native_name = SIR
| seal_width = 150
| picture = The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) of India, Shri Gyanesh Kumar addressing a Press Conference by Election Commission of India at Vigyan Bhawan, in New Delhi on October 27, 2025 (1).jpg
| picture_caption = CEC Gyanesh Kumar announcing the nationwide SIR process (October 2025)
| jurisdiction = Government of India
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| parent_agency = [[Election Commission of India]] [[Government of India]]
| formed = 1952 (first intensive revision)
| website = {{URL|https://eci.gov.in}}
| chief1_name = [[Gyanesh Kumar]]
| chief1_position = Chief Election Commissioner of India
| agency_type = Electoral roll revision programme
| status = Active
}}
'''Special Intensive Revision''' or the '''SIR''' is an exercise undertaken by the [[Election Commission of India]] to verify and revise electoral rolls through house to house enumeration, pre-filled forms, and verification of old voter data.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-28 |title=Special Intensive Revision (SIR): Why is it important? Why ECI is doing it now and what you need to do |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/special-intensive-revision-sir-why-it-matters-and-what-to-do-10390743/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The SIR aims to ensure that electoral rolls across India are accurate, by eliminating the names of deceased, permanently shifted, duplicate & non-citizen voters, while ensuring that eligible citizens are not left out.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-07 |title=Election Commission may roll out pan-India special electoral roll revision this month |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/election-commission-may-roll-out-pan-india-special-electoral-roll-revision-this-month/articleshow/123742991.cms |access-date=2026-04-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The nationwide SIR process was announced on 27 October 2025 by the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]] [[Gyanesh Kumar]] from [[Vigyan Bhawan]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/26/eci-set-to-announce-schedule-for-nationwide-sir|title=EC to announce nationwide SIR schedule on Monday; first phase to cover Bengal, Kerala, TN|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pan-india-sir-election-commission-presser-today-10-15-states-to-be-covered-in-first-phase/articleshow/124836983.cms|title=Pan-India SIR: ECI to announce first phase dates on Monday; 10-15 states to be covered|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SIR: India's voter roll revision is worrying migrant workers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jrzgn0nj9o |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=24 November 2025 |date=24 November 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
Article 324 of [[Constitution of India]] and Section 21 (3) of Representation of the People Act, 1950, ECI has the power to revise the electoral rolls across the country in any state without prior permission from any authority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ec-asserts-authority-over-sir-timing-tells-sc-it-has-complete-discretion-on-electoral-roll-revisions-10247799/#:~:text=It%20further%20said%20that%20Section,apparent%20that%20the%20obligation%20to|work=[[The Indian Express|The Express]]|date=14 September 2025|access-date=29 September 2025|title=EC asserts authority over SIR timing, tells SC it has 'complete discretion' on electoral roll revisions}}</ref> ECI has conducted routine summary & intensive revisions, which were done annually until 1966, and then before each general election & bye-election following an amendment, as a measure to save resources. Intensive revisions were usually multi-year exercises covering most of India, these involved creation of a new electoral roll without reference to a past electoral roll based on house to house visits by enumerators. Meanwhile, summary revisions involved updating the electoral roll without any house to house enumeration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/kl-df-88hz-ls |title=Manual on Electoral Rolls |date=March 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |year= |pages=2-6, 48-50}}</ref>

However, starting in 2002, ECI decided to conduct a "special revision of intensive nature" where unlike a regular intensive revision, enumerators in addition to details of existing voters also had the ability to correct their details & add any new eligible voters, with this process continuing till 2004.<ref name=":2" />

=== Electoral roll revision in 2025 ===
In 2025, the ECI planned a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls ahead of the 2026 Assembly elections in [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]], [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam]], [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]], [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala]] and [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry]]. The Commission cited concerns that several voters in [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] were illegal immigrants from neighbouring [[Bangladesh]] who had obtained voter identity cards using dual documents. Political parties including the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] opposed the exercise, alleging that the ECI was favouring [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ahead of upcoming Assembly elections in different states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/opposition-mps-protest-march-from-parliament-house-to-eci-headquarters-bihar-sir-vote-chori-on-august-11-2025/article69919118.ece|title=Opposition protests against SIR, calls it 'vote theft' by government|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 August 2025|access-date=24 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-warns-poll-panel-bjp-over-sir-exercise-bengal-2800645-2025-10-09|title=Even British feared Bengal, Mamata Banerjee warns poll panel, BJP over SIR exercise|date=9 October 2025|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Following the demand from the opposition, the Modi government had agreed to hold a parliamentary debate on the disputed Special Intensive matter in winter session of the parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-30 |title=Opposition warns of Parliament disruption if SIR debate not allowed |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/politics/opposition-warns-of-parliament-disruption-if-sir-debate-not-allowed |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> Senior Congress MP [[Shashi Tharoor]] supported the SIR process nationwide, praising both ECI as well as the government for such move.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/poll-rolls-not-perfect-shashi-tharoor-backs-pan-india-sir-drifts-from-congress-stance-yet-again/articleshow/123758301.cms|title='Poll rolls not perfect': Shashi Tharoor backs pan-India SIR; drifts from Congress stand yet again|date=8 September 2025|access-date=29 September 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 4 November 2025, ECI formally launched Phase-II of SIR across 9 states and 3 union territories. The exercise covers about 51 crore electors across 321 districts and 1,843 Assembly constituencies.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SIR second phase begins in nine States, three U.T.s|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sir-20-begins-in-12-states-union-territories/article70240764.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2025-11-04|access-date=2025-12-01|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=Sreeparna Chakrabarty & Shiv Sahay|last=Singh}}</ref>

== Special Intensive Revision (SIR) phases ==

=== Phase I ===
The first phase of the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) was undertaken as an initial rollout in select States, with [[Bihar]] being the primary example. The exercise was conducted between June and September 2025. According to reports, approximately 47 lakh (4.7 million) electors were removed from the electoral rolls in the State following verification, representing around 5–6% of the total electorate.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Phase I (SIR)<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2025 |title=press release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2147413&utm_&reg=3&lang=2 |website=PIb}}</ref>
! Total Voters !! Revised Voters !! Reduction (%) !! States Covered !! U/T Covered !! Starting Date !! End Date
|-
| — || — || — || Limited (e.g. Bihar) || — || June 2025 || September 2025
|}

=== State-wise Statistics<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2025 |title=Bihar SIR |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2173316&lang=2&reg=3&utm_ |work=PIB |pages=-}}</ref> ===
{| class="wikitable"
! State !! Total Voters !! Revised Voters !! Voters deleted (absolute) !! Deletion (%)
|-
| Bihar || 7.89 crore || {{decrease}}7.42 crore || 47 lakh || 5.95%
|}

=== Phase II ===
The second phase of the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) was started on 27 October 2025, covered nine States and three Union Territories, including [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal]], among others. The exercise resulted in a reduction of approximately 10.2% in the total number of electors, bringing the count down from over 50.99 crore to 45.81 crore. In absolute terms, [[Uttar Pradesh]] recorded the highest net deletion of 2.04 crore voters, followed by [[West Bengal]] with 83.86 lakh. In percentage terms, [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] recorded the highest deletion at 16.6%, while [[Lakshadweep]] recorded the lowest deletion at 0.3% (181 voters).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-12 |title=Consolidated voters' list of 9 States and 3 UTs that underwent SIR Phase II trimmed by 10.2% |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/consolidated-voters-list-of-9-states-and-3-uts-that-underwent-sir-phase-ii-trimmed-by-102/article70853877.ece |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As per the [[Election Commission of India]], a total of approximately 91 lakh Voters (Not in absolute terms) electors were removed from the electoral rolls in [[West Bengal]] since October 2025, while around 2.04 crore(Not in absolute terms) names were deleted in Uttar Pradesh following the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) process conducted between October 2025 to April 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mint |title=sir west bengal |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/91-lakh-voters-deleted-in-sir-hindus-hit-in-numbers-muslims-in-proportion-what-s-happening-in-west-bengal-mamata-11775796829202.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2026 |title=U.P S.I.R |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly/over-two-crore-names-deleted-as-final-list-released-in-up-sir-exercise/article70848253.ece |work=The Hindu |page=1}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Phase II (SIR)<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2025 |title=Press Release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2186480&reg=3&lang=2 |website=PTi}}</ref>
!Total Voters
!Revised Voters(Absolute Numbers)
!Reduction (in%)
!States Covered
!U/T Covered
!Starting Date
!End Date
|-
|50.99 crore
|{{decrease}}45.81 crore
|10.2%
|9
|3
|27 October,2025
|04 December,2025
|}
[[File:SIR phase 2 14 april India.png|thumb|S.I.R Phase-II States]]

=== State-wise statistics ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! State/UT
!Total Voters
(before draft list)
!Revised
Voters

(final roll)
! Voters deleted (absolute\net)
! Change(%)
|-
| Uttar Pradesh<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2026 |title=U.P SIR |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly/over-two-crore-names-deleted-as-final-list-released-in-up-sir-exercise/article70848253.ece?utm_ |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|15.44 crore
|13.39 crore{{decrease}}
| ~2.05 crore
| -13.21%
|-
| West Bengal
|7.69 crore
|6.86 crore{{decrease}}
| -83.86 Lakh<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-12 |title=Consolidated voters’ list of 9 States and 3 UTs that underwent SIR Phase II trimmed by 10.2% |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/consolidated-voters-list-of-9-states-and-3-uts-that-underwent-sir-phase-ii-trimmed-by-102/article70853877.ece |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> {{efn|Based on the reported deletion of 83.86 lakh voters, representing 10.9% of the electorate, the total number of voters before the revision is estimated to be approximately 7.69 crore, with the revised electorate at around 6.86 crore.}}
| -10.9%
|-
| Gujarat<ref>{{Cite news |last=india |first=Ndtv |date=21 Feb 2026 |title=SIR Gujarat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sir-done-in-6-states-68-lakh-voters-deleted-in-gujarat-highest-in-country-11118087?utm_source=chatgpt.com |work=NDTV}}</ref>
|5.08 crore
|4.40crore{{decrease}}
| -68 Lakh
| -14.5%
|-
| Madhya Pradesh<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-22 |title=34L voters deleted in MP’s revised final electoral rolls after SIR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/34l-voters-deleted-in-mps-revised-final-electoral-rolls-after-sir/articleshow/128651422.cms?utm_ |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|5.74 crore
|5.39 crore{{decrease}}
| -34.25 lakh
| -5.96%
|-
| Chhattisgarh<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaiser |first=Ejaz |date=2026-02-21 |title=SIR process in Chhattisgarh: Nearly 25 lakh names removed; final voter list has 1.87 crore electors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/21/sir-process-in-chhattisgarh-nearly-25-lakh-names-removed-final-voter-list-has-187-crore-electors |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|2.12 crore
|1.87 crore{{decrease}}
| -25 lakh
|<nowiki>-11.8%</nowiki>
|-
| Rajasthan<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-21 |title=Rajasthan: 31.36 lakh names removed in final rolls under SIR 2026 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-31-36-lakh-names-removed-in-final-rolls-under-sir-2026-10544966/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|5.46 crore
|5.15 crore{{decrease}}
| -31 lakh
| -5.7%
|-
| Tamil Nadu<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Ankit |date=2026-02-23 |title=Tamil Nadu Final SIR List Released: Over 74 Lakh Names Deleted |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/tamil-nadu-final-sir-list-released-97-lakh-names-deleted-electorate-drops-to-5-43-crore-1828429 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>
|6.41 crore
|5.67 crore{{decrease}}
| -74 lakh
| -11.5%
|-
| Kerala<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-21 |title=Kerala SIR: 2.69 crore voters in final list; 53,229 names deleted |url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/kerala/kerala-sir-final-voter-list-published-230996 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>
|2.78 crore
|2.69 crore{{decrease}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2026 |title=press releaase |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/uploads/sir-2026/final_electorate_sir_2026.pdf |website=ceo.kerala}}</ref>
| -9 lakh
| -3.24%
|-
| Goa<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2026 |title=press release |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/PDF/SIR2026/press-note-Final-publication.pdf |website=ceo goa}}</ref>
|11.85 lakh
|10.57 lakh{{decrease}}
| -1.28 lakh
| -10.8%
|-
| Puducherry
|10.21 lakh<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2025 |title=press release |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/admin/pressrelease/CEO_PressNote_16_12_2026.pdf |website=ceo puducherry}}</ref>
|9.44 lakh{{decrease}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2026 |title=press release |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/admin/pressrelease/CEO_PressNote_16_12_2026.pdf |website=ceo puducherry}}</ref>
| -0.77 lakh
| -7.54%
|-
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-21 |title=Andaman Final Voter Roll Out: 5,269 Names Deleted After SIR Exercise |url=https://news.abplive.com/cities/andaman-nicobar-sir-final-list-released-5269-names-deleted-1828188 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>
|3.10 lakh
|2.58 lakh{{decrease}}
| -0.52 lakh
| -16.6%
|-
| Lakshadweep<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEO Lakshadweep |url=https://ceolakshadweep.gov.in/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=ceolakshadweep.gov.in}}</ref>
|0.57 lakh
|0.57 lakh{{decrease}}
| -206
| -0.35%
|-
! '''Total'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission trims electoral rolls by 10.2% across 12 states, UTs - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/election-commission-trims-electoral-rolls-by-10-2-across-12-states-uts/amp_articleshow/130193272.cms |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>
(Phase II)
|50.99 crore
|45.81 crore{{decrease}}
| -5.18 crore
| -10.2%
|}

== Purpose of Special Intensive Revision ==
Purpose of Special Intensive Revision is to revise the electoral list due to rapid urbanisation, high levels of migration, the addition of new eligible voters, unreported deaths, and to remove the names of foreign illegal immigrants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2139342|work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|title=ECI to begin Special Intensive Revision of Electoral Rolls in Bihar|date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

=== West Bengal ===
[[File:BDO Andal monitored EF fillup work at helpdesk of 278 Raniganj AC under Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|ECI officers monitoring the EF fillup work in [[Raniganj]], [[West Bengal]].]]
In [[West Bengal]], the most of the controversies took up during the process of SIR immediately after its declaration.

The Special Intensive Revision (S.I.R.) of Electoral Rolls in West Bengal during 2025 had a highly significant and controversial impact on people, particularly the Hindu refugees and illegal immigrants from [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/west-bengal-sir-bangladeshi-hindus-matuas-seek-answers-amid-uncertainty-101764230141177.html#:~:text=AI%20Summary-,The%20ongoing%20special%20intensive%20revision%20(SIR)%20of%20electoral%20rolls%20in,inciting%20fear%20among%20Hindu%20refugees.|title=West Bengal SIR: Bangladeshi Hindus, Matuas seek answers amid uncertainty|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 November 2025}}</ref>

The primary reason for the panic was the linkage required for the SIR exercise, which opponents claimed was a covert step towards implementing the [[National Register of Citizens|National Register of Citizens (NRC)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengal-sir-exercise-hundreds-flee-bangladeshis-fear-citizenship-2823268-2025-11-20#:~:text=Bengal%20SIR%3A%20The%20fear%20is,by%20voters%20in%20Bengal's%20Malda|title=Hundreds of Bangladeshis flee Bengal over fears linked to SIR drive|work=[[India Today]]|date=20 November 2025|access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref>

Several issues took place following the implementation of SIR over the state.

* '''Panic-Driven Flight''': Media reports indicated that hundreds of, and in some accounts, thousands of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants who had settled in West Bengal fled their residences and returned to Bangladesh, especially in border areas like Hakimpur checkpost near [[Basirhat]], [[North 24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/india-first/video/thousands-flee-to-bangladesh-fearing-ecs-sir-drive-sir-sparks-bjp-tmc-clash-2822776-2025-11-19|work=[[India Today]]|title=Thousands flee to Bangladesh fearing EC's SIR drive, SIR sparks BJP-TMC clash|date=11 November 2025|access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
* '''Reason for Flight''': These individuals, many of whom worked as ragpickers, masons, or domestic workers, were reportedly living in West Bengal for years and had acquired forged Indian documents (Aadhaar, Voter Cards, Ration Cards) through brokers and local political figures. The fear was that the door-to-door verification by Booth Level Officers (BLOs) and the scrutiny of their voter details under the SIR process would lead to their detection and potential deportation, similar to the processes associated with the NRC.
* '''Anxiety among Hindu Refugees ([[Matua Mahasangha|Matua community]])''': The SIR required voters to trace their name or a parent's/relative's name to the old 2002 electoral roll ("legacy linkage"). Many Hindu refugees who migrated from Bangladesh, including a large section of the Matua community, settled in West Bengal in or after 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/west-bengal-sir-bangladeshi-hindus-matuas-seek-answers-amid-uncertainty-101764230141177.html#:~:text=I%20will%20not%20only%20lose,refugees%20after%201947%20and%201971.|title=West Bengal SIR: Bangladeshi Hindus, Matuas seek answers amid uncertainty|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hindus-from-bangladesh-now-indian-citizens-in-sir-fear-grip/articleshow/125068153.cms|title=Hindus from Bangladesh now Indian citizens in SIR fear grip|date=4 December 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* '''Suicides and Deaths''': The political rhetoric and the fear of being erased from the voter list (linked by many to the NRC threat) allegedly led to multiple unnatural deaths and suicides among people who had migrated from Bangladesh. Families claimed the victims were extremely anxious that the SIR would strip them of their established Indian citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/trinamool-congress-continues-to-blame-sir-for-unnatural-deaths-in-west-bengal/article70260252.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Trinamool Congress continues to blame SIR for unnatural deaths in West Bengal|date=10 November 2025}}</ref>
* '''CAA Offer vs. Ground Reality''': BJP leaders attempted to allay fears by assuring Hindu refugees that they had nothing to fear and could apply for citizenship under the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA)]]. However, many in the community remained unconvinced, fearing the SIR's scrutiny would precede any benefit from the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|CAA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/bengal-bangladeshi-settlers-under-focus-after-3-suicides-during-sir-101762094690327.html|title=Bengal: Bangladeshi settlers under focus after 3 suicides during SIR|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2 November 2025|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sinha |first1=Bhadra |title=‘I don’t know where to go’—persecuted Hindu migrants stuck in between CAA backlog & SIR scrutiny |url=https://theprint.in/india/i-dont-know-where-to-go-persecuted-hindu-migrants-stuck-in-between-caa-backlog-sir-scrutiny/2806940/ |website=ThePrint |access-date=17 December 2025 |date=17 December 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Association for Democratic Reforms v. Election Commission of India]]
* [[Illegal immigration to India]]
* [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983]]
* [[Election Commission of India|Election commission of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:October 2025 in India]]
[[Category:November 2025 in India]]
[[Category:December 2025 in India]]
[[Category:January 2026 in India]]
[[Category:Voter registration]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Election Commission of India]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

Bindu Krishna

2026-05-04T08:13:24Z

Simonaa: started initial details w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian politician and social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bindu Krishna
| image =
| caption =
| office = President, Mahila Congress, Kerala
| term_start = 2016
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = Krishna Kumar
}}

'''Bindu Krishna''' is an Indian politician and social worker from Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marching ahead gracefully: Advocate Bindu Krishna |url=https://brandkeralaonline.com/category/politics/ |website=Brand Kerala |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> She is a senior leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] and has served as the president of the Kerala Mahila Congress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahila Congress President Bindu Krishna thanks Rahul Gandhi for her post |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/nation/politics/231216/mahila-congress-president-bindu-krishna-thanks-rahul-gandhi-for-her-post.html |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=23 December 2016 |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> She is married to Krishna Kumar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bindu Krishna profile |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=350 |website=MyNeta |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>

==Political career==
Bindu Krishna has held several leadership positions within the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plum post for Bindu Krishna irks Congress a camp |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/nation/in-other-news/200617/plum-post-for-bindu-krishna-irks-congress-a-camp.html |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> She became the president of the Kerala Mahila Congress in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahila Congress President Bindu Krishna thanks Rahul Gandhi for her post |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/nation/politics/231216/mahila-congress-president-bindu-krishna-thanks-rahul-gandhi-for-her-post.html |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=23 December 2016 |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>

She has been active in the Kollam District Congress Committee (DCC) and at the state-level Congress Committee (KPCC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Plum post for Bindu Krishna irks Congress a camp |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/nation/in-other-news/200617/plum-post-for-bindu-krishna-irks-congress-a-camp.html |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> She has contested assembly elections from Kollam constituency as part of the United Democratic Front (UDF).<ref>{{cite news |title=Battle for LDF bastion Kollam: Tight race between M Mukesh, UDF's Bindu Krishna |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/amp/story/kerala/battle-ldf-bastion-kollam-tight-race-between-m-mukesh-udf-s-bindu-krishna-146206 |newspaper=The News Minute |date=25 March 2021 |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>

Bindu Krishna has been active in promoting women's participation in politics and advocating for equal representation in party leadership.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bias against women candidates in Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/03/17/kerala-election-news-bias-against-women-mlas-mps-candidates.html |newspaper=Onmanorama |date=17 March 2021 |access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>

In the May 2026 Kerala General Election to Assembly Constituencies, Bindu Krishna, representing the Indian National Congress, secured a victory in the 124 - Kollam constituency. According to the final election trends and results, she received 63,416 votes, winning by a margin of 16,830 votes over her nearest rival, S. Jayamohan of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://brandkeralaonline.com/category/politics/ Profile on Brand Kerala]
* [https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=350 Election affidavit on MyNeta]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Women in Kerala politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]

{{Kerala-INC-politician-stub}}

Marie-Andrée Leclerc

2026-05-02T20:39:00Z

Simonaa: adding first pg nd citations

{{Short description|Canadian serial killer (1945–1984)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Marie-Andrée Leclerc
| birth_date = {{birth date|1945|10|26}}
| birth_place = [[Saint-Charles-de-Bellechasse]], Quebec, Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|4|20|1945|10|26}}<ref name="Carr 2021"/>
| death_place = [[Quebec City]], Quebec, Canada
| known_for = Criminal accomplice to Charles Sobhraj
| image =
}}
'''Marie-Andrée Leclerc''' (born October 26, 1945 – April 20, 1984) was a Canadian [[serial killer]]. An accomplice to [[Charles Sobhraj]], she preyed on Western tourists travelling on the hippie trail of [[South Asia]] during the 1970s.

== Biography ==
Marie-Andrée Leclerc was born on October 26, 1945, in [[Saint-Charles-de-Bellechasse, Quebec|Saint-Charles-de-Bellechasse]], Quebec, Canada.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} After studying in Quebec, she became a medical secretary at a clinic in [[Lévis, Quebec|Lévis]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last = Mitchell |first = Molli |date = April 3, 2021 |title = Marie-Andrée Leclerc: What happened to Marie-Andrée Leclerc? |url = https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1377240/Marie-Andree-Leclerc-what-happened-to-Marie-Andree-Leclerc-the-serpent-bbc-evg |access-date = March 29, 2023 |website = Daily Express |language = en }}</ref>

In spring 1975, Leclerc went on a tourist trip to [[India]] with her ex-fiancé. While in [[Srinagar]], she met Charles Sobhraj and fell in love with him. Sobhraj acted as her guide throughout the country, and before the trip ended, he made her promise to return to [[Asia]] to see him again. After returning to Lévis, Leclerc received [[love letter]]s from Sobhraj urging her to join him in [[Bangkok]], his new home. He is even believed to have bought her a plane ticket.

In July 1975, Leclerc departed for [[Thailand]].<ref name=":0" />

== Murders ==
Sobhraj and Leclerc made a living by carrying out scams; a typical [[scam]] was to help their targets out of difficult situations. In one instance, they helped two former French policemen, Yannick and Jacques, recover missing passports that Sobhraj himself had actually stolen. In another scheme, they provided shelter to a Frenchman, Dominique Renelleau, who appeared to be suffering from [[dysentery]]; in reality, he had been poisoned by the couple. The couple was later joined by a young Indian man, Ajay Chowdhury, a fellow criminal who became Sobhraj's [[second-in-command]] with Leclerc.<ref name="ajay12">{{cite web |title = Charles Sobhraj - Crime Library on truTV.com |url = http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/famous/charles_sobraj/11.html |access-date = September 27, 2009 }}{{failed verification|date=May 2021}}</ref><ref name="ajay22">{{cite web |date = July 12, 2006 |title = Hunt still on for Sobhraj's partner in crime |url = http://www.stararticle.com/article_112081_Hunt-still-on-for-Sobhrajs-partner-in-crime.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080420170204/http://stararticle.com/article_112081_Hunt-still-on-for-Sobhrajs-partner-in-crime.html |archive-date = April 20, 2008 |access-date = September 27, 2009 |website = StarArticle }}</ref>

The three committed their first known murders in 1975. Most of the victims had spent some time with the pair before their deaths and were, according to investigators, recruited by Sobhraj and Chowdhury to join them in their crimes. Sobhraj claimed that most of his murders were accidental drug overdoses of [[temazepam]] and [[heroin]],<ref>{{cite web |date = July 1, 2018 |title = The Most Evil Person in the World - The Bikini Killer |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65vK_gbsgwI |access-date = April 4, 2021 |via = YouTube }}</ref> but investigators state that the victims had threatened to expose Sobhraj, which was his motive for murder. The first victim was a young woman from [[Seattle]], Teresa Knowlton (named Jennie Bollivar in the book ''Serpentine''), who was found drowned in a [[tidal pool]] in the [[Gulf of Thailand]], wearing a flowered bikini. It was months later that Knowlton's [[Autopsy|post-mortem]], as well as forensic evidence, proved that her drowning, originally believed to be a swimming accident,<ref name="natgeovid">{{cite web |last = Cissel |first = Jim |title = Charles Sobhraj – The Serpent (Serial Killer Documentary) |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNAsPISleMM |access-date = December 13, 2012 |website = National Geographic }}</ref> was murder.

The next victim was a young nomadic Turkish [[Sephardic Jew]], Vitali Hakim, whose burnt body was found on the road to the [[Pattaya]] resort, where Sobhraj and his growing clan were staying. [[Netherlands|Dutch]] students Henk Bintanja, 29, and his fiancée Cornelia Hemker, 25, were invited to Thailand after meeting Sobhraj in [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="mammoth2">{{cite book |title = The Mammoth Book of Gangs |series = Mammoth Books |publisher = Running Press |year = 2012 |isbn = 978-0762444366 }}</ref> They, like many others, were poisoned by Sobhraj, who nursed them back to health in order to gain their obedience. As they recovered, Sobhraj was visited by his previous victim Hakim's French girlfriend, Charmayne Carrou, who had come to investigate her boyfriend's disappearance. Fearing exposure, Sobhraj and Chowdhury quickly hustled Bintanja and Hemker out. Their bodies were found strangled and burned on December 16, 1975. Soon after, Carrou was found drowned and wearing a similar-styled swimsuit to that of Sobhraj's earlier victim, Knowlton. Although the murders of the two women were not connected by investigators at the time, they would later earn Sobhraj the nickname "The Bikini Killer".<ref name="mammoth2"/>

On December 18, the day the bodies of Bintanja and Hemker were identified, Sobhraj and Leclerc entered [[Nepal]] using the deceased couple's passports. They met in Nepal and, between December 21 and 22, murdered Canadian Laurent Carrière, 26, and American Connie Jo Bronzich, 29; the two victims were incorrectly identified by some sources as Laddie DuParr and Annabella Tremont. Sobhraj and Leclerc returned to Thailand, using their latest victims' passports before their bodies could be identified. Upon his return to Thailand, Sobhraj discovered that his three French companions had started to suspect him of serial murder, having found documents belonging to the murder victims. Sobhraj's former companions then fled to Paris after notifying local authorities.<ref name="mammoth2"/>

Sobhraj's next destination was either [[Varanasi]] or [[Calcutta]], where he murdered [[Israel]]i scholar Avoni Jacob to obtain Jacob's passport. Sobhraj used the passport to travel with Leclerc and Chowdhury—first to [[Singapore]], then to India and, in March 1976, to return to [[Bangkok]], despite knowing that the authorities there sought him. The clan were interrogated by Thai police in connection with the murders but were released.

Meanwhile, Dutch diplomat Herman Knippenberg and his then-wife [[Angela Kane]] were investigating the murders of Bintanja and Hemker.<ref>{{Cite news |last = Culliford |first = Graeme |date = January 2, 2021 |title = Diplomat's wife who inspired The Serpent turned detective to cage serial killer |work = The Mirror |url = https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/diplomats-wife-who-inspired-the-23252712 }}</ref> Knippenberg had some knowledge of, and had possibly even met, Sobhraj, although the latter's true identity was still unknown to the diplomat, who continued gathering evidence. With the help of Nadine and Remi Gires (Sobhraj's neighbours),<ref>{{cite web |last = Mitchell |first = Molli |date = March 24, 2021 |title = The Serpent: Did Charles Sobhraj neighbours really help to try catch him? |url = https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1414072/The-Serpent-did-Charles-Sobhraj-neighbours-help-Nadine-Gires-Remi |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210404105042/https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1414072/The-Serpent-did-Charles-Sobhraj-neighbours-help-Nadine-Gires-Remi |archive-date = April 4, 2021 |access-date = April 4, 2021 |website = [[Daily Express]] }}</ref> Knippenberg built a case against Sobhraj. Knippenberg was eventually given police permission to search Sobhraj's apartment a full month after the suspect had left the country. Knippenberg found evidence, including victims' documents and passports, as well as poisons and syringes.

The criminal trio's next stop was [[Malaysia]], where Chowdhury was sent to steal gems. Chowdhury was observed delivering the gems to Sobhraj. This was the last time he was seen; neither Chowdhury nor his remains have been found. It is believed Sobhraj murdered his former accomplice before leaving Malaysia in order to continue his and Leclerc's roles as gem dealers in [[Geneva]].<ref name="ajay12"/> A source later claimed to have sighted Chowdhury in [[West Germany]], but the claim appeared unsubstantiated, so the search for Chowdhury continued.<ref name="ajay22"/>

In May 1976, [[Interpol]] issued an [[international arrest warrant]] for Sobhraj, which charged him with four murders in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last = Barrett |first = Ken |date = April 19, 1995 |title = Thailand not to seek Sobhraj |url = https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/04/19/Thailand-not-to-seek-Sobhraj/3520798264000/ |access-date = December 25, 2022 |publisher = United Press International |language = en }}</ref>

Back in Asia, Sobhraj started forming a new criminal group, starting with two Western women, Barbara Smith and Mary Ellen Eather, in [[Bombay]]. Sobhraj's next victim was a Frenchman, Jean-Luc Solomon, who was poisoned during a robbery. The act was committed with the intention of incapacitating Solomon, but it killed him.<ref name="CandI">{{cite web |title = Charles Sobhraj: The Serpent |url = https://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/crime-files/charles-sobhraj-the-serpent/crimes |access-date = May 16, 2021 |website = Crime + Investigation }}</ref>

In July 1976, in [[New Delhi]], Sobhraj, joined by his three-woman criminal clan, tricked a tour group of French post-graduate students into accepting them as tour guides. Sobhraj drugged them by giving them poisoned pills, which he told them were anti-dysentery medicine. When the drugs took effect more quickly than Sobhraj had anticipated, the students began to fall unconscious. Realising what Sobhraj had done, three of the students overpowered him and contacted the police, leading to his capture. Sobhraj's accomplices, Smith and Eather, confessed during interrogation. Sobhraj was charged with the murder of Solomon and all four were sent to [[Tihar Jail]] in New Delhi.

== Imprisonment and death ==
After being incarcerated in Tihar prison,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date = April 28, 2021 |title = null |url = https://apnews.com/article/8a556f23a32b6d16deb9cb5df411cdc5 |access-date = March 29, 2023 |website = AP News |publisher = Associated Press |language = en }}</ref> Marie-Andrée Leclerc faced accusations of complicity in the murders of Jean-Luc Salomon and Avoni Jacob in India. While she was acquitted of the murder of Salomon on July 28, 1978, she was still required to remain in prison while awaiting the trial for the murder of Jacob. During this period, Leclerc testified on behalf of Sobhraj in his own trial. The couple denied ever having met Jean-Luc Salomon, and Leclerc was outraged when Sobhraj was finally convicted of murder.

In 1980, both Leclerc and Sobhraj were convicted of the murder of Avoni Jacob. While Leclerc decided to appeal the judgment, her release from prison was approved with the condition that she could not leave the country.<ref name=":1" />

In July 1983, Marie-Andrée Leclerc was diagnosed with [[ovarian cancer]] and was permitted to return to [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = Marie Andree Leclerc, jailed for conspiring to murder an... |website = UPI Archives |url = https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/07/25/Marie-Andree-Leclerc-jailed-for-conspiring-to-murder-an/3827427953600/ |access-date = March 29, 2023 |publisher = United Press International |language = en }}</ref> However, she was required to report to the Indian High Commission in Ottawa every three months and had to return to India for further trial when her health allowed. The court demanded a bail of $18,000, which was paid for by religious communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Marie-Andree Leclerc, found guilty of murder by a court... |website = UPI Archives |url = https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/03/Marie-Andree-Leclerc-found-guilty-of-murder-by-a-court/3969389246400/ |access-date = March 29, 2023 |publisher = United Press International |language = en }}</ref>

In autumn 1983, she published a book titled "Je reviens" ("I'm coming back") in which she shared her side of the story.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Leclerc |first = Marie-Andrée |url = http://archive.org/details/jereviens0000lecl |title = Je reviens-- |date = 1983 |location = [Montréal] |publisher = Stanké |via = Internet Archive |isbn = 978-2-7604-0206-5 }}</ref>

Leclerc died from cancer on April 20, 1984, aged 38, in [[Quebec City]].<ref name="Carr 2021">{{cite web | last=Carr | first=Flora | title=What happened to Jenna Coleman's The Serpent character? | website=Radio Times | date=2021-01-17 | url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/marie-andree-leclerc-the-serpent/ | access-date=2024-12-30}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leclerc, Marie-Andrée}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from ovarian cancer in Canada]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Quebec]]
[[Category:Canadian fraudsters]]

Gaudi script

2026-05-02T05:44:20Z

Simonaa: started the data v1!

{{Short description|Writing system in the Brahmic family}}
{{Infobox Writing system
|name=Gaudi script
|type=[[Abugida]]
|time= c. 900-1300 CE<ref name="salomon"/>
|sample=
|imagesize=
|caption=
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]][a]
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]][a]
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]][a]
|footnotes=[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
|fam4=[[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
|fam5=[[Gupta script|Gupta]]
|fam6=[[Siddham script|Siddham]]<ref name="salomon"/>
|sisters= [[Kamarupi script]], [[Nāgarī script|Nagari]]
|children=[[Bengali-Assamese script]], [[Tirhuta]], [[Odia script]]
}}
{{brahmic}}
The '''Gaudi script''' (Gāuṛi lipi), also known as the ('''Proto-BAM script''') '''Proto-BAMO script'''{{efn|Sureshchandra Bhattacharya suggested another name "Proto-BAMO script" in 1969, the full form of which is Proto-Bengali-Assamese-Maithili-Odia script}} is an [[abugida]] in the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]] family of scripts.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Sureshchandra|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29794/|title=The evolution of script in North-Eastern India from C.A.D. 400 to 1200, with special reference to Bengal|date=1969|publisher=ProQuest LLC (2018)|pages=56–58|doi=10.25501/SOAS.00029794|type=phd|language=en}}</ref><ref name="salomon">{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=1998 |page=41|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 }}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1993 |page=143|quote=Proto-Bengali gave birth to the Maithili, Modern Bengali (settled in the seventeenth century: Assamese is a nineteenth-century variant), and Oriya scripts, as well as the Manipuri and Newari scripts for two Tibeto Burman languages. |isbn=9780521299442 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tripāṭhī|first=Kunjabihari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ|title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script|publisher=Utkal University|year=1962|page=32 |quote="Proto-Oriya (The Proto-Bengali script script of Bühler)" |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref> By the fourteenth century, Gaudi script had begun to differentiate and gradually developed into the [[Bengali-Assamese script|Bengali-Assamese]], [[Odia script|Odia]],{{efn|The Oriya script actually appears to have had a composite origin, with secondary influences from the southern scripts and Nagari}} and [[Maithili script]].<ref name="salomon" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cardona|first1=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|last2=Jain|first2=Dhanesh|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=0-7007-1130-9|series=Routledge language family series|place=London|page=109 |quote=In the northeast, meanwhile separately evolved into a form referred to as ‘proto-Bengali’ or Gaudī, which prevailed until the fourteenth century, by which time it had begun to be differentiated into the modern eastern scripts, Bangla-Asamiya, Maithilī and Oriya.}}</ref>

[[File:Coin - Silver - Circa 9-10th Century 13th Century CE - Harikela Kingdom - ACCN 90-C2752 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2014-04-04 4303.JPG|thumb|Silver coin with Gaudi script, [[Harikela]] Kingdom, circa 9th–13th century]]

== Naming ==
The Gaudi script is named after the [[Gauda Kingdom]] (Gāuṛ Rājya) of [[Gauḍa (region)]] in ancient [[Bengal]]. In 1030 AD, the [[Persians|Persian]] scholar [[Al-Biruni]], in his writings on India, mentioned the ancient Gaudi script of Eastern India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sircar|first=Dineschandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA126|title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India|date=1971|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0690-0|pages=126–127|language=en}}</ref> Medieval [[Gauḍa (region)]] is currently known as [[Bengal|Bengal (region)]]. Despite this name, the script was also used in [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], neighbouring parts of [[Nepal]] and [[Rakhine State|Rakhine]] in [[Myanmar]]. The script is called by different names in different regions such as Proto-Assamese, Proto-Bengali, Proto-Maithili, Proto-Oriya in modern time. Which is why Sureshchandra Bhattacharyya suggests neutral names such as the abbreviated Proto-BAM, Proto-BAMO.{{sfnp|Bhattacharyya|1969}}

==History==
[[File:Silver coin of Danujamarddana.jpg|thumb|Silver Coin of Danujmarddana, 1417]]
The Gaudi script appeared in [[History of India|ancient Eastern India]] as a northeastern derivative of the [[Siddham alphabet|Siddham]],<ref name="salomon"/> derived from [[Gupta script|Gupta]]. According to the scholar Bühler, the Gaudi (or ''Proto-Bengali'') script is characterized by its cursive letters and hooks or hollow triangles at the top of the verticals.<ref>{{harvcol|Bhattacharyya|1969|p=55}}</ref> In the 11th century, famous [[Persians|Persian]] scholar [[Al-Biruni]] wrote about the ancient Gaudi script. He mentioned amongst Indian alphabets, Gaudi is used in the [[Gauda Kingdom|purva desa (Eastern County)]].<ref name=":0" />

The modern eastern scripts (Bengali-Assamese, Odia, and Maithili) became clearly differentiated around the 14th and 15th centuries from Gaudi.<ref name="salomon"/> While the scripts in Bengal, Assam and [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] remained similar to each other, the Odia script developed a curved top in the 13th-14th century and became increasingly different.<ref>"[T]he phase when the curved tops - so prominent now in many of the Oriya letters - were just appearing, initiating the parting of ways from the proto-[Bengali-Assamese-Maithili] phase. The beginning and progress of this trend can be noticed in many of the Orissa [inscriptions] of the 13th-14th centuries A.D." {{harvcol|Bhattacharyya|1969|p=56f}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gauda Kingdom]]
* [[Gauḍa (region)]]
* [[Brahmi script]]
* [[Brahmic scripts]]
* [[Siddhaṃ script]]
* [[Eastern Nagari]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{List of writing systems |Abugidas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagari Script}}
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]

Tatanagar Junction railway station

2026-04-27T20:56:50Z

Simonaa:

{{Short description|Railway junction station in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|TATANAGAR JUNCTION}}
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Tatanagar Junction Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption = Entrance of Tatanagar Junction railway station in Morning
| address = Station Road, Jugsalai, [[Jamshedpur]]-831007, [[Jharkhand]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.76839|N|86.20004|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways]]
| line = *[[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section]] of [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]
*[[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line]]
*[[Tatanagar–Gourmahisani–Badampahar branch line]]
| platform = 6
| tracks = 8
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| bicycle =
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TATA
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Chakradharpur}}
}}
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| classification = '''NSG-2'''
| opened = {{start date and age|1910}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1957
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers = 1,00,000 per day<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/redevelopment_view_details_r.jsp?ID1=Tatanagar |title=Station Re-development Data – Tata Nagar(TATA) |publisher=Central Railway Zone – Indian Railways |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services =
| other_services = [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|20px|Waiting Room]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Food & Drink]] [[File:BSicon_REST.svg|15px|Food Plaza]] [[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px|Lifts]] [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|40px|CCTV]] [[File:Aiga_escalator_down_mirror.svg|20px|Escalators]] [[File:Wifiservice.svg|15px|Railwire Free Wifi]] [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px|Retiring Rooms]]
| map_type = India#India Jharkhand#
| map_dot_label = '''Tatanagar Junction'''
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in [[Jamshedpur]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Tatanagar Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Tatanagar Junction Railway Station''', station code '''TATA''', is the main railway station serving the city of [[Jamshedpur]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. It is located on the [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. It has 6 platforms and handles around 100 trains each day. On 26th February 2024, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] virtually laid the foundation stone for the re-development of the station at cost of ₹335 Crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=टाटानगर स्टेशन पर खर्च होंगे लगभाग 400करोड़, प्रधानमंत्री मोदी ने किया शिलान्यास |url=https://aimamedia.org/newsdetails.aspx?nid=207906 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=aimamedia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-26 |title=Tatanagar railway station: देश के प्रधानमंत्री ने दक्षिण पूर्व रेलवे के 71 स्टेशनों को पुनर्विकसित करने का किया शिलान्यास, देखें VIDEO - The Social Bharat {{!}} Jharkhand News |url=https://thesocialbharat.com/tatanagar-railway-station-prime-minister-of-the-country-laid-the-foundation-stone-for-redeveloping-71-stations-of-south-eastern-railway-watch-video/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> [https://www.ghvgroup.com/index.php GHV Infra Projects Limited] has been awarded the tender for Re-development of the Station at a cost ₹284 Crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report – GHV INFRA |url=https://ghvinfra.com/annual-report/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bhoomi Poojan was held on 12th October 2025, involves revamp to G+6 main building, G+3 second entry, increased platforms from 5 to 9.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=News |date=2025-10-12 |title=Redevelopment plan worth Rs 284 crore gets underway at Tatanagar Railway Station |url=https://avenuemail.in/redevelopment-plan-worth-rs-284-crore-gets-underway-at-tatanagar-railway-station/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=News |date=2025-12-05 |title=Tatanagar upgrade speeds up with survey, clearance drive kicks-off |url=https://avenuemail.in/tatanagar-upgrade-speeds-up-with-survey-clearance-drive-kicks-off/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Chota Nagpur region 1912 (Highlighted Kalimati).jpg|thumb|1910s map depicting Kalimati railway station.]]
The Tatanagar railway station was built in the early twentieth century. [[Sakchi]] was identified as the ideal site for an envisaged steel plant in December 1907. In 1910, the village Kalimati which was near Sakchi got itself a railway station on BNR's Howrah–Bombay route. The railway became the lifeline of the steel plant established by the Tatas. The name of the railway station was later changed to Tatanagar in honour of its founder [[Jamsetji Tata]] in 1919.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=News |date=2025-10-22 |title=From Kalimati to Tatanagar: A Century-Long Journey of India's Industrial Railway Gateway |url=https://avenuemail.in/from-kalimati-to-tatanagar-a-century-long-journey-of-indias-industrial-railway-gateway/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref> Tatanagar–Rourkela section was the second 25 kV AC electrified section of the country, the first being Burdwan-Mughalsarai (in 1957).

The city's importance as an industrial hub encouraged travel patterns linking to much of India via the station. During smallpox eradication efforts across 1974 the station became notorious among eradication staff as "the world's greatest exporter of smallpox", exporting as many as 300 outbreaks across India and Nepal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brilliant |first1=Lawrence B. |title=The management of smallpox eradication in India |date=1985 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=0472100599 |pages=46–49 |url=http://www.zero-pox.info/other_docs/brilliant_mgmt_spox_india.pdf}}</ref> For the duration of the epidemic train services were instead diverted to checkpoints where passengers could be assessed for symptoms of smallpox.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Jonathan B. |title=Scourge : the once and future threat of smallpox |date=2002 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=0802139396 |pages=104 |edition=1st Grove Press}}</ref>

== Services ==
Tatanagar railway station lies on the [[Howrah]]–[[Mumbai]] route, and serves routes to places such as [[New Delhi]], [[Chennai]], {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}} and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. It is a large station of [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]. It falls under South Eastern Railway zone and [[Chakradharpur railway division]]. More than a 100 trains ply this route on any given day.<ref name="pt">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091229/jsp/jharkhand/story_11917028.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203122123/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091229/jsp/jharkhand/story_11917028.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Bridge to ease station rush|date=2009-12-29|access-date=22 May 2010|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|location=Kolkata}}</ref> It is one of the busiest trunk routes section of Eastern India. It includes 6 platforms, 5 for major trains while one (platform near the washing line) is used for some passenger trains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IRI General Timeline - Page 1 - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/timeline/entry/4884221 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Trains==
Tatanagar Junction served by several superfast, express, intercity and passenger trains from different cities, Following are some of the premium train services:
* [[Bhubaneswar Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Mumbai CSMT–Howrah Duronto Express]]
* [[Pune–Howrah Duronto Express]]
* [[Tatanagar–Patna Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tatanagar–Brahmapur Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Howrah–Rourkela Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Ranchi–Howrah Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Odisha Sampark Kranti Express]]
* [[Howrah–Barbil Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Santragachi–Pune Humsafar Express]]
* [[Santragachi–Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express]]
* [[Jabalpur–Santragachi Humsafar Express]]
* [[Azad Hind Express]]

== See also ==

* [[New Delhi–Howrah main line]]
* [[Jamshedpur]]
* [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
* [[Adityapur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/168 Tatanagar Junction Map]
{{Wikivoyage inline|Jamshedpur}}

{{Kolhan Division topics}}
{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1910]]
[[Category:Chakradharpur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Transport in Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Tata Group]]
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jamshedpur]]

Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education

2026-04-26T21:37:13Z

Simonaa: Started First Stub Nd Citations...

{{Short description|School education board in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan
| image = BSER-Logo.png
| abbreviation = RBSE
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of Board of Secondary Education Rajasthan
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1957|12|04}}
| type = Governmental Board of Education
| status = Active
| headquarters = [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = <ref name="Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan"/>
| leader_title2 = Administrator
| leader_name2 = Laxmi Narayan Mantri [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| num_members =
| parent_organisation = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| affiliations = 31,246
| language = [[Hindi]] & [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|http://rajeduboard.rajasthan.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan''' ('''RBSE''')<ref name='Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan'>{{cite web | url = http://rajeduboard.rajasthan.gov.in | title = Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan }}</ref> is a State Level board of education in the Indian state [[Rajasthan]], for public and private schools, controlled and managed by the [[Government of Rajasthan]].The Board is recognised Nationally. RBSE is responsible for promotion and development of secondary education in Rajasthan state. It was Established in the year 1957 and constituted under the Rajasthan Secondary Education Act 1957.All schools affiliated to RBSE follow the [[NCERT]] curriculum especially from class 6 to 12. The current Chairperson of RBSE is Laxmi Narayan Mantri ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]).

==Examinations==
RBSE conducts the final examinations for Class 5, Class 8, Class 10 and Class 12 every year in the month of March/April. The results are announced by the end of June.<ref>http://rajassembly.nic.in/acts_raj.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028185826/http://rajassembly.nic.in/acts_raj.htm |date=28 October 2008 }} Acts of Rajasthan</ref> Results of examinations conducted by RBSE can be accessed via website.

== Languages ==
RBSE offers academic subjects in regional languages were [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]] are compulsory.

== Promotion criteria ==

=== Class 10 ===
For promotion from Secondary level (Class IX-X) to Senior Secondary level (Class XI-XII), a student must obtain, for all subjects (or best five of six subjects are taken), 33% overall, without any minimum theory mark requirement. Originally, the passing criteria were set such that a student had to get 33% in ''both'' the theory and practical components. Students who do not manage to pass up to two subjects can write the compartment in those subjects in September. Those who fail the compartment, or fail in three subjects or more, must rewrite all the subjects taken in the next year.

=== Class 12 ===
For class 12 students the promotion criteria are 33% overall, with 33% in ''both'' theory and practical examinations (if applicable). Students who do not manage to pass in exactly one subject can write the compartment for that subject in September. Those who fail the compartment, or those who fail in two subjects or more, must rewrite all the subjects taken in the next year.
==Affiliations==
RBSE affiliates are
*Mahatma Gandhi ( English Medium) Govt Schools: 14,541
*Private Schools: 15,647
*Model Schools: 339
*Adarsh Schools: 247
*Other Schools: 345

==See also==
*[[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE)
*[[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS)
*[[Secondary School Leaving Certificate]] (SSLC)
*[[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|National Eligibility cum Entrance Test]] (Undergraduate)
*[[Joint Entrance Examination – Main]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://rajeduboard.rajasthan.gov.in/}}
*[http://rajresults.nic.in/ Official Results website 2020]

{{School education in India}}

[[Category:Ajmer]]
[[Category:State agencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Education in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India|Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Gulamgiri

2026-04-26T03:29:17Z

Simonaa:

{{refimprove|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian book by Jyotiba Phule}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Gulamgiri''''' is a seminal work authored by [[Jyotirao Phule]], a prominent Indian social activist, anti-caste reformer, thinker, and writer from Maharashtra. Originally published in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in 1873, with a preface in English, the book addresses issues related to [[caste]], [[slavery]], and [[Reformism (historical)|social reform]], making it one of the earliest critiques of the caste system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waghule |first=Pradnya |date=2017-04-13 |title=A Reading Of Jotiba Phule’s Gulamgiri: A Seminal Text On Caste |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/04/14/jotiba-phule-gulamgiri/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=कश्यप |first=Omprakash Kashyap ओमप्रकाश |date=2020-06-08 |title=‘Gulamgiri’: The ‘seed text’ for an anti-brahmanical consciousness |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2020/06/gulamgiri-the-seed-text-for-an-anti-brahmanical-consciousness-2/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Forward Press |language=en-US}}</ref> It is described as the "‘seed text’ for an anti-brahmanical consciousness" by Omprakash Kashyap.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=कश्यप |first=Omprakash Kashyap ओमप्रकाश |date=2020-06-08 |title=‘Gulamgiri’: The ‘seed text’ for an anti-brahmanical consciousness |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2020/06/gulamgiri-the-seed-text-for-an-anti-brahmanical-consciousness-2/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Forward Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Jyotirao Phule]]
[[Category:1873 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]

Varupula Satyaprabha

2026-04-23T08:29:11Z

Simonaa: put up pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Varupula Satyaprabha
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Parvatha Purnachandra Prasad]]
| constituency = [[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu, Kakinada]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1979
}}
'''Varupula Satyaprabha''' (born 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is a member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly representing the [[Telugu Desam Party]] from [[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly Constituency]] in [[Kakinada district]]. She won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Varupula Rajaâ€™s wife Satya Prabha to be TD incharge for Prathipadu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/080323/varupula-rajas-wife-satya-prabha-to-be-td-incharge-for-prathipadu.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prathipadu Constituency Election Results 2024: Prathipadu Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/prathipadu |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Varupula Satya Prabha , TDP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Varupula Satya Prabha , Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/andhra/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/varupula-satya-prabha-01036-5 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Satyaprabha married Varupula Jogiraju Raja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Varupula Rajaâ€™s wife Satya Prabha to be TD incharge for Prathipadu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/080323/varupula-rajas-wife-satya-prabha-to-be-td-incharge-for-prathipadu.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> After he died, TDP gave the seat to Satya Prabha.<ref name=":0" /> She is a post graduate and did her MBA at [[Andhra University]], Visakhapatnam in 2006.<ref name=":1" /> She runs her own business and declared assets worth Rs.2 crore in the affidavit to the Election Commission of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varupula Satya Prabha(TDP):Constituency- PRATHIPADU(EAST GODAVARI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=464 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Satyaprabha became the first woman MLA to be elected from Prathipadu constituency.<ref name=":2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-f01KAftJw |title=Special Story On TDP MLA Varupula Satya Prabha {{!}} Prathipadu {{!}} ఏది నిజం.? {{!}} BRK News |date=2024-12-10 |last=BRK News |access-date=2025-07-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref> After her husband Jogiraju Raja died, she entered the fray and was elected in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as the Telugu Desam Party candidate from [[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu Assembly Constituency]]. She polled 103,002 votes with a vote share of 58.36 per cent, and defeated her nearest rival and two time former MLA, Varupula Subbarao of the [[YSR Congress Party]], by a margin of 38,768 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. V. R. Subba |date=2024-04-19 |title=Dr. Gottipati Lakshmi suspends election campaign to perform emergency caesarian section |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/dr-gottipati-lakshmi-suspends-election-campaign-to-perform-emergency-caesarian-section/article68083876.ece |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Prathipadu, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Varupula Satya Prabha defeats YSRCP's Varupula Subbarao with 38768 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/prathipadu-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548225-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> After losing twice in the previous elections, the Telugu Desam Party regained the seat with Satyaprabha garnering the TDP wave and the sympathy vote.<ref name=":2" />

In September 2024, after getting elected as an MLA, she made surprise visits to Annavaram temple and conducted official checks.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixNDe8qNsEY |title=అన్నవరం ఆలయంలో ఎమ్మెల్యే సత్యప్రభ ఆకస్మిక తనిఖీలు {{!}} MLA Varupula Satyaprabha {{!}} ABN |date=2024-09-21 |last=ABN Telugu |access-date=2025-07-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In May 2025, after the conclusion of a 90 day training programme, she distributed sewing machines worth Rs.25,000 each to women beneficiaries. She also promised to take up development works to improve the facilities for farmers and distributed farming tools to them in [[Yeleswaram mandal]] of her constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ywrz70sy5g |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satya Prabha, Varupula}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

Kawardha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:12:57Z

Simonaa: adding info.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kawardha
| mla = [[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| constituency_no = 72
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Mohammad Akbar (politician)|Mohammad Akbar]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:331671}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Kawardha Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Kawardha''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]] district and is a segment of [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]] Lok Sabha seat. The seat used to be part of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] when Chhattisgarh was part of MP.

== Members of Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Gangaprasad
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Ram Rajya Parishad]]
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Dharamraj Singh]]
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Vishwaraj Pratap Singh]]
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|T. V. Singh
|{{party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Kumar Yashwant Raj Singh
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Rani Shashi Prabha Devi
|style="background-color: {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}" |
|[[Ram Rajya Parishad]]
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Hamidullah Khan
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Rani Shashi Prabha Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Raman Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Yogeshwar Raj Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="elections20032">{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results in 2003|url=https://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html|website=elections.in|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref>
|[[Yogeshwar Raj Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="elections2008">{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results in 2008|url=https://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html|website=elections.in|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref>
|Siyaram Sahu
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="elections20132">{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results in 2013|url=https://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html|website=elections.in|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref>
|Ashok Sahu
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="Chhattisgarh Assembly Elections Seat Wise Results 2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/seat-change|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Elections Seat Wise Results 2018|last1=NDTV|date=2018|work=|accessdate=13 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013175629/https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/seat-change|archivedate=13 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chhattisgarh Seat Wise Results Full List of Constituency">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/chhattisgarh-constituency-results|title=Chhattisgarh Seat Wise Results Full List of Constituency, Candidate, Party, Status Wise Result|last1=India TV News|first1=|date=2018|accessdate=13 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013180535/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/chhattisgarh-constituency-results|archivedate=13 October 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Mohammad Akbar (politician)|Mohammad Akbar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Result 2023: Full list of winners">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471258-2023-12-03|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Result 2023: Full list of winners|last1=India Today|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=14 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214053510/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471258-2023-12-03|archivedate=14 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ఛత్తీస్‌గఢ్ అసెంబ్లీ ఎన్నికల ఫలితాలు-2023 - BBC News తెలుగు">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/resources/idt-f678540c-cb25-4dcd-8cab-8de65ce9474f|title=ఛత్తీస్‌గఢ్ అసెంబ్లీ ఎన్నికల ఫలితాలు-2023 - BBC News తెలుగు|last1=బీబీసీ News తెలుగు|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=10 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210104040/https://www.bbc.com/telugu/resources/idt-f678540c-cb25-4dcd-8cab-8de65ce9474f|archivedate=10 December 2023|last2=|first2=|language=te-IN}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kawardha<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 144,257
|percentage = 53.22
|change = +21.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mohammad Akbar (politician)|Mohammad Akbar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 104,665
|percentage = 38.62
|change = -18.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Khadgraj Singh
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 6,334
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 925
|percentage = 0.34
|change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 39,592
|percentage = 14.60
|change = -10.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 271,047
|percentage = 81.72
|change = -0.78
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Kawardha<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mohammad Akbar (politician)|Mohammad Akbar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 136,320
|percentage = 56.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok Sahu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,036
|percentage = 32.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramkhilawan Dahariya
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 6,604
|percentage = 2.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Agam Das Anant
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 6,250
|percentage = 2.60
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Kumar Sahu
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,947
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 949
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 59,284
|percentage = 24.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 240,739
|percentage = 82.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
* Ashok Sahu (BJP) : 93,645 votes <ref name="elections2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results in 2013|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref>
* Akbar Bhai (INC) : 91,087

===2003===
* Yogeshwar Raj Singh (INC) : 51,092 votes <ref name="elections2003">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results in 2003|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref>
* Dr. Siyaram Sahu (BJP) : 46,904

===1998===
* Yogeshwar Raj Singh (INC) : 52,950 votes <ref name="elections1998">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1998-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1998|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref>
* Dr. [[Raman Singh]] (BJP) : 37,524

===1962===
* Vishwaraj Singh (RRP) : 16,660 votes <ref name="elections1962">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1962|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref>
* Shyamprasad Awasthi (INC) : 6,536

==See also==
*[[Kabirdham district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|22.01|81.24|display=title}}

[[Category:Kabirdham district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Tej Pratap Tiwari

2026-04-05T19:14:24Z

Simonaa: put up a pg

{{Short description|Judge of The High Court of Judicature at Allahabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tej Pratap Tiwari
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start = 7 August 2025
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Sanjiv Khanna]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| appointer1 =
| nominator1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|8|2|df=y}}
| honorific_prefix =
| image =
| caption =
| preceded =
| alma_mater = [[Lucknow University]]
| website =
}}

'''Tej Pratap Tiwari''' (born 2 August 1971) is an Indian judge, currently serving on the [[Allahabad High Court]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointment Chief Justice of India- Allahabad High Court |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2152257 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Five new Allahabad High Court judges to take oath today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/five-new-allahabad-high-court-judges-to-take-oath-today/articleshow/123149802.cms |website=The Times of India |date=7 August 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Manoj Kumar graduated in Law from [[Lucknow University]] in 1987.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} He enrolled as an Advocate in 1997. He served as the secretary of the U.P. State Legal Services Authority from 2012 to 2016. He took oath as Permanent Judge on August 7, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr Justice Tej Pratap Tiwari |url=https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=395|website=Allahabadhighcourt.in}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Tej Pratap}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Priyamani Debbarma

2026-04-04T22:13:54Z

Simonaa: Started First Entry Basic Info...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Priyamani Debbarma
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974-2-12|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title=OATH / AFFIRMATION BY ELEVENTH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MEMBERS |url=https://tripuraassembly.nic.in/current%20members%20profilenew.pdf |website=tripuraassembly.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909143444/https://www.tripuraassembly.nic.in/current%20members%20profilenew.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-09 |pages=1–2 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = Gandachera, [[Tripura]], India
| spouse = Smt. Sujata Debbarma
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| order =
| office = Member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| status = 
| term_start = 2013
| term_end = 2018
| alongside = 
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| vicechair =
| succeeding = 
| constituency = [[Karbook Assembly constituency|Karbook]]
| majority =
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Burba Mohan Tripura]]
}}
'''Priyamani Debbarma''' is a former member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly and a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was elected as a member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly in 2013 with the ticket of CPI(M).<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tripura 2013 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2013/tripura/227/25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2013 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref> In the 2018 Tripura Assembly election he was defeated by the [[BJP]] candidate Burba Mohan Tripura.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2018 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tripura 2018 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2018/tripura/264/25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debbarma, Priyamani}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2013–2018]]

Mau: The Spirit Dreams of Cheraw

2026-04-01T20:38:55Z

Simonaa: adding some details v1

{{short description|Indian Mizo-language documentary film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mau: The Spirit Dreams of Cheraw
| image =
| caption =
| director = Shilpika Bordoloi
| producer = Shilpika Bordoloi
| writer =
| starring = Shilpika Bordoloi
| cinematography = Sumedha Bhattacharyya
| editing = Sagarika Debnath
| music = Padmanābhan J
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|21}}
| runtime = 52 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Mizo language|Mizo-language]]
}}

'''''Mau: The Spirit Dreams of Cheraw''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Mizo language|Mizo-language]] [[documentary film]] directed and produced by Shilpika Bordoloi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahanta |first=Puja |date=2023-12-24 |title=Celebrating the cinematic brilliance of Northeast: 8 award-winning films of 2023 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/celebrating-the-cinematic-brilliance-of-northeast-8-award-winning-films-of-2023-732290-2023-12-24 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> The film explores the cultural and ritualistic history of the Cheraw dance of Mizoram, specifically its connection to maternal mortality and the ecological phenomenon of bamboo flowering.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2025-08-28 |title=Shilpika Bordoloi’s short film is a tribute to Mizo Culture |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shilpika-bordolois-cinematic-tribute-to-mizo-culture/article69984293.ece |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The film received the [[IFFI Best Debut Director Award|Best Debut Film of a Director]] (Non-Feature) at the [[71st National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Sravasti |date=2025-09-15 |title=The bamboo whisperer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2025/Sep/15/the-bamboo-whisperer |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=71st National Film Awards 2025 Winners List - National Film Awards |url=https://nationalfilmawards.in/award/71st-national-film-awards-2025-winners-list.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=nationalfilmawards.in |language=en-US}}</ref> It was also selected for the [[International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama]] section at the [[54th International Film Festival of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar |first=Ankan |date=2023-11-05 |title=Mau: Dance and Trance in Mizoram |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/mau-dance-and-trance-in-mizoram.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The documentary uses an ethnographic approach to trace the origins of the Cheraw, popularly known as the "bamboo dance." While contemporary interpretations of the dance are celebratory, the film documents its traditional roots as a ritual performed to guide the soul of a mother who died during childbirth. The narrative parallels human grief with the life cycle of the [[Melocanna baccifera]] (locally known as ''Mau''), a bamboo species in Mizoram that flowers once every 48 years and subsequently dies, a phenomenon known as [[Mautam]].<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result
|-
| 2023 || [[71st National Film Awards]] || Best Debut Film of a Director (Non-Feature) || Shilpika Bordoloi || {{Won}}
|-
| 2023 || Chalachitram National Film Festival || Best Cinematography || Sumedha Bhattacharyya || {{Won}}
|-
| 2024 || Northeast International Documentary and Film Festival || Best North East Special Award || Mau: The Spirit Dreams of Cheraw || {{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://filmguide.iffigoa.org/detail/?id=5776 Mau: The Spirit Dreams of Cheraw] at ''[[International Film Festival of India]]''

[[Category:2023 documentary films]]
[[Category:2023 short documentary films]]
[[Category:Culture of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Northeast Indian films]]

R. Ranga Rao (administrator)

2026-03-31T04:55:04Z

Simonaa: Started First Bio W/ Infobox...

{{short description|Diwan of Travancore}}
{{for|the academic|R. Ranga Rao (mathematician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Rai
| name = Ranga Rao
| birth_name = T. Ranga Rao
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| office = [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Travancore]]
| term_start = 1837
| term_end = 1838
| monarch = [[Swathi Thirunal]]
| predecessor = [[T. Subha Rao|T. Subba Row]]
| successor = [[R. Venkata Rao]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''Rai Ranga Rao''' was (born '''T. Ranga Rao''', also spelt '''Ranga Row''') was an Indian administrator and statesman who served as Diwan of [[Travancore]] 1837{{ndash}}1838. He was the father of [[Sir T. Madhava Rao]], brother of [[R. Venkata Rao]] and paternal uncle of [[R. Raghunatha Rao]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Growth of Public Opinion in the Madras Presidency, 1858-1909|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0gFAAAAMAAJ|page=36|author=D. Sadasivan|publisher=University of Madras|year=1974|quote=Sit T. Madhava Rao was one of the outstanding statesmen of his time. He was born in the city of Kumbakonam, in 1828. His father, R. Ranga Rao, Dewan of Travancore. Madhava Rao spent his early years in Madras and studied in the Presidency College, then known as the High School of the Madras University.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3981/page/n313/mode/2up|title=Travancore: a guide book for the visitor|page=270|author=Emily Gilchriest Hatch|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|before=Subba Row|after=[[R. Venkata Rao]]|title=Diwan of Travancore|years=1837–1838}}
{{s-end}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, R. Ranga}}
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Diwans of Travancore]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Andhra King Taluka

2026-03-30T17:44:03Z

Simonaa:

{{Short description|2025 Telugu film by
. P. Mahesh Babu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Andhra King Taluka.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Mahesh Babu P.
| producer = Naveen Yerneni Y. Ravi Shankar
| writer = Mahesh Babu P.
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ram Pothineni]]
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
* [[Bhagyashri Borse]]
}}
| music = [[Vivek–Mervin]]
| cinematography = [[Siddhartha Nuni]] [[George C. Williams (cinematographer)|George C. Williams]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 163 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2025 |title=''Andhra King Taluka'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/andhra-king-taluka-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdm0nte4 |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
₹32.50 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra King Taluka Total WW Collections!! |url=https://t2blive.com/andhra-king-taluka-total-ww-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=12 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
}}
'''''Andhra King Taluka''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy]]-[[drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Mahesh Babu P. Produced by Naveen Yerneni and Y. Ravi Shankar under [[Mythri Movie Makers]], in association with [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ram-pothineni-andhra-king-taluka-rap022-upendra-bhagyashri-borse/article69579186.ece|title='RAPO 22': Ram Pothineni's upcoming film titled 'Andhra King Taluka'|date=15 May 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/birthday-special-ram-pothinenis-new-film-is-titled-andhra-king-taluka-73871.html|title=Birthday Special: Ram Pothineni's New Film Is Titled Andhra King Taluka | Filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/ram-pothineni-debuts-as-lyricist-writes-first-song-for-andhra-king-taluka-ws-l-9443122.html|title=Ram Pothineni Debuts As Lyricist, Writes First Song For Andhra King Taluka|website=News18}}</ref> the film stars [[Ram Pothineni]], [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Bhagyashri Borse]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/after-back-to-back-action-films-ram-pothineni-is-back-with-a-love-story-1840225|title=After back to back action films, Ram Pothineni is back with a love story|first=Bhavana|last=Sharma|date=21 November 2024|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannada-actor-upendra-joins-ram-pothineni-and-bhagyashree-borse-for-rapo-22-2723611-2025-05-12|title=Kannada actor Upendra joins Ram Pothineni and Bhagyashree Borse for RAPO 22|first=Sanjay|last=Ponnappa|date=12 May 2025|website=India Today}}</ref>

Music for the film was composed by the musical duo [[Vivek–Mervin]], in their debut in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vivek-mervin-to-make-their-telugu-debut-with-ram-pothinenis-rapo-22/article68913821.ece|title=Vivek-Mervin to make their Telugu debut with Ram Pothineni's RAPO 22|date=26 November 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Cinematography handled by [[Siddhartha Nuni]] and editing by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

''Andhra King Taluka'' was released on 27 November 2025 in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/21/ram-pothinenis-andhra-king-taluka-gets-a-release-date|title=Ram Pothineni's Andhra King Taluka gets a release date|first=B. H.|last=Harsh|date=5 August 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences, who praised the lead pair’s performances, direction, and music, but criticised the lengthy runtime. Despite the positive reviews, the film flopped at the box office, grossing over only ₹32.50 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Andhra King Taluka’ Director On Syncing With Ram Pothineni And Why The Film Belongs In Theatres |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/andhra-king-taluka-director-on-syncing-with-ram-pothineni-and-why-his-film-belongs-in-theatres |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> Despite its failure at the box office the film gained an overwhelmingly positive response from OTT audience.<ref>
https://www.gulte.com/ott/389059/andhra-king-taluka-trends-no-1-on-netflix-india</ref>

== Plot ==
A heartfelt tribute to fan culture, the story follows Sagar, an ardent fan whose life, relationships, and identity revolve around his admiration for his cinematic idol, ''"Andhra King"'' Surya Kumar.

In 2000s, the successful commercial actor, Surya Kumar, fondly known as ''"Andhra King"'', is acting in his landmark 100th film. But the producer, due to his repeated financial losses, opts out of producing the film. This makes Surya worry that his 100th film may be shelved, which would cause a downfall in his career.

He later approaches another producer, Nayak, who worked with Surya for his past films marking many blockbusters, asked him for ₹ 3 crores, which would suffice to produce the film. To loan him the money, Nayak forces Surya to act in a supporting role in which Nayak launches his son as the lead actor with Surya playing his father-which he had never done before. Surya decides to sell his house and assets for continuing production for his stopped film. But he couldn't tolerate the sadness of selling his house, built with the money made by his acting skills.

Before he could meet Nayak, he comes to know that someone has deposited ₹ 3 crores in his account. This makes him shocked and pushes him to find the person, calls up Anji, Ex-President and Founder of ''"Andhra King Fans Association"'' — Rajahmundry. It is revealed that the money was deposited by Sagar, the current president of the ''"Andhra King Fans Association"''. Then, Anji notes that he knows Sagar personally and would help Surya to contact his die-hard fan.

Upon this, a flashback arises in Sagar's childhood, where he is in the theatre to buy FDFS tickets for Surya's newly-released film at that time. His father, trying to find ticket-sellers, meets Anji, who had many tickets but only given to real fans of Surya who had also decorated the theatre with cutouts and taglines of Surya. Finding that this was the only way to obtain tickets, Sagar immediately runs out to engrave his shirt as ''"ANDHRA KING"'' and ties the shirt on a cut-out of Surya. Ever since, the tagline ''"Andhra King"'' was used for Surya.

Knowing that Sagar was a fan of him since a while, decided to go on and visit him and wonders how he could give Surya such a large sum of money.

On the way, they stop at a small tea shop where the news reads: Eshwar, the journalist who wrote about Surya's career to be ended, was attacked by fans and they demanded an apology directly from Surya himself. Surya goes to the newspaper office and meets Eshwar. He asks Eshwar that being his fan, why is he writing negative news about him.

Turns out again, Eshwar was a close friend of Sagar and goes on to explain how he had begun his journey as being a fan of Surya. Sagar falls in love with Mahalakshmi. One day in a theatre, they both end up kissing each other which was seen by Purushottam, Mahalakshmi's father. This enrages him and beats up Sagar with his people inside the theatre. Sagar feels insulted and challenges Purushottam that he will build a theatre at his village, which is a flood-prone place and will open it. He tells this to Eshwar, who berates him for doing so. He leaves Sagar and goes to a far-off place and works as a journalist. Eshwar replies to Surya that this news is intended to Sagar which is an attempt to bring him to reality.

Sagar successfully constructs a theatre at his hometown and makes everything ready to open it on the release date of Surya's hundredth film. He sells the theatre to Mahalakshmi's father for 3 crores so that he could deposit that in Surya's account. This upsets Mahalakshmi, who had hopes on him and decides to marry someone else. Surya reaches the wedding hall and convinces Mahalakshmi to reunite with Sagar as a person like him would not betray her. Surya thinks of meeting Sagar but is stopped by the boat operator due to heavy rains. He insists on taking him there where on the other hand the village is flooded. Sagar takes all his people to the theatre he has constructed. Surya meets Sagar and this becomes a fanboy moment for him.

The movie ends with Surya's hundredth film having the highest first-day gross at Sagar's Mahalakshmi theatre.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as ''"Andhra King"'' Surya Kumar
* [[Ram Pothineni]] as Sagar P
* [[Bhagyashri Borse]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Sindhu Tolani]] as Surya's wife
* [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] as Eshwar, Sagar's best friend
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Simhadri, Sagar's father
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Sagar's mother
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Puchakayyala Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Purushottam, Mahalakshmi's father
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Mahalakshmi's mother
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Surya's Manager
* [[Siva Reddy]] as Anji
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Chanti, the theatre operator
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Minister
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Collector
* [[Raghu Babu]] as a film producer
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as College Principal
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Naayak (Film Producer)
* Kalyan Subrahmanyam as Mahalakshmi’s brother
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Bank Manager
* Vadlamani Srinivas as School teacher
* Yazurved Gurram as Sagar’s rival
* Sravan
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===

On 12 October 2024, Ram Pothineni announced his next film, tentatively titled ''RAPO22'' with director Mahesh Babu Pachigolla who made ''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-pothineni-director-p-mahesh-babus-film-to-commence-shooting-in-november-article-114181788|title=Ram Pothineni, Director P Mahesh Babu's Film To Commence Shooting In November|date=13 October 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ram-pothinenis-rapo22-set-to-launch-on-november-21-a-new-direction-in-his-career-922920|title=Ram Pothineni's RAPO22 Set to Launch on November 21: A New Direction in His Career|first=Kausalya|last=Rachavelpula|date=19 November 2024|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

On 20 November 2024, [[Mythri Movie Makers]] officially announced Bhagyashri Borse as the female lead, marking her second Telugu film after ''[[Mr. Bachchan]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bhagyashri-borse-teams-up-with-ram-pothineni-for-his-upcoming-film-tentative-title-rapo22-2637205-2024-11-21|title=Bhagyashri Borse teams up with Ram Pothineni for his upcoming film|date=21 November 2024|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ram-pothineni-bhagyashri-borse-love-brewing-beyond-the-silver-screen-1875595|title=Are Ram Pothineni and Bhagyashri Borse's Solo Snaps a Secret Love Code?|date=28 April 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> On 12 May 2025, The makers of the film revealed the first-look of [[Upendra Rao|Upendra]], marking his return to Telugu cinema after [[Ghani (2022 film)|''Ghani'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/kannada-actor-upendra-joins-rapo22-makers-share-first-look-article-13021464.html|title=Kannada actor Upendra joins #RAPO22, makers share first look|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/upendra-to-play-surya-kumar-in-ram-pothineni-and-bhagyashree-borses-rapo-22/articleshow/121130650.cms|title=Upendra to play Surya Kumar in Ram Pothineni and Bhagyashree Borse's 'RAPO 22'|date=13 May 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> On 25 November 2024, music composer duo [[Vivek–Mervin]] were announced to be on board, marking their debut in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/vivek-mervin-to-make-tollywood-debut-with-rapo22-924464|title=Vivek-Mervin to make Tollywood debut with 'RaPo22'|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=25 November 2024|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/25/composer-duo-vivek-mervin-to-make-their-telugu-debut-with-rapo22|title=Composer duo Vivek-Mervin to make their Telugu debut with RAPO22|first=B. H.|last=Harsh|date=25 November 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was officially launched with a [[Muhurat shot|muhurtham]] on 21 November 2024 in [[Hyderabad]]. The launch event was attended by [[Gopichand Malineni]], [[Hanu Raghavapudi]], [[Venky Kudumula]] and other notable guests. Gopichand Malineni switched on the camera, Hanu Raghavapudi gave the first clap, and Venky Kudumula directed the inaugural shot, which featured Ram Pothineni alongside lead actress Bhagyashri Borse in a traditional [[Muhurat shot|muhurat scene]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/21/ram-pothinenis-next-with-director-p-mahesh-babu-launched-with-pooja-ceremony|title=Ram Pothineni's next with director P Mahesh Babu launched with pooja ceremony|first=Aditya|last=Devulapally|date=21 November 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

The official [[Principal photography]] of the film was commenced from 6 December 2024 in [[Hyderabad]] On the same day, the first look of the film featuring Ram Pothineni was also released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rapo-22-ram-pothineni-plays-sagar-in-director-mahesh-babus-next/article68954192.ece|title=RAPO 22: Ram Pothineni plays Sagar in director Mahesh Babu's next|date=6 December 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The next schedule of the film wrapped up after a 34-day non-stop shoot in [[Rajahmundry]], during which [[Andhra Pradesh]] Cinematography Minister [[Kandula Durgesh]] visited the set.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-cinematography-minister-greets-rapo22-movie-team-on-godavari-banks/article69251394.ece|title=Andhra Cinematography Minister visits RAPO22 movie crew on Godavari banks|date=22 February 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-pothineni-p-mahesh-babu-wrap-up-34-days-nonstop-shoot-for-rapo22-in-rajahmundry-article-119245814|title=Ram Pothineni, P Mahesh Babu Wrap Up 34 Days Nonstop Shoot For #RAPO22 In Rajahmundry|date=20 March 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref>

The final schedule of the film commenced in [[Hyderabad]], and was expected to continue for ten days. Following this, the team planned to shoot key daytime sequences, including the film's climax, over the next 20 days. Upon completion of this schedule, the principal photography was set to be wrapped up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/11/andhra-king-taluka-enters-final-shooting-phase-with-one-month-hyderabad-schedule|title=Andhra King Taluka enters final shooting phase with one-month Hyderabad schedule|first=Aditya|last=Devulapally|date=11 July 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> On 1 November 2025, the [[Principal photography]] wrapped up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/rapowraps-upandhra-king-talukashoot-set-for-nov28-release-1019892|title=RaPowraps up‘Andhra King Taluka’shoot; set for Nov28 release|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=2 November 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

== Music ==
The [[soundtrack]] album and [[background score]] were composed by [[Vivek–Mervin]], marking their Telugu debut. The music rights were acquired by [[T-Series (company)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/tamil-music-director-duo-vivek-mervin-debut-in-tollywood-to-compose-for-ram-pothinenis-film-rapo22-article-115661008|title=Tamil Music Director-Duo Vivek-Mervin Debut In Tollywood; To Compose For Ram Pothineni's Film #RaPo22|date=25 November 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref> On 18 July 2025, the first single "Nuvvunte Chaley" was released, the song lyrics was written by [[Ram Pothineni]], marking his debut as lyricist and sung by [[Anirudh Ravichander]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-ram-pothineni-debuts-as-lyricist-with-andhra-king-taluka-2756495-2025-07-16|title=Actor Ram Pothineni debuts as lyricist with Andhra King Taluka|date=16 July 2025|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/ram-pothineni-turns-lyricist-for-his-upcoming-film-andhra-king-taluka-75592.html|title=Ram Pothineni Turns Lyricist for His Upcoming Film Andhra King Taluka | Filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com}}</ref> The second single “Puppy Shame” is released on 8 September 2025, with the lyrics by [[Bhaskarabhatla]] and vocals by [[Ram Pothineni]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ram-shows-his-vocal-power-in-puppy-shame-song-from-andhra-king-taluka-1004515|title=Ram shows his vocal power in ‘Puppy Shame’ song from ‘Andhra King Taluka’|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|website=The Hans India}}</ref> On 31 October 2025, the third single "Chinni Gundelo" is released, with the lyrics [[Krishna Kanth]] and vocals by Mervin Solomon and Satya Yamini.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/31/chinni-gundelo-from-andhra-king-taluka-is-a-lilting-yet-upbeat-romantic-number|title=‘Chinni Gundelo’ from Andhra King Taluka is a lilting yet upbeat romantic number|date=31 October 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = {{center|{{big|''Andhra King Taluka'' track listing}}}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:31
| title1 = Untold Emotions
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = Swarag Keerthan
| length1 = 4:35
| title4 = Nuvvunte Chaley
| lyrics4 = [[Ram Pothineni]]
| extra4 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length4 = 4:00
| title3 = Puppy Shame
| lyrics3 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra3 = [[Ram Pothineni]]
| length3 = 3:26
| title5 = Chinni Gundelo
| lyrics5 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra5 = [[Vivek-Mervin|Mervin Solomon]], Satya Yamini
| length5 = 2:54
| title2 = First Day First Show
| lyrics2 = Dinesh Kakkerla
| extra2 = "Andhra King Taluka" Fans
| length2 = 2:59
| title7 = Padu Padu
| lyrics7 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra7 = [[Ram Pothineni]]
| length7 = 2:01
| title6 = Chalu
| lyrics6 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra6 = [[Vivek-Mervin|Vivek Siva]], [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| length6 = 4:36
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Andhra King Taluka'' was theatrically released on 27 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/andhra-king-taluka-ram-pothineni-starrer-to-hit-screens-on-this-date-enn25082104300|title=Andhra King Taluka: Ram Pothineni Starrer To Hit Screens On THIS Date|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=21 August 2025|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref> Earlier it was scheduled to release on 28 November 2025 but it was pre-poned one day before the actual date.

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights to the film were acquired by [[Netflix]] where it began streaming on 25 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/andhra-king-taluka-ott-details-ram-pothineni-starrer-bags-rights-with-this-streaming-giant-reports/articleshow/122484610.cms|title='Andhra King Taluka' OTT details: Ram Pothineni starrer bags rights with THIS streaming giant - Reports|date=15 July 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt32553651}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek–Mervin]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Mythri Movie Makers films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]

Central Bureau of Investigation

2026-03-29T19:21:20Z

Simonaa:

{{Short description|Indian federal law enforcement agency}}
{{About||California state law enforcement agency|California Bureau of Investigation||CBI (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Central Bureau of Investigation
| logo = Cbi logo.svg
| logocaption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of CBI
| abbreviation = CBI
| mottotranslated = Industry, Impartiality, Integrity
| employees = Sanctioned: 7274 Actual: 6391 Vacant: 883 as on 1 Feb 2022<ref name=cbi_vacancy_March2017>{{cite web|title=Over all vacancy position of CBI as on 01.03.2017|url=http://www.cbi.nic.in/rt_infoact/cbi_vac20170301.pdf|page=01|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321181846/http://www.cbi.nic.in/rt_infoact/cbi_vac20170301.pdf|archive-date=21 March 2017}}</ref>
| budget = {{INRConvert|1104.98|c|1}}(2026-27 est.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Notes on Demands for Grants, 2022-2023|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe73.pdf|website=India - Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs|year=2021|url-status=live|archive-date=2022-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623181556/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe73.pdf}}</ref>
| formed = 1963 through ''Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946''
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| minister1name =
| country = India
| constitution1 = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2258/1/A1946-25.pdf The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946]
| minister1pfo = [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| chief1name = [[Praveen Sood]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = [[Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation|Director]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/subodh-jaiswal-cbi-director-7330189/|title=Maharashtra cadre IPS Subodh Jaiswal is new CBI Director|last1=Tiwary|first1=Deeptiman|last2=C.G.|first2=Manoj|work=The Indian Express|location=New Delhi|date=25 May 2021|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref>
| chief2name =
| chief2position =
| parentagency = [[Department of Personnel and Training]]
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
The '''Central Bureau of Investigation''' ('''CBI''') is the domestic [[Criminal investigation|crime investigating]] agency of [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://cbi.gov.in|title=Official website of Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)|website=cbi.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="cbi.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbi.gov.in/aboutus/cbiroles.php|title=CBI & its Roles|date=n.d.|publisher=Central Bureau of Investigation India|archive-date=2020-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117155258/http://www.cbi.gov.in/aboutus/cbiroles.php}}</ref> It operates under the jurisdiction of the [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]. Originally set up to investigate bribery and governmental corruption, in 1965 it received expanded jurisdiction to investigate breaches of central laws enforceable by the [[Government of India]], multi-state organised crime, multi-agency or international cases.<ref name="Brief-History">{{Cite web|title=A Brief History of CBI |publisher=Central Bureau of Investigation, Government of India |url=http://www.cbi.gov.in/history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818055846/http://www.cbi.gov.in/history.php |archive-date=18 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> CBI is exempted from the provisions of the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information Act]].<ref name="Central Information Commission slams CBI's proposed exemption from RTI" /> CBI is India's officially designated [[Point of contact|single point of contact]] to act as the liaison with [[Interpol]].<ref name="cbipol1">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/interpol-to-hold-general-assembly-in-india-in-2022/articleshow/71656300.cms|title=Interpol to hold general assembly in India in 2022|date=2019-10-18|publisher=The Economic Times India}}</ref> The CBI headquarter is located in CGO Complex, near [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].

== History ==

===Special Police Establishment===
The Bureau of Investigation traces its origins to the Special Police Establishment (SPE), a Central Government Police force, which was set up in 1941 by the Government of India to investigate bribery and corruption in transactions with the War and Supply Department of India.<ref name="Brief-History" /> It had its headquarters in [[Lahore]]. The Superintendent of the SPE was [[Qurban Ali Khan (governor)|Qurban Ali Khan]], who later opted for Pakistan during the [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Central Bureau of Investigation: In Service of the Nation |chapter=A Colonial Corps: The Formative Years |chapter-url=http://cbi.gov.in/coffeetable/3.pdf |url=http://cbi.gov.in/coffeetable/coffeetable.php |publisher=Central Bureau of Investigation, Government of India |year=2010 |pages=31–50|archive-date=2018-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013024/http://cbi.gov.in/coffeetable/3.pdf}}</ref> The first legal adviser of the War Department was [[Karam Chand Jain|Rai Sahib Karam Chand Jain]]. After the end of the war, there was a continued need for a central governmental agency to investigate bribery and corruption by central-government employees. Sahib Karam Chand Jain remained its legal advisor when the department was transferred to the Home Department by the 1946 Delhi Special Police Establishment Act.<ref name="Brief-History" />

=== CBI directors ===
{{See also|Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation}}

== Organisation ==
{{See also|Police ranks and insignia of India}}
The CBI is headed by a Director, an [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] with a rank of [[Director general of police]]. The current director of CBI is Praveen Sood, who was the former DG and IGP of Karnataka state police. The director is selected by a high-profile committee constituted under The Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 November 1946|title=The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946|url=http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1946-25.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222090431/http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1946-25.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2018|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> as amended through [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]], and has a two-year term which can be extended for another three years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-15|title=Centre brings Ordinances to extend tenure of ED, CBI directors up to 5 years|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-ordinances-tenure-ed-cbi-directors-extended-7622361/|access-date=2021-11-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en|author=Deeptiman Tiwary}}</ref>

=== Unconstitutional status ===
{{Update|section|date=August 2017}}
Gauhati High Court had given a verdict on 6 November 2013 that CBI is unconstitutional and does not hold a legal status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cbi-unconctitutional-illegal-guwahati-high-court-216776-2013-11-06|title = Gauhati High Court rules CBI is 'unconstitutional'|date=2013-11-07|work=India Today}}</ref> However, the Supreme Court of India stayed this verdict when challenged by the central government and the next hearing on this is fixed on 6 December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/supreme-court-stays-gauhati-high-court-s-order-that-held-cbi-unconstitutional-443884|title = Supreme Court stays Gauhati High Court's order that held CBI 'unconstitutional'|last=Vaidyanathan|first=A|editor-last=Das|editor-first=Mala|date=2013-11-09|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> It continues to derive its powers from Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CBI/About Us|url=https://cbi.gov.in/About-Us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213937/https://cbi.gov.in/About-Us |archive-date=27 June 2021 }}</ref>

=== Demand for greater autonomy ===
Demanding independent investigations, the CBI said that although it deferred to the government's authority in non-corruption cases, the agency felt that sufficient financial and administrative powers were required by the director (including a minimum three-year tenure to ensure "functional autonomy"). "As such, it is necessary that the director, CBI, should be vested with ex-officio powers of the Secretary to the Government of India, reporting directly to the minister, without having to go through the DoPT", the agency said, adding that financial powers were not enough and it wanted a separate budget allocation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/unhappy-with-autonomy-offer-cbi-wants-more/1142821/0|title=Unhappy with autonomy offer, CBI wants more|date=12 June 2013|last=Anand|first=Utkarsh|access-date=2013-07-18|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Appointment Committee and Selection committee ===
The CBI Director is appointed, for not less than a term of two years, by the Appointment Committee on recommendation of Selection Committee as mentioned in DSPE Act 1946 amended through the Lokpal & Lokayukta Act 2013 and CVC Act, 2003<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbi.gov.in/aboutus/aboutus.php|title=Central Bureau of Investigation|website=cbi.gov.in|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> respectively. The Appointment Committee consists of:
* [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]{{spaced ndash}}Chairperson
* [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of Opposition of Loksabha]] or the Leader of the single largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha, if the former is not present due to lack of mandated strength in the Lok Sabha - member
* [[Chief Justice of India]] or a Supreme Court Judge recommended by the Chief Justice{{spaced ndash}}member

The Selection Committee constituted under Delhi Special Police Establishment Act 1946 nominates a certain number of names to the Appointment Committee, one among whom the Appointment Committee appoints as the CBI director. The Selection Committee consists of:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbi.gov.in/aboutus/dspe.php|title=Central Bureau of Investigation|website=cbi.gov.in|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|Central Vigilance Commissioner
|Chairperson
|-
|Vigilance Commissioners
|Members
|-
|Secretary to the Government of India in-charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs in the Central Government
|Members
|-
|Secretary, Co-ordination and Public Grievances, Cabinet Secretariat
|Member
|}
The NDA government, on 25 November 2014, moved an amendment bill to do away with the requirement of quorum in high-profile committee while recommending the names for the post of director CBI to the central government by introducing the clause "no appointment of a (CBI) director shall be invalid merely by reason of any vacancy or absence of members in the panel" and to replace the Leader of the Opposition (LOP) with the leader of the single largest opposition party or pre-election coalition.<ref name="CVC Act">{{cite web | url=http://cvc.nic.in/cvcact.pdf | title=CVC Act | publisher=CVC | access-date=30 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031006021106/http://cvc.nic.in/cvcact.pdf | archive-date=6 October 2003 }}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===
[[File:CBI Headquaters Delhi.jpg|thumb|250x250px|CBI headquarters in New Delhi]]
CBI headquarters is a {{INRConvert|186|c}}, 11-storey building in New Delhi. The {{convert|7000|m2|sqft|adj=on}} building is equipped with a modern communications system, an advanced record-maintenance system, storage space, computerised access control and an additional facility for new technology. Interrogation rooms, cells, dormitories and conference halls are provided. The building has a staff cafeteria with a capacity of 500, gyms, a terrace garden, and bi-level basement parking for 470 vehicles. Advanced fire-control and power-backup systems are provided, in addition to a press briefing room and media lounge.<ref name="indianexpress. com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pm-inaugurates-new-cbi-headquarters-building/783864/ |title=PM inaugurates new CBI headquarters building |work=The Indian Express|date=2011-04-30 |access-date=2013-04-26}}</ref>

==== Bharatpol ====
On January 7, 2025, the [[Indian Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]], launched the CBI developed [[Bharatpol]] platform. It will help streamline the communication between local law enforcement authorities and [[Interpol]]. Rapid and secure transmission of Interpol notices will be guaranteed by the platform. 195 countries' Interpol references will be integrated for global assistance. Local agencies would be able to access the 195 countries' support requests instantly. Additionally, it will streamline capacity-building programs and document management and interchange. Requests for real-time data exchange, including the sending of [[Red corner notice|Red Corner Notices]] (RCNs) and other alerts over a worldwide network, will be responded to by Bharatpol more quickly both domestically and internationally. Crimes like [[cybercrime]], [[illegal drug trade]], [[arms trafficking]], [[human trafficking]], and [[terrorism]] will be addressed with the assistance of Bharatpol. It will have access to 19 different kinds of Interpol databases.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2025 |title=Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah, inaugurates the BHARATPOL portal developed by CBI in New Delhi |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2090877 |access-date=8 January 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manral |first=Mahender Singh |date=2025-01-07 |title=Amit Shah launches Bharatpol: how this portal aims to help probe transnational crimes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-bharatpol-amit-shah-launched-9765386/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Hierarchy===
'''Officers:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://doptcirculars.nic.in/Default.aspx?URL=eH4T9j3UKABo | title=URL Generated Report }}</ref>'''
* Director
* Special Director
* Additional Director
* Joint Director
* Deputy inspector general (DIG)
* Superintendent of Police (SP)
* Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl.SP)
* Deputy superintendent of police (Dy.SP)
'''Subordinates:'''
* Inspector
* Sub-Inspector (SI)
* Assistant Sub-Inspector (ASI)
* Head constable (HC)
* Constable

==CBI Academy==
The CBI Academy in [[Ghaziabad]] (east of [[Delhi]]) began in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbiacademy.gov.in/ |title= Welcome to CBI Academy School of eLearning |publisher= cbiacademy.gov.in |access-date= 11 October 2006 |archive-date= 19 December 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101219082112/http://www.cbiacademy.gov.in/ }}</ref> It is about {{convert|40|km}} from the New Delhi railway station and about {{cvt|65|km}} from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]. The {{cvt|26.5|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus, with fields and plantations, houses the administrative, academic, hostel and residential buildings. Before the academy was built a small training centre at Lok Nayak Bhawan, [[New Delhi]], conducted short-term in-service courses. The CBI then relied on state police-training institutions and the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]] in [[Hyderabad]] for basic training courses for deputy superintendents of police, sub-inspectors and constables.

== Jurisdiction, powers and restrictions ==
In 2022, responding to a question, The Minister of state in the Prime Minister's office informed Rajya Sabha that a total of nine states had withdrawn general consent to the CBI to investigate cases in those states. The states include West Bengal, Maharashtra, Kerala and Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nine states withdraw general consent to CBI to investigate cases, says Jitendra Singh |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=Nine-states-withdraw-general-consent-to-CBI-to-investigate-cases%2c-says-Jitendra-Singh&id=437820|date=2022-03-24 |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref> In June 2023, Tamil Nadu became the ninth state to withdraw consent.<ref name="tamil-nadu-consent">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-10th-state-to-block-cbi-entry-into-state-without-consent-11686756818362.html |title=Tamil Nadu 10th state to block CBI entry into state without consent |date=14 June 2023 |work=Livemint}}</ref>

===Investigation of corruption cases===
The CBI is the primary investigative agency for corruption cases involving Central Government employees under the [[Prevention of Corruption Act]] (PC Act) and the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act. However, the scope of its jurisdiction has been subject to legal interpretations.

In a significant ruling, the [[Kerala High Court]] held that the [[Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau]] (VACB), a state anti-corruption agency, also possesses the authority to investigate corruption cases involving Central Government employees within the state. The court reasoned that neither the PC Act nor the DSPE Act explicitly prohibits state agencies from investigating such cases.

This ruling underscores the complexities surrounding the jurisdiction of investigative agencies in corruption matters. While the CBI holds primary responsibility, state anti-corruption agencies may also possess concurrent jurisdiction in certain circumstances, depending on the specific provisions of relevant legislation and judicial interpretations.

The High Court observed that neither the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) nor the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act of 1946 explicitly prohibits state anti corruption agencies or state police from investigating corruption cases involving Central Government employees. Moreover, neither act grants exclusive investigative authority to the CBI, the [[Central Vigilance Commission]], or any other Central Government entity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-06 |title=VACB can register and probe corruption cases against Central govt. employees: HC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/vacb-can-register-and-probe-corruption-cases-against-central-govt-employees-hc/article67164740.ece |access-date=2025-01-18 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratap |first=Giti |date=2023-08-07 |title=State Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau can investigate corruption cases against Central government employees: Kerala High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/state-vigilance-and-anti-corruption-bureau-investigate-corruption-cases-central-government-employees-kerala-high-court |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Vigilance can file case, even against central govt officers: High Court |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1123695&u |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-15 |title=Madras HC dismisses plea to transfer case against arrested ED officer to CBI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-hc-dismisses-plea-to-transfer-case-against-arrested-ed-officer-to-cbi/article67642458.ece |access-date=2025-01-18 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The court, therefore, held that "the VACB, being a specially constituted agency to investigate bribery, corruption and misconduct mainly under the PC Act is always clothed with the authority to investigate offences involving corruption that take place within the State, whether it is committed by a Central government employee or a State Government employee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benny |first=Navya |date=2023-08-07 |title=VACB Authorized To Investigate Offences Under Prevention Of Corruption Act Against Central Govt Employees: Kerala High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/kerala-high-court/kerala-high-court-vacb-authorized-investigate-offences-prevention-of-corruption-act-by-central-government-employees-234600 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HC: State cops can probe Central staff in graft cases |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/hc-state-cops-can-probe-central-staff-in-graft-cases-23129/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Relationship with state police ===

The CBI was originally constituted under the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act to operate within the territory of Delhi. As policing and law is a subject that falls within state powers under the structure of Indian federalism, the CBI needs prior consent from other state governments in order to conduct investigations within their territory. This consent can be in the form of a 'general consent' under Section 6 of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, which remains in operation for all investigations until it is revoked, or alternatively, a 'specific consent' authorising investigations in individual cases.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-19|title=Explained: Why CBI needs consent, how far the denial will restrict it in Andhra, Bengal|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cbi-investigation-consent-andhra-pradesh-west-bengal-5452619/|author=Deeptiman Tiwary|access-date=2020-07-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=November 6, 2020|first=Prabhash K.|last=Dutta|title=What is general consent to CBI? How many states have withdrawn it?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/what-is-general-consent-to-cbi-1738499-2020-11-06|access-date=2020-11-09|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Once consent is granted, the CBI can investigate economic, corruption, and special crimes (including national security, drugs and narcotics, etc.)<ref name=":0" />

Most Indian states had granted general consent to the CBI to investigate crimes within their territory. However, as of 2020, several states have withdrawn their 'general consent' for the CBI to operate, and require a special consent to be granted on a case to case basis. In November 2018 [[West Bengal]] government withdrew general consent for the CBI to investigate, and accused the Central Government of using federal agencies to destabilise state politics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-17|title=CBI war spills to state vs Centre: Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal bar the agency|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cbi-war-spills-to-state-vs-centre-andhra-pradesh-west-bengal-bar-the-agency-5450853/|access-date=2020-07-22|website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh restored general consent in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhosekar|first=Prasad|date=2019-06-04 |title=CBI general consent restored in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cbi-general-consent-restored-in-andhra-pradesh-2756869|access-date=2020-11-09|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra have given general consent to the CBI after elections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2020|title=Maharashtra withdraws 'general consent' to CBI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-withdraws-general-consent-to-cbi/articleshow/78794112.cms|access-date=2020-10-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In November 2020, [[Kerala]], [[Jharkhand]], and [[Punjab]] withdrew general consent to the CBI.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Kerala revokes general consent for CBI probes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-withdraws-general-consent-to-cbi-6943442/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-09|title=Punjab Becomes Ninth State to Revoke General Consent for CBI Probe |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/punjab-becomes-ninth-state-to-revoke-general-consent-for-cbi-probe-3063176.html|access-date=2020-11-09 |website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Becomes Eighth State To Withdraw General Consent For CBI Probe |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-becomes-eighth-state-to-withdraw-general-consent-for-cbi-probe-2321266|access-date=2020-11-09 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Mizoram]] had previously withdrawn general consent to the CBI as well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra Among Five States To Withdraw General Consent To CBI |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-maharashtra-among-five-states-that-have-withdrawn-general-consent-to-cbi/362761|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Outlook India|date=22 October 2020 }}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com"/> [[Meghalaya]] withdrew consent in March 2022,<ref name="general-consent">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sc-state-government-consent-cbi-investigation-7617317/ |title=General consent for the CBI: The law, and political reasons for its denial |work=The Indian Express |date=12 November 2021 |author=Deeptiman Tiwary}}</ref> and [[Tamil Nadu]] withdrew consent in June 2023, and [[Karnataka]] in 2024. Altogether, eight states require prior consent before the CBI can investigate crimes in their territory.<ref name="tamil-nadu-consent" />

=== High Courts and the Supreme Court ===
The [[High courts of India|High Courts]] and the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] have the jurisdiction to order a CBI investigation into an offence alleged to have been committed in a state without the state's consent, according to a five-judge constitutional [[Bench (metonymy)|bench]] of the Supreme Court (in Civil Appeals 6249 and 6250 of 2001) on 17 February 2010. The bench ruled: {{blockquote|text=Being the protectors of civil liberties of the citizens, this Court and the High Courts have not only the power and jurisdiction but also an obligation to protect the fundamental rights, guaranteed by Part III in general and under Article 21 of the Constitution in particular, zealously and vigilantly.|sign=Five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India|source=<ref name="Supreme Court judgement on power of courts to order CBI probe">{{cite web|title=Supreme Court judgement on power of courts to order CBI probe |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/330231/|publisher=indiankanoon.org|access-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>}} The court clarified ''this is an extraordinary power which must be exercised sparingly, cautiously and only in exceptional situations.<ref name="Supreme Court judgement on power of courts to order CBI probe"/><ref name="Courts can order CBI probe without states' consent: SC">{{cite news|title=Courts can order CBI probe without states' consent: SC|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-02-17/news/28455289_1_order-cbi-probe-apex-court-constitution-bench |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505163429/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-02-17/news/28455289_1_order-cbi-probe-apex-court-constitution-bench |archive-date=5 May 2013 |access-date=11 July 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=17 February 2010}}</ref>''

=== Exemption from Right to Information (RTI) ===
{{main|Right to Information Act}}

CBI is exempted from the provisions of the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]. This exemption was granted by the government on 9 June 2011 (with similar exemptions to the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA), the [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation]] and the [[NATGRID|National Intelligence Grid (Natgrid)]]) on the basis of national security. It was criticized by the Central Information Commission and RTI activists, who said the blanket exemption violated the letter and intent of the RTI Act.<ref name="Central Information Commission slams CBI's proposed exemption from RTI">{{cite news|title=Central Information Commission slams CBI's proposed exemption from RTI |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/central-information-commission-slams-cbis-proposed-exemption-from-rti-116314|access-date=2 June 2012 |date=3 July 2011}}</ref> The exemption was upheld in [[Madras High Court]].

==Divisions==
* '''Anti Corruption Division'''
** Handles cases involving public servants under the [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988|Prevention of Corruption Act]].
* '''Economic Offences Division'''
** Investigates bank frauds, financial scams, and serious economic crimes.
* '''Special Crimes Division'''
** Handles cases like murders, crimes of national importance, and high-profile cases referred by [[States and union territories of India|states]] or [[Judiciary of India|courts]].
* '''Directorate of Prosecution'''
** Prosecution related matters.
* '''Administration Division'''
** Deals with administrative and policy-related matters.
* '''Policy & Coordination Division'''
* [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]] (CFSL)

===Zonal offices===
CBI, operationally is divided into zones.
Each zonal office is headed by a Joint Director and oversees multiple branch offices within its jurisdiction. Major zonal offices are located in cities like [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Chandigarh]]. These offices control specialized units such as Anti-Corruption Branches (ACBs), Economic Offences Branches (EOBs), and Special Crimes Branches (SCBs) within their regions, ensuring effective investigation, administrative support, and inter-agency coordination at the regional level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Network of CBI |url=https://cbi.gov.in/cbi-network}}</ref>

Each Special Crime Branch (SCB), Anti-Corruption Branch (ACB) and Economic Offences Branch is headed by a [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General]] (DIG) or [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP). They are assisted by Addl.SPs, DySPs, inspectors, sub-inspectors, and constables.

== Conviction rate ==
{{Disputed section|date=August 2024}}
The CBI's annual [[conviction rate]]:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Conviction rate
|-
| 2022
| 74.59%<ref name="2019-2022:ConvictionRate">{{cite news |author1=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=Conviction rate of CBI rises up to 74.59% in 2022 from 68% in 2018: Govt |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/conviction-rate-of-cbi-rises-up-to-74-59-in-2022-from-68-in-2018-govt-123040600897_1.html |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=6 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| 67.56%<ref name="2019-2022:ConvictionRate"/>
|-
| 2020
| 69.83%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cbi-sc-blames-opposition-ruled-states-withdrawal-consent-efficiency-1867638-2021-10-21|title = CBI blames Opposition-ruled states, says withdrawal of consent for investigation affecting efficiency| date=21 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| 69.19%<ref name="2019-2022:ConvictionRate"/>
|-
| 2018
| 68%<ref name="2019-2022:ConvictionRate"/>
|-
| 2011
| 67%<ref name="cbi_annual_report_2011_p107">{{cite web|title=cbi_annual_report_2011|url=http://www.cbi.gov.in/annualreport/cbi_annual_report_2011.pdf|publisher=Central Bureau of Investigation |access-date=10 September 2012|page=107|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503234629/http://cbi.gov.in/annualreport/cbi_annual_report_2011.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| 70.8%<ref name="annual report 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbi.gov.in/annualreport/cbi_annual_report_2010.pdf |title=CBI annual report 2010 |publisher=cbi.gov.in |access-date=13 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421015013/http://www.cbi.gov.in/annualreport/cbi_annual_report_2010.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| N/A
|-
| 2008
| 66.2%<ref name="annual report 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbi.gov.in/annualreport/cbi_annual_report_2008.pdf |title=CBI annual report 2008 |publisher=cbi.gov.in |access-date=8 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702035713/http://www.cbi.gov.in/annualreport/cbi_annual_report_2008.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| 67.7%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbi.gov.in/annualreport/cbi_annual_report_2007.pdf |title=CBI annual report 2007 |publisher=cbi.gov.in |access-date=8 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201131725/http://www.cbi.gov.in/annualreport/cbi_annual_report_2007.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref>
|}

== Recruitment ==
The CBI recruits personnel through both direct and indirect methods. Direct recruitment primarily occurs through the [[Staff Selection Commission|Staff Selection Commission's]] [[Combined Graduate Level Examination|Combined Graduate Level]] (SSC CGL) exam, filling entry-level positions for subordinate staff. Indirectly, superior officer positions (Group A) are predominantly filled by deputing experienced and meritorious officers from the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) cadre and sometimes from [[Indian Revenue Service]] (IRS) Cadre. Additionally, subordinate positions can be filled by deputing personnel from various [[State Police (India)|state police forces]], union territory police, and other law enforcement agencies.

Officers from [[State Police Services]] (SPSs) across India, holding ranks ranging from [[Deputy superintendent of police]] (DSPs) to [[Additional superintendent of police]] (Addl. SP), as well as subordinate ranks like [[Inspector#India|Inspector]] and [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector of Police]], can be deputed to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

== Controversies and criticism ==
=== Corruption ===
In 2013, Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] (and later [[Chief Justice of India]]) [[Rajendra Mal Lodha|R. M. Lodha]] criticized the CBI for being a "caged parrot speaking in its master's voice", due to its excessive political interference irrespective of which party happened to be in power.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/cbi-supreme-court-parrot-coal-idINDEE94901W20130510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220025736/http://in.reuters.com/article/cbi-supreme-court-parrot-coal-idINDEE94901W20130510 |archive-date=20 December 2015 |title=A 'caged parrot' - Supreme Court describes CBI |agency=[[Reuters]] |author=Ross Colvin and Satarupa Bhattacharjya |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CBI-a-caged-parrot-heart-of-Coalgate-report-changed-Supreme-Court/articleshow/19952260.cms |title=CBI a 'caged parrot', 'heart' of Coalgate report changed: Supreme Court |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 May 2013 |access-date=8 May 2013 }}</ref>

Because of the CBI's political overtones,<ref name="firstpost1">{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/cbis-on-off-raids-how-congress-bureau-of-investigation-works-669666.html | title=CBI's on-off raids: How 'Congress Bureau of Investigation' works | publisher=firstpost.com | date=21 March 2013 | access-date=2013-04-26 | author=Venky Vembu}}</ref> it has been exposed by former officials such as Joginder Singh and B. R. Lall (director and joint director, respectively) as engaging in nepotism, wrongful prosecution and corruption. In Lall's book, ''Who Owns CBI'', he details how investigations are manipulated and derailed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-27/india/27799838_1_cbi-joint-director-hawala-official-letters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103163030/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-27/india/27799838_1_cbi-joint-director-hawala-official-letters |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Origin of Hawala funds were not traced | first1=Vishwa |last1=Mohan |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 November 2006}}</ref> Corruption within the organisation<ref>{{cite news|title=CBI Arrests Own Cop in Bribery Case |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=775478|access-date=18 September 2012|newspaper=The Outlook India|date=17 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502151654/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=775478|archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Adarsh Scam: CBI Arrests Own Lawyer, Ex-Cong MLC">{{cite news|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=754366 |title=Adarsh Scam: CBI Arrests Own Lawyer, Ex-Cong MLC |date=6 March 2012 |access-date=27 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502151002/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=754366 |archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref>
has been revealed in information obtained under the RTI Act,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?261778 |title=Grease on the Lens |author=Saikat Datta |publisher=outlookindia.com |date=21 September 2009 | access-date=9 October 2010}}</ref> and RTI activist Krishnanand Tripathi has alleged harassment from the CBI to save itself from exposure via RTI.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/apr/060410-Delhi-RTI-activist-complaint-CIC-CBI.htm |title=CBI is harassing me |author=Anshuman G Dutta |publisher=Mid-Day |date=4 June 2011 | access-date=14 June 2011}}</ref> The states that have withdrawn consent to the CBI have accused the CBI of being a tool used by the Central Government to unfairly target parties ideologically rivaling them.<ref name="general-consent"/>

=== Political interference ===

Normally, cases assigned to the CBI are sensitive and of national importance. It is standard practice for state police departments to register cases under its [[jurisdiction]]; if necessary, the central government may transfer a case to the CBI. The agency has been criticised for its mishandling of several scams.<ref name="CBI has long history of listening to its political master's voice">{{cite web | url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/cbi-has-long-history-of-listening-to-its-political-masters-voice | title=CBI has long history of listening to its political master's voice | work=The Sunday Guardian | access-date=1 February 2012 | archive-date=7 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207101040/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/cbi-has-long-history-of-listening-to-its-political-masters-voice }}</ref><ref name="Restoring Public Confidence in CBI">{{cite web | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?269847 | title=Restoring Public Confidence in CBI | publisher=outlook india | date=30 December 2010 | access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="OpenMagazine_CBI">{{cite web | url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-congress-bureau-of-investigation | title=The Congress Bureau of Investigation: Big stick politics. Will it ever end? | publisher= Open The Magazine | date=6 April 2013 | access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref> It has also been criticized for dragging its feet investigating prominent politicians, such as [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], [[J. Jayalalithaa]], [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], [[Mayawati]] and [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]; this tactic leads to their acquittal or non-prosecution.<ref name="guardian_cbi">{{cite news | url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/cbi-ineffective-in-dealing-with-political-cases | title=CBI ineffective in dealing with political cases | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=26 January 2013 | access-date=2013-05-19}}</ref>

==== Bofors scandal ====
{{Main|Bofors scandal}}

In January 2006 it was discovered that the CBI had quietly unfrozen bank accounts belonging to Italian businessman [[Ottavio Quattrocchi]], one of those accused in the 1986 [[Bofors]] scandal which tainted the government of [[Rajiv Gandhi]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} The CBI was responsible for the inquiry into the Bofors case. Associates of then-prime minister Rajiv Gandhi were linked to alleged payoffs made during the mid-1980s by Swedish arms firm AB Bofors, with US million{{clarify|date=October 2023}}in kickbacks moved from Britain and Panama to secret Swiss banks. The 410 [[howitzer]]s purchased in the US million arms sale were reported to be inferior to those offered by a French competitor.

The CBI, which unfroze {{INRConvert|21|c}} in a London bank in accounts held by Bofors, accused Quattrocchi and his wife Maria in 2006 but facilitated his travel by asking Interpol to take him off its wanted list on 29 April 2009.
After communications from the CBI, Interpol withdrew the [[Interpol notice]] on Quattrocchi.<ref name="Bofors scam: Quattrocchi off CBI's wanted list">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-28/india/28053713_1_bofors-scam-bofors-payoff-case-red-corner-notice | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505210251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-28/india/28053713_1_bofors-scam-bofors-payoff-case-red-corner-notice | archive-date=5 May 2013 | title=Bofors scam: Quattrocchi off CBI's wanted list | date=28 April 2009| access-date=22 December 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | location=NEW DELHI}}</ref>

==== Hawala scandal ====
{{main|Hawala scandal}}

{{See also|Vineet Narain}}
A 1991 arrest of militants in Kashmir led to a raid on [[hawala]] brokers, revealing evidence of large-scale payments to national politicians. The Jain hawala case encompassed former Central ministers Ajit Kumar Panja and P. Shiv Shankar, former Uttar Pradesh governor Motilal Vora, Bharatiya Janata Party leader Yashwant Sinha. The 20 defendants were discharged by Special Judge V. B. Gupta in the {{INR}} 650-million case, heard in New Delhi.

The judge ruled that there was no ''prima facie'' evidence against the accused which could be converted into legal evidence. Those freed included Bharatiya Janata Party president L. K. Advani; former Central ministers V. C. Shukla, Arjun Singh, Madhavrao Scindia, N. D. Tiwari and R. K. Dhawan, and former Delhi chief minister Madan Lal Khurana. In 1997 a ruling by late [[Chief Justice of India]] J. S. Verma listed about two dozen guidelines which, if followed, would have ensured the independence of the investigating agency. Sixteen years later, successive governments circumvent the guidelines and treat the CBI as another wing of the government. Although the prosecution was prompted by a public-interest petition, the cases concluded with no convictions. In ''Vineet Narain & Others v Government of India AIR 1996 SC 3386'', the Supreme Court ruled that the [[Central Vigilance Commission]] should have a supervisory role over the CBI.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vineet Narain Case, Directions of the Court |url=http://cbi.nic.in/dop/judgements/excrpts.pdf |date=2 November 2006 |access-date=22 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408220529/http://cbi.nic.in/dop/judgements/excrpts.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2011 }}</ref>

==== Priyadarshini Mattoo murder case ====
{{main|Priyadarshini Mattoo}}

In this case Santosh Kumar Singh, the alleged murderer of a 25-year-old law student, was acquitted for what the judge called "deliberate inaction" by the investigating team. The accused was the son of a high-ranking officer in the Indian Police Service, the reason for the CBI's involvement. The 1999 judgment noted that "the influence of the father of the accused has been there". Embarrassed by the judgment, CBI Director R. K. Raghavan appointed two special directors (P. C. Sharma and Gopal Achari) to study the judgement. The CBI appealed the verdict in Delhi High Court in 2000, and the court issued a warrant for the accused. The CBI applied for an early hearing in July 2006; in October the High Court found Singh guilty of rape and murder, sentencing him to death.{{citation needed|date=May 2011}}

==== Sister Abhaya ====
{{Further|Sister Abhaya murder case}}

This case concerns 27 March 1992 death of a [[Nun#Catholicism|nun]] who was found in a [[Well|water well]] in the Saint Pius X convent hostel in [[Kottayam]], Kerala. Five CBI investigations have failed to yield any suspects. The case was solved finally in December 2020 where the Main Accused were sentenced to life imprisonment by The Kerala High Court.

==== Sohrabuddin case ====
In 2010, the Supreme Court transferred to the CBI the investigation into the alleged 2005 fake encounter killing of [[Death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh|Sohrabuddin Sheikh]], his wife Kauser Bi, and witness [[Killing of Tulsiram Prajapati|Tulsiram Prajapati]] by Gujarat Police.<ref>{{cite news |title=SC transfers Sohrabuddin case to CBI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/SC-transfers-Sohrabuddin-case-to-CBI/article15726745.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 January 2010}}</ref> The CBI arrested then Gujarat Minister of State for Home [[Amit Shah]] in July 2010 on charges of murder and conspiracy; Shah received bail in October 2010 and was formally discharged by a special CBI court in December 2014 for lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amit Shah discharged in Sohrabuddin case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amit-shah-discharged-in-sohrabuddin-case/article6712345.ece |work=The Hindu |date=30 December 2014}}</ref>

Gujarat CID officer [[Geetha Johri|Geeta Johri]] alleged in 2010 that the CBI was pressuring her to falsely implicate Shah, claiming the probe was politically motivated by the Congress-led central government against the BJP-ruled Gujarat government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Geeta Johri accuses CBI of pressuring her to frame Amit Shah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Geeta-Johri-accuses-CBI-of-pressuring-her-to-frame-Amit-Shah/articleshow/6783491.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CBI politicised Sohrabuddin case: Geeta Johri |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/news/cbi-politicised-sohrabuddin-case-geeta-johri/701234/ |work=The Indian Express |date=20 October 2010}}</ref>

In December 2018, a special CBI court in Mumbai acquitted all 22 accused (including senior police officers), citing insufficient evidence and hostile witnesses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sohrabuddin case: Bombay court acquits all 22 accused |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sohrabuddin-sheikh-encounter-case-all-22-accused-acquitted/article25837962.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sohrabuddin encounter case: Special court acquits all accused |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sohrabuddin-sheikh-fake-encounter-case-special-cbi-court-acquits-all-accused-5503874/ |work=The Indian Express |date=21 December 2018}}</ref> In October 2025, the CBI informed the [[Bombay High Court]] that it would not challenge the acquittals.<ref>{{cite news |title=CBI decides not to appeal against acquittal in Sohrabuddin case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-will-not-appeal-against-acquittal-of-all-accused-in-sohrabuddin-encounter-case/article68805431.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

==== Sant Singh Chatwal case ====
[[Sant Singh Chatwal]] was a suspect in CBI records for 14 years. The agency had filed two charge sheets, sent [[Letters rogatory]] abroad and sent a team to the United States to imprison Chatwal and his wife from 2–5 February 1997. On 30 May 2007 and 10 August 2008 former CBI directors Vijay Shankar and Ashwani Kumar, respectively, signed no-challenge orders on the imprisonment. Later, it was decided not to appeal their release.

This closed a case of bank fraud in which Chatwal had been embroiled for over a decade. Along with four others, Chatwal was charged with being part of a "criminal conspiracy" to defraud the Bank of India's New York branch of {{INRConvert|28.32|c}}. Four charges were filed by the CBI, with Chatwal named a defendant in two. The other two trials are still in progress. RTI applicant Krishnanand Tripathi was denied access to public information concerning the closed cases. The [[Central Information Commission]] later ordered the CBI to disclose the information; however, the CBI is exempt from the RTI Act (see [[#Exemption from Right to Information (RTI)|above]]). Chatwal is a recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/for-his-padma-chatwal-should-thank-two-directors-of-the-cbi/573276/0 |title=For his Padma, Chatwal should thank two directors of the CBI |date=30 January 2010 |author=Ritu Sarin |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=14 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CIC-tells-CBI-to-release-Chatwal-discharge-reports/articleshow/8260455.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826003236/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-12/india/29535406_1_sant-singh-chatwal-fraud-cases-bank-officers |archive-date=26 August 2012 |title=CIC tells CBI to release Chatwal discharge reports |date=12 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1273938/ |title=CIC Judgment for disclosure of information by CBI |date=11 May 2011 |access-date=14 June 2011}}</ref>

==== Malankara Varghese murder case ====
{{Main|Malankara Varghese murder case}}

This case concerns 5 December 2002 death of T. M. Varghese (also known as Malankara Varghese), a member of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] managing committee and a timber merchant. Varghese Thekkekara, a priest and manager of the Angamali diocese of the rival [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]] (part of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]), was charged with murder and conspiracy on 9 May 2010. Thekkekara was not arrested after he was charged, for which the CBI was criticised by the [[Kerala High Court]] and the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article426396.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129013412/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article426396.ece |archive-date=29 November 2013 |title=Malankara Varghese murder: HC questions CBI |date=1 June 2010 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=9 October 2010}}</ref>

==== Bhopal gas tragedy ====
{{Main|Bhopal disaster}}

The CBI was publicly seen as ineffective in trying the 1984 Bhopal disaster case. Former CBI joint director B. R. Lall has said that he was asked to remain soft on extradition for Union Carbide CEO [[Warren Anderson (American businessman)|Warren Anderson]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/was-told-to-go-soft-on-warren-anderson-former-cbi-official-30511.php|title=Was told to go soft on Warren Anderson: Former CBI official|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> and drop the charges (which included [[culpable homicide]]). Those accused received two-year sentences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theistimes.com/tag/ucil/ |title=UCIL | The Indian Sub-continent Times |publisher=Theistimes.com |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054528/http://www.theistimes.com/tag/ucil/ |archive-date=21 February 2011 }}</ref>

==== 2G spectrum case ====
{{main|2G spectrum case}}

The [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA government]] has been accused of allocating 2G spectrum to corporations at very low prices through corrupt and illegal means. The Supreme Court cited the CBI many times for its tardiness in the investigations;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thestatesman.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=346689&catid=35&Itemid=53 |title=SC pulls up CBI for tardy spectrum probe |publisher=Thestatesman.co.in |date=15 January 2010 |access-date=14 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092929/http://thestatesman.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=346689&catid=35&Itemid=53 |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalreporter.com/News-6224/2g-spectrum-scam-supreme-court-pulls-up-cbi.html |title=2G spectrum scam: Supreme Court pulls up CBI | News Today |publisher=International Reporter |date=29 October 2010 |access-date=14 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405152836/http://www.internationalreporter.com/News-6224/2g-spectrum-scam-supreme-court-pulls-up-cbi.html |archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> only after the court began monitoring its investigations<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-spectrum-scam-supreme-court-will-monitor-inquiry-72900 |title=2G spectrum scam: Don't let anyone influence you, says Supreme Court to CBI |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=16 December 2010 |access-date =14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/investigations/story/sc-holds-raja-prima-facie-guilty-will-monitor-2g-probe-87187-2010-12-15 |title=Supreme Court decides to monitor 2G scam probe: Investigations News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday. intoday.in |date=16 December 2010 |access-date =14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-to-monitor-cbi-probe-into-2g-spectrum-scam/137604-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217234725/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-to-monitor-cbi-probe-into-2g-spectrum-scam/137604-3.html |archive-date=17 December 2010 |title=SC to monitor CBI probe into 2G spectrum scam – India News – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date =14 December 2011}}</ref> were high-profile arrests made.

====Indian coal allocation scam====
{{Main|Indian coal allocation scam}}

This is a political scandal concerning the Indian UPA government's allocation of the nation's coal deposits to private companies by the former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, which cost the government {{INRConvert|10673.03|b}}. CBI director [[Ranjit Sinha]] submitted an affidavit in the Supreme Court that the coal-scam status report prepared by the agency was shared with Congress Party law minister [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]] "as desired by him" and with secretary-level officers from the prime minister's office (PMO) and the coal ministry before presenting it to the court.<ref>{{cite web|author=Liz Mathew, Sahil Makkar |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ro6i2Q8IONoQlhSICaQAkL/Coal-scam-report-shared-with-law-minister-Ashwani-Kumar-CBI.html |title=Coal scam report shared with law minister: CBI |publisher=Livemint |date=2013-04-26 |access-date=2013-05-09}}</ref>

====2008 Noida double murder case====
{{Main|2008 Noida double murder case}}

This is a double murder case of 14-year-old girl Aarushi Talwar and 45-year-old Hemraj Banjade from [[Noida]], India. On 26 November 2013, parents of the girl, Rajesh and Nupur Talwar, were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aarushi Talwar: Parents Rajesh and Nupur get life for double murder |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-25099020 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=BBC News |date=26 November 2013}}</ref> In January 2014, the Talwars challenged the decision in the [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aarushihemraj-twin-murder-case-rajesh-nupur-talwar-challenge-conviction-in-allahabad-hc/447028-3-242.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124001036/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aarushihemraj-twin-murder-case-rajesh-nupur-talwar-challenge-conviction-in-allahabad-hc/447028-3-242.html | archive-date = 24 January 2014 | title = Aarushi-Hemraj twin murder case: Rajesh, Nupur Talwar challenge conviction in Allahabad HC | date = 22 January 2014 | publisher = CNN-IBN }}</ref> The High Court's acquitted them of all charges on 12 October 2017 because of the lack of 'irresistible proof'.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aarushi-talwar-hemraj-murder-case-verdict-live-allahabad-high-court-to-deliver-verdict-today-1761856 |title=Allahabad High Court acquits the Talwars |publisher=NDTV }}</ref> The Allahabad HC in its verdict said that there were loopholes in the evidence which found the parents not guilty. Court also said that CBI tampered with evidence and tutored witnesses. Questions arose by nation on investigation and judgement given by CBI court.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aarushi-murder-case-cbi-tampered-with-evidence-tutored-and-planted-witnesses/articleshow/61075439.cms |title=Aarushi murder case: 'CBI tampered with evidence, tutored and planted witnesses|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aarushi-murder-case-cbi-cdfd-connived-to-put-talwars-in-dock-says-allahabad-hc/articleshow/61075144.cms|title=Aarushi murder case: CBI, CDFD connived to put Talwars in dock, says Allahabad HC|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/aarushi-hemraj-murder-case-cbi-goofed-up-in-rush-to-prosecute-talwars-probe-agencies-should-get-their-act-right-4140119.html|title=Aarushi-Hemraj murder case: CBI goofed up in rush to prosecute Talwars; probe agencies should get their act right |publisher=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/aarushi-talwar-murder-case-rajesh-talwar-nupur-talwar-hemraj-allahabad-high-court-cbi-witness-was-tutored-and-evidence-tampered-4889448/|title=Aarushi-Hemraj murder: Allahabad HC demolishes CBI, says witness was tutored and evidence tampered|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref>

'''2024 Kolkata rape and murder case'''

{{Main|2024 Kolkata rape and murder case}}

This is a rape and murder case of a 31-year-old female post-graduate trainee doctor at the [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]] in [[Kolkata]], India. On 13 December 2024, the former [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital|R. G. Kar]] principal [[Sandip Ghosh]] and the station house officer of the Tala Police Station Abhijit Mondal were granted bail by the Sealdah Court in [[Kolkata]] for [[Tampering with evidence|destruction of evidence]] in the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder|2024 Kolkata rape and murder case]] as the CBI failed to file a chargesheet against Ghosh and Mondal within a span of 90 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-13 |title=RG Kar Ex-Principal Sandip Ghosh Gets Bail In Doctor's Rape-Murder Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rg-kar-ex-principal-sandip-ghosh-gets-bail-in-doctors-rape-murder-case-7240179 |access-date=2024-12-13 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> This has led to a widespread outrage as the victim's parents were not satisfied with the CBI investigation stating that evidence had been destroyed by Ghosh and Mondal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-19 |title=No faith in CBI probe, RG Kar victim's parents tell HC, seek fresh trial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/no-faith-in-cbi-probe-rg-kar-victims-parents-tell-hc-seek-fresh-trial/articleshow/116479189.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Political repression ===
Several opposition parties in India have alleged that under the present government's rule, CBI is increasingly being used as a tool for political repression. 14 opposition parties filed a plea in Supreme Court in this regard. However it was junked on April 5, 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=14 Opposition parties move Supreme Court against 'misuse' of ED, CBI by government |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/14-opposition-parties-move-supreme-court-against-misuse-of-ed-cbi-by-government/article66656208.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 March 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

*The CBI has been portrayed in multiple Indian films across languages. Most notably in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film franchise [[CBI (film series)|CBI Film Franchise]] scripted by SN Swamy and directed by K Madhu with veteran actor and film producer [[Mammootty]] portraying the lead role of CBI officer [[Sethurama Iyer]].
*The movie [[Special 26]] is a popular heist thriller where a group poses as CBI officers. This movie shows real law enforcement agencies, including the CBI, investigating the fake CBI officers.
*The series [[Scam 1992|Scam 1992 – The Harshad Mehta Story]] shows CBI investigating [[Harshad Mehta]]'s case.

== See also ==
* [[Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation]]
* [[List of Indian intelligence agencies]]
* [[Bharatpol]]
* [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]], anti-smuggling
* [[Enforcement Directorate]], anti economic crimes
* [[Financial Intelligence Unit—India|Financial Intelligence Unit]], anti money laundering
* [[Narcotics Control Bureau]], anti drug trafficking
* [[National Investigation Agency]], anti terrorism
* [[NIA Most Wanted]]
;Other countries
* [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
* [[United States Secret Service]]
* [[Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)]]
* [[National Crime Agency]]
* [[National Police Agency (Japan)]]
* [[Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Bhar, Sujit. {{cite web |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/column-news/cbi-madhav-godbole-nia-ed/ |title=CBI: A white elephant? |work=India Legal |date=24 October 2020 |access-date=24 October 2020}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/*/http://cbi.nic.in/|title=Central Bureau of Investigation}}

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[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation| ]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
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[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Domestic intelligence agencies]]

Mahadeva Meteorite

2026-03-27T00:25:29Z

Simonaa:

{{Short description|Celestial Meteorite falls at Madhubani district in Mithila region}}

'''Mahadeva Meteorite''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: महादेव उल्कापिंड) also known as ''Mahadeva Chondrite'' or simply ''Mahadeva'' is a celestial object that fell at ''Mahadeva'' village of Laukahi block in the [[Madhubani district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in the state of [[Bihar]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2019-07-25 |title=Suspected meteorite found in Bihar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/suspected-meteorite-found-in-bihar/article28705811.ece |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It fell on 22 July 2019 at a farm in the village.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Panda |first1=Dipak K. |last2=Ray |first2=Dwijesh |last3=Shukla |first3=Anil D. |date=2020-12-01 |title=The petrochemical constraint and cosmogenic records of Mahadeva (H5/6) chondrite: A new fall in India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003206332030324X |journal=Planetary and Space Science |volume=194 |article-number=105111 |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2020.105111 |bibcode=2020P&SS..19405111P |issn=0032-0633|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Characterizing a New Meteorite Fall from Mahadeva, India |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/planetary_news/2020/10/26/characterizing-a-new-meteorite-fall-from-mahadeva-india/#gsc.tab=0 |work=Universities Space Research Association, Lunar and Planetary Institute}}</ref>

{{Infobox meteorite subdivision|Name=Mahadeva Meteorite|Alternative_names=Mahadeva Chondrite|Subdivision=Chondrite|Type=Celestial Object|Class=[[H chondrite]]|Composition=Iron (Fe), silica (SiO2), chondrules, Metal and Metals Alloy|Petrologic_type=5/6}}

{{Coord|26|28|56.28|N|86|35|53.17|E|display=title|name=Mahadeva Meteorite fall site}}

Coordinates - Location of the fall of ''Mahadeva'' - '''(26°28<nowiki>'56.28''</nowiki>''N, 86°35<nowiki>'53.17''</nowiki>''E)'''

(Source - [[Physical Research Laboratory]], Ahmedabad)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteorite |url=https://www.prl.res.in/~plas/meteorite.html |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.prl.res.in}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Mahadeva Meteorite fell at a farm in Mahadeva village of the Madhubani district in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ratcliffe |first=Rebecca |date=2019-07-25 |title=Indian farmers shocked as suspected meteorite crashes into rice field |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jul/25/indian-farmers-shocked-as-suspected-meteorite-crashes-into-rice-field |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The meteorite was named after the village where it fell.<ref name=":0" />

== People observation and media reports ==
The Mahadeva Meteorite fell around 12 pm on Monday at day time. According to the witness farmers, the celestial object fell into the farm field with a loud noise and smoke started coming out. It penetrated the ground about six feet down.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Robin |title=Did A Meteorite Just Crash Land In India? Here's What We Know |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinandrews/2019/07/26/did-a-meteorite-just-crash-land-in-india-heres-what-we-know/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> The sound of the stone falling was heard for miles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार: मधुबनी में आसमान से गिरा 15 किलो का पत्थर, उल्का पिंड होने के लगाए जा रहे कयास |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/15-kg-stone-fallen-from-sky-in-madhubani-of-bihar/555057 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> Due to fear farmers working in farms ran away from there when they saw the mysterious object slamming into the ground. When the smoke subsided, a young farmer dug the ground and found a black stone.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=वीडियो, कौतूहल का विषय बन गया है आकाश से गिरा काला पत्थर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-curiosity-has-become-the-subject-of-black-stone-dropped-from-the-sky-2645344.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

After that the local administrations were informed about the mysterious object. A local administration official found the object was attracting an magnet when it was brought near it. The news of the fall of the mysterious object spread around the villages and a large numbers of people flocked to see it.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2020-10-19 |title=Cosmic stone Mahadeva that hit Bihar village decoded at Physical Research Laboratory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/cosmic-stone-mahadeva-that-hit-bihar-village-decoded-at-prl/articleshow/78738612.cms |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

After some time the then [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]] ''Shirsat Kapil Ashok'' took the mysterious stone under his control. He kept it under tight security and sent for further examination.<ref name=":1" /> ''Dr Shashi Bhushan Prasad'', head of the Department of [[Geography]], at [[Ram Krishna College]], [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]] informed that "Falling such a large stone is not a trivial matter. Only after looking at the stone and making a special study of it can anything be said".<ref name=":1" />

After two days the mysterious stone was brought to the [[chief minister]]'s residence at [[1, Aney Marg]] in the state capital city [[Patna]]. The chief minister [[Nitish Kumar]] observed the mysterious object and inquired about it with the [[geologist]]s brought at his residence. The geologists informed that the mysterious stone is a [[meteorite]]. They also informed that the mysterious object contains elements like [[iron ore]], [[magnesium]] and [[olivine]], etc. After that the chief minister Nitish Kumar ordered his officer to hand over the mysterious object to the [[Department of Science and Technology (Bihar)|Department of Science and Technology]] for further research. He also said that after the further research and examination of the mysterious object, it would be kept in the [[Bihar Museum]] for public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार: CM नीतीश ने देखा मधुबनी में गिरा रहस्यमय पत्थर, म्यूजियम में रखने का आदेश |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/stone-fallen-from-sky-in-madhubani-nitish-kumar-observed-possible-meteorite/555263 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Scientific descriptions ==
The weight of the ''Mahadeva Meteorite'' is approximately 15 kg. It is classified as [[H chondrite|H-chondrite]] on the basis of the petrochemical studies by the scientists at [[Physical Research Laboratory]], [[Ahmedabad]]. The meaning of the ''H chondrite'' is "high-iron ordinary chondrite".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

The Mahadeva Meteorite is an ordinary chondrite. It contains "[[relict]] [[Chondrule|chondrules]], small spherical, melt-textured objects which were formed during the early solar [[nebula]]". The size of the chondrules range from "''a few hundred microns to more than two millimeters across''". The meteorite is categorized as [[Petrography|petrographic type]] 5/6. According to the study of mineral composition of the meteorite, it is inferred that the meteorite had experienced high temperatures of approximately 800°C.<ref name=":2" />

The meteorite is very useful in the study of [[Planetary science|Planetary Science]]. It can provide new data to insights the processes of the [[Solar System]] during the early period.

== Institutions involved ==
The Mahadeva Meteorite is kept at the ''[[Bihar Museum|Patna Science Museum]]''. Its small portion approximately 130 gm sample<ref name=":0" /> was sent to the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=":3" /> There it was chemically and texturally characterized by the scientists ''Dipak Panda'' and his colleagues ''Dwijesh Ray'' and ''Anil D Shukla''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> The financial support for the project of the study and research was assisted by the Department of Space, Government of India. The meteorite is preserved under the supervision of the Director Sanjeev Kumar of science and technology at [[Bihar Museum]], [[Patna]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Meteorites]]
[[Category:Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]

Kyrgyzstan

2026-03-25T20:47:41Z

Simonaa: further cleanup content also

{{Short description|Country in Central Asia}}
{{Redirect|Kirghizia|the former Soviet republic|Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Kyrgyz Republic}}
| common_name = Kyrgyzstan
| native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|ky| Кыргыз Республикасы|italics=off}}|{{native name|ru|Кыргызская Республика|italics=off}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Kyrgyzstan.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| motto =
| national_anthem = {{native name|ky|Кыргыз Республикасынын Мамлекеттик гимни|italic=no|nolink=yes}} Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik gimni "[[State Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National anthem of Kyrgyzstan.ogg]]}}
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Kyrgyzstan (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Kyrgyzstan.gif|frameless]]|Show map of Kyrgyzstan}}
| map_caption =
| capital = [[Bishkek]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|42|52|N|74|36|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] (state) [[Russian language|Russian]] (official)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan's Constitution of 2010 with Amendments through 2016 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kyrgyz_Republic_2016.pdf?lang=en |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Constitute Project}}</ref>}}
| languages_type = [[Writing system|Official script]]
| languages = [[Cyrillic Script|Cyrillic]]
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 77.8% [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]
| 14.3% [[Uzbeks]]
| 3.7% [[Russians in Kyrgyzstan|Russians]]
| 1.0% [[Dungan people|Dungans]]
| 0.9% [[Tajiks]]
| 2.3% [[Demographics of Kyrgyzstan#Ethnic groups|Others]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="KyrgyzStatistics"/><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://stat.gov.kg/media/publicationarchive/4783e692-26f5-4dd1-9de4-e009a4b8861e.pdf | title=2020-2024 Статистический ежегодник кыргызской республики | language=ru | trans-title=2020-2024 Statistical Yearbook of the Kyrgyz Republic | website=stat.gov.kg}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2025
| religion = {{ubl|91% [[Islam in Kyrgyzstan|Islam]]
| 8% [[Christianity in Kyrgyzstan|Christianity]]
| 1% [[Religion in Kyrgyzstan|Others]]}}
| religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=2026 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kyrgyz Republic |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2026-report-on-international-religious-freedom/kyrgyzstan/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=United States Department of State}}</ref>
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]|Kyrgyzstani}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/kyrgyzstani|title=Definition of Kyrgyzstani noun from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary|website=[[Oxford Learner's Dictionaries]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
| government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Kyrgyzstan|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Sadyr Japarov]]
| leader_title2 = [[Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan|Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers]]
| leader_name2 = [[Adylbek Kasymaliev]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan|Speaker of the Supreme Council]]
| leader_name3 = [[Marlen Mamataliev]]
| legislature = [[Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)|Supreme Council]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Kyrgyzstan|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Kyrgyz Khaganate]]
| established_date1 = 840
| established_event2 = [[Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate]]
| established_date2 = 1842–1867
| established_event3 = [[Russian Empire#Territorial development|Annexed by the Russian Empire]]
| established_date3 = 1876
| established_event4 = [[Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast|Kara-Kirghiz AO]]
| established_date4 = 14 October 1924
| established_event5 = [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)|Kirghiz ASSR]]
| established_date5 = 11 February 1926
| established_event6 = [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghiz SSR]]
| established_date6 = 5 December 1936
| established_event7 = [[Socialist Republic of Kyrgyzstan|Sovereignty declared]]
| established_date7 = 30 December 1990
| established_event8 = [[Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan)|Independence declared from USSR]]
| established_date8 = 31 August 1991
| established_event9 = [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Independence recognized]]
| established_date9 = {{nowrap|26 December 1991}}
| established_event10 = [[Constitution of Kyrgyzstan|Current constitution]]
| established_date10 = 11 April 2021
| area_km2 = 200,105
| area_footnote = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vb.kg/doc/424615_bezyslovno_eto_pobeda_ploshad_kyrgyzstana_dostigla_20_mln_gektarov.html | title=Безусловно, это победа! Площадь Кыргызстана достигла 20 млн гектаров | date=18 November 2022 }}</ref>
| area_rank = 85th
| percent_water = 3.6
| population_estimate = 7.4 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics of the Kyrgyz Republic |url=https://stat.gov.kg/ru/statistics/download/operational/769/ |website=National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2026
| population_estimate_rank = 107th
| population_density_km2 = 37
| population_density_sq_mi = 97 
| population_density_rank = 109th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $64.110 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Kyrgyzstan) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |website=www.imf.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]].14 October 2025. |access-date=5 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 128th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $8,870<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Kyrgyzstan) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |website=www.imf.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]].14 October 2025. |access-date=5 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 136th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $22.587 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, October 2025: Edition (Kyrgyzstan) |url=https://stat.gov.kg/ru/news/po-itogam-2025-goda-rost-vvp-sostavil-111-procenta |website=stat.gov.kg |publisher=[[National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic]].19 January 2026. |access-date=19 January 2026 |language=ru}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 126th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,101<ref>{{cite web |title=National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, January 2026: Edition (Kyrgyzstan) |url=https://stat.gov.kg/ru/news/po-itogam-2025-goda-rost-vvp-sostavil-111-procenta |website=stat.gov.kg |publisher=[[National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic]].19 January 2026. |access-date=19 January 2026 |language=ru}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 139th
| Gini = 26.4
| Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref name="WBKG 2">{{Cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Kyrgyz Republic |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=KG&name_desc=false |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI = 0.720 
| HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date= 26 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/KGZ|access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 117th
| currency = [[Kyrgyzstani som]] (c)
| currency_code = KGS
| time_zone = [[Kyrgyzstan Time|KGT]]
| utc_offset = +6
| time_zone_DST =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Kyrgyzstan|+996]]
| iso3166code = KG
| cctld = [[.kg]]
| religion_year = 2026
| area_water_km2 = 7198
| today =
}}

'''Kyrgyzstan''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ky|Кыргызстан|Kyrgyzstan}}, {{IPA|ky|qɯrʁɯːˈstɑn|pron|LL-Q9255 (kir)-Almanbet Janışev-Кыргызстан.wav}};|{{langx|ru|Кыргызстан|Kyrgyzstan}}, {{IPA|ru|kɨrɡɨˈstan|pron|ru-Кыргызстан.ogg}}.}}}} officially the '''Kyrgyz Republic''', formerly known as '''Kirghizia''',{{efn|Since 5 May 1993.{{bulleted list|{{langx|ky|Кыргыз Республикасы|Kyrgyz Respublikasy|links=no}};|{{langx|ru|Кыргызская Республика|Kyrgyzskaya Respublika|links=no}}.}}}}<ref>Article 1 of the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic states: "1. Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic)...". {{Cite web |title=2021–жылдын 5-майындагы Кыргыз Республикасынын Конституциясы (2021–жылдын 11-апрелиндеги референдумда (бүткүл элдик добуш берүүдө) кабыл алынган|url=http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ky-kg/112213?cl=ky-kg}}</ref> is a [[landlocked country]] in the eastern regions of [[Central Asia]], lying in the [[Tian Shan]] and [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] mountain ranges. It is bordered by [[Kazakhstan]] to the [[Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border|north]], [[Uzbekistan]] to the [[Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan border|west]], [[Tajikistan]] to the [[Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan border|south]], and [[China]] to the [[China–Kyrgyzstan border|east and southeast]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic |url=https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=131962 |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=CIS Legislation }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan Constitution |url=https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/Kyrgyzstan%20Constitution.pdf |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=Constitution Net }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic |url=https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/3116/file/Kyrgyz%20Constitution%20-%20adopted%20by%20referendum%2027%20Jun2010_f_EN.pdf |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=Legislationline |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121065839/https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/3116/file/Kyrgyz%20Constitution%20-%20adopted%20by%20referendum%2027%20Jun2010_f_EN.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kyrgyzstan's capital and [[List of cities in Kyrgyzstan|largest city]] is [[Bishkek]] which lies on the northern border with Kazakhstan. Ethnic [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] make up the majority of the country's over 7.4 million people, followed by significant minorities of [[Uzbeks]] and [[Russians]].<ref name="National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic">{{Cite web |title=Total population by nationality – Open Data – Statistics of the Kyrgyz Republic |url=https://www.stat.gov.kg/en/opendata/category/312/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic}}</ref>

[[History of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan's history]] spans a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several civilizations as part of the [[Silk Road]] along with other commercial routes. Inhabited by a succession of tribes and clans, Kyrgyzstan has periodically fallen under larger domination, e.g., the [[Turkic people|Turkic]] [[nomads]] who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states. It was first established as the [[Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate|Yenisei Kyrgyz Khanate]]. Later, in the 13th century, Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the [[Mongol Empire]] and under several [[List of Mongol states|Mongol dynasties]]; it regained independence, but was later invaded by the [[Dzungar Khanate]]. After the [[Dzungar genocide]] by the [[Qing dynasty]], Kyrgyz and Kipchaks were an integral part of the [[Kokand Khanate]].

In 1876, Kyrgyzstan became part of the [[Russian Empire]], and in 1936, the [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]] was formed to become a constituent republic of the [[Soviet Union]]. Following [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate [[Askar Akayev]] was elected president. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the [[USSR]] and a democratic government was established. Kyrgyzstan attained sovereignty as a nation state after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|breakup of the Soviet Union]] in 1991.
[[File:Tien Shan Mountains Kyrgyzstan - 45 (48682959382).jpg|thumb|Tian Shan Mountains in East Kyrgyzstan]] After independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential republic]]. Following the [[Tulip Revolution]] it became a [[unitary parliamentary republic]]; however, it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a [[semi-presidential republic]] before reverting to a presidential system in 2021. Throughout its existence, the country has continued to endure ethnic conflicts,<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2011 |title=Investigating Kyrgyzstan's ethnic violence: Bloody business |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2011/05/12/bloody-business |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2011 |title=Foreigners in Kyrgyzstan: 'Will We Be Banned, Too?' |work=Eurasianet |publisher=EurasiaNet.org |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/63678 |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref> revolts,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2020 |title=Pro-Government Election Victory Sparks Overnight Revolution in Kyrgyzstan |work=OCCRP |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/the-matraimov-kingdom/pro-government-election-victory-sparks-overnight-revolution-in-kyrgyzstan |access-date=10 November 2020 }}</ref> economic troubles,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 1998 |title=Kyrgyzstan: Economy globalEDGE: Your source for Global Business Knowledge |url=http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/Kyrgyzstan/economy |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=Globaledge.msu.edu}}</ref> transitional governments<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2012 |title=BBC News – Kyrgyzstan profile – Timeline |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16185772 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> and political conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyz Unrest |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/taxonomy/term/2813 |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=EurasiaNet.org}}</ref>

Kyrgyzstan is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], the [[Eurasian Economic Union]], the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]], the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]], the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]], the [[Organization of Turkic States]], the [[Türksoy]] community, and the United Nations. It is a [[developing country]] ranked 117th in the [[Human Development Index]]. Kyrgyzstan's [[transition economy]] relies mainly on re-exporting Chinese goods and gold production. The country balances its international trade commitments as a World Trade Organization (WTO) member since 1998 with regional integration through the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which it joined in 2015, and a delegation of parliamentarians sit at the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe|Parliamentary Assembly]] of the [[Council of Europe]].<ref> {{Cite web | url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/un-agenda-2030/goal-16 | title=16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels | website=www.coe.int}}</ref>

==Etymology==
There are many theories about the origin of the word ''Kyrgyz''. One proposed etymology is that it means "forty tribes",<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=41927731|author=Pulleyblank, E. G.|title=The Name of the Kirghiz|year=1990|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=34|issue=1/2|pages=98–108|issn=0008-9192|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927731|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117153726/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927731|archive-date=2021-01-17}}</ref> which may refer to the forty clans of [[Epic of Manas|Manas]], a legendary hero who united forty regional clans. The [[Persian language|Persian]] ''suffix [[-Stan]]'' means "place of".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldtranslationcenter.com/languages/kyrgyz/kyrgyz-translation |title=World Translation Center |website=worldtranslationcenter.com |access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref>

The 40-ray sun on the [[flag of Kyrgyzstan]] is a reference to those same forty tribes and the graphical element in the sun's center depicts the wooden crown, called tunduk, of a [[yurt]]—a portable dwelling traditionally used by nomads in the [[Eurasian Steppe|steppes of Central Asia]].

The country's official name is ''Kyrgyz Republic'', used in international arenas and foreign relations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2018 |title=Canada – Kyrgyz Republic Relations |work=GAC |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/kazakhstan/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_kyrgyz-kirghizie.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=20 September 2018 |publisher=Canadainternational.gc.ca |last1=Canada |first1=Global Affairs }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=The World Bank in the Kyrgyz Republic |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kyrgyzrepublic |access-date=20 September 2018 |publisher=Worldbank.org}}</ref> In the English-speaking world, the spelling ''Kyrgyzstan'' is commonly used, while its former name ''Kirghizia''{{efn|{{langx|ru|Киргизия|Kirgiziya}}, {{IPA|ru|kʲɪrˈɡʲizʲɪjə|pron|ru-Киргизия.ogg}}.<ref name="Kirghizia" />}} is rarely used.<ref name="Kirghizia">{{Cite web |last= |date=22 February 2018 |title=Vladimir Putin to meet with Azerbaijani delegation |url=https://news.az/articles/politics/129214 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041738/https://news.az/articles/politics/129214 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=News.Az}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Kyrgyzstan}}

===Early history===
[[File:Sary_-_Kamysh,_Kyrgyz_Republic_petroglyphs.jpg|thumb|Petroglyphs of local [[Urial|sheep]], Sary Kamysh]]
The [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] state reached its greatest expansion after defeating the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] in 840 AD.<ref name="Kyrgyzstan timeline">{{Cite news |date=12 June 2010 |title=Kyrgyzstan timeline |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16185772}}</ref> From the tenth century, the Kyrgyz migrated as far as the Tian Shan range and maintained their dominance over this territory for about 200 years.

There is a storytelling tradition of the ''[[Epic of Manas]]'', which involves a warrior who unified all of the scattered tribes into a single nation in the 9th century. The trilogy, an element of the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List]], expresses the memory of the nomadic Kyrgyz people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=unesco.org}}</ref>

In the 12th century, the Kyrgyz dominion had shrunk to the [[Altay Mountains|Altay]] Range and [[Sayan Mountains]] as a result of the [[Mongols before Genghis Khan|Mongol expansion]]. With the rise of the [[Mongol Empire]] in the thirteenth century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. The Kyrgyz peacefully became a part of the Mongol Empire in 1207.

[[File:Caravanserai Tash Rabat on Silk Road in Kyrgyzstan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tash Rabat]], a silk road [[caravansarai]] used during the [[Islamic Golden Age]]]]
[[Issyk Kul Lake]] was a stopover on the Silk Road, a land route for traders, merchants, and other travelers from the Far East to Europe.
Kyrgyz tribes were overrun in the 17th century by the Mongols, in the mid-18th century by the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]] of China, and in the early 19th century by the Uzbek [[Khanate of Kokand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan – Mongol Domination |url=https://countrystudies.us/kyrgyzstan/2.htm |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> In 1842, the Kyrgyz tribes broke away from Kokand and united into the [[Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate]], led by [[Ormon Khan]]. Following Ormon's death in 1854, the khanate disintegrated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osmonov |first=Oskon Dzhusupbekovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KWqAQAACAAJ |title=A History of Kyrgyzstan: From Stone Age to the Present |publisher=Sarybaev TT |year=2016 |isbn=978-9967-04-680-1 |edition=2 |location=Bishkek |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>

===Russian conquest===
[[File:Turgan Berdike-úlu.jpg|thumb|Turgan Berdike-úlu, first Kyrgyz traveler to Europe - 1906]]
In the late nineteenth century, the eastern part of what is today Kyrgyzstan, mainly the [[Issyk-Kul Region]], was ceded to the [[Russian Empire]] by [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] through the [[Treaty of Tarbagatai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Empire. |url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~29863~1140598:Chinese-Empire- |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.davidrumsey.com}}</ref> The territory, then known in Russian as "Kirghizia", was formally incorporated into the Empire in 1876. The Russian takeover was met with numerous revolts, and many of the Kyrgyz opted to relocate to the [[Pamir Mountains]] and Afghanistan.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

In addition, the suppression of the [[Central Asian revolt of 1916|1916 rebellion]] against Russian rule in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz later to migrate to China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan – The Jadidists and Basmachis |url=https://countrystudies.us/uzbekistan/10.htm |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Since many ethnic groups in the region were, and still are, split between neighboring states at a time when borders were more porous and less regulated, it was common to move back and forth over the mountains, depending on where life was perceived as better; this might mean better rains for pasture or better government during oppression.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

===Soviet Kyrgyzstan===
Soviet power was initially established in the region in 1919, and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (SFSR). The phrase Kara-Kirghiz was used until the mid-1920s by the Russians to distinguish them from the [[Kazakhs]], who were also referred to as Kirghiz. On 5 December 1936, the [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]] was established as a constituent [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Union Republic]] of the [[Soviet Union]].{{efn|The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was initially part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic as the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic before being elevated to a full Union Republic on 5 December 1936.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kyrgyzstan/Kyrgyzstan-in-the-Soviet-Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref>}}

After the [[Russian Civil War]], the period of the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP), began, which lasted roughly to 1928.<ref name="Thomas 1">{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Alun |title=Nomads and Soviet Rule: Central Asia under Lenin and Stalin |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2019 |isbn=978-1350143685 |edition=Paperback}}</ref> The [[Bolsheviks]] made an effort to establish a standardized tax system, with higher taxes for nomads to discourage the wandering livelihood and they divided the Central Asia region into five nation-states.<ref name="Thomas 1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Stolberg |first=Eva-Maria |url=https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-7534 |title=Book review – Edgar, Adrienne Lynn: Tribal Nation. The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton 2004: Princeton University Press |year=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691117751 |access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref><ref name="Edgar 2004 296">{{Cite book |last=Edgar |first=Adrienne |url=http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/rezensionen/2005-4-012 |title=Tribal Nation |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-691-11775-1 |location=Princeton, NJ |page=296}}</ref> Kyrgyzstan developed considerably in cultural, educational, and social life, literacy was greatly improved. Economic and social development also was notable.<ref name="USSR National and Language Policies in the Early Period" /> Under [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] a great focus was put on Kyrgyz [[Korenizatsiya|national identity]]. The Soviet state was fighting tribalism: its social organization based on patrilineal kinship contradicted the concept of the modern nation state.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="USSR National and Language Policies in the Early Period">{{Cite journal |last=Shelestyuk |first=Elena |date=4 November 2019 |title=National in Form, Socialist in Content: USSR National and Language Policies in the Early Period |url=https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/abs/2019/10/shsconf_cildiah2019_00104/shsconf_cildiah2019_00104.html |journal=SHS Web of Conferences |volume=69 |pages=00104 |doi=10.1051/shsconf/20196900104 |s2cid=211378423 |via=www.shs-conferences.org |doi-access=free|issn = 2261-2424 }}</ref> In a region that did not previously know national institutions or consciousness, the process of nation-building was, from the indigenous perspective, a difficult and ambivalent one.<ref name="Edgar 2004 296" />

By the end of the 1920s, the Soviet Union developed a series of [[Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union|five-year plans]], centered around [[Industrialization in the Soviet Union|industrialization]] and the [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization of agriculture]], including the creation of huge "[[kolkhoz]]" [[collective farming]] systems, needed to feed the new workers in the industries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2015 |title=1929 |work=Seventeen Moments in Soviet History |url=http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1929-2/ |access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> Because of the plan's reliance on rapidity, major economic and cultural changes had to occur, which led to conflicts. In Kyrgyzstan, Russian settlers acquired the best pasture land, creating much hardship for most of its original inhabitants, [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]], Kyrgyz and [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] nomads, who were also forced to settle down on soil that hadn't enough agricultural potential.<ref name="Edgar 2004 296" /><ref name="Britannica 1">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Kyrgyz people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kyrgyz-people |date=2 May 2025 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The changes caused unrest, and between 1928 and 1932, nomads and peasants made it clear through methods like passive resistance that they did not agree with these policies, in the Kirgiziya area also guerrilla opposition occurred.<ref name="Thomas 1" /><ref name="Edgar 2004 296" /><ref name="Britannica 1" /> The region suffered relatively more deaths from collectivization than any other.<ref name="Thomas 1" />
[[File:Suusamyr Valley (3968060227).jpg|thumb|Nomadic farming in the [[Suusamyr Valley]], Kyrgyzstan]]
The early years of [[glasnost]], in the late 1980s, had little effect on the political climate in Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/3259?lang=en |title="And Our Words Must be Constructive!" On the Discordances of Glasnost' in the Central Asian Press at a Time of Conflict1 |author=Mandeline Reeves |journal=Cahiers d'Asie Centrale |date=2016 |issue=26 |pages=77–110 |access-date=2025-05-19 |language=fr,en}}</ref> However, the Republic's press was permitted to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication, ''Literaturny Kirghizstan'', by the Union of Writers. Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in 1989 to deal with the acute housing crisis were permitted to function.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

According to the last Soviet census in 1989, ethnic Kyrgyz made up only 22% of the residents of the northern city of [[Bishkek|Frunze]] (now Bishkek), while more than 60% were Russians, Ukrainians, and people from other [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] nations. Nearly 10% of the capital's population were Jewish (very unusual in the Soviet Union, the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] being an exception).

In June 1990, ethnic tensions between [[Uzbeks]] and Kyrgyz surfaced in the [[Osh Region]] (southern Kyrgyzstan), where Uzbeks form a minority of the population.<ref name="conflict">{{Cite news |date=15 February 2006 |title=KYRGYZSTAN: Economic disparities driving inter-ethnic conflict |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] Asia |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=33728}}</ref> The tensions between Kyrgyzs and Uzbeks in Osis led to 186 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan |url=https://communistcrimes.org/en/countries/kyrgyzstan |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=Kyrgyzstan {{!}} Communist Crimes}}</ref> Attempts to appropriate Uzbek collective farms for housing development triggered the [[Osh riots (1990)|Osh Riots]]. A state of emergency and curfew were introduced<ref>"[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav012506.shtml Ethnic Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan Voice Complaints Over Discrimination, Corruption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614193258/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav012506.shtml |date=14 June 2010 }}". EurasiaNet.org. 24 January 2006.</ref> and [[Askar Akayev]], the youngest of five sons born into a family of collective farm workers (in northern Kyrgyzstan), was elected president in October of that same year. By then, the [[Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement]] (KDM) had developed into a significant political force with support in Parliament. On 15 December 1990, the Supreme Soviet voted to change the republic's name to the ''Republic of Kyrgyzstan''. The following January, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a new cabinet composed mainly of younger, reform-oriented politicians. In February 1991, the name of the capital, Frunze, was changed back to its pre-revolutionary name of Bishkek.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Chronology for Russians in Kyrgyzstan |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38b01e.html |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=Refworld}}</ref>

Despite these political moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the Soviet Union. In a referendum on the preservation of the Soviet Union in March 1991, 88.7% of the voters approved the proposal to retain the Soviet Union as a "renewed federation".<ref name="Britannica 1" /> Nevertheless, secessionist forces pushed Kyrgyzstan's independence through in August of that same year.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

On 19 August 1991, when the [[State Committee on the State of Emergency|State Emergency Committee]] assumed power in Moscow, there was an attempt to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup collapsed the following week, Akayev and Vice President [[German Kuznetsov]] announced their resignations from the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU), and the entire bureau and secretariat resigned. This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from the Soviet Union on 31 August 1991 as the ''Republic of Kyrgyzstan''.<ref name="Britannica 2">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Kyrgyzstan |last1=Sinor |first1=Denis |last2=Allworth |first2=Edward|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kyrgyzstan |date=16 August 2025|encyclopedia =Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>
[[File:Stamps of Kyrgyzstan, 2011-05.jpg|thumb|Wild sheep, [[urial]], on a Kyrgyzstan stamp]]

According to a 2013 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll, 62% of Kyrgyz people say that the collapse of the Soviet Union harmed their country, while only 16% said that the collapse benefitted it.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Esipova |first1=Neli |last2=Ray |first2=Julie |date=19 December 2013 |title=Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx |website=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]}}</ref>

===Independence===
In October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected president of the new independent republic by direct ballot, receiving 95 percent of the votes cast. Together with representatives of seven other Republics that same month, he signed the [[Treaty of the Economic Community]]. The new leaders of three out of four Soviet Union's founding republics, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, on 8 December 1991 signed the [[Belavezha Accords]], denouncing the [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR|Union Treaty of 1922]], declaring that the Union would cease to exist and proclaimed the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS) in its place.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Kavitha |last1=Surana |first2=Ruby |last2=Mellen |title=The Last Days of the Soviet Union |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/the-last-days-of-the-soviet-union/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Foreign Policy |date=22 December 2016}}</ref>

On 21 December 1991, Kyrgyzstan{{efn|Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the Soviet Union on 31 August 1991, following a vote by its Supreme Soviet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stamps.kg/news/25th-anniversary-of-the-independence-of-kyrgyzstan |title=25th Anniversary of the Independence of Kyrgyzstan |publisher=Kyrgyz Express Post |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>}} agreed with the other four Central Asian Republics, Tajikistan,{{efn|Tajikistan declared independence from the Soviet Union on 9 September 1991, by decision of its Supreme Soviet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/september-9-tajikistan-declared-independence-from-the-soviet-union-in-1991/videoshow/65733030.cms |title=September 9: Tajikistan declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 |publisher=Times of India |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>}} [[Turkmenistan]],{{efn|Turkmenistan declared independence from the Soviet Union on 27 October 1991, following a unanimous vote in its Supreme Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ipn.md/en/turkmenistan-declared-independence-27-october-1991-7967_1072919.html |title=Turkmenistan declared independence on 27 October 1991 |publisher=IPN Moldova |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>}} Uzbekistan,{{efn|Uzbekistan declared independence on 31 August 1991, and the decision was confirmed by a law passed the same day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ipn.md/en/uzbekistan-declared-independence-31-august-1991-7968_1072920.html |title=Uzbekistan declared independence on 31 August 1991 |publisher=IPN Moldova |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>}} and Kazakhstan{{efn|Kazakhstan declared independence on 16 December 1991, becoming the last Soviet republic to do so.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan/History |title=History of Kazakhstan |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>}} to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally entering the Commonwealth with [[Armenia]],{{efn|Armenia declared independence on 21 September 1991, confirmed by a nationwide referendum held on the same day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ipn.md/en/armenia-1991-independence-referendum-resulted-in-overwhelming-vote-for-sovereignty-7965_1072917.html |title=Armenia 1991 Independence Referendum Resulted in Overwhelming Vote for Sovereignty |publisher=IPN Moldova |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>}} [[Azerbaijan]],{{efn|Azerbaijan declared independence on 30 August 1991, through a resolution adopted by its Supreme Soviet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azerbaijan/History |title=History of Azerbaijan |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>}} [[Moldova]],{{efn|Moldova declared independence on 27 August 1991, through a vote of its parliament following the failed Soviet coup.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Moldova/History |title=History of Moldova |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>}} and [[Ukraine]].{{efn|Ukraine declared independence on 24 August 1991; this was confirmed by over 90% of voters in a national referendum on 1 December 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ipn.md/en/ukraine-1991-independence-referendum-7972_1072922.html |title=Ukraine 1991 Independence Referendum |publisher=IPN Moldova |access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>}} Finally, Kyrgyzstan gained full independence on 25 December 1991. The following day, on 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan joined the United Nations and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE). On 5 May 1993, the official name changed from the ''Republic of Kyrgyzstan'' to the ''Kyrgyz Republic'' following the adoption of a new [[Constitution of Kyrgyzstan|constitution]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Czerewacz-Filipowicz |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Konopelko |first2=Agnieszka |title=Regional Integration Processes in the Commonwealth of Independent States: Economic and Political Factors |date=26 November 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-47563-9 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbedDQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

Kyrgyzstan celebrates its Independence Day annually on 31 August, the anniversary of its declaration of independence in 1991.<ref>[https://minurso.unmissions.org/minurso%E2%80%99s-peacekeepers-national-day-kyrgyzstan MINURSO'S PEACEKEEPERS: NATIONAL DAY OF KYRGYZSTAN] 31 August 2024. United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara</ref>

=== 21st century ===
==== 2000–2009 ====
In February and March 2005, parliamentary elections were held, which the opposition and international observers criticized for alleged irregularities. Widespread protests erupted, leading to the ousting of President Askar Akayev, who fled the country and resigned in April 2005. This series of events became known as the [[Tulip Revolution]]. Subsequently, [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]], a former prime minister and opposition leader, assumed the presidency after winning the July 2005 presidential election with a significant majority.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A tulip revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/unknown/2005/03/24/a-tulip-revolution |access-date=2025-04-01 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref name=":2">Marat E. ''The Tulip Revolution: Kyrgyzstan one year after.'' The Jamestown Foundation, Washington DC</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2005 |title=Bakiev sworn in as Kyrgyz leader |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4150084.stm |access-date=2025-04-01}}</ref>

After assuming office, President Bakiyev faced challenges, including political unrest and demands for constitutional reforms. In 2006 and 2007, large-scale protests occurred, with citizens calling for a reduction in presidential powers and increased governmental transparency. In response, Bakiyev implemented constitutional amendments and appointed opposition figures to key positions. Despite these measures, tensions persisted throughout his tenure.<ref name=":2" />

Throughout the decade, Kyrgyzstan grappled with economic difficulties, including energy shortages and rising utility prices. In 2009, the government announced significant increases in electricity and heating tariffs, leading to public discontent. Additionally, the country faced challenges related to corruption and organized crime, which impacted its social and economic development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stratfor: The World's Leading Geopolitical Intelligence Platform |url=https://worldview.stratfor.com:443/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=worldview.stratfor.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan: Utility Price Hike Squeezes Citizens |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav020810.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012062753/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav020810.shtml |archive-date=12 October 2017 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=EurasiaNet.org |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2009, Bakiyev announced the eviction of the U.S. military from the [[Transit Center at Manas|Manas Air Base]], a strategic transit center supporting operations in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/countries/kyrgyzstan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008094219/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/countries/kyrgyzstan |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2022 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> The Manas Air Base, hosting approximately 1,000 U.S. military personnel since 2001, served as a crucial staging post for coalition forces in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harding |first=Luke |date=4 February 2009 |title=Kyrgyzstan to close key US military airbase |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/04/kyrgyzstan-us-base-afghanistan |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==== 2010–2019 ====
In April 2010, widespread protests erupted against President Kurmanbek Bakiyev's administration, driven by public discontent over corruption and rising energy prices. These demonstrations [[2010 Kyrgyz Revolution|culminated in Bakiyev's ousting]] and the establishment of a provisional government led by [[Roza Otunbayeva]]. Subsequently, in June 2010, violent ethnic clashes occurred in the southern cities of [[Osh]] and [[Jalal-Abad]] between Kyrgyz and Uzbek communities, resulting in over 400 deaths and displacing thousands.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan: Freedom in the World 2019 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kyrgyzstan/freedom-world/2019 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=The Oxus |date=13 January 2021 |title=Ten Years Gone: The Legacy of the 2010 Revolution and Ethnic Violence in Kyrgyzstan: A Roundtable – The Oxus Society for Central Asian Affairs |url=https://oxussociety.org/ten-years-gone-the-legacy-of-the-2010-revolution-and-ethnic-violence-in-kyrgyzstan-a-roundtable/ |access-date=2025-04-01}}</ref>

Following these events, a referendum was held in June 2010 to adopt a new constitution aimed at reducing presidential powers and enhancing parliamentary authority. The referendum passed with approximately 90% approval and a 70% voter turnout, despite challenges posed by recent unrest. This constitution introduced a single six-year term for the president without the possibility of re-election and limited any single political party to 65 of the 120 parliamentary seats to prevent power concentration.<ref name=":3" />

Under the new constitutional framework, Kyrgyzstan held its first parliamentary elections in October 2010, which were noted for their peaceful conduct and absence of major voting irregularities. In 2011, [[Almazbek Atambayev]] was elected president, serving until 2017. His tenure focused on stabilizing the country and implementing democratic reforms, including the introduction of biometric registration to enhance electoral transparency. In 2017, [[Sooronbay Jeenbekov]] succeeded Atambayev as president, continuing efforts to strengthen democratic institutions and address ongoing challenges such as corruption and economic development.<ref name="Britannica 2"/>

Significant reforms were undertaken during this period, including the abolition of military courts in December 2016 to streamline the judicial system and enhance civilian oversight. Additionally, the Ministry of Defense was restructured into the State Committee for Defense Affairs, with operational control of the armed forces transferred to the [[Staff (military)|General Staff]] to improve military efficiency and accountability.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

In 2016, Kyrgyzstan commemorated the centennial of the 1916 uprising against Tsarist Russia, known as [[Central Asian revolt of 1916|Urkun]], by unveiling a monument at the [[Ata-Beyit|Ata-Beyit memorial]] complex.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

==== Since 2020 ====
In October 2020, [[2020 Kyrgyz Revolution|widespread protests]] erupted in response to disputed [[2020 Kyrgyz parliamentary election|parliamentary election]] results, leading to the annulment of the elections and the resignation of President [[Sooronbay Jeenbekov]]. Amid the unrest, [[Sadyr Japarov]], a nationalist politician previously imprisoned, was released and subsequently appointed as interim president and prime minister. His rapid ascent to power was facilitated by parliamentary approval under contentious circumstances. In January 2021, Japarov was [[2021 Kyrgyz presidential election|elected]] president in a landslide victory.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=guillermo |title=Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy Sinks Into Authoritarianism – Foreign Policy Research Institute |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/04/kyrgyzstan-central-asias-island-of-democracy-sinks-into-authoritarianism/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.fpri.org}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=10 October 2024 |title=Au Kirghizistan, la condamnation de journalistes et militants anticorruption confirme le tournant autoritaire du régime |trans-title=In Kyrgyzstan, the conviction of journalists and anti-corruption activists confirms the authoritarian shift of the regime. |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2024/10/10/au-kirghizistan-la-condamnation-de-journalistes-et-militants-anticorruption-confirme-le-tournant-autoritaire-du-regime_6348415_3210.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=turgunbayeva>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan sign deal to end long-running border dispute|last1=Turgunbayeva |first1=Aigerim |last2=Gordeyeva |first2=Mariya |website=[[Reuters]] |date=13 March 2025 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kyrgyzstan-tajikistan-sign-deal-end-long-running-border-dispute-2025-03-13/}}</ref>

Following his election, President Japarov initiated a series of constitutional reforms aimed at shifting the country's governance structure from a parliamentary to a presidential system. A [[2021 Kyrgyz government system referendum|referendum]] held in January 2021 approved these changes, granting the president expanded powers, including the authority to appoint judges and diminishing the role of parliament. Critics labeled the new constitution the "Khanstitution," expressing concerns over the potential for authoritarian rule.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan's president dismisses prime minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kyrgyzstans-president-dismisses-prime-minister-ria-reports-2024-12-16/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=[[Reuters]]|date=16 December 2024 }}</ref>

The period also witnessed increased pressure on independent media and civil society organizations. In 2024, the Kyrgyz government implemented measures to intimidate and silence journalists and critics. The [[Supreme Court of Kyrgyzstan|Supreme Court]] ordered the closure of a leading investigative media outlet, sentencing two journalists to prison terms and placing two others on probation for their reporting. Additionally, a "[[foreign agent|foreign representatives]]" law came into effect in April 2024, imposing strict government oversight on NGOs receiving foreign funding.<ref>{{Citation |last=Human Rights Watch |title=Kyrgyzstan: Events of 2024 |date=16 January 2025 |work=Share this via Facebook |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/kyrgyzstan |access-date=2025-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pikulicka-Wilczewska |first=Agnieszka |date=28 October 2024 |title='They want to show no one can escape': how the long arm of Russia is reaching out for Putin critics in exile |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/oct/28/long-arm-russia-putin-critics-in-exile |access-date=2025-04-01 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyz court finds four journalists guilty of inciting unrest |website=[[Reuters]] |date=10 October 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kyrgyz-court-finds-four-journalists-guilty-inciting-unrest-2024-10-10/}}</ref>

Kyrgyzstan's longstanding border disputes with neighboring Tajikistan escalated into violent clashes, notably around the town of [[Batken]] in 2021 and 2022, culminating in a six-day conflict in September 2022. In March 2025, Presidents Japarov and [[Emomali Rahmon]] of Tajikistan signed an agreement to demarcate their shared border, aiming to resolve the territorial conflicts and reopen transportation links that had been closed since the 2022 clashes.<ref name=turgunbayeva/>

In December 2024, President Japarov dismissed [[Akylbek Japarov|Prime Minister Akylbek Japarov]], who had served since 2021, citing a transfer to another position. [[Adylbek Kasymaliev|First Deputy Prime Minister Adylbek Kasymaliyev]] was appointed as acting prime minister.<ref name=":7" />

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Kyrgyzstan}}

[[File:Kyrgyzstan Topography.png|thumb|left|Kyrgyzstan's topography]]
[[File:Bringing the sheep home, on the southern shore of Issy-Kol. (3968109583).jpg|thumb|On the southern shore of Issyk Kul lake, [[Issyk Kul Region]]]]

Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordering Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It lies between latitudes [[39th parallel north|39°]] and [[44th parallel north|44° N]], and longitudes [[69th meridian east|69°]] and [[81st meridian east|81° E]]. It is farther from the sea than any other individual country, and is an [[endorheic basin]] in which all its rivers flow into closed drainage systems which do not reach the sea. The mountainous region of the Tian Shan covers over 80% of the country (Kyrgyzstan is occasionally referred to as "the Switzerland of Central Asia", as a result),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=26 March 2005 |title=The Tulip Revolution takes root |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/GC26Ag03.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050327033351/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/GC26Ag03.html |archive-date=27 March 2005 |publisher=Asia Times Online}}</ref> with the remainder made up of valleys and basins.
[[File:Kyrgyzstan.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A map of Kyrgyzstan]]

[[Issyk-Kul Lake]], or Ysyk-Köl in [[Kyrgyz Language|Kyrgyz]], in the north-eastern Tian Shan is the largest lake in Kyrgyzstan and the second largest mountain lake in the world after [[Titicaca]]. The lowest point is in [[Kara Darya|Kara-Daryya]] (Karadar'ya) at 132 meters and the highest peaks are in the Kakshaal-Too range, forming the Chinese border. Peak [[Jengish Chokusu]], at {{convert|7439|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, is the highest point and is considered by geologists to be the northernmost peak over {{convert|7000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in the world. Heavy snowfall in winter leads to spring floods which often cause serious damage downstream. The runoff from the mountains is also used for [[hydro-electricity]].

Kyrgyzstan has significant deposits of metals including gold and [[rare-earth metals]]. Due to the country's predominantly mountainous terrain, less than 8% of the land is cultivated, and this is concentrated in the northern lowlands and the fringes of the [[Fergana Valley]].

Bishkek in the north is the capital and largest city, with 1,321,900 inhabitants ({{As of|2025|lc=y}}). The second city is the ancient town of Osh, located in the Fergana Valley near the border with Uzbekistan. The principal river is the Kara Darya, which flows west through the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan. Across the border in Uzbekistan it meets another major Kyrgyz river, the [[Naryn River|Naryn]].

The confluence forms the [[Syr Darya]], which originally flowed into the [[Aral Sea]]. {{As of|2010}}, it no longer reaches the sea, as its water is withdrawn upstream to irrigate cotton fields in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and southern Kazakhstan. The [[Chu River]] also briefly flows through Kyrgyzstan before entering Kazakhstan.

Kyrgyzstan contains seven terrestrial ecosystems: [[Tian Shan montane conifer forests]], [[Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe]], [[Gissaro-Alai open woodlands]], [[Tian Shan foothill arid steppe]], [[Pamir alpine desert and tundra]], [[Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows]], and [[Central Asian northern desert]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |display-authors=1 |year=2017 |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |issn=0006-3568 |pmc=5451287 |pmid=28608869 |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad}}</ref> It had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.86/10, ranking it 13th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |display-authors=1 |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_KGZ_present.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Kyrgyzstan map of Köppen climate classification]]
{{Main|Climate of Kyrgyzstan}}

The climate varies regionally. The low-lying [[Fergana Valley]] in the southwest is [[subtropical climate|subtropical]] and extremely hot in summer, with temperatures reaching {{convert|40|°C}}. The northern [[foothill]]s are [[temperate climate|temperate]] and the Tian Shan varies from dry [[continental climate|continental]] to [[polar climate]], depending on elevation. In the coldest areas, winter temperatures drop below freezing for approximately 40 days, and even some [[desert]] areas experience constant snowfall during this period. In the lowlands the temperature ranges from around {{convert|-6|°C|0}} in January to {{convert|24|°C|0}} in July.

==== Glaciers and climate change ====
{{Excerpt|Climate change in Kyrgyzstan}}

===Enclaves and exclaves===
There is one [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]], the tiny village of [[Barak, Kyrgyzstan|Barak]]<ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav060603.shtml# The exclave of Barak, Kyrgyzstan in Uzbekistan]. Retrieved on 2 May 2009</ref> (population 627), in the Fergana Valley. The village is surrounded by Uzbek territory. It is located on the road from [[Osh]] (Kyrgyzstan) to Khodjaabad (Uzbekistan) about {{convert|4|km|0|abbr=off}} north-west from the [[Kyrgyz–Uzbek border]] in the direction of [[Andijan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan |url=http://geosite.jankrogh.com/kyrgyzstan.htm |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=geosite.jankrogh.com}}</ref> Barak is administratively part of [[Kara-Suu District]] in Kyrgyzstan's Osh Region.

There are four Uzbek enclaves within Kyrgyzstan. Two of them are the towns of [[Sokh District|Sokh]], with an area of {{convert|325|km2|abbr=on}} and a population of 42,800 in 1993, although some estimates go as high as 70,000 (99% are [[Tajik people|Tajiks]], the remainder Uzbeks); and [[Shohimardon|Shakhimardan]] (also known as Shahimardan, Shohimardon, or Shah-i-Mardan), with an area of {{convert|90|km2|abbr=on}} and a population of 5,100 in 1993; 91% are Uzbeks, and the remaining 9% are Kyrgyz; the other two are the tiny territories of Chong-Kara (roughly {{convert|3|km|0|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|1|km|1|abbr=on}} wide) and Jangy-ayyl (a dot of land barely {{convert|2|-|3|km|0|abbr=on}} across). Chong-Kara is on the [[Sokh river]], between the Uzbek border and the Sokh enclave. Jangy-ayyl is about {{convert|60|km}} east of Batken, in a northward projection of the Kyrgyz-Uzbek border near [[Khalmion]].{{cn|date=November 2025}}

There are also two enclaves belonging to Tajikistan on the [[Kyrgyz-Tajik border]]: [[Vorukh]], and [[Lolazor, Jabbor Rasulov District|Lolazor]]. Vorukh has an area between {{convert|95|-|130|km2|abbr=on}}, and a population estimated between 23,000 and 29,000, 95% Tajiks and 5% Kyrgyz. It is distributed among 17 villages and is located around {{convert|45|km}} south of [[Isfara]] on the right bank of the river [[Karavshin]]. Lolazor (Western Qalacha or Kayragach) is a small settlement near the Kyrgyz railway station of [[Kairagach]].{{cn|date=November 2025}}

==Politics==
{{Main|Government of Kyrgyzstan|Politics of Kyrgyzstan|Foreign relations of Kyrgyzstan}}

=== Political system ===
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2025}}[[File:Official Photo of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic H.E. Mr. Sadyr Zhaparov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sadyr Japarov]], [[President of Kyrgyzstan|President]]]]
[[File:White House in Bishkek.jpg|thumb|[[Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)|Supreme Council]] building in Bishkek, house of the [[Unicameralism|unicameral parliament]]. View from the north-west side (facade from the south)]]
[[File:Kyrgyz women parliamentarians.jpg|thumb|Kyrgyz women parliamentarians, 2016]]

The [[1993–2010 Constitution of Kyrgyzstan|1993 constitution]] defines the form of government as a democratic [[unicameral]] republic. The executive branch includes a president and prime minister. The parliament currently is unicameral. The judicial branch comprises a supreme court, local courts and a chief prosecutor.

In March 2002, in the southern district of [[Aksy]], five people protesting the [[arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrest]] of an opposition politician were shot dead by police, sparking nationwide [[protest]]s. President Askar Akayev initiated a constitutional reform process which initially included the participation of a broad range of government, civil and social representatives in an open dialogue, leading to a February 2003 referendum marred by voting irregularities.

The amendments to the constitution approved by the referendum resulted in stronger control by the president and weakened the parliament and the Constitutional Court. Parliamentary elections for a new, 75-seat unicameral legislature were held on 27 February and 13 March 2005, but were widely viewed as corrupt. The subsequent protests led to a bloodless coup on 24 March 2005, after which Akayev fled the country with his family and was replaced by acting president Kurmanbek Bakiyev.

On 10 July 2005, acting president Bakiyev won the [[Kyrgyz presidential election, 2005|presidential election]] in a landslide, with 88.9% of the vote, and was inaugurated on 14 August. However, initial public support for the new administration substantially declined in subsequent months as a result of its apparent inability to solve the corruption problems that had plagued the country since its independence from the Soviet Union, along with the murders of several members of parliament. Large-scale protests against president Bakiyev took place in Bishkek in April and November 2006, with opposition leaders accusing the president of failing to live up to his election promises to reform the country's constitution and transfer many of his presidential powers to parliament.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2006 |title=Clashes erupt in Kyrgyz capital |work=BBC Online |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6124428.stm |access-date=21 November 2007}}</ref>

Kyrgyzstan is also a member of the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE), a league of 57 participating states committed to peace, transparency, and the protection of human rights in Eurasia. As an OSCE participating state, Kyrgyzstan's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the [[U.S. Helsinki Commission]].

In December 2008, the state-owned broadcast [[Kyrgyz Television|KTRK]] announced that it would require prior submission of [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] programmes, which KTRK are required to retransmit according to a 2005 agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2008 |title=Refworld {{pipe}} Demand for prior approval of RFE/RL programmes called "intolerable" |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&docid=494b629e1e&skip=0&query=radio%20liberty%20kyrgyzstan |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees}}</ref> KTRK had stopped retransmitting RFE/RL programming in October 2008, a week after it failed to broadcast an RFE/RL programme called ''Inconvenient Questions'' which covered the October elections, claiming to have lost the missing material. President Bakiyev had criticised this programme in September 2008, while KTRK told RFE/RL that its programming was too negative. [[Reporters Without Borders]], which ranks Kyrgyzstan 111th out of 173 countries on its [[Press Freedom Index]], strongly criticised the decision.

On 3 February 2009, President Bakiyev announced the imminent closure of the [[Manas Air Base]], the only US military base remaining in Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2009 |title=Proposal to close the Manas Air Base |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7868586.stm |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> The closure was approved by Parliament on 19 February 2009 by a vote of 78–1 for the government-backed bill.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=Kyrgyzstan's president steps down amid political unrest |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/kyrgyzstan-president-resigns-unrest |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> However, after much behind-the-scenes negotiation between Kyrgyz, Russian and American diplomats, the decision was reversed in June 2009. The Americans were allowed to remain under a new contract, whereby rent would increase from $17.4 million to $60 million annually.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schwirtz |first1=Michael |last2=Levy |first2=Clifford J. |date=23 June 2009 |title=In Reversal, Kyrgyzstan Won't Close a U.S. Base |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/24/world/asia/24base.html?scp=24&sq=manas&st=cse |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The US military fully withdrew from Manas Air Base in 2014.

[[File:SCO summit (2018-06-10) 7.jpg|thumb|President Jeenbekov at the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] summit in China, June 2018]]
Kyrgyzstan is among the fifty countries in the world with the highest perceived level of corruption: the 2016 [[Corruption Perception Index]] for Kyrgyzstan is 28 on a scale of 0 (most corrupt) to 100 (least corrupt).<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2017 |title=2016 official table |url=http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016#table |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125040730/http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016#table |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2010, another revolution erupted in the country (see: [[2010 Kyrgyzstani revolution|April uprising]]). President Bakiyev, together with his relatives, including his son [[Maxim Bakiyev|Maksim]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maksim Bakiyev tracked not only in Bishkek, but also in the States? |url=http://enews.fergananews.com/articles/2788 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927195021/http://enews.fergananews.com/articles/2788 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Fergananews.Com |url-status=live }}</ref> and brother [[Janish Bakiyev|Janish]]—were forced to flee to Kazakhstan and then sought asylum in Belarus. Roza Otunbayeva, who was appointed interim president, announced that she did not intend to run for the [[Kyrgyz presidential election, 2011|Presidential elections in 2011]]. The election was held in November and won by Prime Minister Almazbek Atambayev, leader of the [[Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan|Social Democratic Party]], and Atambayev was sworn in as president on 1 December 2011. [[Omurbek Babanov]] was appointed prime minister on the same day and was confirmed on 23 December 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2011 |title=New Kyrgyz President Atambayev pledges 'new page' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15980862}}</ref>

In 2015, Kyrgyzstan became a full-fledged member of the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] (EES) after it formally abolished customs controls along its border with Kazakhstan, other members are the former Soviet republics Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Armenia.

[[File:2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 01.jpg|thumb|left|President Japarov (right) with [[Vladimir Putin]] and other post-Soviet leaders at the [[2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2023 |title=Central Asian Presidents Join Putin for May 9 Victory Day Parade |work=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/05/central-asian-presidents-join-putin-for-may-9-victory-day-parade/}}</ref>]]
In October 2017, Sooronbay Jeenbekov, a former prime minister backed by incumbent Almazbek Atambayev, was elected as the new President of Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2017 |title=Kyrgyzstan election: Sooronbay Jeenbekov wins historic election |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41625540}}</ref> In foreign policy he saw the [[Kremlin]] as the country's "main strategic partner" and China as an "important strategic and trade partner", but he intended to seek more collaborative bilateral ties with European partners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=New Kyrgyz President Vows Balanced Foreign Policy With Russia As Main 'Strategic Partner' |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kyrgyzstan-jeenbekov-vows-balanced-foreign-policy-russia-strategic-partner/28883735.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Radio Free Europe – Radio Liberty}}</ref> On 7 August 2019, the Special Forces of Kyrgyzstan launched an operation against the residence of former President Almazbek Atambayev, supposedly based on charges of corruption made against him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Putz |first=Catherine |date=8 August 2019 |title=Former Kyrgyz President Detained After Second Raid |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/former-kyrgyz-president-detained-after-second-raid/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Leonid |first=Bershidsky |date=8 August 2019 |title=A Bloody Raid Shows Why Post-Soviet Leaders Hate to Hand Off Power |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/08/08/a-bloody-raid-shows-why-post-soviet-leaders-hate-to-hand-off-power-a66777 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=[[The Moscow Times]]}}</ref> In a meeting of the [[Security Council of Kyrgyzstan|Security Council]], President Jeenbekov accused Atambayev of violating the constitution.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2019 |title=Kyrgyzstan's former president detained after violent clashes |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/08/kyrgyzstan-ex-president-almazbek-atambayev}}</ref> In October 2020, President Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigned after protests caused by irregularities in parliamentary [[2020 Kyrgyz parliamentary election|elections]] on 4 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2020 |title=Kyrgyzstan election: President Jeenbekov resigns after protests |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54553173}}</ref>

In January 2021, Sadyr Japarov was elected as the new president after winning the presidential [[2021 Kyrgyz presidential election|election]] by a landslide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2021 |title=Kyrgyzstan election: Sadyr Japarov wins presidency with landslide |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55613552}}</ref>

In April 2021, the majority of voters approved in the constitutional [[2021 Kyrgyz constitutional referendum|referendum]] a new constitution that will give new powers to the president, significantly strengthening the power of the presidency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/11/kyrgyzstan-voters-back-presidential-rule-in-referendum|title=Kyrgyzstan voters back presidential rule in referendum|website=Aljazeera}}</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Regions of Kyrgyzstan|Districts of Kyrgyzstan}}

Kyrgyzstan is divided into seven [[Regions of Kyrgyzstan|regions]] ({{langx|ky|облустар}}). The regions are subdivided into 44 [[Districts of Kyrgyzstan|districts]] ({{langx|ky|аймактар}}, {{lang|ky-latn|ajmaktar}};). The districts are further subdivided into rural districts at the lowest level of administration, which include all rural settlements (''aýyl ökmötü'') and villages without an associated municipal government.

{{anchor|special status cities}}The cities of Biškek and Oš have status "state importance" and do not belong to any region.

Each region is headed by an akim (regional governor) appointed by the president. District akims are appointed by regional akims.

{{Kyrgyzstan Regions Image Map}}
The regions, and independent cities, are as follows, with subdivisions:
# [[Bishkek|City of Biškek]]
## [[Lenin District, Bishkek|Lenin District]]
## [[Oktyabr District, Bishkek|Oktâbr' District]]
## [[Birinchi May District, Bishkek|Birinči Maj District]]
## [[Sverdlov District, Bishkek|Sverdlov District]]
# [[Batken Region]]
## [[Batken District]]
## [[Kadamjay District|Kadamžaj District]]
## [[Leylek District|Lejlek District]]
# [[Chüy Region|Čùj Region]]
## [[Alamüdün District|Alamùdùn District]]
## [[Chüy District|Čùj District]]
## [[Jayyl District|Žajyl District]]
## [[Kemin District]]
## [[Moskva District, Kyrgyzstan|Moskva District]]
## [[Panfilov District, Kyrgyzstan|Panfilov District]]
## [[Sokuluk District]]
## [[Ysyk-Ata District]]
# [[Jalal-Abad Region|Žalal-Abad Region]]
## [[Aksy District]]
## [[Ala-Buka District]]
## [[Bazar-Korgon District]]
## [[Chatkal District|Čatkal District]]
## [[Nooken District]]
## [[Suzak District]]
## [[Toguz-Toro District]]
## [[Toktogul District]]
# [[Naryn Region]]
## [[Ak-Talaa District]]
## [[At-Bashy District|At-Bašy District]]
## [[Jumgal District|Žumgal District]]
## [[Kochkor District|Kočkor District]]
## [[Naryn District]]
# [[Osh Region|Oš Region]]
## [[Alay District|Alaj District]]
## [[Aravan District]]
## [[Chong-Alay District|Čong-Alaj District]]
## [[Kara-Kulja District|Kara-Kulža District]]
## [[Kara-Suu District]]
## [[Nookat District]]
## [[Özgön District|Ôzgôn District]]
# [[Talas Region]]
## [[Bakay-Ata District|Bakaj-Ata District]]
## [[Aitmatov District|Ajtmatov District]]
## [[Manas District]]
## [[Talas District, Kyrgyzstan|Talas District]]
# [[Issyk-Kul Region|Ysyk-Kôl Region]]
## [[Ak-Suu District]]
## [[Issyk-Kul District|Ysyk-Kôl District]]
## [[Jeti-Ögüz District|Žeti-Ôgùz District]]
## [[Tong District|Toņ District]]
## [[Tüp District|Tùp District]]
# [[Osh|City of Oš]]

===Military===
{{Main|Armed Forces of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan}}

[[File:Multinational forces participate in Regional Cooperation 12 Exercise -06.JPG|thumb|Kyrgyz soldiers conducting mine sweeping exercises]]
The armed forces of Kyrgyzstan were formed after the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] and consist of the [[Kyrgyz Army|Land Forces]], [[Kyrgyz Air Force|Air Forces]], [[Internal Troops of Kyrgyzstan|internal troops]], [[National Guard (Kyrgyzstan)|National Guard]], and the [[State Border Guard Service of Kyrgyzstan|border guard]]. The military works with the [[US Armed Forces]], which leased a facility named the [[Transit Center at Manas]] at Manas International Airport near Bishkek until June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandiver |first=John |date=5 February 2014 |title=First troops move through new US transit point in Romania |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/first-troops-move-through-new-us-transit-point-in-romania-1.265698 |access-date=5 February 2014 |website=www.stripes.com |publisher=Stars and Stripes}}</ref> In recent years, the armed forces have begun developing better relations with Russia including signing modernization deals worth $1.1bn and participating in more exercises with Russian troops.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ott |first=Stephanie |date=18 September 2014 |title=Russia tightens control over Kyrgyzstan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/18/russia-tightens-control-over-kyrgyzstan |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The Agency of National Security works with the military and serves similar purposes to its Soviet predecessor, the [[KGB]]. It oversees an elite counterterrorism special forces unit known as "Alfa", the same name used by other former Soviet countries, including Russia and Uzbekistan. The police are commanded by the Ministry of the Interior Affairs, along with the border guard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan {{!}} OSCE POLIS |url=https://polis.osce.org/country-profiles/kyrgyzstan |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=polis.[[osce.org]] |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621130922/https://polis.osce.org/country-profiles/kyrgyzstan |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Human rights===
{{main|Human rights in Kyrgyzstan}}

Kyrgyzstan is classified as a "[[hybrid regime]]" in the [[Democracy Index]], ranking 107th out of 167 for 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2021 |title=Global democracy has a very bad year |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/02/global-democracy-has-a-very-bad-year}}</ref> Kyrgyzstan was also ranked "not free" in the 2021 [[Freedom in the World]] report with a score of 28/100. In 2020, it was ranked "partly free" with a score of 39/100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/kyrgyzstan/freedom-world/2021 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> After the installation of a more democratic government, many human rights violations still take place. In a move that alarmed human-rights groups, dozens of prominent Uzbek religious and community leaders were arrested by security forces following the [[2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes|2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots]], including journalist and human-rights activist [[Azimzhan Askarov]].<ref name="Kramer">{{Cite news |last=Kramer, Andrew E. |date=1 July 2010 |title=Uzbeks Accused of Inciting Violence in Kyrgyzstan |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/world/asia/02kyrgyzstan.html?scp=1&sq=askarov&st=cse |access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> A law banning women under the age of 23 from traveling abroad without a parent or guardian, with the purpose of "increased morality and preservation of the gene pool" passed in the Kyrgyz parliament in June 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2014 |title=Kyrgyzstan Passes Controversial Girl Travel Ban |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67113 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=www.eurasianet.org}}</ref> American diplomats expressed concern in October 2014 when Kyrgyzstan lawmakers passed a law that imposes jail terms on [[LGBT rights in Kyrgyzstan|gay-rights activists]] and others, including journalists, who create "a positive attitude toward non-traditional sexual relations".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trilling |first=David |date=16 October 2014 |title=Kyrgyzstan moves towards adoption of Russia's anti-gay law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/16/kyrgyzstan-moves-towards-adoption-russia-anti-gay-law |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Kyrgyzstani activist and journalist Azimzhan Askarov was sentenced to life in prison in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2010 |title=Human rights groups condemn Kyrgyzstan activist jailing |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11326361}}</ref> On 24 January 2017, a Kyrgyz court has reinstated a sentence of life imprisonment for Askarov.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2017 |title=Kyrgyz court confirms life sentence for journalist |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/kyrgyz-court-confirms-life-sentence-for-journalist |work=Fox News}}</ref> In February 2024, the independent investigative media organization [[Kloop]] was ordered shut down by the Kyrgyz courts. This move drew criticism within the country and abroad.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pannier |first1=Bruce |title=Kloop's Closure: A Bad Omen For Independent Kyrgyz Media? |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/majlis-podcast-kyrgyzstan-kloop-closure/32824634.html |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=18 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Independent Media Under Attack in Kyrgyzstan as Court Shuts Down OCCRP Member Center Kloop Media |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/40-press-releases/presss-releases/18472-independent-media-under-attack-in-kyrgyzstan-as-court-shuts-down-occrp-member-center-kloop-media |website=OCCRP |publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Kyrgyzstan}}

{{More citations needed section|date=November 2025}}
Kyrgyzstan was among the less economically developed republics of the former Soviet Union and is currently the second-lowest in terms of income levels in Central Asia, after Tajikistan. 22.4% of the country's population lives below the poverty line.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2019 |title=Нацстатком: 22% кыргызстанцев живут за чертой бедности |language=ru |trans-title=National Statistical Committee: 22% of Kyrgyz live below the poverty line |work=Радио Азаттык [Radio Azattyk] |url=https://rus.azattyk.org/a/29998818.html/}}</ref>

Despite the backing of major Western lenders, including the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), the [[World Bank]] and the [[Asian Development Bank]], Kyrgyzstan has had economic difficulties following independence. Initially, these were a result of the breakup of the Soviet trade bloc and resulting loss of markets, which impeded the republic's transition to a demand economy. The government reduced public spending, eliminated most price subsidies, and implemented a value-added tax. These measures reflected its commitment to transitioning toward a market-based economy. Through economic stabilization and structural reforms, the government aimed to promote sustained long-term growth. Reforms led to Kyrgyzstan's accession to the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) on 20 December 1998.

The Kyrgyz economy was severely affected by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting loss of its vast market. In 1990, some 98% of Kyrgyz exports went to other parts of the Soviet Union. Thus, the nation's economic performance in the early 1990s was worse than any other former Soviet republic except war-torn Armenia, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, as factories and state farms collapsed with the disappearance of their traditional markets in the former Soviet Union. While economic performance has improved considerably in the last few years, and particularly since 1998, difficulties remain in securing adequate [[Fiscal Policy|fiscal]] revenues and providing an adequate [[social safety net]]. [[Remittance]]s of around 350,000 Kyrgyz migrants working in Russia contribute to the economy, however in recent years remittances have decreased.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2010 |title=Kyrgyz unrest plays into regional rivalry |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6373KT20100408}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2009 |title=Kyrgyzstan: Returning Labor Migrants are a Cause for Concern |publisher=EurasiaNet.org |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav040309e.shtml |url-status=dead |access-date=16 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104050/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav040309e.shtml |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref> Reliance on [[remittance]]s—currently about 15% of GDP—has declined from a previous high of 35%.

Agriculture is an important sector of the economy in Kyrgyzstan (see [[agriculture in Kyrgyzstan]]). By the early 1990s, the private agricultural sector provided between one-third and one-half of some harvests. In 2002, agriculture accounted for 35.6% of GDP and about half of employment. Kyrgyzstan's terrain is mountainous, which accommodates livestock raising, the largest agricultural activity, so the resulting [[wool]], meat and [[dairy product]]s are major commodities. Main crops include wheat, [[sugar beets]], [[potatoes]], cotton, tobacco, vegetables, and fruit. As the prices of imported [[agrichemicals]] and petroleum are so high, much farming is being done by hand and by horse, as it was generations ago. Agricultural processing is a key component of the industrial economy as well as one of the most attractive sectors for foreign investment.

Kyrgyzstan is rich in mineral resources but has negligible petroleum and natural gas reserves; it imports petroleum and gas. Among its mineral reserves are substantial deposits of coal, gold, [[uranium]], [[antimony]], and other valuable metals. [[Metallurgy]] is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment in this field. The government has actively encouraged foreign involvement in extracting and processing gold from the [[Kumtor Gold Mine]] and other regions. The country's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of [[hydroelectric energy]].

The principal exports are nonferrous metals and minerals, woollen goods and other agricultural products, electric energy and certain engineering goods. Imports include petroleum and natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, most machinery, wood and paper products, some foods and some construction materials. Its leading trade partners include Germany, Russia, China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. After Beijing launched the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013, China has expanded its economic presence and initiated a number of sizable infrastructure projects in Kyrgyzstan.<ref>Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641 China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia]", in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) ''Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation''. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133.</ref> After the 2022 [[Sanctions involving Russia|sanctions on Russia]], several regional supply routes were redirected through Kyrgyzstan, boosting the local economy.

The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a negative impact on the Kyrgyz economy that is reliant on services, remittances and natural resources. As a result, to mitigate the economic shock and preserve much of the development progress achieved in recent years the World Bank will provide support by financing several projects in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan to mitigate pandemic-caused economic shocks for businesses, vulnerable people and communities with World Bank support |url=https://akipress.com/news:646448:Kyrgyzstan_to_mitigate_pandemic-caused_economic_shocks_for_businesses,_vulnerable_people_and_communities_with_World_Bank_support/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=akipress.com}}</ref>

Kyrgyzstan registered rapid economic growth over 2022–2024, averaging 9% annually in real terms. These changes highlight Kyrgyzstan's strategic importance in Central Asia and its emerging role in regional trade and infrastructure networks.

Kyrgyzstan demonstrated strong macroeconomic performance between 2022 and 2024. The country maintained a fiscal surplus for two consecutive years, in 2023 and 2024, reflecting prudent public financial management and stronger-than-expected revenue collection.

The government is embarking on several large infrastructure megaprojects, notably the [[Kambarata-1 Dam|Kambarata-1 Hydropower Plant]] and the [[China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan International Highway|China-Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan railway]], which have the potential to significantly reshape the country's economic landscape.

===Tourism===
[[File:Issyk-Kulmeer.jpg|thumb|Southern shore of [[Issyk Kul Lake]]]]
[[File:Osh Bazar.jpg|thumb|Bazar in [[Osh]]]]
{{Main|Tourism in Kyrgyzstan}}

One of the most popular tourist destination points in Kyrgyzstan is the lake [[Issyk-Kul]]. Numerous hotels, resorts and boarding houses are located along its northern shore. The most popular beach zones are in the city of [[Cholpon-Ata]] and the settlements nearby, such as Kara-Oi (Dolinka), Bosteri and Korumdy. The number of tourists visiting the lake was more than a million a year in 2006 and 2007. However, due to the economic and political instability in the region, the number has declined in recent years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Issyk-Kul: Chasing short-term profit |url=http://www.neweurasia.net/business-and-economics/issyk-kul-chasing-short-term-profit/ |access-date=3 May 2011 |publisher=New Eurasia}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
{{main|Science and technology in Kyrgyzstan}}

The headquarters of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences is located in Bishkek, where several research institutes are located. Kyrgyz researchers are developing useful technologies based on natural products, such as heavy metal remediation for purifying waste water.<ref name="Yurishcheva">{{Cite journal |last1=Yurishcheva |first1=A.A. |last2=Kydralieva |first2=K.A. |last3=Zaripova |first3=A.A. |last4=Dzhardimalieva |first4=G.I. |last5=Pomogaylo |first5=A.D. |last6=Jorobekova |first6=S.J. |year=2013 |title=Sorption of Pb2+ by magnetite coated with humic acids |journal=J. Biol. Phys. Chem. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=61–68 |doi=10.4024/36FR12A.jbpc.13.02}}</ref> Kyrgyzstan was ranked 96th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/kyrgyzstan |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Pyramide Kirghizistan.PNG|thumb|upright=1.6|A [[population pyramid]] showing Kyrgyzstan's age distribution (2005)]]
[[File:Население Киргизии за 2015.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Population density (people per km2) of Kyrgyzstan, 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnic composition of the population in Kyrgyzstan 2015 |url=https://www.stat.gov.kg/media/publicationarchive/30c1af54-2244-4fe1-a470-4d1a88bcea8b.pdf |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic |language=ru}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Demographics of Kyrgyzstan}}

Kyrgyzstan's population is estimated at 7,404,300 January 2026.<ref name="census">{{Cite web |title=СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ КЫРГЫЗСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ январь |url=https://www.stat.gov.kg/media/publicationarchive/f19500c4-16f5-48b6-aa1c-972cbec4f3fd.pdf }}</ref>

In the 2024 [[Global Hunger Index]] (GHI), Kyrgyzstan has a score of 6.8, ranking 36th among 127 countries with sufficient data. The hunger level is classified as low.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) – peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels}}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups ===
The nation's largest [[ethnic group]] are the [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] people, who comprise 77.8% of the population. Other ethnic groups include the [[Russians]] (3.7%) concentrated in the north and the Uzbeks (14.3%) living in the south. Small but noticeable minorities include the [[Dungans]] (1.0%), [[Tājik people|Tajiks]] (0.9%), [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] (0.5%), Kazakhs (0.4%), and other smaller ethnic minorities.<ref name="KyrgyzStatistics">{{Cite web |title=Statistics of the Kyrgyz Republic |url=https://stat.gov.kg/media/publicationarchive/4783e692-26f5-4dd1-9de4-e009a4b8861e.pdf |website=National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic}}</ref> The country has over 80 ethnic groups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2010 |title=10 Things You Need To Know About The Ethnic Unrest In Kyrgyzstan |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/10_Things_You_Need_To_Know_About_The_Ethnic_Unrest_In_Kyrgyzstan/2071323.html |publisher=RFERL}}</ref>

The Kyrgyz have historically been semi-[[nomad]]ic herders, living in round tents called [[yurt]]s and tending sheep, horses and [[yak]]s. This nomadic tradition continues to function seasonally (see [[transhumance]]) as herding families return to the high mountain pasture (or ''jailoo'') in the summer. The sedentary Uzbeks and Tajiks traditionally have farmed lower-lying irrigated land in the [[Fergana Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan – Population |url=https://countrystudies.us/kyrgyzstan/13.htm |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref>

Kyrgyzstan has undergone a pronounced change in its ethnic composition since independence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2005 |title=KYRGYZSTAN: Focus on post-Akayev Russian exodus |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=28550 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] Asia}}</ref><ref name="spo">{{Cite journal |last=Spoorenberg |first=Thomas |year=2013 |title=Fertility changes in Central Asia since 1980 |journal=Asian Population Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=50–77 |doi=10.1080/17441730.2012.752238 |s2cid=154532617}}</ref><ref name="spoo">{{Cite journal |last=Spoorenberg |first=Thomas |year=2015 |title=Explaining recent fertility increase in Central Asia |journal=Asian Population Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=115–133 |doi=10.1080/17441730.2015.1027275 |s2cid=153924060}}</ref> The percentage of ethnic Kyrgyz has increased from around 50% in 1979 to over 70% in 2013, while the percentage of ethnic groups, such as Russians, Ukrainians, Germans and Tatars dropped from 35% to about 7%.<ref name="census" /> Since 1991, a large number of [[Germans in Kyrgyzstan|Germans]], who in 1989 numbered 101,000 persons, have emigrated to Germany.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kokaisl, Petr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRXVbGwPgqIC&pg=PA132 |title=The Kyrgyz – Children of Manas. Кыргыздар – Манастын балдары |last2=Kokaislova, Pavla |publisher=NOSTALGIE Praha |year=2009 |isbn=978-80-254-6365-9 |page=132}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Population of Kyrgyzstan according to ethnic group 1926–2025
! colspan="2" |
! Kyrgyz
! [[Uzbeks]]
! Russians
! Ukrainians
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1926 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР |trans-title=All-Union Census of 1926. The national composition of the population in the republics of the USSR |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_26.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321203605/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_26.php |archive-date=21 March 2016 |access-date=14 February 2016 |website=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru}}</ref>
! Number
| 661,171
| 110,463
| 116,436
| 64,128
|-
! %
| {{percentage bar|66.6}}
| {{percentage bar|11.1}}
| {{percentage bar|11.7}}
| {{percentage bar|6.5}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1959 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам СССР |trans-title=All-Union Census of 1959. The national composition of the population in the republics of the USSR |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_59.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316172652/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_59.php |archive-date=16 March 2010 |access-date=14 February 2016 |website=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru}}</ref>
! Number
| 836,831
| 218,640
| 623,562
| 137,031
|-
! %
| {{percentage bar|40.5}}
| {{percentage bar|10.6}}
| {{percentage bar|30.2}}
| {{percentage bar|6.6}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1989 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам СССР |trans-title=All-Union Census of 1989. The national composition of the population in the republics of the USSR |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316172713/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php |archive-date=16 March 2010 |access-date=14 February 2016 |website=Демоскоп Weekly |language=ru}}</ref>
! Number
| 2,229,663
| 550,096
| 916,558
| 108,027
|-
! %
| {{percentage bar|52.4}}
| {{percentage bar|12.9}}
| {{percentage bar|21.5}}
| {{percentage bar|2.5}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1999 census<ref name="National composition of the population">{{Cite web |title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения |trans-title=5.01.00.03 National composition of the population |url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219092904/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=25 March 2013 |language=ru}}</ref>
! Number
| 3,128,147
| 664,950
| 603,201
| 50,442
|-
! %
| {{percentage bar|64.9}}
| {{percentage bar|13.8}}
| {{percentage bar|12.5}}
| {{percentage bar|1.0}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2009 census<ref name="gov.kg census">{{Cite book |url=https://stat.gov.kg/media/publicationarchive/0f717d2d-5078-4e18-8b56-fb2a530462a2.pdf |script-title=ru:Население Кыргызстана |language=ru |trans-title=Population of Kyrgyzstan |script-work=ru:Перепись населения и жилищного фонда Кыргызской Республики 2022 года |location=Bishkek |publisher=Национальный статистический комитет Кыргызской Республики [National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic] |year=2023 |isbn=978-9967-28-708-2 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>
! Number
| 3,804,788
| 768,405
| 419,583
| 21,924
|-
! %
| {{percentage bar|70.9}}
| {{percentage bar|14.3}}
| {{percentage bar|7.8}}
| {{percentage bar|0.4}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2022 census<ref name="gov.kg census" />
! Number
| 5,379,020
| 986,881
| 282,777
| 3,875
|-
! %
| {{percentage bar|77.6}}
| {{percentage bar|14.2}}
| {{percentage bar|4.1}}
|{{percentage bar|0.1}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2025 estimate<ref name="KyrgyzStatistics"/>
! Number
| 5,666,144
| 1,039,454
| 272,812
| 2,414
|-
! %
| {{percentage bar|77.8}}
| {{percentage bar|14.3}}
| {{percentage bar|3.7}}
|{{percentage bar|0.0}}
|}

[[File:At the On-Archa village in Naryn district. Kyrgyzstan. 04.10.2012.jpg|thumb|Kyrgyz writer Kenesh Jusupov and General Beishe Moldogaziev with villagers, On-Archain, [[Naryn Region]]]]

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Kyrgyzstan}}

[[File:Kyrgyz traditionalscript 2.jpg|thumb|The name of Kyrgyzstan rendered in the [[Kyrgyz alphabets|traditional script]] in use from the 13th century to 1920 ]]
[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] is the state language of Kyrgyzstan. [[Russian language|Russian]] is additionally an official language.
Kyrgyzstan is one of five former Soviet republics to have Russian as a ''[[de jure]]'' [[official language]], along with Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan |url=http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/ae8c0f7576f3d9f63ff2055592a9cb6b7f95227a.pdf |access-date=8 April 2021 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyz was adopted as the state language of Kyrgyzstan in 1991. Kyrgyzstan adopted Russian as an official language in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Закон КР от 29 мая 2000 года No. 52 Об официальном языке Кыргызской Республики |trans-title=Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 52 of May 29, 2000 — On the Official Language of the Kyrgyz Republic. |url=https://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/443/edition/427547/ru |website=Централизованный банк данных правовой информации Кыргызской Республики}}</ref> The languages have different legal statuses.

Kyrgyz is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]] of the [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] branch, closely related to [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]], and [[Nogay language|Nogay Tatar]]. It was written in the [[Arabic alphabet]] until the twentieth century. The [[Latin alphabet|Latin script]] was introduced and adopted on Stalin's orders in 1928, and was subsequently replaced by [[Cyrillic script]] in 1941.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kyrgyzstan: Latin (alphabet) fever takes hold {{!}} Eurasianet |work=Eurasianet |url=https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-latin-alphabet-fever-takes-hold |access-date=2021-01-05}}</ref> A reformed Perso-Arabic alphabet, created by the Kyrgyz intellectual and scientist [[Kasym Tynystanov]], is the official script of the Kyrgyz language in the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyz |url=https://celcar.indiana.edu/materials/language-portal/kyrgyz/index.html |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=Center for Languages of the Central Asian RegionS |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918164248/https://celcar.indiana.edu/materials/language-portal/kyrgyz/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a result of the pending language reform in neighboring Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan will be the only independent Turkic-speaking country in a few years that exclusively uses the Cyrillic alphabet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title='Only Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia insists on Cyrillic' — Tokayev |url=https://www.for.kg/news-626083-en.html |access-date=26 December 2021 |website=FOR.kg}}</ref> In April 2023, Russia suspended dairy exports to Kyrgyzstan after the chairman of Kyrgyzstan's National Commission for the State Language and Language Policies, Kanybek Osmonaliev, proposed to change the official script from Cyrillic to Latin to bring the country in line with other Turkic-speaking nations. Osmonaliev was reprimanded by President [[Sadyr Japarov]] who then clarified that Kyrgyzstan had no plans to replace the Cyrillic alphabet.<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-kyrgyzstan-dairy-products-banned-cyrillic-latin/32373802.html Russia Suspends Dairy Products From Kyrgyzstan After Calls In Bishkek To Drop Cyrillic Script]. [[Radio Free Europe]], 21 April 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023</ref>

Russian television media enjoy enormous popularity in Kyrgyzstan, especially in the Russophone city of Bishkek and the Chüy Region, despite the percentage of Russians today being a fraction of that in 1989.{{cn|date=August 2025}} According to [[World Values Survey]] in 2020, Russian was the language spoken at home for 55.6% of the population of Bishkek, and Kyrgyz was the second with 43.6%. However, the countrywide figure for Russian was only 16.3%, whereas Kyrgyz was the home language of 70.9%. The [[Uzbek language]] was the third most spoken home language with 10.7% according to the same survey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WVS Database |url=https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.worldvaluessurvey.org}}</ref> Russian media outlets have an enormous influence on public opinion in Kyrgyzstan, especially in areas such as human rights and international political developments.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Major Russian TV Channel Sidelined in Kyrgyzstan |work=Jamestown |url=https://jamestown.org/program/major-russian-tv-channel-sidelined-in-kyrgyzstan/}}</ref>

Many business and political affairs are carried out in Russian. Until recently, Kyrgyz remained a language spoken at home and was rarely used during meetings or other events. However, most parliamentary meetings today are conducted in Kyrgyz, with simultaneous interpretation available for those not speaking Kyrgyz. According to an [[RFE/RL]] article from 2014, despite the attempts to raise the status of Kyrgyz, thousands of Kyrgyz are [[russifying]] their names every year (around 40,000), mostly for career prospects, and to remove themselves from the Russian blacklists (people who are to be deported upon entrance) by registering different names. There are also many Russian-language medium schools that are supported from the Russian foundations via the embassy of Russia in Bishkek which are better funded than the Kyrgyz language medium schools. Due to this, many ethnic Kyrgyz go to Russian language medium schools. Many high school students change their surnames annually; for example, 800 such changes were recorded in high school students in the region of Naryn.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Aidarov |first1=Jenish |last2=Recknagel |first2=Charles |date=10 December 2014 |title=In Kyrgyzstan, A New Interest In Russified Names |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kyrgyzstan-russified-names-central-asian-migrants/26735415.html |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>

=== Urban centres ===
{{Main|List of cities in Kyrgyzstan}}

{{Largest cities
| country = Kyrgyzstan
| stat_ref = [http://www.geonames.org/KG/largest-cities-in-kyrgyzstan.html geonames.org]
| list_by_pop =
| div_name = Region
| div_link =

|city_1 = Bishkek
|div_1 = Bishkek
|pop_1 = 1,074,075

|city_2 = Osh
|div_2 = Osh Region
|pop_2 = 322,164

|city_3 = Jalal-Abad
|div_3 = Jalal-Abad Region
|pop_3 = 123,239

|city_4 = Karakol
|div_4 = Issyk-Kul Region
|pop_4 = 84,351

|city_5 = Tokmok
|div_5 = Chüy Region
|pop_5 = 71,443

|city_6 = Özgön
|div_6 = Osh Region
|pop_6 = 62,802

|city_7 = Kara-Balta
|div_7 = Chüy Region
|pop_7 = 48,278

|city_8 = Balykchy
|div_8 = Issyk-Kul Region
|pop_8 = 42,875

|city_9 = Naryn
|div_9 = Naryn Region
|pop_9 = 41,178

|city_10 = Talas, Kyrgyzstan{{!}}Talas
|div_10 = Talas Region
|pop_10 = 40,308

}}

===Religion===
{{Bar box
| title=[[Religion in Kyrgyzstan]] (2017 estimate)|Religion<ref name="Kyrgyzstan">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5598.htm |title=Kyrgyzstan |publisher=State.gov |access-date=17 April 2010}}</ref>
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Kyrgyzstan|Islam]]|green|90}}
{{Bar percent|[[Christianity in Kyrgyzstan|Christianity]]|blue|7}}
{{Bar percent|[[Religion in Kyrgyzstan|other]]|grey|3}}
}}
{{Main|Religion in Kyrgyzstan}}

[[File:Karakol-Dungan-Mosque-Exterior-1.jpg|thumb|[[Karakol#Dungan mosque|Karakol Dungan Mosque]]]]
[[Islam]] is the dominant religion in Kyrgyzstan, and most of the Kyrgyz are Muslim. The CIA World Factbook estimates that as of 2017, 90% of the population is Muslim, with the majority being [[Non-denominational Muslim|Non-denominational]] and [[Sunni]]; 7% are Christian, including 3% [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]], and the remainder are other religions.<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=Central Asia:: KYRGYZSTAN |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kyrgyzstan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118134350/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kyrgyzstan/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2026 |publisher=CIA The World Factbook}}</ref> A 2009 [[Pew Research Center]] report indicated 86.3% of Kyrgyzstan's population adhering to Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2009 |title=MAPPING THE GLOBAL MUSLIM POPULATION – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |url=http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Demographics/Muslimpopulation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328015651/http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Demographics/Muslimpopulation.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2010 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> The great majority of Muslims are Sunni, adhering to the [[Hanafi|Hanafi school]] of thought,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |date=9 August 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |website=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life}}</ref> although a 2012 Pew survey report showed that only 23% of respondents to a questionnaire chose to identify themselves as Sunni, with 64% volunteering that they were "just a Muslim".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity – Topline Survey Results |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2012/08/the-worlds-muslims-appendix-d-topline.pdf |website=Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life}}</ref> There are a few [[Ahmadiyya]] Muslims, though unrecognized by the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/Kyrgyzstan/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=United States Department of State}}</ref>

During Soviet times, [[state atheism]] was encouraged. Today, however, Kyrgyzstan is a [[secular state]], although Islam has exerted a growing influence in politics.<ref name="isn">{{Cite web |title=ISN Security Watch – Islam exerts growing influence on Kyrgyz politics |url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?ID=18147 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316223224/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?ID=18147 |archive-date=16 March 2008 |access-date=2 May 2010 |publisher=Isn.ethz.ch}}</ref> For instance, there has been an attempt to arrange for officials to travel on ''[[hajj]]'' (the pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]) under a tax-free arrangement.

While [[Islam in Kyrgyzstan]] is more of a cultural background than a devout daily practice for many, public figures have expressed support for restoring religious values. For example, human rights [[ombudsman]] Tursunbay Bakir-Ulu noted, "In this era of independence, it is not surprising that there has been a return to spiritual roots not only in Kyrgyzstan, but also in other post-communist republics. It would be immoral to develop a market-based society without an ethical dimension."<ref name="isn" />
[[File:Bishkek church 01.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bishkek [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]]]
Additionally, [[Bermet Akayeva]], the daughter of Askar Akayev, the former President of Kyrgyzstan, stated during a July 2007 interview that Islam is increasingly taking root across the nation.<ref name="EurasiaNet Kyrgyzstan Time to Ponder">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2007 |title=EurasiaNet Civil Society – Kyrgyzstan: Time to Ponder a Federal System – Ex-President's Daughter |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav071707a.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106225225/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav071707a.shtml |archive-date=6 November 2010 |access-date=2 May 2010 |publisher=Eurasianet.org}}</ref> She emphasized that many mosques have recently been built and that the Kyrgyz are increasingly devoting themselves to Islam, which she noted was "not a bad thing in itself. It keeps our society more moral, cleaner."<ref name="EurasiaNet Kyrgyzstan Time to Ponder" /> There is a contemporary [[Sufi]] order present which adheres to a somewhat different form of Islam than orthodox Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion and expressive culture – Kyrgyz |url=http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Kyrgyz-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html |access-date=2 May 2010 |publisher=Everyculture.com}}</ref>

[[File:Mosque under construction in Kyrgyzstan.jpg|thumb|Mosque under construction in Kyrgyzstan]]
The other faiths practiced in Kyrgyzstan include Russian Orthodox and [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox]] versions of Christianity, practiced primarily by Russians and Ukrainians respectively. A small minority of ethnic Germans are also Christian, mostly [[Lutheran Church|Lutheran]] and [[Anabaptist]], and there is a [[Roman Catholic]] community of approximately 600.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2008 |title=Kirguistán la Iglesia renace con 600 católicos |url=http://www.zenit.org/article-28637?l=spanish |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007173444/http://www.zenit.org/article-28637?l=spanish |archive-date=7 October 2008 |publisher=ZENIT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2010 |title=Religion in Kyrgyzstan |url=http://asia.msu.edu/centralasia/Kyrgyzstan/religion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702212941/http://asia.msu.edu/centralasia/Kyrgyzstan/religion.html |archive-date=2 July 2007 |access-date=2 May 2010 |publisher=Asia.msu.edu}}</ref>

As part of the historic [[Kyrgyzstan Germans|Kyrgyzstan German]] minority, there were around 200 [[Mennonites]] in Kyrgyzstan in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mennonite World Conference World Map 2022 |url=https://mwc-cmm.org/sites/default/files/resource-uploads/mwc_world_map_2022.pdf |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=MWC-CMM}}</ref> One Mennonite community continues in the settlement of [[Rot-Front]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2019 |title=A Mennonite Town in Muslim Central Asia Holds On Against the Odds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/12/world/asia/kyrgyzstan-mennonites.html |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

A community of 5,000 to 10,000 Jehovah's Witnesses gathers in both Kyrgyz and Russian-speaking congregations and some Chinese- and Turkish-speaking groups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses |url=http://www.jw.org/en/publications/books/?contentLanguageFilter=en&pubFilter=yb15&sortBy=1 |publisher=Watchtower Bible & Tract Society |page=182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=Congregation Meetings of Jehovah's Witnesses |url=http://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/meetings/ |publisher=Watchtower Bible & Tract Society}}</ref>

A few [[Animism|Animistic]] traditions survive, as do influences from [[Buddhism]] such as the tying of [[prayer flag]]s onto sacred trees, though some view this practice as rooted within Sufi Islam.<ref>''[[Sheikh|Shaikh]] Muhammad Bin Jamil Zeno'', [[Muhammad Bin Jamil Zeno]], 2006, pg. 264</ref> There is also a small number of [[Bukharian Jews]] living in Kyrgyzstan, but during the collapse of the Soviet Union most fled to other countries, mainly the United States and Israel. In addition, there is a small community of [[Ashkenazi Jews]], who fled to the country from eastern Europe during the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2015 |title=Jewish Bishkek: A Brief History and Guide |url=http://students.sras.org/jewish-bishkek-a-brief-history-and-guide/ |url-status=dead |access-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017093905/http://students.sras.org/jewish-bishkek-a-brief-history-and-guide/ |archive-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>

On 6 November 2008, the Kyrgyz parliament unanimously passed a law increasing the minimum number of adherents for recognizing a religion from 10 to 200. It also outlawed "aggressive action aimed at [[proselytism]]", and banned religious activity in schools and all activity by unregistered organizations. It was signed by President Kurmanbek Bakiyev on 12 January 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2009 |title=Human Rights Activists Condemn New Religion Law |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav011609c.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429065320/http://eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav011609c.shtml |archive-date=29 April 2009 |access-date=2 May 2010 |publisher=Eurasianet.org}}</ref>

There have been several reported police raids against peaceful minority religious meetings,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=KYRGYZSTAN: "His screams of terror and pain could be heard throughout the building" |url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2091 |publisher=Forum 18 News Service}}</ref> as well as reports of officials planting false evidence,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2011 |title=Kyrgyzstan: Court Confuses Jehovah's Witnesses for Islamic Radicals |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/63612 |publisher=eurasianet.org}}</ref> but also some court decisions in favour of religious minorities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2011 |title=Kyrgyzstan Court Upholds Acquittal of Two Women Convicted Under False Charges |url=https://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/kyrgyzstan/osh-news-jw-acquittal/ |publisher=Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society}}</ref>
[[File:Kyrgyz Opera and Ballet Theatre, Bishkek.jpg|thumb|Kyrgyz Opera and Ballet Theatre, Bishkek]]

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz cuisine}}

===Media===
{{main|Media of Kyrgyzstan}}

===Traditions===
[[File:Kyrgyz Manaschi, Karakol.jpg|thumb|upright|A Kyrgyz ''[[manaschi]]'' performing part of the ''[[Epic of Manas]]'' at a yurt camp in [[Karakol]]]]
[[File:Kyrgyz Musicians in Karakol.jpg|thumb|Musicians playing traditional [[Music of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz music]]]]
[[File:Ishenbek and Berkut scout for prey. (3968888530).jpg|thumb|[[Hunting with eagles|Hunting with an eagle]]]]
* ''[[Manas (epic)|Manas]]'', an [[epic poem]]; the plot revolves around a series of events that coincide with the history of the region in the 9th century, primarily the interaction of the Kyrgyz people with other Turkic and Chinese people.
* ''[[Komuz]]'', a three-stringed lute
* ''[[Tush kyiz]]'', large, elaborately embroidered wall hangings
* ''[[Shyrdak]]'' and ''[[Ala-kiyiz]]'' carpets, manufactured by the process of [[felt]]ing, used for yurts. Inscribed in 2012 on the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aidar, Iliyas |title=Kyrgyz Style – Production – Souvenirs |url=http://www.kyrgyzstyle.kg/production/shirdaks/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111022300/http://www.kyrgyzstyle.kg/production/shirdaks/index.htm |archive-date=11 November 2006 |access-date=2 May 2010 |publisher=Kyrgyzstyle.kg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ala-kiyiz and Shyrdak, art of Kyrgyz traditional felt carpets |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/ala-kiyiz-and-shyrdak-art-of-kyrgyz-traditional-felt-carpets-00693 |website=UNESCO}}</ref>
* Other textiles, especially made from felt
* ''[[Ala kachuu]]'', "bride kidnapping", traditional form of marriage in Kyrgyzstan
* [[Falconry]]
* Various [[Dance in Kyrgyzstan|dances]]

Illegal, but still practiced, is the tradition of [[bride kidnapping]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lom |first=Petr |date=March 2004 |title=The Story (Synopsis of ''Kyrgyzstan – The Kidnapped Bride'') |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/kyrgyzstan/thestory.html |website=Frontline / World |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref> It is debatable whether bride kidnapping is actually traditional. Some of the confusion may stem from the fact that [[arranged marriage]]s were traditional, and one of the ways to escape an arranged marriage was to arrange a consensual "kidnapping".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 September 2006 |title=Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse and Abduction of Women in Kyrgyzstan |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/09/27/reconciled-violence/state-failure-stop-domestic-abuse-and-abduction-women |journal=Human Rights Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105108/http://pantheon.hrw.org/reports/2006/kyrgyzstan0906/ |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

===Flag===
The 40-rayed yellow sun in the center of [[Flag of Kyrgyzstan|the national flag]] represent the 40 tribes that once made up the entirety of Kyrgyz culture before the intervention of Russia during the rise of the Soviet Union. The lines inside the sun represent the crown or tündük (Kyrgyz түндүк) of a yurt, a symbol replicated in many facets of Kyrgyz architecture. The red portion of the flag represents peace and openness of Kyrgyzstan.

Under Soviet rule and before 1992, it had the [[flag of the Soviet Union]] with two big blue stripes and a white thin stripe in the middle.

===Public holidays===
{{Main|Public holidays in Kyrgyzstan}}

In addition to celebrating the New Year each 1 January, the Kyrgyz observe the traditional New Year festival [[Nowruz]] on the vernal equinox. This spring holiday is celebrated with feasts and festivities such as the horse game [[Buzkashi|Ulak Tartish]].

This is the list of public holidays in Kyrgyzstan:
* 1 January – New Year's Day
* 7 January – Orthodox Christmas
* 23 February – Fatherland Defender's Day
* 8 March – Women's Day
* 21–23 March – Nooruz Mairamy, Persian New Year (spring festival)
* 7 April – Day of National Revolution 
* 1 May – Labor Day
* 5 May – Constitution Day
* 8 May – Remembrance Day
* 9 May – [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]]
* 31 August – Independence Day
* 7–8 November – Days of History and Commemoration of Ancestors

Two additional Muslim holidays ''[[Eid al-Fitr|Orozo Ayt]]'' and ''[[Eid al-Adha|Qurman (or Qurban) Ayt]]'' are defined by the lunar calendar.

===Sports===
{{See also|Rugby union in Kyrgyzstan}}In the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in [[Sydney]], Kyrgyzstan received its first ever Olympic medal when [[Aidyn Smagulov]] won bronze in the men's 60 kg competition final in judo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan at the Olympic Games |url=https://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/countries/kyrgyzstan.htm |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney 2000 Sydney 2000 Judo – 60 kg men Results |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sydney-2000/results/judo/sydney-2000-judo-60-kg-men |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Olympics {{!}} Olympic Games, Medals, Results & Latest News}}</ref>[[File:Bandy 2012. KYR - JPN.JPG|thumb|Bandy: Kyrgyzstan in red against Japan]]

[[Association football|Football]] is one of the most popular sports in Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Build a stadium, FIFA's Infantino urges Kyrgyzstan |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/build-stadium-fifas-infantino-urges-kyrgyzstan-2023-05-06/ |website=Reuters |access-date=27 February 2025 |date=6 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Beshov |first1=Aizatbek |title=Киргизский футбол поставил "антирекорд" ФИФА |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/sport/2012/04/120420_kyrgyz_football |website=BBC |access-date=27 February 2025 |language=ru |date=20 April 2012}}</ref> The official governing body is the [[Football Federation of Kyrgyz Republic]], which was founded in 1992, after the split of the Soviet Union. It administers the [[Kyrgyzstan national football team]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=kgz/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809001834/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=kgz/index.html |archive-date=9 August 2007 |access-date=3 May 2011 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref>

[[Wrestling]] is also very popular. Since the [[2008 Summer Olympic Games]], Kyrgyzstani wrestlers have won six medals in [[Greco-Roman wrestling|Greco-Roman]] and [[freestyle wrestling]]: three in [[Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008]] and three in [[Wrestling at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020]].<ref>{{cite news |date=3 August 2021 |title=Кыргызстан завоевал первые с 2008 года медали на Олимпиаде |trans-title=Kyrgyzstan won its first Olympic medals since 2008. |url=https://rus.azattyk.org/a/31391341.html |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=Радио Азаттык |language=Russian}}</ref>

[[Ice hockey]] was not as popular in Kyrgyzstan until the first [[Kyrgyzstan Championship (ice hockey)|Ice Hockey Championship]] was organized in 2009. In 2011, the [[Kyrgyzstan men's national ice hockey team]] won [[2011 Asian Winter Games]] Premier Division dominating in all six games with six wins. It was the first major international event that Kyrgyzstan's ice hockey team took part in.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lundqvist |first=Henrik |date=5 February 2011 |title=Kyrgyzstan wins the Asian Winter Games Premier Division 2011 |url=http://www.eurohockey.com/article/259-kyrgyzstan-wins-the-asian-winter-games-premier-division-2011.html |publisher=EuroHockey}}</ref> The Kyrgyzstan men's ice hockey team joined the [[IIHF]] in July 2011.

[[Bandy]] is becoming increasingly popular in the country. The Kyrgyz national team took Kyrgyzstan's first medal at the [[Asian Winter Games]], when they captured the bronze. They played in the [[Bandy World Championship 2012]], their first appearance in that tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team picture with Japan after their first meeting in the World Championships |url=http://www.bandy.or.jp/_userdata/teampictureFeb2.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819170346/http://www.bandy.or.jp/_userdata/teampictureFeb2.jpg |archive-date=19 August 2012 |website=bandy.or.jp}}</ref>

[[Kyrgyzstan's national basketball team]] had its best performance at the official [[1995 Asian Basketball Championship]] where the team finished ahead of favorites including Iran, Philippines and Jordan.

XXI International Issyk-Kul Sports Games (SCO + CIS) was held in 9–17 September 2022 in [[Baktuu-Dolonotu]] village ([[Issyk-Kul]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2022 |title=Issyk-Kul region to host International Sports Games – |url=https://24.kg/english/243208_Issyk-Kul_region_to_host_International_Sports_Games/}}</ref> The first three World Nomad Games were held in Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan. The 6th International Sports Festival Pearl of Kyrgyzstan were held in Issyk-Kul region from 15 June to 3 July 2022.

===Horse riding===
[[File:Kok-boru, Kyrgyzstan.jpg|thumb|Ulak Tartysh]]

The traditional national sports reflect the importance of [[horse riding]] in Kyrgyz culture.

Very popular, as in all of Central Asia, is ''[[Buzkashi|Ulak Tartysh]]'', a [[team sports|team game]] resembling a cross between [[polo]] and [[rugby football|rugby]] in which two teams of riders wrestle for possession of the headless carcass of a goat, which they attempt to deliver across the opposition's goal line, or into the opposition's goal: a big tub or a circle marked on the ground.

Other popular games on horseback include:
* ''At Chabysh'' – a long-distance horse race, sometimes over a distance of more than 50 km
* ''Jumby Atmai'' – a large bar of precious metal (the "jumby") is tied to a pole by a thread and contestants attempt to break the thread by shooting at it, while at a gallop
* ''[[Kyz Kuumai]]'' – a man chases a girl to win a kiss from her, while she gallops away; if he is not successful she may in turn chase him and attempt to beat him with her "kamchi" (horsewhip)
* ''Oodarysh'' – two contestants wrestle on horseback, each attempting to be the first to throw the other from his horse
* ''Tyin Emmei'' – picking up a coin from the ground at full gallop

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Kyrgyzstan}}

The school system in Kyrgyzstan also includes primary (grades 1 to 4, some schools have optional 0 grade), secondary (grades 5 to 9) and high (grades 10 to 11) divisions within one school.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Glenn E. |date=1997 |title=Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan : country studies |url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.kz |access-date=2 October 2018 |website=Library of Congress |publisher=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Children are usually accepted to primary schools at the age of 6 or 7. It is required that every child finishes 9 grades of school and receives a certificate of completion. Grades 10–11 are optional, but it is necessary to complete them to graduate and receive a state-accredited school diploma. To graduate, a student must complete the 11-year school course and pass 4 mandatory state exams in writing, maths, history, and a foreign language.

As of 2023, there were 4,989 primary and secondary schools in the country, including 445 in Bishkek;<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2023 |title=Число образовательных организаций по территории |trans-title=Number of educational institutions by region. |url=https://stat.gov.kg/en/statistics/download/dynamic/702 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2023 |title=Число образовательных организаций по видам |url=https://stat.gov.kg/en/statistics/download/dynamic/703 |website=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref> the large majority of these (4,537) were [[State school|public schools]].<ref name="sobstvennost">{{cite web |author= |date=2023 |title=Число образовательных организаций по видам и формам собственности |url=https://stat.gov.kg/en/statistics/download/dynamic/701 |website=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic |access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref> The country also counted 58 higher educational institutions and universities, out of which 42 were public and 16 private.<ref name="sobstvennost"/>

In September 2016, the [[University of Central Asia]] was launched in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan. There are also various Russian-language medium schools in Bishkek, Osh and other areas. Because of the better funding that they receive in comparation with Kyrgyz state schools, many Kyrgyz go there. In March 2021 Russia announced its plans to create approximately 30 new Russian-language schools in Kyrgyzstan. Teachers from Russia are also working here. However, the existence of these schools has been criticised, for reasons such as the fact that Russian language education has flaws compared to the Turkish and American schools in the country, but also because many ethnic Kyrgyz born after Kyrgyz independence in 1991 can't speak Kyrgyz, but only Russian, according to a Bishkek resident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Altynbayev |first=Kanat |title=Russia's 'soft power' education push in Kyrgyzstan worries locals |url=https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2021/03/26/feature-01 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Caravanserai}}</ref>

===Libraries===
Kyrgyzstan is home to 1,066 libraries.<ref>[https://librarymap.ifla.org/map/Metric/Number-of-libraries/LibraryType/National-Libraries,Academic-Libraries,Public-Libraries,Community-Libraries,School-Libraries,Other-Libraries/Country/Kyrgyzstan/Weight/Totals-by-Country Library map of the world. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2021, from librarymap.ifla.org]</ref> The [[National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic]] is the oldest library in the country, which was established in 1934. Kyrgyz Libraries are working towards expanding access to communities, evident in projects such as the signing of the [[Marrakesh VIP Treaty]] and the [[Open access]] Portal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan {{pipe}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/asia-and-the-pacific/kyrgyzstan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414045848/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/asia-and-the-pacific/kyrgyzstan/ |archive-date=14 April 2015 |website=www.unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Right to Read in Kyrgyzstan {{pipe}} EIFL |url=https://www.eifl.net/eifl-in-action/right-read-kyrgyzstan |website=www.eifl.net}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Bishkek 03-2016 img47 minibus at Chuy Prospekt.jpg|thumb|[[Marshrutka]] in Bishkek]]
{{Main|Transport in Kyrgyzstan}}

{{More citations needed section|date=November 2025}}
Transport in Kyrgyzstan is severely constrained by the country's alpine topography. Roads have to snake up steep valleys, cross passes of {{convert|3000|m|ft}} altitude and more, and are subject to frequent mudslides and snow avalanches. Winter travel is close to impossible in many of the more remote and high-altitude regions.

Additional problems come from the fact that many roads and railway lines built during the Soviet period are today intersected by international boundaries, requiring time-consuming border formalities to cross where they are not completely closed. Horses are still a much-used transport option, especially in more rural areas; Kyrgyzstan's road infrastructure is not extensive, so horses are able to reach locations that motor vehicles cannot, and they do not require expensive, imported [[fuel]].

===Airports===
[[File:Bishkek 03-2016 img51 Manas Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Manas International Airport]]]]
At the end of the Soviet period there were about 50 airports and airstrips in Kyrgyzstan, many of them built primarily to serve military purposes in this border region so close to China. Only a few of them remain in service today. The [[Kyrgyzstan Air Company]] provides air transport to China, Russia, and other local countries.
* Manas International Airport near Bishkek is the main international airport, with services to Moscow, [[Tashkent]], [[Almaty]], [[Ürümqi]], [[Istanbul]], [[Baku]], and [[Dubai]].
* [[Osh Airport]] is the main air terminal in the south of the country, with daily connections to Bishkek, and services to Moscow, Krasnoyarsk, Almaty and more international places.
* [[Jalal-Abad Airport]] is linked to Bishkek by daily flights. The national flag carrier, Kyrgyzstan, operates flights on [[BAe-146]] aircraft. During the summer months, a weekly flight links Jalal-Abad with the Issyk-Kul Region.
* Other facilities built during the Soviet era are either closed down, used only occasionally or restricted to military use (e.g., [[Kant Air Base]] near Bishkek, which is used by the [[Russian Air Force]]).

===Banned airline status===
Kyrgyzstan appears on the European Union's [[List of air carriers banned in the European Union|list of prohibited countries for the certification of airlines]]. This means that no airline that is registered in Kyrgyzstan may operate services of any kind within the European Union, due to safety standards that fail to meet European regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of banned European Union air carriers |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:102:0003:0016:EN:PDF |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

===Railways===
[[File:3ТЭ10М-1024, Кыргызстан, Чуйская область, перегон разъезд № 148 - Каямат-Куркол (Trainpix 204613).jpg|thumb]]
The [[Chüy Valley]] in the north and the Fergana valley in the south were endpoints of the Soviet Union's rail system in Central Asia. Following the emergence of independent post-Soviet states, the rail lines which were built without regard for administrative boundaries have been cut by borders, and traffic is therefore severely curtailed. The small bits of rail lines within Kyrgyzstan, about {{convert|370|km|0|abbr=on}} ({{convert|1520|mm|1|abbr=on}} broad gauge) in total, have little economic value in the absence of the former bulk traffic over long distances to and from such centres as Tashkent, Almaty, and the cities of Russia.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

In 2022, construction began on a new 186 km extension of the existing railway from [[Balykchy]] to [[Karakeche]], primarily meant to carry coal from mines at Karakeche to Bishkek.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyz president launches construction of railway to Kara-Keche |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/infrastructure/kyrgyz-president-launches-construction-of-railway-to-kara-keche/61435.article |website=Railway Gazette International}}</ref> In June 2023, a railway between Balykchy and Bishkek was officially opened.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=16 June 2023 |title=Из Бишкека в Балыкчы начал курсировать пассажирский поезд |url=https://mtd.gov.kg/iz-bishkeka-v-balykchy-nachal-kursirovat-passazhirskij-poezd |website=Министерство транспорта и коммуникаций Кыргызской Республики |access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kudryavceva |first=Tatyana |date=13 June 2023 |title=Напоминаем: завтра начнет курсировать поезд Бишкек — Балыкчи |url=https://24.kg/obschestvo/296574_napominaem_zavtra_nachnet_kursirovat_poezd_bishkek_balyikchi |website=24.kg |access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref>

The planned construction of a 523 km {{ill|China–Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan Railway|ru|Железнодорожная магистраль Китай — Кыргызстан — Узбекистан}} (CKU) was announced in 2022, comprising {{convert|213|km|0|abbr=on}} in China, {{convert|260|km|0|abbr=on}} in Kyrgyzstan and {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}} in Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Work to start next year on China – Kyrgyzstan – Uzbekistan Railway |url=http://www.railpage.com.au/news/s/work-to-start-next-year-on-china-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan-railway |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Railpage |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610062448/http://railpage.com.au/news/s/work-to-start-next-year-on-china-kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan-railway |url-status=dead }}</ref> The railway, conceived as part of China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]], is planned to lead from [[Kashgar]] through the [[Torugart Pass]] to Jalal-Abad, and further on to the Uzbek city of Andijan.<ref name="yang"/> Construction is set to begin in July 2025.<ref name="yang">{{cite web |last=Yang |first=William |date=9 January 2025 |title=China aims to deepen Central Asia influence with new railway project |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/china-aims-to-deepen-central-asia-influence-with-new-railway-project/7930839.html |website=[[Voice of America]] |access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref>

====Rail connections with adjacent countries====
:{|
|- style="text-align:left;"
! Neighboring country !! Rail linked? !! Rail link name !! [[Rail gauge]] notes
|-
| [[Transport in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] || Yes || Bishkek branch || Same gauge
|-
| [[Transport in Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] || Yes || Osh branch || Same gauge
|-
| [[Transport in Tajikistan|Tajikistan]] || No || — || Same gauge
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| [[Transport in the People's Republic of China|China]] || No || — || [[Break of gauge|Gauge break]]: 1524 mm vs. 1435 mm
|}

===Highways===
[[File:Kyrgyzstan (6052094329).jpg|thumb|Highway A363 Bishkek towards Balykchy, Lake Issyk-Kul and Chinese border ([[Xinjiang]])]]

With support from the Asian Development Bank, a major road linking the north and southwest of the country from the capital city of Bishkek to Osh has recently been completed. This considerably eases communication between the two major population centres of the country—the Chüy Valley in the north and the Fergana Valley in the South. An offshoot of this road branches off across a 3,500-meter [[mountain pass|pass]] into the [[Talas Valley]] in the northwest. Plans are now being formulated to build a major road from Osh into China.
* ''total:'' {{convert|34000|km|0|abbr=on}} (including {{convert|140|km|0|abbr=on}} of expressways)
* ''paved:'' {{convert|22600|km|0|abbr=on}} (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads)
* ''unpaved:'' {{convert|7700|km|0|abbr=on}} (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)

===Ports and harbours===
* Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye) on Issyk Kul Lake.

==See also==
{{Portal|Asia}}
* [[Outline of Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Chinghiz Aitmatov]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|Bibliography of the history of Central Asia}}
{{refbegin}}
* Minahan, James. ''Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States'' (Routledge, 1998) pp 200–214.
* ''Historical Dictionary of Kyrgyzstan'' by Rafis Abazov
* ''Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy?'' by John Anderson
* ''Kyrgyzstan: The Growth and Influence of Islam in the Nations of Asia and Central Asia'' by Daniel E. Harmon
* ''Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia'' by Paul Clammer, Michael Kohn and Bradley Mayhew
* ''Odyssey Guide: Kyrgyz Republic'' by Ceri Fairclough, Rowan Stewart and Susie Weldon
* ''[http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=17240 Politics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States: Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619112258/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=17240 |date=19 June 2010 }}'' by Jacob M. Landau and Barbara Kellner-Heinkele. Ann Arbor, [[University of Michigan Press]], 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-472-11226-5}}
* ''Kyrgyzstan: Traditions of Nomads'' by V. Kadyrov, Rarity Ltd., Bishkek, 2005. {{ISBN|9967-424-42-7}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200407170522/https://admissions.kg/cities/ Cities in Kyrgyzstan]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200814200646/https://admissions.kg/cities/bishkek/ Bishkek city of Kyrgyzstan]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200814190832/https://admissions.kg/cities/osh/ Osh city of Kyrgyzstan]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200814195007/https://admissions.kg/cities/jalal-abad/ Jalal-Abad city of Kyrgyzstan]}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Kyrgyzstan|d=Q813}}
=== Government ===
* [http://www.president.kg/ President of Kyrgyzstan] official site
* [http://www.gov.kg/ Government of Kyrgyzstan] official site
* [http://kenesh.kg/ Parliament of Kyrgyzstan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129115900/http://kenesh.kg/ |date=29 November 2020 }} official site
* [http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxwekyr.htm Laws of the Kyrgyz Republic]
=== General information ===
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16186907 Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118134350/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kyrgyzstan/ Kyrgyzstan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085109/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kyrgyzstan.htm Kyrgyzstan] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100405050630/http://www.library.illinois.edu/spx/webct/nationalbib/kyrgyzintro.html Kyrgyz Publishing and Bibliography]
* [https://www.ifs.du.edu/IFs/frm_CountryProfile/KG Key Development Forecasts for Kyrgyzstan] from [[International Futures]]
* [https://konyvtar.uni-pannon.hu/doktori/2023/Askarbek_Mambetaliev_dissertation.pdf Language Policy in Kyrgyzstan] from [[University of Pannonia]]
* [https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/kyrgyzstan-population/#:~:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20Kyrgyzstan,latest%20United%20Nations%20data1. Kyrgyzstan Population]

=== Maps ===
* {{wikiatlas|Kyrgyzstan}}

{{Kyrgyzstan topics}}
{{Navboxes
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{{Countries of Asia}}
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{{TURKSOY}}
{{Organization of Turkic States}}
}}
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{{Coord|41|N|75|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Kyrgyzstan| ]]
[[Category:History of the Kyrgyz people]]
[[Category:Countries in Central Asia]]
[[Category:Landlocked countries]]
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[[Category:Countries and territories where Russian is an official language]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1991]]
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[[Category:Member states of the Organization of Turkic States]]

Old High Court metro station

2026-03-21T06:57:49Z

Simonaa:

{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Blue & Red Line interchange station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Old High Court
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| system = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| image = Old High Court metro station.jpg
| caption = Red line platform no. 3 of Old High Court metro station
| address = Shreyas Colony, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009
| coordinates = {{coord|23.03733|72.56704|display=inline,title}}
| operator = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}} {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue|croute}}
| platforms = {{plainlist|
*4
*{{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|small|note=: 1 [[island platform]]}}
*{{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue|small|note=: 2 [[side platforms]]}}}}
| tracks = 4
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|30 September 2022}}
| electrified = 
| services = {{adjstn|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line1=Blue|left1=SP Stadium|right1=Shahpur|line2=Red|right2=Usmanpura|left2=Gandhigram}}
| map_type = India Ahmedabad
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
}}

'''Old High Court''' is an important elevated interchange metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Blue Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Blue Line]] and on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India. Around this metro station holds the main '''Family Court of Ahmedabad''' along with '''Sardar Patel Swimming Complex''' and [[The Times of India]] Main Office. It was opened to the public on 30 September 2022 and is the first interchange metro station in the whole of Ahmedabad Metro network.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Ahmedabad Metro first phase, takes a ride|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/pm-modi-inaugurates-ahmedabad-metro-first-phase-takes-a-ride/articleshow/68258253.cms?from=mdr|website=Economic Times India Times|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETRealty.com |title=Prime minister inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project - ET RealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/infrastructure/prime-minister-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/94587622 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>

==Station layout==

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2 Platforms'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 4'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Ahmedabad Metro|red|left}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Gandhigram}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 3'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="510" |Towards ← {{ltl|Ahmedabad Metro|red|right}}
'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Usmanpura}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=5 valign=top|'''M'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Ahmedabad Metro|blue|right}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Shahpur}}
|-
|'''Platform 2'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Ahmedabad Metro|blue|left}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|SP Stadium}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}
|-
|
| Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=35 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=420 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

Lower Mettur Hydroelectric Project

2026-03-19T09:25:56Z

Simonaa: refined page and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Lower Mettur Hydroelectric Project
| name_official = Lower Mettur Hydroelectric Power Generation Project
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Tamil Nadu
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|44|50.3|N|77|47|18.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country =
| location =
| status = O
| construction_began =
| opening = 1988
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = [[Tamil Nadu|Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| dam_type = [[Barrage (dam)|Barrage]]
| purpose = Power
| dam_height =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_length =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Cauvery River]]
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total =
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| plant_hydraulic_head =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission = 1988
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 4 x 30 [[megawatt|MW]]
| plant_capacity = 120 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Lower Mettur Hydroelectric Project''' is a [[hydropower]] generation project in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a 120MW power generation project constructed across the [[Kaveri River]]. The project area is in the downstream of [[Mettur Dam]], hence it derives the name. This project consists of four power plants which are located between [[Mettur]] in [[Salem district]] and [[Bhavani, Erode]]. This power generation project is owned by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] and operated by [[Tamil Nadu Green Energy Corporation Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/hydroerode.html|title=TNEB Hydro-generation - Erode|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=[[TNEB]]}}</ref>

==Power Plants==
This project involves a series of power plants each with [[Barrage (dam)|Barrage]] type [[Dam]], constructed across the [[River Kaveri]] to divert the stream to where the power house is located. It consists of four Barrages each of which receives water current in a serial manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/41242|title= Lower Mettur Hydroelectric-I, II, III, IV Power plants in India|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=Global Energy Observatory}}</ref>
* '''Power Plant-I''' : Named as Chekkanur Barrage with Hydroelectric power generation capacity of 30MW. This Barrage has one powerhouse and two turbine units, each of 15MW production capacity.
* '''Power Plant-II''' : Named as Nerinjipettai Barrage with Hydroelectric power generation capacity of 30MW. This Barrage has one powerhouse on the western banks of the river and two turbines, each of 15MW Capacity.
* '''Power Plant-III''' : Named as Kuthiraikkalmedu Barrage with Hydroelectric power generation capacity of 30MW. This Barrage has one powerhouse on the western banks of the river and two turbines, each of 15MW Capacity.
* '''Power Plant-IV''' : Named as Urachikottai Barrage with Hydroelectric power generation capacity of 30MW. This Barrage has one powerhouse on the western banks of the river and two turbines, each of 15MW Capacity.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{stack|{{Portal|Water|Renewable energy}}}}

{{Power Plants of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Erode district]]
[[Category:Salem district]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1988]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Raasamahan

2026-03-19T08:15:46Z

Simonaa:

{{short description|1994 film directed by Manivannan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Raasamahan.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| screenplay = Manivannan
| story = [[Seeman]]
| producer = M. Veda
| starring = [[Prashanth]] [[Ooha|Sivaranjani]]
| cinematography = D. Shankar
| editing = P. Venkateshwara Rao
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = M. S. R. Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1994|04|08}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Raasamahan''''' ({{translation|Son of Raasa}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Manivannan]] from a story by [[Seeman]]. The film stars [[Prashanth]] and [[Ooha|Sivaranjani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=90களில் ரசிகர்களை கட்டுக்கடங்காத கவர்ச்சி அலையால் கட்டிப்போட்ட பூனைக்கண்ணழகி! |url=https://cinereporters.com/superhit-tamil-actress-sivaranjani-and-her-biography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131065836/https://cinereporters.com/superhit-tamil-actress-sivaranjani-and-her-biography/ |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref> It was released on 8 April 1994,<ref>{{Cite web |last=adminram |date=22 August 2021 |title=ரீவைண்ட்-சீமான் எழுதி மணிவண்ணன் இயக்கிய ராசா மகன் திரைப்படம் |url=https://cinereporters.com/latest-news-rasa-magan-is-a-movie-written-by-rewind-seaman-and-directed-cid4544101-htm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307052336/https://cinereporters.com/latest-news-rasa-magan-is-a-movie-written-by-rewind-seaman-and-directed-cid4544101-htm/ |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref> and became a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasanth |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=16006107&cid=2409 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427191618/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=16006107&cid=2409 |archive-date=27 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=July 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prashanth]] as Prabhakaran
*[[Ooha|Sivaranjani]] as Selvi
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Chellachamy (voice dubbed by [[Dhamu]])
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Chellachamy's wife
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Chellachamy's father
*[[Jai Ganesh]] as Prabhakaran's father
*[[Srividya]] as Prabhakaran's mother
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Appachi
*[[Manivannan]] as Aandai
*[[Halwa Vasu]] as Aandai's sidekick
*[[Manobala]] as Broker (guest appearance)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rasa Magan (0) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/rasa-magan-songs-T0004066 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226050515/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/rasa-magan-songs-T0004066 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Kaathirunthen Thaniye" is set to the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Mohanam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=138 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref> The song "Anjugajam Kanchipattu" was originally composed for ''[[Amaidhipadai]]'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite web |last=arunachalam |first=Abiram |date=27 August 2023 |title=சீமான் எழுதிய கதை- பிரசாந்தின் ராசாமகன் உருவான கதை |url=https://cinemakaaramcoffee.com/rasa-magan-film-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307052559/https://cinemakaaramcoffee.com/rasa-magan-film-history/ |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=Cinemakaaramcoffee |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Anju Kajam Kanji Pattu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] || 04:48
|-
| "Kaathirunthen Thaniye" || Chandrasekar, Srilekha || 05:04
|-
| "Pombala Velaiya" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || 05:06
|-
| "Thuli Mani Thulie" || Sunandha || 04:58
|-
| "Vaikasi Vellikilama" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 04:54
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Manivannan}}
{{Seeman}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib

2026-03-14T06:34:52Z

Simonaa: started some pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Sikh temple in Kiratpur, Punjab}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib
| religious_affiliation = [[Sikhism]]
| image = Gurdwara Patalpuri, in Kiratpur, Punjab, India.jpg
| location = Kiratpur, Punjab, India
| rite = Ash-dispersal
}}
'''Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib''' is a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[gurdwara]] located in [[Kiratpur Sahib|Kiratpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]] that is a popular place for [[Cremation|dispersing ashes]] for Sikhs as part of the ''[[Antam Sanskar]]'' funerary rites of [[Sikhism]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal S. |title=The Routledge Companion to Death and Dying |date=18 May 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317528876 |editor-last=Moreman |editor-first=Christopher |chapter=10: Sikh afterlife beliefs and funerary practices}}</ref> The site is renowned for being the cremation-grounds of two Sikh gurus, [[Guru Hargobind]], [[Guru Har Rai]], and the ashes of [[Guru Har Krishan]] were dispersed at this location.

== Location ==
The gurdwara is situated on the left-bank of the Sutlej river at Kiratpur.<ref name=":32" /> It is located around a quarter of a mile from the settlement of Kiratpur in the southerly-direction of the Sutlej river.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sri-anandpur-sahib/ |title=Guide to Sikh Shrines at Sri Anandpur Sahib & Kiratpur Sahib |publisher=Takht Kesgarh Sahib |location=Amritsar |pages=21–22 |chapter=Patal Puri Sahib}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The gurdwara is located on a tall-plinth and consists of a large hall.<ref name=":32" /> One of the end of the hall leads to the river, where the Guru Granth Sahib has been installed, known as ''prakash asthan''.<ref name=":32" /> Two-stories are located above the sanctum of the structure, with a dome on-top.<ref name=":32" /> The specific location within the site where the ashes are dispersed into the river from is known as the ''asth ghat''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2023 |title=Parkash Singh Badal's ashes immersed in Sutlej at Kiratpur Sahib |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/badals-ashes-immersed-in-sutlej-at-kiratpur-sahib-504480/ |access-date=16 June 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2018 |title=Ex-PM’s ashes immersed at Kiratpur Sahib |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/ex-pm-s-ashes-immersed-at-kiratpur-sahib-641906/ |access-date=16 June 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

== Purpose ==
[[File:Water coming from Satluj river at Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib.jpg|thumb|The [[Sutlej]] river flowing at Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib, Kiratpur Sahib, Punjab]]
After the completion of the sehaj pāth portion of a Sikh funeral, it is customary for the family to then disperse the ashes of the dead into a flowing body of water.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gian Singh |title=Who Are the Sikhs?: An Exploration of the Beliefs, Practices, & Traditions of the Sikh People |date=Mar 28, 2023 |publisher=Archway Publishing |isbn=9781665739535 |chapter=172. What happens at a Sikh funeral?}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurmukh |title=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2011 |isbn=8173802041 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |volume=II: E-L |location=Patiala |pages=511–512 |chapter=Kiratpur Sahib: Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib}}</ref> In modern Sikhism, the most popular place to do-so is at Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib into the Sutlej river.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Fatehgarh Sahib |publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery, Government of Punjab, India |pages=85}}</ref><ref name=":32" />

== History ==
As per Sikh lore, Guru Hargobind, sensing his end, commanded that a hut be constructed on the bank of the Sutlej at Kiratpur, with the hut being named ''Patalpuri''.<ref name=":32" /> A Muslim ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]'', named Pir Kaivan, visited Guru Hargobind here one week prior to the guru's passing.<ref name=":3" /> Guru Hargobind died on 3 March 1644 at Kiratpur Sahib on the bank of the Sutlej, and was cremated on the banks of the river, where now stands Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Fauja |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2011 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |volume=II: E-L |location=Patiala |pages=232–235}}</ref><ref name=":32" /> The 17th century Persian text ''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb|Dabistani Mazahib]]'' also mentions this location as being the cremation ground of Guru Hargobind.<ref name=":3" /> Another tale connected to the cremation of the sixth guru is that a Rajput raja and his followers leapt into the funeral pyre.<ref name=":3" /> Guru Har Krishan died and was cremated in Delhi on 30 March 1664 but as per the ''[[Bhat Vahis|Bhatt Vahis]]'', his ashes were brought to his site to be dispersed into the Sutlej on 22 August 1664.<ref name=":32" /> Furthermore, Guru Har Rai was cremated at the site on 6 October 1661.<ref name=":32" /> An autographed manuscript of the Guru Granth Sahib, signed by Guru Har Krishan under the command of his father, Guru Har Rai, is said to mention this location.<ref name=":3" /> There were formerly three separate shrines at the location to memorize each of the three Sikh gurus connected to the site, alongside separate monuments and structures dedicated to other members of the gurus' family, but these shrines were eventually demolished coalesced into a single structure through renovations.<ref name=":32" />
[[File:Photograph of Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib in Kiratpur Sahib, by Dhanna Singh Chahal 'Patialvi', circa May 1934.png|thumb|Photograph of Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib in Kiratpur Sahib, by Dhanna Singh Chahal 'Patialvi', circa May 1934. This photograph was taken whilst Dhanna Singh Chahal was visiting Hoshiarpur district.]]
Historically, many Sikhs traditionally used to disperse the ashes of the deceased at [[Haridwar]], where [[Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar|genealogical records]] were maintained, however going to this specific site fell out of favour with many Sikhs, as Sikhism does not encourage or emphasize any particular place.<ref name=":0" /> Instead, many Sikhs, especially those living near Kiratpur and the diaspora in Western countries, now disperse of ashes at Gurdwara Patalpuri Sahib.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Other Sikhs opt to disperse the ashes of their deceased into any nearby stream or river, usually the Sutlej.<ref name=":1" /> Some diasporic Sikhs choose to disperse the ashes of their deceased into a water-body found in their country of residence.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Kalsi |first=Sewa Singh |url=https://crp.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2015/09/kalsi1992.pdf |title=The Evolution of a Sikh Community in Britain: Religious and Social Change Among the Sikhs of Leeds and Bradford |publisher=Community Religions Project Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Leeds |year=1992 |isbn=9781871363036 |pages=145 |chapter=6. Caste and the Ravidasi Sikhs in Bradford}}</ref> Some Sikh communities, such as Chamars, still disperse ashes at Haridwar in a ceremony known as ''asth-pauna''.<ref name=":12" />

== References ==
<references />

{{Sikhism}}

{{coord|31.1781|76.5633|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India]]

Kurundvad Junior

2026-03-12T07:58:41Z

Simonaa: adjusted page additionally and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Maratha princely state (1854–1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name =Kurundwad State (1733–1854) Kurundvad Junior State (1854–1948)
|common_name =Kurundvad Senior
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = State Within the [[Maratha Confederacy]] (1733 - 1818) [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 1733
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =Maratha Empire
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = KIurundwadjr flag.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map = Kolhapur-Jath map.jpg
|image_map_caption =Kurundvad in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 = 295
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 34,003
|today = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Kurundvad Junior''', also spelt as 'Kurundwad', was of two [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[princely state]]s during the [[British Raj]]: '[[Kurundvad Senior]]' and Kurundvad Junior. The two states separated in 1854 and less than a century later, on 8 March 1948, both states [[Instrument of Accession|acceded to the Indian Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kurundwadjnr.html |title=Kurundwad Junior (Princely State) |access-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325084519/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kurundwadjnr.html |archive-date=25 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

With a surface of 295 km2, Kurundvad Junior was smaller than the territory ruled by the senior line. Its population in 1881 was 25,811 and in 1901 it had risen to 34,003.

Like Kurundvad Senior, Kurundvad Junior State was administered as part of the [[Deccan States Agency]] of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908</ref> Its capital was at [[Kurundvad]] a small town by the [[Panchganga river]] in [[Kolhapur district]]. Although they held different territories, the capital, Kurundvad, was shared between the two states. The territory of both was widely scattered, forming [[enclave]]s within other native states and [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British districts]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Kuruntwad |volume=15 |page=954}}</ref>

==History==
The predecessor of the two states, Kurundvad State, was founded in 1733 following a grant by the Maratha [[Peshwa]] to Trimbakrao Patwardhan. A first division occurred in 1811. In 1819 Kurundvad State became a [[British protectorate]].

On 5 April 1854 Kurundvad State split into a Senior Branch and a Junior Branch. While Shrimant Raghunathrao continued the Senior Line, his three younger brothers ruled jointly in Kurundwad Junior. After the youngest brother died without issue the descendants of the two middle brothers continued to rule jointly till 1947, just before acceding to the Indian Union.

Kurundvad Junior State included 34 villages of which 17 were located near [[Belgaum]], mostly on the southern side of the city. Other 15 villages were close to the border of [[Hyderabad State]], of which part of them were in [[Sholapur District]]. The remaining two villages were small enclaves within [[Kolhapur State]].

==Rulers==
The rulers of the state belonged to the Patwardhan lineage and bore the title 'Rao'.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html Princely States of India]</ref>

=== Raos ===
*1733 - 1771 Trimbakrao I "Appa Sahib Patwardhan" (d. 1771)
*1771 - 3 Mar 1771 Nilkanthrao "Dada Sahib Patwardhan" (b. 1726 - d. 1771)
*1771 - 1801 Raghunathrao I "Dada Sahib Patwardhan" (b. 1750 - d. 1801)
*1801 - 18.. Trimbakrao II "Appa Sahib Patwardhan"
*18.. - 1827 Keshavrao "Baba Sahib Patwardhan"
*1827-1854 Raghunathrao II "Dada Sahib Patwardhan"

=== After the split ===
(Often ruling jointly)
* 5 Apr 1854 - 1869 Trimbakrao III (d. 1869)
* 5 Apr 1854 - 18.. Vinayakrao I (b. 1823 - d. ....) "Appa Sahib Patwardhan"
* 5 Apr 1854 - 1899 Ganpatrao I Hariharrao (b. 1837 - d. 1899)
*1876 - 1911 Hariharrao Vinayakrao (b. 1852 - d. 19..) "Daji Sahib Patwardhan"
*29 Jul 1899 - 1931 Madhavrao Ganpatrao "Bhav Sahib Patwardhan" (b. 1875 - d. 1948)
*1911 - 1932 Vinayakrao II Hariharrao "Nana Sahib Patwardhan" (b. 1877 - d. 1932)
*1902 - 1974 Ramchandrapant Appa Patwardhan (b. 1902- d. 1974) "Appa Sahib"
*1932 - 9 Nov 1942 Ganpatrao II Madhavrao (b. 1900 - d. 1942) "Bapu Sahib Patwardhan"
*1944 - 1991 Vasantrao Patwardhan (b. 1944 - d. 1991)
*1942 - 15 Aug 1947 Ganpatrao III Trimbakrao (b. 1924 - d. 2004) "Tatya Sahib Patwardhan"
*1974 Agastyanand Patwardhan (b. 1974)

==See also==
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Political integration of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Deccan States Agency}}

{{Coord|16|41|N|74|38|E|region:IN-KN_type:city_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Kolhapur district]]

{{India-PrincelyState-stub}}

[[ca:Kurundwad]]

Chothe people

2026-03-11T00:35:16Z

Simonaa: started initial stub w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Chothe
|image = "Chothe" written in Meitei script.jpg
|image_caption= "Chothe" written in [[Manipuri script]] ([[Meitei script]])
|population = 3,585 approx,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=Census of India 2011|publisher=MHA, Govt of India}}</ref> Manipur
|languages = [[Chothe language]] ([[first language|L1]]) [[Meitei language]] ([[second language|L2]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>
|religions = [[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]
|related = [[Meitei people]], other [[Kuki people]]
|footnotes =
}}
{{Naga people}}

The '''Chothe people''' is one of the [[Naga people|Naga]] [[ethnic group]] found in the state of [[Manipur]], [[India]]. Some historians and [[anthropologist]]s have erroneously recorded the Chothe as the [[Purum people|Purum]] of India. They are listed as a [[Scheduled Tribe]], in accordance with The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 [[Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|title=1THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)|access-date=2016-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920212634/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|archive-date=2017-09-20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/7%20-%20Act%201976%20No%20108%201976.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 October 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011101308/http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/7%20-%20Act%201976%20No%20108%201976.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
They use [[Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2) according to the [[Ethnologue]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Population==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the population of the Chothe tribe in Manipur was 3,585.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://planningmanipur.gov.in/pdf/MSDR/Chapter%203_Demography.pdf Manipur: Population & Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001144759/http://planningmanipur.gov.in/pdf/MSDR/Chapter%203_Demography.pdf |date=1 October 2020 }}
{{Naga tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Avantibai

2026-03-09T03:29:31Z

Simonaa: quick update

{{Short description|Indian Freedom Fighter (1831 – 1858)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Avantibai 2001 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Avantibai on a 2001 stamp of India
| birth_date = {{birth date|1831|08|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Seoni|Mankhedi Village, Seoni]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1858|03|20|1831|08|16|df=y}}
| father = Zamindar Rao Jujhar Singh
| spouse = Maharaja Vikramaditya Singh
}}

'''Maharani Avantibai Lodhi''' (16 August 1831 – 20 March 1858) was a queen-ruler and freedom fighter. She was the queen of the Ramgarh (present-day [[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Dindori]]) in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. An opponent of the [[British East India Company]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], information concerning her is sparse and mostly comes from folklore. In 21st century, she has been used as a political icon in [[Lodhi (caste)|Lodhi]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=R. V. |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20583/20583-h/20583-h.htm |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=www.gutenberg.org |language=en-uk}}</ref>

[[File:Statue of Rani Avanti Bai, in bus stand of Balaghat district , Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|thumb|Statue of Rani Avantibai, Balaghat district, Madhya Pradesh]]

== Early life ==
Avantibai Lodhi was born in [[Lodhi Rajputs|Lodhi]] family on 16 August 1831 in Mankehadi village district [[Seoni district|Seoni]] in the house of Zamindar Rao Jujhar Singh. She was married to Prince Vikramaditya Singh Lodhi, the son of Raja Laxman Singh of Ramgarh (present-day Dindori). They had two children, Kunwar Aman Singh and Kunwar Sher Singh. In 1850 Raja Laxman Singh died and Raja Vikramaditya assumed the throne. Both his sons were still minor when the king became ill. As a Queen she efficiently administered state affairs. As the guardian of the minor sons, on hearing the news, the British took the action of "Court of Wards" to the state of Ramgarh and appointed Sheikh Sarbarahkar for the administration of the state. He along with Mohammed Abdullah were sent to Ramgarh. Considering this as an insult, the queen expelled Sarbarahkars from Ramgarh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rani Avantibai and Ramgarh|url=https://www.dindori.co.in/2019/09/ramagarh-state-of-rani-avantibai.html?m=1}}</ref> In midst of this, the king died and the whole responsibility came onto queen. She ordered the farmers of the state not to obey the instructions of the British. This reform work increased the popularity of the queen.

== Indian rebellion of 1857 ==
Rani Avantibai got the responsibility of publicity for organizing the huge conference led under the chairmanship of [[Shankar Shah|Gond Raja Shankar Shah]]. Discharging her responsibility, the queen sent glass bangles along with the letter to the kings and landlords of the neighboring states and wrote in the letter {{blockquote|Either tighten your waist to protect the motherland or sit at home wearing glass bangles, you should fulfill the oath to your religion}} Whoever read this message got ready to sacrifice everything for the country. The echo of the queen's appeal resonated far and wide and according to the plan; all the surrounding kings united against the British. When the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|revolt of 1857]] broke out, Avantibai raised and led an army of 4000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dindori.co.in/2019/09/ramagarh-state-of-rani-avantibai.html?m=1|title=Ramgarh of Rani Avantibai|date=September 2019}}</ref> Her first battle with the British took place in the village of Khairi near [[Mandla district|Mandla]], where she and her army were able to defeat the British Deputy Commissioner Waddington and his forces such that they had to flee from Mandla. However, stung by the defeat the British came back with vengeance along with the help of King of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]] and launched an attack on Ramgarh. Avantibai moved to the hills of Devharigarh for safety. The British army set fire to Ramgarh and turned to Devhargarh to attack the queen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UggIjEuBaAC&pg=PT79|title=Indian Revolutionaries A Comprehensive Study, 1757–1961|volume=1|last=Sarala|first=Śrīkr̥shṇa|date=1999|publisher=Ocean Books|page=79|isbn=81-87100-16-8}}</ref>

Avantibai resorted to guerilla warfare to fend off the British army.<ref name=":0" /> However, when facing almost certain defeat in battle, she sacrificed her life for the protection of the motherland by piercing herself with her sword on 20 March 1858.<ref>{{cite news|title=Biography of Rani Avantibai|url=https://jivani.org/Biography/693/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80---biography-of-rani-avantibai-in-hindi-jivani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022004436/https://jivani.org/Biography/693/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80---biography-of-rani-avantibai-in-hindi-jivani|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 October 2020|accessdate=2023-04-12}}</ref> Rani achieved veergati at a place called Sukhi-Talaiya between Balapur and Ramgarh. After this, the movement was suppressed from this area and Ramgarh also came under British control.

== Samadhi of Rani ==
In Ramgarh, some distance away from the ruins of the palace towards the bottom of hill, there is a tomb of Rani, which is in very [[dilapidated]] condition. There are tombs of other people of Ramgarh dynasty also near this.

== Legacy ==
After India's independence, Avantibai has been remembered through performances and folklore.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzF0PgAACAAJ&pg=PA26|title=Women Heroes and Dalit Assertion in North India: Culture, Identity, and Politics|last=Narayan|first=Badri|date=2006|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-8-17829-695-1|pages=26, 48, 79, 86}}</ref> One such folk song is of the [[Gond people]], a [[adivasi|forest dweller]] tribe of the region, which says:<ref name="pati">{{cite web |title=India 'Mutiny' and 'Revolution,' 1857-1858 |first=Biswamoy |last=Pati |date=29 September 2017 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780199791279-0040 |publisher=Oxford Bibliographies |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0040.xml#obo-9780199791279-0040-bibItem-0065 |accessdate=2019-09-25}}</ref> {{blockquote|The Rani who is our mother, strikes repeatedly at the British. She is the chief of the jungles. She sent letters and bangles to other (rulers, chieftains) and aligned them to the cause. She vanquished and pushed the Britishers out, in every street she made them panic, so that they ran away wherever they could find their way. Whenever she entered the battleground on horseback,she fought bravely and swords and spears ruled the day. O, she was our Rani mother}}

She is among the viranganas (heroic women) lauded by groups of people involved in the events of 1857, other examples of whom include [[Rani Lakshmibai]], [[Rani Durgavati]], Rani Asha Devi, [[Jhalkari Bai]], Rani Mahabiri Devi and Rani [[Uda Devi]] in north India and Rani [[Velu Nachiyar]], [[Kuyili]], Rani [[Kittur Chennamma]] and Rani [[Abbakka Chowta]] in south India.

In 1988–1989, a park has been built by Government besides remnants of the palace and temple of Radhakrishna (built by descendants of Ramgarh dynasty). A huge white coloured statue of Rani riding a horse has been installed in the park.

Although little is known of Avantibai except through folklore, her story merited a brief inclusion in the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) history textbooks from 2012 as a participant in the 1857 rebellion, after parliamentary protests from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ncert-bows-to-politicians-includes-avantibai-in-textbooks-102687-2012-05-19 |work=India Today |title=NCERT includes Rani Avantibai Lodhi in school textbooks under political pressure |first=Ritika |last=Chopra |date=19 May 2012 |accessdate=2019-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/hess105.pdf |pages=58–59 |publisher=NCERT |chapter=When People Rebel: 1857 and After|title=Our Pasts |volume=III}}</ref> Although she was a Lodhi queen, The BSP, in particular, had been using the story of Avantibai, along with accounts of other Dalit folk viranganas, as a means to promote the image of [[Mayawati]],<ref name=":4"/> with her biographer [[Ajoy Bose]] commenting that she is cast as their "modern avatar".<ref>{{cite book |title=Behenji: A Political Biography of Mayawati |first=Ajoy |last=Bose |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2009 |isbn=978-8-18475-650-0 |page=290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3MGWTeMUNMC&pg=PT290}}</ref>

The [[Narmada Valley Development Authority]] named a part of the [[Bargi Dam]] project in [[Jabalpur]] in her honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nvda.nic.in/salient%20feature/Rani%20Awanti%20Bai%20Sagar.pdf|title=Rani Avanti Bai Sagar|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204253/http://www.nvda.nic.in/salient%20feature/Rani%20Awanti%20Bai%20Sagar.pdf|archivedate=29 October 2013|url-status=dead|accessdate=24 October 2013|publisher=nvda.nic.in}}</ref>

[[File:1137-Rani-Avantibai-India-Stamp-1988.jpg|thumb|First Stamp Of 'Rani Avantibai']]
[[India Post]] has issued two stamps in honour of Avantibai, on 20 March 1988 and on 19 September 2001.<ref>[http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2001.aspx 19 September 2001: A commemorative postage stamp on Rani Avantibai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913034504/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2001.aspx |date=13 September 2015 }}. postagestamps.gov.in</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher=iStampGallery.com |url=http://www.istampgallery.com/rani-avantibai/ |title=Rani Avantibai 1988 | date=11 February 2016| accessdate=29 April 2019 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[NCERT textbook controversies]]
* [[Rani of Jhansi]]
* [[Rani Durgavati]]
* [[Kuyili]]
* [[Bundelkhand]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avantibai}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century women regents]]
[[Category:19th-century regents]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rebels from British India]]
[[Category:Indian women warriors]]
[[Category:Military history of British India]]
[[Category:Women from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]
[[Category:Regents in India]]
[[Category:Suicides by sharp instrument in India]]
[[Category:Women in the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1850s suicides]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Indian queens regnant]]
[[Category:People of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

Tuna Port

2026-03-08T15:28:45Z

Simonaa: put up new post

{{Short description|Sea port in Gujarat, India}}
{{for other uses|Tuna (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox port
| name = Tuna Port
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| country = [[India]]
| location = Tuna, [[Gujarat]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9096|70.1032|display=inline,title}}
| opened = 2015(Coal/LNG Terminal)<ref name="Opened"/> 2022(Container Terminal)<ref name="2022 Undergoing Port Development ">{{Cite news |date=13 October 2022 |title=Union Cabinet decision: Kutch to get 2 new port terminals at Rs 5,963 crore |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/union-cabinet-decision-kutch-to-get-2-new-port-terminals-at-rs-5963-crore-8205351/ |access-date=2023-06-02}}</ref>
| operated = [[Adani Ports & SEZ|Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Private Limited]]
| owner = [[Kandla Port|Deendayal Port Authority]] (2015–present)
| type = [[all weather port]]
| sizewater =
| sizeland =
| size =
| berths = 5
| wharfs =
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle =
| leader =
| blankdetailstitle1 =
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| blankdetailstitle3 =
| blankdetails3 =
| arrivals =
| cargotonnage =
| containervolume = 14 MMTA
| cargovalue =
| passengertraffic =
| revenue =
| profit =
| blankstatstitle1 = Length of navigational channel
| blankstats1 =
| blankstatstitle2 = wide of navigational channel
| blankstats2 =
| blankstatstitle3 = Draft
| blankstats3 =
| website =
}}
'''Tuna Port''' is a all-weather working port in [[Tuna Village]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] with capacity of 14 MMTPA. The port is located 15 KM from [[Port of Kandla|Kandla Port]] on South West direction, Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Avinash |date=31 January 2023 |title=UAE firm bags Rs 4,243-crore tender to build container terminal at Tuna-Tekra |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Ahmedabad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/uae-firm-bags-rs-4243-crore-tender-to-build-container-terminal-at-tuna-tekra-8413929/ |access-date=2023-06-02}}</ref>

==History==
Tuna Port was developed during mid-eighteenth century by Rao of [[Cutch State]]. [[Fateh Mohammad]] (1786–1813), who served as regent of [[Cutch State]] had further developed the existing facilities at [[Mandvi]], Tuna and [[Lakhpat]] ports, when he was appointed as regent during reign of Rao [[Rayadhan III]] of Kutch. There is a village by same name Tuna near the port from which Tuna Port got its name.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Jamadars-hazira-Survived-but-neglected/articleshow/1310851.cms Fatehmamad also constructed many forts in Kutch to save the state from invaders]</ref>

[[File:Bombay Prov north 1909.jpg|thumb|The 1909 Map of [[Bombay Presidency]] North, shows the [[Cutch State Railway]]'s narrow gauge line connecting [[Bhuj]] with Tuna via [[Anjar, India|Anjar]]. Note there is no mention of [[Kandla]], as it was developed only after 1930.]]

In year 1900-01 during the reign of [[Jadeja]] King [[Khengarji III of Kutch|Maharao Shri Khengarji Bawa]] (1875–1942), the first railway lines from Tuna Port to Anjar were laid by narrow gauge line of [[Cutch State Railway]],a railway promoted & owned by Princely State of Cutch. The first train from Tuna Port to Anjar ran in year 1905. The line was in 1908 extended to [[Bhuj]], then the Capital of Princely State of Cutch. This rail-line from Tuna to Anjar, no longer exists. However, there are plans to again revive the railway link again.

Later, during decade of 1930, Tuna Port lost its importance, when Maharao Shri Khengarji III of Kutch, identified the location of present the [[Kandla]] Port and developed it as a new port. A new railway line connecting [[Anjar, India|Anjar]] to Kandla were also laid by Cutch State Railway.

After the partition and independence of [[India]] and merger of Cutch into Union of India in 1947, in 1950 [[Kandla Port]] was selected by the [[Government of India]] to be developed as major port to replace the loss of [[Karachi]], which went to [[Pakistan]]. The Kandla Railway Station was later renamed [[Gandhidham]] after the new town of same name was developed for the re-settlement of [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] refugees, who migrated from Pakistan upon Partition.

Tuna Port is operated by the [[Kandla Port|Kandla Port Trust]]. The Trust decided to develop Tuna as a satellite port in Kutch to compete with the nearby privately owned [[Mundra Port]] operated by [[Adani Group]].<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/development-of-tuna-port-crucial-for-kandla-ports-survival/300551/ Development of Tuna Port crucial for Kandla Port’s survival]</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/kandla-port-trust-to-develop-satellite-project/220712/ Kandla Port is now coming up with a project in Tuna Port to be developed as satellite port in Gujarat.]</ref> This is the second port after [[Vadinar]] Port to be developed by Kandla Port Trust.<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tuna-port-to-be-upgraded/140487/ Tuna Port, which is under the control of Kandla Port Trust (KPT), will be developed as Satellite Port in Gujarat. This will be the second port, after the Vadinar Port, to be developed by KPT in Gujarat]</ref>

The new port was initially built as a coal importing terminal and commissioned in 2015 with an annual handling capacity of over 20 million tonnes.<ref name="Opened">{{cite web | last=Fonseca | first=Joseph R. | title=Adani Kandla Terminal Hits 3.5 MT Volume | website=Maritime Logistics Professional | date=26 March 2016 | url=https://www.maritimeprofessional.com/news/adani-kandla-terminal-hits-volume-287119 | access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> Tuna Port was initially operated by the Kandla Port Trust.<ref name="2022 Undergoing Port Development " />

Currently, Tuna Port is operated by [[Adani group|Adani Group]] by Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Private Limited.

==Connectivity==
The nearest Airport is [[Kandla Airport]] and Rail-head is Anjar and [[Gandhidham]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kutch district]]
[[Category:History of Kutch]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Adani Ports]]

Charachar

2026-03-07T06:14:38Z

Simonaa: revise

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Charachar
| image = Charachar93.jpg
| caption = A poster for ''Charachar''
| director = [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]]
| producer = Gita Gope Shankar Gope
| writer = [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]], [[Prafulla Roy]] (novel)
| music = Biswadep Dasgupta
| cinematography = [[Soumendu Roy]]
| editing = Ujjal Nandi
| studio = Gope Movies
| released = {{Film date|1993}}
| runtime = 97 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}
'''''Charachar''''' ([[English language]]:''Shelter of the Wings'', {{langx|bn|চরাচর }}) is a 1993 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[drama film]] directed and written by [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]] based on a novel by [[Prafulla Roy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charachar (Shelter of the Wings) |url=https://www.filmfestival.be/en/film/charachar-shelter-of-the-wings |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Film Festival Gent }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Lakha ([[Rajit Kapoor]]) comes from a family of bird catchers, but questions the value of catching birds. He, and the older Bhushan ([[Sadhu Meher]]), sell their caged birds to the local dealer. Lakha's wife, Sari ([[Laboni Sarkar]]), complains that he is not ambitious enough because he cares more for the birds than for her, and she starts meeting Natobar. Kalicharan, a city dealer, suggests they sell their birds directly to him. So Bhushan and Lakha take their next catch of birds on the train to Calcutta. Kalicharan invites them to a feast for the ceremony of the birds, with disastrous consequences.<ref>{{Citation |title=Watch Charachar Full Bengali Movie Online |url=https://www.hoichoi.tv/films/title/charachar |access-date=2023-04-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CHARACHAR (1994) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7d31ad56 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230162338/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7d31ad56 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=BFI }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Shankar Chakraborty]]
*[[Indrani Haldar]] as Gouri
*[[Rajit Kapoor]] as Lakhinder
*[[Sadhu Meher]] as Bhushan
*[[Manoj Mitra]]
*[[Laboni Sarkar]] as Sari

==Awards==
*1993 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]
*1994 - [[Golden Bear]] (nominated) - [[44th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="Berlinale">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1994/02_programm_1994/02_Programm_1994.html |title=Berlinale: 1994 Programme |accessdate=2011-06-11 |work=berlinale.de}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0106546|title=Charachar}}

{{Buddhadeb Dasgupta}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1993 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Prafulla Roy]]

{{1990s-Bengali-film-stub}}

IDFC First Bank

2026-03-07T05:15:19Z

Simonaa: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian private sector bank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = IDFC FIRST Bank
| logo = Logo of IDFC First Bank.svg
| image = IDFC First Bank headquarters.jpg
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], [[Mumbai]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|539437}} {{NSE|IDFCFIRSTB}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE092T01019}}
| industry = [[Banking]] [[Financial service]]s
| founded = {{Start date and age|2015|10||df=yes}}
| key_people = [[V. Vaidyanathan]] {{small|([[Managing director|MD]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| products = {{ubl|[[Retail banking|Consumer banking]]|[[Credit card]]s|[[Home loan]]s|[[Private banking]]|[[Wealth management]]|[[Investment banking]]|[[Commercial bank|Corporate banking]]|[[Wholesale banking]]}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|36257|c}} (2024)<ref name="BalSheet">{{cite web | url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/7a2ab67f-c8d3-4486-a9ce-8f83cec58814.pdf | title=IDFC First Bank | access-date=27 April 2024 | archive-date=29 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429112439/https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/7a2ab67f-c8d3-4486-a9ce-8f83cec58814.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|6239|c}} (2024)<ref name="BalSheet" />
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1491|c}} (2025)<ref name="BalSheet" />
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|343817|c}} (2025)<ref name="BalSheet23">{{cite web | url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/7a2ab67f-c8d3-4486-a9ce-8f83cec58814.pdf | title=IDFC First Bank | access-date=27 April 2024 | archive-date=29 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429112439/https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/7a2ab67f-c8d3-4486-a9ce-8f83cec58814.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|25145|c}} (2024)<ref name="BalSheet23" />
| num_employees = 49,123 (January 2026) <ref>{{cite web | date=2026-02-28 | url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/idfcfirstbank/__ONV8_JuZUdpzAdzpZpOAz9BhiGZrV1565lj2dS9L3aM#about-the-company | title=IDFC First Bank's Employee Count |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Tracxn | language=en }}</ref>
| ratio = 13.28% <ref name="BalSheet" />
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| subsid = {{plainlist|
* [[Grama Vidiyal|IDFC FIRST Bharat]]
}}
| former_name = IDFC Bank (2015–2018)
| rating = {{plainlist|
* [[CRISIL]] AA+/Stable<ref>{{cite web | date=2023-06-05 | url=https://www.capitalmarket.com/news/hot-pursuit/CRISIL-upgrades-IDFC-First-Banks-LT-rating-to-AA-/1429241 | title=CRISIL upgrades IDFC First Bank's LT rating to 'AA+' |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Capital Market | language=en }}</ref>
* Ind-Ra IND AA+/Stable<ref>{{cite web | date=2023-12-12 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-ind-ra-affirms-idfc-first-banks-debt-instruments-ratings-with-stable-outlook-3336855/ | title=Ind-Ra affirms IDFC First Bank's debt instruments ratings with stable outlook |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Financial Express | language=en }}</ref>
* CARE AA+/Stable ([[Debenture#Convertibility|NCDs]])<ref>{{cite web | date=2023-10-03 | url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/202310141000_IDFC_FIRST_Bank_Ltd.pdf | title=IDFC FIRST Bank Ltd Long Term Instruments - Non Convertible Debentures October 03, 2023 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=CARE Ratings | language=en }}</ref>
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.idfcfirst.bank.in/}}
}}

'''IDFC First Bank''' (stylised as '''IDFC FIRST Bank''') is an Indian [[private sector]] [[bank]] based in Mumbai. Founded in 2015 as a banking subsidiary of [[Infrastructure Development Finance Company|IDFC Limited]], it shifted focus from infrastructure financing to retail banking after its 2018 merger with [[Capital First Ltd.|Capital First]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2015-10-01 |title=7 things to know about IDFC Bank | Business Standard News |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/7-things-to-know-about-idfc-bank-115100100509_1.html |access-date=2016-10-15 |publisher=Business-standard.com}}</ref> In 2024, IDFC First Bank took over the parent company IDFC Limited in a [[reverse merger]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2024 |title=IDFC FIRST Bank announces completion of IDFC Ltd merger |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/idfc-first-bank-announces-completion-of-idfc-ltd-merger-11727485752194.html |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

== History ==

[[Infrastructure Development Finance Company|IDFC Limited]] was set up in 1997 by [[Government of India]] to finance infrastructure projects in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhagwati |first=Jaimini |url=https://csep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Insolvency-and-Bankruptcy-Code-IBC.pdf |title=Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) and Long-Term Bulk Lending in India |date=January 2022 |publisher=Centre for Social and Economic Progress, New Delhi |pages=6 |language=en |ref=CSEP Working Paper-21}}</ref> With time, the company diversified into [[asset management]], [[Stock broking|institutional broking]] and [[investment banking]].

In 2005, The [[Government of India]] and [[IDBI Bank]], a public sector bank were the sponsor shareholders of IDFC. The government brought down its stake to 34.91% through IDFC's initial public offering in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Dheeraj |date=2015-04-22 |title=Government may sell stakes in IDFC, Tata Communications via ETF route |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/government-may-sell-stakes-in-idfc-tata-communications-via-etf-route/articleshow/47007330.cms |access-date=2025-03-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] granted in-principle approval to IDFC Limited to set up a new bank in the private sector.<ref>{{Cite news |title=RBI grants in-principle approval to IDFC, Bandhan for new bank licences |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-grants-in-principle-approval-to-idfc-bandhan-for-new-bank-licences/articleshow/33137000.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref> Following this, the IDFC Limited divested its infrastructure finance assets and liabilities to a new entity - IDFC Bank. The bank was launched through this demerger from IDFC Limited, and it was officially inaugurated by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in October 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2015-10-19 |title=Narendra Modi inaugurates IDFC Bank, talks of banking reforms |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/j297AiEAvv8KzEEC8htTdI/Narendra-Modi-inaugurates-IDFC-Bank-talks-of-banking-reform.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2015-10-19 |title=PM inaugurates IDFC Bank | Business Standard News |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/pm-inaugurates-idfc-bank-115101901137_1.html |access-date=2016-10-15 |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com}}</ref>

IDFC Bank started operations on 1 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Manojit |date=2015-07-25 |title=IDFC Bank to start operations from Oct 1 | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/idfc-bank-to-start-operations-from-oct-1-115072400934_1.html |access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/idfc-bk-to-start-opsfew-branches-by-oct-1-rajiv-lall_1353937.html |title=IDFC Bk to start ops with few branches by Oct 1: Rajiv Lall |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=2015-04-12 |access-date=2016-10-15}}</ref> The parent entity, IDFC Limited, retained the asset management, institutional broking and infrastructure debt fund businesses through IDFC Financial Holding Company Limited (IDFC FHCL).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopakumar |first=Gopika |date=2021-07-21 |title=IDFC can exit as promoter of IDFC First Bank, clarifies RBI |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/rbi-allows-idfc-to-exit-as-promoter-of-idfc-first-bank-11626875817855.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

IDFC Bank faced challenges due to bad loans from legacy infrastructure accounts. A planned merger with the [[Shriram Group]] was called off. By September 2017, the bank's deposits totaled {{INR}}38,890 crore, with a [[CASA ratio]] of just 8.2%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Aparna |date=15 January 2018 |title=IDFC Bank, Capital First merger: will the shoe fit this time? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/cCCvBnaKy51EjcLGhJMeBL/IDFC-Bank-Capital-First-merger-will-the-shoe-fit-this-time.html |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

=== Capital First merger ===
In January 2018, IDFC Bank and [[SME finance|MSME financing]] company Capital First announced a merger.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tadas |first=G. A. |url=https://www.ris.org.in/sites/default/files/Publication/DP%20254%20G%20A%20Tadas.pdf |title=Need for Setting Up of a New Development Bank (RIS-DP #254) |date=August 2020 |publisher=Research and Information System for Developing Countries |edition= |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=7 |language=English}}</ref> Capital First was founded as Future Capital Holdings under the [[Future Group]], and was acquired by [[Warburg Pincus]] and [[V. Vaidyanathan]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Future Group sells Future Capital Holdings to Warburg Pincus for Rs 800 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/future-group-sells-future-capital-holdings-to-warburg-pincus-for-rs-800-cr/articleshow/13832093.cms |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=5 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalbag |first=Chaitanya |date=2012-07-03 |title=V. Vaidyanathan takes wing with a $17 million stake in a star NBFC |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/v-vaidyanathan-behind-future-capital-deal-34539-2012-07-03 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> As per a September 2017 stock filing, Capital First had a retail loan portfolio of {{INR}}229.7 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Anup |date=13 January 2018 |title=IDFC Bank to merge with Capital First, Vaidyanathan to succeed Lall |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/idfc-bank-to-merge-with-capital-first-vaidyanathan-to-succeed-lall-118011300405_1.html |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> 139 shares of IDFC Bank were issued for every 10 shares of Capital First as part of the merger share swap.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sundarajan |first=Priya |date=2018-01-13 |title=IDFC Bank to take over Capital First in share swap deal |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/idfc-bank-capital-first-to-merge-in-share-swap-deal/article64296887.ece |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

The merger completed in December 2018, with IDFC Bank changing its name to IDFC First Bank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Shilpy |title=IDFC, Capital First completes merger process to form IDFC First Bank |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=eonomictimes.com |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/idfc-capital-first-completes-merger-process-to-form-idfc-first-bank/articleshow/67149838.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Capital First merges with IDFC Bank to create IDFC First Bank |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/capital-first-merges-with-idfc-bank-to-create-idfc-first-bank-3305581.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Moneycontrol |date=18 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Vaidyanathan took over as the MD and CEO of the merged entity. The Reserve Bank of India approved his appointment for a period of three years, effective from 19 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RBI approves appointment of V Vaidyanathan as MD, CEO of IDFC First Bank |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/rbi-approves-appointment-of-v-vaidyanathan-as-md-ceo-of-idfc-first-bank-3409961.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Moneycontrol |date=18 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The bank transitioned from infrastructure financing to [[retail banking]] in four years since the merger. Its CASA ratio increased from 8.6% to 49.77% and retail deposits went up from 27% to 76% of total deposits, as of March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-02 |title=IDFC FIRST Bank FY23 Profit After Tax Highest-Ever at Rs. 2,437 |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2023-05-02/idfc-first-bank-fy23-profit-after-tax-highest-ever-at-rs-2-437 |access-date=2023-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Saloni |last2=Rangan |first2=MC Govardhana |title=IDFC First Bank's transformation to retail complete; NPA woes behind, says CEO V Vaidyanathan |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/idfc-first-banks-transformation-to-retail-complete-npa-woes-behind-says-ceo-v-vaidyanathan/articleshow/95387208.cms |access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref>

===IDFC Limited merger===
In July 2023, the board of the bank approved the merger with IDFC Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-03 |title=India's IDFC to merge with IDFC First Bank in latest consolidation |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/idfc-first-bank-merge-with-idfc-2023-07-03/ |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-03 |title=IDFC to merge with IDFC First Bank |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/idfc-to-merge-with-idfc-first-bank/article67038447.ece |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After receiving clearance from the [[Competition Commission of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-10-17 |title=IDFC gets CCI nod for merger with IDFC First Bank |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/idfc-gets-cci-nod-for-merger-with-idfc-first-bank-11697547716386.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> and the Reserve Bank of India,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Shubhayan |date=2023-12-18 |title=IDFC First Bank Gets RBI Nod For Merger Of IDFC, IDFC Financial Holding With Self |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/economy-finance/idfc-first-bank-gets-rbi-nod-for-merger-of-idfc-idfc-financial-holding-with-self |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref> the merger proposal was approved by the [[National Company Law Tribunal]] in May 2024. The proposal, endorsed by the bank's shareholders and NCD holders, involved two steps–IDFC FHCL merging with IDFC Limited, followed by IDFC Limited merging into IDFC First Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-05-18 |title=Debt, equity holders approve merger of IDFC with IDFC First Bank |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/debt-equity-holders-approve-merger-of-idfc-with-idfc-first-bank/article68190758.ece |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=Majority shareholders of IDFC First Bank approves amalgamation of IDFC Ltd with lender |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/majority-shareholders-of-idfc-first-bank-approves-amalgamation-of-idfc-ltd-with-lender-430065-2024-05-18 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 1 October 2024, IDFC Limited merged with the bank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=IDFC FIRST Bank announces completion of IDFC Ltd merger |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-idfc-first-bank-announces-completion-of-idfc-ltd-merger-3624348/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> As a result of the merger, 155 equity shares of the bank were allotted for every 100 equity shares of IDFC Limited held by each shareholder in the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Swapnil |date=2024-09-27 |title=IDFC First Bank completes merger with IDFC Limited - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/idfc-first-bank-completes-merger-with-idfc-ltd-19484050.htm |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Shareholding ==
On 22 February 2023, IDFC Limited announced that it would increase its stake in the bank from 36.38% up to 40%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. S. |date=2023-02-01 |title=IDFC Ltd to invest Rs 2,200 crore in IDFC First Bank, up its stake to 40% |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/idfc-plans-to-invest-nearly-rs-2-200-crore-in-idfc-first-bank-123020101406_1.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref> Also, on 22 February 2023, the bank issued 12,03,745 equity shares to its employees under the company ESOP plan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC First Bank allots shares worth Rs 1.2 cr to employees as stock options |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/idfc-first-bank-allots-shares-worth-rs-12-cr-to-employees-as-stock-options |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

On 12 September 2023, US-based [[GQG Partners]] acquired a 0.76% stake from V. Vaidyanathan, increasing its ownership in the bank to 3.36%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC First Bank rises 2% on Rs 479.5-cr block deal with GQG Partners |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/news/business/markets/idfc-first-bank-rises-2-on-rs-479-5-cr-block-deal-with-gqg-partners-11345731.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US-based GQG Partners ups IDFC First Bank stake, acquires shares from CEO V. Vaidyanathan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/us-based-gqg-partners-ups-idfc-first-bank-stake-acquires-shares-from-ceo-v-vaidyanathan/cid/1965600 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, [[Life Insurance Corporation]] raised its stake in the bank to 2.68%.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-07-04 |title=LIC raises stake in IDFC First Bank to 2.68% |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/lic-raises-stake-in-idfc-first-bank-to-268/article68367906.ece |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In May 2025, Warburg Pincus initiated the acquisition of a 10% stake by seeking approval from the [[Competition Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Warburg Pincus seeks CCI approval to buy 10% stake in IDFC First Bank |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/warburg-pincus-seeks-cci-approval-to-buy-10-stake-in-idfc-first-bank-125050100747_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501143201/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/warburg-pincus-seeks-cci-approval-to-buy-10-stake-in-idfc-first-bank-125050100747_1.html |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunjumon |first=Oliviya |date=2025-05-02 |title=IDFC First Bank rallies 2% after Warburg Pincus seeks CCI nod to buy 10% |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/idfc-first-bank-in-focus-warburg-pincus-seeks-cci-nod-to-buy-10-3829767/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> However, the institutional shareholders rejected the proposal to grant the group a board seat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundaresan |first=Malvika |date=19 May 2025 |title=Shareholders reject board seat to Warburg-backed investor in IDFC FIRST Bank |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/shareholders-reject-board-seat-to-warburg-backed-investor-in-idfc-first-bank-13031367.html |access-date=19 May 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref>

== Operations ==
[[File:IDFC First Bank Prabhadevi Branch.jpg|thumb|A branch of IDFC First Bank in [[Prabhadevi]], Mumbai]]
As of November 2022, the bank had 809 branches, 249 asset service centres, 925 ATMs, and 606 rural business correspondent centres across the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Market |first=Capital |date=2022-11-05 |title=IDFC First Bank gets board approval to raise Rs 4,000 cr |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/idfc-first-bank-gets-board-approval-to-raise-rs-4-000-cr-122110500178_1.html |access-date=2022-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Korgaonkar |first=Deepak |date=2023-06-15 |title=IDFC First Bank at over 6-yr high; zooms 47% in 2 months on stable outlook |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/idfc-first-bank-at-over-6-yr-high-zooms-47-in-2-months-on-stable-outlook-123061500275_1.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kayastha |first=Anshika |date=2023-08-08 |title=Want to stay on the pitch for long, not hit sixes and fours: IDFC First Bank MD |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/want-to-stay-on-the-pitch-for-long-not-hit-sixes-and-fours-idfc-first-bank-md/article67172365.ece |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Products and services ===
[[File:IDFC First Bank HSR Layout Sector 1 Branch.jpg|thumb|A branch of IDFC First Bank in [[HSR Layout]], Bangalore]]
The bank provides products and services related to [[retail banking]], [[wholesale banking]] and [[investment banking]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home loans are our biggest driver and they'll keep growing: V Vaidyanathan, MD & CEO, IDFC First Bank |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/home-loans-are-our-biggest-driver-and-theyll-keep-growing-v-vaidyanathan-md-ceo-idfc-first-bank/2515715/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Financialexpress |date=7 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |title=IDFC First Bank revises savings account interest rate: Earn up to 6% interest rates on this amount |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/idfc-first-bank-revises-savings-account-interest-rate-earn-up-to-6-interest-rates-on-this-amount/articleshow/90486743.cms |access-date=2022-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC First Bank to give 7% interest on savings account opened through video KYC |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/idfc-first-bank-to-give-7-interest-on-savings-account-opened-through-video-kyc/1972969/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Financialexpress |date=28 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interest rate on Savings account up to 6% p.a. {{!}} IDFC FIRST Bank |url=https://www.idfcfirstbank.com/personal-banking/accounts/savings-account/interest-rate#:~:text=Bank%20interest%20rates%20on%20Savings%20Account&text=We%20offer%20one%20of%20the,of%20up%20to%206%25%20p.a.&text=What%27s%20more,%20you%20earn%20this,out%20this%20interest%20every%20month. |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.idfcfirstbank.com}}</ref>

In 2017, IDFC Bank launched an [[Aadhaar]]-linked cashless merchant solution.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K.R.Srivats |date=2017-03-07 |title=IDFC Bank takes the lead, launches Aadhaar Pay |language=en |work=The Hindu Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/idfc-bank-takes-the-lead-launches-aadhaar-pay/article9574037.ece |access-date=2017-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=IDFC Bank launches aadhaar-linked cashless merchant solution – The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/idfc-bank-launches-aadhaar-linked-cashless-merchant-solution/articleshow/56170045.cms |access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

The bank became a member of the [[Open Network for Digital Commerce]] in September 2022. Subsequently, it began enrolling small merchants, who are existing customers with current accounts, onto a partner application registered with ONDC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-09-07 |title=IDFC First Bank joins ONDC |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/idfc-first-bank-joins-ondc-11662529730670.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=IDFC First Bank joins ONDC — what does it mean for you? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/retail/idfc-first-bank-joins-e-commerce-network-ondc--what-does-it-mean-for-you-14674781.htm |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, it launched [[central bank digital currency]] under the guidance of the RBI.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Anulekha |date=2022-11-09 |title=RBI CBDC: Digital Rupee pilot starts from November 1; SBI, HDFC, 7 other banks to participate in wholesale launch |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/rbi-cbdc-digital-rupee-pilot-to-start-from-november-1-sbi-hdfc-7-other-banks-to-participate/articleshow/95205659.cms |access-date=2023-07-13 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

IDFC First Bank operates in [[GIFT City|Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City)]], India’s international financial services centre in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, regulated by the [[International Financial Services Centres Authority]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=IDFC FIRST Bank launches foreign currency savings account for NRIs in GIFT City - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/personal-finance/idfc-first-bank-launches-foreign-currency-savings-account-for-nris-in-gift-city-ws-l-19795255.htm |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>. In December 2025, the bank introduced a foreign currency savings account for [[Indian diaspora|non-resident Indians]] through its GIFT City branch, enabling deposits in currencies such as US dollars and euros.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DAS |first=AYUSH |date=2025 |title=Legal and Regulatory Insights on the IDFC First Bank -IDFC Limited Merger |url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5160407 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.5160407 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> The bank also offers foreign currency fixed deposits and corporate banking services, including trade finance and cross-border transactions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC FIRST Bank introduces Unique IDFC FIRST Global Savings for NRIs in GIFT City |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/idfc-first-bank-introduces-unique-idfc-first-global-savings-for-nris-in-gift-city/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

===Rural lending===
The bank's rural lending portfolio consists of 60% women borrowers, as of October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Velonie |first1=Ajit |last2=Sri Narayanan |first2=Subha |last3=Gupta |first3=Leena |date=9 October 2023 |title=CRISIL Rating Rationale IDFC FIRST Bank Limited |url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/IDFCFIRSTBankLimited_October%2009,%202023_RR_328451.html |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=[[CRISIL]]}}</ref> The portfolio has a gross NPA of 1.2% and a net NPA of 0.3%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saurabh |date=2023-12-13 |title=BT500: 'Tragic to see rural India is most under-financed,' says IDFC First Bank MD & CEO V Vaidyanathan |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/banks/story/bt500-tragic-to-see-rural-india-is-most-under-financed-says-idfc-first-bank-md-ceo-v-vaidyanathan-409360-2023-12-13 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

In South and Central India, the rural lending is led by IDFC First Bharat Limited (IFBL) which traces its roots to [[Grama Vidiyal]], a [[Tamil Nadu]]-based public charitable trust established in 1986. In 2003, it became a [[microfinance]] institution called [[Grama Vidiyal|Grama Vidiyal Micro Finance Limited]] (GVMFL). In 2016, IDFC Bank acquired GVMFL, turning it into a wholly owned subsidiary of the bank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-25 |title=IDFC Bank buys Grama Vidiyal Micro |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/emerging-entrepreneurs/idfc-bank-buys-grama-vidiyal-micro/article8897929.ece |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-13 |title=IDFC Bank acquires Grama Microfinance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/idfc-bank-acquires-grama-microfinance-2910137/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> GVMFL later became known as IDFC First Bharat Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |last=News Service |first=PTI |author-link=Press Trust of India |date=25 October 2018 |title=IDFC Bank to be renamed as IDFC First Bank after merging with Capital First |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/idfc-bank-to-be-renamed-as-idfc-first-bank-after-merging-with-capital-first-118102501136_1.html |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

== Financials ==
In the financial year 2024, the bank had a [[capital adequacy ratio]] of 16.82%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=IDFC FIRST Bank Achieves Lowest-Ever Gross NPA of 1.88% in FY24, says V Vaidyanathan |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/corporate/idfc-first-bank-hits-record-low-gross-npa-of-188-for-fy24-says-v-vaidyanathan |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref> As of 30 September 2024, the overall gross [[Non-performing loan|non-performing asset]] (NPA) ratio is 1.92%, while the net NPA ratio is 0.48%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Navdeep |date=2024-10-28 |title=IDFC First Bank shares nosedive 10%, hit 52-week low as Q2 profit plummets 73% |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/idfc-first-bank-shares-in-focus-after-q2-profit-slumps-72-yoy-to-rs-201-crore/articleshow/114675360.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2023, it became one of the top 10 banks in India by [[market capitalization]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultana |first=Nasrin |title=How Does IDFC First Stack Up Among India's Top 10 Most Valued Banks |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-does-idfc-first-stack-up-among-indias-top-10-most-valued-banks/88019/1 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sonavane |first=Ravindra |title=IDFC First joins elite club of 10 most valuable listed banks in India |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/news/business/earnings/idfc-first-joins-elite-club-of-10-most-valuable-listed-banks-in-india-11309231.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

== Sponsorships ==
In 2023, the bank obtained the title sponsorship rights for all [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]'s international and domestic home matches.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farooqui |first=Javed |date=2023-08-25 |title=BCCI awards title sponsorship rights to IDFC First for Rs 235 crore |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bcci-awards-title-sponsorship-rights-to-idfc-first-for-rs-235-crore/articleshow/103071147.cms |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-25 |title=IDFC FIRST Bank secures title rights for Team India's home internationals for Rs 4.2 crore per match |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/idfc-first-bank-secures-title-rights-for-team-indias-home-internationals-for-rs-42-crore-per-match-17640271.htm |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Under bank's employee-funded ''Ghar Ghar Ration'' program, the bank employees will supply ration kits to 50,000 low income customers whose livelihoods has been impacted by the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC FIRST Bank launches Customer COVID relief Ghar Ghar Ration Program |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/idfc-first-bank-launches-customer-covid-relief-ghar-ghar-ration-program/2269790/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Financialexpress |date=11 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> As many as 16,000 beneficiaries have been reached across Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Gujarat, Karnataka, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh under this program. The lender has also identified 250 vulnerable families who have lost an earning member of their family to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]] with a cash relief support of ₹10,000 in a partnership with 'Give India'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC First Bank Employees to Fund Covid Relief for Customers |url=https://outlookmoney.com/health/idfc-first-bank-employees-to-fund-covid-relief-for-customers-7654 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Outlook Money |date=12 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In February 2026, IDFC First Bank [[Haryana Government accounts fraud|reported a suspected fraud]] of approximately ₹590 crore at its [[Chandigarh]] branch. The discrepancy involved accounts linked to departments of the [[Government of Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Staff collusion led to Haryana Government account fraud: IDFC Bank |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/staff-collusion-led-to-haryana-government-account-fraud-idfc-bank/article70666253.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=23 February 2026}}</ref> The issue came to light during a reconciliation process initiated when a government department requested closure of its account.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the IDFC First Bank Rs 590 crore fraud case? Explained in 10 points |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/idfc-first-bank-fraud-explained-investigation-share-price-impact-outlook-haryana-government-what-happened-explained-in-10-points/articleshow/128701800.cms |website=The Times of India |date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|IDFC FIRST Bank}}
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Further reading cleanup|date=January 2026}}
*{{Cite report |url=https://www.motilaloswal.com/site/rreports/HTML/635653771929326086/index.htm |title=IDFC Bank - The good old 'new bank' story |last1=Mehta |first1=Alpesh |last2=Kulkari |first2=Vallabh |date=22 April 2015 |publisher=[[Motilal Oswal]] |access-date=3 March 2025}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Lahiri |first=Keka |date=2016 |title=IDFC Bank's Acquisition of Grama Vidiyal Microfinance: A Win Win Deal? |url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=140007 |journal=Amity Research Center, Bangalore |ref=316-0429-1 |via=[[The Case Centre]]}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Biswas |first1=Debasish |last2=Pimpale |first2=Nihal |last3=Ashara |first3=Konark |chapter=Connected by Design - Our Learnings from Designing Digital Profiler Journeys: IDFC Bank Digital Experience |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=21 September 2017 |volume=10516 |title=Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2017 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |pages=340–343 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-68059-0_25 |isbn=978-3-319-68058-3|chapter-url=https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01679818 }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Lukose PJ |first=Jijo |date=March 2019 |title=IDFC Bank and Capital First – A Case of Merger Arbitrage |url=https://forms.iimk.ac.in/websiteadmin/FacultyPublications/Cases/3084Final%20File%20For%20Upload.pdf |journal=IIM-K Case Study |via=[[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode]]}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=Smita |date=2020 |title=IDFC First Bank's Technology-led Banking Services and Digital Media Promotion |url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=168485 |journal=IBS Case Study |publisher=ICFAI Business School Hyderabad |via=[[The Case Centre]]}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Jose Koreath |first1=Jis |last2=P. Paul |first2=Kemthose |date=January 2021 |title=Corporate Social Responsibility Practices of Banks in India |url=https://www.alberts.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/13.-Francis-M-C.pdf#page=77 |journal=Erudition - the Albertian Journal of Management |publisher=[[St. Albert's College]] |volume=15 |issue=1 |issn=0973-7839}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Kilambi |first=Abhinav |date=21 July 2021 |title=Peer Bank Benchmarking of Liquidity Risk Expeiential Learning Project |url=https://repository.nirmauni.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/10616 |journal=Institutional Repository @ Nirma University [DSpace] |via=Institute of Management, [[Nirma University]] }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Singh Sian |first=Harman |date=December 2022 |title=A Study on Performance Analysis of IDFC First Bank |url=https://ggscw.ac.in/Downloads/A%20Study%20on%20Performance%20Analysis%20of%20IDFC%20First%20Bank.pdf |journal=Drashta Research Journal |volume=11 |issue=44 |pages=154–165 |issn=2277-2480 |via=Guru Gobind Singh College for Women, Chandigarh}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Pooja |last2=Guru Sant |first2=Tatavarty |date=22 February 2024 |title=Examine the level of environmental, social and governance disclosure in sustainability report – a study of the Indian banking sector |journal=International Journal of Innovation Science |publisher=[[Emerald Group Publishing]] |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=420–442 |doi=10.1108/IJIS-08-2022-0136 |issn=1757-2223}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Santhosh |first1=S |last2=Ramya |first2=Msr |date=April 2024 |title=A study on financial performance analysis of IDFC First Bank Limited |url=https://www.ijprems.com/uploadedfiles/paper/issue_4_april_2024/33198/final/fin_ijprems1712888776.pdf |journal=International Journal of Progressive Research in Engineering Management and Science |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=455–459}}
*{{Cite report |title=Benchmarking Reasonableness of Service Charges by Banks in India |last=Das |first=Ashish |date=May 2024 |location=[[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] |url=https://www.math.iitb.ac.in/~ashish/workshop/Service_Charges_Report_2024.pdf}}
*{{Cite news |date=23 May 2024 |title=IDFC First Bank named 'class apart' in report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/idfc-first-bank-named-class-apart-in-report/article68208508.ece |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}
*{{Cite news |last=Keshavdev |first=V |date=22 April 2025 |title=How Warburg doubled down on Vaidyanathan's vision for IDFC First Bank |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/personal-finance/banking/how-warburg-doubled-down-on-vaidyanathans-vision-for-idfc-first-bank/122351 |access-date=19 May 2025 |work=[[Fortune India]]}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:IDFC First Bank| ]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Maharashtra]]
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[[Category:Warburg Pincus companies]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2015]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
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Pattanathil Bhootham

2026-03-04T05:11:41Z

Simonaa: Started First Entry Initial Version

{{short description|1967 film by M. V. Raman}}
{{distinguish|Ee Pattanathil Bhootham}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pattanathil Bhootham poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. V. Raman]]
| screenplay = [[Javar Seetharaman]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[The Brass Bottle (1964 film)|The Brass Bottle]]''}}
| producer = Venus Pictures
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| cinematography = Ravikant Nagaich
| editing = M. V. Raman R. Bhaskaran
| music = [[R. Govardhanam]]
| studio = Sharada Productions
| distributor = Vijaya Sri Pictures{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=275}}
| released = {{film date|df=y|1967|4|14}}
| runtime = 170 minutes{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=276}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Pattanathil Bhootham''''' ({{Translation|Genie in the city}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film, directed and co-edited by [[M. V. Raman]], written by [[Javar Seetharaman]] and produced by Venus Pictures. An adaptation of the American film ''[[The Brass Bottle (1964 film)|The Brass Bottle]]'' (1964), it stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]], with [[Nagesh]], [[K. Balaji|Balaji]], [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[V. S. Raghavan]], Seetharaman, [[Rama Prabha]] and [[Vijaya Lalitha]] in supporting roles. The film revolves around two youngsters who inadvertently unleash a [[Jinn|genie]] from an urn they won, and use him to satisfy their wants. It was released on 14 April 1967 and became a major commercial success.

== Plot ==
Partners Thangavel and Sabapathy run a successful business enterprise; Sabapathy secretly runs a smuggling racket with his son Mani and a gangster Pandi. The superstitious Thangavel possesses a large urn which he considers a bad omen. To get rid of the urn, he donates it as a prize for a competition at his daughter Latha's college. Latha's lover Bhaskar, who studies in the same college and lives with his best friend Seenu, wins the urn in the competition. Believing the urn contains fruits, Seenu and Bhaskar open it, unwittingly releasing a [[Jinn|genie]] named Jee-Boom-Ba who was trapped in it for 3000 years.

Jee-Boom-Ba vows to help the two friends who set him free. He provides them with money, cars, mansions to live and takes care of their every need. The friends achieve many things with the help of Jee-Boom-Ba and even win a basketball game. Bhaskar seeks the powers of Jee-Boom-Ba to impress Thangavel but things do not go quite as planned. Sabapathy and Mani realise there is something fishy about Bhaskar's sudden rise to success. Jee-Boom-Ba's closeness and support to Bhaskar creates misunderstandings between Latha and Bhaskar, and she stays away from him.

Mani and Pandian, assuming that Jee-Boom-Ba is a smuggler, forcibly take him to their place and pressurise him to join their business. He refuses and escapes after learning their secrets. Meanwhile, Bhaskar becomes upset and requests Jee-Boom-Ba to leave so that he can get Latha back. Jee-Boom-Ba decides to meet Latha in normal attire and influence her to return to Bhaskar. When he meets her, she also insists that he should leave, blaming him for her separation. Jee-Boom-Ba leaves their lives and asserts that he would only return when she wholeheartedly wishes his return.

Still assuming Jee-Boom-Ba to be a big smuggler, Mani and Pandi decide to get hold of him at any cost since he knows their secret and hideout. To get Jee-Boom-Ba, they plan to take Bhaskar into custody. They mislead Latha into thinking that they are saving Bhaskar from Jee-Boom-Ba and manage to bring Bhaskar and Latha to their hideout by subterfuge. On reaching there, their plan of torturing Bhaskar to know Jee-Boom-Ba's whereabouts is revealed.

Mani plans to kill his lover Rita to marry Latha. Rita learns of this, kills Pandi and joins Bhaskar and Latha as they escape via boat. Mani follows them via helicopter; Rita is killed defending them, Latha is kidnapped and Bhaskar hangs by one of the helicopter's ledges. Remembering Jee-Boom-Ba's words, Latha calls him; when Bhaskar falls from the helicopter, Jee-Boom-Ba saves him, creates a flying car for the two ride, and they defeat Mani. Their crimes having been exposed by Seenu, Sabapathy and Mani are arrested. Bhaskar marries Latha and Seenu marries his lover Saroja. Jee-Boom-Ba decides to help other people in the world in the name of "good luck".

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Bhaskar<ref name="53years" />
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Latha<ref name="53years" />
* [[Nagesh]] as Seenu<ref name="53years" />
* [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] as Mani<ref name="53years" />
* [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]] as Pandi<ref name="53years" />
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Thangavel<ref name="53years" />
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Sabapathy<ref name="53years" />
* [[Javar Seetharaman]] as Jee-Boom-Baa<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2017 |title=செலுலாய்ட் சோழன் சிவாஜி தொடர் 169– சுதாங்கன் |language=ta |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/24803 |url-status=usurped |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820104543/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/24803 |archive-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Saroja<ref name="53years" />
* [[Vijaya Lalitha]] as Rita{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|pp=239–240}}
}}

== Production ==
The 1964 American film ''[[The Brass Bottle (1964 film)|The Brass Bottle]]'' was a worldwide success, especially in Madras (now [[Chennai]]). Javar Seetharaman rewrote the film as ''Pattanathil Bootham'', and starred as the genie, reprising the role originally played by [[Burl Ives]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=17 July 2009 |title=Pattanathil Bhootham 1964 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/pattanathil-bhootham-1964/article3021704.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130909160420/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/07/17/stories/2009071750391600.htm |archive-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> Director [[M. V. Raman]] called ''Pattanathil Bhootham'' "a much improved version" of the American film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=30 October 1965 |title=Raman Looks Back |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12064/page/n279/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230309120638/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12064/page/n279/mode/2up |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=9 March 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=51 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=19}}</ref> The film also took inspiration from the folktale of [[Aladdin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganesan |first=Bala |date=17 September 2018 |title=மூன்றாவது நாயகர்கள் – பகுதி 4 {{!}} ஜெய்சங்கர் எனும் மூடிமறைக்கப்பட்ட அற்புதம்! |url=https://www.newstm.in/news/cinema/special-article/45197-third-rank-heroes-of-tamil-cinema-a-wonderful-actor-jai-shankar-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181129063826/https://www.newstm.in/news/cinema/special-article/45197-third-rank-heroes-of-tamil-cinema-a-wonderful-actor-jai-shankar.html |archive-date=29 November 2018 |access-date=29 November 2018 |website=News TM |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[R. Govardhanam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1967 |title=Pattanatthil Bhootham |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pattanathil-bhootham/M5lSPeOaQvM_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911073328/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pattanathil-bhootham/M5lSPeOaQvM_ |archive-date=11 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pattanathil Bhootham (1967) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001762 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415203206/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001762 |archive-date=15 April 2013 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> Kannadasan, who wanted to join the [[Indian National Congress]] was waiting for the acceptance from the then Congress President [[K. Kamaraj]], which made him to write the lines "Antha Sivagami maganidam seithi cholladi, ennai serum naal parka cholladi, veru yeverodum naan pesa vaarthai yethadi" (Tell Sivagami's son to fix the date to enrol me), indirectly referring to Kamaraj, whose mother's name was Sivagami.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Rajalakshmi |date=14 March 2015 |title=Down memory lane with Revathy Krishna |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/down-memory-lane-with-revathy-krishna/article6992977.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928062419/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/down-memory-lane-with-revathy-krishna/article6992977.ece |archive-date=28 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=A singing CM |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170116/281745564083699 |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150101/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170116/281745564083699 |archive-date=28 September 2017}}</ref> A [[trombone]] was used as an instrument in the song "Ulagathil Sirandhadhu".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P. V. |date=24 July 2017 |title=Filmy Ripples – Exotic Instruments in Film music – Part 4 |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/07/24/filmy-ripples-exotic-instruments-in-film-music-part-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322015233/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/07/24/filmy-ripples-exotic-instruments-in-film-music-part-4/ |archive-date=22 March 2018 |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref> The songs "Kannil Kandathellam", "Naan Yaar", "Ulagathil Sirandhadhu" and "Andha Sivagami" attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saqaf |first=Syed Muthahar |date=9 June 2016 |title=CM sanctions aid to yesteryear music composer |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/CM-sanctions-aid-to-yesteryear-music-composer/article14412332.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326050323/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/CM-sanctions-aid-to-yesteryear-music-composer/article14412332.ece |archive-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> Music historian [[Vamanan]] wrote, "Whether it be a [[ghazal]]-like romantic number (Andha Sivakami Maganidam), or a competition song that must flow through the comic to the romantic to the sentimental (Ulagathil Sirandhadhu Edhu) or a poignant number (Kannile Kandadhellaam Kaatchiyaa), Govardhanam measures up to his melody like a master."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=19 September 2017 |title=Kollywood's unsung hero whose limpid melodies melted hearts |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/kollywoods-unsung-hero-whose-limpid-melodies-melted-hearts/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321194408/https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/kollywoods-unsung-hero-whose-limpid-melodies-melted-hearts/ |archive-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:31
| title1 = Kannil Kandathellam
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 04:10
| title2 = Ithazhlai Virithathu
| extra2 = T. M. Soundararajan, [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length2 = 05:58
| title3 = Naan Yaar
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| length3 = 03:14
| title4 = Antha Sivagami
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| length4 = 06:07
| title5 = Ulagathil Sirandhadhu
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan, [[A. L. Raghavan]], P. Susheela
| length5 = 06:02
| title6 = Edhirpaaramal Virundhaali
| extra6 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length6 = 04:20
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Pattanathil Bhootham'' was released on 14 April 1967, during [[Puthandu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1967- பட்டணத்தில் பூதம் – சாரதா புரொ. (கலர்) |trans-title=1967- Pattanathil Bhootham – Sharada Pro. (Colour) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails28.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170928061931/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails28.asp |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=28 September 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=மாதவன் |first=பிரதீப் |date=14 April 2017 |title=பதற்றத்தைத் தணித்த பூதம் |language=ta |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/204390-.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717053016/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/204390-.html |archive-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the sound recording, colour mixing and Seetharaman's performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=23 April 1967 |title=பட்டணத்தில் பூதம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/apr/23-04-1967/p35.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725085050/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/apr/23-04-1967/p35.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=35 |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 30 April 1967, applauded the cinematography, particularly the trick shots and colour scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 1967 |title=பட்டணத்தில் பூதம் |trans-title=Genie in the city |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39101--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200622124823/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39101--2 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>Despite facing competition from ''[[Magaraasi]]'', released on the same day, it became a major commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2015 |title=சாண்டோ சின்னப்பா தேவர்! (18) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/santo-chinnappa-dewar-18/28045 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180820101624/http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=28045&ncat=2&Print=1 |archive-date=20 August 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="53years">{{Cite web |last=காந்தி |first=உ. சுதர்சன் |date=15 April 2020 |title='இது கையில ரிமோட் கெடைச்சா அம்புடுதேன்!' – பாட்டி, பேரன்களை பிணைத்துப்போட்ட ஜீ பூம்பா! #53YearsOfPattanathilBhoodham |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/an-article-about-53-years-of-pattanathil-bhootham-movie |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200622120258/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/an-article-about-53-years-of-pattanathil-bhootham-movie |archive-date=22 June 2020 |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Cowie |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C |title=World Filmography: 1967 |last2=Elley |first2=Derek |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-498-01565-6 |author-link=Peter Cowie |author-link2=Derek Elley}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1960s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about wish fulfillment]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. V. Raman]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Govardhanam]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Javar Seetharaman]]
[[Category:Genies in film]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Ziddi (1964 film)

2026-03-04T03:56:47Z

Simonaa: fixed citations for accuracy and corrected details

{{About||the 1973 film|Ziddi (1973 film)}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ziddi
| image = Ziddi 1964.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Pramod Chakravorty]]
| producer = Pramod Chakravorty
| writer = {{ubl|[[Sachin Bhowmick]] (screenplay)|[[Sachin Bhowmick]] (story)|[[Agha Jani Kashmiri]] (dialogue)|Aijaz Tishna (dialogue director)}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Joy Mukherjee]]|[[Asha Parekh]]|[[Mehmood Ali]]}}
| music = [[Sachin Dev Burman]]
| cinematography = [[V.K. Murthy]]
| editing = [[Dharamvir]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1964}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ziddi''''' (English: ''Stubborn'') is a 1964 [[Hindi film]] directed by [[Pramod Chakravorty]], starring [[Joy Mukherjee]] and [[Asha Parekh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ziddi (1964) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ziddi-3180 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714193949/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ziddi-3180 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 July 2020 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ziddi Movie User Reviews & Ratings {{!}} Ziddi (1964) {{!}} Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/ziddi/etmovie_comments/61345402.cms |access-date=2022-07-27}}</ref>

The film has music by [[S. D. Burman]] and lyrics by [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], creating hits like "Raat Ka Samaa". It went on to become the fourth highest-grossing film at the Indian Box Office of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |title=Worth Their Weight in Gold! - Box Office India : India's premier film trade magazine |access-date=24 October 2015 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915183938/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
On the lookout for employment, Ashok ([[Joy Mukherjee]]) sees the photographs of beautiful Asha ([[Asha Parekh]]), and decides to accept employment as the estate's Manager. His expectations are short-lived as Asha turns out to be a rich, spoiled, conceited bratty young lady. To complicate matters further, Seema (Nazima), Asha's sister is attracted to Ashok. Ashok and Asha do like and eventually end up in love with each other, but Ashok's dad (Ulhas) does not approve to their marriage as he knows of Asha's parentage, a father who is an escaped convict, in jail for murder, and a mother whose profession was: prostitution. Ashok himself sees Asha in her true colors when she sings and dances at a party, overly intoxicated.

==Cast==
* [[Joy Mukherjee]] as Ashok Shankar
* [[Asha Parekh]] as Asha Singh
* [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Mahesh
* [[Shobha Khote]] as Sheela
* [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Ramdas
* [[Raj Mehra]] as Thakur Mahendra Singh
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] as Laxmi Singh
* [[Nazima]] as Seema Singh
* [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] as Judge's Wife
* [[Bela Bose]] as Ashok's Sister
* [[Madan Puri]] as Moti

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Teri Surat Se Nahin Milti"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Pyar Ki Manzil Mast Safar"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Janu Kya Mera Dil Ab Kahan"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Champakali Dekho Jhuk Hi Gayi Re"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Main Tere Pyar Mein Kya Kya Na Bana Dilbar"
| [[Geeta Dutt]], [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| "Pyar Ki Aag Mein Tan Badan Jal Gaya"
| [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| "Raat Ka Sama Jhoome Chandramaa"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Yeh Meri Zindagi Ek Pagal Hawaa"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0058772|Ziddi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziddi (1964 Film)}}
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pramod Chakravorty]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mukti (1977 film)

2026-03-03T23:27:08Z

Simonaa: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mukti
| image = Mukti (1977 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Raj Tilak
| producer = Raj Tilak Tilak Movies Pvt. Ltd.
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Dhruva Chatterjee]] Keka Chatterjee Renu Khanna [[Kader Khan]]
| story = [[Dhruva Chatterjee]]
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Sanjeev Kumar]] [[Vidya Sinha]] [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
| music = [[Rahul Dev Burman]] [[Anand Bakshi]] (lyrics)
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
| editing = Pran Mehra R. P. Bapat<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukti |url=https://indiancine.ma/SLC/info}}</ref>
| studio = Essel Studios Famous Cine Studios Natraj Studios R. K. Studios [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]] Studios
| distributor = Sangeeta Film Corporation (India) [[Yash Raj Films]] (USA)
| released = {{Film date|1977|08|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}} 1.2 Crores
| gross =
}}

'''''Mukti''''' ({{Translation|Liberation}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Raj Tilak (director)|Raj Tilak]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmweb.pl/film/Mukti-1977-132283 |title=Mukti {{!}} Film {{!}} 1977 |language=pl |access-date=2024-05-28 |via=www.filmweb.pl}}</ref> starring [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Vidya Sinha]] and [[Mithun Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-19 |title=Mukti (1977) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mukti-1977/article8621742.ece |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukti {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mukti |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kailash Sharma is found guilty of sexually molesting Shanno and killing Dheeraj Kumar Verma, and is sentenced to be hanged by the Jammu & Kashmir Sessions Court. After his appeals at both High and Supreme Courts fail, he asks his wife, Seema, to take their daughter, Pinky, and re-locate elsewhere. Seema and Pinky re-locate to Bombay where she takes up sewing to make a living. She befriends their neighbour, Ratan, and both get married. 14 years later Pinky has grown up and has a boyfriend, Vikram, who she wants to marry. Meanwhile, Kailash, who is still alive, as his sentence was changed to life imprisonment, arrives in Bombay to look for his family. After sometime he does find them but decides not to interfere in their lives as they appear to be happy. But when Seema finds out she goes to meet him secretly – a visit that will set off a chain of events that will end up drastically changing their lives forever.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Mukti (1977) Full HD Hindi Movie Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/mukti/0-0-movie_1464886270 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=ZEE5 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Kailash Sharma
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Ratan
*[[Vidya Sinha]] as Seema K. Sharma
*Vikram as Vikram
*[[Bindiya Goswami]] as Pinky K. Sharma<ref>{{Cite web |last=VERMA |first=SUKANYA |title=The Charming Faces of Vidya Sinha |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/the-charming-faces-of-vidya-sinha/20190816.htm |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Anju Mahendru]] as Shanno
*[[Prema Narayan]] as Mary
*[[Deven Verma]] as Tony
*[[Kader Khan]] as Hussain
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Colonel
*[[Roopesh Kumar]] as Dheeraj Kumar Verma
*Master Bittu as Young Pinky K. Sharma
*[[Dev Kumar]]
*[[D. K. Sapru|Sapru]]
*[[Murad (actor)|Murad]]
*[[Brahm Bhardwaj]]
*[[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Vikram's Father
*[[Bhagwan Dada|Bhagwan]]
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] (cameo)
*[[Neelam Mehra]] (cameo)

== Music ==
*Song "Suhaani Chaandni Raatein" was listed at #8 on [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1977]]
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Main Jo Chala Peekar, Woh Cheez Buri Hai Magar"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Pyar Hai Ek Nishan" (Happy)
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Pyar Hai Ek Nishan" (Sad)
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Suhani Chandni Raaten"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| "Lalla Lalla Lori" (Male)
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| "Lalla Lalla Lori" (Female)
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Dil Sajan Jalta Hai"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0369746|Mukti}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Madatha Kaja

2026-03-03T17:48:33Z

Simonaa: refine lead further and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madatha Kaaja
| image = Madatha Kaja.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = Seetaramaraju Dantuluri
| producer = Vedarajuu Timber
| story = Seetaramaraju Dantuluri
| screenplay = Seetaramaraju Dantuluri [[Satish Vegesna]]
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]] [[Sneha Ullal]] [[Maryam Zakaria]]
| music = Sri Vasant
| cinematography = Adusumilli Vijay Kumar
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Sri Ranjith Movies Timbuu Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|09|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Madatha Kaja''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Seetaramaraju Dantuluri, produced by Vedarajuu Timber under Timbuu Productions and Sri Ranjith Movies banners and starring [[Allari Naresh]] and [[Sneha Ullal]] in lead roles. The film soundtrack was composed by Sri Vasant and Cinematography was handled by Adusumilli Vijay Kumar. This film marks the debut of Seetaramaraju Dantuluri as a director. ''Madata Kaja'' was released on 29 September 2011 and was a commercial success at the box office.

The film was later dubbed in Hindi as Mera Pyaar in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nixrJul6WKI&t=0s|title = Mera Pyar (Madatha Kaja) Hindi Dubbed Full Movie | Allari Naresh, Sneha Ullal, Maryam Zakaria| website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
Kalyan ([[Allari Naresh]]) is a happy going guy who works as police informer in Vizag. He reports to a local cop, Sai Kumar ([[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]). He falls for Swapna ([[Sneha Ullal]]) and it is love at first sight for him. Swapna is the daughter of KP ([[Ahuti Prasad]]). Kalyan's friend Kishore ([[Vennela Kishore]]) and cop Sai Kumar helps him in gaining Sneha's love. Meanwhile, the cops ask Kalyan to come to Hyderabad to gather information on two mafia leaders JP ([[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]) and KP (Ahuti Prasad). KP takes care of international Don Nanda's ([[Ashish Vidyarthi]]) illegal business along with JP. JP and KP always fight with each other which bring losses to Nanda. To make them unite Nanda sketches a plan. He passes an order JP's son should marry KP's daughter. While in the process of helping the Police with the investigation, he then finds out that Swapna is the daughter of KP. With her help, Kalyan is on a mission to get all the information he can on these criminals and their mafia boss in Bangkok, Nanda. Meanwhile, Swapna's marriage is fixed to JP's son Ajay ([[Penmatsa Subbaraju|Subbaraju]]). He starts playing mind games with the mafia leaders. Kalyan's battle against all these odds will eventually help him bring Nanda to the justice and also win over his love.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Allari Naresh]] as Kalyan
* [[Sneha Ullal]] as Swapna
* [[Maryam Zakaria]] as Priya
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Nanda
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Akuvakala Lingaraju/Ali
* [[Penmatsa Subbaraju|Subbaraju]] as Ajay
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Sai Kumar
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as KP
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as JP
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Dasu
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Puli
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Kishore
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Vizag Police Commissioner
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Padmasri
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Henchman
* [[Khayyum]] as Kalyan's friend
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Madata Kaja
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Sri Vasant
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|9|16}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Maruti Music
| producer = Sri Vasant
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
Audio release of the film was held on 16 September 2011 in Visakhapatnam. The audio was released and distributed by [[Aditya Music]]. The music of this film was composed by Sri Vasant. The audio was well received. Bhaskarabhatla Ravikumar penned 2 songs while [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] and Surendra Krishna penned one song each.<ref>{{cite web|title=audio release|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-madathakaja.html|publisher=idlebrain|accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Madata Kaaja | lyrics1 = Bhaskarabhatla Ravikumar | extra1 = Revanth | length1 = 3:41
| title2 = Ninnila Choosthu Unte | lyrics2 = Bhaskarabhatla Ravikumar | extra2 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], Sri Krishna, [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]] | length2 = 3:59
| title3 = Excuse Me | lyrics3 = Surendra Krishna | extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]], Chinmayee Vedaraju | length3 = 3:48
| title4 = Gungudu Gudu Gudu | lyrics4 = Rama Jogayya Sastry | extra4 = [[Sravana Bhargavi]], Revanth | length4 = 3:51
| title5 = Yama Yamaho | lyrics5 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] | extra5 = Sri Krishna, [[Geeta Madhuri]] | length5 = 4:15
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was released on 29 September 2011. The film was received with mixed to negative reviews. Suresh Kavirayani of Times of India gave a 2.5 of 5 star rating for the film and said the film was a time-pass watch.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |title=Madata Kaja Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/telugu/Madatha-Kaja/movie-review/10207237.cms |newspaper=Times of India |accessdate=9 January 2012}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "There's nothing sweet about ''Madatha Kaja'' even though the film is named after a sweet delicacy from Andhra!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-madata-kaja-is-average/20111003.htm|title=Review: Madatha Kaja is average|first=Radhika|last=Rajamani|website=Rediff}}</ref> The film fared relatively well at the box-office despite the negative reviews and was declared an average grosser.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2076888|Madata Kaja}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy films]]

Thiruvalla copper plates

2026-03-03T17:22:57Z

Simonaa: further updated content for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Medieval artefacts from Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Thiruvalla copper plates (India).jpg|thumb|Thiruvalla copper plates|upright=1.35]]

'''Thiruvalla copper plates,''' also known as the '''Huzur Treasury Plates,''' are a collection of medieval temple committee resolutions found at the [[Sreevallabha Temple]] in [[Tiruvalla|Thiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 473.</ref> The collection of plates, engraved in [[Vattezhuthu]] with some [[Grantha script|Grantha characters]], can be dated to 10th and 11th centuries AD.<ref name=":0" />

The collection consist of forty three plates with writing on both sides, but more than half a dozen plates are missing.<ref name=":0" /> The contents of the copper plates belong to different periods. The plates were collected, rearranged and edited at a late date. The plates are considered as a treasure trove of information about medieval temple rituals, deities, festivals, castes, professions, personal names, plot names, and prices.<ref name=":0" />

The plates were first published in ''Travancore Archaeological Series'' by [[T. A. Gopinatha Rao]], under the title "The Huzur Treasury Plates".<ref name=":0" /> They were originally kept in the [[Sreevallabha Temple]], [[Tiruvalla|Thiruvalla]] (now with Archeological Department of Kerala).<ref name=":0" />

== Major donors to Thiruvalla Temple ==

=== Kings and queens ===

* [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king [[Parantaka I|Parantaka Vira Chola]] (907―955 AD)<ref name=":1">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 265-68.</ref>
* [[Ravi Neeli|Kizhan Adikal]] (queen of [[Parantaka I|Parantaka]])<ref name=":1" />
* [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal king]] Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962―1021 AD).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* Nambirattiyar (queen of Chera Perumal)<ref name=":1" />

=== Kerala chieftains ===

* Ramakuda Muvar, chieftain of Kolathu-nadu<ref name=":1" />
* Eran Chankaran, chieftain of Purakizha-nadu<ref name=":1" />
* Ravi Chirikandan, chieftain of Vembanadu<ref name=":1" />
* Kumaran Yakkan, chieftain of Vembanadu Thekkin-Kuru<ref name=":1" />
* Kantan Kumaran Maluvakkon, chieftain of Kizhmalai-nadu<ref name=":1" />
* Raman Kotavarman, chieftain of Munji-nadu<ref name=":1" />
* Raman Madevi, wife of the chieftain of Munji-nadu<ref name=":1" />
* Munjimarayar, chieftain of Munji-nadu<ref name=":1" />
*Venattadikal, chieftain of Venad<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* Accretion of Temple's Centrality: Searching the Tiruvalla Copperplates by A Mathew [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7061/12/12_chapter%205.pdf]

[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Chera dynasty]]
[[Category:Kerala history inscriptions]]
[[Category:Malayalam inscriptions]]

Mother Teresa & Me

2026-03-02T04:32:39Z

Simonaa: adding a stub basic info

{{Short description|2023 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mother Teresa & Me
| image = Mother Teresa & Me.jpg
| caption =
| director = Kamal Musale
| writer = Kamal Musale
| producer = {{ubl|Kamal Musale|Jacqueline Fritschi-Cornaz}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Banita Sandhu]]|Jacqueline Fritschi-Cornaz|[[Deepti Naval]]}}
| cinematography = Keiko Nakahara
| editing =
| music = {{ubl|Laurence Crevoisier|Walter Mair|Peter Scherer}}
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|05|05|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Hindi|English}}
}}

'''''Mother Teresa & Me''''' is a 2023 [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Indians in Switzerland|Swiss-Indian]] filmmaker Kamal Musale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=Mother Teresa & Me director Kamal Musale says, 'I am never insecure about box office numbers' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mother-teresa-me-director-kamal-musale-says-i-am-never-insecure-about-box-office-numbers-exclusive-2368945-2023-05-05 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It was released in theaters on 5 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepti Naval on playing strong female characters and her new film Mother Teresa & Me |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/deepti-naval-on-playing-strong-female-characters-and-her-new-film-mother-teresa-me/cid/1934503}}</ref> and stars Swiss actress Jacqueline Fritschi-Cornaz in the titular role of [[Mother Teresa]], [[Banita Sandhu]] as Kavita,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banita Sandhu on Mother Teresa & Me: 'I grew with the character of Kavita' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/banita-sandhu-on-mother-teresa-me-i-grew-with-the-character-of-kavita/cid/1935210 |website=The Telegraph online}}</ref> and [[Deepti Naval]] as Kavita's nanny.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mother Teresa & Me Review: Inspiring and gripping! |url=https://cineblitz.in/review/mother-teresa-me-review-inspiring-and-gripping/ |website=Cine Blitz}}</ref>

The film narrates the interconnected stories of [[Mother Teresa]] and Kavita, a young [[British people|British]] woman of Indian origin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=FILM: MOTHER TERESA AND ME (Kavita & Teresa) * |url=https://lenews.ch/2022/12/09/film-mother-teresa-and-me-kavita-teresa/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Le News |language=en-US}}</ref> It portrays Mother Teresa's early years in India and how she suffered while trying to work outside the [[convent]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Kristina |date=2023-09-01 |title=I met Mother Teresa when I was just 16. Here's what she taught me |url=https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/met-mother-teresa-16-taught-me |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Destinies Entwined: A Review of 'Mother Teresa & Me' |url=https://www.thecatholicthing.org/2023/10/03/destinies-entwined-a-review-of-mother-teresa-me/ |website=www.thecatholicthing.org|date=3 October 2023 }}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
The film begins with Kavita, a young British woman played by [[Banita Sandhu]], who faces personal struggles and travels to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to find clarity. There, she reconnects with her old nanny, played by [[Deepti Naval]], who had cared for her during her childhood. This nanny, who was the first girl adopted by [[Mother Teresa]] back in the 1960s, shares her experiences, drawing the narrative back to that era.

The story then shifts to a young Mother Teresa, portrayed by Jacqueline Fritschi-Cornaz, showcasing her dedicated work with the poor. Despite her external resolve, Mother Teresa experiences deep spiritual struggles and feelings of abandonment by [[Jesus]], a lesser-known aspect of her life. These parallel stories highlight the personal journeys of faith, compassion, and self-discovery.

== Cast and characters ==

=== Main cast ===
* [[Banita Sandhu]] as Kavita
* Jacqueline Fritschi-Cornaz as [[Mother Teresa]]
* [[Deepti Naval]] as Mother Superior
* [[Shobu Kapoor]] as Aparna
* [[Vikram Kochhar]] as Dr. Ahmed
* [[Kezia Burrows]] as Johanna
* Kevin Mains as Rupert
* [[Liza Sadovy]] as Sister Agnes

=== Supporting cast ===
* Gavi Singh Chera as Rajiv
* Bryan Lawrence as Van Exem
* Heer Kaur as Sister agnes
* Tom Bonington as Father Meuleman
* Lata S. Singh as Sister #2 in Train
* Preetam Ganguly as Priest
* Jaynit Parmar as Medical Doctor
* Stephen Schreiber as Helmut
* Claire Lacey as Doctor
* Kym Vincenti as Hospital patient
* Deepti Dyondi as Sister Maria
* Debashree Chakrobarty as Shanti
* Izabella Urbanowicz as Albania
* Momita as Student (as Momita II)
* Manisha Mondal as Student
* Elaine Carman Roberts as Nurse Receptionist
* Jina Baishya as Mita
*Mahi Khan as Young Deepali
*Ilyas Raphaël Khan as Musician

== Critical reception ==
''Mother Teresa & Me'' received a range of responses from critics. Abhishek Srivastava of [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] awarded the film 3 out of 5 stars, noting "While “Mother Teresa & Me” is a sincere effort to portray the lives of two determined women side by side, it falls short of providing a truly immersive experience for viewers. Despite its honest intentions, the film misses an opportunity to create a truly captivating and memorable story".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mother Teresa And Me Movie Review : This film is a sincere effort but falls short of providing an immersive experience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/mother-teresa-and-me/movie-review/99990077.cms |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The ''[[The Catholic World Report|Catholic World Report]]'' highlighted mixed reactions. Some [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] praised the film for its portrayal of [[Mother Teresa]] and the inspiration it provided. However, [[Brian Kolodiejchuk|Fr. Brian Kolodiejchuk]], the postulator for the cause of beatification and canonization for Mother Teresa, criticized the film for its depiction of Mother Teresa's spiritual struggles. He felt that the film did not fully capture the depth of her faith and perseverance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Strong reactions for and against the film Mother Teresa and Me |url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2023/10/04/strong-reactions-for-and-against-the-film-mother-teresa-and-me/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=www.catholicworldreport.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Abhinav of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' also commented on the film, stating, "Director Kamal Musale could have done wonders but stopped short of delivering a masterpiece for reasons best known to him."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mother Teresa & Me Review: The tale of two women |url=https://telanganatoday.com/mother-teresa-me-review-the-tale-of-two-women |website=The Telegraph online|date=7 May 2023 }}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Fr. Kolodiejchuk voiced strong criticism of the film. As the editor of Mother Teresa's personal correspondence, Fr. Kolodiejchuk highlighted that the film misrepresented her "darkness." He insisted that the producers were unaware of Mother Teresa's interpretation of her spiritual struggles and their significance to her life and vocation.<ref name=":0" />

Several [[Catholic]] leaders praised the film. [[Robert Sirico|Fr. Robert Sirico]], president emeritus of the [[Acton Institute]], described the film as well-written, acted, and produced. Derry Connolly, president of the [[John Paul the Great Catholic University]], called it "one of the best saint movies" he had seen in a long time.

Fr. Gerald Murray commended the film for its depiction of love and humanity, while Greg Schleppenbach of The Culture Project International and James Stella of the Mother Teresa Project at [[Ave Maria University]] also shared positive views.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=11228826}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Christianity]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Fayiz Muhammed

2026-03-01T21:46:50Z

Simonaa: started a info needs work!

{{Short description|Indian Violinist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Music|date=October 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Fayiz Muhammed
| image = Fayiz muhammed image.jpg
| caption = Fayiz muhammed performing in 2024
| native_name =
| birth_name = Faiz Muhammed K.S
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place = [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]], India
| genre = [[Classical music|Classical]], [[Music of India|Indian]], [[world music]], [[Fusion music]], [[Indian music]], [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = [[Violinist]], [[composer]]
| instrument = [[Violin]]
| years_active = 2016–present
| label =
| website =
}}
'''Fayiz Muhammed''' is an Indian [[violinist]] trained in [[Carnatic music]] and [[Western Classical Music|Western classical music]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/280619/music-sans-boundaries.html|title=Music sans boundaries|last=sreekumar|first=priya|date=2019-06-28|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-27 |title=Musicians of the world unite |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528013500/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/musicians-of-the-world-unite/article28194014.ece |archive-date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2024-07-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Patriotic song Desi Raag offers a reassuring message of unity and peace |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/patriotic-song-desi-raag-offers-a-reassuring-message-of-unity-and-peace/articleshow/78594648.cms |access-date=2024-07-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=വയലിനിൽ നാദവിസ്മയം തീർത്ത് ഫായിസ് മുഹമ്മദ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2019/11/01/violinist-fayiz-muhammed.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
Fayiz was born in [[Aluva]] to Saidu Muhammed T M and Shyla Saidu Muhammed. He was introduced to the [[violin]] as a child and started taking lessons in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Classical music|Western classical music]] from [[Kalabhavan]] at the age of 14. He did his graduation in Commerce from [[Union Christian College, Aluva]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.metrovaartha.com/news/31661/new-sensational-violinist-fayiz-muhammed-special-story|title=വിരൽതുമ്പത്ത് വിസ്മയത്തുമ്പത്ത്|website=metrovaartha.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>

==Performing career==
In 2016, he started a fusion band, ''Red Viola'' with eight other musicians while studying in college. The band does [[A. R. Rahman|fusion]] [[Cover band|covers]] of popular Indian songs.<ref name=":0" /> He has performed musical shows in India and abroad and has collaborated with [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Dhanush]] and artists [[Vaishnav Girish]] and [[Niranj Suresh]] at [[Asiavision Awards]] in 2019.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

He was part of a concert arranged at [[Global Village (Dubai)]] featuring 44 musicians from different countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulf-times.com/story/628364|title=Peace with a musical journey|date=2019-04-10|website=Gulf-Times|language=ar|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He composed the theme music for the 19th edition of [[beauty pageant]], Miss Kerala. In 2019, he made a cameo appearance as a [[violinist]] in the [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Pathinettam Padi]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|channel=UCPA46RUyahKHVoKaiOQlgmw}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammed, Fayiz}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Composers for violin]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Violinists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]

Ambapur Stepwell

2026-03-01T18:02:53Z

Simonaa: Made Details

{{more citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Historic building
|name= Step-well of Ambapur
|image=The many storied sub-structure of Ambapur Ki Vav.jpg
|caption =
|mapframe-zoom =16
|mapframe-stroke-width = 1
|mapframe-marker=water
|mapframe-wikidata = yes
|coordinates = {{coord|23.151821|72.610853|region:IN-GJ|display=inline, title}}
|location_town=[[Gandhinagar]]
|location_country= Gujarat
|architect= Local
|client=
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=
|completion_date= 15th century
|demolished_date=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|architectural_style= [[Hindu]] and [[Islamic architecture]]
|size= Five-storied deep well
}}

The '''step-well of Ambapur''' is a [[stepwell]] in the village of [[Ambapur Gujarat|Ambapur]], close to the state capital, [[Gandhinagar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/755972/photos-the-amazing-architecture-of-indias-ancient-step-wells|title=Photos: The amazing architecture of India's ancient step wells|last=Narayanan|first=Nayantara|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2017-03-02|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621203326/http://scroll.in/article/755972/photos-the-amazing-architecture-of-indias-ancient-step-wells|url-status=live}}</ref> The stepwell is believed to be built in the 15th century although it doesn't have any inscription. The step-well or 'Vav', as it is called in Gujarati, is intricately carved and is five stories in depth. Such step wells were once integral to the semi-arid regions of Gujarat as they provided basic water needs for drinking, washing and bathing. These wells were also venues for festivals and sacred rituals.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Description of Ambapur vav.jpg|Information board
File:Ambapur Stepwell.jpg|Pillars
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Stepwells in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gandhinagar district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gujarat]]

Siddantham Praneeth Raj

2026-02-25T03:31:45Z

Simonaa: put up new details

{{notability|1=Sport|date=February 2026}}

{{unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian cricketer}}

{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Siddantham Praneeth Raj
| country = India
| fullname = Siddantham Praneeth Raj
| birth_date = 3 June 1998
| birth_place = Musheerabad, Hyderabad, India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = All-rounder
| club1 = Hyderabad
| year1 = 2022–23
| type1 = FC
| debutdate1 = 24 January
| debutyear1 = 2023
| debutfor1 = Hyderabad
| debutagainst1 = Delhi
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/praneeth-raj-1355462
| date = 9 September 2025
}}

'''Siddantham Praneeth Raj''' (born 3 June 1998) is an Indian cricketer who has represented [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] in the Ranji Trophy and across multiple age-group competitions. An all-rounder, he has played in the Cooch Behar Trophy (U-19), Col. [[C. K. Nayudu]] Trophy (U-23), Men’s Under-23 One Day Trophy, Vijay Hazare Trophy, Vizzy Trophy, and the inaugural 2018 Telangana T20 League. He was the leading wicket-taker in the 2018 Telangana T20 League and has also played league [[cricket in the United States]].

== Early life ==
Siddantham Praneeth Raj was born on 3 June 1998 in Musheerabad, Hyderabad, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Praneeth Raj – Player Profile |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/praneeth-raj-1355462 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

== Domestic career in India ==

=== Under-16 Career ===
In 2014, Praneeth Raj was selected from Telangana for the India Under-16 squad for the Coca-Cola Cup, a national-level tournament for age-group cricketers. The Coca-Cola XI was formed by choosing the top 15 performers out of 27 participants in an intensive U-16 camp, with the squad announced by Saba Karim, Anthony Adams, Sanjay Bhardwaj and [[Chetan Sharma]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Coca-Cola XI squad of young cricketing talent announced |url=https://www.indiansportsnews.com/local-sports/33288-coca-cola-xi-squad-of-young-cricketing-talent-announced |website=Indian Sports News |date=29 May 2014 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref> Selected players were eligible for a development opportunity in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coca-Cola XI squad of young cricketing talent announced |url=https://www.indiansportsnews.com/local-sports/33288-coca-cola-xi-squad-of-young-cricketing-talent-announced |website=Indian Sports News |date=29 May 2014 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

A televised interview on T News (Telugu) also featured Praneeth Raj discussing his U-16 selection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Praneeth Raj interview on U-16 India participation (Telugu) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOZJXdW89Y4 |website=YouTube – T News |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Under-19 Career ===
Praneeth Raj represented Hyderabad in the 2016–17 Cooch Behar Trophy, India’s Under-19 multi-day competition for state and zonal teams.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cooch Behar Trophy 2016–17 – Hyderabad vs Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/cooch-behar-trophy-under-19-2016-17/match/81 |website=BCCI.tv |publisher=BCCI |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Under-23 Career ===
In October 2019, Praneeth Raj was selected for the Hyderabad Under-23 squad in the Men’s Under-23 One Day Trophy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Under-23 One Day Team Announcement |url=https://hycricket.org/HCA/under-23-team.htm |website=Hyderabad Cricket Association |publisher=HCA |date=26 October 2019 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

He was also part of Hyderabad’s squad in the 2019–20 Col. C. K. Nayudu Trophy,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Under-23 Team – Col. C. K. Nayudu Trophy |url=https://hycricket.org/HCA/under-23-team.htm |website=Hyderabad Cricket Association |publisher=HCA |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref> and named standby for the 2019–20 [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Vijay Hazare Trophy Team – 2019 |url=https://hycricket.org/HCA/v-hazare-team.htm |website=Hyderabad Cricket Association |publisher=HCA |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

=== First-Class Career ===
Praneeth Raj made his first-class debut for Hyderabad against Delhi in the 2022–23 Ranji Trophy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranji Trophy: Delhi hand Hyderabad nine-wicket defeat |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ranji-trophy-elite-group-b-delhi-humiliates-hyderabad-handing-nine-wickets-defeat/article66439068.ece |website=Sportstar (The Hindu) |date=27 January 2023 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad vs Delhi Full Scorecard – Ranji Trophy |url=https://www.abplive.com/sports/cricket/live-score/fullscorecard/hyderabad-vs-delhi-55611c |website=ABP Live |date=27 January 2023 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

He scored 27 runs in the second innings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad vs Delhi – Match Centre |url=https://www.cricket.com/live-score/hyderabad-vs-delhi-match-130-ranji-trophy-2022-23-217355 |website=Cricket.com |date=27 January 2023 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Vizzy Trophy (2018) ===
In 2018, Praneeth Raj represented South Zone in the Vizzy Trophy, an inter-university competition organised under the aegis of the BCCI.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI Match Centre – Vizzy Trophy 2017–18 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/vizzy-trophy-2017-18/match/2 |website=BCCI.tv |publisher=BCCI |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Telangana T20 League ===
Praneeth Raj was the leading wicket-taker in the inaugural Telangana T20 League in 2018, with 20 wickets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telangana T20 League: Top four clash in scorching semis |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/240218/telangana-t20-league-top-four-clash-in-scorching-semis.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 February 2018 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TT20 League – Highest wicket taker (2018) |url=https://x.com/TT20L/status/967881249279922177 |website=Twitter – TT20 League official |date=25 February 2018 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

V6 News (Telugu) reported his Man of the Match performance in one of the fixtures.<ref>{{cite web |title=V6 News Report – Telangana T20 League (Praneeth Raj Man of the Match) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIF52RmYDiA&t=139s |website=YouTube – V6 News |date=2018 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

== League cricket in the United States ==
Praneeth Raj later played league cricket in the United States. In the North Texas Cricket Association he appeared for Elite Lions and Elite Bears, and in 2021–22 he represented the Dallas Xforia Giants in Minor League Cricket (United States).<ref>{{cite web |title=NTCA Player Profile – Praneeth Raj |url=https://cricclubs.com/NTCA/viewPlayer.do?clubId=343&playerId=3606769 |website=CricClubs |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Minor League Cricket Player Profile – Praneeth Raj |url=https://cricketxi.com/minor-league-cricket-2024/players/siddantham-praneeth-raj-5880/ |website=CricketXI |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Major boost for US cricket with Minor League T20 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/minor-league-t20-a-major-boost-for-us-cricket-1227928 |website=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 December 2020 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==

=== First-class ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Format !! Matches !! Innings !! Runs !! HS !! Bat Avg !! Balls !! Maidens !! Wickets !! Best Bowling !! Bowl Avg !! Econ
|-
| First-class || 1 || 2 || 27 || 27 || 13.50 || 12 || – || 0 || 0/9 || – || 4.35
|}

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

M. M. Somaya

2026-02-18T12:40:51Z

Simonaa:

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = M. M. Somaya
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| full_name = Maneyapanda Muthanna Somaya
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|05|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madikeri]], [[Mysore State]] (now Karnataka), India<ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic Captains Of India |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/hall-of-fame/olympic-captains-of-india |website=Hockey India |access-date=19 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| position = [[Field hockey#Positions|Halfback]]
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps(goals)1 =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] }} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalGold|[[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow]]|[[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1982 Asian Games|1982 Delhi]] | [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|Team]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[1986 Asian Games|1986 Seoul]] | [[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|Team]] }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1982 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1982 Amstelveen]]|Team}}
}}

'''Maneyapanda Muthanna Somaya''' (born 8 May 1959) is a former Indian [[field hockey]] player and was employed with Bharat Petroleum Corp Ltd. As a field hockey player, he was captain of the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national team]] and played as a [[Field hockey#Positions|halfback]]. He played in 3 Olympic Games in 1980, 1984 and 1988. He was a member of the Gold medal winning team in 1980 and captained the Indian team at the 1988 Seoul Olympics.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/somaya-muttana-maneypandey-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418100052/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/somaya-muttana-maneypandey-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=M. M. Somaya Olympic Results |accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/007200906241782.htm|title=Olympians join forces to wrest control of MHA|date=24 June 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=4 December 2009}}</ref>

Somaya was a member of India squad that won the gold medal at the [[1980 Moscow Olympics]].<ref name="hindu_aug07">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/10/stories/2007081062082300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105020803/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/10/stories/2007081062082300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2007|title=Jaspal gets Sportsperson of the Year award |date=10 August 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=4 December 2009}}</ref> He went on to play in two more Olympic Games — the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984]], and the [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988]], captaining the side in the latter event.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/It-feels-great-to-put-on-India-jersey/278581/|title='It feels great to put on India jersey'|date=29 February 2008|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|accessdate=4 December 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708213547/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/It-feels-great-to-put-on-India-jersey/278581/|archivedate=8 July 2008}}</ref> Somaya had a successful corporate career after his playing days with [[Bharat Petroleum]]. In 2007, he was bestowed the [[List of lifetime achievement awards|Life Time Achievement award]] by the Petroleum Sports Promotion Board.<ref name="hindu_aug07" /> He is also a recipient of [[Arjuna Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm |title=Arjuna Awardees|accessdate=4 December 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071225221945/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm |archivedate = 25 December 2007}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Somaya studied at [[St. Mary's School, Mumbai|St. Mary's School]] in [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay) and completed his college education in the city's [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]]. He credited the "Jesuit system of education, where they place equal focus on sports, academics and extra-curricular activities" for his career in sports. He was picked in the national squad for the [[1980 Moscow Olympics]].

In 1983, for the Silver Jubilee 10-Nation Cup in Hong Kong, Somaya was named captain.He was also captain of the Indian team at the 1985 Asia Cup, Dhaka. He captained the team that won the Peugeot Cup, Nairobi, 1988 and also led the team in the drawn India-Pak series in 1988.<ref>{{cite news |title=Five in a row |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19831218-1.1.34 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=The Straits Times |agency=Reuters |date=18 December 1983 |page=34}}</ref> Somaya's only goal in the [[1986 Men's Hockey World Cup|1986 World Cup]] came against [[Spain men's national field hockey team|Spain]] in the group stage match.<ref>{{cite news |title=Second Indian slump |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19861009-1.2.47.5 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=The Straits Times |date=9 October 1986 |page=24 |language=en-SG}}</ref>

Somaya was employed with [[Bharat Petroleum]] (BPCL) during his playing days, and after retirement, went through several programs from institutions such as [[Indian School of Business]], [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]] and [[Arthur D. Little]]. He retired in 2017 as executive director of BPCL's aviation fueling and lubricant businesses.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sawai |first1=Akshay |title=How Indian Olympic gold medallist MM Somaya also achieved corporate success |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/sports-trends/how-indian-olympic-gold-medallist-mm-somaya-also-achieved-corporate-success-7216121.html |website=Moneycontrol |access-date=19 May 2022 |language=en |date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian hockey captains in Olympics]]
* [[Field hockey in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 1980 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1982 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1982 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 1984 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1986 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1988 Summer Olympics}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somaya, M. M.}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]

{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Point 5353

2026-02-16T01:11:42Z

Simonaa: updated page

{{short description|Mountain peak situated on the Line of Control in Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name= Point 5353
| other_name=
| photo=
| photo_caption=
| elevation_m= 5353
| coordinates= {{coord|34.52567|75.69866|display=title,inline}}
| location= [[Line of Control]], [[Kashmir]]
| parent= [[Himalayas]]
| map= Gilgit Baltistan#India Ladakh
| label_position= left
| country_type= Countries
| country= {{enum|Pakistan|India}}
| subdivision1_type= States
| subdivision1= {{enum|[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]|[[Ladakh]]}}
| subdivision2_type= Regions
| subdivision2= {{enum|[[Skardu District]]|[[Kargil district]]}}
}}

'''Point 5353''' (also called '''Point 17561''', and '''Marpo La Peak'''<ref name="A Ridge Too Far">{{harvnb|Singh, A Ridge Too Far|2001|p=87}}</ref>) is a mountain peak on the [[Line of Control]] dividing the [[Indian-administered Kashmir|Indian-]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Pakistani-administered]] portions of [[Kashmir]] in the vicinity of [[Dras]] in the [[Kargil district]].<ref name="Ganguly">{{citation |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |title=Deadly Impasse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_-lCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 |year=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76361-5 |page=137}}: Description of the [[Karachi Agreement|1949 Cease-Fire Line]]: "... thence to MARPO LA (to be shared by both sides), thence through Point 17561 [Point 5353], thence through Point 17352 [Point 5289], thence through Point 18400 [Point 5608], thence through Point 16760, thence to (inclusive to India) DALUNANG."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ludra, The Kargil Strike|2000|p=359}}: "In fact the Line of Control runs from Marpo La Pass which is not inclusive to either side, along the ridge line to Point 5353."</ref><ref name="Tribune rears">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020828/nation.htm#3 Point 5353 controversy rears its head again], The Tribune, 28 August 2002: A single page denial issued by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) said, "as far as Point 5353 is concerned, it is a Point on the Line of Control (LoC) as delineated after Simla Agreement. This has been authenticated on a map by Lt. Gen P.S. Bhagat of India and Lt. Gen Abdul Hamid Khan of Pakistan on a map on December 11, 1972".</ref> It is the highest peak along the Marpo La ridge and dominates the entire area on both the sides of the Line of Control.<ref name="Ludra dominates">{{harvnb|Ludra, The Kargil Strike|2000|p=359}}: Point 5353 dominates the Eastern Shoulder of the Pass, and since it is the highest point in that area it could be called the dominating feature. It dominates, by observation and fire, the complete area on both side of the Line of Control.</ref><ref name="Tribune dominates">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020828/nation.htm#3 Point 5353 controversy rears its head again], The Tribune, 28 August 2002: The denial prompted by the media reports ... conveniently overlooked the factor that the most dominating feature on the Indo-Pak border in the Kargil region – Point 5353 – is under the Pakistani army control.</ref><ref name="Mehta dominates">Gen Ashok K. Mehta, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040713/edit.htm Point 5353 still in Pakistan's possession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409223627/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040713/edit.htm |date=9 April 2016 }}, The Tribune (Chandigarh), 13 June 2004: Point 5353 is the summit of pinnacles on the watershed in the Dras sector. ... Its colossal domination of the Dras Bowl and Sandow valley was achieved by the Pakistan Army, cleverly using the two south-facing ridge lines emanating from it and paralysing the movement in Dras.</ref><ref name="Puri dominates">{{citation |last=Puri |first=Lt Gen Mohinder |title=Kargil: Turning the Tide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zptCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT130 |date=2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-940988-23-8}}: The entire Drass Sector including Mushkoh is dominated by a series of heights along the Marpola Ridge which emanates from Faranshat village in POK. Point 5353, a prominent height on this ridge overlooks both the Mushkoh-Drass Valleys and NH 1D, and dominates the approach to POK.</ref><ref name="Chandar dominates">{{citation |last=Chandar |first=Col Y Udaya |title=Independent India's All the Seven Wars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwxFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT536 |year=2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-948473-22-4 |page=536}}: Pt 5353 is the highest peak in this area (16500 feet). It is the most dominating feature in Dras Valley, and is on a confluence of number of spurs and overlooks the long stretch of Srinagar-Leh highway.</ref>

The peak became a subject of controversy after the [[Kargil War]]. Soon after the war had ended ''[[The Hindu]]'' correspondent [[Praveen Swami]] and an [[Indian National Congress|Indian opposition party leader]], [[Ram Kumar Anand]] claimed that the peak was inside the Indian side of the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) and it was captured by the [[Pakistan Army]] during the Kargil War. They also claimed that the Indian troops had unsuccessfully tried to recapture Point 5353 on 18 May 1999. The report also added that Indian troops captured [[Point 5310]] on the Pakistani side of LoC in retaliation in April 2000.

The Pakistani military has held possession of Point 5353 from the time of the war,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Point 5353 in Kargil Continues to be occupied by Pakistan|url=https://theprint.in/defence/why-point-5353-in-kargil-continues-to-be-occupied-by-pakistan/87213/|last=|first=|date=23 July 2018|website=The Print}}</ref> whereas the Indian Army has held the peaks in its surrounding on either side with a view to counteract any Pakistani activity on 5353.

== Geography ==
[[File:1923 SoI map of Dras Marpola Shingo.jpg|thumb|right|290px|The Marpo La pass and the Gultari and Drass valleys (Survey of India, 1923); Point 17561 is to the right of Marpo La]]
The [[Marpo La]] pass is one of very few passes in the high Himalayas of Ladakh that allows north–south communication.{{efn|{{harvtxt|Rammohun, Countering Insurgencies in India|2011|p=190}}: "The Himalayan range extending beyond the Kaobal Gali is steep and virtually impassable except for two passes across which these are old trails, one at Marpo La and the other at Chor Bat La."}} The [[Karachi Agreement|1949 Cease-Fire Line]] between India and Pakistan as well as the 1972 [[Line of Control]] pass through the Marpo La pass. The ridge adjoining the pass to the east, which is also referred to as the 'Marpo La ridge', runs in a northwest-southeast axis and contains a number of tall peaks. The Point 5353, so named because of its height in metres, is the tallest peak on the Marpo La ridge. Its older name is Point 17561, representing its height in feet.<ref name=Ganguly/>{{sfn|Malik|2006|loc=Chapter 3}}<ref name="Telegraph 2002"/>

The Line of Control in this area is flanked by the [[Shingo River]] valley of [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Pakistani-administered Kashmir]] in the north and the [[Dras River]] valley of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Indian-administered Kashmir]] in the south. Both these valleys represent major lines of east–west communication in the respective regions of Kashmir. The Shingo and Dras rivers join together further east near [[Kakshar]]. To the south of the Line of Control is India's [[Kargil district]] and to the north is Pakistan's [[Skardu District|Skardu district]]. A dominating feature in the area is Point 5608, which lies about 15 km to the east of Point 5353 in the Kaksar sector. It overlooks the Shingo Valley in Pakistan. Indian troops took control of this feature in the wake of Operation Parakram.<ref name="Point 5608 in Indian hands" >[https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/from-war-hero-to-outcast-131289.html From war hero to outcast], ''The Statesman'', 21 March 2016</ref><ref name=Kak/>

According to the Indian Army sources, the Point 5353 itself is on the Line of Control. However, after the end of the [[Kargil War]], a controversy erupted in India as to which side of the Line of Control the peak lay.<ref name="Telegraph 2002"/>

Point 5070, 3 km west of Point 5353 is the closest peak to the Marpo La pass.<ref name="Hindu reposition forces">
Atul Aneja, [https://web.archive.org/web/20171003132019/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/28/stories/01280007.htm India, Pak. reposition forces in Dras], The Hindu, 28 August 2000.
</ref><ref name=Kak>B. L. Kak, [http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2000/kashmir20000829b.html Pakistan Troops Pose Threat To Dras-Kargil Highway], Daily Excelsior, 29 August 2000.
</ref> The second tallest peak on the Marpo La ridge, Point 5240, is 1.2 km southeast of the Point 5353. Both points 5070 and 5240 are currently held by India, and are situated on the LoC.<ref name="Telegraph 2002"/><ref name="Praveen Swami 11 August 2000"/>{{efn|Gen. Ashok K. Mehta states that point 5240 is ''on'' the Line of Control.<ref name="Mehta 2004"/>}}

The Sando nullah (stream) starts just below the Marpo La pass and flows southeast, joining the Drass River. A track running alongside the Sando Nullah is the key communication link between the town of [[Dras]] and the Marpo La pass.{{sfn|Singh, A Ridge Too Far|2001|p=39}}

== Strategic significance, and the surrounding area==
[[File:Srinagar Leh National Highway No 1.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Srinagar Leh National Highway No 1]]
The Marpo La ridge originates from the Pakistani side of the Line of Control and consists of a succession of mountain peaks that overlook the Mashkoh and Dras valleys in the Indian-administered Kashmir. It dominates the entire [[Dras]] sector.<ref name="Bawa dominates">{{harvp|Bawa|2020|p=45}}: "The entire Dras sector, including Mashkoh, is dominated by series of heights along Marpola ridge which emanates from POK."</ref><ref name="Puri dominates" /><ref name="Mehta dominates"/> Point 5353 is a prominent peak on this ridge, overlooking the strategic [[National Highway 1 (India)|National Highway 1]] of India linking [[Srinagar]] to [[Leh]]. It is at an aeral distance of 12 km from Dras, which lies on the National Highway 1.{{Clarify|reason=All the peaks in the area overlook the highway, not just 5353. Misleading to suggest otherwise.|date=February 2021}}

In 1999, Pakistani forces occupied the high peaks that the Indian army had vacated with the onset of the winter in the region and directed artillery fire at the highway, which led to Indian retaliation and the small-scale conflict known as the [[Kargil War]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} The Indian Army fought to regain control of peaks it had lost to the intruders on its side of the LoC. These included [[Tiger Hill, Kargil|Tiger Hill]] and [[Tololing]] peaks and ridgelines, which posed a more direct threat to the highway. Point 5353 was not cleared during the war. Its status, along with that of the nearby peaks—Points 5165 and 5240—was settled during the negotiations after the end of hostilities.<ref name="Mehta dominates" /><ref name="Telegraph 2002" /><ref name="Praveen Swami 11 August 2000" /> The two sides had then agreed to leave Point 5353 as well Points 5165 and 5240, the heights which surround it on either side on the Marpola ridge, unoccupied, based on the consensus that had been reached during the negotiations. However, the consensus did not survive the immediate post-Kargil period. The Indians reoccupied Point 5240, besides Point 5165, in August 1999, while the Pakistanis, in turn, took control of Point 5353.<ref name="Mehta dominates" /><ref>Praveen Swami, [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/08/11/stories/14115502.htm Pakistan still occupies key Drass point], The Hindu Business Line, 11 August 2000. "When Pakistani troops detected the Indian presence on 5240, they promptly launched a counter assault on 5353. Seven days later, in early November, the Grenadiers unit on 5240 watched Pakistan take up positions on the more important peak."</ref>

For Pakistan, the strategic significance and their purpose for holding onto this feature lie in the fact that it provides them a view of the strategically important Marpo La pass, which India dominates.<ref name="Hindu reposition forces"/> According to one assessment, without Point 5353, they had been finding it difficult to do so.<ref name="Hindu reposition forces"/> Even before the Kargil war, the Pakistani military planners had been becoming increasingly concerned about their vulnerabilities in this region, having lost posts on the LoC at Marpo La to India before in the pre-Kargil period.<ref>Feroz Hassan Khan, Peter R. Lavoy and Christopher Clary, "Pakistan's motivations and calculations for the Kargil conflict" in {{harvp|Lavoy|2009|p=81}}</ref> To the south of the feature on the Pakistani side, however, lies a strongly glaciated tract, rendering the terrain inhospitable to the Pakistani army, which as a result has been pushed 5–6 km at the back, along the Shingo river, for building defences. This, as a result, has greatly degraded the tactical usefulness of this feature.<ref name="Hindu reposition forces"/>

India, in turns, controls Point 5070, a strategically important peak along the Marpo La pass. It lies on the Pakistani side of the LoC, about 10 km west of Point 5353.<ref name="Mehta dominates" /> The rest of the area in this region is glaciated, including what is called the Pariyon Ka Talab (literally meaning, "the pond of fairies").<ref name="Hindu reposition forces"/> Whereas the Indian supplies are moved along a path hugging the Sando nullah, Pakistani supplies are moved through the Palawar-Bunyal road, which runs along the Shingo river. Their supplies are first off-loaded in nearby villages such as Gultari and Farnshat, then sent to frontline positions including Point 5353.<ref name="Hindu reposition forces"/>

The Indian deployment on the 18,400 feet (5608 metres) mountain feature in the Kaksar sector along the LoC assumes significance in this context, for this feature overlooks the Shingo river valley in Pakistan. Sitting at this height, the Indian troops can subject the Palawar-Bunyal road to artillery fire at their convenience.<ref name="Hindu reposition forces"/> Indian troops are also deployed on the adjacent Point 5240, which is another important feature that allows observation of the area. Both Points 5070 and 5240 also overlook the Pakistani supply route for Point 5353.<ref name="Hindu reposition forces"/>

Point 5353, in turn, dominates the eastern shoulder of the Marpo La pass and the Sando nullah approach to the pass. Since it is the tallest peak in the immediate area, it is said to be a "dominating feature".<ref name="Ludra dominates" /> For the Pakistani army, the access to this peak has not led to a significant increase in their capacity to observe the Indian highway.<ref name="Hindu reposition forces"/> Several of its posts, on its side of the LoC, such as Point 5108, Twin Bumps and Taimur offer it a comparatively better view of the highway.<ref name="Hindu reposition forces"/> According to a senior Indian army artillery officer who had served in the area, India enjoys the advantage in this region, for it can subject greater stretches of Palawar-Bunyal Road under artillery fire. According to him, a number of Indian posts offer the Indian army an "unrivalled visibility" of the road.<ref name="TOI 2000"/>

The Indian Army says that the Pakistani occupation of Point 5353 does not pose a great threat to the National Highway or to its supply lines, and that the peak is not comparable in strategic importance to Tololing and Tiger Hill.<ref name="Telegraph 2002"/> Former Lt. Col. Kuldip Singh Ludra states, Point 5353 "dominates, by observation and fire, the complete area on both side of the Line of Control."<ref name="Ludra dominates" /><ref name="Tribune dominates" /><ref name="Mehta dominates" /><ref name="Puri dominates" /><ref name="Chandar dominates" /><ref name="Hindu dominates">Sandeep Dikshit, [http://www.thehindu.com/2002/08/28/stories/2002082804871100.htm Army fails to clear controversy over Point 5353]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, The Hindu, 28 August 2002: "The importance of this feature arises from the fact that it overlooks Marpo La, a key pass on the LoC which India dominates, and also supplements the Pakistani observation of National Highway 1A, lifeline of Siachen and Leh."</ref>

In 2000, Praveen Swami claimed in his reports that from Point 5353, the Pakistani army could direct artillery fire up to a 20 km stretch of the Indian highway.<ref name="Praveen Swami 11 August 2000"/> In the wake of artillery duels during Operation Parakram, however, he noted that the Pakistani soldiers at Point 5353 were unable to do so, whereas the Indians were able to blow up the Pakistani positions on Point 5353 using Bofors howitzers from the surrounding heights of Point 5165, Point 5240 and Point 5100.<ref name="swamiloc"/> Indian army officers state, citing what they call an "intervisibility exercise on a detailed contour map" that the Pakistani soldiers from a point 12 km away could observe only about 0.5 to 1 km of the road.<ref name="TOI 2000"/>

== Line of Control ==
The 1972 [[Line of Control]] is part of the [[Simla Agreement]] between India and Pakistan, whereby the two countries agreed to respect the line without prejudice to their respective positions in the [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir dispute]]. The line divided the Indian and Pakistani administered portions of Kashmir. It was delineated by six army officers each of India and Pakistan and signed on 11 December 1972. Its territorial precision is remarkable, according to scholar Brian Cloughley. Along with the agreement, a series of maps indicating the boundary were also prepared and exchanged by the two sides.<ref>{{citation |last=Cloughley |first=Brian |title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ |date=2016 |publisher=Carrel Books |isbn=978-1-63144-039-7 |pages=283–284}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Asian Recorder |chapter=Annexure VII: Asian Recorder, 1–7, Jan. 1973 (SUMMARY: Delineation Maps Exchanged with Pakistan) |editor=Jasjit Singh |title=India and Pakistan: Crisis of Relationship |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWEkDNZhojEC&pg=PA185 |year=1990 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-118-8 |pages=185–189}}</ref>

The LoC upon coming into effect superseded the erstwhile ceasefire line (CFL) of 1949.<ref name="Janesloc">{{Cite magazine |year=1990 |magazine=Jane's Defence Weekly |volume=13 |page=302}}</ref> The CFL had come into effect in the wake of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]. It, too, was delineated on maps during the [[Karachi Agreement]] of 27 July 1949. The LoC corresponds virtually to the 1949 CFL, save for minor deviations.{{sfn|Ganguly|2004|p=27}} It runs from the [[India–Pakistan border]] in the south to [[Point NJ9842]], covering a length of 740 kilometre.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=59}} In this region, both the 1949 CFL and the 1972 LoC ''pass through'' high peaks, starting from Point 17561 (5353m), thence through Point 17352 (5289m) and finally through Point 18400 (5608m).{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=62}}{{sfn|Bammi|2002|p=102}}

Praveen Swami, based on Army's one-inch maps, had estimated that the summit and southern side of Point 5353 were "unmistakenly on the Indian side of the LoC".<ref name="The Hindu inside">Praveen Swami, [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/08/13/stories/14135597.htm Controversy on point 5353], The Hindu Business Line, 13 August 2000: "First, the Army's own one-inch maps... make clear that point 5353 is on the Indian side of the LoC. Copies of these maps, in Business Line's possession, show that the Marpo La ridge, on which point 5353 is located, does slope down into the Pakistan side of the LoC. But the summit and southern face of point 5353, where Pakistan has built fortified bunkers, are unmistakably on the Indian side of the LoC."</ref> In his later works, however, Swami noted that the LoC passed through the summit of Point 5353.<ref name="swamiloc"/> A couple of other Indian newspapers have stated that Point 5353 was in Indian territory.<ref name="Telegraph inside">Rahul Bedi, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1352359/Fears-of-fresh-clash-over-Kashmir-peak.html Fears of fresh clash over Kashmir peak], The Telegraph, 11 August 2000: "Military sources said Point 5353, a 17,397 ft peak on Indian territory, was under Pakistani control..."</ref><ref name="IE inside">Manu Pubby, [http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/near-tiger-hill-point-5353-still-pakoccupied/488505/ Near Tiger Hill, Point 5353 still Pak-occupied], The Indian Express, 13 July 2009: "While the point is clearly on the Indian side of the LoC, it remains in Pakistani control..."</ref> While several other newspapers and commentators state that the point lies on the LoC.<ref name="Hindu reposition forces"/><ref name="Mehta 2004">{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Ashok K. |title=Point 5353 still in Pakistan's possession India's Kargil agenda is incomplete |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=13 July 2004 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040713/edit.htm#4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409223627/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040713/edit.htm#4 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="CLAWS"/> In 2002, ''The Telegraph'' reported that in the map that was shown to them, the Point 5353 was on the LoC.<ref name="Telegraph 2002"/>

==The pre-Kargil period==
In his book, ''MASHKOH: Kargil as I saw it'', Brigadier Umesh Singh Bawa, who was the commanding officer of his unit 17 Jat at that time, writes that in June 1998, when his unit was sent to Uplona, Baramulla for a mountain warfare course, he knew "something was brewing" over the LoC in the wake of the nuclear explosions that the two countries had carried out earlier in the same year.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=62}} At that time, the Pakistani army had been shelling the Indian highway to specifically target the Indian vehicles that were being used to transport supplies for the forthcoming winter. In retribution for the shelling, the Indian senior commanders had ordered Bawa's 17 Jat, besides 14 JAK RIF, which was till then held in reserves, for carrying out offensive operations across the LoC. Bawa's unit was then moved to Sonamarg in early-September 1998, and was allowed the time for the requisite acclimatization and preparation. Bawa narrates that his unit was allotted the task of capturing Point 5353, "across the LoC, close to Marpo La", with a view to silence the artillery observation post that had been supervising the shelling on the Indian highway and elsewhere in Dras.{{sfn|Bawa|2020|p=62}}

Bawa's objective was in the area of responsibility of 16 Grenadiers, which was the holding battalion, based in Dras, and had two companies deployed on the LoC in the area. Its commanding officer, Colonel Pushpinder Oberoi, Bawa learned through liaison, was not keen on the prospect of carrying out offensive operations across the LoC, as he thought that would entail changing the status quo, which would have created tensions in the region. But Bawa states, "I had a task in hand and had to complete what come may".{{sfn|Bawa|2020|p=62}}

Bawa proceeded about his task collecting information and drawing up his plan. He wanted the 16 grenadiers to send patrols to guide his unit as they were new to the area, but as it turned out the 16 grenadiers themselves had no idea about the terrain, for they had not sent patrols across the LoC hitherto themselves. Bawa realized during the planning that the task at hand was going to be daunting, and fraught with peril. The feature had extremely steep slopes on the front face, due to which an assault from the front could not be mounted. The rear slopes were found to be more gradual, but attacking from the rear, Bawa said, entailed crossing the LoC at night and the risk of getting detected by dawn as the area lacked any cover. Bawa was still contemplating about his course of action, when, in late September 1998, the Indian PM [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] initiated a peace process with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], [[Nawaz Sharif]], in the form of back channel efforts. Thereafter, the operations were put on hold and ultimately countermanded by the army.{{sfn|Bawa|2020|p=63}}

==Point 5353 during the Kargil war==
Some correspondents state that during the [[Kargil War]] itself there was never any doubt about the orientation of Point 5353 or the Army's intent to recapture it.<ref name="Telegraph 2002"/><ref>
Praveen Swami, [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1720/17200340.htm Fact and fiction on Point 5353], Frontline, 30 September 2000.
'No one appeared to be in any doubt about just where Point 5353 was during the Kargil war itself.... "The maps signed by the Indian and Pakistani DGMOs (Directors General of Military Operations) in 1972 clearly indicate that it belongs to India," the PTI despatch noted.'
</ref><ref>
Kashmir peak "recaptured" by Indian army; 16 reportedly killed, BBC Monitoring South Asia, 27 August 2002. {{ProQuest|452165601}}.
"It might be recalled that the then army chief, General V. P. Malik, had asked Brigadier Amar Nath Aul, the commander of 56 Brigade at Dras, at the height of the Kargil conflict to seize Point 5240 and Point 5353 from the Pakistanis, who had taken control of these peaks."
</ref> For instance, PTI reported in August 1999, "Meanwhile, fighting is still going on for recapturing the point 5353 in Mushkoh valley, situated on the Line of Control (LOC), which Islamabad claims to be part of Pakistan."<ref>
PTI, Pakistan army launches major build-up along Line of Control – Indian report, BBC Monitoring South Asia, 10 August 1999. {{ProQuest|452135188}}.
"Meanwhile, fighting is still going on for recapturing the point 5353 in Mushkoh valley, situated on the Line of Control (LOC), which Islamabad claims to be part of Pakistan."
</ref>

==Controversy after the Kargil War==
Soon after the [[Kargil War]] was over, some Indian media reported that Point 5353, a strategically important peak in the Dras sector, was still under Pakistan's control. After this, the Indian Army said that the media reports were an "inspired" campaign to malign their image. They said that the peak was never in Indian possession.<ref name="TOI 2000">{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Manoj |author-link=Manoj Joshi (journalist) |title=The peak of contention: Army says it was never ours |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 August 2000}}</ref><ref name="Samaddar Nation Form">{{citation |last=Samaddar |first=Ranabir |title=The Nation Form: Essays on Indian Nationalism |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-321-1679-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xiJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT272 |page=272}}</ref>

=== Praveen Swami's reports in ''The Hindu Business Line'', and subsequent controversy ===
In August 2000, a noted Indian journalist, [[Praveen Swami]], authored reports in ''[[The Hindu Business Line]]'' on this subject, wherein
he claimed, citing copies of "army's own one-inch maps",<ref name="Praveen Swami 11 August 2000"/><ref name="swami august 12"/> that the Point 5353 was "inside the Indian side of the Line of Control" and the Pakistani troops "held the mountain through the Kargil war and continue to do so today." According to Swami, "Artillery observers on peak 5,353 metres can direct accurate artillery fire on to up to 20 km of the [[National Highway 1A (India, old numbering)|National Highway 1A]], and cripple Indian defensive positions from Mushkoh to Bhimbet."<ref name="Praveen Swami 11 August 2000">{{Cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=Pakistan still occupies key Drass point |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=11 August 2000 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/08/11/stories/14115502.htm |access-date=29 September 2017 }}</ref> Swami narrated that, during the war, the Indian commander Amar Aul of the 56 Mountain Brigade was given the objective of securing point 5353, but he occupied two peaks on the Pakistani side of the Line of Control, point 4875 and point 4251 before the ceasefire came into force. Aul's tactics, according to Swami, were "designed to secure a subsequent territorial exchange." In the negotiations carried out between the Brigadier Aul and a Pakistani interlocutor called Colonel Saqlian in mid-August 1999, both sides committed themselves to leave the points 5353, 5240, 4251 and 4875 unoccupied.<ref name="Praveen Swami 11 August 2000"/> In October 1999, according to the report, Brigadier Aul decided to take control of the point 5240 as well as point 5353. 16 Grenadiers successfully took control of 5240. However, 1–3 Gurkha Rifles, tasked with taking control of 5353, did not proceed with the attack for reasons "still not clear". The report further claimed that the Pakistani troops, upon detecting Indian activity at 5240, retaliated at point 5353 and by November 1999, established themselves at the peak. Subsequently, they put up concrete bunkers on the peak and constructed a road linking the base of the peak to Benazir Post. Swami believed that the Indian Army then attempted to force a territorial swap by taking positions on the Pakistani side of the Line of Control in the Batalik sector, which lies to the east of Kargil. He noted that, in one such operation on 14 April 2000, the troops of the 14 Sikh Regiment occupied the until then unheld [[Point 5310]], which was situated one kilometre inside the Pakistani side of the LoC.<ref name="Praveen Swami 11 August 2000"/> Swami concluded by noting that "the end of the conflict is...not quite yet in sight."<ref name="Praveen Swami 11 August 2000"/>

Brigadier Surinder Singh, and a few others, who had all been removed from the command, had also accused the army, among other instances of command dereliction, of losing Point 5353 to Pakistan. This prompted the then Indian Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) [[Nirmal Chander Vij]] to issue a press release, with detailed maps and notes, in which he asserted that the LoC passes through Point 5353 as per the [[Simla Agreement]]. "This point", he stated, "was never under our control either before or after Operation Vijay in Kargil."<ref name="Mehta 2004"/><ref name="Data India">{{citation |title=Data India, Issues 30–51 |author=Press Trust of India |publisher=Press Institute of India |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f5tAAAAMAAJ |page=571}}</ref>

However, Praveen Swami stood by his report, stating that ''[[The Hindu]]'' had in its possession copies of the "army's own one-inch maps" as well as orders issued to the commanders to capture Point 5353 on 18 May 1999. Swami then said that the "Army's denial" had answered "none" of the questions he had raised, starting from the "army's own one-inch maps", which he claimed showed the summit and southern side of Point 5353 to be "unmistakenly on the Indian side of the LoC", and ending with the army's actions across the LoC in the Batalik sector. He further said that it was "unclear" why, if Point 5353 was not on its side or assumed to straddle the LoC, had the army occupied two peaks on the Pakistani side of the LoC with a view to barter them for Points 5353 and 5240.<ref name="swami august 12">{{citation |first=Praveen |last=Swami |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=Controversy on point 5353 |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=13 August 2000 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/08/13/stories/14135597.htm |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Praveen Swami 2004">{{Cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=Commander ordered capture of Point 5353 in Kargil war |date=29 June 2004 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/30/stories/2004063006391100.htm |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043009/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/30/stories/2004063006391100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

Swami, however, noted that the 16 Grenadiers' records "interestingly" showed Point 5353 as "a minor objective," and so did the entries in the service records of its CO Colonel Oberoi. He went on to note that "this assessment was vindicated during the artillery clashes in 2001–2002, when the Pakistani observation posts on Point 5353 were unable to bring accurate fire to bear on either the highway or nearby Indian positions. The Indian troops were able to tie down the Pakistani position with accurate fire, rendering it near-impossible for its superior altitude to be used to good effect."<ref name="Praveen Swami 2004"/>

Writing in ''[[The Tribune]]'' in 2004, [[Ashok K. Mehta]], an independent security analyst based in New Delhi, India, however pointed out that the peaks, which the local commanders of the two armies had agreed to leave unoccupied, were Points 5165, 5353 and 5240, which, he wrote, were all on the LoC. It is in this context, he noted that "None of these was ever with the Indian Army. Nor were these at the time in Pakistani possession."<ref name="Mehta dominates"/> He said that Point 5240 was captured by the Indian troops in late October 1999. Thereafter, they took Point 5165 as well in order to forestall their capture by Pakistanis.<ref name="Mehta 2004"/> According to Ashok Mehta, "Taking Points 5240 and 5165 was not difficult, keeping them was tough. The mystery was over not taking Point 5353. It appears the unit asked to do so said it was impossible to get there. But Pakistan had breached the local commanders' agreement and turned Point 5353 into a rope-maintained permanent post."<ref name="Mehta 2004"/>

Four years later, Swami himself took a contradictory position. Writing in the ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', he described the LoC to be passing through the summit of Point 5353. He wrote, "Consider, for example, the case of Point 5353, named for its height in metres above sea level, from the summit of which the LoC takes a gentle southeastern turn. In the wake of the Kargil War, a series of local tactical errors allowed Pakistan to occupy the southern face of Point 5353, allowing enemy forces a clear view of Sando Top, an important post."<ref name="swamiloc">{{cite news |last1=Swami |first1=Praveen |title=Beyond civilisation |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30221730.ece |work=Frontline |date=9 April 2004}}</ref>

=== Army rebuttals ===
In this context, General [[Ved Prakash Malik]], who was the Indian Army Chief of Staff during the Kargil war, stated: "The LoC in this area was drawn in 1972 by joining several heights (points) with straight lines. The line went over Point-5353. Sometime after 1972 – well before Kargil war – the Pakistan army had occupied it. During the war, 8 Mountain division made no attempt to capture it."
Similarly, Lieutenant General Amar Aul, who was named by Swami in his reports, said: "No army was occupying these posts before the war. Pakistan had occupied it before the war and it was not in our area…", while adding that no attempt was made to capture Point-5353.<ref name="toiquotes">{{cite news |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |title=The mystery of Point-5353: Did Army try to retake it? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-mystery-of-point-5353-did-army-try-to-retake-it/articleshow/70387849.cms |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=26 July 2019}}</ref>

In his book ''Kargil: Turning the Tide'', [[Lieutenant general]] Mohinder Puri, who was the [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of the [[8th Mountain Division (India)|8 Mountain Division]] during the Kargil War, gives his account of the matter: <blockquote>A lot of controversy was generated on the status of Pt 5353 after the war. This feature lies on the Pakistan side and to capture it, the attacking troops have to approach from the north entailing crossing the [[Line of Control|LC]]. Since the LC was not to be crossed and the feature being on Pakistan side, we had no plans to secure it. The enemy occupied Pt 5353 as an [[observation post]]. In turn, we were in occupation of a feature on the LC. The Pakistani CO established radio contact with CO [[16 GREN]] and requested vacation from this feature. We asked him to reciprocate and vacate Pt 5353 to which he agreed. However, he reoccupied Pt 5353 on 2 August and in retaliation besides occupying the feature vacated by us, 16 GREN was directed to occupy Pt 5245 which was southeast of Pt 5353. With this event the war ended in the Mushkoh–Drass sector.<ref name="Mohinder Puri">{{citation |last=Puri |first=Mohinder |title=Kargil: Turning the Tide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zptCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT130 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-940988-23-8 |page=130}}</ref><ref name="Mohinder Puri review">{{Cite news |title=Mohinder Puri's new book narrates first-hand account of Kargil War |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=29 December 2015 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/mohinder-puris-new-book-narrates-first-hand-account-of-kargil-war/articleshow/50367559.cms |access-date=15 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="indiandefencereview">{{Cite web |last=Puri |first=Mohinder |title=Kargil: A Ringside View |website=Indian Defence Review |date=24 July 2013 |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/kargil-a-ringside-view/ |access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref></blockquote>

''[[The Times of India]]'' quoted Indian Army officers saying that the Line of Control in the area follows an "imaginary line" connecting high points such as Points 5070, 5353, 5245 and 5608. It was said that the Indian forces control the highest one, Point 5608, whereas the Pakistanis control Point 5353, because that is what the terrain allows. They believed that the tactical advantage to Pakistan from controlling the point 5353 is minimal.<ref name="TOI 2000"/>

=== Ram Kumar Anand's allegations ===
At a [[press conference]] on 30 August 2000, an opposition party leader, [[Ram Kumar Anand]], alleged that Point 5353, along with five other peaks that belonged to India, was still in the occupation of Pakistan, contrary to what the Indian Parliament had been told. He claimed that Point 5353 was 300 to 500 metres inside the Indian territory. He supplied reporters with several documents to challenge the Indian Army's claim that Point 5353 was never in Indian possession. He claimed that India stationed army personnel on Point 5353 in 1992–93, who then cut off the supply routes of the Pakistani positions along the Line of Control for almost two months. He said that the Indian Army then said, the Point 5353 is "within our LoC and that we have every right to patrol the area," while claiming that this peak offered a 40 km view of the Pakistani side of the LoC.<ref name="Pakistan occupying six Indian peaks, claims MP"/> He also claimed that an Indian Army [[platoon]], led by [[Major (rank)|Major]] Navneet Mehta had tried to recapture the peak on 18 May 1999 but the attempt had failed. He demanded that "a fact-finding team of five Parliamentarians should be constituted to go to the LoC to verify the facts."<ref name="Pakistan occupying six Indian peaks, claims MP">{{Cite news |title=Pakistan occupying six Indian peaks, claims MP |last=Joseph |first=Josy |newspaper=Rediff News |date=30 August 2000 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/aug/30josy.htm |access-date=11 October 2017 }}</ref> Pakistan, the very next day, on 31 August, denied the allegations.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |title=Pakistan 'not holding Kashmir peaks' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=31 August 2000 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/904482.stm |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> ''[[BBC News]]'' quoted Pakistan's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign Ministry]]'s spokesman as saying that "Pakistan respected the Line of Control (LoC) with India" and its troops had not violated the ceasefire line. The BBC news report noted that Anand's claim "followed a report in an Indian newspaper that a strategic peak, Point 5353, was under Pakistani occupation."<ref name="bbc"/>

The Indian government, on its part, dismissed Anand's allegations as "motivated" and "harmful to the security interests of the country.<ref name="Data India"/> [[Minister of Defence (India)|Indian defence ministry]] on 1 September 2000 issued a press release that stated: "It is clarified that Point 5353 is on the line of control and not inside the territory under India's control" and "the controversy being raked up on this issue is based on distorted facts as borne out from maps of delineation between India and Pakistan in 1972." It further stated that "the ground situation is well-known to the government and India's posture along the LoC is militarily sound with an edge over the other side".<ref name="Tribune India 2000">{{Cite news |title=Pt 5353 on LoC: Defence Ministry |newspaper=The Tribune |date=2 September 2000 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000902/nation.htm#4 |access-date=12 October 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Defence ministry issues vague denial on Anand claims">{{Cite news |title=Defence ministry issues vague denial on Anand claims |work=Rediff.com |date=1 September 2000 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/01josy.htm |access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref>

Ashok Mehta said that in the encounter with RK Anand, the Indian Army was "forced to reveal certain information, which in national interest should have remained under wraps", adding that "Pakistan was prompt to report that it had not violated the Line of Control in Kargil."<ref name="Mainstream">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cE7hAAAAMAAJ |title=Mainstream |publisher=N. Chakravartty |year=2000 |volume=38 |page=30 |issue=37–51}}</ref>

General Malik, in his book ''Kargil: From Surprise to Victory'', discusses the matter in the context of Anand's allegations: <blockquote>In August 2000, an opposition party leader held a press conference and, without ascertaining facts from the Army, claimed that Pakistan was continuing to occupy six peaks on our side of the LoC in Kargil. The Army was once again brought into this political crossfire. It was alleged that the Army had not disclosed the true facts. There were several critical reports in the media the next day. Despite denials by Army Headquarters, and even by the Pakistani military spokesman, the controversy continued. A rather vicious report was published in the Statesman, New Delhi, in the first week of September 1999. When factual details were conveyed to the then editor-in-chief, C.R. Irani (who passed away on 23 July 2005), a journalist known for his courage and convictions, he promptly wrote an editorial entitled 'Sorry Chief! We Apologize for the Publication Yesterday'. In this column, he not only apologized but also condemned political leaders tending to denigrate the Army by making unverified statements.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=313}}</blockquote>

===Other commentaries===
*General Malik, in an interview to [[Rediff.com]] on 27 July 2001, when asked about to "clarify the controversy about Point 5353, which has reportedly been taken over by Pakistan?", said: "That is not true. The 1972 letter clearly shows, both on the map and in writing, that the LoC passes through 5353. Some of the Point's features are occupied by them and some by us. But the fact is that if you want to attack Point 5353, you would have to come via the Pakistani side. It is not with us. We had never occupied it. Point 5353 had been vacated by them for a while when the talks were going on. Then they reoccupied it, that's all. I don't know how this controversy started. But I saw the hand-sketched map in which somebody had put 5353 right next to Tiger Hill. That is wrong!"<ref name="Rediff 2001">{{Cite news |title='Pakistan thought the Indian Army's back was broken' |last1=Sreedharan |first1=Chindu |newspaper=Rediff News |last2=Joseph |first2=Josy |date=27 July 2001 |url-status=live |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jul/27inter.htm |access-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617034747/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jul/27inter.htm |archive-date=17 June 2017}}</ref>
*In June 2004, in the wake of the [[Kargil Review Committee|Subramaniam Committee]] report, Retired Brigadier Surinder Singh, who commanded the 121 Infantry Brigade and was sacked for alleged poor performance, claimed that the Point 5353, which was "adjacent to Tiger Hill", was 300 meters inside Indian territory.<ref name="Zee Surinder Singh">[http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/point-5353-still-under-pak-occupation-brig-retd-surinder-singh_162464.html Point 5353 still under Pak occupation: brig (Retd.) Surinder Singh], Zee News, 7 July 2004.</ref>{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=313}} While rejecting the reports of the [[Kargil Review Committee|Subramaniam Committee]], he told reporters that this committee was instituted to "cover up government`s failure and save the army`s top brass," while demanding the then Indian defence minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]]`s intervention for checking into the "authenticity" of the Pakistani troops' occupancy at Point 5353.<ref name="Zee Surinder Singh"/>

=== Operation Parakram ===
The Point 5353 controversy erupted once again during "[[Operation Parakram]]" (India's [[Code name]] for its [[Mobilization|military mobilization]] along the [[India–Pakistan border]]) which began on 13 December 2001, in response to the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|terrorist attack]] on the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].<ref name="Mehta 2004"/> By this time the area north and east of [[Zojila Pass]], including Leh, came under the newly raised [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]].<ref name="Mehta 2004"/>

In August 2002, ''The Hindu'' correspondent [[Praveen Swami]] reported that Pakistani troops had occupied Point 5070 in the early summer of 2002,<ref name="Praveen Swami 2002">{{Cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=Border skirmishes in Drass since May |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=24 August 2002 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/08/25/stories/2002082501730100.htm |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830100233/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/08/25/stories/2002082501730100.htm |archive-date=30 August 2005}}</ref> and in July, "after eight weeks of steady skirmishes, India reoccupied Point 5070 in the Dras sector." He further said: "Point 5070, named for its altitude in metres, dominates the strategically vital Mushkoh nullah in the Dras sub-sector."<ref name="Praveen Swami hot">{{Cite news |title=LoC turns hot again |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=23 August 2002 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/08/24/stories/2002082402630100.htm |access-date=24 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050125140452/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/08/24/stories/2002082402630100.htm |archive-date=25 January 2005}}</ref>

''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' of 27 August 2002, reported that "In a map shown to ''The Telegraph'' today at the army headquarters, Point 5353 is depicted on the Line of Control, at an aerial distance of about 12 km from Dras", and a battalion of the Pakistan Army's [[Baloch Regiment]] was in possession of the peak, which it said was flanked on either side (east and west) by a battalion each of [[Northern Light Infantry]] and [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]], supported by the Pakistani brigade headquarters at [[Gultari]]. It further stated that Point 5353 is on the Marpo La ridgeline that runs on or parallel to the Line of Control. Other spurs of the peak run south into the Dras sector. To its immediate south is Tiger Hill and the Mushkoh Valley. In 1999, Pakistani intruders occupying the heights in this sector were directing artillery fire on Dras and National Highway 1A and were alleged to have planned to secure routes for infiltration into the Valley." The newspaper quoted army officers as saying that, "There are heights from which we have a view of the PoK side and there are heights from where they have a view of our side. Besides, air observation posts (artillery observers on aircraft) can also mount a watch to direct fire. The view from Point 5353 does not seriously threaten our supply lines." It also quoted the then [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Defence Minister]], [[George Fernandes]], as saying in 1999 that "5353 is the point over which the Line of Control goes. The fact is our troops never occupied it. The normal practice has been that where the line goes over a peak, nobody occupies it." Nonetheless, it noted that "even if Fernandes is taken at his word, the continued occupation of Point 5353 by the Baluch battalion means that Pakistan has departed from "normal practice"."<ref name="Telegraph 2002">{{Cite news |title=Kargil leftover in Pakistan hands |last=Dutta |first=Sujan |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=28 August 2002 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1020828/asp/frontpage/story_1144073.asp |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109132356/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020828/asp/frontpage/story_1144073.asp |archive-date=9 November 2015}}</ref>

Ashok Mehta, in his article in ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', said, "Parakram had opened a window of opportunity in the Kargil sector for the new [[XIV Corps (India)|14 Corps]] to complete the Army's unfinished agenda for the Kargil war: seize Point 5353. While throughout April and May 2002, Point 5353 was pulverised with metal from [[Haubits FH77|Bofors guns]], sometimes 10,000 rounds a day, Concourse missiles, cargo ammunition and air defence guns in direct fire, by May-end, Point 5070, a pivotal feature about 10 km west of Point 5353, was quietly seized in a brilliant stealth operation. The post was named Balwan after the [[Jat Regiment|Jat regiment]] that took it. Balwan had turned the flank of Pakistani defences in the Dras sector. The Indian Army now had a grand view and domination of the [[Gultari valley]] through which Pakistani posts are maintained in Dras."<ref name="Mehta 2004"/>

The surprise loss of Point 5070 drew furious reaction from Pakistan Army, who used to occupy this peak during summer. The Pakistani troops launched several counter-attacks but failed to retake Point 5070, as the Indians, despite suffering heavy casualties, continued to hold onto this feature. Consequently, an enraged General [[Pervez Musharraf]] removed entire Pakistani [[Command hierarchy#Chain of command|chain of command]], including the Pakistani [[Brigade Commander]] and GOC of the Northern Areas for losing this peak. Subsequently, a new Commander of the Northern Areas was appointed.<ref name="Mehta 2004"/><ref name="CLAWS">{{Cite journal |last=Bhonsle |first=Rahul K |title=Kargil 1999: Limited War, Unlimited Consequences |url=http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1400824878Rahul%20K%20Bhonsle%20CJ%20SSummer%202009.pdf |journal=[[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]] |date=2009 |page=78}}</ref>

On 10 June 2002, an Indian Army patrol managed to make their way to Point 5353, where they found several wounded Pakistani soldiers crying for help. Afterwards, the date of the attack on Point 5353 was fixed for 17 June. The then Indian Army's [[Northern Command (India)|northern area commander]], [[Lieutenant general]] R.K. Nanavaty went to [[New Delhi]] with the final plan and for the green signal. [[Richard Armitage (politician)|Richard Armitage]], then American [[Deputy Secretary of State]] had arrived in Delhi a few days earlier, where he had revealed General Musharraf's pledge, in his words: "To end cross-border terrorism permanently, visibly, irreversibly and to the satisfaction of India."<ref name="Mehta 2004"/><ref name="No Exit from Pakistan">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VCyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |title=No Exit from Pakistan: America's Tortured Relationship with Islamabad |last=Markey |first=Daniel S. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-04546-0 |edition=illustrated, reprint |page=115}}</ref> Hence, George Fernandes, then India's defence minister denied permission to General Nanavaty to attack Point 5353 and thus the attack was called off.<ref name="Mehta 2004"/>

Praveen Swami wrote on 10 March 2004:
<blockquote>When Operation Parakram began a little over three years ago, both the Indian Army and the Pakistan Army began trading ferocious artillery fire up and down the LoC. In the high mountains, sudden winds and unpredictable atmospheric conditions ensure that shells rarely land where gunners intend them to. But, with a direct line of observation available to them, the Pakistani forces on Point 5353 should have been able to pass on corrections that would have enabled their artillery to obliterate Sando Top.

If, that is, the Pakistani troops on Point 5353 had been given the chance. Indian soldiers on three posts, namely Point 5165, Point 5240 and Point 5100, guided their superior 155-millimetre Bofors howitzers with devastating accuracy. Pakistani troops on Point 5353 were first hit with smoke-filled mortar shells, to flush them out of their bunkers, and then with air-burst artillery, which showered down shards of metal at great speed. Well over 40 Pakistanis are believed to have died on Point 5353. Pakistan could not reinforce the troops since the Indian soldiers on Point 5165 and Point 5240 were in a position to hit their supply lines.<ref name="War and peace on Gurkha Post">{{Cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=War and peace on Gurkha Post |date=9 March 2004 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/10/stories/2004031001731200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 September 2017 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
* [[List of mountains in Pakistan]]
* [[Shangruti]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Ludra |first=Kuldip Singh |title=The Kargil Strike: (A Study of the Failure of Indian Strategic Thought) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VJwAAAAMAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=T.K.S. Ludra |isbn=978-81-901218-9-7 |ref={{sfnref|Ludra, The Kargil Strike|2000}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Ludra |first1=Kuldip Singh |title=The Pen Supports the Sword, Kargil--A Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WduAAAAMAAJ |date=2004 |publisher=Institute for Strategic Studies Research and Analysis |isbn=978-81-901361-8-1 |ref={{sfnref|Ludra, The Pen Supports the Sword|2004}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Malik |first=V. P. |year=2006 |title=Kargil from Surprise to Victory |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-81-7223-635-9 }}
* {{citation |last=Rammohun |first=E. M. |title=Countering Insurgencies in India: An Insider's View |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fSpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 |year=2011 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-81411-66-7 |ref={{sfnref|Rammohun, Countering Insurgencies in India|2011}}}}
* {{citation |title=A Ridge Too Far: War in the Kargil Heights 1999 |last=Singh |first=Amarinder |author-link=Amarinder Singh |publisher=Motibagh Palace |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-931074-1-6 |ref={{sfnref|Singh, A Ridge Too Far|2001|p=87}}}}
*{{cite book |last=Bammi |first=Y. M. |year=2002 |title=Kargil 1999, impregnable conquered |publisher=Gorkha Publishers |isbn=978-81-7525-352-0 }}
*{{cite book |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |year=2004 |title=The Kashmir Question: Retrospect and Prospect |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-63633-740-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Bawa |first=Umesh Singh |year=2020 |title=MASHKOH: Kargil as I saw it | publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-81-7525-352-0 }}
*{{cite book |last=Lavoy|first=Peter R. |year=2009 |title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict | publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-48282-0}}

[[Category:India–Pakistan border]]
[[Category:Mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Skardu District]]
[[Category:Five-thousanders of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Kargil War]]

Sunil Agnihotri

2026-02-12T03:02:08Z

Simonaa: put up a pg

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunil Agnihotri
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]''
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[Film producer|Producer]]
| yearsactive = 1988 – present
}}

'''Sunil Agnihotri''' is a [[Bollywood]] film and TV producer and director. He has been described as the "king of television costume dramas".<ref name="Business India">{{cite book|title=Business India|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11651|accessdate=23 April 2012|year=1999|publisher=A.H. Advani|page=174}}</ref>

==Work==
Davaa was released in 1997 and was appreciated.
He then went on to produce and direct in 1997 a series called [[Betaal Pachisi (1997 TV series)|Betaal Pachisi]] which was a very successful as a TV fantasy series. However that year, he faced a lawsuit involving the US.<ref name="Business world">{{cite journal|title=Business World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qZaAAAAYAAJ|date=January 1997|publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika Ltd.|page=46}}</ref>

[[King Features Syndicate]] filed a case arguing that Agnihotri had copied the idea of ''[[The Phantom]]'' comic strips for the Betaal series.<ref name="Narayanan2007">{{cite book|last=Narayanan|first=Parameswaran|title=Law of copyright and industrial designs
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hc9AQAAIAAJ|year=2007
|publisher=Eastern Law House|isbn=978-81-7177-190-5|pages=17, 46}}</ref> However, the court said that only the unique expression of an idea could be protected, not the idea itself.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.sarai.net/research/knowledge-culture/critical-public-legal-resources/sustainingmyths.pdf
|author1 = Mayur Suresh
|author2 = Atreyee Majumder
|author3 = Lawrence Liang
|work = Infochangeindia.org
|title = Encountering the Sustaining Myths of Copyright
|access-date = 2012-04-23
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070716222922/http://www.sarai.net/research/knowledge-culture/critical-public-legal-resources/sustainingmyths.pdf
|archive-date = 16 July 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

The serial was full of songs, which were released on cassette, and was shot like a musical.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2002/aug/28899.htm
|work=Mid Day
|title=Sunil Agnihotri remakes a film into a serial
|date=2002-08-14
|accessdate=2012-04-22}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Credits !! Notes
|-
|1990 || [[Danga Fasaad]] || Director/ Producer ||
|-
|1992 || ''[[Laat Saab]]'' || Director, producer || Action, Crime, Drama, Thriller
|-
|1994 || ''[[Jai Kishen]]'' || Director || Action drama
|-
|1994 || ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' || Director || TV series partly based on [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]'s novel Chandrakanta
|-
|1996 || ''[[Yug (TV series)|Yug]]'' || Director || TV series. Fictional drama about the Historical struggle against British Raj
|-
|1997 || ''[[Daava]]'' || Director || Movie - drama
|-
|1997 || ''[[Betaal Pachisi (1997 TV series)|Betaal Pachisi]]'' ||Director/Producer || TV series
|-
|1999|| ''Jai Ganesha'' ||Director/Producer || TV series. The story of how Lord [[Ganesha]] still plays a part in people's everyday lives
|-
|2002 || ''[[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (TV series)|Aa Gale Lag Jaa]]'' || Director || TV series
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (2004 film)|Alibaba Aur 40 Chor]]''
| Director
|
|-
|2007–08 || ''[[Chandramukhi (TV series)|Chandramukhi]]'' || Director/Producer || 91 episodes
|-
|2009 || ''[[Black (Indian TV series)|Black]]'' ||Director/Producer || TV series - paranormal thriller starring film actor [[Mamik Singh]]
|-
|2011 || ''[[Kaala Saaya]]'' || Director/Producer || Reprisal series of '''[[Black (Indian TV series)|Black]]'''
|-
|2011 || ''[[Kahani Chandrakanta Ki]]'' || Producer and Director || TV series based on [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]'s novel series 'Chandrakanta Santati'.
|-
|2014 || ''[[Balwinder Singh Famous Ho Gaya]]'' || Producer and Director || Movie - Comedy
|}

==References==
{{Reflist |refs=

}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0013160|Sunil Agnihotri}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Sunil+Agnihotri | title=YouTube results for Sunil Agnihotri| via=[[YouTube]]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agnihotri, Sunil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bhai Parmanand

2026-02-06T06:00:43Z

Simonaa: page fix

{{Short description|Indian nationalist and prominent leader of the Ghadar Party and Hindu Mahasabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhai Parmanand
| image = Bhai Parmanand 1979 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Bhai Parmanand on a 1979 stamp of India
| birth_date = 4 November 1876
| birth_place = Karyala, [[Jhelum District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]])}}
| death_date = 8 December 1947
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_cause =
| occupation = [[Revolutionary]] • [[Freedom Fighter]]
| organization = [[Ghadar Party]]
| known_for = • Founding member of [[Ghadar Party]] • [[Ghadar Conspiracy]]
| movement = [[Indian Independence Movement]] • [[Ghadar Movement]]
| notable_works = ''Tarikh-i-Hind''
| monuments = [[Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies]]
| children = [[Bhai Mahavir]]
| other_names =
| website =
}}
'''Bhai Parmanand''' (4 November 1876 – 8 December 1947) was an [[indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] and a prominent leader of the [[Ghadar Party]] and [[Hindu Mahasabha]].

==Early life==
Parmanand was born on 4 November 1876 in [[Karyala]] ([[Punjab, Pakistan]]) to Bhai Tara Chand Chibber in a prominent Punjabi [[Mohyal Brahmin]] family and his father was an active religious missionary within the [[Arya Samaj]] movement.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab |last=Singh |first=Fauja |publisher=Punjabi University, Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies |year=1972}}</ref>

==Views on partition==
While reading letters of Lala Lajpat Rai to him in 1909, he had jotted an idea that 'the territory beyond [[Sindh]] could be united with North-West Frontier Province into a great [[Musulman]] Kingdom. The [[Hindu]]s of the region should come away, while at the same time the [[Muslim|Musulmans]] in the rest of the country should go and settle in this territory'.<ref>{{cite book|author=Parmanand, Bhai |title=The Story of my Life|url=https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life/page/n73 41]–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jaffrelot, Christophe |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&pg=PA193|date= 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6|pages=193–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4819117|title=Hindus- Muslims in 1857 & Emergence of 2 Nation Theory|access-date=19 May 2007|publisher=Shamsul Islam|last1=Islam |first1=Shamsul }}</ref>

==Overseas missions==

In October 1905, Parmanand visited South Africa and stayed with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as a [[Vedas|Vedic]] missionary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindustan.net/discus/messages/59/7813.html?940177813|title=Pakistan : Past Future Solutions Policy: 1|publisher=Hindustan Network|access-date=5 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927033550/http://hindustan.net/discus/messages/59/7813.html?940177813|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Parmanand visited [[Guyana]] in 1910 which was the centre of the Arya Samaj movement in the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/religion/hinduismhere/Lal-article.html|title=Arya Spiritual Center|last=Lal|first=Prita|date=1 May 2005|publisher=Hinduism Here|access-date=30 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214081924/http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/religion/hinduismhere/Lal-article.html|archive-date=14 February 2006}}</ref> His lectures increased their following there. In 1911, he visited [[Lala Hardayal]] when he was on retreat in [[Martinique]]. Parmanand persuaded Hardayal to go to the United States to found a centre for the propagation of the ancient culture of the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan people]]. Hardayal left for America, but soon located himself in Hawaii, where he again went on retreat on [[Waikiki Beach]]. A letter from Parmanand prompted his departure for San Francisco where he became an activist in the [[Anarchism|anarchist movement]].

Parmanand toured several [[British Empire|British]] colonies in South America before re-joining Hardayal in San Francisco. He was a founder member of the [[Ghadar Party]]. He accompanied Hardayal on a speaking tour to [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] in 1914 and wrote a book for the Ghadar Party called ''Tarikh-I-Hind''. He returned to India as part of the [[Ghadar Conspiracy]] claiming he was accompanied by 5,000 [[Ghadar Party|Ghadarites]]. He was part of the leadership of the revolt, and was sent to promote the revolt in [[Peshawar]]. He was arrested in connection with the [[First Lahore Conspiracy Case]] and was sentenced to death in 1915. The sentence was later commuted to one of transportation for life: he was imprisoned in the [[Andaman Islands]] until 1920 and subjected to hard labour. In protest against such harsh treatment of political prisoners, Bhai Parmanand went on hunger strike for two months. The King-Emperor, [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], released him in 1920 as the result of a general amnesty order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/historical-sikh-events-history-of-the-ghadar-movement-part-32.html |title=Historical Sikh Events: History of the Ghadar Movement part 3 – Return to India |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |publisher=All About Sikhs |access-date=5 August 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Death==
Parmanand died on 8 December 1947 of a heart attack. He was survived by his son Dr. [[Bhai Mahavir]], a prominent member of the [[Jana Sangh]] and BJP.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

==Legacy==
Named after him are the [[Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies]] in New Delhi,<ref>[http://examcrazy.com/colleges/india/delhi/BHAI-PARMANAND-INSTITUTE-OF-BUSINESS.ASP Bhai Parmanand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223203/http://examcrazy.com/colleges/india/delhi/BHAI-PARMANAND-INSTITUTE-OF-BUSINESS.ASP |date=15 December 2018 }}. Institute of Business Studies</ref> a Public School in East Delhi and a hospital also in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhai Parmanand Vidya Mandir|url=http://www.bvmschool.in/ProgramFiles/Login/HomePageNew.aspx|access-date=2021-03-30|website=www.bvmschool.in|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419131816/http://bvmschool.in/ProgramFiles/Login/HomePageNew.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Books ==

* Mera Antim Ashraya<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxrjYTr6zt0C&pg=PA5 |title=Mera Antim Ashraya : Srimadbhagwadgita: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Mera Antim Ashraya : Srimadbhagwadgita |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-380-8 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhai Permanand |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.478339 |title=Mera Antim Asharya Srimadbhagvat Geeta |date=2003}}</ref>
* The Story of My Life<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CHMoCHJl98C&q=bhai+parmanand+books |title=The Story of My Life: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: The Story of My Life |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-87100-38-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Bhai Parmanand - Prabhat Prakashan |url=https://www.prabhatbooks.com/author/bhai-parmanand.htm |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=www.prabhatbooks.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.238019 |title=The Story Of My Life (1934) |date=1934 |publisher=The Central Hindu Yuvak Sabha, Lahore}}</ref>
* Kāle pānī kī kārāvāsa kahānī āpabītī<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpYaSxQYXXIC&q=bhai+parmanand+books |title=Kale Pani Ki Karawas Kahani : Aapbeeti: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Kale Pani Ki Karawas Kahani : Aapbeeti |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-381-5 |language=hi}}</ref>
* Jeevan Rahasya<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoR_lJSRp6EC |title=Jivana rahasya: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Jivana rahasya |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-88139-99-6 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhai Parmanand |url=http://archive.org/details/bhai-parmanand |title=हिन्दू जीवन का रहस्य (Bhai Parmanand) |date=1985}}</ref>
* Veer Vairagi<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmanand |first=Bhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3T5gOpzTooC |title=Veer Vairagi: Bestseller Book by Bhai Parmanand: Veer Vairagi |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-382-2 |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Arya Samaj]]is
* [[Hindu reform movements|Hindu reformists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*''The Story of My Life'' by Bhai Parmanand, translated by N. Sundra Iyer and Lal Chand, The Central Hindu Yuvak Sabha, Lahore, 1934

{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmanand, Bhai}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Rama Krishna Puram

2026-02-01T14:30:49Z

Simonaa: small correct section to improve readability and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rama Krishna Puram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.566008|N|77.176743|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South West Delhi]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 = [[New Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation|SDMC]]
}}

'''Ramakrishna Puram''' popularly known as '''R.K. Puram''', is a residential colony in the [[South West Delhi district|South West district]] of [[Delhi]], India.

==History==

[[File:Delhimap.jpg|thumb|200px|Map of [[Delhi]] showing location of R. K. Puram]]
[[File:R.K Puram Sector 9.jpg|thumb|Sector 9 Colony Street, R.K Puram]]
Rama Krishna Puram area was built in the second phase of the extension of New Delhi. It was developed on the acquired Jat-dominated village of Mohammadpur.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vibha |title=Mohammadpur village in Delhi debates its name and past |website=Hindustan Times |date=2021-10-21 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/mohammadpur-village-in-delhi-debates-its-name-and-past-101633281239438.html |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref> Construction of R. K. Puram started in the late 1950s by acquiring illegally occupied barren lands. Developed by [[CPWD]] to the south-west of the Secretariat Building, its development continued until the 1970s, when R. K. Puram was fully established. It mostly contains double-storeyed housing blocks with 2–3 bedroom apartments for central government officers.

''Som Vihar'', named after Maj Som Nath Sharma, Param Vir Chakra, came up in the mid-1980s as a cooperative housing society for defence forces officers under the aegis of the Army Welfare Housing Organisation, in what is sometimes referred to as Sector 10. Some high-rise apartment blocks like ''Nivedita Kunj'' for senior officers were added in the 1990s. Gradually, markets were added in each pocket, along with schools and places of worship. Today the area also houses several residences of the Government of India.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urbanization, Urban Development, and Metropolitan Cities in India |author=Viswambhar Nath |chapter=Delhi Before 1947 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8069-412-7 |page=248 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Obd1vEVEPdgC&q=Paharganj&pg=PA244}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:1970s establishments in Delhi]]

Gyanpur Assembly constituency

2026-01-30T23:33:54Z

Simonaa:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gyanpur
| map_image = 393-Gyanpur.svg
| mla = [[Vipul Dubey]]
| party = {{Party index link|NISHAD Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,90,971
| constituency_no = 393
}}
'''Gyanpur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of [[Gyanpur]] in the [[Bhadohi district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Gyanpur is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 393 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Gyanpur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/gyanpur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Bechan Ram Gupta
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Harigain Ram
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Muralidhar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Banshidhar Pandey
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Ramrati Bind
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Shyamdhar Mishra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Bridhi Narain
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Sharda Prasad Bind
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Ramrati Bind
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Lalchand Pandey
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Ram Kishor Bind
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Gorakh Nath Pandey]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Vijay Mishra (gangster)|Vijay Mishra]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|NISHAD Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[NISHAD Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Vipul Dubey]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
[[NISHAD Party]] member [[Vipul Dubey]] won in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate, Ram Kishore Bind, by a margin of 6231 votes.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gyanpur<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = [[Vipul Dubey]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73446}}
|percentage = 34.12
|change = +2.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ram Kishore Bind<ref>{{cite web |url=https://swarnabharat.in/DharmarajBind|title=Dharmaraj Bind }}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:67215}}
|percentage = 31.23
|change = +12.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:34985}}
|percentage = 16.25
|change = +15.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Upendra Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:30753}}
|percentage = 14.29
|change = -6.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2469}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change = +0.65
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6231}}
|percentage = 2.89
|change = -6.8
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215254}}
|percentage = 55.06
|change = -1.69
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = NISHAD Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[NISHAD Party]] member [[Vijay Mishra (politician)|Vijay Mishra]] won in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 state assembly elections]] defeating [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''Mahendra Kumar Bind''' by a margin of 20,230 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Gyanpu<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Vijay Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:66448}}
|percentage = 31.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahendra Kumar Bind
|votes = {{formatnum:46218}}
|percentage = 22.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:44319}}
|percentage = 21.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ramrati Bind
|votes = {{formatnum:39205}}
|percentage = 18.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1034}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20230}}
|percentage = 9.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:208900}}
|percentage = 56.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.33|82.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bhadohi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Purushottam Karandak

2026-01-27T11:01:09Z

Simonaa:

{{short description|Marathi inter-collegiate one-act play competition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Purushottam Karandak
| logo =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date =
| begins =
| ends =
| frequency = Annual
| location = [[Pune]], [[India]]
| years_active =
| first = {{start date|df=yes|1963}}
| last = {{End date|2023}}
| prev =
| next =
| participants =
| attendance =
| organizer = Maharashtriya Kalopasak
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Purushottam Karandak''' is an annual inter-collegiate [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[one-act play]] competition where students from across [[Maharashtra]] participate while representing their respective colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/best-of-purshottan-karandak-take-stage-from-september-9-in-pune/story-Hk0Cwwd0TbIRD9QcwPoI2H.html|title=Best of 'Purshottan Karandak' take stage from September 9 in Pune|date=8 September 2018|first=Prachi|last=Bari|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/purushottam-karandak-at-its-best/849031/|title=Purushottam Karandak at its best - Indian Express|first=Swati|last=Chatterjee|website=Indian Express| access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> The inter-collegiate one-act play competition is known for giving a platform to amateur actors, some of whom have become professional actors, directors and playwrights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/15-actors-from-Purushottam-Karandak-to-feature-in-Rege/articleshow/21802122.cms|title=15 actors from Purushottam Karandak to feature in Rege - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date= 12 January 2017|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> In the 2023 edition of the event, the primary rounds will take place from 16 August to 30 August.<ref>{{Cite web |title=परुषोत्तम करंडक |url=https://www.esakal.com/pune/todays-latest-marathi-news-pne23r16680-txt-pune-today-20230814114752 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

==History==
The founding members of Maharashtriya Kalopasak were Purushottam Vaze, Bhagwanrao Pandit, Prabhudas Bhupatkar, [[Keshavrao Date]] and [[Datto Vaman Potdar]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/purushottam-karandak-a-launch-pad-for-artistes/story-KmZPptLwQMnK2IvgMLDjlK.html|title=Purushottam Karandak, a launch pad for artistes|date=23 July 2017|first=Prachi|last=Bari|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> The death of the founding member Purushottam Vaze aka Appasaheb in 1962 was a big loss for the theatre fraternity. In his memory Rajabhau Natu, a stalwart of experimental theatre, suggested to organize an inter-collegiate one-act play competition. Thus Purushottam Karandak was started in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/Purushottam-shaped-them/articleshow/32286247.cms|title=Purushottam shaped them|date=6 September 2010|website=Pune Mirror|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref>

In 2022, the awards were cancelled for the first time in the history of the event due to lack of merit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-19 |title=Purushottam Karandak award cancelled due to lack of merit; teams to be awarded |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/others/Purushottam-Karandak-award-cancelled-due-to-lack-of-merit;/cid8553271.htm |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=punemirror.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Venue==
Purushottam Karandak takes place at Bharat Natya Mandir located in [[Sadashiv Peth, Pune]] every year.<ref name=":0" />

==Famous participants==
Some of the actors and directors who were the participants of Purushottam Karandak are<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-stars-are-made-here-pune-inter-collegiate-one-act-play-competition-1586097|title=Stars are made here: Pune inter-collegiate one-act play competition|date=11 September 2011|first=Pallavi|last=Kharade|website=DNA India|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Pravin Tarde]]
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]]
* [[Jabbar Patel]]
* [[Satish Alekar]]
* [[Mohan Agashe]]
* [[Mohan Gokhale]]
* [[Mohan Joshi]]
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]]
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]]
* [[Subodh Bhave]]
* [[Shivraj Waichal]]
* [[Amey Wagh]]
* [[Abhay Mahajan]]
* [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]]
* [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]]
* [[Alok Rajwade]]
* [[Om Bhutkar]]
* [[Suvrat Joshi]]
* [[Vaibhav Tatwawadi]]
* [[Upendra Limaye]]
* [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Competitions in India]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Pune]]

Madho Singh (wrestler)

2026-01-25T20:39:49Z

Simonaa: adding initial bio nd citations

{{short description|Indian wrestler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Madho Singh
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1929|7|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hoshiarpur district]], India
| death_date = {{death year and age|2006|1929}}
| death_place =
}}

'''Madho Singh''' (1 July 1929 – 2006) was an Indian [[amateur wrestling|wrestler]]. He competed at the [[1960 Summer Olympics]] and the [[1964 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/madho-singh-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418033659/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/madho-singh-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Madho Singh Olympic Results |accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Madho}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Olympic wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1960 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1964 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]

{{India-wrestling-bio-stub}}

Engineering education

2026-01-17T17:15:06Z

Simonaa: typo fix

{{Short description|Educational activity of teaching knowledge and principles of engineering}}
{{redirect|Engineering college|the secondary schools in England|Engineering College (English specialist school)}}
{{Citation style|date=February 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
[[File:USMA Aerial View Looking North.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Military Academy]] in [[West Point, New York]], developed the first engineering education program in the United States in 1817.<ref>[https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/40594%28265%2941 "Early Engineering Education in the United States Prior to 1850"], ASCE Library, May 16, 2012</ref>]]
{{Engineering side bar}}

'''Engineering education''' is the activity of [[teaching]] knowledge and principles to the [[professional development|professional practice]] of [[engineering]]. It includes an initial education ([[Diploma in Engineering|Dip.Eng.]]) and [[Bachelor of Engineering|(B.Eng.)]] or ([[Master of Engineering|M.Eng.]]), and any advanced education and specializations that follow. Engineering education is typically accompanied by additional postgraduate examinations and supervised training as the requirements for a professional engineering license. The length of education, and training to qualify as a basic professional engineer, is typically five years, with 15–20 years for an engineer who takes responsibility for major projects.

[[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics]] (STEM) education in primary and secondary schools often serves as the foundation for engineering education at the university level.<ref>Douglas, Iverson & Kalyandurg, 2004</ref> In the [[United States]], engineering education is a part of the [[STEM fields|STEM initiative]] in public schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ed.gov/stem|title=Science, Technology, Engineering and Math: Education for Global Leadership |website=U.S. Department of Education |access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> [[Service-learning in engineering education]] is gaining popularity within the variety of disciplinary focuses within engineering education including [[chemical engineering]], [[civil engineering]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[industrial engineering]], [[computer engineering]], [[electrical engineering]], [[architectural engineering]], and other engineering education.
The field of academic inquiry regarding the education of engineers is called ''[[engineering education research]]''.

{{toclimit|2}}

==Africa==

=== Ghana ===
{{AI-generated|section=Ghana|date=August 2025}}
Ghana's engineering training landscape bridges the gap between theory and practice, equipping students with the technical knowledge and hands-on skills valued by the engineering industry. Students interested in engineering can enter the field at different levels.

* '''Traditional Secondary Technical Schools:''' These schools offer programs leading to the West African Senior Secondary School Certificate (WASSCE), which prepares students for university-level engineering programs.
* '''STEM Secondary Schools:''' Specialized senior high schools providing specialized training in Robotics, Aerospace Engineering, Biomedical and Agricultural Science
* '''Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Schools:''' These schools provide vocational training, awarding the National Vocational Training Institute (NVTI) certificate. This prepares students for immediate entry into specific technical trades.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-09 |title=Government merges COTVET and NABPTEX {{!}} Commission for Technical and Vocational Educational and Training |url=https://ctvet.gov.gh/government-merges-cotvet-and-nabptex-2/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=ctvet.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Polytechnics and Technical Universities:''' Offer Higher National Diplomas (HNDs) in engineering disciplines, typically lasting three years. These programs have a strong emphasis on practical skills and application, preparing graduates for immediate employment. Some polytechnics have also transitioned to offering four-year Bachelor of Technology (BTech) degrees.
* '''Universities''': Offer four-year Bachelor of Science (BSc) degrees in various engineering fields like civil, mechanical, electrical, or computer engineering.

Ghana's engineering profession is regulated by the Ghana Institution of Engineers (GhIE), an autonomous body established in 1968. Its authority stems from the Engineering Council Act 2011 (Act 819) and the Professional Bodies Registration Decree NRCD143 of 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://ghie.org.gh/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Ghana Institution of Engineering |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Kenya===
Engineering training in [[Kenya]] is typically provided by the universities. Registration of engineers is governed by the Engineers Registration Act. A candidate stands to qualify as a registered engineer, R.Eng., if they are a holder of a minimum of four years of post-secondary Engineering Education and a minimum of three years of postgraduate work experience.<ref>Engineers Registration Board of Kenya. [http://www.erbk.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=27 Registration of Engineers in Kenya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816025957/http://www.erbk.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=27 |date=16 August 2010 }}, Engineers Registration Board of Kenya website.</ref>

All registrations are undertaken by the Engineers Registration Board which is a statutory body established through an Act of the Kenyan Parliament in 1969. A minor revision was done in 1992 to accommodate Technician Engineer grade. The board has been given the responsibility of regulating the activities and conduct of Practicing Engineers in the Republic of Kenya in accordance with the functions and powers conferred upon it by the Act. Under CAP 530 of the Laws of Kenya, it is illegal for an engineer to practice or call themself an engineer if not registered with the board. Registration with the board is thus a license to practice engineering in Kenya.

===Nigeria===
Engineering training is provided by universities subject to accreditation by the National Universities Commission (NUC) and the Council for Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN).<ref>{{cite web |title=Accreditation Status of Undergraduate Engineering Programs of Nigerian Universities as at March 2023 |url=https://coren.gov.ng/accredited-universities/ |date=31 March 2023 |website=Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria}}</ref> A candidate can be registered as an engineer after completion of a five-year bachelor's degree (or equivalent) and four years of post-graduate work experience.<ref>{{cite web |title=Register as an Engineer |url=https://coren.gov.ng/service/engineer/ |date=1 July 2023 |website=Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria}}</ref> Previously, postgraduate education in engineering could be counted towards work experience. A candidate trained through a polytechnic may also be certified as a registered engineer on completion of a two-year Ordinary National Diploma (OND), a two-year Higher National Diploma (HND) and a post-graduate diploma (PGD) all in the same engineering discipline with two years of work experience after the PGD. Registration allows use of the protected title, registered Engineer (Engr). An alternative version, Registered Engineer (R. Eng) is also used although it is not formally recognized by COREN. Any person not registered as an engineer may not use any title that implies that they are registered Engineers. It is illegal to carry out engineering practice without a COREN registration. All unregistered engineers must work under supervision of an Engr.

COREN also recognizes other cadres of engineering work- technologists, technicians and craftsmen. Technologists and technicians are trained by polytechnics while craftsmen are trained by technical colleges. Technologists can become registered Engineering Technologists (Eng Tech) on completion of a two-year Ordinary National Diploma (OND), a two-year Higher National Diploma (HND) and three years of post-graduate work experience.<ref>{{cite web |title=GUIDELINES FOR REGISTRATION WITH COREN AS AN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIST |url=https://coren.gov.ng/service/technologist/|date=31 July 2023 |website=Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria}}</ref> A technician can be certified as a registered Engineering Technician (Tech) after completion of a two-year OND and two-years of post-graduate work experience.<ref>{{cite web |title=Register as a Technician |url=https://coren.gov.ng/service/technician/ |date=1 July 2023 |website=Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria}}</ref> A craftsman can become a registered Engineering Craftsman after passing the technical exam of the [[West African Examinations Council]] or [[National Business and Technical Examinations Board]] or a Trade Test Grade 1 from the Federal Ministry of Labour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Register as a Craftsman |url=https://coren.gov.ng/service/craftsman/ |date=1 July 2023 |website=Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria}}</ref> In addition, two years of work experience are required.

===South Africa===
Engineering training in South Africa is typically provided by the universities, universities of technology and colleges for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (previously Further Education and Training).<ref>Engineering Council of South Africa. [http://www.ecsa.co.za/index.asp?x=procedure Registration Process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016010008/http://www.ecsa.co.za/index.asp?x=procedure |date=16 October 2013 }}, Engineering Council of South Africa website, Bruma, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2008.</ref> The qualifications provided by these institutions must have an [[Engineering Council of South Africa]] (ECSA) accreditation for the qualification for graduates and diplomats of these institutions to be registered as Candidate Certificated Engineers, Candidate Engineers, Candidate Engineering Technologists and Candidate Engineering Technicians. There are many benefits to these attributes.

The academic training performed by the universities is typically in the form of a four-year BSc(Eng), BIng or BEng degree. For the degree to be accredited, the course material must conform to the ECSA Graduate Attributes (GA).

Professional Engineers (Pr Eng) are persons that are accredited by ECSA as engineering professionals. Legally, a Professional Engineer's sign off is required for any major project to be implemented, in order to ensure the safety and standards of the project. Professional Engineering Technologists (Pr Tech Eng) and Professional Engineering Technicians (Pr Techni Eng) are other members of the engineering team.

Professional Certificated Engineers (Pr Cert Eng) are people who hold one of seven Government Certificates of Competency and who have been registered by ECSA as engineering professionals.

The categories of professionals are differentiated by the degree of complexity of work carried out, where Professional Engineers are expected to solve complex engineering problems, Professional Engineering Technologists and Professional Certificated Engineers, broadly defined engineering problems and Professional Engineering Technicians, well-defined engineering problems.

===Tanzania===
Engineering training in Tanzania is typically provided by various universities and technical institutions in the country. Graduate engineers are registered by the Engineers Registration Board (ERB) after undergoing three years of practical training. A candidate stands to qualify as a professional engineer, P.Eng., if they are a holder of a minimum four years post-secondary Engineering Education and a minimum of three years of postgraduate work experience. Engineers Registration Board is a statutory body established through an Act of the Tanzanian Parliament in 1968. Minor revision was done in 1997 to address the issue of engineering professional excellence in the country.

The board has been given the responsibility of regulating the activities and conduct of Practicing Engineers in the United Republic of Tanzania in accordance with the functions and powers conferred upon it by the Act. According to Tanzania Laws, it is illegal for an engineer to practice or call themself an engineer if not registered with the board. Registration with the board is thus a license to practice engineering in United Republic of Tanzania.

==Asia==
===Bangladesh===
To be educated in engineering education in Bangladesh, one has to study for a long time. This length of time is required because a fashion engineer in Bangladesh has to acquire technical education from an early age.

*'''Technical School & College''' Engineer means skilled in technical education. And to be proficient in technical education, you have to be educated in technical education from childhood. So you have to pass (2 years) Secondary and (2 years) Higher Secondary from ''Technical School & College'' under [[Bangladesh Technical Education Board]].
*'''Polytechnic/University''' [[Institute of technology|Polytechnics]] and [[universities]] mainly offer engineering degrees. After secondary and higher secondary, one can get admission in polytechnic & University. Polytechnic & university institutes offer 4-year ([[Diploma in Engineering|Dip.Engg.]])and [[Bachelor of Engineering|BSc.Engg]] degrees. Different types of engineering degrees in Diploma are [[Electrical Engineering]], [[Civil Engineering]], [[Computer Engineering]], [[Electronic Engineering]], [[Marine Engineering]], [[Mechanical Engineering]], etc.

=== Hong Kong ===
In Hong Kong, engineering degree programmes (4-year bachelor's degree) are offered by public universities funded by the [[University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)|University Grant Committee]] (UGC). There are 94 UGC-funded programmes in engineering and technology offered by [[City University of Hong Kong]], [[Chinese University of Hong Kong|the Chinese University of Hong Kong]], [[Hong Kong Polytechnic University|the Hong Kong Polytechnic University]], [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology|the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]], and [[University of Hong Kong|the University of Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdcf.ugc.edu.hk/cdcf/searchProgramme.action?actionType=searchProgramme&mode=&lang=EN&keyword=&lvForm.universities=CityU&lvForm.universities=HKBU&lvForm.universities=LU&lvForm.universities=CUHK&lvForm.universities=HKIEd&lvForm.universities=PolyU&lvForm.universities=HKUST&lvForm.universities=HKU&lvForm.academicLevel=Ug&lvForm.modeStudy=FT&lvForm.categories=8&lvForm.programmeVariables%5B0%5D.item=ActEnrol&lvForm.programmeVariables%5B0%5D.oper=All&lvForm.programmeVariables%5B0%5D.val=&lvForm.programmeVariables%5B1%5D.oper=All&lvForm.programmeVariables%5B1%5D.val=&lvForm.programmeVariables%5B5%5D.oper=All&lvForm.programmeVariables%5B5%5D.val=&lvForm.programmeVariables%5B6%5D.item=EmploySit|title=Profile of UGC-funded programmes|last=University Grant Committee|website=University Grant Committee|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> For example, the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Hong Kong (HKU) has five departments providing undergraduate, postgraduate and research degrees in civil engineering, Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, as well as Mechanical Engineering.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://aal.hku.hk/admissions/local/admissions-information?page=en/faculty/faculty-engineering|title=Admissions Information {{!}} Undergraduate Admissions for JUPAS Students {{!}} The University of Hong Kong|website=aal.hku.hk|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> All programmes of Bachelor of Engineering under the [[JUPAS|Joint University Programmes Admissions System (JUPAS)]] code 6963 being offered are accredited by [[The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers|the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers (HKIE)]].<ref name=":0" /> With that standing, the professional qualification of HKU engineering graduates is mutually recognized by most countries, such as the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Singapore and South Africa.<ref name=":0" /> Applicants with other local / international /national qualifications such as [[GCE Advanced Level|GCE A-level]], [[International Baccalaureate|International Baccalaureate (IB)]] or [[SAT]] can apply through the Non-JUPAS Route.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugadmissions.engg.hku.hk/admission-requirements|title=Admissions Requirements|year=2019|website=HKU Engineering Undergraduate Admissions|language=en|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>

[[The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers|The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers (the HKIE)]] accredits individual engineering degree programmes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hkie.org.hk/en/quali/criteria/upload/page/55/self/59ba2b4d548ec.pdf|title=Professional Accreditation Handbook (Engineering Degrees)|last=The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers|year=2013|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> The process of professional accreditation also considers the appropriate Faculty in terms of its overall philosophy, objectives and resources.<ref name=":1" /> The professional accreditation of engineering degree programmes in the universities is normally initiated by a university issuing an invitation to the HKIE's Accreditation Board to carry out appropriate accreditation exercises.<ref name=":1" />

To become a professional engineer, senior secondary (Form 4 to Form 6) school students start by choosing science and technology related subjects, while at least passing English and Mathematics in the [[Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education]] examinations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://hkie.org.hk/sap/rtpe.html|title=HKIE Route to Professional Engineer|year=2011|website=Hong Kong Institution of Engineers|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> Secondary school graduates have to enroll in an HKIE accredited engineering programme, join the universities' engineering students society and join the HKIE as a student member.<ref name=":2" /> After completing a bachelor's degree in engineering, graduates undergo two to three years of engineering graduate training and gaining another two to three years relevant working experience.<ref name=":2" /> Upon passing the Professional Assessment, the candidate will be conferred member by the HKIE, finally becoming a Professional Engineer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkie.org.hk/sap/pa.html|title=HKIE Professional Assessment|year=2010|website=Hong Kong Institution of Engineers|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> The engineering profession in Hong Kong has 21 engineering disciplines, namely Aircraft, Biomedical, Building, Building Services, Chemical, Civil Control, Automation & Instrumentation, Electrical, Electronics, Energy, Environmental, Fire, Gas, Geotechnical, Information, Logistics & Transportation, Manufacturing & Industrial, Marine & Naval Architecture, Materials, Mechanical, as well as Structural engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hkie.org.hk/sap/index.html|title=The 21 engineering disciplines|website=Hong Kong Institution of Engineers|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>

In 2019, the Asian Society of Engineering Education (AsiaSEE) is founded in Hong Kong by Dr. Cecilia K.Y. Chan and over twenty founding members around Asia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiasee.org/|title=The Asian Society for Engineering Education (AsiaSEE)|year=2019|website=AsiaSEE|language=en|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> AsiaSEE is the first Asian regional network of higher educational institutions leaders with commitment to improve engineering education.<ref name=":3" /> The vision of AsiaSEE is to be the trusted body in Asia to facilitate communications and cooperation in engineering education between members, institutions, industries, stakeholders and like-minded societies in the world.<ref name=":3" /> The mission of AsiaSEE is to contribute to the advancement and enhancement in engineering education via research and practice for the future generation.<ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+QS World University Rankings by Subject 2019: Engineering and Technology: Hong Kong<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2019/engineering-technology|title=Engineering and Technology|date=2019-02-15|website=Top Universities|language=en|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>
!Rank
!University
|-
|18
|[[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology|The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]]
|-
|35
|[[University of Hong Kong|The University of Hong Kong]]
|-
|57
|[[Chinese University of Hong Kong|The Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
|-
|70
|[[Hong Kong Polytechnic University]]
|-
|79
|[[City University of Hong Kong]]
|-
|451–500
|[[Hong Kong Baptist University]]
|}

===Uzbekistan===
*[[Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent]]
*[[Tashkent State Technical University]]
*[[Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration]]
*Tashkent Automobile and Road Construction Institut

===India===
{{Main|Engineering education in India}}
More than 5,000{{dubious|date=September 2018}} universities and colleges offer engineering courses in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aicte-india.org/sallinstitiutesstatewisehtm.html |title=AICTE |publisher=Aicte-india.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421162521/http://www.aicte-india.org/sallinstitiutesstatewisehtm.html |archive-date=21 April 2012 |access-date=15 February 2013 }}</ref>

===Indonesia===
*[[Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology]]
*[[Bandung Institute of Technology]]
* Faculty of Engineering of [[Sebelas Maret University]]
* Faculty of Engineering of [[Andalas University]]
* Faculty of Engineering of [[Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University]]
* Faculty of Engineering of [[University of Indonesia]]
* Faculty of Engineering of [[Gadjah Mada University]]
* Faculty of Engineering of [[Diponegoro University]]
* Faculty of Engineering of [[Universitas Negeri Padang]]
* Faculty of Engineering of [[Universitas Negeri Malang]]
* Faculty of Engineering of [[Hasanuddin University]]
* Faculty of Engineering of [[University of Surabaya]]

===Malaysia===
Activities on engineering education in Malaysia are spearheaded by the Society of Engineering Education Malaysia (SEEM). SEEM was established in 2008 and launched on 23 February 2009. The idea of establishing the Society of Engineering Education was initiated in April 2005 with the creating of a Pro-team Committee for SEEM. The objectives of this society are to contribute to the development of education in the fields of engineering education and science and technology, including teaching and learning, counseling, research, service and public relations.
* [[Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]]
* [https://research.utm.my/cee/ Centre For Engineering Education, CEE]
* [[Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
* [[Tunku Abdul Rahman University College]]
* [[Southern University College]]
* [[Universiti Malaysia Pahang]]

===Pakistan===
In Pakistan, engineering education is accredited by the [[Pakistan Engineering Council]], a statutory body, constituted under the PEC Act No. V of 1976 of the constitution of Pakistan and amended vide Ordinance No.XXIII of 2006, to regulate the engineering profession in the country. It aims to achieve rapid and sustainable growth in all national, economic and social fields. The council is responsible for maintaining realistic and internationally relevant standards of professional competence and ethics for engineers in the country. PEC interacts with the Government, both at the Federal and Provincial level by participating in Commissions, Committees and Advisory Bodies. PEC is a fully representative body of the engineering community in the country. PEC has a full signatory status with [[Washington Accord (credentials)|Washington Accord]].

===Philippines===
The [[Professional Regulation Commission]] is the regulating body for engineers in the [[Philippines]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

In the Philippines the [https://batstate-u.edu.ph/ciee/ '''Center for Innovation in Engineering Education (CIEE)'''] at '''[https://batstate-u.edu.ph Batangas State University - The National Engineering University]''' operates with a visionary goals to elevate the standard of engineering education in the country and to cultivate individuals equipped to lead in the dynamic global knowledge economy. With a strategic focus on fostering academic and industry leaders, '''CIEE''' acts as a nucleus, fostering collaborations among interdisciplinary experts. This collective synergy promotes a seamless exchange of knowledge and resources, bridging the gap between academia and industry. '''CIEE's''' multifaceted support spans from steering engineering curriculum development to achieving targeted advancements in research, teaching methodologies, and assessment pedagogies. Notably, the Center spearheads professional training initiatives, empowering capacity building not only within our institution but across '''Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)'''. Integral to its mission, '''CIEE''' diligently cultivates and manages crucial industry partnerships, facilitating ongoing advancements in engineering education. Furthermore, the Center's commitment extends globally, evidenced by its orchestration of international conferences in engineering education and overseeing the publication of scholarly works, fostering widespread dissemination of pioneering ideas and research.

===Sri Lanka===
{{Main|Engineering education in Sri Lanka}}

===Taiwan===
{{Main|Engineering education in Taiwan}}
Engineering is one of the most popular majors among [[List of universities in Taiwan|universities in Taiwan]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} The engineering degrees are over a quarter of the bachelor's degrees in Taiwan.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Campuses include the [[National Taiwan University of Science and Technology]].

==Europe==
{{See also|European Engineer}}

===Austria===
In [[Austria]], similar to Germany, an engineering degree can be obtained from either universities or Fachhochschulen (universities of applied sciences). As in most of Europe, the education usually consists of a 3-year [[bachelor's degree]] and a 2-year [[master's degree]].

A lower engineering degree is offered by [[Höhere Technische Lehranstalt|Höheren Technische Lehranstalten]], (HTL, Higher Technical Institute), a form of secondary college which reaches from grade 9 to 13. There are disciplines like [[civil engineering]], [[electronics]], [[information technology]], etc.

In the 5th year of HTL, as in other secondary schools in Austria, there is a final exam, called [[Matura]]. Graduates obtain an ''Ingenieur'' engineering degree after three years of work in the studied field.

===Bulgaria===
The beginning of higher engineering education in [[Bulgaria]] is established by the Law for Establishing a Higher Technical School in Sofia in 1941. Only two years later however because of the bombs flying over [[Sofia]], the school was evacuated in [[Lovech]], and the regular classes were discontinued. The learning process started again in 1945 when the university became a State Polytechnic.

In [[Bulgaria]], engineers are trained in the three basic degrees – bachelor, master and doctor. Since the [[Bologna declaration]], students receive a bachelor's degree (4 years of studies), optionally followed by a [[master's degree]] (1 years of studies). The science and engineering courses include lecture and laboratory education. The main subjects to be studied are mathematics, physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, etc. The degree received after completing with a state exam or defense of a thesis. Absolvents are awarded with the ''Ing''. title always put in front of one's name.

Some of [[engineering]] specialties are completely traditional, such as machine building, computer and software engineering, automation, electrical engineering, electronics. Newer specialties are [[engineering design]], mechatronics, [[aviation engineering]], industrial engineering.

The following technical universities prepare mainly engineers in Bulgaria:
* Technical University Sofia
* Technical University Varna
* Technical University Gabrovo<ref>[https://www.tugab.bg/index.php?option=com_content&view=featured&Itemid=298&lang=en Technical University Gabrovo]</ref>
* University of Forestry
* University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy
* University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Sofia
* Agricultural University Plovdiv
* University of Mining and Geology "St. Ivan Rilski"

The Bulgarian engineers are united in the Federation of Scientific and Technical Unions, established in 1949. It comprises 33 territorial and 19 national unions.

===Denmark===
In Denmark, the engineering degree is delivered by either universities or engineering colleges (e.g. Engineering College of Aarhus).

Students receive first a baccalaureate degree (3 years of studies) followed by a master's degree (1–2 years of studies) according to the principles of the Bologna declaration. The engineering doctorate degree is the ''[[PhD]]'' (additional 3 years of studies).

===Finland===
Finland's system is derived from Germany's system. Two kinds of universities are recognized, the universities and the [[Ammattikorkeakoulu|universities of applied sciences]].

Universities award typically 'Bachelor of Science in Technology' and 'Master of Science in Technology' degrees. Bachelor's degree is a three-year degree as master's degree is equivalent for two-year full-time studies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aalto.fi/en/studies/about_studying_at_aalto/ |title=Aalto University studies-pages |access-date=15 February 2013 |archive-date=2 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015454/http://www.aalto.fi/en/studies/about_studying_at_aalto/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Finnish the master's degree is called [[diplomi-insinööri]], similarly as in Germany (''Diplom-Ingenieur''). The degrees are awarded by engineering schools or faculties in universities (in [[Aalto University]], [[University of Oulu|Oulu]], [[University of Turku|Turku]], [[University of Vaasa|Vaasa]] and [[Åbo Akademi University]]) or by separate universities of technology ([[Tampere university of technology|Tampere UT]] and [[Lappeenranta University of Technology|Lappeenranta UT]]). The degree is a scientific, theoretical taught master's degree. Master's thesis is important part of master's degree studies. Master's degree qualifies for further study into Licentiate or doctorate. Because of the Bologna process, the degree ''tekniikan kandidaatti'' ("Bachelor of Technology"), corresponding to three years of study into the master's degree, has been introduced.

The universities of applied sciences are regional universities that award 3.5-, to 4-year engineer degrees [[insinööri (amk)]]. An engineer's degree is normally 240 ECTS. There are 20 universities of applied sciences in Finland with a vide range of disciplines. The aim of the degree is professional competency with an emphasis on practical problem solving in engineering. Normally the teaching language is Finnish but there are also universities with Swedish as language of instruction, and most universities of applied sciences offer some degrees in English, too. These universities also award a Master of Engineering degree, designed for engineers already involved in the working life with at least two years of professional experience.

===France===
In France, the engineering degree is mainly delivered by "[[Grande École#List of graduate engineering schools (grandes écoles d'ingénieurs)|Grandes Écoles d'Ingénieurs]]" (graduate schools of engineering) upon completion of 3 years of Master's studies. Many Écoles recruit undergraduate students from [[Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles|CPGE]] (two- or three-year high level program after the [[Baccalauréat]]), even though some of them include an integrated undergraduate cycle. Other students accessing these Grandes Ecoles may come from other horizons, such as DUT or BTS (technical two-year university degrees) or standard two-year university degrees. In all cases, recruitment is highly selective. Hence graduate engineers in France have studied a minimum of five years after the baccalaureate. Since 2013, the French engineering degree is recognized by the AACRAO as a Master of Science in engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://highereducation.frenchculture.org/news/accord-historique-pour-les-ingenieurs-francais-aux-etats-unis|title=Accord historique pour les ingénieurs français aux Etats-Unis|access-date=30 December 2013|archive-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903230059/http://highereducation.frenchculture.org/news/accord-historique-pour-les-ingenieurs-francais-aux-etats-unis|url-status=dead}}</ref>
To be able to deliver the engineering degree, an École Master 's curriculum has to be validated by the [[Commission des titres d'ingénieur]] ([[Commission des titres d'ingénieur|Commission of the Engineering Title]]). It is important for the external observer to note that the system in France is extremely demanding in its entrance requirements ([[numerus clausus]], using student rank in exams as the only criterion), despite being almost free of tuition fees, and much stricter in regards to the academic level of applying students than many other systems. The system focuses solely on selecting students by their engineering fundamental disciplines (mathematics, physics) abilities rather than their financial ability to finance large tuition fees, thus enabling a wider population access to higher education. In fact, being a graduate engineer in France is considered as being near/at the top of the social/professional ladder. The engineering profession grew from the military and the nobility in the 18th century. Before the [[French Revolution]], engineers were trained in schools for technical officers, like "École d'Arts et Métiers" ([[Arts et Métiers ParisTech]]) established in 1780. Then, other schools were created, for instance the [[École polytechnique]] and the [[Conservatoire national des arts et métiers]] which was established in 1794. Polytechnique is one of the ''grandes écoles'' that have traditionally prepared technocrats to lead French government and industry, and has been one of the most privileged routes into the elite divisions of the civil service known as the [[French Civil Service#Great corps of the State|"grands corps de l'État"]].

Inside a French company the title of ''Ingénieur'' refers to a rank in qualification and is not restricted. Therefore, there are sometimes ''Ingénieurs des Ventes'' (Sales Engineers), ''Ingénieur Marketing'', ''Ingénieur Bancaire'' (Banking Engineer), ''Ingénieur Recherche & Développement'' (R&D Engineer), etc.

===Germany===
In [[Germany]], the term ''Ingenieur'' (engineer) is legally protected and may only be used by graduates of a university degree program in engineering. Such degrees are offered by universities (''Universitäten''), including ''Technische Universitäten'' (universities of technology) and ''[[Technische Hochschule]]n'', or [[Fachhochschule|''Fachhochschulen'']] (universities of applied sciences).

Since the [[Bologna Process|Bologna reforms]], students receive a bachelor's degree (3–4 years of studies), optionally followed by a master's degree (1–2 years of studies). Prior to the country adopting the Bologna system, the first and only pre-doctorate degree received after completing engineering education at university was the German ''[[Diplom]]ingenieur'' (Dipl.-Ing.). The engineering [[doctorate]] is the ''[[Doktoringenieur]]'' (Dr.-Ing.).

===Italy===
In [[Italy]], the engineering degree and "engineer" title is delivered by polytechnic universities upon completion of 3 years of studies (laurea). Additional master's degree (2 years) and doctorate programs (3 years) provide the title of "dottore di ricerca in ingegneria". Students that started studies in polytechnic universities before 2005 (when Italy adopted the Bologna declaration) need to complete a 5-year program to get the engineer title. In this case the master's degree is obtained after 1 year of studies.
Only people with an engineer title can be employed as "engineers". Still, some with competence and experience in an engineering field that do not have such a title, can still be employed to perform engineering tasks as "specialist", "assistant", "technologist" or "technician". But, only engineers can take legal responsibility and provide guarantee upon the work done by a team in their area of expertise. Sometimes a company working in this area, which temporarily does not have any employees with an engineer title must pay for an external service of an engineering audit to provide legal guarantee for their products or services.

===The Netherlands===
In the [[Netherlands]] there are two ways to study engineering, i.e. at the Dutch 'technical [[Vocational university#Netherlands|hogeschool]]', which is a [[professional school]] (equivalent to a [[university of applied sciences]] internationally) and awards a practically orientated degree with the pre-nominal ''ing.'' after four years study. Or at the university, which offers a more academically oriented degree with the pre-nominal ''ir.'' after five years study. Both are abbreviations of the title [[Ingenieur]].

In 2002 when the [[Netherlands]] switched to the Bachelor-Master system. This is a consequence of the [[Bologna process]]. In this accord 29 European countries agreed to harmonize their higher education system and create a [[European higher education area]]. In this system the professional schools award bachelor's degrees like ''BEng'' or ''BASc'' after four years study. And the universities with engineering programs award the bachelor's degree ''BSc'' after the third year. A university bachelor is usually continuing his education for one or two more years to earn his master's degree ''MSc''. Adjacent to these degrees, the old titles of the pre-populated system are still in use. A ''vocational'' bachelor may be admitted to a university master's degree program although often they are required to take additional courses.

===Poland===
In [[Poland]] after 3,5–4 years of technical studies, one gets '''inżynier''' degree ('''inż.'''), which corresponds to ''BSc'' or ''BEng'' After that, one can continue studies, and after 2 years of post-graduate programme (supplementary studies) can obtain additional ''MSc'' (or ''MEng'') degree, called '''magister''', '''mgr''', and that time one has two degrees: '''magister inżynier''', '''mgr inż.''' (literally: ''master engineer''). The ''mgr'' degree formerly (until full adaptation of [[Bologna process]] by university) could be obtained in integrated 5 years BSc-MSc programme studies. Graduates having ''magister inżynier'' degree, can start 4 years doctorate studies (PhD), which require opening of doctoral proceedings (''przewód doktorski''), carrying out own research, passing some exams (''e.g.'' foreign language, philosophy, economy, leading subjects), writing and defense of doctoral thesis. Some PhD students have also classes with undergraduate students (BSc, MSc). Graduate of doctorate studies of technical university holds ''scientific degree'' of '''doktor nauk technicznych''', '''dr inż.''', (literally: ''"doctor of technical sciences"'') or other ''e.g.'' ''Doktor Nauk Chemicznych'' (lit. ''"doctor of chemical sciences"'').

===Portugal===
In Portugal, there are two paths to study engineering: the [[polytechnic (Portugal)|polytechnic]] and the university paths. In theory, but many times not so much in practice, the polytechnic path is more practical oriented, the university path being more research oriented.

In this system, the polytechnic institutes award a ''licenciatura'' (bachelor) in engineering degree after three years of study, that can be complemented by a ''mestrado'' (master) in engineering after two plus years of study.

Regarding the universities, they offer both engineering programs similar to those of the polytechnics (three years ''licenciatura'' plus two years ''mestrado'') as ''mestrado integrados'' (integrated master's) in engineering programs. The ''mestrado integrado'' programs take five years of study to complete, awarding a ''licenciatura'' degree in engineering sciences after the first three years and a ''mestrado'' degree in engineering after the whole five years. Further, the universities also offer ''doutoramento'' (PhD) programs in engineering.

Being an holder of an academic degree in engineering is not enough to practice the profession of engineer and to have the legal right of the use of the title ''engenheiro'' (engineer) in Portugal. For that, it is necessary to be admitted and be a member of the [[Ordem dos Engenheiros]] (Portuguese institution of engineers). At the Ordem dos Engenheiros, an engineer is classified as an E1, E2 or E3 grade engineer, accordingly with the higher engineer degree he or she holds. Holders of the ancient pre-Bologna declaration five years ''licenciatura'' degrees in engineering are classified as E2 engineers.

===Romania===
In [[Romania]], the engineering degree and "engineer" title is delivered by technology and polytechnics universities upon completion of 4 years of studies. Additional master's degree (2 years) and doctorate programs (4–5 years) provide the title of "doctor inginer". Students that started studies in polytechnic universities before 2005 (when Romania adopted the Bologna declaration) needed to complete a 5-year program to get the engineer title. In this case the master's degree is obtained after 1 year of studies.
Only people with an engineer title can be employed as engineers. Still, some with competence and experience in an engineering field that do not have such a title, can still be employed to perform engineering tasks as "specialist", "assistant", "technologist" or "technician". But, only engineers can take legal responsibility and provide guarantee upon the work done by a team in their area of expertise. Sometimes a company working in this area, which temporarily does not have any employees with an engineer title must pay for an external service of an engineering audit to provide legal guarantee for their products or services.

===Russia===
{{Quote box
|quote = Students in Soviet engineering institutes did not major in mechanical or electrical engineering... but instead of one of hundreds of subspecialties... [for example] The Commissariat of Heavy Industry insisted on separate engineers for oil-based paints and non-oil-based paints.
|source = [[Loren Graham]], Proceedings, American Philosophical Society (vol. 140, No. 2, 1996)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0kLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA175|title=Proceedings, American Philosophical Society (vol. 140, No. 2, 1996)|publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=9781422370056}}</ref>
|align = right
|width = 50%
}}
[[Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation]] was a first Russian educational institution founded by [[Peter the Great]] in 1701. It provided Russians with technical education for the first time and much of its curriculum was devoted to producing sailors, engineers, cartographers and bombardiers to support Russian expanding navy and army.
Then in 1810, the Saint Petersburg [[Military engineering-technical university]] becomes the first engineering [[higher learning institution]] in the [[Russian Empire]], after addition of officers classes and application of five-year term of teaching. So initially more rigorisms of standards and teaching terms became the traditional historical feature of the Russian engineering education in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://works.tarefer.ru/33/101252/index.html|title=Реферат История Подготовка инженеров России в XIX веке|access-date=25 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804211645/http://works.tarefer.ru/33/101252/index.html|archive-date=4 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Slovakia===
In [[Slovakia]], an engineer (''inžinier'') is considered to be a person holding master's degree in technical sciences or economics. Several technical and economic universities offer 4-5-year master study in the fields of chemistry, agriculture, material technology, computer science, electrical and mechanical engineering, nuclear physics and technology or economics. A bachelor's degree in similar field is prerequisite. Absolvents are awarded with the ''Ing.'' title always put in front of one's name; eventual follow-up doctoral study is offered both by universities and some institutes of the [[Slovak Academy of Sciences]].

===Spain===
In [[Spain]], the engineering degree is delivered by universities in Engineering Schools, called "Escuelas de Ingeniería". Like with any other degree in Spain, students need to pass a series of examinations based on Bachillerato's subjects (Selectividad), select their bachelor's degree, and their marks determine whether they are access the degree they want or not.

Students receive first a grado degree (4 years of studies) followed by a master's degree (1–2 years of studies) according to the principles of the Bologna declaration, though traditionally, the degree received after completing an engineering education is the Spanish title of "Ingeniero". Using the title "Ingeniero" is legally regulated and limited to the according academic graduates.

===Sweden===
An institution offering engineering education is called "teknisk [[högskola]]" (institute of technology). These schools primarily offers five-year programmes resulting in the ''civilingenjör'' degree (not to be confused with the narrower English term "civil engineer"), internationally corresponding to a [[Master of Science in Engineering]] degree.<ref name="ukae_qual">{{cite web |title=Qualifications |url=https://english.uka.se/facts-about-higher-education/higher-education-in-sweden/qualifications.html |website=Swedish Higher Education Authority |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106211309/http://english.uka.se/facts-about-higher-education/higher-education-in-sweden/qualifications.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> These programmes typically offers a strong backing in the natural sciences, and the degree also opens up for doctoral (PHD) studies towards the degree "teknologie doktor".<ref name="ukae_qual"/> Civilingenjör programmes are offered in a broad range of fields: [[Engineering physics]], [[Chemical engineering|Chemistry]], [[Civil engineering]], [[surveying]], Industrial engineering and management, etc. There also are shorter three-year programmes called ''högskoleingenjör'' ([[Bachelor of Science in Engineering]]) that are typically more applied.<ref name="ukae_qual"/>

===Turkey===
In [[Turkey]], engineering degrees range from a bachelor's degree in engineering (for a four-year period), to a master's degree (adding two years), and to a doctoral degree (usually four to five years).

The title is limited by law to people with an engineering degree, and the use of the title by others (even persons with much more work experience) is illegal.

The [[Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects]] (UCTEA) was established in 1954 and separates engineers and architects to professional branches, with the condition of being within the framework of laws and regulations and in accordance with the present conditions, requirements and possibilities and to also establishes new Chambers for the group of engineers and architects, whose professional or working areas are similar or the same.

UCTEA is maintaining its activities with its 23 Chambers, 194 branches of its Chambers and 39 Provincial Coordination Councils. Approximately, graduates of 70 related academic disciplines in engineering, architecture and city planning are members of the Chambers of UCTEA.

===United Kingdom===
In the UK, like in the United States and [[Canada]], most professional engineers are trained in universities, but some can start in a technical [[apprenticeship]] and either enroll in a university engineering degree later, or enroll in one of the [[Engineering Council UK]] programmes (level 6 – bachelor's and 7 – master's) administered by the [[City and Guilds of London Institute]]. A recent trend has seen the rise of both bachelor's and master's degree higher engineering apprenticeships. All accredited engineering courses and apprenticeships are assessed and approved by the various professional engineering institutions reflecting the subject by engineering discipline covered; [[IMechE]], [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET]], [[British Computer Society|BCS]], [[Institution of Civil Engineers|ICE]], [[Institution of Structural Engineers|IStructE]] etc. Many of these institutions date back to the 19th century, and have previously administered their own engineering examination programmes. They have become globally renowned as premier learned societies.

The degree then counts in part to qualifying as a [[Chartered Engineer (UK)|Chartered Engineer]] after a period (usually 4–8 years beyond the first degree) of structured professional practice, professional practice peer review and, if required, further exams to then become a corporate member of the relevant professional body. The term 'Chartered Engineer' is regulated by [[Royal Assent]] and its use is restricted only to those registered; the awarding of this status is devolved to the professional institutions by the Engineering Council.

In the UK (except Scotland), most engineering courses take three years for an undergraduate bachelors ([[BEng]]) and four years for an [[Master's degree in Europe#United Kingdom|undergraduate master's]]. Students who read a four-year engineering course are awarded a [[MEng|Masters of Engineering]] (as opposed to [[Master of Science in Engineering|Masters of Science in Engineering]])<ref>[http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/undergraduate/Prospective/mech/DegsAvail/mech_eng.shtml "Prospective"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430225041/http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/undergraduate/Prospective/mech/DegsAvail/mech_eng.shtml |date=30 April 2010 }}, [[University of Edinburgh]]</ref> Some universities allow a student to opt out after one year before completion of the programme and receive a [[Higher National Diploma]] if a student has successfully completed the second year, or a [[Higher National Certificate]] if only successfully completed year one. Many courses also include an option of a year in industry, which is usually a year before completion. Students who opt for this are awarded a '[[sandwich degree]]'.<ref>[http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~hs0acu/Biomed/sandwich.htm "Sandwich degree"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726093951/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~hs0acu/Biomed/sandwich.htm |date=26 July 2010 }}, University of Sunderland</ref>

BEng graduates may be registered as an "[[Incorporated Engineer]]" by the Engineering Council after a period of structured professional practice, professional practice peer review and, if required, further exams to then become a member of the relevant professional body. Again, the term 'Incorporated Engineer' is regulated by Royal Assent and its use is restricted only to those registered; the awarding of this status is devolved to the professional institutions by the Engineering Council.

Unlike the US and Canada, engineers do not require a licence to practice the profession in the UK. In the UK, the term "engineer" can be applied to non-degree vocations such as [[Engineering technologist|technologist]]s, [[technicians]], [[Drafter|draftsmen]], [[machinists]], [[mechanic]]s, [[plumbers]], [[electricians]], repair people, semi-skilled and even unskilled occupations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2013/sep/19/engineer-dont-be-shy|title=Are you an engineer? Then don't be shy about it|work=The Guardian|author=Corrinne Burns|date=19 September 2013}}</ref>

In recent developments by government and industry, to address the growing skills deficit in many fields of UK engineering, there has been a strong emphasis placed on dealing with engineering in school and providing students with positive role models from a young age.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.georgededwards.co.uk/policy/the-need-for-role-models-in-british-engineering |title=George Edwards |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113014113/http://www.georgededwards.co.uk/policy/the-need-for-role-models-in-british-engineering |archive-date=13 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Middle East ==
[[File:Aerospace Faculty (Technion).JPG|thumb|241x241px|Aerospace Engineering Faculty in the [[Technion – Israel Institute of Technology|Technion]]]]

=== Israel ===
In Israel, several universities and colleges provide engineering degrees. These universities include the [[Technion – Israel Institute of Technology|Technion Institute of Technology]], [[Tel Aviv University]], [[Bar-Ilan University|Bar Ilan University]], [[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev|Ben Gurion University]], the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], among others.

==North America==
===Canada===
Engineering degree education in Canada is highly regulated by the [[Canadian Council of Professional Engineers]] (Engineers Canada) and its Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB). In [[Canada]], there are 43 institutions offering 278 engineering accredited programs delivering a bachelor's degree after a term of 4 years.<ref name="Engineers Canada Accreditation page">{{cite web|title=Engineers Canada Accreditation|url=http://www.engineerscanada.ca/accreditation|website=engineerscanada.ca|date=8 April 2014|access-date=24 July 2014}}</ref> Many schools also offer graduate level degrees in the applied sciences. ''Accreditation'' means that students who successfully complete the accredited program will have received sufficient engineering knowledge in order to meet the knowledge requirements of licensure as a [[Professional Engineer]].<ref name="Engineers Canada Accreditation page" /> Alternately, Canadian graduates of unaccredited 3-year diploma, BSc, BTech, or BEng programs can qualify for professional license by association examinations. Some of the schools include: [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]], [[École de technologie supérieure]], [[École Polytechnique de Montréal]], [[University of Toronto]], [[University of Manitoba]], [[University of Saskatchewan]], [[University of Victoria]], [[University of Calgary]], [[University of Alberta]], [[University of British Columbia]], [[McGill University]], [[Dalhousie University]], [[Toronto Metropolitan University]], [[York University]], [[University of Regina]], [[Carleton University]], [[McMaster University]], [[University of Ottawa]], [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]], [[University of New Brunswick]], [[UOIT]], [[University of Waterloo]], [[University of Guelph]], [[University of Windsor]], [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]], and [[Royal Military College of Canada]]. Every university offering engineering degrees in Canada needs to be accredited by the CEAB (Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board), thus ensuring high standards are enforced at all universities.<ref>[http://www.engineerscanada.ca/e/co_schools.cfm Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board Approved Schools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019055821/http://www.engineerscanada.ca/e/co_schools.cfm |date=19 October 2013 }} Retrieved on 13 October 2009</ref> Engineering degrees in Canada are distinct from degrees in [[engineering technology]] which are more applied degrees or diplomas. An engineering education in Canada can culminate by qualifying as a [[professional engineer]] (P.Eng.) licensee.

=== Mexico ===
In the case of Mexico, education in the engineering field could be taken from public and private universities. Both types of colleges and universities can confer degrees of BEng, BSc, MEng, MSc and PhD through the presentation and dissertation of a thesis or other kind of requirements such as technical reports and knowledge exams among others.

The first University in Mexico to offers degrees in some engineering fields was the [[Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico]], established under the Spanish rule; the degrees offered included Mines Engineering and Physical Mathematical state-of-the-art knowledge from Europe.

Then came the 19th century and lack of political stability. The universities founded under Spanish rule were closed and reopened and the Engineering teaching tradition was lost; the University of Mexico, University of Guadalajara and University of Mérida suffered this. Then the liberal rule created the Arts and Handcraft schools were opened without the same success as the universities. In the 20th century and with the success of the Mexican Revolution some of the old colleges were reopened and the old Arts and Handcraft schools were joined to the new universities. In 1936 the [[Instituto Politécnico Nacional|National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico]] was created as an educational alternative for workers' sons and their families. A short time later the Regional Institutes of Technology were founded as a branch of the Polytechnic Institute in a few states of the republic, though most of them do not have any university in their own territory.

Right now the Regional Institutes of Technology have been merged into one single entity labeled as [[National Technological Institute of Mexico|Mexican National Technological Institute]]. The National Polytechnic Institute is the ensign university of the Mexican federal government on engineering education.

===United States===
{{Main|Engineering education in the United States}}
{{See also|List of engineering schools#United States|l1=List of engineering schools in the United States}}
[[File:Top Engineering Colleges in North America.webp|thumb|300px|Top Engineering Colleges in North America]]
[[File:Engineering Bachelor's Degrees by discipline.png|350px|right|thumb|Engineering bachelor's degrees by discipline (2006–2015)]]

The first professional degree in engineering is a bachelor's degree with few exceptions. Interest in engineering has grown since 1999; the number of bachelor's degrees issued has increased by 20%.<ref name="autogenerated1">Reyes-Guerra, D. R. (2011). Engineering. In J. M. Castagno, P. Barrows, L. Brearley, & K. Fairchild (Eds.), Grolier online.</ref> Most bachelor's degree engineering programs are four years long and require about two years of [[Core curriculum|core courses]] followed by two years of specialized discipline specific courses. This is where a typical engineering student would learn [[mathematics]] (single- and multi-variable [[calculus]] and elementary [[differential equation]]s), general [[chemistry]], [[English composition]], general and modern [[physics]], [[computer science]] (typically [[Computer programming|programming]]), and introductory engineering in several areas that are required for a satisfactory engineering background and to be successful in their program of choice. Several courses in [[social science]]s or [[humanities]] are often also required, but are commonly [[elective course]]s from a broad choice. Required common engineering courses typically include [[engineering drawing]]/computer-aided-design, [[materials engineering]], [[statics]] and [[Dynamics (physics)|dynamics]], [[strength of materials]], basic circuits, [[thermodynamics]], [[fluid mechanics]], and perhaps some [[Systems engineering|systems]] or industrial engineering. The science and engineering courses include lecture and laboratory education, either in the same course(s) or in separate courses. However, some professors and educators believe that engineering programs should change to focus more on professional engineering practice, and engineering courses should be taught more by professional engineering practitioners and not by engineering researchers.<ref>Wulf, W. A., Smith, R., Winston, S. B., Lotas, A., Marcum, K., Beale, K., Sherman, W. (2007, 23 February). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oaIhzlpENY Engineering education in the 21st century] [Video file].</ref>

Many engineering degree programs admit students directly to a specialization as a first-year, but those which don't often require students to decide on a specialization by the end of the first or second year of study. Specializations often include [[architectural engineering]], [[civil engineering]] (including [[structural engineering]]), [[mechanical engineering]], [[electrical engineering]] (often including [[computer engineering]]), [[chemical engineering]], [[nuclear engineering]], [[biological engineering]], [[industrial engineering]], [[aerospace engineering]], [[materials engineering]] (including [[metallurgical engineering]]), [[agricultural engineering]], and many other specializations. After choosing a specialization, an engineering student will begin to take classes that will build on the fundamentals and gain their specialized knowledge and skills. Toward the end of their undergraduate education, engineering students often undertake an open-ended [[design]] or other special project specific to their field.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnon.org/ |title=Educating Engineers |access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>

It is common for University students who are studying engineering to partake in different forms of career development during their undergraduate studies. These often take the form of paid internships, cooperative education programs (also referred to as "co-ops"), research experiences, or service learning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/career-development/programs/|title=Programs Overview {{!}} Engineering Career Development {{!}} Northwestern Engineering|website=mccormick.northwestern.edu|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> These types of experiences may be facilitated by the students' universities, or sought out by the students independently.

==== Internships ====
Engineering internships are typically pursued by undergraduate students during the summer recess between the Spring and Fall semesters of the standard semester-based academic cycle (although some US universities abide by a 'quarter' or 'trimester' cycle). These internships usually have a duration of 8–12 weeks and may be part-time or full-time as well as paid or unpaid depending on the company; sometimes, students receive academic credit as an alternative or in addition to a wage. Shorter duration full-time internships over winter and other breaks are often available too, especially for those who have completed summer internships with the same firm.

Internships are offered as temporary positions by engineering companies, and are often competitive in certain fields. They provide a way for companies to recruit and get familiar with individual students as potential full-time employment after graduation. Engineering internships also have numerous benefits for participating students. They provide hands-on learning outside of the classroom as well as an opportunity for the student to discover if their current choice of engineering discipline is appropriate based on their level of enjoyment of their internship role. Additionally, research and internship experiences have been shown to have a positive effect on engineering task [[self-efficacy]] ('''ETSE'''), a measure of a students' perception of their ability to perform engineering functions and related tasks.<ref>Kusimo, A. C., Thompson, M. E., Atwood, S. A., & Sheppard, S. (2018). Effects of Research and Internship Experiences on Engineering Task Self-Efficacy on Engineering Students Through an Intersectional Lens. ''Proceedings of the ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition'', 1–19.</ref> It is also considered advantageous to have internship or co-op experience before completion of undergraduate studies, as students who have practical engineering experience are considered to be more attractive to engineering employers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.olemiss.edu/engineering-students-benefit-summer-internships/|title=Engineering Students Benefit from Summer Internships|last=Upshaw|first=Ryan|date=2016-08-30|website=Ole Miss News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref>

==== Cooperative Education Programs ====
Cooperative Education Programs (often referred to as 'co-ops') are similar to internships insofar as they are employment opportunities offered to undergraduate students by engineering employers; however, they are intended to take place concurrently with the students' academic studies. Co-ops are sometimes part-time roles that are ongoing throughout the academic semester, with the student expected to invest between 10 and 30 hours a week depending on the severity of their course load. Some American universities, such as [[Northeastern University]] and [[Drexel University]], incorporate co-ops into their students' plan of study in the form of alternating semesters of full-time work and full-time classes; these programs typically take an additional year to complete compared to most 4-year undergraduate engineering programs in the US, even though Northeastern currently has a 4-year undergraduate program that integrates full-time co-ops with full-time studies. Co-ops are considered to be a valuable form of professional development, and may be undertaken by students who are looking to bolster their resumes with hopes of securing better salary offers when looking to secure their first job.<ref>Barry, BE, Ohland, MW, Mumford, KJ & Long, RA 2016, 'Influence of Job Market Conditions on Engineering Cooperative Education Participation', ''Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education & Practice'', vol. 142, no. 3, pp. 1–8.</ref>

==== Licensing ====
After formal education, the engineer will often enter an [[internship]] or [[engineer in training]] status for approximately four years. To achieve Engineering Intern (E.I.) or Engineer-in-Training (EIT) status, an individual must be the recipient of an engineering degree from an institution accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of the [[ABET]], formerly the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc., as well as pass the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam (often abbreviated to the 'FE Exam'). The FE Exam is offered by the National Council for Examiners for Engineering and Surveying ([[National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying|NCEES]]) for the following disciplines: Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Environmental Engineering, or Other Disciplines<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ncees.org/engineering/fe/|title=NCEES FE exam information|website=NCEES|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> (also referred to as "General Engineering"). The FE Exam is held at remote testing locations four times throughout the year and can be taken by college graduates as well as current college students.<ref>Roney, Jason Andrew, Breigh Nonte Roszelle, Matt Gordon, and Bradley Davidson. 2017. "Impact of New FE Test Availability". ''Proceedings of the ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition'', January, 13894–900.</ref> After successfully passing the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam and receiving an ABET-accredited engineering degree, an aspiring engineer may apply for engineer-in-training status with their state's licensing board. If granted, they may use the suffix E.I.T. to denote their status as an engineer-in-training.

After that time, the [[engineer in training]] can decide whether or not to take a state licensing test to make them a [[Professional Engineer]]. The licensing process varies state-by-state, but generally they require the engineer-in-training to possess four years of verifiable work experience in their engineering field, as well as successfully pass the NCEES Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) Exam for their engineering discipline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ncees.org/licensure/|title=NCEES professional licensure|website=NCEES|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> After successful completion of that test, the Professional engineer can place the suffix P.E. after their name signifying that they are now a Professional Engineer and they can affix their P.E. seal to drawings and reports, for example. They can also serve as expert witnesses in their areas of expertise.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
Achieving the status of ' Professional Engineer is one of the highest levels of achievement one can attain in the engineering industry. Engineers with this status are generally highly sought after by employers, especially in the field of Civil Engineering.<ref>MATTEI, N. J. Open New Doors by Becoming a P.E. '''Civil Engineering (08857024)''', [s. l.], v. 87, n. 6, p. 12, 2017.</ref>

There are also [[graduate degree]] options for an engineer. Many engineers decide to complete a master's degree in some field of engineering or [[Masters in Business Administration|business administration]] or get education in law, medicine, or other field.

Two types of doctorate are available also, the traditional [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] or the [[Doctor of Engineering]]. The PhD focuses on research and academic excellence, whereas the doctor of engineering focuses on practical engineering. The education requirements are the same for both degrees; however, the [[dissertation]] required is different. The PhD also requires the standard research problem, where the doctor of engineering focuses on a practical dissertation.

In present undergraduate engineering education, the emphasis on linear systems develops a way of thinking that dismisses nonlinear dynamics as spurious oscillations. The linear systems approach oversimplifies the dynamics of nonlinear systems. Hence, the undergraduate students and teachers should recognize the educational value of [[Chaos theory|chaotic]] dynamics.<ref>{{cite conference |title= Introducing undergraduate electrical engineering students to chaotic dynamics: Computer simulations with logistic map and buck converter.|last= Iqbal|first= Sajid| year= 2014| doi= 10.1109/AMS.2014.20|pages = 47–52|publisher= Modelling Symposium (AMS), 2014 8th Asia. IEEE, 2014.|isbn= 978-1-4799-6487-1|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Reengineering the curriculum: design and analysis of a new undergraduate electrical and computer engineering degree at Carnegie Mellon University |last= Stephen|first= W.| year= 1995| doi= 10.1109/5.406429|pages = 1246–1269|journal= Proceedings of the IEEE|volume= 83|issue= 9|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |title= Study of nonlinear dynamics using logistic map |last= Iqbal|first= Sajid| year= 2008|publisher= LUMS 2nd International Conference on Mathematics and its Applications in Information Technology (LICM08)|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= What is chaos?|last= Iqbal|first= S.| year= 2008|pages = 7–10|journal= IEP Journal|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Practicing engineers will also have more insight of nonlinear circuits and systems by having an exposure to chaotic phenomena.

After graduation, [[continuing education]] courses may be needed to keep a government-issued [[professional engineer]] (PE) license valid, to keep skills fresh, to expand skills, or to keep up with new technology.

==Caribbean==
===Trinidad and Tobago===
Engineering degree education in Trinidad and Tobago is not regulated by the Board of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago (BOETT) or the location Engineering Association (APETT). Professional Engineers registed with BOETT are given the credentials "R.Eng.".

== South America ==
[[File:Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (27547142228).jpg|thumb|271x271px|[[Faculty of Engineering, University of Buenos Aires|Faculty of Engineering of the University of Buenos Aires]]]]

=== Argentina ===
Engineering education programs at universities in Argentina span a variety of disciplines and typically require five–six years of studies to complete.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://utn.edu.ar/index.php/es/estudiar-utn|title=ESTUDIAR EN UTN|website=Sitio Web Rectorado|language=es-es|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> Most degree programs begin with foundational courses in mathematics, statistics, and the physical sciences during the first and second years, then move on to courses specific to the students' plan of study. After receiving a degree, an engineering student will go on to complete an external evaluation in order to become accredited as an engineer.<ref name=":4">Javier Alvarez Del Castillo (2000) Evaluation and accreditation of engineering programmes in Latin America, European Journal of Engineering Education, 25:3,281-290, DOI: 10.1080/030437900438702</ref>

There are many universities and technical schools across Argentina that offer degree programs in engineering education. The National Technological University (''Universidad Tecnológica Nacional'', '''UTN)''' is recognized as one of the best engineering institutions in the country, with degrees in the following disciplines offered across its 33 campuses:
* Aeronautical Engineering
* Civil Engineering
* Electrical Engineering
* Electronics Engineering
* Electro-mechanical Engineering
* Automotive Engineering
* Information Systems Engineering
* Railway Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Metallurgical Engineering
* Naval Engineering
* Fisheries Engineering
* Chemical Engineering
* Textile Engineering

Outlined in the Argentinian Law 'Ley de Educacion Superior No. 24521' is the requirement for all universities to include a compulsory external evaluation for accreditation of certain professions, such as Law, Medicine, and Engineering, which are also strictly governed by other laws. Accreditation of engineers in Argentina is under the authority of the CONEAU (Comision Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación Universitaria 1997), which performs the functions of coordinating and executing external evaluations and accrediting graduate and post-graduate university studies in the field of engineering.<ref name=":4" />

=== Brazil ===
In Brazil, education in engineering is offered by both public and private institutions. A degree in engineering requires five to six years of studies, comprising the core courses, specific subjects, an internship and a ''Course Completion Paper''.

Due to the nature of college admissions in Brazil, most students have to declare their major before entering college. This said, the first two years of a degree in engineering consist mostly of the core courses (calculus, physics, programming, etc.) along with a few specific subjects as well as some courses in humanities. After this period, some institutions offer specializations within the different fields of engineering (i.e. a student majoring in electrical engineering can choose to specialize in electronics or telecommunications) although most institutions balance their workload in order to give the students a consistent knowledge of every specialization.

Towards the end of their undergraduate education, students are required to develop the Course Completion Paper under the guidance of an adviser to be presented to and graded by a number of professors. In some institutions, students are also required to pursue an internship (the amount of time depends on the institution).

In order to pursue a career in engineering, graduates must first register with and abide by the rules of the Regional Counsel of Engineering and Agronomy of their state, a regional representative of the Federal Counsel of Engineering and Agronomy, a certification board for engineers, agronomists, geologists and other professionals of the applied sciences.

==See also==
*[[List of engineering schools]]
*[[Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers]]
*''[[Education for Chemical Engineers]]''
*[[Engineering education research]]
*[[Engineer's degree]]
*[[Global Engineering Education]]
*[[Institute of technology]]
*[[Problem-based learning]]
*[[Project-based learning]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation | last1 = Douglas | first1 = Josh | last2 = Iversen | first2 = Eric | last3 = Kalyandurg | first3 = Chitra | title = Engineering in the K-12 classroom: An analysis of current practices & guidelines for the future | publisher = [[American Society for Engineering Education]] | location = Washington, D.C. | date = November 2004 | pages = 1–23 |url=http://wolfsons.com/Engineering_in_the_K_12_Classroom.pdf | access-date = 18 September 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402145822/http://wolfsons.com/Engineering_in_the_K_12_Classroom.pdf | archive-date = 2 April 2012 | url-status = dead }}
* {{Citation
|last1=Dym
|first1=C.L.
|last2=Agogino
|first2=A.M
|last3=Eris
|first3=O.
|last4=Frey
|first4=D.D.
|last5=Leifer
|first5=L.J.
|s2cid=1002433
|title=Engineering Design Thinking, Teaching, and Learning
|journal=[[Journal of Engineering Education]]
|volume=94
|issue=1
|pages=103–120
|year=2005
|doi=10.1002/j.2168-9830.2005.tb00832.x
|url=http://www.jee.org/2005/january/252.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330151210/http://www.jee.org/2005/january/252.pdf
|archive-date=30 March 2012
}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Wankat | first1 = Phillip C.
| last2 = Oreovicz | first2 = Frank S.
| title = Teaching Engineering
| publisher = McGraw-Hill |location=New York
| year = 1993 |isbn=978-0-07-068154-5
}}

{{Engineering fields}}
{{Education}}
{{Glossaries of science and engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engineering Education}}
[[Category:Engineering education| ]]

Tinkar Valley

2026-01-17T16:41:15Z

Simonaa: put up a data

{{Short description|Valley in Darchula, Sudurpashchim, Nepal}}
{{Infobox valley
| name = Tinkar Valley
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| map = Nepal Sudurpashchim Province#Nepal
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| region = [[Sudurpashchim Province]]
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'''Tinkar Valley''' is a [[Himalaya]]n valley situated in the [[Darchula District]] in the [[Sudurpashchim Province]] of [[Nepal]]. Located in the northwestern corner of Nepal at an elevation of {{convert|3650|m|ft}}, it borders [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] region of China in the north and India's [[Uttarakhand]] state in the west. It houses the river '''Tinkar Khola''', which drains into the [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|Kali River]] near the village of '''Chhangru'''. '''Tinkar''' is the name of the other large village in the valley.

At the top of the Tinkar valley near the Tibet [[China–Nepal border|border]] is the '''Tinkar Pass''' (5,258 m), which provides a trading route for the [[Byansi people|Byansis]] of the region for the Tibetan trading centre [[Burang Town|Burang]].<ref name=Latombe>{{cite web |url=http://ai.stanford.edu/~latombe/mountain/photo/nepal-2016/nepal-2016.htm |title=Valleys of Nepal's Northwestern Corner |date=April 2016 |website=www.ai.stanford.edu |publisher= |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nepal.places-in-the-world.com/7940227-place-tinkar-pass.html |title=Tinkar Pass |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=Api>{{cite web |url=https://www.mountainkingdoms.com/uploads/itineraries/2000028/2015%20Api%20Base%20Camp,%20West%20Nepal.pdf |title=Api Best Camp, West Nepal |publisher=Mountain Kingdoms Ltd. |access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> However, the Tinkaris are said to prefer the [[Lipulekh Pass]] across the border in Indian territory due to its higher volume.<ref name=snow>{{harvp|Strachey, Narrative of a Journey to Cho Lagan etc.|1848}}: "We met a smiling rosy-faced ''Tinker'' [resident of Tinkar] on the top of Nirpaniah, who ... informed me that his pass is not so easy as Lipu Lekh, and the snow on it more troublesome, because his village has but 5 or 6 ''Man'' (families) whose small traffic is insufficient to make a good beaten path."</ref> Nepal has ongoing claims to the Lipulekh Pass, as part of the [[Kalapani territory]] dispute.

== Geography ==
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| mark-description22 = Autonomous region of [[China]]
}}
Tinkar is in the far-western region of Nepal, in the province of [[Sudurpashchim Province]] at the high end of the Great Himalayan range, elevation {{convert|3650|m|ft}}. It is the principal village in the valley of the Tinkar River (''Tinkar Khola''), which is a tributary of the [[Mahakali River]] (or Kali River and Sarda River). Mahakali serves as the western boundary of Nepal with India, beyond which lies the Indian region of [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]] (part of the [[Uttarakhand]] state).

Along the Tinkar Valley, closer to the border, is another large village called Chhangru (or Changru). Tinkar (80 households) and Chhangru (100 households) are populated by [[Byansi people]], who speak a [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]] language called [[Byangsi language|Byangsi]]. The region across the border in Kumaon is also populated by Byansi people, with whom the Byansis of the Tinkar Valley have cultural and historical links. A third village called Ghaga, at the confluence of Tinkar and Nampa rivers, is populated by other classes of people.{{sfnp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}

Upstream along one of the headwaters of the Tinkar Khola is the Tinkar Pass (or "Tinkar Lipu"{{sfnp|Heim & Gansser, The Throne of the Gods|1939|p=207}}) at the top of the Great Himalayan range, which provides a historical trading route for the Byansis to the Tibetan town of [[Burang Town|Burang]]. This pass is however insignificant for the overall economy of Nepal because the far-western region is cut off from the rest of the country by "high impassable mountains and glaciers".{{sfnp|Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas|1988|p=99}} Manzard et al. state that the Tinkar Byansis also used to use the Lipulekh Pass because the Tinkar Pass is quite difficult to traverse.{{sfnp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}

While the general border runs along the Mahakali River, in the upper headwaters above the [[Kalapani territory|Kalapani village]], it is the [[drainage divide|watershed]] of the streams that flow into the river. This was a decision made by the [[British India]]n government in the 19th century.<ref name="District Almora map">{{harvp|Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue|2001|pp=3–4}}: "The map 'District Almora' published by the Survey of India [during 1865–1869] for the first time shifted the boundary further east beyond even the Lipu Khola (Map-5). The new boundary moving away from Lipu Khola follows the southern divide of Pankhagadh Khola and then moves north along the ridge."</ref><ref name="Almora British territory">{{harvp|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 3, Part 2|1981|pp=381–382}} and {{harvp|Walton, Almora District Gazetteer|1911|p=253}}: "The drainage area of the Kalapani lies ''wholly within British territory'', but a short way below the springs the Kali forms the boundary with Nepal." (Emphasis added)</ref>
Two significant peaks, P. 6172 and Om Parvat (5590 m), lie on this watershed range, which are popular trekking destinations.<ref name=Latombe/><ref name=Api/> Nepal has ongoing claims to the territory beyond the watershed, up to the main headwater stream, which is termed the [[Kalapani territory]].<ref name=Economist>[https://www.economist.com/asia/1998/07/02/its-ours It's ours], ''The Economist'', 2 July 1998.</ref><ref name=Mehta/>

== History ==
According to the ''Himalayan Gazetteer'', the entire Byans region to the south as well as north of the Mahakali River used to be part of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]].{{sfnp|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981|pp=679–680}} After the [[unification of Nepal]] in the 18th century, Nepal expanded northwest and conquered the kingdoms of Kumaon as well as [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]]. The expansion lasted till 1815. In that year, the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] saw the British general [[David Ochterlony|Ochterlony]] evict the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Mahakali River.{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=41-42}}<ref>
{{harvp|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971|pp=83–85}}: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."
</ref> After agreeing the [[Treaty of Sugauli]], which made a territorial settlement along the Mahakali River, the Nepalese appealed to the British governor general that they were entitled to the areas to the east (here, southeast) of the Mahakali River. The British conceded the demand, and the Tinkar Valley with its large villages of Chhangru and Tinkar was transferred to Nepal. The British, however, retained the areas to the northwest of the Mahakali River, including the [[Kuthi Valley]] and the [[Kalapani territory]] near the headwaters of the Mahakali. Thus the "parganah [of] Byans" got divided across the two countries.<ref>{{harvp|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981|pp=679–680}}: "... this arrangement divided into two parts [the] parganah Byans, which had hitherto been considered as an integral portion of Kumaon as distinguished from Doti and Jumla."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue|2001|p=4}}: Quoting Government of India's letter to the Almora officials: "... the occupation of the villages and lands of Pergunnah Byans on that side of the river, having taken place under erroneous view of the questions, they must now be transferred to the Nipaulese, however desirous the British Government may be to retain under its own sway the Zamindars and Inhabitants of those villages."</ref>

Since the British operated an open border with Nepal, allowing free movement of people across it, the normal intercourse of the Tinkaris with their fellow Byansis on the Indian side is likely to have continued unhindered. They continued to use the [[Lipulekh Pass]] on the Indian side for their commerce with the Tibetans.<ref name=snow/><ref name="Lipulekh Manzardo">{{harvp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}: "Tinkar pass reaches an altitude of 20,000 feet and is considerably more difficult to traverse than Lipu pass, which was the main route to Taklakot (Purang)."</ref> They also use the road on the Indian side to travel to [[Khalanga, Darchula|Khalanga]] where they spend the winters as part of their [[transhumance]] practices. The footbridge at Sitapul near the mouth of Tinkar Khola is used to transit to the Indian side of the border.{{sfnp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}} Likewise the ''zamindars'' (landholders) on the Indian side that owned land in Nepal continued to operate such lands.{{sfnp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}

The Tinkar Pass at the top of the Tinkar Valley is the ''de facto'' tri-junction between China, India and Nepal. Article 1 of the [[China–Nepal border|China–Nepal border treaty]] of 1961 states:
{{blockquote|The Chinese-Nepalese boundary line starts from the point where the watershed between the Kali River and the Tinkar River meet the watershed between the tributaries of the Mapchu (Karnali) River on the one hand and the Tinkar River on the other hand.{{sfnp|Cowan|2015|p=16}}}}
This being the precise geographical description of the location of the Tinkar Pass, the Border Pillar numbered 1 of the China–Nepal border was placed here.{{sfnp|Cowan|2015|pp=16–17}}

Following the Chinese take-over of Tibet, India and Nepal jointly operated a number of checkposts along the Tibet border starting in 1952.<ref>{{harvp|Kavic|1967|p=55}}: "The extent of these precautionary measures is reflected in the rise in the cost of these defence posts from $42,000 (1952) to $280,000 (1954)".... "[25] The initiative reportedly came from Nepal. See Robert Trumbull in the New York Times, 16 February 1950."</ref> According to Nepalese geographer [[Buddhi Narayan Shrestha]], one of these was at the Tinkar Pass.{{sfnp|Cowan|2015|p=8}}{{efn|Shrestha calls them "Indian posts", but they were in fact Nepalese posts set up with Indian assistance, and had only technical personnel from India. See {{citation |last=Sen |first=N. C. |title=Changing Indo-Nepal Relations |journal=China Report |volume=5 |number=5 |pages=20–22 |year=1969 |doi=10.1177/000944556900500505|s2cid=155924339 }}}} In 1969, Nepal asked for the Indian personnel to be withdrawn from the posts, and India did so, with the understanding that Nepal would continue to man the posts. Former Indian Army general [[Ashok K. Mehta]] states that none of the posts remained afterwards.<ref name=Mehta>
Ashok K. Mehta, [https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/kalapani-dispute-india-nepal-border-china-indian-army-royal-nepal-army-politics Delhi Can’t Anger Nepal Too — Kalapani Issue Must Be Resolved ASAP], The Quint, 17 December 2019.
</ref> Subsequently, India stepped up security and surveillance on the Indian side of the Nepal–India border and also introduced a permit system for the use of Indian roads.<ref name=ASI>
Gokarna Dayal, [https://risingnepaldaily.com/interview/i-used-to-patrol-with-arms-in-kalapani-48-years-ago-nepal-police-asi I Used To Patrol With Arms In Kalapani 48 Years Ago: Nepal Police ASI], The Rising Nepal, 12 May 2020.
</ref>

According to ''[[The Rising Nepal]]'', a checkpost was established at the Tinkar village around 1972, by an Assistant Sub-Inspector, who was also in charge of patrolling up to Chhangru. The officer claimed to have patrolled up to the Kalapani village with arms once, along the Indian road, while the Indian security kept him under surveillance. He was denied a permit to visit it a second time.<ref name=ASI/>

After the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|border war]] between India and China, India closed the Lipulekh Pass at the top of the Kalapani river valley. The Byansis of Kumaon then used the Tinkar Pass for all their trade with Tibet.<ref>{{harvp|Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas|1988|p=99}}: "Lipu La, however, was closed in 1962, due to the strained Sino-Indian relations. Today remaining trade moves via Tinkar La."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}: "Previously there were two passes to Tibet, the Lipu pass (Lipu la) and the Tinkar pass (Tinkar la), but now only the Tinkar pass is accessible, since the Indians have closed Lipu pass to trans-Himalayan traffic."</ref> In 1997, India and China agreed to reopen the Lipulekh pass,<ref name=Rose>{{citation |first=Leo E. |last=Rose |title=Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms |journal=Asian Survey |volume=39 |number=1 |date=January–February 1999 |pages=155–162 |doi=10.2307/2645605 |jstor=2645605}}</ref> and the use of the Tinkar Pass had declined.

== Status ==
According to the Chairperson of the Byas Rural Municipality, Chhangru is the last Nepali village along the Mahakali river heading north.{{efn|It is to the south of [[Gunji, Uttarakhand|Gunji]] where the Kuthi Yankti and Kalapani rivers merge, which India officially regards as the starting point of the Kali river. Even though the Chairperson says that Changru is the last village "not under India's control", that assertion is contracted by the ''Nepali Times'' journalists, who reported going up to 600 metres near the Kalapani stream before being stopped by the Indian security.<ref name="Nepali Times"/>}} He states that the roads on the Nepali side are bad and the villagers have to use the Indian roads to get to Chhangru.{{efn|Even earlier, Manzardo et al. noted that the Byansis used the road on the Indian side because it was easier to traverse.{{sfnp|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976|p=85}}}} They have to obtain permits from the Indian administration for this purpose. He complained of the attitude of the Indian administrators, which he described as "condescending".<ref>
Ram Chandra Bhandari, [http://english.lokaantar.com/articles/no-border-marks-kalapani-locals-mercy-indian-administration/ No border marks in Kalapani, locals at mercy of Indian administration], ''Lokantar'', 10 November 2019.
</ref>

There is a walk bridge over the Mahakali River near Chhangru called ''Sita Pul'', which allows passage between India and Nepal. Nepal used to have a customs point at this location, which was abandoned during the [[Nepalese Civil War|conflict period]], and has not yet been reinstated.<ref name="trade hit"/> During the conflict period, the area was controlled by the [[Nepalese Civil War|Maoist rebels]], who charged "tax" (protection money) on wildlife trafficking through the Tinkar route. Illegal animal products from India are said to have been trafficked, including tiger skins, tiger bones and parts, musk deer pouches and yarsagumba. The ''Nepali Times'' journalists estimated that the rebels earned Rs. 35 million annually through such "taxes".<ref name="Nepali Times">K. C. Sharad, [http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=2049#.XelnrdX7Qz0 Kalapani's new ‘line of control’], ''Nepali Times'', 10 September 2004.</ref> Such trafficking is still ongoing as of 2019.<ref>Sonia Awale, [https://www.pangolinreports.com/nepal-china-connectivity/ Nepal-China Connectivity Aid Wildlife Smuggling], ''The Pangolin Reports'', 6 September 2019. "New trans-Himalayan roads have also made it easier for wildlife smugglers transporting contraband from India to China via Nepal. Besides Rasuwagadi, Olangchungola in Taplejung, Kimathanka in Sankhuwasaba, Ilam in eastern Nepal, Tinkar Pass in Darchula and Hilsa in Humla are new smuggling routes."</ref>

News reports in May 2018 state that the trade with Tibet is "almost nil", and it has been so for the last five or six years. "There is neither road access from the Nepal side to bring goods imported from Tibet nor is there [a] customs office," according to ''The Kathmandu Post''.<ref name="trade hit">[https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/10/20/nepal-tibet-trade-hit-for-lack-of-road-and-other-facilities Nepal-Tibet trade hit for lack of road and other facilities], ''The Kathmandu Post'', 20 October 2018.</ref>

Between 2013 and 2020, India laid a (motorable) link road on the Indian side of the river. When it was inaugurated in May 2020, the Nepalese government protested, calling it a "unilateral act".<ref>PTI, [https://theprint.in/world/nepal-objects-to-indias-unilateral-opening-of-link-road-to-kailash-mansarovar/418096/ Nepal objects to India's ‘unilateral’ opening of link road to Kailash Manasarovar], ''The Print'', 9 May 2020.</ref>

Bir Bahadur Chand, the police officer that established the Tinkar checkpost, states that the controversies surrounding the [[Kalapani territory]] are raised only by the [[Kathmandu]] media, and they cause a lot of difficulties for the people of the Tinkar region.<ref name=ASI/>

==See also==
* [[Kalapani territory]]
* [[Kuthi Valley]]
* [[Tinker Bhanjyang, Nepal]]
* [[Tinker Pass, Nepal]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=Edwin Thomas |last=Atkinson |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.18114/page/n205 |via=archive.org |orig-year=first published 1884 |ref={{sfnref|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981}}}}
* {{citation |first=Edwin Thomas |last=Atkinson |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 3, Part 2 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15260/page/n5 |via=archive.org |orig-year=first published 1884 |ref={{sfnref|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 3, Part 2|1981}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sam |last=Cowan |author-link=Samuel Cowan |title=The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2015 |url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/SWAY000513/00001}}
* {{citation |first1=Arnold |last1=Heim |first2=August |last2=Gansser |title=The Throne of the Gods: An account of the first Swiss expedition to the Himalayas |publisher=Macmillan |date=1939 |url=http://www.perrelet.gr/abacus/dox/TheThroneOfTheGods.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Heim & Gansser, The Throne of the Gods|1939}}}}
* {{citation |last=Kavic |first=Lorne J. |title=India's Quest for Security: Defence Policies, 1947–1965 |location=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |date=1967}}
* {{citation |first1=Mangal Siddhi |last1=Manandhar |first2=Hriday Lal |last2=Koirala |title=Nepal-India Boundary Issue: River Kali as International Boundary |journal=Tribhuvan University Journal |volume=23 |number=1 |date=June 2001 |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/4550/3782 |ref={{sfnref|Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue|2001}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Andrew E. |last1=Manzardo |first2=Dilli Ram |last2=Dahal |first3=Navin Kumar |last3=Rai |title=The Byanshi: An ethnographic note on a trading group in far western Nepal |journal=INAS Journal |publisher=Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University |year=1976 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=84–118 |pmid=12311979 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/INAS_03_02_06.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi|1976}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Rose |first1=Leo E. |title=Nepal – Strategy for Survival |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v07Vo3vAaKwC |year=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01643-9 |ref={{sfnref|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971}}}}
* {{citation |last=Schrader |first=Heiko |title=Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKEvAAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=Bow Historical Books |isbn=978-3-88156-405-2 |ref={{sfnref|Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas|1988}}}}
* {{citation |last=Śreshṭha |first=Buddhi Nārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W31uAAAAMAAJ |title=Border Management of Nepal |date=2003 |publisher=Bhumichitra |isbn=978-99933-57-42-1 |access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126153600/https://books.google.com/books?id=W31uAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |first=Lieut. H. |last=Strachey |title=Narration of a Journey to Cho Lagan, (Rakas Tal), Cho Mapan (Manasarowar), and the valley of Pruang in Gnari, Hundes, in September and October 1846 |editor=James Prinsep |journal=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=17 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiatic172asia |date=September 1848 |pages=98–120, 127–182, 327–351 |ref={{sfnref|Strachey, Narrative of a Journey to Cho Lagan etc.|1848}}}}
* {{citation |editor-first=H. G. |editor-last=Walton |title=Almora: A Gazetteer |series=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |volume=35 |publisher=Government Press, United Provinces |year=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181493/page/n3 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Walton, Almora District Gazetteer|1911}}}}
* {{citation |last=Whelpton |first=John |title=A History of Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80470-7 |ref={{sfnref|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005}}}}

{{Mountain passes of Nepal}}

[[Category:Sudurpashchim Province]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of Nepal]]

Kali River (Uttarakhand)

2026-01-12T21:32:15Z

Simonaa: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sharda River]]

Rajendra Nagar–New Delhi Tejas Rajdhani Express

2026-01-12T16:10:54Z

Simonaa: Started The Post Nd Citations...

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{italic title}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
Fastest train from Patna Jn to New Delhi
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Rajendra Nagar Terminal (Patna) - New Delhi ''Tejas Rajdhani Express''
| logo =
| image = Ptna tejas.jpg
| caption = Rajendra Nagar-New Delhi Tejas Rajdhani Express At [[Prayagraj Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Tejas Rajdhani Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1996|09|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}} (RJPB)
| stops = 5
| end = {{rws|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| distance = {{convert|1001|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 12 hours 20 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = Wi-Fi
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[Tejas Express|Tejas]] rakes
| gauge = {{track gauge|1,676mm|lk=on}}
| trainnumber = 12309 / 12310
| line_used = *[[Asansol–Patna section|Asansol–Patna (from Rajendra Nagar Terminal.)]]
*[[Patna–Mughalsarai section]]
*[[Mughalsarai–Kanpur section]]
*[[Kanpur–Delhi section|Kanpur–Delhi line (till New Delhi)]]
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, 
{{convert|81.5|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = {{Rajendra Nagar-New Delhi Tejas Rajdhani Express|inline=y}}
| map_state =
}}

'''The 12309 / 12310 Rajendra Nagar Terminal ( Patna Jn.) - New Delhi Tejas Rajdhani Express''' is a [[Tejas Rajdhani Express|Tejas Rajdhani]] type Premium class train of Indian Railways, that connects the state capital of [[Bihar]], [[Patna]] to the national capital of India, [[Delhi]]. It is the fastest train from Patna to Delhi route, faster than 12305 Howrah Rajdhani Express (Via Patna).

==History==
This Train was originally introduced in the Annual Railway Budget of 1996–97 as a daily [[Rajdhani Express]] from New Delhi to Patna via [[Lucknow]]. Later it was rerouted to run via [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]]. In 1997, the [[pantry car]] service was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Speech of Shri Ram Vilas Paswan Introducing the Railway Budget, for 1996-97 | date=1996-07-16 | url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1996-97_final.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415081006/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1996-97_final.pdf | archive-date=2015-04-15}}</ref>

In 2009, it was certified as the only ISO-Certified [[Rajdhani Express]] of Indian Railways till now.

On 1 September 2021, the train's [[LHB coach|LHB]] Rajdhani Rakes were replaced with LHB [[Tejas Express|Tejas]] Sleeper Rakes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=2021-09-01|title=Railways starts Patna-New Delhi Rajdhani Express with Tejas rake from today|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-starts-patna-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-tejas-rake-from-today-11630500931343.html|access-date=2021-09-03|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

== Service ==
It runs daily. It operates as train number 12309 from Rajendra Nagar (Patna) to New Delhi railway station and as train number 12310 in the reverse direction. It covers a distance of 1001 km in each direction, however it takes 12 hours 5 minutes when operating as train number 12310 at an average speed of 83 km/h (including halts). While on its return journey, the train takes 12 h 30 min at an average speed of 80 km/h (including halts) as train number 12309.

It is the Fastest train of India to cover 1001 Km in just 12 hours and 20 min and the only Rajdhani Express to have an Iso-Certification.

Initially, the train used to operate between [[Patna Junction]] and [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]. However, with an increase in passenger pressure over [[Patna Junction Railway Station|Patna Junction]], Indian Railways decided to construct a new satellite station to Patna Junction, in order to accommodate the growing passenger pressure. Later on with the completion of the construction of the [[Rajendra Nagar Terminal railway station]], the Rajdhani Express was terminated from [[Patna Junction]] to here.
[[File:Patna raj.jpg|thumb|Patna Rajdhani Express in its LHB avatar.]]
It has 5 halts in either direction at [[Patna Junction]], [[Danapur]] (*New Halt from 10/09/2025), [[Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station|PT Deen Dayal Upadhaya Junction]], {{stnlnk|Subedarganj}}, {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}. This is the only Rajdhani Express that has [[ISO certification]].

==Coach composition==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:RED;"| 18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:RED;" | 19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:RED;" | 20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:RED;" | 21
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]||EOG||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||B7||B8||B9||B10||B11||A1||A2||A3||A4||A5||PC||H1||H2||EOG
|}

==Traction==
It is regularly hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Gomoh|Gomoh Loco Shed]] or [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Rajdhani Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajendra Nagar-New Delhi Rajdhani Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajdhani Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1996]]