Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Rajkumar Periasamy

2026-05-06T10:28:16Z

SimonK54990761: added some bio basic info

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Rajkumar Periasamy.png
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Film director]]
[[Screenwriter]]
| years_active = 2017–present
| notable_works =
}}
'''Rajkumar Periasamy''' is an Indian film director known for his work in Tamil cinema.

== Career ==
Rajkumar made his directorial debut with the film [[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|''Rangoon'']] (2017), which was produced by [[AR Murugadoss]], after working as an associate director for ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-19 |title=Rajkumar Periasamy on Sivakarthikeyan's Amaran: I spent 5 years on the film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/19/rajkumar-periasamy-on-sivakarthikeyans-amaran-i-spent-5-years-on-the-film |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, he wrote and directed [[Amaran (2024 film)|''Amaran'']], which was produced by [[Kamal Haasan]] under [[Raaj Kamal Films International]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Rajkumar Periasamy: 'Kamal Haasan sir was the one who thought Sivakarthikeyan would be perfect for Amaran' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajkumar-periasamy-kamal-haasan-sir-was-the-one-who-thought-sivakarthikeyan-would-be-perfect-for-amaran-9175103/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The movie features Sivakarthikeyan in the role of a soldier and is based on the book ''India’s Most Fearless'' by [[Shiv Aroor]] and Rahul Singh.<ref name=":0" /> Rajkumar's inspiration for the story began in 2014, after seeing a video of Major Mukund teaching his young daughter the patriotic song "Achamillai Achamillai" ({{translation|There is no fear}}) by [[Bharatiyar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2024-10-30 |title=Rajkumar Periasamy on Sivakarthikeyan's transformation for 'Amaran' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajkumar-periasamy-on-sivakarthikeyans-transformation-for-amaran/article68810204.ece |access-date=2024-10-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Following ''Amaran'', Rajkumar announced his third directorial, ''D55'', the 55th film of [[Dhanush (actor)|Dhanush]], to be produced by Dhanush himself under [[Wunderbar Films]], along with RTake Studios.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-05 |title=Dhanush's D55 goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2026/Feb/05/dhanushs-d55-goes-on-floors |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2017||''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=2017-06-09 |title=Rangoon Movie Review: An Imperfect, But Genuine Film |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/rangoon-tamil-movie-review-2 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Director – Tamil]][[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-10-19 |title=Rajkumar Periasamy on Sivakarthikeyan's Amaran: I spent 5 years on the film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/19/rajkumar-periasamy-on-sivakarthikeyans-amaran-i-spent-5-years-on-the-film |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{pending film|D55}}
|Filming
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=9055195}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Periasamy, Rajkumar}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Bilasipara Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T15:41:43Z

SimonK54990761:

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bilasipara
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 10
| map_image = Bilasipara Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| district = [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Jibesh Ray]]
| party = [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 
}}
'''Bilasipara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]], a north-east state of [[India]]. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilasipara}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jibesh Ray|party=Asom Gana Parishad|votes=85937|percentage=48.09|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amrit Badsha|party=Indian National Congress|votes=83243|percentage=46.59|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sabana Aktar|party=All India United Democratic Front|votes=4350|percentage=2.43|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sheikh Hedayetullah|party=Independent|votes=2134|percentage=1.19|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Momimur Islam|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=1241|percentage=0.69|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Hakimul Islam|party=Rashtriya Ulama Council|votes=618|percentage=0.35|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=1163|percentage=0.65|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 2694
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout|votes=178686|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dhubri district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Government of Assam]]
* [[Government of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Dhubri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South

2026-05-03T14:56:00Z

SimonK54990761: done.

{{Short description|Indian annual film award}}
{{Notability|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}{{Infobox award
| name = Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South
| image =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best work by a dance choreographer in films
| country = [[India]]
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| holder = [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] for "[[Kurchi Madathapetti]]" from ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]])
| year = [[50th Filmfare Awards South|2002]]
| website =
| most_wins = [[Prem Rakshith]] and [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] (6)
}}

The '''Filmfare Award for Best Choreography''' is given by the ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films.

== Winners ==
{| class="sortable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="75%"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Choreographer || Film
!Song|| Language
!Ref.
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]] || [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] || ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]'' || "[[Kurchi Madathapetti]]" || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81912.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]] || [[Prem Rakshith]] || ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' || "Dhoom Dhaam Dosthaan" || Telugu ||
|-
| [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]] || [[Prem Rakshith]] || ''[[RRR]]''
|"[[Naatu Naatu]]" || Telugu
|<ref>https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| rowspan="3" | [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020 / 21]]|| [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]]
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
|"[[Ramuloo Ramulaa]]"
||Telugu
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2022 |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards South 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/tamil/winners?s=09 |access-date=23 October 2022 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
|[[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]]
|''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
|"[[Vaathi Coming]]"
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
|[[Jani Master|Jani]]
|''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
|"Feel the Power"
|[[Kannada]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]] || [[Jani Master|Jani]]|| rowspan="2" | ''[[Maari 2]]''
| rowspan="2" |"[[Rowdy Baby]]"|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163-4.html}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prabhu Deva]]
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| rowspan="2" | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]] || rowspan="2" | [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] || ''[[Fidaa]]''
| "[[Vachinde]]"|| rowspan="2" | Telugu
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
|''[[Khaidi No. 150]]''
|"Ammadu Let Do Kummudu"
|-
| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]] || [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] || ''[[Janatha Garage]]''
| "Apple Beauty"|| Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]] || [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] || ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]''
| "Kung Fu Kumaari"|| Telugu
|<ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|date=2016-07-02}}</ref>
|-
| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2014]] || [[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi]]|| ''[[Kaththi]]''
| All songs|| Tamil
|<ref>{{cite web |date=27 June 2015 |title=Winners list: 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627012915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |archive-date=27 June 2015 |access-date=27 June 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[61st Filmfare Awards South|2013]] || [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] || ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]''
| "Top Lechipoddi"|| Telugu
|
|-
| [[60th Filmfare Awards South|2012]] || [[Jani Master|Jani]]|| ''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]''
| "Dillaku Dillaku"|| Telugu
|<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html Filmfare Awards (South): The complete list of Winners] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510051756/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html|date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[59th Filmfare Awards South|2011]] || [[Prem Rakshith]]|| ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]''
| "Nath Nath"|| Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dookudu sweeps Filmfare awards for year 2011 - Telugu cinema news |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/filmfaresouthawards2011.html}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[58th Filmfare Awards South|2010]]
|[[Raju Sundaram]]
|''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]''
|"Eyi Raaja"
|Telugu
|
|-
| [[Baba Bhaskar]] || ''[[Singam]]''
| "Kadhal Vandhale"|| Tamil
|
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| rowspan="2" |[[57th Filmfare Awards South|2009]]
|[[Prem Rakshith]]
|''[[Arya 2]]''
|"Mr. Perfect"
|Telugu
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards: Chennai rocks to Filmfare awards | Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-rocks-to-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/6272520.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2010 }}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]]|| ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]''
| || Tamil
|-
| [[56th Filmfare Awards South|2008]] || [[Prem Rakshith]] || ''[[Kantri]]''
| "Vayasunami" & "I go crazy"|| Telugu
| |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bollyspice.com/view.php/3173-a-sparkling-triumph-8211-the-56th-filmfare-south-awards.html |title=A Sparkling Triumph -The 56th Filmfare South Awards » Bollywood Spice |access-date=2011-02-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110092435/http://www.bollyspice.com/view.php/3173-a-sparkling-triumph-8211-the-56th-filmfare-south-awards.html |archive-date=2010-01-10 }}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[55th Filmfare Awards South|2007]]|| [[Prem Rakshith]] || ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]''
| "Ellappugazhum"|| Tamil
|
|-
| [[54th Filmfare Awards South|2006]]|| [[Raghava Lawrence]] || ''[[Style (2006 film)|Style]]''
| "Rara Rara Rammantunna" || Telugu
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmfare Awards presented |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietidbits/filmfareawards_aug0407.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303151528/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietidbits/filmfareawards_aug0407.php |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=2009-08-05 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[53rd Filmfare Awards South|2005]]|| [[Prabhu Deva]] || ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
| "Chandrulo"|| Telugu
|
|-
| [[52nd Filmfare Awards South|2004]]|| [[Raju Sundaram]] || ''[[Ghilli]]''
| '"Appadi Podu" || Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare awards for South India - Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam & Kannada - Telugu Cinema |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[51st Filmfare Awards South|2003]]|| [[Brinda Master|Brinda]]|| ''[[Kaaka Kaaka]]''
| "Thoodu Varuma" and "Uyirin Uyire"|| Tamil
|<ref>{{cite news |date=5 June 2004 |title=Pithamagan sweeps FilmFare Awards – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/9366.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102112834/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/9366.html |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=3 February 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>
|-
| [[50th Filmfare Awards South|2002]]|| [[Raghava Lawrence]] || ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]''
| "Daayi Daayi Daama" || Telugu
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 |url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=2009-10-19 |publisher=[[BSNL]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[49th Filmfare Awards South|2001]]|| [[Raghava Lawrence]] || ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]''
| "Love Check" || Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=49th Annual Filmfare Awards - South |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/winners.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140116122723/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/winners.html |archive-date=2014-01-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[48th Filmfare Awards South|2000]]|| [[Raghava Lawrence]] || [[Annayya (2000 film)|''Annayya'']]
| "Aata Kavala" || Telugu
|
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[47th Filmfare Awards South|1999]]|| [[Chinni Prakash]] || ''[[Mudhalvan]]''
| || Tamil
|
|-
| [[46th Filmfare Awards South|1998]]|| [[Suchitra Chandrabose]] || [[Ooyala (film)|''Ooyala'']]
| || Telugu
|<ref>https://archive.org/download/46thFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners/46th%20Filmfare%20Awards%20south%20winners.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[45th Filmfare Awards South|1997]]|| [[Brinda Master|Brinda]]
|| ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]''
| || Telugu
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmfare - South Special |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/august98/south2a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991110064329/http://www.filmfare.com/site/august98/south2a.htm |archive-date=10 November 1999 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=www.filmfare.com}}</ref>
|}

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Superlative
!Cinematographer
!Record
|-
| rowspan="2" |Most wins
|[[Prem Rakshith]]
| rowspan="2" |6
|-
|[[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Most consecutive wins
|[[Raghava Lawrence]]
| rowspan="2" |3
|-
|[[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]]
|-
|Most wins in a single language
|[[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]]
|6 (Telugu)
|}

== See also ==
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – Marathi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South}}{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Award for Best Dance Choreographer - South}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South|Choreogrshy]]
[[Category:Indian choreography awards]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1997]]

Sharada Mohan Shetty

2026-05-03T09:35:51Z

SimonK54990761: started first pg more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Sharada Mohan Shetty''' (born 1962) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. She was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in 2013 from [[Kumta Assembly constituency]] in [[Uttara Kannada district]], representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kumta Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kumta-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

Sharada is from [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka. She did her schooling at Sirsi and passed Class 12. She married Mohan Shetty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharada Mohan Shetty(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KUMTA(UTTARA KANNADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=147 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sharada became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from Kumta Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress. She polled 36,756 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Dinakar Keshav Shetty]] of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], by a margin of 420 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Kumta 2013 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/33911 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inc Sharda Mohan Shetty Candidate Kumta Karnataka Vidhan Sabha Election Result 2013 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/karnataka/candidates/sharda-mohan-shetty-inc-2013-kumta-78 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> She polled 26,642 but lost the next election from the same constituency as Keshav Shetty won on BJP ticket and defeated Sharada Shetty, the Congress candidate, by a margin of 32,750 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumta Election and Results 2023, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/kumta.html |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> In 2018, she was denied a ticket by the Congress and she joined the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=Two former Congress MLAs in coastal Karnataka turn rebels; one files nomination as Independent candidate and another contests from JD(S) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/two-former-congress-mlas-in-coastal-karnataka-turn-rebels-one-files-nomination-as-independent-candidate-and-another-contests-from-jds/article66759958.ece |access-date=2026-05-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2023, she filed nomination as an independent candidate but later withdrew in favour of the Congress candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=Two former Congress MLAs in coastal Karnataka turn rebels; one files nomination as Independent candidate and another contests from JD(S) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/two-former-congress-mlas-in-coastal-karnataka-turn-rebels-one-files-nomination-as-independent-candidate-and-another-contests-from-jds/article66759958.ece |access-date=2026-05-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Bellie |date=2023-04-25 |title=Ground Report: Kumta residents predict a neck-and-neck fight between BJP, JD(S) in 10 May polls |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/ground-report-kumtas-residents-predict-a-neck-and-neck-fight-between-bjp-jds-in-10-may-polls/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en-IN}}</ref> She rejoined Congress in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-04-19 |title=Former BJP MLAs Malikayya Guttedar, Sharada Shetty join Congress |url=https://theprint.in/india/former-bjp-mlas-malikayya-guttedar-sharada-shetty-join-congress/2047820/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-19 |title=Former BJP MLAs Malikayya Guttedar, Sharada Shetty join Congress |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/karnataka/former-bjp-mlas-malikayya-guttedar-sharada-shetty-join-congress/articleshow/109431939.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-05-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Kumta MLA Sharada Shetty rejoins Congress ahead of Lok Sabha polls |url=https://sahilonline.org/former-kumta-mla-sharada-shetty-rejoins-congress-ahead-of-lok-sabha-polls |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=SahilOnline {{!}} Reflection of the Truth |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan Shetty, Sharada}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]

Black Narcissus

2026-05-02T10:28:53Z

SimonK54990761: new

{{Short description|1947 British psychological drama film by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger}}
{{for-multi|the 1939 novel from which the film was made|Black Narcissus (novel){{!}}''Black Narcissus'' (novel)|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Black Narcissus
| image = Blacknar.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = {{Plainlist|
* [[Michael Powell]]
* [[Emeric Pressburger]]
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Michael Powell
* Emeric Pressburger
}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Black Narcissus (novel)|Black Narcissus]]'' 1939 novel|[[Rumer Godden]]}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Michael Powell
* Emeric Pressburger
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Deborah Kerr]]
* [[Sabu (actor)|Sabu]]
* [[David Farrar (actor)|David Farrar]]
* [[Flora Robson]]
* [[Esmond Knight]]
* [[Jean Simmons]]
* [[Kathleen Byron]]
}}
| music = [[Brian Easdale]]
| cinematography = [[Jack Cardiff]]
| editing = [[Reginald Mills]]
| studio = [[Powell and Pressburger|The Archers]]
| distributor = [[General Film Distributors]]
| released = {{Film date|1947|4|24|London|ref1=<ref name=24april>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Daily Mirror]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/789888146/?match=1&terms=narcissus|last=Whiteley|first=Reg|title=It Won't Be Long Now|via=Newspapers.com|page=2|date=18 April 1947}}</ref>|1947|8|13|US|df=y}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| language = English
| color_process = [[Technicolor]]
| country = United Kingdom
| budget = £280,000<ref>{{cite book|title= Pinewood - Anatomy of a Film Studio in Post-war Britain
|year=2024|page=61|first=Sarah|last=Street}}</ref> (or $1.2 million)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/stream/variety168-1947-11#page/n19/mode/1up|title=Pressburger|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=5 November 1947|page=20}}</ref>{{sfn|Macdonald|1994|p=268}}
| gross =
}}

'''''Black Narcissus''''' is a 1947 British [[psychological drama]] film written, directed, and produced jointly by [[Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger]], based on the 1939 novel ''[[Black Narcissus (novel)|Black Narcissus]]'' by [[Rumer Godden]]. It stars [[Deborah Kerr]], [[Sabu (actor)|Sabu]], [[David Farrar (actor)|David Farrar]], and [[Flora Robson]], and features [[Esmond Knight]], [[Jean Simmons]], and [[Kathleen Byron]].

Set during the final years of [[British Raj|British colonial rule in India]], the film depicts the growing tensions within a small convent of [[Anglican religious order|Anglican nuns]] who have been invited to establish a school and hospital in the old harem of an Indian Raja at the top of an isolated mountain in the [[Himalayas]]. The nuns have trouble adapting to the harsh climate and antagonistic population. They come to rely on the help and advice of the Raja's [[Agencies of British India|British agent]], a cynical Englishman whose attractiveness and [[panache]] become a source of temptation for the sisters.

''Black Narcissus'' received acclaim for its technical mastery, with the cinematographer [[Jack Cardiff]] winning an [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography]] and a [[Golden Globe Award]] for Best Cinematography, and [[Alfred Junge]] winning an [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Academy Award for Best Art Direction]].<ref name=oscar>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1948/B?qt-honorees=1#block-quicktabs-honorees|work=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |publisher=AMPAS |access-date=4 March 2016 |title=1948, Oscars.org, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref><ref name=globe>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/film/black-narcissus|work=[[Golden Globe Award]] |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |access-date=4 March 2016 |title=Black Narcissus, Golden Globes}}</ref>

According to film critic [[David Thomson (film critic)|David Thomson]], "''Black Narcissus'' is that rare thing, an erotic English film about the fantasies of nuns, startling whenever Kathleen Byron is involved".<ref>{{cite book| first=David| last=Thomson| title=The New Biographical Dictionary of Film| edition=4th reprint| location=New York| publisher=Alfred Knopf| year=2002| url=https://archive.org/details/newbiographicald0000thom_g3v7/page/694/mode/2up?q=%22kathleen+byron%22| page=694| isbn=978-0-3754-1128-1| access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
General Toda Rai, the [[Rajput]] ruler of a [[princely state]] in the [[Himalayas]], invites an order of [[Anglican]] nuns to establish a school and hospital at Mopu, a former [[harem]] situated on a high cliff. The ambitious Sister Clodagh is appointed Sister Superior and is sent to Mopu with four other nuns: Sister Philippa for gardening; Sister Briony for the infirmary; Sister Blanche, better known as "Sister Honey", to teach lace-making; and the emotionally unstable Sister Ruth to teach English and maths. All five women are in an unfamiliar, colonial setting.

Mr Dean, the general's [[Agencies of British India|British agent]], is deeply sceptical of the project, citing a variety of social and environmental difficulties. He predicts the nuns will leave as soon as the [[monsoon]] season begins. It is critical for Clodagh to manage the nuns' well-being, since the Congregation allows every nun to resign at the end of the year.

The sisters struggle to adapt to the local population. The native caretaker, Angu Ayah, dislikes sharing the palace with the nuns. The general's wealthy uncle, now a Hindu holy man, spends all his time meditating on a mountain within the monastery grounds in complete silence. The sisters agree to mentor Kanchi, a local girl with a reputation for erratic behaviour, but Ayah whips her for stealing.

Each convent member starts to experience ill-health and/or emotional problems caused by their surroundings. Clodagh recalls a failed romance which prompted her to leave her home in Ireland and join the order. Ruth grows jealous of Clodagh. Philippa loses herself in the environment and plants the vegetable garden with flowers. Honey's attachment to the local children ends disastrously after she gives ineffective medication to a fatally ill baby. The nuns' failure to save the child's life angers the locals, who abandon the mission. Mr Dean encourages Clodagh to leave, but she insists on staying.

The sisters also struggle with their vows of chastity. They are constantly tempted by the old harem's erotic wall paintings. In addition, although the sisters planned to educate only girls, they feel compelled to make an exception for the general's boy heir, who needs tutoring in Western culture. He soon falls in love with Kanchi. Ruth grows obsessed with the carnally handsome Mr Dean and orders an alluring, modern dress to charm him one day. Although Clodagh is irked by Mr Dean's nonchalance and irreverence, she also finds herself increasingly attracted to him. Philippa requests a transfer to a new convent, complaining that to survive in the colonies, "either you must live like Mr Dean, or like the holy man. Either ignore it or give yourself up to it."

Ruth resigns and announces her intent to go back to Britain. Clodagh visits Ruth to convince her to stay, as the convent is extremely shorthanded. Ruth, who has already changed out of her nun's habit into her new dress, defiantly puts on lipstick in front of Clodagh to signal her personal liberation. She escapes the convent and visits Mr Dean's house to declare her love, but he rebuffs her advances. Heartbroken, Ruth suffers a mental breakdown and returns to the mission, intent on killing Clodagh. When Clodagh rings the morning service bell, Ruth attempts to push her over the cliff edge. In the ensuing struggle, Ruth falls to her death.

Ruth's death is the last straw for the Congregation, which closes the mission. The remaining nuns leave just as the monsoon season begins, even earlier than Mr Dean had originally predicted. Mr Dean meets the caravan to say goodbye, when Clodagh gives him one final request which he accepts: to tend to Ruth's grave. Clodagh and Mr Dean clasp hands and share a meaningful look, but Clodagh gathers herself and continues on her way.

==Cast==
{{col-begin|width=50%}}{{col-break}}
* [[Deborah Kerr]] as Sister Clodagh
* [[Sabu (actor)|Sabu]] as The Young General (Dilip Rai)<ref>{{cite web |title=Black Narcissus (1947) |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a5551ac |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306085621/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a5551ac |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2016 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref>
* [[David Farrar (actor)|David Farrar]] as Mr. Dean
* [[Flora Robson]] as Sister Philippa
* [[Esmond Knight]] as The Old General
* [[Jean Simmons]] as Kanchi
* [[Kathleen Byron]] as Sister Ruth
* [[Jenny Laird]] as Sister Honey
* [[Judith Furse]] as Sister Briony
* [[May Hallatt]] as Angu Ayah
* Eddie Whaley Jr. as Joseph Anthony
* Shaun Noble as Con
* Nancy Roberts as Mother Dorothea
* Ley On as Phuba
{{col-end}}

==Production==
===Development===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Deborah Kerr 3.jpg
| caption1 = Deborah Kerr as Sister Clodagh
| image2 = David Farrar.jpg
| caption2 = David Farrar as Mr Dean
}}{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Kathleen Byron.jpg
| caption1 = Kathleen Byron as Sister Ruth
| image2 = Black Narcissus (1947), screenshot of Jean Simmons.png
| caption2 = Jean Simmons as Kanchi
}}

''Black Narcissus'' was adapted from [[Rumer Godden]]'s 1939 novel ''[[Black Narcissus (novel)|Black Narcissus]]''.{{sfn|Street|2015|pages=5–8}} Michael Powell was introduced to the novel by actress [[Mary Morris]], who had appeared in ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)|The Thief of Bagdad]]'' (1940) and an earlier film where Powell had collaborated with Pressburger, ''[[The Spy in Black]]'' (1939).{{sfn|Street|2015|p=11}} Godden had adapted her novel for a stage production for [[Lee Strasberg]] in the United States, but allowed Pressburger to write his own screenplay adaptation with Powell.{{sfn|Street|2015|p=11}}

===Casting===
Kathleen Byron was among the first to be cast in the film, in the role of the unstable Sister Ruth.{{sfn|Street|2015|p=22}} Pressburger described Byron as having a "dreamy voice and great eyes like a lynx", which he felt appropriate for the mentally disturbed character.{{sfn|Street|2015|p=22}} Deborah Kerr was cast in the role of the leading Sister Superior, Sister Clodagh.{{sfn|Street|2015|p=22}} Pressburger chose Kerr for the role despite the reservations of Powell, who felt she was too young for the part.{{sfn|Street|2015|p=22}} At one point, Powell considered [[Greta Garbo]] for the part.{{sfn|Street|2015|p=22}} Kerr was paid £16,000 for fifty-five days of work.{{sfn|Street|2015|p=23}}

David Farrar was cast as Mr Dean, the virile British agent who becomes the object of Sister Ruth's obsession.{{sfn|Street|2015|pages=22–23}} Farrar was paid £4,500 for forty-five days of shooting.{{sfn|Street|2015|p=23}} Flora Robson appears as Sister Philippa, a gardener in the convent.{{sfn|Street|2015|p=23}}

Of the three principal Indian roles, only the Young General was played by an ethnic Indian, Sabu; the roles of Kanchi, played by Jean Simmons,{{sfn|Street|2015|p=24}} and the Old General, played by Esmond Knight, were performed by [[Racial brownface|white actors in make-up]].{{sfn|Street|2015|pages=22–25}} Kanchi, 17, is described by Godden as "a basket of fruit, piled high and luscious and ready to eat. Though she looks shyly down, there is something steady and unabashed about her; the fruit is there to be eaten, she does not mean it to rot." Godden approved of Simmons's casting, remarking that she "perfectly fulfilled my description".{{sfn|Street|2015|p=25}} The Indian extras were cast from workers at [[Surrey Commercial Docks]] in [[Rotherhithe]].<ref>Michael Powell, commentary on the Criterion Collection DVD, ch.6</ref>

===Filming===
[[File:Black_Narcissus_-_painting_comparison.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Before-and-after stills: the top shows the scene as shot, the bottom incorporates W. Percy Day's [[Matte (filmmaking)|matte painting]], creating the illusion of a deep cliff]]

Filming of ''Black Narcissus'' began on 16 May 1946, and was completed on 22 August.{{sfn|Street|2015|p=28}} The film was shot primarily at [[Pinewood Studios]] but some scenes were shot in [[Leonardslee]] Gardens, [[West Sussex]], the home of an [[Indian Army (1858–1947)|Indian army]] retiree, which had appropriate trees and plants for the Indian setting.{{sfn|Powell|1986|p=562}} While Powell at the time had been known for his love of location shooting, with ''Black Narcissus'' he became fascinated with the idea of filming in the studio as much as possible.{{sfn|Street|2015|p=12}}

The film is known for making extensive use of [[matte (filmmaking)|matte paintings]] and large-scale landscape paintings (credited to [[Walter Percy Day|W. Percy Day]]) to suggest the mountainous environment of the Himalayas, as well as some scale models for motion shots of the convent.{{sfn|Street|2015|pages=27–30}}

According to Robert Horton, Powell set the climactic sequence, a murder attempt on the cliffs of the cloister, to a pre-existing musical track, staging it as though it were a piece of visual choreography. There was some personal, behind-the-scenes tension, as Kerr was the director's ex-lover and Byron his current one. "It was a situation not uncommon in show business, I was told," Powell later wrote, "but it was new to me."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-21-ca-34463-story.html| title=Really Big Shoes| date=21 September 1997| newspaper=Los Angeles Times| language=en-US| author=Turan, Kenneth| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009043003/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-21-ca-34463-story.html| archive-date=9 October 2019| url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was intended to end with an additional scene in which Sister Clodagh sobs and blames herself for the convent's failure to Mother Dorothea. Mother Dorothea touches and speaks to Sister Clodagh welcomingly as the latter's tears continue to fall. When they filmed the scene with the rainfall on the leaves in what was to have been the penultimate scene, Powell was so impressed with it that he decided to designate that as the last scene and to scrap the Mother Dorothea closing scene. It was filmed but it is not known whether it was printed.<ref name=lostscene>{{cite web |url=http://www.powell-pressburger.org/Reviews/47_BN/LostScene.html |access-date=31 October 2009 |title=Lost Scene from Black Narcissus |first=Steve |last=Crook |website=The Powell & Pressburger Pages}}</ref>

==Release==
===Box office===
''Black Narcissus'' had its world premiere at the [[Odeon Leicester Square]] in London on 24 April 1947 attended by [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], before opening to the public there the following day and being shown in 20 key cities in the UK within 10 days.<ref name=24april/><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Evening Standard]]|page=10|title=Picture Theatres (West End)|date=25 April 1947}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|page=4|title=Cinemas|date=24 April 1947}}</ref> According to trade papers, the film was a "notable box office attraction" at British cinemas in 1947.{{sfn|Murphy|2003|p=209}}<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/Screen_Volume_32_Issue_3/page/n17 |magazine=[[Screen (journal)|Screen]] |page=258 |volume=32 |issue=3 |title=The popular cash and culture in the postwar British cinema industry |first=Janet |last=Thumim}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Josh|last=Billings|magazine=Kinematograph Weekly|title=What the box office returns show for 1947|date=18 December 1947|page=14|access-date=5 July 2025|url=https://archive.org/details/kinematograph-weekly/1947/Kinematograph%20Weekly%20%232120%20%281947-12-18%29%20%28BNA%29/page/14/mode/1up?}}</ref>

It premiered in the United States on 13 August 1947 in New York City at the [[Fulton Theatre]].{{sfn|Slide|1998|p=38}}

In France, where it was released in 1949, the film sold 1,388,416 tickets. In Japan, it was the fifth top-grossing film of 1950, earning {{JPY|60 million|link=yes}} in [[theatrical rental]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan 1950 |url=http://www.boxofficestory.com/japon-1950-s-c29019210 |website=Box Office Story |language=fr |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref>

===Legion of Decency condemnation===
In the United States, the Catholic [[National Legion of Decency]] condemned the film as "an affront to religion and religious life" for characterising it as "an escape for the abnormal, the neurotic and the frustrated".<ref>{{cite news| newspaper=[[The Tablet (Brooklyn)|The Tablet]]| location=Brooklyn, New York| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38848844/the_tablet/| title=Legion Condemns British Film| page=1| via=Newspapers.com| date=16 August 1947}}</ref> The version of the film originally shown in the United States had scenes depicting flashbacks of Sister Clodagh's life before becoming a sister edited out at the behest of the Legion of Decency.<ref name=allmovie>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/black-narcissus-5906/review |website=[[AllMovie]] |first=Bruce |last=Eder |access-date=11 November 2019 |title=Black Narcissus: Review}}</ref> The 10 cuts to the film, of about 900 feet of film, were supervised by Pressburger, who commented that the cuts were "reasonable, fair and just", and that he made them to further the film's distribution, as the only bookings it had while on the "condemned" list were in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco. After the cuts were made, the Legion of Decency removed the film from the list, and further bookings were possible.<ref>Staff (March 21, 1948) [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/03/21/96588779.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 "Background on Black Narcissus"], ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref>

===Critical response===
''[[The Guardian|The Manchester Guardian]]'' described the film as possessing "good acting and skilfully built-up atmosphere" and praised the cinematography.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Guardian|The Manchester Guardian]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38853792/the_guardian/ |date=6 May 1947 |page=6 |author=C. T. |via=Newspapers.com |title=Odeon– "Black Narcissus"}}</ref> Philip Scheuer of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' gave the film high praise, deeming it an "exquisite cinematic jewel", continuing: "I can't say how authentic ''Black Narcissus'' is, but the lotus land to which it carries us is uniquely unforgettable."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38852409/the_los_angeles_times/| newspaper=Los Angeles Times| last=Scheuer| first=Philip K.| date=19 September 1947| via=Newspapers.com| page=10| title='Black Narcissus' Exquisite Production}}</ref> Jane Corby of the ''[[Brooklyn Eagle|Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]'' described the film as a "peculiar recital of religious life" and praised the cinematography, but felt that the "mixed atmosphere of religious seclusion and romantic vagaries is very confusing".<ref>{{cite news| newspaper=Brooklyn Daily Eagle| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38853500/the_brooklyn_daily_eagle/| last=Corby| first=Jane| page=11| date=14 August 1947| via=Newspapers.com| title='Black Narcissus' at the Fulton}}</ref>

Thomas M. Pryor of ''[[The New York Times]]'' lauded the creative collaboration of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, the writer-director duo, for their notable artistic achievement in ''Black Narcissus''. Pryor particularly highlighted the groundbreaking use of Technicolor in the movie, noting its exceptional realism and its ability to create a riveting dramatic impact. He further commended the film's adept employment of miniature sets and process shots to authentically evoke the ambience of the Himalayan setting. Pryor found the presentation of the film's dramatic elements to be exceptionally well-executed and praised the overall performance of the cast as commendable. Nevertheless, Pryor observed a subtle undercurrent of detachment and cynicism in the portrayal of the nuns within the narrative, acknowledging that this aspect might prove disconcerting to certain viewers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pryor |first=Thomas M. |date=1947-08-17 |title=TRIO FROM BRITAIN; Some Reflections on 'Green for Danger,' 'Black Narcissus' and 'Frieda' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/08/17/archives/trio-from-britain-some-reflections-on-green-for-danger-black.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |volume=96 |issue=32712 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pryor |first=Thomas M. |date=1947-08-14 |title=The Screen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/08/14/archives/black-narcissus-british-study-of-missionary-nuns-starring-deborah.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |volume=96 |issue=32709 |issn=0362-4331}} Republished in {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesfilm0003unse/page/2197 |title=The New York times film reviews |date=1968 |publisher=Arno Press |volume=3 |location=New York |page=2197 |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

Writing in ''[[The Nation (magazine)| The Nation]]'' in 1947, critic [[James Agee]] stated, "It is all intended to be very "psychological," "atmospheric," "rueful," and "worldly wise." {{nbsp}}... Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger were badly mistaken in trying to make a movie at all. There is some unusually good color photography, and as movie-making some of it is intelligent and powerful. But the pervasive attitude in and toward the picture makes it as a whole tedious and vulgar."<ref>Agee, James - ''Agee on Film Vol.1'' © 1958 by The James Agee Trust.</ref>

On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of [[List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes|100%]] based on 39 reviews, with an average rating of 9/10.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/black_narcissus |access-date=11 June 2024 |title=Black Narcissus (1947)}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 86 based on 15 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Metacritic]] |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/black-narcissus |access-date=1 June 2023 |title= Black Narcissus}}</ref> Reviewing the film in 2005, [[Peter Bradshaw]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' gave it five out of five stars, praising its direction, performances, and production design, and calling it "an all-time top 10 favourite of mine".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2005/aug/05/3|title=Black Narcissus review|last=Bradshaw|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Bradshaw|date=4 August 2005|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> In another retrospective review, Tim Dirks of [[Filmsite]] called the film "provocative, dazzling and rich-colored".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmsite.org/blacknarcissus.html|title=Black Narcissus (1947)|last=Dirks|first=Tim|website=[[Filmsite]]|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref>

====Awards and honours====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:55%;"
|-
! style="width:23%;"| Institution
! style="width:20%;"| Category
! style="width:20%;"| Recipient
! style="width:12%;"| Result
! style="width:1%;" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[Academy Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Color Cinematography]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Jack Cardiff]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=awards>{{cite web |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/5906/Black-Narcissus/awards |title=Black Narcissus – Awards |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022232036/https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/5906/Black-Narcissus/awards|department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 22, 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Color Art Direction]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Alfred Junge]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | [[Golden Globe Award]]s
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Cinematography
| style="text-align:center;"| Jack Cardiff
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[New York Film Critics Circle]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Deborah Kerr]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Kathleen Byron]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38852053/daily_news/| newspaper=[[New York Daily News]]| date=30 December 1947| page=28| last=Cameron| first=Kate| title=N.Y. Critics Pick Best Pix of '47| via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Home media===
[[The Criterion Collection]], an American home media distribution company, released ''Black Narcissus'' on [[laserdisc]] in the early 1990s, and issued it on [[DVD]] in 2002.<ref name=murray>{{cite web| url=https://www.avclub.com/black-narcissus-dvd-1798197271| website=[[The A.V. Club]]| title=Black Narcissus (DVD)| last=Murray| first=Noel| date=19 April 2002| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105024553/https://film.avclub.com/black-narcissus-dvd-1798197271| archive-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> A commentary track by Powell with [[Martin Scorsese]] is included, the first time a director has participated in a commentary.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJxOg3Axqo0 |title=The First Ever Director’s Commentary: Martin Scorsese & Michael Powell |date=2026-04-30 |last=CRITERION |access-date=2026-05-02 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

In 2008, [[ITV Studios|ITV]], the corporate heir to [[the Rank Organisation]]'s General Film Distributors, released a restored version of the film on [[Blu-ray]] in the United Kingdom. The Criterion Collection subsequently issued the restored version on DVD and Blu-ray on 20 July 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/43353/black-narcissus/| website=[[DVD Talk]]| title=Black Narcissus (Blu-ray review)| date=12 July 2010| last=Tyner| first=Adam| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818022943/http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/43353/black-narcissus/| archive-date=18 August 2014}}</ref> Network Distributing, under licence from ITV, released another Blu-ray edition in the United Kingdom in 2014.<ref>{{cite web| website=Cineoutsider| title=Black Narcissus Blu-ray review| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322033910/http://www.cineoutsider.com/reviews/bluray/b/black_narcissus_br.html| url=http://www.cineoutsider.com/reviews/bluray/b/black_narcissus_br.html| archive-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

==Historical relevance==
''Black Narcissus'' was released only a few months before [[Partition of India|India achieved independence]] from Britain in August 1947. Film critic [[Dave Kehr]] has suggested that the final images of the film, as the sisters abandon the Himalayas and proceed down the mountain, could have been interpreted by British viewers in 1947 as "a last farewell to their fading empire"; he suggests that for the film-makers, it is not an image of defeat "but of a respectful, rational retreat from something that England never owned nor understood".<ref>{{cite web |first=Dave |last=Kehr |url=http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/94 |title=Black Narcissus |website=[[The Criterion Collection]] |access-date=31 October 2009
|date=29 January 2001}}</ref> The story in the film quite closely follows that of the book, which was published in 1939.

==Legacy==
''Black Narcissus'' achieved acclaim for its pioneering technical mastery and shocked audiences at the time of release with its vibrant colour and the themes of the film. Audiences gasped at some of the scenes, notably the shot of the pink flowers which, shown on the big screen, was a spectacle at the time.<ref name="DVD">''Black Narcissus'' (The Criterion Collection) (2001) DVD commentary</ref> The film's lighting and techniques have had a profound impact on later film makers, notably [[Martin Scorsese]] who used the extreme close-ups of the sisters as the inspiration for the treatment of [[Tom Cruise]]'s character around the pool table in ''[[The Color of Money]]''.<ref name="DVD"/> Scorsese has said that the film, particularly in its last quarter, is one of the earliest erotic films.<ref name="DVD"/> The film was one of his favourites as a boy and one of the greatest experiences he has had with film is viewing ''Black Narcissus'' projected on a massive screen at the [[Directors Guild of America|Directors Guild]] in 1983. In Michael Powell's own view, this was the most erotic film he ever made. "It is all done by suggestion, but eroticism is in every frame and image from beginning to end. It is a film full of wonderful performances and passion just below the surface, which finally, at the end of the film, erupts." The English film critic [[Peter Bradshaw]], who put it on his list of the ten best films ever made, took Powell's statement further, and said that it was the most erotic film he had ever seen.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=19 September 2019 |chapter=The Meaning of ''Black Narcissus'' |title=The Films that Made Me |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaWmDwAAQBAJ&q=black+narcissus&pg=PA200 |page=511 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4482-1756-4}}</ref>

In ''The Great British Picture Show'', the writer George Perry stated, "[Powell and Pressburger's] films looked better than they were – the location photography in Technicolor by [[Jack Cardiff]] in ''Black Narcissus'' was a great deal better than the story and lifted the film above the threatening banality." In contrast, the critic [[Ian Christie (film scholar)|Ian Christie]] wrote in the ''[[Radio Times]]'' in the 1980s that "unusually for a British film from the emotionally frozen forties the melodrama works so well it almost seems as if Powell and Pressburger survived the slings and barbs of contemporary criticism to find their ideal audience in the 1980s".{{sfn|Christie|1994}} [[Marina Warner]], introducing the film on BBC2 (on a nun-themed film evening, with ''[[Thérèse (film)|Thérèse]]''), called it a masterpiece.

The film's resonance with populations exploring previously stifled sexual desires and expression extends beyond its contemporary milieu of women in the post-war era. ''Black Narcissus'' also influenced the themes and aesthetic of the ground-breaking gay experimental film ''[[Pink Narcissus]]'', which portrays a series of pornographic vignettes in vivid colour as the fantasies of a prostitute between visits from his keeper.<ref name="Ottaviani">{{cite web |last1=Ottaviani |first1=Maria |title=James Bidgood, the pope of queer culture? |url=https://www.numero.com/en/photography/james-bidgood-queer-culture-pink-narcissus-movie-super-8-technicolor-kenneth-anger-pierre-et-gilles-david-lachapelle |website=Numero |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> Although ''Pink Narcissus'' was lost in obscurity for some time, in recent years it has resurfaced as a cult classic, due in part to the vivid, fantastical aesthetic inspired by ''Black Narcissus''.<ref name="Heath">{{cite web |last1=Heath |first1=Roderick |title=Pink Narcissus (1971) |url=http://www.ferdyonfilms.com/2017/pink-narcissus-1971/30460/ |website=Ferdy on Films |access-date=3 April 2019 |date=14 May 2017}}</ref>

The look and cinematography of the 2013 Disney film ''[[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]'' was influenced by ''Black Narcissus''. While working on the look and nature of the film's cinematography, ''Frozen'' art director Michael Giaimo was greatly influenced by Jack Cardiff's work in ''Black Narcissus''.<ref name="Desowitz">{{cite web |last=Desowitz |first=Bill |title=Immersed in Movies: First Look: Designing the Winter Wonderland of "Frozen" |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/animationscoop/frozen-preview-designing-arrendelle |website=Animation Scoop |access-date=22 October 2013 |date=7 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018044831/http://blogs.indiewire.com/animationscoop/frozen-preview-designing-arrendelle |archive-date=18 October 2013 }}</ref>

[[Lucile Hadžihalilović]] cited ''Black Narcissus'' as one of the films that inspired her 2025 fantasy drama film ''[[The Ice Tower]]'', with the tension between the two women on the precipice and "the madness that can possess a woman in an icy mountain landscape."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2025 |title=Films that inspired Lucile Hadžihalilović’s ‘The Ice Tower’ |url=https://letterboxd.com/crew/list/films-that-inspired-lucile-hadzihalilovics/detail/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=[[Letterboxd]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[BFI Top 100 British films]]
* [[Black Narcissus (TV series)|''Black Narcissus'' (TV series)]], a 2020 British series based on the same book
* [[Time Out 100 best British films]]

==References==
{{reflist|24em}}

'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book| last=Christie| first=Ian| title=Arrows of Desire: The Films of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger| publisher=Faber & Faber| location=London| year=1994| isbn=978-0-5711-6271-0| url=https://archive.org/details/arrowsofdesirefi00chri}}
* {{cite book| last=Macdonald| first=Kevin| author-link=Kevin Macdonald (director)| title=Emeric Pressburger: The Life and Death of a Screenwriter| year=1994| publisher=Faber and Faber| location=London| isbn=978-0-571-16853-8| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/emericpressburge00macd}}
* {{cite book| last=Murphy| first=Robert| date=3 September 2003| title=Realism and Tinsel: Cinema and Society in Britain 1939-48| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xtGIAgAAQBAJ&q=Realism+and+Tinsel:+Cinema+and+Society+in+Britain+1939-48| publisher=Routledge| location=New York| isbn=978-1-134-90150-0}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Michael Powell|last=Powell |first=Michael |title=A Life in Movies: An Autobiography |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] |location=London |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-3945-5935-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Slide |first=Anthony |date=15 December 1998 |title=Banned in the U.S.A.: British Films in the United States and Their Censorship, 1933-1966 |location=London |publisher=I. B. Taurus |isbn=978-1-860-64254-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Street |first=Sarah |chapter=Black Narcissus |title=Turner Classic Movies Presents Leonard Maltin's Classic Movie Guide |edition=Revised |publisher=Penguin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MIBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |date=29 September 2015 |page=64 |isbn=978-0-1475-1682-4}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Black Narcissus}}
* {{IMDb title|0039192}}
* [https://www.allmovie.com/movie/black-narcissus-am27508 ''Black Narcissus'' at AllMovie]
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|2=Black Narcissus}}
* {{TCMDb title|68909}}
* {{Screenonline title|438337}}, with a full synopsis, film stills, and clips viewable from UK libraries
* [http://www.powell-pressburger.org/Reviews/47_BN Reviews and articles] at the Powell & Pressburger Pages
* [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/1517-black-narcissus-empire-of-the-senses ''Black Narcissus: Empire of the Senses''] an essay by Kent Jones at the Criterion Collection
* [https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/11/sophie-goldstein-on-crafting-house-of-women-an-art.html Sophie Goldstein on Crafting House of Women, an Art Nouveau Sci-Fi Exploration]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/black-narcissus Gemma Arterton takes the lead role in new BBC and FXP drama Black Narcissus]

{{Powell and Pressburger}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1947 drama films]]
[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:1947 British films]]
[[Category:1947 English-language films]]
[[Category:1940s psychological drama films]]
[[Category:British erotic drama films]]
[[Category:British psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Films about nuns]]
[[Category:Films about religion]]
[[Category:Films about sexual repression]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Rumer Godden]]
[[Category:Films by Powell and Pressburger]]
[[Category:Films set in convents]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films set in monasteries]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Films shot at Pinewood Studios]]
[[Category:Films shot in England]]
[[Category:Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design Academy Award]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award]]
[[Category:Films scored by Brian Easdale]]
[[Category:1940s color films]]

Indo-Scythian Kingdom

2026-04-30T13:33:57Z

SimonK54990761: Made new info more to come

{{Short description|Nomadic Iranian peoples of Saka and Scythian origin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Indo-Scythian kingdom
| common_name = Indo-Scythian kingdom
| era = [[ancient history|Antiquity]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = {{circa}} 150 BCE
| year_end = 400 CE
| p1 = Greco-Bactrian kingdom
| p2 = Indo-Greek kingdom
| p3 = Maurya Empire
| s1 = Kushan Empire
| s2 = Sassanid Empire
| s3 = Apracharajas
| s4 = Indo-Parthians
| s5 = Paratarajas
| s6 = Gupta Empire
| s7 = Northern Satraps
| s8 = Western Satraps
| image_map = Map of the Indo-Scythians.png
| image_map_caption = Territories and expansion of the Indo-Scythians at their greatest extent, including territories of the [[Northern Satraps]] and [[Western Satraps]].
| capital = {{ublist|[[Ujjain|Ujjain/Ozene]]|[[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]|[[Taxila]]}}
| common_languages = [[Saka language|Saka]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diringer |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57042/page/n351/mode/2up |title=The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind |date=1953 |publisher=Hutchinson's Scientific and Technical Publications |edition=Second and revised |location=London |page=350 |language=en |orig-date=1948}}</ref> [[Koine Greek|Greek]], [[Pali]] ([[Kharoshthi]] script), [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]] ([[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script)
| religion = [[Hinduism]] {{ublist|[[Scythian religion]]|[[Ancient Greek religion]]|[[Buddhism]]{{Sfnp|Seldeslachts|2007|p=142}}{{sfnp|Neelis|2010|p=110}}{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1993|p=230}}|[[Zoroastrianism]]<ref name=io>Encyclopedia Iranica, [https://iranicaonline.org/articles/indo-scythian-dynasty-1 Indo-Scythian Dynasty]</ref>|
}}
| title_leader = [[King]]
| leader1 = [[Maues]]
| year_leader1 = 85–60 BCE
| leader2 = [[Rajuvula]]
| year_leader2 = 10–25 CE
| stat_year1 = 20 est.<ref name="Taagepera">{{cite journal|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D|journal=Social Science History|date=1979|volume=3|issue=3/4|pages=115–138|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959}}</ref>
| stat_area1 = 2600000
}}
The '''Indo-Scythians''', also known as '''Indo-Sakas''', were a group of [[nomad]]ic people of [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] [[Scythians|Scythian]] origin who migrated from [[Central Asia]] southward into the present-day regions of [[Afghanistan]], eastern [[Iran]] and the northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]] (present-day [[Pakistan]] and [[northern India]]). The migrations persisted from the middle of the second century BCE to the fourth century CE.

The first [[Saka]] king in the Indian subcontinent was [[Maues]] (first century BCE) who established Saka power in [[Gandhara]], the [[Indus Valley]], and other regions. The Indo-Scythians extended their supremacy over the north-western subcontinent, conquering the [[Indo-Greeks]] and other local peoples. They were apparently subjugated by the [[Kushan Empire]]'s [[Kujula Kadphises]] or [[Kanishka]].{{efn|Kharapallana and Vanaspara are known from an inscription discovered in Sarnath and dated to the third year of Kanishka, in which they pledged allegiance to the Kushanas.<ref>''A Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc.'' Rapson, p. ciii</ref>}} The Saka continued to govern as [[Satrap|satraps]],{{efn|"The titles "Kshatrap" and "Mahakshatrapa" certainly show that the Western Kshatrapas were originally feudatories"<ref>Rapson, ''Coins of the British Museum'', p. cv</ref>}} forming the [[Northern Satraps]] and [[Western Satraps]]. The power of the Saka rulers began to decline during the 2nd century CE after the Indo-Scythians were defeated by the [[Satavahana]] emperor [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]].<ref>''World history from Early Times to AD 2000'' by B. V. Rao, p. 97</ref><ref>A Brief History of India, by Alain Daniélou p. 136</ref> Indo-Scythian rule in the northwestern subcontinent ended when the last Western Satrap, [[Rudrasimha III]], was defeated by the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor [[Chandragupta II]] in 395 CE.<ref>''India in a Globalised World'' by Sagarika Dutt, p. 24</ref><ref>''Ancient India'' by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, p. 234</ref>

The invasion of the northern Indian subcontinent by Scythian tribes from Central Asia, often referred to as the Indo-Scythian invasion, played a significant role in the [[history of India|history of the subcontinent]] and nearby regions. The Indo-Scythian war was triggered by the nomadic flight of Central Asians from conflict with tribes such as the [[Xiongnu]] in the second century CE, which had lasting effects on [[Bactria]], [[Kabul]] and the Indian subcontinent and Rome and [[Parthia]] in the west. Ancient Roman historians, including [[Arrian]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/arrian-bookVIII-India.asp|title=Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri: Book VIII (Indica); Section V|website=Ancient History Sourcebooks|publisher=[[Fordham University]]|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref> and [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]], have mentioned that the ancient Sakas ("Sakai") were [[nomadic people]].<ref>[[Ptolemy]] vi, xiii (1932), p. 143.</ref> The first rulers of the Indo-Scythian kingdom were Maues (c. 85–60 BCE) and [[Vonones of Indo-Scythia|Vonones]] (c. 75–65 BCE).<ref>{{cite book|access-date=2023-01-28|author=Suchandra Ghosh|title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016-01-11|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe067|editor=Nigel Dalziel, John M MacKenzie|isbn=978-1-118-45507-4|language=en|location=Oxford, UK|pages=1–2|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|chapter=Indo-Scythian (Saka) Kingdom|chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe067}}</ref>

==Origins==

[[File:Saka warrior Termez Achaeological Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=Painted sculpture of a young, bearded man|Sculpted head of a Saka warrior, enemy of the [[Yuezhi]], from [[Khalchayan]] in northern [[Bactria]] ([[Afghanistan]]), first century BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullaev |first1=Kazim |title=Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam) |journal=Proceedings of the British Academy |date=2007 |volume=133 |pages=87–98 |url=https://www.academia.edu/6864202 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Greek Art in Central Asia, Afghan – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/greece-viii#prettyPhoto[content]/7/}}</ref><ref>[https://i.pinimg.com/originals/bf/c2/42/bfc242271c38d714044837d179faab53.jpg Also a Saka according to this source]</ref>]]

The ancestors of the Indo-Scythians are generally believed to have been [[Saka]] ([[Scythian]]) (Kamuia) [[Kamboja]] tribes.

<blockquote>One group of Indo-European speakers that makes an early appearance on the [[Xinjiang]] stage is the Saka (Ch. Sai). Saka is more a generic term than a name for a specific state or ethnic group; Saka tribes were part of a cultural continuum of early nomads across Siberia and the Central Eurasian steppe lands from Xinjiang to the Black Sea. Like the Scythians whom [[Herodotus]] describes in book four of his ''History'' (''Saka'' is an Iranian word equivalent to the Greek ''Scythes'', and many scholars refer to them together as Saka-Scythian), Sakas were Iranian-speaking horse nomads who deployed chariots in battle, sacrificed horses, and buried their dead in barrows or mound tombs called [[kurgan]]s.<ref>Millward (2007), p. 13.</ref></blockquote>

[[File:MenWithDragons.jpg|thumb|alt=The treasure of the royal burial at [[Tillya Tepe]] is attributed to first-century BCE Saka in Bactria.]]

The Saka of western India spoke the [[Saka language]] (also known as Khotanese), first documented in the [[Tarim Basin]].<ref name="DD350">{{cite book |last1=Diringer |first1=David |title=Alphabet A Key To The History Of Mankind |date=1948 |page=350 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57042/page/n351/mode/2up}}</ref>

===Achaemenid period (6th–4th century BCE)===
During the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]] {{circa|515|lk=yes}} BCE, the Achaemenid army was not exclusively Persian, and the Saka probably participated in the invasion of northwest India. The army comprised a number of ethnic groups within the [[Achaemenid Empire]], including Bactrians, Saka, [[Parthia]]ns, and [[Sogdia]]ns.<ref name="Beckwith p.5">{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400866328 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Herodotus]] also listed the ethnicities of the Achaemenid army, including [[Yona|Ionians]] (Greeks) and [[Aethiopia|Ethiopians]].<ref>Herodotus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html VII 65]</ref><ref name="Beckwith p.5"/> These groups were probably included in the Achaemenid army which invaded India.<ref name="Beckwith p.5"/>

Some scholars, including [[Michael Witzel]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Attwood |first1=Jayarava |title=Possible Iranian Origins for the Śākyas and Aspects of Buddhism |url=https://www.academia.edu/25950011 |language=en |pages=47–69}}</ref> and [[Christopher I. Beckwith]],<ref name="CIB">{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400866328 |pages=1–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |language=en}}</ref> have suggested that the [[Shakya]]{{snd}}the clan of [[Gautama Buddha]]{{snd}}were originally Scythians from Central Asia, and that the Indian ethnonym ''Śākya'' shares the same origin as "Scythian".<ref name="Beckwith p.5"/> This has been cited to explain the strong Saka support of Buddhism in India.<ref name="CIB"/> However this theory has come under criticism from other scholars such as [[Johannes Bronkhorst]] due to slim evidence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johannes |first1=Bronkhorst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muAzDwAAQBAJ&dq=buddha+scythian&pg=PA488 |title=How the Brahmins Won: From Alexander to the Guptas |date=2016 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004315518 |pages=488–489}}</ref>

The Persians, the Saka, and the Greeks may also have participated in the later campaigns of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] to gain the throne of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] {{circa|320}} BCE. The ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' states that after [[Alexander the Great]]'s death, Chandragupta Maurya used a [[Scythians|Shaka]]-[[Greeks|Yavana]]-[[Kambojas|Kamboja]]-[[Persians|Parasika]]-[[Bahlikas|Bahlika]] alliance in his campaign to seize the throne of Magadha and found the [[Maurya Empire]].<ref name="RM">{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radhakumud |title=Chandragupta Maurya and His Times |date=1966 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804050 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA27 |language=en}}; {{cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |chapter=The Foundation of the Mauryan Empire |editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 2: Mauryas and Satavahanas |date=1957 |publisher=Orient Longmans |page=4 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644/page/n5}}</ref><ref name="EI134"/><ref name="DS">{{cite journal |author=D. B. Spooner |year=1915 |title=The Zoroastrian Period of Indian History |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=416–417 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00048437 |jstor=25189338 |s2cid=162867863 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2403053}}</ref> The Saka were the Scythians, the Yavanas were the [[Greeks]], and the Parasikas were the Persians.<ref name="EI134">{{cite book |last1=Shashi |first1=Shyam Singh |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Mauryas |date=1999 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=9788170418597 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfwvAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radhakumud |title=Chandragupta Maurya and His Times |date=1966 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804050 |page=210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA210 |language=en}}</ref>

===Yuezhi expansion (2nd century BCE)===
During the second century BCE, a nomadic movement began among Central Asian tribes. Recorded in the annals of the [[Han dynasty]] and other Chinese sources, the movement began after the [[Yuezhi]] tribe was defeated by the Xiongnu and fled west, creating a domino effect that displaced other Central Asian tribes in their path.<ref name=Rene>{{cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/32 32] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/32}}</ref>

[[File:Orlat plaque detail.jpg|thumb|alt=A decorated bone plaque|Detail of one of the [[Orlat plaques]], apparently representing Scythian soldiers]]

According to these sources, [[Modu Shanyu]] of the Xiongnu attacked the Yuezhi (possibly related to the [[Tocharians]], who lived in the eastern [[Tarim Basin]]) and expelled them from their homeland between the [[Qilian Shan]] and [[Dunhuang]] {{circa|175}} BCE.<ref>''Shiji'', chap. 123 translated in: Burton Watson (1993), p. 234.</ref> Leaving a small remnant population, most of the Yuezhi moved west to the [[Ili River]] region, displacing the Saka, who migrated south into [[Ferghana]] and [[Sogdiana]]. According to Chinese historical chronicles (which refer to the Saka as "Sai" 塞), "[The Yuezhi] attacked the king of the Sai, who moved a considerable distance to the south, and the Yuezhi then occupied his lands."<ref>''[[Book of Han|Han Shu]]'' 61 4B Original text: 西擊塞王。塞王南走遠徙，月氏居其地。</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/benjamin.html |title=The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia |author=Craig Benjamin |journal=Transoxiana Webfestschrift Series I: Eran Ud Aneran |date=October 2003}}</ref>

Sometime after 155 BCE, the Yuezhi were again defeated by an alliance of the [[Wusun]] and the Xiongnu. They were forced to move south, again displacing the Scythians, who migrated toward [[Bactria]] and present-day [[Afghanistan]], and southwest toward [[Parthia]]. A tribe known to ancient Greek writers as the [[Sacaraucae]] (probably from the Old Persian ''Sakaravaka'', meaning "nomadic Saka") and an allied people, the [[Massagetae]], came into conflict with the [[Parthian Empire]] between 138 and 124 BCE. The Sacaraucae–Massagetae alliance won several battles and killed the Parthian kings [[Phraates II]] and [[Artabanus I of Parthia|Artabanus I]]. The Yuezhi later migrated east into Bactria and subsequently conquered northern India, establishing the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref name="Jonson2006">{{cite book |author=Lena Jonson |title=Tajikistan in the New Central Asia: Geopolitics, Great Power Rivalry and Radical Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLi9oJMT5B8C&pg=PA25 |date=3 October 2006 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-293-6 |page=25}}</ref>

== Settlement in Sakastan ==
[[File:SakastanMap.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|Map of Sakastan around 100 BCE]]
The Saka settled in regions mostly corresponding to the region of [[Drangiana]], which was later called Sakastan or [[Sistan]], a region of south-western Afghanistan, south-eastern Iran and extending across the borders of western Pakistan.<ref name="bailey 1996 pp1230-1231">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7IHmyKcPtYC&pg=PA1231 |author= Bailey, H.W. |date=1996|chapter=Chapter 34: Khotanese Saka Literature |editor= Ehsan Yarshater |title =The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 2 |edition=reprint |publisher=Cambridge University Press|orig-year=14 April 1983|isbn=978-0521246934|pages= 1230–1231}}</ref> The mixed Scythian [[Orda (organization)|horde]]s who migrated to Drangiana and the areas of Sakastan later gave rise to the Indo-Scythian Kingdom and vassal states in north and south-west India via the lower Indus valley. Beginning from [[Sauvira kingdom|Sovira]], Gujarat, Rajasthan and north India, and expanding into kingdoms on the Indian mainland as well as increasing influence on other kingdoms.

The [[Arsacid Empire|Arsacid]] emperor [[Mithridates II of Parthia|Mithridates II]] (c. 123–88/87 BCE) pursued an aggressive military policy in Central Asia and added a number of provinces to the [[Parthian Empire]].<ref>Justin XL.II.2</ref> This included western Bactria, which he seized from the Indo-Scythians.<ref>Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2010). "The early reign of Mithradates II the Great in Parthia". 1. Anabasis: 144–158</ref>

Following military pressure from the Yuezhi (predecessors of the Kushana), some Indo-Scythians moved from Bactria to [[Lake Helmond]] (or Hāmūn) and settled in or near Drangiana ([[Sigal, Sakastan|Sigal]]). The region came to be known as "Sakistana of the Skythian Sakai {{sic}}"<ref>''Isodor of Charax, Sathmoi Parthikoi, 18''.</ref> towards the end of the first century BCE.<ref>''Political History of Ancient India'', 1996, p 693.</ref>

The presence of the Saka in Sakastan in the first century BCE is mentioned by [[Isidore of Charax]] in "The Parthian Stations". According to Isidore, they were bordered by Greek cities on the east ([[Alexandria of the Caucasus]] and [[Alexandria of the Arachosians]]) and the Parthian-controlled territory of [[Arachosia]] on the south:

<blockquote>Beyond is Sacastana of the Scythian Sacae, which is also Paraetacena, 63 [[schoeni]]. There are the city of Barda and the city of Min and the city of [[Palacenti]] and the city of [[Sigal, Sakastan|Sigal]]; in that place is the royal residence of the Sacae; and nearby is the city of Alexandria ([[Alexandria Arachosia]]), and six villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parthia.com/parthian_stations.htm |title=The Parthian Stations |publisher=Parthia.com |access-date=2012-03-14|at=18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520182018/https://www.parthia.com/doc/parthian_stations.htm|archive-date=20 May 2023|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

== Kingdoms ==

=== Pamirs to Taxila ===
[[File:East-Hem_100bc.jpg|alt=A map|thumb|Asia in 100 BCE, showing the Saka and their neighbors]]
From [[petroglyph]]s left by Saka soldiers at river crossings in [[Chilas]] and on the [[Sacred Rock of Hunza]] in Pakistan, [[Ahmad Hasan Dani|Ahmad Hassan Dani]] and {{Interlanguage link|Karl Jettmar|de}} have established the route across the [[Karakoram]] mountains used by [[Maues]] (the first Indo-Scythian king) to capture [[Taxila]] from [[Indo-Greek kingdom|Indo-Greek]] King [[Apollodotus II]].<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 2|pages=191–207|author=Ahmad Hasan Dani|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}}</ref>

The first-century CE [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] describes the Scythian territories:
<blockquote>Beyond this region ([[Gedrosia]]), the continent making a wide curve from the east across the depths of the bays, there follows the coast district of Scythia, which lies above toward the north; the whole marshy; from which flows down the river [[Indus|Sinthus]], the greatest of all the rivers that flow into the Erythraean Sea, bringing down an enormous volume of water (...) This river has seven mouths, very shallow and marshy, so that they are not navigable, except the one in the middle; at which by the shore, is the market-town, [[Barbarikon|Barbaricum]]. Before it there lies a small island, and inland behind it is the metropolis of Scythia, [[Minnagara]]; it is subject to [[Indo-Parthian kingdom|Parthian]] princes who are constantly driving each other out ...<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html |title=Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 38 |publisher=Fordham.edu |access-date=2012-03-14}}</ref></blockquote>

The Indo-Scythians established a kingdom in the northwest near Taxila, with two [[satrap]]s: one at [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] in the east, and the other at [[Saurashtra (region)|Surastrene]] ([[Gujarat]]) in the southwest.<ref>''The dynastic art of the Kushans'', John Rosenfield, p 130</ref>

=== Gandhara and Punjab ===
[[File:AzesIIFineCoin.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption|A coin of the Indo-Scythian king [[Azes]]]]
The presence of the Scythians in modern Pakistan and north-western India during the first century BCE was contemporaneous with the Indo-Greek kingdoms there, and they apparently initially recognized the power of the local Greek rulers. Maues first conquered [[Gandhara]] and Taxila in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan {{circa|80}} BCE, but his kingdom disintegrated after his death. In the east, the Indian king [[Vikrama]] retook Ujjain from the Indo-Scythians and celebrated his victory by establishing the [[Vikrama era]] in 58 BCE. Indo-Greek kings again ruled and prospered after Maues, as indicated by the profusion of coins from Kings [[Apollodotus II]] and [[Hippostratos]]. In 55 BCE, under [[Azes I]], the Indo-Scythians took control of northwestern India with their victory over Hippostratos.

==== Sculpture ====
Excavations organized by [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] found several stone sculptures in the early Saka layer (layer number four, corresponding to the period of [[Azes I]], in which a number of his coins were found). Several of them are [[stone palette|toilet trays]] roughly imitative of finer Hellenistic examples found in earlier layers.

==== Bimaran casket ====
{{Main|Bimaran casket}}{{further|Mathura lion capital}}
[[File:BimaranCasket2.JPG|thumb|alt=A small, ornate gold container|The [[Bimaran casket]], representing the Buddha surrounded by [[Brahmā (Buddhism)|Brahma]] ''(left)'' and [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]], was found in a [[stupa]] with coins of Azes I inside. (British Museum)]]
[[Azes]] is connected to the [[Bimaran casket]], one of the earliest representations of the Buddha. The [[reliquary]] was used for the dedication of a [[stupa]] in Bamiran, near [[Jalalabad]] in Afghanistan, and placed inside the stupa with several coins of Azes. This may have happened during the reign of Azes (60–20 BCE), or slightly later. The Indo-Scythians were connected with Buddhism.

=== Mathura region ===
{{main|Northern Satraps}}

In northern India, the Indo-Scythians conquered the Mathura region {{circa|60}} BCE. Some of their satraps were [[Hagamasha]] and Hagana, who were followed by [[Rajuvula]].

The [[Mathura lion capital]], an Indo-Scythian sandstone [[Capital (architecture)|capital]] which dates to the first century CE, describes in [[Kharoshthi]] script the gift of a [[stupa]] with a relic of the Buddha by [[Nadasi Kasa]] (Rajuvula's queen). The capital also mentions the genealogy of several Indo-Scythian Mathura satraps. Rajuvula apparently eliminated [[Strato II]] (the last Indo-Greek king) {{circa|10}} CE and took [[Sagala]], his capital city.

Coinage of the period, such as that of Rajuvula, tends to be crude. It is also debased; the silver content becomes lower and bronze content higher, an [[Billon (alloy)|alloying technique]] suggesting a lack of wealth.

[[File:MathuraLionCapital.JPG|thumb|alt=Top of a pillar, with two stone lions|The Mathura lion capital]]
The Mathura lion capital inscriptions attest that Mathura came under Saka control. The inscriptions refer to [[Kharahostes]] and Queen [[Ayasia]], the "chief queen of the Indo-Scythian ruler of Mathura, satrap Rajuvula." Kharahostes was the son of [[Arta (Kamuia)|Arta]], as attested by his own coins.<ref>''Kshatrapasa pra Kharaostasa Artasa putrasa''. See: ''Political History of Ancient India'', 1996, p 398, H. C. Raychaudhury, B. N. Mukerjee; ''Ancient India'', 1956, pp 220–221, R. K. Mukerjee</ref> Arta was the brother of King Maues.<ref>''Ancient India'', pp 220–221, R. k. Mukerjee; ''Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum'', Vol II, Part 1, p 36, D S Konow</ref>

The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the Northern Satraps to distinguish them from the [[Western Satraps]] ruling in [[Gujarat]] and [[Malwa]]. After Rajuvula, several successors are known to have ruled as vassals of the Kushans. They include the "Great Satrap" [[Kharapallana]] and the satrap [[Vanaspara]], who are known from an inscription discovered in [[Sarnath]] and dated to the third year of [[Kanishka]] (c. 130 CE), when they pledged allegiance to the Kushans.<ref>Source: "A Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc ..." Rapson, p ciii</ref>

=== Pataliputra ===
The ''[[Yuga Purana]]'' describes an invasion of [[Pataliputra]] by the Scythians during the first century BCE, after seven kings ruled in succession in [[Saketa]] following the retreat of the Yavanas. According to the ''Yuga Purana'', the Saka king killed one-fourth of the population before he was slain by the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] king Shata and a group of Sabalas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boloji.com/history/027.htm |title=A gap in Puranic history |publisher=Boloji.com |date=2004-03-14 |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114183336/http://boloji.com/history/027.htm |archive-date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Kushan and Indo-Parthian conquests ===
After Azes' death, Indo-Scythian rule in northwestern India ended with the rise of the [[Indo-Parthian]] ruler [[Gondophares]] late in the first century BCE. For the following decades, A number of minor Scythian leaders maintained themselves in local strongholds on the fringes of the loose Indo-Parthian empire over the next few decades, some paying allegiance to Gondophares I and his successors.

Indo-Parthian rule was gradually replaced with that of the Kushans, one of the five Yuezhi tribes who lived in Bactria for over a century and expanded into India during the late first century CE. The Kushans regained northwestern India {{circa|75}} CE and the Mathura region {{circa|100}}, where they prospered for several centuries.<ref name="Jonson2006" />

=== Western Satraps ===
{{Main|Western Satraps}}

[[File:Western Satrap Coin of Rudrasimha I .jpg|thumb|alt=Both sides of a coin|Coin of the western satrap [[Rudrasimha I]] (c. 175–197 CE), a descendant of the Indo-Scythians]]

Indo-Scythians continued to hold the Sistan region until the reign of [[Bahram II]] (276–293 CE), and held several areas of India well into the first millennium; [[Kathiawar]] and Gujarat were under Western Satrap rule until the fifth century. [[Rudradaman I]]'s exploits are inscribed in the [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman|Junagadh rock inscription]]. During his campaigns, Rudradaman conquered the [[Yaudheya]]s and defeated the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana Empire]]. The Western Satraps were conquered by the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor [[Chandragupta II]] (also known as Vikramaditya).

== Coinage ==
{{unsourced section|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Coin of Maues.jpg|thumb|alt=Both sides of an ornate coin|Silver [[tetradrachm]] of the Indo-Scythian king [[Maues]] (85–60 BCE)]]

Indo-Scythian coinage is generally of high quality, although the coins of [[Rajuvula]] deteriorate near the disintegration of Indo-Scythian rule {{circa|20}} CE. A fairly high-quality, stereotypical coinage was continued by the Western Satraps until the fourth century.

Indo-Scythian coinage is generally realistic, artistically between Indo-Greek and Kushan coinage. It has been suggested that its coinage benefited from the help of Greek coin-makers.
Indo-Scythian coins continue Indo-Greek tradition by using the Greek alphabet on the obverse and Kharoshthi script on the reverse. A portrait of the king is absent, with depictions of the king on a horse (sometimes on a camel) or sitting cross-legged on a cushion instead. The reverse of their coins typically show Greek gods.

Buddhist symbolism is present in Indo-Scythian coinage. The Indo-Scythians adopted the Indo-Greek practice (since [[Menander I]]) of depicting gods forming the [[Mudra#Vitarka Mudrā|vitarka mudra]] with their right hand (like [[Zeus]] on the coins of Maues or Azes II), the Buddhist lion on the coins of those two kings, or the [[triratana]] symbol on the coins of [[Zeionises]].

== Art ==
{{main|Indo-Scythian art}}

[[File:Scythian_devotee_Butkara_I.jpg|upright=.7|thumb|alt=Full-figure sculpture on a wall of a man|Scythian devotee, [[Butkara Stupa]]]]
Other than coins, few works of art are known to indisputably represent Indo-Scythians. Several Gandharan sculptures show foreigners in soft tunics, sometimes wearing the [[pointed hat]] typical of the Scythians. Kushan men seem to wear thick, rigid tunics, and are generally represented more simplistically.<ref>Francine Tissot, ''Gandhara'', p. 74</ref>

=== Buner reliefs ===
{{main|Buner reliefs}}

Indo-Scythian soldiers in military attire are sometimes represented in Buddhist friezes in Gandharan art, particularly in the [[Buner reliefs]]. They are depicted in loose tunics with trousers, with heavy, straight swords. They wear pointed hoods or the Scythian cap; this distinguishes them from the Indo-Parthians, who wore a simple [[Fillet (clothing)|fillet]] over their bushy hair,<ref>Wilcox and McBride (1986), p. 12.</ref> and which is worn by Indo-Scythian rulers on their coins. With their right hand, some form the ''[[Mudra#Karana Mudrā|karana mudra]]'' to ward off evil spirits. In Gandhara, such friezes were used to decorate the pedestals of Buddhist [[stupas]]. They are contemporary with other friezes representing people in Greek attire, hinting at an intermixing of Indo-Scythians and Indo-Greeks. In another relief, the same type of soldiers are playing musical instruments and dancing; in Gandharan art, Indo-Scythians are typically depicted as reveling devotees.
[[File:Buner reliefs Scythian bacchanalian cropped.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2|A Buner relief of Scythian soldiers dancing ''([[Cleveland Museum of Art]])''|alt=See caption]]

=== Stone palettes ===
[[File:MET 1987 142 111.jpeg|thumb|upright|Gandhara stone palette of Scythians playing music|alt=See caption]]

A number of [[stone palette]]s in Gandhara are considered representative of Indo-Scythian art. The palettes, which combine Greek and Iranian influences, often have a simple, archaic style. Stone palettes have only been found in archaeological layers corresponding to Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian rule, and are unknown in the preceding Mauryan layers or the succeeding Kushan layers.<ref>"Let us remind that in [[Sirkap]], stone palettes were found at all excavated levels. On the contrary, neither Bhir-Mound, the [[Maurya]] city preceding Sirkap on the [[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]] site, nor Sirsukh, the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] city succeeding her, did deliver any stone palettes during their excavations", in "Les palettes du Gandhara", p89. "The terminal point after which such palettes are not manufactured anymore is probably located during the Kushan period. In effect, neither [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] nor Taxila (although the Sirsukh had only been little excavated), nor [[Begram]], nor [[Surkh Kotal]], neither the great Kushan archaeological sites of Soviet [[Central Asia]] or [[Afghanistan]] have yielded such objects. Only four palettes have been found in Kushan-period archaeological sites. They come from secondary sites, such as Garav Kala and Ajvadz in Soviet Tajikistan and Jhukar, in the Indus Valley, and Dalverzin Tepe. They are rather roughly made." In "Les Palettes du Gandhara", Henri-Paul Francfort, p 91. (in French in the original)</ref>

The palettes often depict people in Greek dress in mythological scenes; a few have Parthian dress (headbands over bushy hair, crossed-over jacket on a bare chest, jewelry, belt, baggy trousers), and fewer have Indo-Scythian dress (Phrygian hat, tunic and straight trousers). A palette found in [[Sirkap]], now in the [[New Delhi Museum]], shows a winged Indo-Scythian horseman riding a winged [[deer]] and being attacked by a lion.

== Buddhism ==
The Indo-Scythians seem to have supported Buddhism, with many of their practices continuing those of the Indo-Greeks.{{sfnp|Seldeslachts|2007|p=142}}{{sfnp|Neelis|2010|p=110}}{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1993|p=230}} They had an active role in the dissemination of Buddhism beyond India.{{sfnp|Neelis|2010|p=110}}

===Royal dedications===
[[Image:BajaurCasket.jpg|thumb|alt=Round, inscribed reliquary|The [[Bajaur casket]], dedicated by [[Indravarman]] ''([[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])''<ref>Metropolitan Museum of Art notice [http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38111]</ref>]]

Several Indo-Scythian kings after Azes made Buddhist dedications in their name on plaques or reliquaries:
* [[Patika Kusulaka]] (25 BCE – 10 CE) related his donation of a relic of the [[Buddha Shakyamuni]] to a Buddhist monastery, in the [[Taxila copper plate]].
* [[Kharahostes]] (10 BCE – 10 CE) is mentioned on the Buddhist [[Mathura lion capital]] and on a reliquary.<ref>Ahmad Hasan Dani et al., ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', 1999, p 201, Unesco</ref><ref>Richard Salomon, "An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 116, No. 3 (July - September 1996), pp. 418-452</ref> His coins were also found in the [[Bimaran casket]], a gold reliquary with an early image of the Buddha now in the British Museum. Some of his coins have the Buddhist [[triratna]] symbol.
* [[Vijayamitra]] (ruled 12 BCE - 15 CE) dedicated a Buddhist reliquary.<ref>"Afghanistan, carrefour en l'Est et l'Ouest" p.373. Also Senior 2003</ref><ref>Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides, Rika Gyselen, Peeters Publishers, 2007, p.103 [https://books.google.com/books?id=_TIU_jp93xUC&pg=PA103]</ref> Some of his coins bear the Buddhist [[triratna]] symbol.
*[[Indravarman]], while a prince in 5-6 CE, dedicated the [[Bajaur casket]] now in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].
*[[Zeionises]] and [[Aspavarma]] used the triratna on their coins.
*[[Rajuvula]] erected the [[Mathura lion capital]], which incorporates Buddhist symbols and relates the donations by his wife of relics to a stupa.

=== Butkara Stupa ===
Excavations at the [[Butkara Stupa]] in [[Swat, Pakistan|Swat]] by an Italian archaeological team have yielded Buddhist sculptures thought to belong to the Indo-Scythian period. An [[Indo-Corinthian capital]] of a Buddhist devotee in foliage has been found which had a reliquary and coins of Azes buried at its base, dating the sculpture to {{circa|20}} BCE.<ref>The Turin City Museum of Ancient Art [http://www.palazzomadamatorino.it/nuovo3/mostre/index.php?lang=2 Text and photographic reference: Terre Lontane O2] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212064946/http://www.palazzomadamatorino.it/nuovo3/mostre/index.php?lang=2 |date=12 December 2006 }}</ref> A contemporary [[:File:ButkaraPilaster.jpg|pilaster]] of a Buddhist devotee in Greek dress has been found at the same spot, again suggesting a mingling of the populations. Reliefs at the same location show Indo-Scythians, [[:File:ButkaraDoorJamb.jpg|with characteristic tunics and pointed hoods]], with reliefs of standing Buddhas.<ref>Facenna, "Sculptures from the sacred area of Butkara I", plate CCCLXXI.</ref>

== In Indian literature ==
[[File:The Saka king. Kalpasûtra and Kâlakâchârya Kathâ manuscript circa 1400.jpg|thumb|upright|A Saka king of the 1st century BCE, in the [[Kālakācārya Kathā]], circa 1400]]
The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India, a variation of the name "Saka" used by the Persians for Scythians. Shakas are mentioned in the [[Puranas|Purāṇas]], the ''[[Manusmriti|Manusmṛti]]'', the ''[[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'', the ''[[Mahabhashya|Mahābhāṣya]]'', the ''[[Bṛhat Saṃhitā]]'' by [[Varāhamihira]], the Kāvyamīmāṃsā, the Bṛhatkathāmañjarīi, and the ''[[Kathasaritsagara|Kathāsaritsāgara]]''. They are described as part of a group of other warlike tribes from the northwest.

There are references to the warring ''[[mleccha]]'' hordes of Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas and [[Pahlava]]s in the ''[[Balakanda]]'' of the ''Ramayana''. [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H. C. Raychadhury]] saw in these verses the struggles between the Hindus and the invading hordes of ''mleccha'' [[barbarian]]s from the northwest beginning in the second century BCE, and fixed the date of the ''Ramayana'' around (or after) the 2nd century CE.<ref>''Political History of Ancient India'', 1996, pp 3–4.</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' also alludes to the invasion of mixed hordes from the northwest, with prophetic verses that "...the Mlechha (barbaric) kings of the Shakas, Yavanas, [[Kambojas]], [[Bahlikas]] ... shall rule the earth un-righteously in ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' ..."<ref>{{Poem quote|
text=Viparite tada loke purvarupa.n kshayasya tat
bahavo mechchha rajanah prithivyam manujadhipa
mithyanushasinah papa mrishavadaparayanah
Andhrah Shakah Pulindashcha Yavanashcha naradhipah
Kamboja Bahlikah Shudrastath [[Abhira people|Abhira]] narottama.
|source=MBH 3.186.28–30}}</ref>

== Sai-Wang hordes ==
A portion of Central Asian Scythians under Sai-Wang reportedly moved south, crossed the [[Pamir Mountains]] and entered Chipin (or Kipin) after crossing the Xuandu (懸度, Hanging Pass) above the valley of Kanda in Swat.<ref>Serindia, Vol. I, 1980 edition, p. 8, M. A. Stein</ref> Chipin has been identified by Pelliot, Bagchi, Raychaudhury and others as [[Kashmir]],<ref>H. C. Raychaudhury, B. N. Mukerjee; Early History of North India, p 3, S. Chattopadhyava; India and Central Asia, p 126, [[P. C. Bagchi]]</ref> but other scholars identify it as [[Kafiristan]].<ref>''Epigraphia Indiaca'' XIV, p 291 S Konow; ''Greeks in Bactria and India'', p 473, fn, W. W. Tarn; Yuan Chwang I, pp 259–60, Watters; ''Comprehensive History of India'', Vol I, p 189, N. K. Sastri; ''History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Unity'', 122; ''History and Culture of Indian People, Classical Age'', p 617, [[R. C. Majumdar]], A. D. Pusalkar.</ref><ref>Scholars like E. J. Rapson, L. Petech etc. also connect Kipin with Kapisha. Levi writes that before 600 CE, Kipin was Kashmir; after that, it was Kapisha. See discussion in ''The Classical Age'', p 671.</ref> Sai-Wang established his kingdom in Kipin. Konow interprets the Sai-Wang as the [[Samudragupta#Relations with other rulers|Śaka Murunda]] of Indian literature; ''murunda'' is synonymous with ''wang'' (king, master or lord).<ref>Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, II. 1. XX f; cf: ''Early History of North India'', pp 54, S Chattopadhyaya.</ref> Bagchi interprets ''Wang'' as the king of the Scythians, but distinguishes the Sai Sakas from the Murunda Sakas.<ref>''India and Central Asia'', 1955, p 124, P. C. Bagchi; ''Geographical Data in Early Puranas'', 1972, p 47, M. R. Singh.</ref> The Sai Scythians may have been Kamboja Scythians; the Sai-Wang were part of the [[Parama Kamboja kingdom]] of [[Transoxiana]], and returned after being evicted from their ancestral land. Maues might have belonged to this group of Scythians who migrated from the Sai country (Central Asia) to Chipin.<ref>''Political History of Ancient India'', 1996, fn 13, B. N. Mukerjee; Chilas, Islamabad, 1983, no 72, 78, 85, pp 98, 102, A. H. Dani</ref>

== Evidence of joint invasions ==
[[File:Nagarjunakonda Scythian soldier Palace site.jpg|thumb|upright=.6|alt=A relief|"Scythian" soldier, [[Nagarjunakonda]].<ref name=CS>"In Nagarjunakonda Scythian influence is noticed and the cap and coat of a soldier on a pillar may be cited as an example" in {{cite book |last1=Sivaramamurti |first1=C. |title=Indian Sculpture |date=1961 |publisher=Allied Publishers |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL81AAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name=AR>"A Scythian dvarapala standing wearing his typical draperies, boots and head dress. Distinct ethnic and sartorial characteristics are noteworthy" in {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Amita |title=Life and Art of Early Andhradesa |date=1982 |publisher=Agam |page=249 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQXqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>]]

The Scythian groups who invaded India and established kingdoms included, in addition to the Saka, allied tribes such as the [[Medii]], [[Xanthii]], and [[Massagetae]]. These peoples were absorbed into mainstream Indian society.<ref>''History and Culture of Indian People, The Vedic Age'', pp 286–87, 313–14.</ref>

The Shakas were from the trans-Hemodos region—the ''Shakadvipa'' of the [[Purana]]s or the [[Scythia]] of classical writings. At the beginning of the first century CE, [[Isidore of Charax]] notes their presence in Sistan. The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (c. 70–80 CE) documents a Scythian district in the lower Indus Valley, with Minnagra its capital. Ptolemy (c. 140 CE) also documents an Indo-Scythia in south-western India which consisted of the Patalene and Surastrene (Saurashtra) territories. The second-century BCE Scythian invasion of India was probably carried out jointly by the Saka, Pahlavas, Kambojas, [[Paradas]], [[Rishikas]] and other allied tribes from the northwest.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UmMnh1XKJjQC Intercourse Between India and the Western World], pp 75–93, H. G. Rawlinson</ref>

== Dynasties and rulers ==
{{main|List of Indo-Scythian dynasties and rulers}}

== Legacy ==
[[Tadeusz Sulimirski]] notes that the Saka invaded parts of northern India.<ref name="Sulimirski 1970 113–114">{{cite book |title=The Sarmatians |volume=73 of Ancient peoples and places |pages=113–114 |last=Sulimirski |first=Tadeusz |author-link=Tadeusz Sulimirski |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |year=1970 |isbn=9789080057272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdjhuAAACAAJ |quote=The evidence of both the ancient authors and the archaeological remains point to a massive migration of Sacian (Sakas)/Massagetan tribes from the Syr Daria Delta (Central Asia) by the middle of the second century B.C. Some of the Syr Darian tribes; they also invaded North India.}}</ref> Indian linguist [[Weer Rajendra Rishi]]<ref>[http://rishi.anantdutta.in/obituary.html Indian Institute of Romani Studies] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130108051317/http://rishi.anantdutta.in/obituary.html |date=8 January 2013 }}</ref> has identified linguistic affinities between Indian and Central Asian languages, which also suggests a Saka influence in northern India.<ref name="Sulimirski 1970 113–114"/><ref>{{cite book |title= India & Russia: linguistic & cultural affinity |page=95 | last=Rishi |first=Weer Rajendra |author-link=Weer Rajendra Rishi |publisher=Roma |year=1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vns_AAAAMAAJ&q=Getae}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
*[[Central Asians in ancient Indian literature]]
*[[Han–Xiongnu War]]
{{Clear}}

== Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|32em}}

== Sources==
{{refbegin|25em}}
* [[Harold Walter Bailey|Bailey, H. W.]] 1958. "Languages of the Saka." ''Handbuch der Orientalistik'', I. Abt., 4. Bd., I. Absch., Leiden-Köln. 1958.
*Faccenna D., "Sculptures from the sacred area of Butkara I", Istituto Poligrafico Dello Stato, Libreria Dello Stato, Rome, 1964.

* [[János Harmatta|Harmatta, János]], ed., 1994. ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250''. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
* Hill, John E. 2004. ''The Peoples of the West from the Weilue'' 魏略 ''by Yu Huan'' 魚豢'': A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between AD 239 and 265.'' Draft annotated English translation. [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html]
*Hill, John E. (2009) ''Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries AD''. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4392-2134-1}}.
* {{cite book | last =Hirakawa | first =Akira | year =1993 | title =History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna | publisher =Motilall Banarsidas}}
*Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. ''China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty''. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
* Huet, Gerard (2010) ''"Heritage du Sanskrit Dictionnaire, Sanskrit-Francais,"'' p. 128. [http://sanskrit.inria.fr/Dico.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227183848/http://sanskrit.inria.fr/Dico.pdf |date=27 February 2008 }}

* Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996. ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750''. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
* Liu, Xinru 2001 "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies." ''[[Journal of World History]]'', Volume 12, No. 2, Fall 2001. University of Hawaii Press, pp 261–292. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jwh/].
* ''Bulletin of the Asia Institute: The Archaeology and Art of Central Asia''. Studies From the Former Soviet Union. New Series. Edited by B. A. Litvinskii and Carol Altman Bromberg. Translation directed by Mary Fleming Zirin. Vol. 8, (1994), pp 37–46.

* Millward, James A. (2007). ''Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang''. Columbia University Press, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-231-13924-3}}.

* {{cite book | last =Neelis | first =Jason | year =2010 | title =arly Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia | publisher =BRILL}}

* Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 1970. "The Wu-sun and Sakas and the Yüeh-chih Migration." ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 33'' (1970), pp 154–160.
* [[Ptolemy]] (1932). ''The Geography''. Translated and edited by Edward Luther Stevenson. 1991 unabridged reproduction. Dover Publications, Mineola, N. Y. {{ISBN|0-486-26896-9}} (pbk)
* Puri, B. N. 1994. "The Sakas and Indo-Parthians." In: ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250''. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp 191–207.
* Ronca, Italo (1971). ''Ptolemaios Geographie 6,9–21. Ostrian und Zentralasien, Teil I''. IsMEO — ROM.

* {{cite book | last =Seldeslachts | first =Erik | year =2007 | chapter =Greece, the Final Frontier? The Westwards Spread of Buddhism | editor-last1 =Heirman | editor-first1 =Ann | editor-last2 =Bumbacher | editor-first2 =Stephan Peter | title =The Spread of Buddhism | publisher =BRILL}}

* Watson, Burton. Trans. 1993. ''Records of the Grand Historian of China: Han Dynasty II (Revised Edition).'' Translated from the ''[[Shiji|Shih chi]]'' of [[Sima Qian|Ssu-ma Ch'ien]]. Chapter 123: The Account of [[Ta-Yuan|Ta-yüan]]. Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-08167-7}}
*Wilcox, Peter and Angus McBride (1986). ''Rome's Enemies (3): Parthians and Sassanid Persians (Men-at-Arms).'' Osprey Publishing; illustrated edition. {{ISBN|978-0-85045-688-2}}.
* Yu, Taishan. 1998. ''A Study of Saka History''. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 80. July 1998. Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania.
* Yu, Taishan. 2000. ''A Hypothesis about the Source of the Sai Tribes''. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 106. September 2000. Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania.
* ''Political History of Ancient India'', 1996, H. C. Raychaudhury
* ''Hindu Polity, A Constitutional history of India in Hindu Times'', 1978, K. P. Jayswal
* ''Geographical Data in Early Puranas'', 1972, M. R. Singh
* ''India and Central Asia'', 1955, [[P. C. Bagchi]].
* ''Geography of Puranas'', 1973, S. M. Ali
* ''Greeks in Bactria and India'', W. W. Tarn
* ''Early History of North India'', S. Chattopadhyava
* ''Sakas in Ancient India'', S. Chattopadhyava
* ''Development of Kharoshthi script'', C. C. Dasgupta
* ''Ancient India'', 1956, R. K. Mukerjee
* ''Ancient India'', Vol III, T. L. Shah
* ''Hellenism in Ancient India'', G. N. Banerjee
* ''Manu and Yajnavalkya'', K. P. Jayswal
* Anabaseeos Alexanddrou, Arrian
* Mathura lion capital inscriptions
* ''Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarum'', Vol II, Part I, S. Konow
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015203904/http://iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp8/ot_indoscyth_20050802.html "Indo-Scythian dynasties", R. C. Senior]}} (archived)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040809235721/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/indoscythian/indoscythian.html Coins of the Indo-Scythians] (archived)

{{Indo-Scythians}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
{{Ancient India and Central Asia}}
{{Scythia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indo-Scythian peoples| ]]
[[Category:Historical Iranian peoples]]
[[Category:Iranian nomads]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of ancient India]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Iron Age peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:200s BC establishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 2nd century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 5th century]]
[[Category:400 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Invasions of India]]

Pongchau-Wakka Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:31Z

SimonK54990761: added a post first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Pongchau-Wakka
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type = SLA
| constituency_no = 60
| map_image = Pongchau-Wakka Assembly constituency map.svg
|district = [[Longding district|Longding]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
|established = 1978
|reservation = ST
|mla = [[Honchun Ngandam]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|electors = 16,060
}}
'''Pongchau-Wakka''' is one of the 60 assembly constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a northeastern state of [[India]]. It is part of [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/hojai.html Elections in]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.arunachalassembly.gov.in/ Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Wnagnam Wangshu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=2 | Hejam Ponglaham || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Anok Wangsa
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || [[Honchun Ngandam]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Anok Wangsa || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=5 | [[Honchun Ngandam]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pongchau-Wakka<ref name="Pongchau-Wakka Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Honchun Ngandam emerges as winner">{{cite news |title=Pongchau-Wakka Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Honchun Ngandam emerges as winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/pongchau-wakka-assembly-election-results-2024-pongchau-wakka-arunachal-pradesh-elections-polls-result-winner/articleshow/110637691.cms |accessdate=29 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529084001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/pongchau-wakka-assembly-election-results-2024-pongchau-wakka-arunachal-pradesh-elections-polls-result-winner/articleshow/110637691.cms |archivedate=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pongchau-Wakka">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pongchau-Wakka |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0260.htm |accessdate=29 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529083953/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0260.htm |archivedate=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Pongchau-Wakka (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Pongchau-Wakka (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/pongchau-wakka |accessdate=29 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529084043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/pongchau-wakka |archivedate=29 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Honchun Ngandam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,623 |percentage=65.44% |change={{increase}}10.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holai Wangsa |party=Independent politician |votes=4,961 |percentage=33.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=122 |percentage=0.83% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,662 |percentage=31.70% |change= {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,706 |percentage=91.57% |change= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,060 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pongchau-Wakka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Honchun Ngandam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,837 |percentage=54.75% |change={{increase}}36.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkai Khusumchai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,099 |percentage=24.82% |change={{decrease}}18.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Longwang Wangham |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=2,473 |percentage=19.80% |change={{decrease}}7.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=79 |percentage=0.63% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,738 |percentage=29.93% |change= {{increase}}13.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,488 |percentage=92.48% |change= {{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,504 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pongchau-Wakka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Honchun Ngandam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,432 |percentage=43.73% |change={{decrease}}17.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Longwang Wangham |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,394 |percentage=27.32% |change={{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holai Wangsa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,267 |percentage=18.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkai Khusumchai |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,127 |percentage=9.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapnai Wangsa |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=74 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,038 |percentage=16.41% |change= {{decrease}}20.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,422 |percentage=88.82% |change= {{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,985 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pongchau-Wakka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Honchun Ngandam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,531 |percentage=61.63% |change={{increase}}18.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anok Wangsa |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=2,976 |percentage=24.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapnai Wangsa |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,713 |percentage=14.02% |change={{decrease}}15.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,555 |percentage=37.27% |change= {{increase}}23.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,220 |percentage=86.88% |change= {{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,066 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pongchau-Wakka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Honchun Ngandam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,821 |percentage=42.83% |change={{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anok Wangsa |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,324 |percentage=29.53% |change={{decrease}}22.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nasib Gagang Gapaham |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=1,715 |percentage=15.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapnai Wangsa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,397 |percentage=12.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,497 |percentage=13.30% |change= {{increase}}8.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,257 |percentage=88.49% |change= {{increase}}9.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,790 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pongchau-Wakka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Anok Wangsa |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,902 |percentage=52.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Honchun Ngandam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,453 |percentage=47.60% |change={{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=449 |percentage=4.80% |change= {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,355 |percentage=81.10% |change= {{decrease}}10.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,863 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pongchau-Wakka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Honchun Ngandam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,136 |percentage=40.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anok Wangsa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,908 |percentage=38.68% |change={{increase}}10.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangma Wangsa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,059 |percentage=20.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=228 |percentage=2.26% |change= {{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,103 |percentage=90.58% |change= {{increase}}24.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,348 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pongchau-Wakka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Anok Wangsa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,016 |percentage=28.65% |change={{decrease}}9.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangma Wangsa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,874 |percentage=26.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pongbo Wangsa |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,695 |percentage=24.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangpoi Wangsa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,452 |percentage=20.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=142 |percentage=2.02% |change= {{decrease}}7.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,037 |percentage=66.38% |change= {{increase}}21.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,956 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pongchau-Wakka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hejam Ponglaham |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,442 |percentage=38.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anok |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,081 |percentage=28.50% |change={{increase}}13.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanwang Wangsa |party=Independent politician |votes=784 |percentage=20.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nokram Wangham |party=Independent politician |votes=486 |percentage=12.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=361 |percentage=9.52% |change= {{decrease}}33.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,793 |percentage=45.71% |change= {{increase}}17.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,830 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}19.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pongchau-Wakka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hejam Ponglaham |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,136 |percentage=57.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atem Biham |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=297 |percentage=15.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achingh Wangham |party=Independent politician |votes=290 |percentage=14.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nokram Wangham |party=Independent politician |votes=237 |percentage=12.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=839 |percentage=42.81% |change= {{increase}}23.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,960 |percentage=26.98% |change= {{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,796 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pongchau-Wakka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wnagnam Wangshu |party=Janata Party |votes=1,344 |percentage=59.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aching |party=Independent politician |votes=910 |percentage=40.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=434 |percentage=19.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,254 |percentage=30.67% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,761 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Pongchau-Wakka]]
* [[Longding district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.790|95.434|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Longding district]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip

2026-04-14T13:11:18Z

SimonK54990761: done

{{Short description|Victim of September 11 attacks}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sneha Anne Philip
| image = Sneha Anne Philip missing flyer.jpg
| caption = Flyer circulated by Philip's family and friends after her disappearance
| birth_date = {{birth date|1969|10|07}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| disappeared_date = {{Disappeared date|2001|09|10}}
| disappeared_place = [[Lower Manhattan]], New York, U.S.
| disappeared_status = [[Declared death in absentia|Declared dead ''in absentia'']] on {{death date and age|2008|1|31|1969|10|07}}
| death_date = {{abbr|Legally dead.|Legal death}} {{death date and age|2001|09|11|1969|10|07}} [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], Manhattan, New York, U.S.
| known_for = Contention surrounding time and location of her death before the [[September 11 attacks]]; declared a victim of the attacks ''in absentia''
| occupation = [[Physician]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Ron Lieberman|2000}}
}}

On the night of September 10, 2001, '''Sneha Anne Philip''', a 31-year-old [[physician]] living in [[Lower Manhattan]], disappeared after being seen on department store surveillance footage near her apartment. She has not been seen since. Because she lived close to the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] and had medical training, her family believes she died the following morning while assisting victims of the [[September 11 attacks]].

Two investigations reached different conclusions about her fate. A private inquiry commissioned by her husband ultimately concluded she most likely died in the attacks, while a later [[New York City Police Department]] investigation examined difficulties in her personal life and suggested that other explanations, including voluntary disappearance or foul play, were also possible.

In 2008, a New York State appeals court ruled that Philip had died in the September 11 attacks, officially recognising her as a victim of the [[collapse of the Twin Towers]].

== Background ==
Sneha Anne Philip was born on October 7, 1969, in the Indian state of [[Kerala]], one of three children, to Ansu (née John) and Philip Kochiyil Philip.<ref name="Kerala">{{cite news|title=Indian American Sneha is 2,751st 9/11 martyr|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14599157|website=[[Sify]]|date=February 4, 2008|access-date=February 4, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207021135/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14599157|archive-date=February 7, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Sneha Anne Philip |url=https://voicescenter.org/living-memorial/victim/dr-sneha-anne-philip |access-date= |website=voicescenter.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Obituary for Philip K. Philip |url=https://www.mchoulfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/3707736/philip-philip/obit.php?&printable=true |website=McHoul Funeral Home}}</ref> She later moved with her parents to [[upstate New York]], settling first in the [[Capital District, New York|Albany area]] and then in [[Hopewell Junction, New York|Hopewell Junction]], a small hamlet in [[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess County]].<ref name=NewYorkMagazine>{{cite journal |last=Fass |first=Mark |date=June 19, 2006 |title=Last Seen on September 10th |journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |url=http://nymag.com/news/features/17336/ |access-date=February 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126200242/http://nymag.com/news/features/17336/ |archive-date=January 26, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following her graduation from [[Johns Hopkins University]] in 1991,<ref>{{cite web|title=Losses Unbearable|url=http://jhu.edu/~jhumag/1101web/loss.html|work=Johns Hopkins Magazine|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|access-date=September 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711093555/http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/1101web/loss.html|archive-date=July 11, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Philip decided to pursue a career in medicine and enrolled in the [[Chicago School of Medicine]] in 1995. There she met Ron Lieberman, a student a year behind her from Los Angeles, and began dating him. The two shared creative interests outside of their intended career—he was a musician and she was interested in painting. Philip took a year off traveling around Italy so the two could graduate together. They moved to New York City where they had both gained [[internship (medicine)|internships]]. Lieberman was at [[Jacobi Medical Center]] in [[the Bronx]], while Philip did hers at [[Cabrini Medical Center]], closer to their small apartment in the [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]].<ref name=NewYorkMagazine/>

The couple were married in May 2000 at a small ceremony held in Dutchess County, combining [[Weddings in the United States#Jewish|Jewish]] and [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Syrian Christian]] elements. Lieberman gave his bride a ''minnu'', a traditional [[Malayalis|Malayali]] Syrian Christian wedding pendant shaped like a gold teardrop with a diamond set in it. They moved to a larger apartment in [[Battery Park City]] shortly afterwards.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine/>

== Disappearance ==
Philip was last seen on September 10, 2001, on a day when she was off from work. According to Lieberman, she was planning to spend the day cleaning up the apartment in anticipation of a dinner visit by her cousin two nights later. Philip had a two-hour online chat with her mother, during which she mentioned that she was planning to visit the [[Windows on the World]] restaurants on top of the nearby North Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]], where a friend was to be married the next spring. At 4 p.m. she signed off and went to drop off some clothes at a neighborhood dry cleaners, then went to a [[Century 21 (department store)|Century 21]] where she used the couple's [[American Express]] card to buy lingerie, a dress, pantyhose and bed linens. Afterwards Philip bought three pairs of shoes at an annex to the store.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Westfeldt |first=Amy |date=February 1, 2008 |title=Ending long mystery, court declares that a missing woman died in World Trade Center attack |url=https://www.fosters.com/story/news/2008/02/01/ending-long-mystery-court-declares/52646952007/ |access-date= |website=Foster's Daily Democrat |language=en-US}}</ref> A security camera at Century 21 recorded her during this shopping trip. The taped image and the credit-card records are the last confirmed records of Philip's presence anywhere.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine />

Lieberman returned to the couple's apartment after midnight that night and noticed Philip was not there. He believed she had stayed out late or all night, as she had been doing, and resolved to remind her the next time he saw her to call him under those circumstances. Lieberman went to bed as he had to get up early the next morning for work.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine />

Later investigation found that someone had called Lieberman's cell phone from the apartment at 4 a.m. Lieberman does not remember it, but thinks he may have awoken briefly to check his voicemail. When he got up for work at 6:30, Philip had still not returned. That evening, after the [[September 11 attacks]], Lieberman was able to use his medical credentials to get through the security perimeter and return to their apartment. Since the window had been left open, dust from the collapsed towers had accumulated throughout. There were tracks in it from the couple's two kittens, but none from any human.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine />

Philip was one of hundreds of people reported to police as missing after September 11. Like those of other victims, her family posted flyers all over the city in an effort to find her. Philip's case was the only one not connected to the attacks, and, in order to generate media interest, her brother falsely claimed to the media that he had last heard from her during the attack. She has never been found or otherwise accounted for.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine />

== Investigations ==

=== By Lieberman and Gallant ===
Lieberman called American Express and, upon learning about the credit card purchases on the previous evening, posted flyers in other Century 21 stores. Later that week a clerk from the Lower Manhattan store, who had been relocated to [[Brooklyn]], called to say she remembered Philip, who had come in frequently. On the evening of September 10, the clerk recalled that Philip had been accompanied by another young woman, possibly Indian. After reviewing videotape footage for three weeks, Lieberman found the recording of his wife browsing in the coat department, but without anyone else.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine />

Since police detectives initially seemed to be unhelpful to Lieberman and assumed that Philip had died with the other victims, he hired private investigator Ken Gallant, who found two pieces of evidence suggesting that she may have returned to the apartment building early on the morning of September 11. The first was the call from the home phone to Lieberman's cell; the second was some videotape from the security cameras in the lobby. [[Timestamp]]ed at 8:43 a.m., just three minutes before [[American Airlines Flight 11]] was crashed into the North Tower, and within the 7–9 a.m. timeframe during which Philip typically returned after her nights out,<ref name=NewYorkLawJournal>{{cite news|last=Fass|first=Mark|title=Death Was on 9/11, Court Finds|url=http://www.law.com/jsp/nylj/PubArticleNY.jsp?hubtype=FeaturedContent&id=1201779830689|journal=[[New York Law Journal]]|date=February 1, 2008|access-date=February 3, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213080318/http://www.law.com/jsp/nylj/PubArticleNY.jsp?hubtype=FeaturedContent&id=1201779830689|archive-date=February 13, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> it shows a woman entering the building, waiting near the elevator and leaving after a few minutes. Due to the poor contrast from the sunlight in the lobby, the woman was visible only in silhouette, but her hair and dress were consistent with Philip as seen in the Century 21 tape from the previous evening. Philip's family also says the woman exhibits similar mannerisms. She is, however, not carrying any of the bags that she would have had from her shopping trip, and again she is apparently unaccompanied.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine /> Lieberman could not positively identify the woman as his wife, but an NYPD investigator believes it was her.<ref name=NYCourts>{{cite web|author=Saxe, D.|url=http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/3dseries/2008/2008_00630.htm|title=In the Matter of a Judicial Declaration of Death of Sneha Anne Philip. Ronald Lieberman, Appellant|publisher=[[New York State Unified Court System]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126212035/http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/3dseries/2008/2008_00630.htm|archive-date=January 26, 2016|date=January 31, 2008}}</ref>

Gallant at first considered the possibility that Philip had used the attack to flee her mounting personal problems and start a new life under a new identity. However, her computer's [[hard drive]] revealed no evidence of any such plans or contacts, and she had also left her glasses, passport, driver's license and credit cards, except the American Express card, behind. Lieberman kept the account open in case any leads developed from attempts to use it, but none ever did. Gallant and Lieberman eventually concluded that Philip witnessed the attack and, as a physician, rushed to the site to render aid and subsequently perished there, either within the towers or in the ensuing collapse.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine />

=== By the NYPD ===
The NYPD was not able to begin investigating the Philip case for some time after the attacks. When it did, it found many details about Philip's life prior to September 11 that suggested she may have been elsewhere, or already dead, when the towers fell.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine/>

Earlier in the year, Cabrini Medical Center had declined to renew Philip's contract, citing repeated tardiness and alcohol-related issues, effectively firing her. Shortly after she had been informed of that decision, Philip went out to a bar with other Cabrini employees. The outing led to her spending the night in jail. She complained to police that a fellow intern [[groped]] her during that time. The prosecutor who investigated the case dropped the sexual abuse charge and instead charged Philip with [[false statement|third-degree falsely reporting an incident]], a misdemeanor under New York law. He offered to drop the charge if she recanted the original complaint, but she refused and was held overnight pending release.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine/>

After her dismissal from Cabrini, Philip began spending nights out at [[gay bar|gay and lesbian bars]] in the city, some known for their rough clientele. According to police, she would sometimes leave with women she met at these bars. Police also stated that Philip's brother discovered her and his then-girlfriend having sex, which her brother disputed. Philip obtained another internship, in [[internal medicine]], at [[St. Vincent's Hospital (Staten Island)|St. Vincent's Medical Center]] on [[Staten Island]], but was running into similar problems there—she had already been suspended for missing a meeting with a substance abuse counselor.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine/>

On the morning of September 10, Philip had been formally [[arraigned]] on the criminal charge and pleaded not guilty. The police report says she and Lieberman fought loudly at the courthouse afterwards about her problems and nights out, which ended with her walking away and leaving him to go home alone and get ready for work. After reviewing it, the city medical examiner removed Philip from the official list of victims in January 2004, one of the last three.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine/>

=== Family response to police report ===
Philip's husband, brother and family dispute much of the NYPD's interpretations of the documentary evidence. They claim Philip was fired from Cabrini not because of alcoholism but because she had been a "[[whistleblower]]" who complained about [[racial bias|racial]] and [[sexual discrimination|sexual bias]] (the hospital later told a reporter it had no evidence of any formal complaints by her). Lieberman says that while his wife frequented lesbian bars, it was because she did not want a repeat of the situation that had happened with her coworker. She never had sex with the women she went home with, he claims, and they would often merely listen to music, sleep or paint. One time, in fact, she came home covered with paint after going home with an artist. Philip's drinking was a temporary phase to ease her through the [[depression (mood)|depression]] she was experiencing after being fired by Cabrini, and would stop once her life got back to normal, as he believed it was doing.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine />

Philip's brother says the report of him catching her with his girlfriend is completely fabricated and that he never even spoke with the detective who wrote it. Similarly, Lieberman says the couple never fought at the courthouse after her arraignment. The police, they believe, were extrapolating from what little they could find in an effort to make up for their early inattention to the case.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine />

== Court proceedings ==
=== Surrogate's Court ===
In 2003, after the NYPD investigation concluded, Lieberman filed a court petition in [[New York County, New York|New York County]] [[New York Surrogate's Court|Surrogate's Court]], which handles [[probate]] matters, to have his wife declared a victim of the 9/11 attacks. New York state law requires "clear and convincing" evidence of a possible victim's exposure<ref name="NYSEPTL 2-1.7">New York State Estate, Powers and Trusts Law, Section 2.-1.7 (a)</ref> to any lethal peril in order for any presumption of death and subsequent legal provisions, including benefits from the federal [[September 11th Victim Compensation Fund]], to apply. Lieberman believed that his wife's profession would have led her to rush to the nearby World Trade Center, if she was in the vicinity, and offer aid to victims. Philip's mother further testified to their online chat, in which she said she was going to visit Windows on the World and possibly do some shopping at the Trade Center's mall. The author of the NYPD report testified that he believed Philip probably died in the attacks.<ref name=NewYorkLawJournal />

Ellen Winner, appointed [[legal guardian#Guardian ad litem|guardian ''ad litem'']] for Philip, introduced the NYPD report and argued that there was no clear evidence she was at or near the World Trade Center during the attacks. On June 29, 2006, Judge Renee Roth ruled<ref name=NewYorkLawJournal /> that it could not be established that Philip died on September 11 and instead set the date of her [[declared death in absentia|legal death]] at September 10, 2004, three years after she was reported missing, per state law.<ref name="NYSEPTL 2-1.7" />

Philip's family [[appeal]]ed, contrasting her case with that of Juan Lafuente, another possible victim whose petition the court's counterpart in Dutchess County, where he lived, had accepted. Like Philip, his exposure to the attacks is based on [[circumstantial evidence]]. He, too, had recently lost a job and struggled with depression, and as a volunteer [[fire marshal]] in [[Poughkeepsie (city), New York|Poughkeepsie]] might himself have had a reason to offer assistance at the World Trade Center. His office was eight blocks north of the [[World Trade Center site]], but the court accepted testimony from someone who frequented the same local deli claiming he had overheard Lafuente say he had a meeting at the Twin Towers that morning. The court ultimately determined that Lafuente died in the attacks, believing that he was in the North Tower when Flight 11 made impact. Philip's family believes Lafuente's petition, with similarly minimal evidence of the alleged decedent's presence at the site of the attacks, was accepted primarily because his wife, Colette, was mayor of Poughkeepsie at the time and the case was heard there rather than in [[Manhattan]].<ref name=NewYorkMagazine />

=== Appeals court ===
[[File:12.6.11SnehaAnnePhilipPanelS-66ByLuigiNovi1.jpg|thumb|Philip's name is located on Panel S-66 of the [[National September 11 Memorial]]'s South Pool.]]
Despite it being suggested that the chances of success were low,<ref name=NewYorkMagazine /> Lieberman and the Philip family's lawyer went ahead with an appeal. On January 31, 2008, a five-judge panel reversed Judge Roth's decision,<ref name=NewYorkLawJournal/> finding the simplest explanation to be the most likely – that Philip died trying to help people at the World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sneha Philip finally named a 9/11 victim|url=http://www.showbizspy.com/2008/02/01/sneha-philip-finally-named-a-911-victim|publisher=showbizspy|date=February 1, 2008|access-date=July 23, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071020035212/http://www.showbizspy.com/2008/02/01/sneha-philip-finally-named-a-911-victim|archive-date=October 20, 2007}}</ref> Judge David Saxe, writing for the other three majority judges, stated, "This is a disturbing case." Saxe observed that the central problem was the lack of direct evidence putting Philip at the site of the attack. However, he said while the City of New York applied the "clear and convincing" standard set forth in statute:

{{blockquote|Even assuming that the clear and convincing standard is applicable, the standard does not require an absolute certainty; it merely requires that the evidence make the conclusion "highly probable". Even without direct proof irrefutably establishing that her route that morning took her past the World Trade Center at the time of the attack, the evidence shows it to be highly probable that she died that morning, and at that site, whereas only the rankest speculation leads to any other conclusion.<ref name=NYCourts/>}}

Judge Saxe dismissed the claims made in the NYPD report, saying they constituted [[hearsay]], and had not been properly introduced in the original hearing, instead appended by Winner to a post-hearing report. Nor did she properly follow up on assertions made in the report during the actual hearing. Thus, "any reliance by the court on purported facts asserted in those reports but unproved at hearing was improper." If Lafuente had been found to have faced exposure to the attacks, then Philip could be too, he concluded. Saxe considered it unlikely that she had deliberately disappeared due to the lack of evidence of preparations, and agreed with Lieberman, Gallant and Stark that had she died some other way, some evidence would have turned up in the years since the attack.<ref name=NYCourts/>

The dissenting judge, Bernard Malone Jr., said:

{{blockquote|Since it is not known where the decedent spent the night of September 10, it requires speculation to say, as petitioner does, that her route home … southwest of the World Trade Center, took her across or dangerously near the World Trade Center grounds, or that at 8:48 a.m., when the attacks began, she was even in the vicinity of the World Trade Center.<ref name=NYCourts/>}}

Malone contrasted Philip's case to Lafuente's by noting that he had had a more predictable daily routine, a more stable life, and that there was independent evidence confirming the meeting at the World Trade Center he might have been on his way to. "The degree of speculation is greater here", he said.<ref name=NYCourts/>

Philip was thus officially declared the 2,751st victim of the [[collapse of the World Trade Center|Twin Towers' collapse]].<ref name="NYT on appeal">{{cite news|title=Doctor Missing Since 9/10 Is Declared a Victim of 9/11|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/02/nyregion/02dead.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 2, 2008|access-date=February 3, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705234637/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/02/nyregion/02dead.html|archive-date=July 5, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The decision leaves only one missing person whose possible death at the World Trade Center is unresolved. Fernando Molinar, a Mexican immigrant,<ref>{{cite news|title=Los mexicanos olvidados|url=http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/51524.html|work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|location=Mexico City|date=September 10, 2006|access-date=July 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907033205/http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/51524.html|archive-date=September 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> has not been seen or heard from since September 8, 2001, when he called his mother to tell her that he was starting a new job at a pizzeria near the World Trade Center. A similar petition to Surrogate's Court on his behalf also was rejected.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine />

== Aftermath ==
Since the victims' fund made all its payments and closed in 2003, Lieberman will not receive any money. The decision does mean that Philip's name can be added to official [[September 11, 2001 attack memorials and services#Physical memorials|memorials]] to the victims.<ref name=NewYorkLawJournal /> One to Philip specifically has already been established at [[Dutchess Community College]], where her mother works as a [[computer programming|computer programmer]]. Her family buried an urn full of ashes from Ground Zero at a cemetery near their home.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine /> Six months after the appeals court decision, in July 2008, the family was officially notified by the city that Philip had been added to the victims' list.<ref name="added to list">{{cite news|last=Rouen|first=Ethan|title=Missing doctor certified as 9/11 victim|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2008/07/10/2008-07-10_missing_doctor_certified_as_911_victim.html|publisher=[[Mortimer Zuckerman]]|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|date=July 10, 2008|access-date=July 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714141309/http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2008/07/10/2008-07-10_missing_doctor_certified_as_911_victim.html|archive-date=July 14, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

No physical remains have been found for over a thousand victims of the attacks at the World Trade Center, but Philip's family retained hopes that the jewelry she wore at the time of the attacks, which included diamonds that would have easily withstood the temperatures of the Ground Zero fires, would eventually be recovered and matched to photos the family provided to the city clerk.<ref name=NewYorkMagazine />

At the [[National September 11 Memorial]], Sneha Anne Philip is memorialized at the South Pool, on Panel S-66.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4980|title=South Pool: Panel S-66 – Sneha Anne Philip|publisher=[[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]]|access-date=October 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727095710/http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4980|archive-date=July 27, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Philip's parents have kept her room at their house in Poughkeepsie the same as it was when she lived there, as a memorial, with some added photos and her diplomas. Due to the walking involved, her family no longer attends memorial ceremonies at the tower; Ansu Philip, her mother, prefers to visit the memorial on her daughter's birthday. Lieberman remains close to his former in-laws, and remarried in 2010 with their encouragement.<ref name="Rediff 2016 story">{{cite news|last=Joseph|first=George|title=9/11: 'Sneha's room has been kept the same way for the past 15 years'|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/snehas-room-has-been-kept-the-same-way-for-the-past-15-years/20160911.htm|newspaper=[[Rediff]]|date=September 11, 2016|access-date=April 22, 2021}}</ref>

Two memorial funds have been established in Kerala in Sneha's name. The Sneha Philip Memorial Fund, started by the family, pays for the treatment of indigent patients at a clinic outside [[Aluva]]. The [[Saint Thomas Christians|Mar Thoma]] Doctor's Association has also started a fund in her name.<ref name="Rediff 2016 story" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Hudson Valley|India|New York City}}
*[[Casualties of the September 11 attacks]]
**[[Lists of victims of the September 11 attacks]]
*[[Killing of Henryk Siwiak]], unsolved killing in Brooklyn that is New York City's only official homicide on September 11, 2001
*[[Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris]], upstate New York woman last seen on late night of September 11; investigation was similarly hampered by the diversion of law enforcement resources to the attacks.
*[[List of people who disappeared mysteriously (2000–present)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://charleyproject.org/case/sneha-ann-philip Charley Project page] on the case
{{September 11 attacks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philip, Sneha Anne}}
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:2000s missing person cases]]
[[Category:Aftermath of the September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:History of women in New York City]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in New York City]]
[[Category:September 2001 in the United States]]
[[Category:Victims of the September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from New York City]]
[[Category:American health professionals of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:People declared dead in absentia]]
[[Category:People from Hopewell Junction, New York]]
[[Category:People from the East Village, Manhattan]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]
[[Category:Indian people murdered abroad]]

Kairana Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:46:11Z

SimonK54990761: Made the article first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kairana
| constituency_no = 8
| mla = [[Nahid Hasan]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Shamli district]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 300,659 (2017)
| type= SLA
| map_image = 8-Kairana.svg
| map_caption = MLA Nahid Hasan
}}
'''Kairana Assembly constituency ''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Shamli district]] (prior to 2012, Kairana was a [[tehsil]] of [[Muzaffarnagar district]]) and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency]]. Kairana Assembly constituency came into existence in 1955 as a result of the "Final Order DC (1953-1955)". The extant and serial number of this constituency was last defined in "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="Final Order DC (1953-1955)">{{cite news|title=Final Order DC (1953-1955)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/delimitation_pub_rpt.aspx}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 12 Jun 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

==Wards / areas==

Kairana assembly constituency comprises Ailum, Gagor, Un, Chausana-1, Chausana-2, Toda, Khodsama, Shamli-Shamla, Ballamajara, Bajheri, Kera Bhau, Nai Nangla, Dathera, Baheda, Sakoti, Udpur, Machhrauli, Lawa Daudpur of Un KC, Jhinjhana KC, PCs Kairana 1 & 4, Kairana 2, Kairana 3, Mohammadpur Rai, Ramra, Panjeeth, Mamaur, Teetarvada, Unchagaon, Airati, Kandela, Dundookheda, Issopur of Kairana KC, Un NP, Jhinjhana NP & Kairana NPP of Kairana Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=kairana Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kairana.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Virendra Verma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Chandan Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Shafquat Jung]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Chandra Bhan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| [[Hukum Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Bashir Ahmad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Hukum Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
| [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Rajeshwar Bansal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Munawwar Hasan]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Hukum Singh]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|2014^
| rowspan="3" |[[Nahid Hasan]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kairana]]<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Nahid Hasan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:131035}}
|percentage = 54.16
|change = {{increase}}6.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mriganka Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:105148}}
|percentage = 43.46
|change = {{increase}}6.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:593}}
|percentage = 0.25
|change = {{decrease}}0.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25887}}
|percentage = 10.7
|change = {{increase}}0.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:241947}}
|percentage = 75.04
|change = {{increase}}5.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha: 2017 Assembly Elections]].<ref name="2017 Election Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/|title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kairana]]<ref name="2017 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Nahid Hasan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:98830}}
|percentage = 47.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mriganka Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:77668}}
|percentage = 37.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Anil Chauhan
|votes = {{formatnum:19992}}
|percentage = 9.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Diwakar Deshwal
|votes = {{formatnum:6888}}
|percentage = 3.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1060}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21162}}
|percentage = 10.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209134}}
|percentage = 69.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title= By-Election, 2014: Kairana}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Nahid Hasan]]
|votes = 83,984
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil Chauhan
|votes = 82,885
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Arshad Hasan
|votes = 16,906
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,099
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 General Elections]].<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=12 Jun 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kairana]]<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hukum Singh]]
|votes = 80,293
|percentage = 45.17
|change = +6.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anwar Hasan
|votes = 60,750
|percentage = 34.17
|change = +18.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ayyub Jang
|votes = 21,267
|percentage = 11.96
|change = +3.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder nine candidates
|votes = 15,457
|percentage = 8.69
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 19,543
|percentage = 10.99
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,77,771
|percentage = 66.03
|change = +14.97
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
Source:<ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2007 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf |access-date=12 Jun 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kairana]]<ref name="2007 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hukum Singh]]
|votes = 53,483
|percentage = 38.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Arshad Hasan
|votes = 44,893
|percentage = 32.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Devpal Singh Kashyap
|votes = 21,330
|percentage = 15.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vijay Malik
|votes = 11,217
|percentage = 8.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shamim Ahmad
|votes = 2,456
|percentage = 1.76
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,590
|percentage = 6.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,39,106
|percentage = 51.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = –
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Shamli district]]
*[[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shamli district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Payakaraopet Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:04Z

SimonK54990761: added first bio needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Payakaraopet
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (33-Payakaraopet highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Payakaraopet Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Smt. Vangalapudi Anitha.jpg
| constituency_no = 33
| mla = [[Vangalapudi Anitha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 240,285
}}
'''Payakaraopet''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Anakapalli district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=18, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Vangalapudi Anitha]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 240,285 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==

The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Kotauratla]]
|-
| [[Nakkapalli]]
|-
| [[Payakaraopeta Mandal|Payakaraopeta]]
|-
| [[S.Rayavaram]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Payakaraopet Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q65062520,Q59902651,Q58348449,Q59902712"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Raja Sagi Suryanarayana Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Mande Pitchaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2 |Gantlana Suryanarayana
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Maruthi Adeyya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Sumana Gantela
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=3 |Kakara Nookaraju
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan=2 |Chengala Venkatarao
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Golla Baburao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|2012]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Vangalapudi Anitha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Golla Baburao]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Vangalapudi Anitha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Vangalapudi Anitha]]|votes=1,20,042|percentage=57.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kambala Jogulu]]|votes=76,315|percentage=36.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr. Boni Tata Rao|votes=2,087|percentage=1.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=4,107|percentage=1.98|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=43,727|percentage=21.08|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,07,486|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Golla Baburao]]
|votes = 98745
|percentage = 50.45%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = B. Bangarayya
|votes = 67,556
|percentage = 34.52%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jana Sena Party
|candidate = Nakka Raja Babu
|votes = 15,921
|percentage = 8.13%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,189
|percentage = 15.93%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,95,725
|percentage = 81.45%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Vangalapudi Anitha]]
|votes = 86,355
|percentage = 48.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Changala Venkata Rao]]
|votes = 83,527
|percentage = 46.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,828
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 179,843
|percentage = 80.69
|change = +5.80
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Golla Baburao]]
|votes = 50,698
|percentage = 32.11
|change = +6.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Chengala Venkata Rao]]
|votes = 50,042
|percentage = 31.69
|change = -11.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Gurindapalli Dhanaraju]]
|votes = 49,264
|percentage = 31.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 656
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 157,890
|percentage = 74.89
|change = +4.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Changala Venkata Rao]]
|votes = 40,794
|percentage = 43.15
|change = -8.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Sumana Gantela]]
|votes = 27,105
|percentage = 28.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vijaya Kumari Ambati]]
|votes = 24,171
|percentage = 25.57
|change = -17.85
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,689
|percentage = 14.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 94,544
|percentage = 70.81
|change = +5.44
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Chengala Venkatarao|votes=46,478|percentage=51.9|change={{increase}}2.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gantela Sumana|votes=38,902|percentage=43.4|change={{decrease}}1.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kakara Nookaraju|votes=2,935|percentage=3.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Marxist Communist Party Of India (S.S.SRIVASTAVA)|candidate=Bhupathi Apparao|votes=928|percentage=1.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Godugu Raju|votes=342|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,576|percentage=8.2|change={{increase}}3.3}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=92,556|percentage=67.5|change={{increase}}1.4}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kakara Nookaraju|votes=39,666|percentage=49.6|change={{decrease}}1.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gantela Sumana|votes=35,657|percentage=44.6|change={{decrease}}2.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Beera Nagabhushanam|votes=2,401|percentage=3.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kolaventi Sundararao|votes=1,381|percentage=1.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kakara Soorayamma|votes=490|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Party|candidate=Matia Sudhakararao|votes=308|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,009|percentage=4.9|change={{increase}}0.7}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=82,262|percentage=66.1|change={{decrease}}1.6}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kakara Nookaraju
|votes = 38,764
|percentage = 51.5
|change = {{decrease}}23.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gautala Sumaua
|votes = 35,486
|percentage = 47.1
|change = {{increase}}24.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Geddam Kumar
|votes = 1,068
|percentage = 1.4
|change = {{decrease}}21.4
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,278
|percentage = 4.2
|change = {{decrease}}46.5
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 78,855
|percentage = 67.7
|change = {{increase}}8.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kakara Nookaraju|votes=42,821|percentage=74.6|change={{increase}}13.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=G. V. Harsha Kumar|votes=13,053|percentage=22.8|change={{increase}}4.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Beera Nagabhushanam|votes=654|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Cherukuri Musalayya|votes=450|percentage=0.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Matha Polayya|votes=402|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=29,768|percentage=50.7|change={{increase}}9.3}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=58,752|percentage=59.2|change={{decrease}}0.6}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Sumana Gantela|votes=34,030|percentage=60.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Nelaparthi Ramarao|votes=10,252|percentage=18.4|change={{decrease}}1.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gara Raju|votes=7,746|percentage=13.9|change={{decrease}}14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nadupuri Sanyasirao|votes=3,076|percentage=5.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Congress (J)|candidate=Adayya Maruthi|votes=764|percentage=1.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,778|percentage=41.4|change={{increase}}11.7}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=57,422|percentage=59.8|change={{increase}}0.4}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (I)|candidate=Maruthi Adeyya|votes=29,490|percentage=58.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gara China Nookaraju|votes=14,023|percentage=27.9|change={{decrease}}43.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Gantala Suryanarayana|votes=5,543|percentage=11.0|change={{decrease}}60.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Beera Nagabhushanam|votes=1,215|percentage=2.4|change={{decrease}}9.41}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,467|percentage=29.7|change={{decrease}}30.33}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=52,053|percentage=59.4|change={{increase}}21}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gantlana Suryanarayana|votes=21,844|percentage=71.84|change={{increase}}36.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Beera Nagabhushanam|votes=3,592|percentage=11.81|change={{decrease}}19.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Boda Suryanarayana|votes=3,563|percentage=11.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=J.C. Guruvullu|votes=1,407|percentage=4.63|change={{decrease}}9.41}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,252|percentage=60.03|change={{increase}}55.84}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=30,406|percentage=38.40|change={{decrease}}18.01}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gantlana Suryanarayana|votes=13,804|percentage=35.28|change={{decrease}}10.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Swatantra Party|candidate=B. Nagabhushanan|votes=12,165|percentage=31.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=B. Narasimhulu|votes=7,687|percentage=19.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party of India|candidate=N. Satyam|votes=2,941|percentage=7.52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=G. Nookaraji|votes=2,528|percentage=6.46|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,639|percentage=4.19|change={{decrease}}4.12}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=39,125|percentage=56.41|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Mande Pitchaiah
|votes = 13,450
|percentage = 54.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Muthyala Pothuraju
|votes = 11,386
|percentage = 45.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,064
|percentage = 8.31
|change = {{decrease}}4.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 24,836
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Payakaraopeta<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Raja Sagi Suryanarayana Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=9,757 |percentage=30.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunkari Appala Naiudu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,730 |percentage=18.08% |change=18.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raparti Jagannatha Rao |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=5,723 |percentage=18.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Katha Radhakrihnamurthy |party=Socialist Party (India)|votes=5,462 |percentage=17.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Galab |party=Independent politician |votes=2,548 |percentage=8.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kasturi Subha Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,265 |percentage=3.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Madhuramruta Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,210 |percentage=3.82% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,027 |percentage=12.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,695 |percentage=50.19% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,155 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|17.36|82.55|display=title}}
{{Anakapalli district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Anakapalli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Geeta LL.B

2026-04-13T11:26:32Z

SimonK54990761: added

{{Short description|2023 Indian Bengali TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Geeta L. L. B..jpg
| genre = [[Courtroom drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]] [[Action film|Action]]
| creator = Blues Productions
| developer = Blues Productions
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Snehasish Chakraborty
| screenplay = Snehasish Chakraborty
| story = Snehasish Chakraborty
| director = Rupam Baag
| creative_director = Snehasish Chakraborty
| starring = Hiya Mukherjee Kunal Shil Rahul Banerjee Supriya Dutta Sanghamitra Talukdar
| theme_music_composer = Snehasish Chakraborty
| open_theme =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 677
| executive_producer = Runa Dey Sarkar (Blues Productions) Samajita, Saptara & Akash (Star Jalsha)
| producer = Snehasish Chakraborty
| location = Kolkata
| cinematography = Debabrata Mallick
| editor = Bapan Pramanik
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Blues Productions]]
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2023|11|20|}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|10|02|df=y}}
}}

'''''Geeta LL.B.''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Romantic film|romantic]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] [[courtroom drama]] television series that premiered on 20 November 2023 and ended abruptly on 2 October 2025 on [[Star Jalsha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-18 |title=Upcoming Bengali serial traces the journey of a suburban girl who aspires to be a lawyer |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/upcoming-bengali-serial-traces-the-journey-of-a-suburban-girl-who-aspires-to-be-a-lawyer/articleshow/105310460.cms |access-date=2024-01-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The show was produced by Snehasish Chakraborty of ''[[Blues Productions]]'' and starred Hiya Mukherjee as Geeta and Kunal Shil as Swastik in lead roles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=বাবার অধরা স্বপ্নপূরণ করতে আসছে গীতা, খ্যাতনামা উকিলদের সঙ্গে এঁটে উঠতে পারবে কি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/geeta-llb-will-start-from-20-nov-replacing-komola-o-shriman-prithwiraj-in-star-jalsha-31700279825945.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101134003/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/geeta-llb-will-start-from-20-nov-replacing-komola-o-shriman-prithwiraj-in-star-jalsha-31700279825945.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Hindustantimes |language=bn}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{expand section|date=June 2025}}
{{More plot|date=June 2025}}Advocate Geeta Ganguly struggles to make her name in the legal world of men but soon faces a challenging case which could change her career, during which she crosses path with Swastik Mukherjee, a romeo belonging to an aristocratic family. Soon Swastik falls in love with Geeta and realises what true love is, despite her firm refusal he manages to convince her and they get married after Geeta's victory in Padma's case. After their marriage Swastik's family refuses to accept their marriage moreover Geeta discovers that Swastik is the son of her main rival and soon she declares rebellion against the family and decides to leave and fight for justice.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Hiya Mukherjee as [[Advocate]] Geeta Mukherjee (née Ganguly) aka Geeta [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B]]: Swastik's wife (2023-2025)
*Kunal Shil as [[Advocate]] Swastik Mukherjee: Geeta's husband (2023-2025)

===Recurring===
*[[Sanghamitra Talukder]] as Gini Mukherjee (née Ganguly): Geeta's Sister; Satwik's wife (2023-2025)
*Rahul Ganguly as Satwik Mukherjee: Tanvi, Swastik, and Mehek's brother; Gini's husband (2023-2025)
*[[Supriyo Dutta]] as [[Advocate]] Agnijit "Agni" Mukherjee: Satwik, Tanvi, Swastik and Mehek's father (2023-2025)
*Koushiki Paul as Mehek Chatterjee (née Mukherjee): Satwik, Tanvi and Swastik's sister; Ankit's wife (2023-2025)
*Sayan Karmakar as Ankit Chatterjee; Mehek's husband (2023-2025)
*Niladri Lahiri as Paramjit Mukherjee aka Niloy (2023-2025)
*Jayashree Mukherjee Kaul as Bonhi Mukherjee (2023-2024)
*[[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] as Proloyjit "Proloy" Mukherjee swastik's uncle: Agni's younger brother (2023-2025)
*[[Meghna Halder]] as Raka Mukherjee (2023-2025)
*[[Basanti Chatterjee]] as Brojobala Mukherjee (2023-2025): Swastik's Grandmother
*[[Indrakshi Dey]] as Kavya Banerjee: Swastik's one-sided obsessive love interest; Kripan's sister (2023-2024)
*Reshma Mondal as Padma Das: Former maid of Mukherjee's house; Kripan's wife (2023-2025)
*Soumak Basu as Kripan "Kripu" Banerjee aka Babusona: Kavya's brother and Mehek's ex-fianceé and one sided obsessive lover; Padma's husband (2023-2025)
*[[Kanchana Moitra]] as Jagriti Mukherjee (2023-2025): Swastik's mother
*Kushal Papai Bhowmick as Kripan's friend (2023-2025)
*Kaustuv Sengupta as Kiran Kanti Banerjee: Kavya and Kripan's father (2023-2025)
*Pallab Chakraborty as Kripan's friend (2023–present)
*Beas Bhattacharya as Saina (2023)
*Prarona Bhattacharya as Tanvi Mukherjee: Satwik, Swastik and Mehek's sister; Agni's elder daughter (2023-2025)
*Sahamita Acharya as Ilin Mukherjee (2023-2025): Satwik, Tanvi, Swastik and Mehek's cousin sister
*Maahi Kar as Isha Mukherjee (2023-2025): Satwik, Tanvi, Swastik and Mehek's cousin sister
*Suravi Sanyal as Ira Mukherjee (2023-2025): Satwik, Tanvi, Swastik and Mehek's cousin sister
*Kaushiki Basu as Misha Mukherjee (2023-2025): Satwik, Tanvi, Swastik and Mehek's cousin sister
*Mallika Banerjee as Swapna Ganguly (2023-2025)
*[[Ashim Mukhopadhyay]] as Ganesh Ganguly: Gini and Geeta's father (2023-2025)
*Arindol Bagchi as Pongkoj Khasnobis (2023)
*Rajvi Saha as Pongkoj Khasnobis's daughter (2023-2025)
*Biplab Dasgupta as Tukaram Avatramani (2023-2024)
*Aditya Roy as Bhojon Mitra (2023-2025)
*Sayan Banerjee as Dibakar Chowdhury aka Deva (2023-2025)
*[[Ayendri Lavnia Roy]] as Adhara Sinha (2025)
*Aditya Bakshi as Adhyay Sinha (2023)
*[[Tumpa Ghosh]] as Parishi Sinha (née Lahiri) (2025)
*Ashmita Chakraborty as Priya Mondal (2023-2025)
*[[Bharat Kaul]] as Dhiman Sen (2023)
* Soumi Paul
* Sayantani Majumder
* Taniya Paul
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as Bishnudev Chatterjee (2023-2025)
* [[Mahua Halder]]
* [[Dolon Roy]]
* Oindrila Bose
* Pritha Chatterjee
* Payel Sarkar as Mohini
* Shobhana Bhunia
* Arunava Dutta

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" | Original Release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" | Notes
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" | Ref.
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Advocate Anjali Awasthi]]'' एडवोकेट अंजलि अवस्थी
| 8 August 2024
| [[StarPlus]]
| Ongoing
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Arsh Merchant joins Advocate Anjali Awasthi; says he is excited about playing a negative role for the first time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/arsh-merchant-joins-advocate-anjali-awasthi-says-he-is-excited-about-playing-a-negative-role-for-the-first-time/articleshow/112352679.cms |website=The Times of India |date=7 August 2024 |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Geetha LL.B'' గీత LL.B
| 2 December 2024
| [[Star Maa]]
| 5 September 2025
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Geetha LL.B, the dynamic girl story on Star Maa|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/geetha-ll.b-the-dynamic-girl-story-on-star-maa |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 November 2024 |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Bhargavi LL.B'' ಭಾರ್ಗವಿ LL.B
| 3 March 2025
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| rowspan="3"| Ongoing
|<ref>{{cite web |title=ಹೊಸ ಸೀರಿಯಲ್‌ 'ಭಾರ್ಗವಿ LLB' ಆರಂಭ: ಯಾವ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಗೆ ಗೇಟ್ ಪಾಸ್?|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/new-serial-bhargavi-llb-starting-in-colors-kannada-nooru-janmaku-shifted-to-weekend-slot/articleshow/118506375.cms |website=Vijay Karnataka |access-date=8 June 2025 |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Advocate Anjali'' അഡ്വക്കേറ്റ് അഞ്ജലി
| 10 November 2025
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Advocate Anjali Asianet Serial Starts from 10 November and Telecast Monday to Friday at 10:00 PM|url=https://www.keralatv.in/advocate-anjali-asianet-serial-actors-name/ |website=Kerala TV |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Vachan Dile Tu Mala'' वचन दिले तू मला
| 15 December 2025
| [[Star Pravah]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=वचन दिले तू मला! ‘स्टार प्रवाह’वर सुरू होणार नवीन मालिका, वेळ अन् तारीख जाहीर, मुख्य अभिनेता व अभिनेत्री आहेत…; पाहा प्रोमो|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/star-pravah-new-serial-vachan-dile-tu-mala-starring-anushka-sarkate-and-indraneil-kamat-watch-promo-sva-00-5539456/|website=Loksatta|language=mr|date=29 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/ca/tv/geeta-llb/1260157234 ''Geeta L.L.B.''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|30982648|Geeta LL.B}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Kanadikavu Shree Vishnumaya Kuttichathan Swamy temple

2026-04-04T23:09:29Z

SimonK54990761: Made first place needs work

{{Peacock|date=April 2020}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox temple
|name = Kanadikavu Shree Vishnumaya Kuttichathan Swamy temple
| image = Kanadikavu overview.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| coordinates ={{coord|10|25|20|N|76|7|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| location = [[Peringottukara]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = VishnuMaya
| architecture = Fusion of [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala Architecture]] and [[Architecture of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Architecture]]
| inscriptions =
| creator =
| website = [https://www.kanadikavu.com Official website]
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
The '''Kanadikavu Shree Vishnmaya Kuttichathan Swamy temple''' is the oldest Vishnumaya [[temple]] located 20 km southwest of [[Thrissur]], [[Peringottukara]], in [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="amritha">{{cite web|title=About Kanadikavu Vishnumaya |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJlHOAlNWSU |publisher=Amritha Television Channel}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage 2017 |date=September 2017 |publisher=Infokerala Communications Pvt. Ltd |page=274 |isbn=9788193456705 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_II5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274&lpg=PA274&dq=Kanadi+Kavu+Sree+Vishnumaya+Kuttichathan+Swami+Temple#q=Kanadi%20Kavu%20Sree%20Vishnumaya%20Kuttichathan%20Swami%20Temple}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://vymaps.com/IN/Kanadi-Kavu-Sree-Vishnumaya-Kuttichathan-Swami-Temple-789619304432647/|title=Kanadi Kavu Sree Vishnumaya Kuttichathan Swami Temple, Kerala (9961271444)|website=vymaps.com}}</ref><ref name="fest-begins">{{cite web|title=Kanadikavu temple annual fest begins |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/feb/09/kanadikavu-temple-annual-fest-begins-129807.html |date=9 February 2010 |website=New Indian Express}}</ref>

The main [[deity]] of the temple is shree Vishnumaya and 390 [[Kuttichathan]]s.<ref name="mahotsavam">{{cite web |title=Thiravellattu Mahotsavam |url= https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1507746552-0.pdf |publisher=Kerala Tourism Department}}</ref> Brahmasree Vishnubharatheeya [[Swami]], the Spiritual Guru and the Madathipathi is the chief [[priest]] of KanadiKavu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thekeralatemples.com/temple_index_vishnumaya.htm |title=Vishnumaya |date=2 September 2019 |website=thekerala temples |access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="iyer">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70013 |title=Lectures on Ethnography |last=Iyer |first=L. K. Ananthakrishna |date=1925 |publisher=University of Calcutta |location=Calcutta |pages=197–198|author-link=L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Main deities ==

The main deity of the temple is Shree [[Vishnumaya]] [[Kuttichathan]]. The sub [[Deity|deities]] here are [[Bhadrakali]], Bhuvanaeswari, Kukshikalpam and 390 Kuttichathans, [[Nagaraja]], Nagayakshi and [[Brahmarakshas]] as a couple.

== History ==

Koonamuthappan, who was a [[Sage (philosophy)|sage]], realized that for the well being of whole humanity they needed the presence and blessings of a powerful and easy-to-please [[deity]]. So he undertook a severe penance to please the deity of his family. The Goddess soon appeared before him. Koonamuthappan requested the Goddess to give him the [[Mantram]] that would enable him to please and possess Chathan Swamy, the son of [[Parameswaran|Shree Parameswara]]. Pleased at her devotee's penance the Goddess told him the Moola Mantram to make Chathan appear before him and the Dhyana Mantram to [[worship]] him every day. He then went to the Himalayas and following the advice of the Nga Sages, entered into a severe penance. Vishnumaya [[Kuttichathan]] Swami soon appeared before him, and he returned to [[Peringottukara]] with the deity.
After reaching [[Peringottukara]], he consecrated and installed Vishnumaya Chathan Swamy at the place where now Kanadi Family exists.<ref name="iyer"/><ref name="auto"/>

=== ''Roopakkalam'' ===
Roopakkalam is the concept of Vishnulokam.
The ritual of Roopakalam is usually carried out in connection with the annual festival of Thiruvellattu, in the [[Malayalam]] [[month]] of Makaram, in the Vishnumaya temples of [[Kerala]]. This is something akin to the Kalamezhuthu in the temples dedicated to Serpent Gods in [[Kerala]].The beautiful and fascinating Roopakalam is basically a form of ritual or offering to lord [[Vishnumaya]], wherein enchanting and colorful figures of the lord and sometimes, of his trusted friend and ally Karimkutty, is drawn on the ground using multi coloured herbal and organic powders. After the Roopakalam is drawn, a family member who is a priest performs puja as per the tantric rites and invokes the lord into the Roopakalam. This is followed by a sacred ritual dance by the priest around the kalam, to the accompaniment of wild [[music]]. The dancer then erases the kalam using coconut palm leaves. The colored powders are subsequently distributed to the devotees after the ritual.

=== Main offerings to the deity ===
The main offerings made by the devotees include Roopakalam, Chuttuvilakku, Niramala, Brahmavellattu Karmam, Veethu, Guruthi, Divasapooja and [[Pushpanjali]].<ref name="online-booking">{{cite web|title=Kanadikavu Vishnumaya Kuttichathan Temple Online pooja booking |url= https://templesinindiainfo.com/kanadi-kavu-sree-vishnumaya-kuttichathan-temple-pooja-online-booking/ |date=7 July 2020 |website=TemplesinIndiaInfo}}</ref>

== Festivals ==

[[Kerala]], specially [[Thrissur]] is a land of [[festival]]s, where people from different religions coexist harmoniously and celebrate festivals wholeheartedly throughout the year. As the same, Kanadikavu is called for the festivals<ref name="fest-begins"/> it celebrates.

=== ''Thiravellattu Mahotsavam'' ===
The day of the oracle of Vishnumaya in the Malayalam month of Makaram, is with Thiravellattu Mahotsavam.<ref name="mahotsavam"/> In the month of Midhunam three days starting with the star Uthram are meant as the festival in connection with the Consecration Day.

=== ''Thottampattu'' festival ===
Thottampattu Festival is to please Bhuvaneswary who is in the form of mother to [[Lord Vishnu]] Maya. Bhuvaneswary is the family deity of Kanady family who was chiefly instrumental for the arrival of Vishnumaya to [[Peringottukara|Peringotukara]] village. On the day of Thottampattu, Devi is brought out from the Sreekovil where [[Cult image|idol]] of Devi is created as Kalam. Then hymns are chanted about the glory of the Devi. Hundreds of devotees find it an apt occasion to visit the [[temple]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kanadikavu Shree Vishnumaya Kuttichathan Swamy Temple}}
* [https://www.kanadikavu.com/ Kanadikavu Shree Vishnumaya Kuttichathan Swamy Temple official website]

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur district]]

List of Odia films of 2013

2026-04-02T13:45:25Z

SimonK54990761:

{{Short description|None}}
{{moresources|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry in 2013.

{{Ollywood films}}
== List of released films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width=20% | Title
! width=20% | Director
! width=20% | Cast
! width=10% | Genre
! width=10% | Release date
! width=20% | Producer
|-
| ''[[ACP Sagarika (Oriya film)|ACP Sagarika]]'' ||Biranchi Narayan Panda||[[Archita Sahu|Archita]], Papu Pam Pam, Prakruti, Abhishek, [[Mihir Das]] ||Action, romance || 8 March || Dillip Dash
|-
|''Ashok Samrat'' ||Jyotee Dass|| [[Arindam]], Emili Chowdhury, Sunil Kumar, Megha Ghosh, Bijay Mohanty, Jayee, Hari, Tandra Ray||Romance, action, comedy|| 11 June || Annapurna Parida, Amaresh Parida, Biswa Ranjan Sahu
|-
| ''[[Bachelor (Oriya film)|Bachelor]]'' ||Mrutyunjay Sahu (Bapi)|| Akhila Pattanaik, Utkantha, Bijay Mohanty, Tandra Roy, [[Pintu Nanda]]||Action, drama, romance|| 20 September || Mitali Madhumita
|-
| ''[[Badhu Nuhen Mu Bandhu]]'' ||Chinmay Das Pattnaik||[[Bidusmita]], Prabhas||Drama, romance || 1 January || RCL Entertainment Creations
|-
| ''[[Chauka Chhaka (Oriya film)|Chauka Chhaka]]'' ||K Murali Krishna||[[Papu Pam Pam]], [[Sambit]], Lovely, Nutan, Sritam ||Action, comedy, drama || 24 March || Gayadhar Jena
|-
| ''[[Daha Balunga]]'' ||Sudhakar Vasant||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Jackie Shroff]], Ankeeta Mukherjee,[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]], [[Tandra Ray]]||Action, romance || 10 July || Pupinder Singh
|-
| ''[[Deewana Deewani]]'' ||Ashok Pati||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], Madhumita, Meenaketan, [[Mihir Das]], Pintu Nanda and Runu Parija ||Action, drama, romance|| 24 March || Pramod Swain, Shiba Prasad Dash
|-
| ''[[Dharma (Oriya film)|Dharma]]'' ||S. Dilip Panda|| Akash Dasnayak, Riya Dey, Ipsita Mohanty, Raimohan, Pintu Nanda||Action, drama|| 6 September || Prabhat Kumar Pradhan
|-
| ''[[Gadbad (Oriya film)|Gadbad]]'' ||Subhasish Pati||Siddhanta, Ashwini, Partha, Pritiraj, Minaketan, Jina and Ragini||Comedy, drama|| 29 November || Ajit Sahu, Subhasish Pati
|-
| ''[[Hari Om Hari (Oriya film)|Hari Om Hari]]'' ||S. Dilip Panda||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Megha Ghosh]], [[Akash (actor)|Akash]], Riya Dey,||Action, romance || 10 August || Sumit Rout, Sipra Das
|-
| ''[[Haata Dhari Chaaluthaa]]'' ||Chandi Parija||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]], [[Debu Bose]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], Maheswata, [[Kuna Tripathy]], Jaya, Runu, Pinky||Action, romance|| 14 June || [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Anuprash Mohanty]]
|-
| ''[[Kaunri Kanya]]'' ||Soumya Ranjan Sahu|| Kavya, Payal, Soumya, Rehan, Ashutosh, Bighna, Ardhendu, Sudipta, [[Prakruti Mishra]]||Horror|| 27 September || Ramya Ranjan
|-
| ''[[Kehi Jane Bhala Lagere (Oriya film)|Kehi Jane Bhala Lagere]]'' ||Murali Krishna|| Anubhav Mohanty, Barsha Priyadarshini||Action, drama, romance|| 17 October || Pradyumna Lenka
|-
| ''[[Love Hela Emiti (Oriya film)|Love Hela Emiti]]'' ||Lalit Kumar Tripathy||[[Somesh]], Dimple, Ashok Das, [[Ilu Banerjee]] ||Action, romance || 1 February || S.M. Agrawal
|-
| ''[[Mita Basichi Mu Bhuta Sathire (Oriya film)|Mita Basichi Mu Bhuta Sathire]]'' ||Sanjay Nayak|| Akash, Nikita, Dushmanta, Bijay Mohanty, Snigdha Mohanty, Akhil Patnaik, Biju Badjena||Action, drama, horror|| 20 September || Anam Charan Sahu, Bhabani Charan Rath
|-
| ''[[Mo Dil To Deewana]]'' ||Alka Nanda|| ||Romance || 1 January || Alka Media Infotech
|-
| ''[[Mo Duniya Tu Hi Tu]]'' ||Sudhakar Vasant||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]] ||Drama, romance || 11 January ||Soumya Ranjan Patnaik
|-
| ''[[Mu Ashiq Mu Awara]]''<ref>[http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/mu-ashiq-mu-awara-release/ ''Mu Ashiq Mu Awara'']</ref> ||Muralidhar||Sunil Kumar, Megha Ghosh, Bijay Mohanty, Jayee, Hari, Tandra Ray||Action, drama, romance || 8 February || Sukant Sahu
|-
| ''[[Mu Eka Tumara]]'' ||[[Susant Mani]]||[[Sabyasachi Mishra]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], Mahasweta Ray, [[Harihara Mohapatra]], Usashi Mishra||Romance|| 14 June || Sitaram Agrawal
|-
| ''[[Mun Diwana To Pain (Oriya film)|Mun Diwana To Pain]]'' ||Manoranjan Pal|| Bulu, Jyoti Pani|| Romance || 2 August || Debendra Nath Sahu
|-
| ''[[Mun Raja Tu Rani (Oriya film)|Mun Raja Tu Rani]]'' ||Sudhansu Mohan Sahu|| Arindam Roy, Sambhavana Mohanty, Manoj Mishra, Siddhanta, Hari, Anita Das||Drama, romance|| 14 October || Atish Rout
|-
| ''[[My Love Story (2013 film)|My Love Story]]'' ||Deepak Panda||[[Deepak Panda]], Katrine Kovi, Mihir Das, Minaketan || Action, romance || 1 March || Sunil Singh
|-
| ''[[Nai Separi Kanaka Gori]]''<ref>[http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/nai-separi-kanaka-gori-oriya-film-movie/ ''Nai Separi Kanaka Gori'']</ref>||Pankaj Pani||[[Partha (actor)|Partha]], [[Rali Nanda]], Pritiraj, Roji, Samaresh, [[Minaketan]] ||Drama, romance || 1 March || Ajay Mohanty
|-
| ''[[Omm Sai Tujhe Salam (Oriya film)|Omm Sai Tujhe Salam]]'' ||Biswajit Mohanty|| Ansuman, Puja, Bhagyalaxmi, Dipak, Prasanna Patsani||Devoutness|| 30 August || Sudha Patnaik, Kali Prasanna Satpathy
|-
| ''[[Paribeni Kehi Alaga Kari (Oriya film)|Paribeni Kehi Alaga Kari]]'' ||Sudhanshu Sahu||Arindam Roy, [[Priya Choudhury]] ||Action, romance || 11 January ||Sitaram Agrawal
|-
| ''[[Prema Sabuthu Balaban (Oriya film)|Prema Sabuthu Balaban]]'' ||Arun Mohanty||[[Dusmanta]], Barsha, Sidhant, Mihir, Uttam, Aparajita, Hara Patnaik, Pradyumna Lenka||Drama || 17 May || Meena Mohanty
|-
| ''[[Premika (Oriya film)|Premika]]'' ||Shibu Mohanty|| Rudra, Bulu, [[Prakruti Mishra]], Sonali (Bengali)||Romance|| 30 August || Bijay Behera
|-
| ''[[Rudra (Oriya film)|Rudra]]'' ||Jitu Rout||[[Anant (Oriya actor)|Anant]], Madhu, Babu Pradhan, Braja||Action, drama|| 17 May || Rudra Narayan Mishra, Nimai Biswal
|-
| ''[[Rumku Jhumana (Oriya film)|Rumku Jhumana]]'' ||[[Tapas Sargharia]]||[[Hari (actor)|Hari]], Soujanya, Bhumika, Priya, [[Mihir Das]],||Comedy, drama || 19 April || Ramachandra Pradhan
|-
| ''[[Salam Cinema (Oriya film)|Salam Cinema]]'' ||Nishikanta Dalabehera||[[Sambit Acharya]], Bobby Mishra, Debjani||Drama || 17 May || Sunanda Das, Nilakantha Das
|-
| ''[[Sandehi Priyatama (Oriya film)|Sandehi Priyatama]]'' ||Sudhansu Sekhar Mallick||Kajal, Titu||Drama, romance|| 13 December || Narayan Ghadei
|-
| ''[[Sapanara Nayika (Oriya film)|Sapanara Nayika]]'' ||Raj Pradeep||Deepak, Pinky Priyadarshini, Sritam, Daitari Panda, Manoj Mishra||Romance|| 24 May || Rabindra Panda
|-
| ''[[Superstar (Oriya film)|Superstar]]'' ||Barada Prasanna Tripathy||[[Ansuman]], Sonam, Rali Nanda, Mahasweta, Mihir Das||Drama || 12 May || Debanand Panda, Sampurnanand Panda
|-
| ''[[Tanka Tate Salam (Oriya film)|Tanka Tate Salam]]'' ||Sudhansu Sekhar|| Chandan Kar, Rali Nanda||Action, drama, romance|| 27 September || V. Rajkumar Raju
|-
| ''[[Target (Oriya film)|Target]]'' ||S.K. Muralidharan||[[Amlan Das|Amlan]], Jhilik, [[Mihir Das]], Aparajita, Mahasweta, [[Minaketan]] ||Action, drama || 12 April || Niranjan Rana
|-
| ''[[Tu Mo Dehara Chhai (Oriya film)|Tu Mo Dehara Chhai]]'' ||Chandi Parija|| Amlan Das, Riya Dey, Shilpa Dey, Siddhanta, Mihir Das, Minaketan, Samaresh, Salil||Action, drama, romance|| 15 October || Sunil Rout
|-
| ''[[Tu Mo Suna Tu Mo Heera (Oriya film)|Tu Mo Suna Tu Mo Heera]]'' ||Rajeev Mohanty||[[Bobby Mishra]], Priyanka Haldar ||Romance || 1 January || Jyoti Productions
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2013 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|2013]]
[[Category:Lists of 2013 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:2010s in Odisha]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian cinema|Ollywood]]

Trishna (yacht)

2026-03-26T09:08:16Z

SimonK54990761: started first stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox ship 
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=Trishna on the high seas.jpg
|image_caption=Yacht ''Trishna'' begins its epic circumnavigation.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India}}
|name=Trishna
|namesake=
|owner= Sapper Adventure Foundation
|operator= [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]
|registry= [[Mumbai]], India
|route=
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder= [[Nautor's Swan]]
|original_cost=
|yard_number=
|way_number=
|laid_down=
|launched= 1970
|sponsor=
|christened= Guinevere of Sussex
|completed=
|acquired= 1984
|commissioned=
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|maiden_voyage=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed= Trishna
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport= [[Mumbai]]
|identification=BOM 109
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|honors=
|captured=
|fate=
|status=
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class=[[Swan 37]]
|type= Yacht
|tonnage= 10.5 tonnes
|displacement=
|length= 36 ft 6 in
|beam= 10 ft 9 in
|height=
|draught= 6 ft 1 in
|draft=
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion=
|sail_plan= Sloop
|speed=
|range=
|endurance=
|test_depth=
|boats=
|capacity=
|troops=
|complement=
|crew= 6
|time_to_activate=
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''''Trishna''''' is a [[Swan 37]] [[yacht]] belonging to the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] of the [[Indian Army]]. The name ''Trishna'' means "to thirst for" in the Sanskrit language.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 January 2019|title=An Epic Circumnavigation by Sail Comes to an End|url=https://transportationhistory.org/2019/01/10/an-epic-circumnavigation-by-sail-comes-to-an-end/|access-date=12 January 2021|website=Transportation History|language=en}}</ref> The 1970-vintage boat, earlier known as ''Guinevere of Sussex'', was purchased in 1984 from the United Kingdom. The yacht has since been used for long-distance ocean sailing and training. The first of the yachts' journeys after it was acquired was its voyage from [[Gosport]] to [[Mumbai]], India. Subsequently, the yacht embarked on its most notable voyage, the [[circumnavigation]] of the globe from 1985 to 1987. This was the first such achievement by an Indian crew.<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051029/asp/atleisure/story_5410344.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060603103427/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051029/asp/atleisure/story_5410344.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2006|title=An epic voyage|author=Banerjee-Bey, Yana|work=The Telegraph|date=29 October 2005}}</ref> In subsequent years, the yacht has been used for international cruises primarily in the Indian Ocean region . The Yacht currently is decommissioned and is displayed as an exhibit at the [[College of Military Engineering, Pune]] Museum.

==Background==
The [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Indian Army Engineers]] have been in the forefront of adventure activities in the Country, whether on land, sea or air. They have been the pioneers in Ocean Cruising in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=z5nm1CMRAJjQxAEMzETrpQ==&ParentID=MM5cIt9VfvKPe3mnZ4iKrA== |title=Corps of Engineers – Adventure Activities |work=Official website of the Indian Army }}</ref>

The '''Sapper Adventure Foundation''' had sponsored a sailing expedition from [[Bombay]] to [[Bandar Abbas]], Iran in 1977<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/TehranJournal01Dec1977/Tehran%20Journal_01%20Dec%201977#page/n0/mode/2up |title=35 days in an open boat |date=1 December 1977 |work=Tehran Journal |location=Tehran}}</ref> in an 20-foot 1909-vintage wooden [[Seabird Half Rater|Seabird]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bombaysailing.com/seabirds.htm |title=Bombay Sailing Association |publisher=Bombaysailing.com |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> Class sailboat '''Albatross''' to test the sailing capabilities of the sailors of the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] and a precursor to the circumnavigation of the globe by the [[Sappers]] on ''Trishna''. The 68-day 7,000 km voyage to [[Bandar Abbas]] was one of the early major ventures by the Corps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://salute.co.in/albatross-the-seabird-that-conquered-the-seas |title=Albatross – The Seabird which Conquered the Seas |date=16 March 2021 |work=Salute |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Purchase of boat and sail from Gosport, England to Bombay, India==
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/PatriotNewDelhi21Feb1985/Patriot%20New%20Delhi_21%20Feb%201985#page/n0/mode/1up |title='Sappers' cruise round-the-world |date=21 February 1985 |work=The Patriot |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
The planning for the circumnavigation commenced in early 1980s and finally took off in 1984 when a team of officers from the Corps of Engineers flew to the U.K. to buy a boat and sail it back to India. Limited funds dictated the Sapper Adventure Foundation to opt for the purchase of a second-hand sailboat for the venture. After an extensive survey of the second-hand boat market in the U.K., the 1970-vintage '''[[Nautor's Swan|Swan]] 37''' boat ''Guinevere of Sussex'' was shortlisted, which was based at [[Brighton]].<ref name="Sappersto1985">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/MaharashtraHerald07Feb1985/Maharashtra%20Herald_07%20Feb%201985#page/n0/mode/2up |title=Sappers to go on World cruise |date=7 February 1985 |work=Maharashtra Herald |location=Bombay}}</ref> After purchase of the yacht, it was sailed by the crew to the Joint Services Sailing Centre, [[Gosport]], U.K., now known as the Joint Services Adventure Sail Training Centre,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/JSASTC/ |title=JSASTC|via=Facebook }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=March 2025}} where it underwent minor repairs and partial essential re-fit to make it sail-worthy for the voyage back to India. The crew also underwent sail training, which was organised under the aegis of the [[Royal Engineers]]<nowiki>. Major Ron Gravels, ex-Royal Engineers, was engaged and he undertook a month-long sail training program for the crew on the Solent, English Channel crossings to Cherbourg culminating in a sail to the ports of </nowiki>[[Guernsey]] and [[Alderney]] in the [[Channel Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/IndiaWeeklyLondon11Oct1984/India%20Weekly%20London_11%20Oct%201984#page/n0/mode/1up |title=Indian Army team sails around the World |date=11 October 1984 |work=India Weekly |location=London}}</ref>
[[File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 23.jpg|thumb|Trishna entering [[Gibraltar]] harbour]]
''Trishna'' set off on her first long-distance voyage from the Joint Services Sailing Center, [[Gosport]], U.K. on 12 October 1984. With the onset of winter, the crew had a rough passage, especially in the [[Bay of Biscay]], [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Red Sea]]. With halts at [[Alderney]] (14 October), [[A Coruña]] (20 October), [[Lisbon]] (26 October), [[Gibraltar]] (1 November), [[Ibiza]] (7 November), [[Malta]] (17 November), [[Iraklion]] (24 November), [[Port Said]] (1 December) through the [[Suez Canal]] to [[Port Suez]] (7 December),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEgyptianGazetteCairo20Dec84 |title=The Egyptian Gazette 20 Dec 1984 |work=The Egyptian Gazette |date=7 December 1984}}</ref> [[Port Sudan]] (15 December), [[Aden]] (30 December), [[Salalah]] (10 January 1985), [[Muscat, Oman]] (19 January) and [[Bombay]] (1 February 1985).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/Blitz09Feb85
|title=Unique sailing experience |date=9 February 1985 |work=Blitz |location=Bombay }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/EveningNewsDelhi15Feb85 |title=A big yachting adventure |date=15 February 1985 |work=Evening News |location=New Delhi }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/FreePressJournalBombay02Feb85 |title=Rousing reception to yacht Trishna |date=2 February 1985 |work=Free Press Journal |location=Bombay }}</ref>

===Team===
The team to sail the boat back from [[Gosport]], United Kingdom to [[Bombay]], India consisted of the following members:<ref name="Sappersto1985" />

* Maj K. S. Rao, SC, SM, – '''Skipper'''
* Maj Amreshwar Pratap Singh, SM (Bar), VSM
* Maj A. K. Singh, KC, SM
* Capt Sanjeev Shekhar, SC
* Capt Chandrahas Bharti, SC
* Col T. P. S. Chowdhary, AVSM, '''Team Manager''' – sailed from [[Gosport]] to [[Port Said]]
* Capt M.S. Pillai, SM – sailed from [[Port Said]] to [[Mumbai]]

Maj A. K. Singh was handicapped. His leg had been amputated above the knee after a hang gliding accident in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/SunMumbaiMar1985/Sun%20Mumbai_Mar%201985#page/n0/mode/1up |title=On a global feat |date=March 1985 |work=The Sun |location=Bombay}}</ref>

==Voyages by Trishna==
{{see also|First Indian circumnavigation}}
* [[Gosport]]-[[Alderney]]-[[A Coruña]]-[[Lisbon]]-[[Gibraltar]]-[[Ibiza]]-[[Malta]]-[[Crete]]-[[Port Said]]-[[Suez Canal]]-[[Port Suez]]-[[Port Sudan]]-[[Aden]]-[[Salalah]]-[[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]]-[[Bombay]] in September 1984 to February 1985<ref name="The Call of the Sea">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/DelhiRecorderMar1985/Delhi%20Recorder_Mar%201985#page/n1/mode/2up |title=The Call of the Sea |work=Delhi Recorder |page=43 |date=Mar 1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19850415-indian-army-corps-of-engineers-sailors-gear-up-to-sail-around-the-world-769971-2013-12-05|title=Indian Army Engineers gear up to sail around the World|date=15 April 1985 |work=India Today |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
* [[Mumbai]]-[[Lakshwadeep]]-[[Goa]]-[[Mumbai]] in April 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/TOIMumbai19Apr1985/TOI%20Mumbai_19%20Apr%201985#page/n0/mode/1up |title="Trishna" is back |date=23 April 1985 |work=The Daily |location=Bombay}}</ref><ref name="The Call of the Sea"/>
* [[First Indian circumnavigation|Around the World Sailing Expedition]]: [[Bombay]]-Male-[[Mauritius]]-[[St Helena]]-[[Ascension Island]]-[[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]]-[[Belém]]-[[Suriname]]-[[Guyana]]-[[Trinidad]]-[[Barbados]]-[[Jamaica]]-[[Colón, Panama|Colón]]-[[Panama Canal]]-[[Panama City]]-[[Galapagos]]-[[Tahiti]]-[[Suva]], [[Fiji]]-[[Auckland]]-[[Sydney]]-[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]-[[Bali]]-[[Jakarta]]-[[Campbell Bay (Great Nicobar)|Campbell Bay]]-[[Colombo]]-[[Bombay]]
* Goodwill Sailing Expedition:<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/TimesOfIndia20Oct1994/Times%20of%20India_20%20Oct%201994#page/n0/mode/1up |title="Trishna" to sail on Goodwill Mission |date=20 October 1994 |work=The Times of India |location=Mumbai}}</ref>[[Mumbai]]-[[Kochi]]-[[Galle]]-[[Campbell Bay (Great Nicobar)|Campbell Bay]]-[[Penang]]-Singapore-[[Port Kelang]]-[[Phuket (city)|Phuket]]-[[Port Blair]]-[[Goa]]-[[Mumbai]] in 1994–1995
* [[Mumbai]]-[[Dubai]]-[[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]]-[[Seychelles]]-[[Maldives]]-[[Sri Lanka]]-[[Kochi]]-[[Mumbai]] in 1996–1997<ref name="inmarsat.vsnl">{{cite web|url=http://inmarsat.vsnl.com/Indian_army.htm |title=Trishna millennium expedition – VSNL sponsors sailing expedition |publisher=Inmarsat.vsnl.com |access-date=23 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19961031-indian-army-engineers-corps-sail-all-around-world-in-just-two-years-834021-1996-10-31#ssologin=1#source=magazine |first=Nandita |last=Chowdhury |title=Indian Army Engineers Corps sail all around World in just two years |publisher=India Today, Mumbai |date=31 October 1996}}</ref>
* Millennium Sailing Expedition: [[Mumbai]]-[[Kochi]]-[[Galle]]-[[Campbell Bay (Great Nicobar)|Campbell Bay]]-[[Penang]]-Singapore-[[Port Kelang]]-[[Phuket (city)|Phuket]]-[[Port Blair]]-[[Goa]]-[[Mumbai]] in 1999–2000<ref name="inmarsat.vsnl" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/000312/plus2.html |first=Laila |last=Nasry |title=Breaking waves in little yacht |publisher=The Sunday Times, Colombo |date=12 March 2000}}</ref>
* [[Mumbai]]-Male-[[Colombo]]-[[Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ash.marinebiztv.com/?tag=sappers-adventure-foundation |title=Sappers Adventure Foundation |publisher=Ash.marinebiztv.com |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> in 2010.

'''Note:''' The Goodwill Sailing Expedition 1994–1995 was the first occasion when a lady member, 2/Lt. Deepanita Dass, was included as a crew member in any Indian sailing expedition.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

==Silver Jubilee Anniversary==
The [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]] celebrated the silver jubilee of the historic completion of the ''[[First Indian circumnavigation]]'' on 10 January 2012 by again sailing ''Trishna'' across Mumbai harbour to the Naval Sailing Club, [[Colaba]], [[Mumbai]], the place from where she had set off on its journey in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/army-men-relive-historic-moment_751935.html |title=Army men relive historic moment |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref>

== Gallery: Gosport-Bombay 1984–1985 ==
<gallery>
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 13.jpg|Puja on board after taking possession of Trishna at [[Brighton Marina]]
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 31.jpg|The team at the Joint Services Sailing Center, [[Gosport]] with Maj Gen HK 'Harry' Kapoor, Maj Gen Neil Carter, RE and Maj Ron Gravels
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 27.jpg|A training sail along the [[Solent]]
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 29.jpg|Working on the boat at the Joint Services Sailing Center, Gosport
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 33.jpg|Invoking the Sea Gods for a safe voyage before sail off from Gosport
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 44.jpg|Boat maintenance at [[La Corona]] after battling storms during the [[Bay of Biscay]] crossing
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 45.jpg|A relaxing moment with the [[Portuguese Army Commandos]] at [[Lisbon]]
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 46.jpg|Sailing out of Lisbon
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 25.jpg|Crew at the [[Royal Navy]] base at [[Gibraltar]]
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 48.jpg|Battling the seas during storms in the [[Red Sea]]
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 50.jpg|Cleaning up during Mother's Watch routine
File:Trishna - The First Indian Circumnavigation 05.jpg|A calm moment in the [[Arabian Sea]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ships of India]]
[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]
[[Category:Sailing yachts built in Finland]]
[[Category:Sailboat type designs by Olin Stephens]]
[[Category:Sailboat type designs by Sparkman and Stephens]]
[[Category:1970s sailboat type designs]]
[[Category:Sailboat types built by Nautor Swan]]

Shivam (2015 Telugu film)

2026-03-25T12:12:09Z

SimonK54990761: corrected page after review and updated info based on references

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shivam
| image = File:SHIVAM Movie Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = Sreenivasa Reddy
| screenplay = Sreenivasa Reddy
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Kishore Tirumala]]}}
}}
| story = Sreenivasa Reddy
| starring = [[Ram Pothineni]] [[Raashii Khanna]]
| cinematography = [[Rasool Ellore]]
| editing = Madhu
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| producer = [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]]
| studio = [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|10|02}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Shivam'''''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.25cineframes.com/mahesh-babu-gets-a-shock-from-hero-ram-pothineni.html/|title=Mahesh Babu gets a shock from Hero Ram Pothineni!}}</ref> is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy film]] directed by Sreenivasa Reddy and produced by [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]]. The film is produced under [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]] banner. The film stars [[Ram Pothineni]] and [[Raashii Khanna]].

==Plot==
Shiva is a young and happy-go-lucky guy who supports love marriage and keeps helping couples to get married against their parents will. On one fine day, when he is in a train, he sees Tanu proposing to him loudly from the nearby field. Actually, Tanu was performing an act for her audition. Tanu's friend Rishitha told her acting was good, but asked to whom she proposed during the act. Misunderstood, Shiva jumps out from the train and starts approaching to Tanu, although she runs away. Shiva finally follows Tanu in a school. Tanu was doing a rehearsal for her acting in [[theatre]]. He thought that Tanu fell in love with him. But she continuously rejects him. He arranges his friend Rishi's marriage to her lover and asks Tanu to turn back if she loves him; otherwise, he will stay out of her life.

But Bhoji Reddy's men come to beat him because he had beaten up his son. He says that if she turns back, he would beat them up; if she doesn't, he would come with them. Eventually, Abhi, who was looking for Shiva, takes Tanu with him. Shiva beats them up after a man says that she turned back. Abhi reveals that Tanu was always lucky for him and wants to marry her. Shiva takes her away at her wedding, leaving a fight between Abhi and Bhoji. They both unite and search for Shiva.

Tanu and Shiva go to [[Goa]]. In that time, Tanu falls for him. When she is about to propose to him, he fights with some goons to make two lovers unite. As he is seriously wounded, she asks him either she or they. Shiva eventually supports them, which makes her emotional.
Bhoji kidnaps her. Shiva's father reveals that his son's real name is Ram. Ram and Shiva were best friends, until Shiva committed suicide. Enraged, Ram learns that he loved a girl who also committed suicide. He hid this because Ram would risk his life to get them married. After hearing this, Tanu realizes her mistake, Bhoji too gives up, and Abhi goes through memory loss. As the film ends on a happy note, Tanu meets Shiva/Ram at a mall, proposes to him, which Ram/Shiva accepts, and they live happily together.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Ram Pothineni]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-ram-pothineni-gears-up-for-pandaga-chesko/article7244340.ece/|title=In celebratory mode}}</ref> as Shiva / Ram
*[[Raashii Khanna]] as Tanu
*[[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Abhi
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Tiger Bhai/Shiva's Uncle
*[[Vineet Kumar]] as Bhoji Reddy
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Bhoji Reddy's brother-in-law
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Shiva's father
*[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] as Tanu's father
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Ramakrishna, Shiva's friend
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Shiva's friend
*[[Himaja]] as Rishitha, Tanu's friend
*[[Nagineedu]] as Krishna Murthy
*[[Krishna Bhagavan]] as IPod Shastry
*[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Mustafa
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Happy
*[[Fish Venkat]] as Fish
*[[Pankaj Kesari]] as Peddi Reddy
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
*[[Amit Tiwari]]
*[[Madhunandan]] as Balkrishna "Balki"
*Surekha Vani
*Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Inspector general of police
{{colend}}

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Shivam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = Sep 12, 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 17:27
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Kumari 21F]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

[[Devi Sri Prasad]] has scored the music for the soundtrack. The audio launched on 12 September 2015 and [[Aditya Music]] purchased the audio rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ram-shivam-audio-launch-on-sept-12th-telugu-news-140301.html|title='Shivam' to have a grand audio launch|website=IndiaGlitz|date=20 August 2015}}</ref> All Lyrics were penned by [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:27
| title1 = Shivam Shivam
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length1 = 3:33
| title2 = Prema Ane Picchi
| extra2 = Narendra
| length2 = 2:56
| title3 = I Love You Too
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]], Sameera
| length3 = 3:50
| title4 = Andamaina Lokam
| extra4 = Sagar, Haripriya
| length4 = 3:59
| title5 = Gunde Aagi Potaandhe
| extra5 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[M. M. Manasi]]
| length5 = 3:09
}}

== Reception ==
The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = 'Shivam' movie review roundup: Ram-Raashi Khanna starrer fails to impress critics|url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shivam-movie-review-roundup-ram-raashi-khanna-starrer-fails-impress-critics-649239|website = International Business Times| date=5 October 2015 |accessdate = 10 October 2015}}</ref> Pranita Jonnalagedda of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote "The only saving grace in this film are the songs which picturised very well. All in all the film is extremely lengthy, too ordinary and very boring".<ref>{{cite news|title=SHIVAM MOVIE REVIEW|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/shivam/movie-review/49196608.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote "The songs, some of which have been shot exceptionally well in lovely locations, provide relief in an otherwise ordinary film".<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie review 'Shivam': When cupid gets stung|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/151003/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-shivam%25E2%2580%2599-when-cupid-gets-stung|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=6 March 2022}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "The film is lengthy, boring and comedy isn’t enough to save the day".<ref>{{cite news|title=Shivam: Far from engaging|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shivam-far-from-engaging/article7715663.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 October 2015 |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=4417502}}

{{Kishore Tirumala}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2015 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 masala films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic comedy films]]

Akhil Maheshwari

2026-03-25T08:04:59Z

SimonK54990761: Adding Article - done

{{Short description|Indian neonatologist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=March 2023}}
{{Resume-like|date=March 2023}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=March 2023}}
{{COI|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Akhil Maheshwari
| image =
| image_upright = 0.5
| caption = Akhil Maheshwari
| birth_name =
| birth_place = India
| education = {{plainlist}}
* Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University
* Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
* University of Florida
* University of South Florida
{{endplainlist}}
| field = Neonatology
| workplaces = {{plainlist}}
* University of Alabama at Birmingham
* University of Illinois at Chicago
* University of South Florida
* Johns Hopkins University
{{endplainlist}}
}}
'''Akhil Maheshwari''' is an Indian [[Neonatology|neonatologist]].

== Academic career ==
In 2004, Maheshwari joined the [[University of Alabama at Birmingham|University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama]] as an assistant professor. He studied [[Innate immune system|innate immunity]] and the [[pathogenesis]] of gut mucosal and systemic [[inflammation]] in newborn infants, with a particular focus on a disease called [[Necrotizing enterocolitis|necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)]]. In this disease, the intestines of a [[Preterm birth|premature]] or critically ill infant become inflamed and lose viability. His research was supported by the [[American Gastroenterological Association]] and the [[National Institutes of Health]].<ref>[https://www.uab.edu/newsarchive/38545-young-uab-scientist-among-eight-in-u-s-to-receive-225-000-g-i-award|=en/ Maheshwari at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama]</ref>

In 2010, he moved to the [[University of Illinois at Chicago|University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Illinois]] as the Head of Neonatology.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In 2014, he was recruited to the [[University of South Florida]] as the Pamela and Leslie Muma Professor, Head of Neonatology, and Assistant Dean for Medical Education.<ref>[https://hscweb3.hsc.usf.edu/blog/tag/akhil-maheshwari/ Maheshwari at the University of South Florida at Tampa, Florida]</ref> He administered the academic and the clinical programs at the neonatal intensive care unit at [[Tampa General Hospital]]. In his laboratory, he investigated the role of [[intestinal]] [[macrophages]] and [[platelets]] in intestinal inflammation.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781437726626/ | isbn=9781437726626 | title=Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Disease: Neonatology Questions and Controversies | last1=Robin k Ohls | first1=MD | last2=Akhil Maheshwari | first2=MD | date=12 March 2012 | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences }}</ref>

In 2018, he relocated to the [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland]] as the Josephine S. Sutland Professor of Newborn Medicine, Head of Neonatology, and vice-chairman of the Department of Pediatrics.<ref>[https://clinicalconnection.hopkinsmedicine.org/participant/akhil-maheshwari-mbbs-md Maheshwari at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland].</ref>

==See also==
* [[infant|Newborn infants]]
* [[Child mortality]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Infants and their care}}
{{Humandevelopment}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maheshwari, Akhil}}
[[Category:Neonatologists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Clinical research]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research alumni]]
[[Category:University of Florida alumni]]
[[Category:University of South Florida alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]

HMS Rotherham

2026-03-25T02:49:11Z

SimonK54990761: further expanded section per standard format and added references per standard format

{{short description|Destroyer of the Royal Navy}}
{{other ships|INS Rajput}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image= HMS Rotherham 1942 IWM FL 10240.jpg
|image_caption=''Rotherham'' on completion, September 1942
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=United Kingdom
|flag= {{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|name=HMS ''Rotherham''
|namesake=Captain [[Edward Rotheram]]
|ordered=2 April 1940
|awarded=
|builder=[[John Brown & Company]], [[Clydebank]]
|original_cost=
|yard_number=
|way_number=
|laid_down=10 April 1941
|launched=21 March 1942
|sponsor=
|christened=
|completed=27 August 1942
|acquired=
|commissioned=August 1942
|decommissioned=1945
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport=
|identification=[[Pennant number]]: H09
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=*'''Battle honours:'''
*Sabang 1944
*Burma
|captured=
|fate=Sold to [[India]], 1948; Scrapped, 1976
|notes=
|badge=On a Field Blue, a [[stag]] [[trippant]] Gold between a wreath of oak also Gold
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=India
|flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval-1950}}
|name=INS ''Rajput''
|namesake=[[Rajput]]
|acquired=1948
|commissioned=27 July 1949
|decommissioned= 1976
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport=
|identification=D141
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|captured=
|fate= Scrapped
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=<ref name="lenton">{{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H.T|title=British and Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Greenhill Books|isbn=1-85367-277-7}}</ref>
|class= [[Q and R-class destroyer|R-class]] [[destroyer]]
|displacement=*{{convert|1705|LT|t|0|lk=in|abbr=on}} light
*{{convert|2425|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full load
|length= {{convert|358|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam= {{convert|35|ft|9|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|height=
|draught= {{convert|9|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|propulsion=*2 × Admiralty 3-drum [[water-tube boiler]]s
*[[Parsons Marine Steam Turbines|Parsons]] geared steam turbines
*{{convert|40000|shp|abbr=on}}
*2 shafts
|speed={{convert|36|kn}}
|range={{convert|4675|nmi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|20|kn|abbr=on}}
|complement=237
|sensors=*[[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 290|Type 290]] air warning radar
*[[Type 285 radar|Type 285]] ranging & bearing radar
*[[High frequency direction finding|Huff-Duff]] (High-frequency Direction-finder)
|EW=
|armament=*4 × [[4.7 inch QF Mark IX|QF 4.7 inch (120 mm) Mk.IX guns]], single mounts CP Mk.XVIII
*4 × [[QF 2 pounder naval gun|QF 2 pdr Mk.VIII]] (40 mm L/39), quad mount Mk.VII
*6 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|QF 20 mm Oerlikon]], single mount P Mk.III
*8 (2×4) [[torpedo tube]]s for [[British 21 inch torpedo#21 inch Mark XI|21 in Mk.IX torpedoes]]
*4 × throwers & 2 × racks, 70 [[depth charge]]s
|armour=
|notes=
}}
}}
'''HMS ''Rotherham''''' was an [[Q and R-class destroyer|R-class]] [[destroyer]] of the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Navy during the Second World War]], named after Captain [[Edward Rotheram]], who commanded {{HMS|Royal Sovereign|1786|6}} during at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]] in 1805. ''Rotherham'' was completed in 1942 and equipped as a [[flotilla leader]], having slightly reduced armament to allow for the increased complement and working space required. Decommissioned in 1945, the ship was sold to [[India]] in 1948, serving as '''INS ''Rajput'' (D141)''' until 1976, when she was scrapped.<ref name="naval-history.net">{{cite web| url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-52R-Rotherham.htm| title=HMS ''Rotherham'', destroyer| author=Lt.Cdr. Geoffrey B. Mason RN | year=2003| work=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War II| location=naval-history.net
| access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref>

==Royal Navy service==

===World War II===
''Rotherham'' was commissioned for service, after completing her [[sea trial]]s, in August 1942. After a period of training at [[Scapa Flow]], she was assigned to serve in the [[Atlantic|South Atlantic]], operating as convoy escort between [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]], and [[Cape Town]] and [[Durban]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] for the rest of the year.<ref name="naval-history.net"/>

From February 1944 ''Rotherham'' was deployed in the [[Indian Ocean]], and in April joined the [[Eastern Fleet]] to take part in series of offensive operations against the Japanese in [[Sumatra]] and [[Java]], and the Indian nationalist [[Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind|Azad Hind]] in the [[Andaman Islands]], acting as an escort to aircraft carriers and battleships. In October 1944 ''Rotherham'' sailed to [[Simon's Town]] to refit.<ref name="naval-history.net"/>

In early 1945 ''Rotherham'' was deployed intercepting Japanese ships supplying stores and carrying personnel to the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], as well as providing support for [[Burma Campaign 1944-1945|military operations in Burma]]. In February, along with her [[sister ship]]s {{HMS|Rapid|H32|2}}, {{HMS|Rocket|H92|2}}, and {{HMS|Roebuck|H95|2}}, she carried out a bombardment of [[Coco Islands|Great Coco Island]], in which more than a thousand 4.7 inch shells were fired by the four ships. Further anti-shipping and shore bombardments followed, and in April she provided cover for Allied landings near [[Rangoon]] during "[[Operation Dracula]]". Escort duties continued until the [[Victory over Japan Day|Japanese surrender]] on 15 August.<ref name="naval-history.net"/>

===Post-war operations===
''Rotherham'' was then deployed in "[[Operation Zipper]]", the British liberation of [[Penang]], and in early September, as part of "[[Operation Tiderace]]", escorted a fleet led by the cruiser {{HMS|Sussex|96|2}} to [[Singapore]] to take the surrender of the 77,000 Japanese there. ''Rotherham''{{'}}s commander personally accepted the surrender of 34,000 personnel of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] at the Singapore Naval Dockyard at [[Sembawang]], and in commemoration the main entrance was renamed the "Rotherham Gate". The ship remained at Singapore until 27 September 1945, when she sailed to [[Trincomalee]], leaving there on 2 October for [[Portsmouth]], where she was decommissioned and put into the [[Reserve fleet|Reserve]].<ref name="naval-history.net"/>

==Indian Navy service==
''Rotherham'' was sold to India in 1948, and formally transferred to the [[Indian Navy]] on 27 July 1949 as '''INS ''Rajput'' (D141)'''<ref>Critchley, Mike, "British Warships Since 1945: Part 3: Destroyers", Maritime Books: Liskeard, UK, 1982. {{ISBN|0-9506323-9-2}}, page 50</ref> She saw active service during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. India maintains that the INS ''Rajput'' was responsible for sinking the [[Pakistan Navy]] submarine {{Ship|PNS|Ghazi||2}}, though Pakistan contests this, contending that the submarine was sunk by the accidental detonation of one or more of the laid or about-to-be-laid mines the ship was carrying which seems to be supported as there was communication between ghazi and pak NHQ to support their claim regarding what exactly happened.<ref name="naval-history.net"/> PNS ghazi sailed over 4000 km in the sea and nothing happened, it suffered the final damage in the area where INS Rajput deployed the depth charges which does not supports the Indian description of the event.

''Rajput'' remained an active fleet unit until 1976 when she was placed on the Disposal List and then scrapped.<ref name="naval-history.net"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}
* {{cite book|last=English|first=John|title=Obdurate to Daring: British Fleet Destroyers 1941–45|publisher=World Ship Society|location=Windsor, UK|year=2001|isbn=978-0-9560769-0-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War and After|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|date=2006|isbn=1-86176-137-6|author-link=Norman Friedman}}
* {{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Raven|first=Alan|last2=Roberts|first2=John |title=War Built Destroyers O to Z Classes|publisher=Bivouac Books|location=London|year=1978|isbn=0-85680-010-4|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005|edition=Third Revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2|author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland|author-link=Michael J. Whitley}}

{{Q and R class destroyer}}
{{Destroyers_of_the_Indian_Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rotherham (H09)}}
[[Category:Q and R-class destroyers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:1942 ships]]
[[Category:World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:R-class destroyers of the Indian Navy]]

Gautam R. Desiraju

2026-03-23T02:41:32Z

SimonK54990761: data.

{{Short description|Indian structural chemist (born 1952)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=May 2023}}
{{Advert|date=May 2023}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=February 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Gautam R Desiraju
| image = Gautam Desiraju.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|8|21}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Chemistry]], [[X-ray Crystallography]]
| work_institution = [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[University of Hyderabad]]
| education = [[University of Bombay]], [[University of Illinois]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Crystal Engineering]], [[Hydrogen Bonding]]
| prizes =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gautam Radhakrishna Desiraju''' is an Indian [[Structural chemistry|scientist]] and an emeritus professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc). His research is on crystal engineering <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Desiraju |first=Gautam R. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Crystal_Engineering/bfY3AQAAIAAJ?hl=en |title=Crystal Engineering: The Design of Organic Solids |date=1989 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-87457-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Desiraju |first=Gautam R. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Crystal_Engineering/AMLWuCzDN20C?hl=en |title=Crystal Engineering: A Textbook |last2=Vittal |first2=Jagadese J. |last3=Ramanan |first3=Arunachalam |date=2011 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4338-75-2 |language=en}}</ref> and weak hydrogen bonds.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=DESIRAJU |first=GAUTAM R. |title=The weak hydrogen bond in supramolecular chemistry |date=2001-05-31 |work=The Weak Hydrogen Bond |pages=293–342 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509707.003.0004 |access-date=2025-04-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-850970-7 |last2=STEINER |first2=THOMAS}}</ref> In March 2026 he was awarded the 14th Ewald Prize <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ewald Prize |url=https://www.iucr.org/iucr/ewald-prize |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.iucr.org}}</ref> of the [[International Union of Crystallography]], the organization's highest award, given every three years.

==Biography==
{{blp sources section|date=March 2026}}
Gautam Desiraju was born in [[Chennai|Chennai, India]]. After schooling at Cathedral and John Connon Boys School in [[Bombay]], he obtained a B.Sc. from St. Xavier's College, Bombay in 1972. Under the guidance of David Y. Curtin and Iain C. Paul, he gained a PhD in 1976 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He worked between 1976 and 1978 at the research laboratories of [[Eastman Kodak Company]] in Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A. From 1978 to 1979, he was a research fellow at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. In 1979, he joined the [[University of Hyderabad]] as a lecturer, was promoted to reader in 1984, and became a professor in 1990. After 30 years at the University of Hyderabad, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in Bangalore in 2009.

Desiraju has guided the PhD work of about 40 students and mentored about 100 postdoctoral associates. He has authored more than 475 research papers.

He is a member of the editorial advisory boards of [[ChemComm|Chemical Communications]] and the [[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]. He is the editor-in-chief of [[Polyhedron]]. He chaired the first [[Gordon Research Conference]]s on Crystal Engineering in 2010 and served as president of the [[International Union of Crystallography]] from 2011 to 2014. In August 2017, he organised the 24th Congress and General Assembly of the International Union of Crystallography in Hyderabad, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucr2017.org/|title=IUCR - 2017 | International Union of Crystallography}}</ref>

Desiraju has received honorary doctorate degrees from [[Universidad Nacional de Córdoba]], Argentina, [[Rayalaseema University]], Kurnool, and [[Gulbarga University]], Kalaburagi. He has won international awards such as the [[Alexander von Humboldt]] Forschungspreis and the [[TWAS]] award in Chemistry. He was awarded the Acharya P. C. Ray Medal (2015) by the [[University of Calcutta]] for innovation in science and technology, the ISA Medal (2018) for Science by the [[University of Bologna]], and the Van der Waals Prize (2023) by ICNI, Strasbourg.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Scholarly contributions==

Desiraju's contributions to [[crystal engineering]] have focused on the concept of the [[supramolecular]] [[synthon]].<ref>Desiraju, G. R.: "Supramolecular Synthons in Crystal Engineering. A New Organic Synthesis", Angewandte Chemie International Edition Engl., 1995, 34, 2311.</ref>

Desiraju has authored several commentaries on science, the evolution of chemistry as a subject,<ref>Desiraju, G. R.: "Chemistry. The Middle Kingdom", Current Science, 2005, 88, 374.</ref> its emergence, complexity and practices.<ref>Desiraju, G. R.: "Bold strategies for Indian science", Nature, 2012, 484, 159.</ref> He has also written articles about the state of science education and research in India<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070501133353/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/02/19/stories/2007021902651000.htm</ref> and the current status of chemistry research in the country,<ref>Arunan, E., Brakaspathy, R., Desiraju, G. R., Sivaram, S.: "Chemistry in India: Unlocking the Potential", Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2013, 52, 114.</ref> identifying problems and suggesting solutions for issues that stem from, amongst other parameters, the dichotomy between traditional values and the aspiration of an ancient culture to advance scientifically like the west. Despite being educated in America, Desiraju has advocated therefore, inculcating a sense of "Indian-ness" and self-worth in Indian students and young scientists towards a better understanding of India's place in our contemporary world.<ref>{{Citation |title=Prof. Gautam Desiraju's advice for young people: How to make India great again | date=14 January 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqXhxDKrxsY |access-date=2023-07-12 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Prof Desiraju Video Pondy Lit Fest 12 February 2023 on Bharat: India:2.0 | date=14 February 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgcS9wlb3vk |access-date=2023-07-12 |language=en}}</ref>

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://desiraju.in Desiraju Homepage]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desiraju, Gautam R.}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni]]
[[Category:Indian crystallographers]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Presidents of the International Union of Crystallography]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]

Electronic media

2026-03-21T14:34:18Z

SimonK54990761: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Media needing electronic means for access}}
{{for|digital electronic media|Digital media}}{{Distinguish|M-Net|text=[[M-Net]], an abbreviation for Electronic Media Network}}{{distinguish|Electronic publishing}}
{{unsourced|section|date=September 2025}}
[[Image:Webpage.png|thumb|A screenshot of a web page. The computers to store, transmit, and display the web page are electronic media. The web page is an electronic medium.]]
[[Image:Pcm.svg|thumb|right|Graphical representations of electrical audio data. Electronic media uses either analog (red) or digital (blue) signal processing.]]

'''Electronic media''' are [[media (communication)|media]] that use [[electronics]] or [[electromechanical]] means for the audience to access the content.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Medoff |first1=Norman J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mo5X6niXB_wC&pg=PT16 |title=Electronic Media: Then, Now, and Later |last2=Kaye |first2=Barbara |date=2013-03-20 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-136-03041-3 |language=en}}</ref> This is in contrast to static media (mainly [[print media]]), which today are most often [[Desktop publishing|created digitally]], but do not require electronics to be accessed by the end user in the printed form. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public are [[video]] recordings, [[audio recordings]], [[multimedia]] presentations, [[Presentation program|slide presentations]], [[CD-ROM]] and [[online]] content. Most [[new media]] are in the form of [[digital media]]. However, electronic media may be in either [[analogue electronics]] [[data]] or [[digital electronic]] [[digital data|data]] format.

Although the term is usually associated with content recorded on a [[storage medium]], recordings are not required for live [[broadcasting]] and online networking.

Any equipment used in the [[electronic communication]] process (e.g. [[television]], [[Receiver (radio)|radio]], [[telephone]], [[game console]], [[handheld device]]) may also be considered electronic media.

== History of development ==

=== Transmission ===
[[Wire]] and [[transmission line]]s emerged as communication tools, starting with the telegraph in the late 18th century. Samuel Morse invented the [[Electromagnetic telegraph|telegraph]] in 1832, introducing wires to transmit electrical signals over long distances. In 1844, the first successful telegraph line was established in the United States, and in the 1850s, telegraph cables were laid across the Atlantic connecting North America and Europe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Winston |first=Brian |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203024379/media-technology-society-brian-winston |title=Media, Technology and Society: A History: From the Telegraph to the Internet |year=2002 |doi=10.4324/9780203024379|isbn=978-0-203-02437-9 }}</ref> At the same time the telegraph was becoming mainstream, the need to transmit images over wire emerged. The first commercially successful fax machine was developed by Elisha Gray in 1861, allowing printed images to be transmitted over a wire.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Evenson |first=A. Edward |title=The telephone patent conspiracy of 1876: the Elisha Gray-Alexander Bell controversy and its many players |date=2000 |isbn=0-7864-0883-9 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |oclc=45128997}}</ref>

The [[telephone]] was another breakthrough in electronic communication, allowing people to communicate using voice rather than written messages. Alexander Graham Bell pioneered the first successful telephone transmission in 1876, and by the 1890s, telephone lines were being laid worldwide.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Grosvenor |first=Edwin S. |title=Alexander Graham Bell |date=2016 |others=Morgan Wesson |isbn=978-1-61230-984-2 |location=Newbury |oclc=1031985337}}</ref> Since all these significant breakthroughs relied on transmission lines for communication, a minor improvement was made by the English engineer Oliver Heaviside who patented the [[coaxial cable]] in 1880.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watson-Watt |first=Robert |date=1950 |title=Oliver Heaviside: 1850–1925 |journal=The Scientific Monthly |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=353–358 |jstor=20196 |bibcode=1950SciMo..71..353W |issn=0096-3771}}</ref> The coaxial cable allowed for greater bandwidth and longer transmission distances.

Significant improvements in the mode of transmission were made in the last seventy years with the introduction of [[fiber optics]], wireless transmission, satellite transmission, [[free-space optics]], and the internet. Fiber optics was first developed in the 1950s but became commercially viable in the 1970s. On the other hand, wireless communication made a major improvement in the transmission mode, doing away with wires and introducing electromagnetic waves. Guglielmo Marconi invented radio transmission in 1897, and by the 1900s, radio transmission had become a mainstream source of news, entertainment, and military communication.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Wireless Telegraphic Communication |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Volumes/reso/007/01/0095-0101.pdf}}</ref> Satellite communication allowed data to be transmitted over much longer distances than possible. The United States pioneered satellite communication in 1958 when it first launched Explorer 1.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Pratt |title=Satellite communications}}</ref>

free-space optics (FSO), which uses lasers to transmit data through the air, was first developed in the 1960s. However, it was only in the 1990s that the technology advanced enough to become commercially viable.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Malik |first1=Aditi |last2=Singh |first2=Preeti |date=2015-11-17 |title=Free Space Optics: Current Applications and Future Challenges |journal=[[International Journal of Optics]] |language=en |volume=2015 |article-number=e945483 |doi=10.1155/2015/945483 |bibcode=2015IJOpt201545483M |issn=1687-9384|doi-access=free }}</ref> The internet, on the other hand, emerged in the second half of the last century. In the 1960s, the first protocols for transferring files were developed, making it possible to transfer files between computers. In 1989, Tim Berners Lee created the World Wide Web, making it much easier to share information through hyperlinks. In 1996, the Real-Time Transport Protocol ([[Real-time Transport Protocol|RTP]]) was introduced, allowing for live audio and video streaming over the Internet. RTP was a breakthrough in online entertainment, allowing real-time events to be broadcast live to audiences worldwide.

=== Display and output ===
The history of [[Comparison of display technology|display]] and [[Output device|output]] technology is long and fascinating, beginning in the early 19th century with the development of the galvanometer, which was used to detect and measure small electrical currents. In 1844, the telegraph sounder was developed, which used an electromagnet to produce a clicking sound that corresponded to the transmission of electrical signals over a telegraph line.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Stephens |first=C.E. |date=March 1989 |title=The impact of the telegraph on public time in the United States, 1844-93 |journal=IEEE Technology and Society Magazine |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=4–10 |doi=10.1109/44.17681 |bibcode=1989ITSMg...8a...4S |s2cid=38619959 |issn=1937-416X|doi-access=free }}</ref> It was followed by the telephone receiver, which used a diaphragm to convert electrical signals into sound. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the first forms of artificial light were developed, including red light and neon. These were used in various applications, including lighting for displays and signs.

In 1910, the teleprinter was invented, which allowed for the transmission of text messages over a wire. It was followed by the development of the cathode-ray tube (CRT) by William Crookes, but it became widely available by the 1920s. The CRT was used for early television and computer displays.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last1=Sterling |first1=Christopher |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781410604064/stay-tuned-christopher-sterling-john-michael-kittross |title=Stay Tuned: A History of American Broadcasting |last2=Kittross |first2=John Michael |year=2001 |doi=10.4324/9781410604064|isbn=978-1-135-68511-9 }}</ref> The radio and television tuner was also developed in the early 20th century, allowing people to receive and tune in to broadcast signals. The speaker and headphones were invented in the late 1800s and early 1900s and were used for listening to audio signals from radios, phonographs, and, later, electronic devices.

In the 1950s and 1960s, LED and LCDs were developed, allowing for the production of more compact and efficient displays for various applications such as lighting and television monitors.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Kawamoto |first=H. |date=April 2002 |title=The history of liquid-crystal displays |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=460–500 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2002.1002521 |bibcode=2002IEEEP..90..460K |issn=1558-2256}}</ref> In the 1970s, laser light shows were introduced, which used lasers to produce dramatic visual effects for concerts and other events. The first computer monitor was developed in the 1950s, and the first commercial PC monitor was introduced in 1976. Large electronic displays were introduced in 1985, allowing for the production of large-scale displays for use in stadiums, arenas, and other public spaces. HDTV was first proposed as a term in 1936, but it was in the 1990s that standards were established for producing and broadcasting high-definition television signals.<ref name=":8" /> The head-mounted display (HMD) was introduced in 1968 and continues to be developed and improved to this day, allowing for immersive virtual reality experiences and other applications.

=== Electric signal processing ===
The history of [[Signal (electrical engineering)|electrical signal processing]] is closely tied to the development of electronic communications technology, beginning in the mid-18th century with the invention of the capacitor, which allowed for the capture and storage of electrical charges. In the 1830s, analog encoding methods, such as Morse code, were developed, allowing for transmitting information over long distances using electrical signals.<ref name=":1" /> Electronic modulation was developed between 1832 and 1927 and was a crucial development in the history of telecommunications.

Electronic multiplexing, which allowed for the transmission of multiple signals over a single channel, was first developed in 1853 using a technique called time-division multiplexing (TDM).<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Cranch |first1=Geoffrey A. |last2=Nash |first2=Philip J. |date=2001-05-01 |title=Large-Scale Multiplexing of Interferometric Fiber-Optic Sensors Using TDM and DWDM |url=https://opg.optica.org/jlt/abstract.cfm?uri=jlt-19-5-687 |journal=Journal of Lightwave Technology |language=EN |volume=19 |issue=5 |page=687|doi=10.1109/50.923482 |bibcode=2001JLwT...19..687C |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Digitizing, or converting analog signals into digital form, was first developed in 1903 with the invention of pulse-code modulation (PCM) for telephone communications.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Black |first1=H. S. |last2=Edson |first2=J. O. |date=January 1947 |title=Pulse code modulation |journal=Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=895–899 |doi=10.1109/T-AIEE.1947.5059525 |bibcode=1947TAIEE..66..895B |s2cid=51644190 |issn=2330-9431}}</ref> Electronic encryption, which allowed for the secure transmission of information over electronic channels, was developed between 1935 and 1945 and played a crucial role in developing electronic communications during World War II. Online routing, or the ability to direct electronic signals to specific destinations, was first developed in 1969 with the creation of the ARPANET, a precursor to the modern internet.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Hauben |first=Michael |title=History of ARPANET - Behind the Net - The untold history of the ARPANET Or - The "Open" History of the ARPANET/Internet |url=https://www.jbcoco.com/Arpa-Arpanet-Internet.pdf |website=jbcoco.com}}</ref> Electronic programming, or the ability to use electronic signals to control and automate processes, has been developed since the 1940s and continues to be an important area of research and development in electrical signal processing.

=== Electronic information storage ===
The history of [[Data storage device|electronic information storage]] dates back to the 18th century, with the invention of punched cards and paper tape in 1725 and 1846, respectively. Early forms of electronic storage were used to store simple text and numerical data.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Stockwell |first=Foster |title=A history of information storage and retrieval |date=2001 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0-7864-0840-5 |location=Jefferson, N.C. |oclc=44693995}}</ref> In the late 19th century, the invention of the phonograph cylinder and disk in 1857 and 1877, respectively, allowed for the recording and storage of audio data. In 1876, the invention of film allowed for the recording and storing of moving images.<ref name=":13" />

In 1941, the invention of random-access memory (RAM) allowed for storing and retrieving digital data at high speeds and is still in use today.<ref name=":13" /> Barcodes were first invented in 1952 for use in grocery stores. The Universal Product Code (UPC) was standardized in 1973, allowing for storing and retrieving product information in a digital format.<ref name=":14">Savir, D., & Laurer, G. J. (1975). The characteristics and decodability of the Universal Product Code symbol. ''IBM Systems Journal'', ''14''(1), 16-34.</ref>

In 1969, the invention of laser discs allowed for the storage and playback of high-quality video and audio data, but the format was short-lived, with its commercial life ending in 1978. Compact discs (CDs) were invented in 1982 and quickly became a popular medium for storing and playing back digital audio data.<ref name=":13" /> DVDs were introduced in 1993, offering higher storage capacity and the ability to store video data.

=== Various media formats ===
In telecommunication, the word ''media'' refers to the different types of digital information that can be stored, transmitted, and consumed through electronic devices. The history of content formats dates back to the late 19th century when the first audio recording was created.

* [[Audio format|Audio Recording]]: In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, the machine that could record and playback audio.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Edison |first=Thomas A. |date=1878 |title=The Phonograph and Its Future |journal=The North American Review |volume=126 |issue=262 |pages=527–536 |doi=10.1038/018116g0 |jstor=25110210 |bibcode=1878Natur..18..116. |s2cid=4125335 |issn=0029-2397|doi-access=free }}</ref> The invention began audio recording and created different audio formats, including vinyl records, magnetic tape, and digital audio files. Vinyl records were introduced in the late 19th century and were the primary format for music until the late 20th century, when digital audio formats such as MP3 and AAC were introduced. The vinyl, however, remains a cultural icon despite its obsolescence, and it retains an aura of sanctity immune to symbolic pollution.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Bartmanski |first1=Dominik |last2=Woodward |first2=Ian |date=2018-03-04 |title=Vinyl record: a cultural icon |journal=Consumption Markets & Culture |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=171–177 |doi=10.1080/10253866.2016.1212709 |s2cid=151336690 |issn=1025-3866}}</ref> The MP3, on the other hand, was invented by Karlheinz Brandenburg from the Fraunhofer Institute.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last1=Denegri-Knott |first1=Janice |last2=Tadajewski |first2=Mark |date=2010-01-01 |title=The emergence of MP3 technology |journal=Journal of Historical Research in Marketing |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=397–425 |doi=10.1108/17557501011092466 |issn=1755-750X}}</ref> The MP3 encoder software developed by the institute enabled individuals to digitize their audio files using a compression algorithm called MPEGI-Layer III.<ref name=":17" /> Compressed files were stored in CDs, at the time costing $250.
* [[Video Recording]]: Video recording technology was first introduced in 1952 when Charles Ginsburg created the first video tape recorder at Ampex Corporation. The videotape recorder technology was later refined, introducing different video formats, such as Betamax, VHS, and DVD. Betamax was released by Sony in 1975 and was an analog video recorder of the cassette format. However, it did not survive for long. The Video Home System (VHS), developed by the Victor Company of Japan in 1976, won the video format wars trumping Betamax and gaining widespread usage worldwide.<ref name=":18">https://www.academia.edu/download/9905503/0262072904intro1.pdf {{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> The main difference between VHS and Betamax was that Betamax had sharper and clearer images while VHS had a longer run time.<ref name=":18" /> In the 21st century, however, these two are now part of the bygone eras. Digital video formats such as MPEG-4 and H.264 have become the dominant video recording and playback formats.
* [[File format|Digital File Formats]]: The introduction of digital file formats marked a significant shift in how content was stored and transmitted. In the early days of digital computing, text-based formats such as ASCII and RTF were used to store and transmit textual content. ASCII was based on telegraphic code and had a very narrow scope of use, considering it only had 128 code points.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |last1=Hieronymus |first1=James L |title=ASCII Phonetic Symbols for the Worlds Languages |journal=Worldbet |date=1994 |url=https://byuh.doncolton.com/courses/cs441/worldbet.pdf|s2cid=16144522 |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331115448/https://byuh.doncolton.com/courses/cs441/worldbet.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-31| language=en| url-status=live}}</ref> RTF, on the other hand, stands for Rich Text Format. Microsoft developed it in 1987. The format allowed for sharing of documents across platforms. RTF was especially valued because it could store important document information such as formatting, font, and style. Later, image formats such as JPEG and PNG were introduced, allowing for the storage and transmission of digital images. The introduction of digital audio and video formats further expanded the range of digital file formats available.
* [[Database|Database Content and Formats]]: Databases have been used to store and manage digital content since the 1960s. E.F. Codd conceptualized the relational database model in 1970.{{cn|date=March 2023}} The model required applications to search data without following links and instead search through the content. The model rested on the predicate and set theory and would set the stage for future databases.{{cn|date=March 2023}} The first commercially available database management system (DBMS) was introduced in 1979 by Relational Software, Inc. (later renamed Oracle Corporation). Since then, different database systems have been introduced, including relational, object-oriented, vector and NoSQL databases.

=== Interactivity ===
[[Interactivity]] refers to the ability of electronic media to respond to user input, allowing for a more immersive and engaging experience. The history of interactivity can be traced back to the development of input devices such as the control panel.

* [[Control panel (engineering)|Control Panel]]: Control panels were first introduced in the early days of computing to interact with computer systems. These panels typically consisted of a series of switches and knobs that could be used to input data and commands into the computer.
* [[Input device|Input Device]]: The development of input devices such as the keyboard and mouse marked a significant advancement in the field of interactivity. The introduction of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) allowed for more intuitive interaction with computer systems.
* [[Game Controller]]: The game controller was introduced in the late 1970s with the introduction of the Atari 2600 video game console. The Atari 2600 console had no disk space and only had a RAM of 128 bytes.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Wolf |first=Mark J. P. |editor-first1=Mark J.P. |editor-first2=Bernard |editor-last1=Wolf |editor-last2=Perron |chapter=Abstraction in the Video Game |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203700457-3/abstraction-video-game-mark-wolf |title=The Video Game Theory Reader |year=2013 |access-date=2023-03-09 |doi=10.4324/9780203700457 |isbn=978-1-135-20519-5 }}</ref> Its graphics clock ran 12 MHz, while its ROM only had 4 kilobytes.<ref name=":21" /> Despite such limitations, the device allowed users to interact with video games more immersively, paving the way for developing more advanced game controllers in the future.
* [[Handheld]]: The introduction of handheld devices such as the Nintendo Game Boy and the Sony PlayStation Portable allowed for interactive gaming on the go. Nintendo was released in 1989 in Japan, and it was criticized for not having any backlight or graphics. The first Sony PlayStation was also released in Japan in 1994. The initial devices were handheld video games; however, more sophisticated video game consoles such as PlayStation 3, 4, and 5 have also been released. The initial handheld devices featured built-in controllers and small screens, allowing users to play games anywhere and anytime.
* [[Wired glove|Wired Glove]]: The wired glove was first introduced in the early 1980s to interact with virtual reality environments. These gloves were equipped with sensors to detect hand movements, allowing users to manipulate virtual objects and navigate virtual environments. Wired gloves significantly improved from using the mouse, joystick, or trackball during virtual interactions. They were expensive, limiting their spread and expansion.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Ortega-Carrillo |first1=Hernando |last2=Martínez-Mirón |first2=Erika |title=Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology |chapter=Wired gloves for every one |date=2008-10-27 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1450579.1450665 |series=VRST '08 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=305–306 |doi=10.1145/1450579.1450665 |isbn=978-1-59593-951-7|s2cid=17206527 }}</ref>
* [[Brain–computer interface|Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)]]: The brain-computer interface (BCI) is the latest development in interactivity. The technology allows users to control electronic devices using their brainwaves, bypassing the need for physical input devices such as keyboards or controllers. While still in the experimental stage, BCI technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact.

== Types of systems ==
{| width="65%"
|- valign=top
|width="50%"|
* '''[[Transmission (telecommunications)|Transmission]]'''
** '''''[[Wire]] and [[transmission line]]s'''''
*** [[Electromagnetic telegraph|Telegraph]] 1795{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}–1832
*** [[Fax|Facsimile]] 1843–1861{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*** [[Telephone]] 1849–1877{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*** [[Coaxial cable]] 1880
*** [[Fiber Optics]] not known
**'''''[[Wireless]]'''''
*** [[Radio]] 1897–1920
*** [[Satellite communications|Satellite]] 1958–1972
*** [[Free-space optics]] 1960s
**'''''[[Internet]]'''''
*** [[Download]]ing 1969 (first [[Communications protocol|protocols]] for [[List of file transfer protocols|transferring files]])
*** [[streaming media|Live Streaming]] 1996 ([[Real-time Transport Protocol|RTP]] protocol)
* '''[[Comparison of display technology|Display]] and [[Output device|output]]'''
** [[Information Processing]] 1940s ([[Technical term|Term]])
** [[Galvanometer]] 1820{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
** [[Telegraph sounder|Telegraph Sounder]] 1844
** [[Telephone|Telephone Receiver]] 1849–1877
** [[Light red]] 1801–1883
** [[Neon]] 1893–1902{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
** [[Teleprinter]] 1910
** [[Cathode-ray tube|CRT]] 1922
** [[Tuner (radio)|Radio/television tuner]] 1894–1927
** [[Loudspeaker|Speaker]]/[[Headphones]] 1876–1928/1930s
** [[LED]]/[[LCD]] 1955–1962/1968
** [[Laser light show]] 1970s
** [[Computer Monitor]] 1950s/1976 (for [[Personal Computer|PC]]s)
** [[Jumbotron|Large Electronic Display]] 1985
** [[HDTV]] 1936 ([[Technical term|Term]]) 1990s ([[Standards organization|Standard]]s)
** [[Head mounted display|HMD]] 1968–current
|width="50%"|
* '''[[Signal (electrical engineering)|Electrical Signal Processing]]'''
** [[Sensor|Capture]] 1745 ([[Capacitor]])
** [[Analog signal|Analog]] methods of [[Encoding]] 1830s ([[Morse code]])
** [[Modulation|Electronic Modulating]] 1832–1927
** [[Multiplexing|Electronic Multiplexing]] 1853 ([[Time-division multiplexing|TDM]])
** [[Digitizing]] 1903 ([[Pulse-code modulation|PCM telephone]])
** [[Encryption|Electronic encryption]] 1935–1945
** [[Routing|Online routing]] 1969
** [[Computer programming|Electronic programming]] 1943–current
* '''[[Data storage device|Electronic information storage]]'''
**''''' [[Recording medium#Recording medium|Recording medium]]'''''
*** [[Punched card]] and [[paper tape]] 1725/1846
*** [[Phonograph|Phonograph cylinder and disk]] 1857–1958
*** [[Photographic film|Film]] 1876–1889
*** [[Magnetic storage]] 1898–2003
*** [[RAM]] 1941–current
*** [[Barcodes]] 1952/1973 ([[Universal Product Code|UPC]])
*** [[Laser Disc]] 1969–1978
*** [[Compact Disc]]/[[DVD]] 1982/1993–current
** '''''[[Content format]]s'''''
*** [[Content (media)]] 1877–current
*** [[Audio format|Audio recording]] 1877–current
*** [[Video|Video recording]] 1952–current
*** [[File format|Digital file formats]]
*** [[Database|Database content and formats]] 1963–current
* '''[[Interactivity]]'''
** [[Control panel (engineering)|Control panel]]
** [[Input device]]
** [[Game controller]]
** [[Handheld]]
** [[Wired glove]]
** [[Brain–computer interface|Brain–computer interface (BCI)]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |last=Guernsey |first=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zi2EzNLlpNYC |title=Screen Time: How Electronic Media-From Baby Videos to Educational Software-Affects Your Young Child |date=2012-03-20 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0-465-03134-4 |language=en |ref=none}}
*{{Cite book |last=Howard |first=Sue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIcobzPdDPkC |title=Wired Up: Young People And The Electronic Media |date=2005-08-04 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-36016-0 |language=en |ref=none}}
*{{Cite book |last=Orlik |first=Peter B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6-I4PVtmp0C |title=Electronic Media Criticism: Applied Perspectives |date=2001 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-8058-3641-7 |language=en |ref=none}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sadler |first=Roger L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4egPXh4OoEC |title=Electronic Media Law |date=2005-03-10 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4129-0588-6 |language=en |ref=none}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mass media]]
[[Category:Media studies]]

Anjana Thapa

2026-03-16T16:26:30Z

SimonK54990761:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Anjana Thapa
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|3|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Sesa Football Academy (women)|Sesa]]
| clubnumber = 21
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2021–2022
| clubs1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
| caps1 = 6
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2022
| clubs2 = → Modern Girls FC
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2022–2023
| clubs3 = Mata Rukmani FC
| caps3 = 7
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2023–2024
| clubs4 = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
| caps4 = 8
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2024
| clubs5 = → Pink Panthers FC
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2024–2025
| clubs6 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| caps6 = 2
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2025
| clubs7 = [[Transport United FC|Transport United]]
| caps7 = 1
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2025–
| clubs8 = [[Sesa Football Academy (women)|Sesa]]
| caps8 =
| goals8 =
| nationalyears1 = 2022
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Anjana Thapa''' (born 4 March 2003) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] from [[Uttarakhand]], who plays as a midfielder for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Sesa Football Academy (women)|Sesa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AIFF - 4 Anjana Thapa |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/96448?type=club |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=The AIFF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mylvahanan |first=Arjun |date=2025-01-10 |title=IWL 2024-25: Complete squad list of all the eight teams |url=https://thebridge.in/football/iwl-2024-25-complete-squad-list-of-all-eight-teams-51475 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> She has also represented [[India women's national under-20 football team|India]] at the youth level internationally.

== Early life and education ==
Thapa is from Galjiwada, [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand. She is the daughter of Man Bahadur Thapa, a vegetable seller.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=rajyasameeksha.com |date=2022-06-26 |title=देहरादून की अंजना का भारतीय फुटबॉल टीम में चयन, पिता लगाते हैं सब्जियों की ठेली |url=https://www.rajyasameeksha.com/uttarakhand/23080-dehradun-anjana-thapa-selected-in-indian-football-team |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Rajya Sameeksha |language=hi}}</ref> Before joining Sreebhumi FC, she played for Pink Panthers FC, [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United Football Club]], Mata Rukmani FC (Girls), Modern Girls FC and [[Indian Arrows]].<ref name=":0" /> She started playing football at the local academy in Basantvihar, Dehradun and learnt her basics under her first coach Rahul Negi of Garhwal Heroes. She did her schooling at Gorkha memorial school and was a student of Gorkha Military Inter College, Dehradun.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Rounak |date=2021-12-13 |title=The newest Thapa on the block |url=https://www.enjogo.com/newsletter/the-newest-thapa-on-the-block/#:~:text=Anjana,%20born%20and%20bred%20in,culture%20and%20produced%20notable%20sportspeople. |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Enjogo Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Thapa was selected for the senior India camp in [[Goa]] in September 2024 under coach [[Santosh Kashyap]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Football: Former international player Santosh Kashyap appointed coach of Indian women's team |url=https://scroll.in/field/1073377/football-former-international-player-santosh-kashyap-appointed-coach-of-indian-womens-team |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Later, she was named among the probables for the senior India camp at [[Anantapur]], Andhra Pradesh under chief coach [[Crispin Chettri]], ahead of the [[2025 Pink Ladies Cup|Pink Ladies Cup]] in February 2025. But she could not make it to the final team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-02 |title=Indian women's national team head coach Crispin Chettri names probables for Pink Ladies Cup in Dubai |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/crispin-chettri-names-india-womens-national-football-team-pink-ladies-cup-in-dubai/article69172858.ece |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> In March 2022, she was included for the Under'''–'''17 camp at Jasmshedpur for the AFC Women's Champions 2022 and later under'''–'''20 camp at Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2022 |title=देहरादून की अंजना ने फुटबॉल की नेशनल टीम मई बनायीं जगह |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=501232978324785&set=p.501232978324785&type=3 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=Hindustan (Hindi)}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> She played the [[2022–23 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2022'''–'''2023 Senior Women's National Football Championship]] for Uttarakhand.

She played for Sreebhumi Football Club in the [[Indian Women's League]] 2024–2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF - IWL 2024-2025 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/40797 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> Earlier, she played in the Delhi Women's League.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/96448?type=club Anjana Thapa] at [[All India Football Federation]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapa, Anjana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:Garhwal United FC players]]
[[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]
[[Category:Sesa Football Academy (women) players]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate women's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Bhutan]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Bhutan]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Modern Love Mumbai

2026-03-09T13:23:39Z

SimonK54990761: Done

{{short description|Indian anthology television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Modern Love- Mumbai.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| based_on = ''[[Modern Love (TV series)|Modern Love]]'' by [[John Carney (director)|John Carney]]
| runtime =
| director = {{plainlist|
*[[Shonali Bose]]
*[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
*[[Hansal Mehta]]
*[[Alankrita Shrivastava]]
*[[Dhruv Sehgal]]
*[[Nupur Asthana]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Fatima Sana Shaikh]]
*[[Pratik Gandhi]]
*[[Bhupendra Jadawat]]
*[[Ranveer Brar]]
*[[Tanuja]]
*[[Meiyang Chang]]
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]]
*[[Sarika]]
*Danesh Razvi
*[[Masaba Gupta]]
*[[Ritwik Bhowmik]]
*[[Chitrangada Singh]]
*[[Arshad Warsi]]
*[[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
*[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
*[[Alankrita Shrivastava]]
*[[Hansal Mehta]]
*Kashyap Kapoor
*[[Dhruv Sehgal]]
*Ankur Pathak
*Nilesh Maniyar
*Raghav Raj Kakker
*Jyotsna Hariharan
*[[Devika Bhagat]]
*[[John Belanger]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = {{plainlist|
*[[Nikhil D'Souza]]
*[[Ram Sampath]]
*[[Jeet Gannguli]]
*[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
*[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
*Gaurav Raina
*Kamakshi Khanna}}
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Anthology]]
| language = Hindi
| location =
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
*[[Tassaduq Hussain Mufti]]
*Kavin Jagtiani
*Pratham Mehta
*Aniruddha Patankar
*Sanket Shah
*Akshay Singh
}}
| editor = {{plainlist|
*Yasha Ramchandani
*Antara Lahiri
*[[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
*[[Shan Mohammed]]
*Charu Shree Roy
*Maulik Sharma
}}
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|05|13}}
| last_aired =
| company = [[The New York Times]] Pritish Nandy Communications
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| related =
}}

'''''Modern Love Mumbai''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[Anthology series|anthology]] series produced by [[Pritish Nandy]] that premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 13 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 14, 2022|title=Modern Love Mumbai review: Amazon Prime series makes you fall in love with the city, all over again|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-review-amazon-prime-series-makes-you-fall-in-love-with-mumbai-7914810/|access-date=May 21, 2022|website=Indian Express|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513050927/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-review-amazon-prime-series-makes-you-fall-in-love-with-mumbai-7914810/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its episodes run from 40 to 45 minutes.

''Modern Love Mumbai'' is the [[Mumbai]] chapter based on the American anthology series ''[[Modern Love (TV series)|Modern Love]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittock |first=Jesse |date=2022-04-28 |title=Amazon Prime Video India Plots 40-Strong TV And Film Originals Mega-Slate; Unveils TVoD Movie Rental Service |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/amazon-prime-video-india-40-strong-tv-film-originals-mega-slate-tvod-movie-rental-service-1235011872/ |website=Deadline |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205070603/https://deadline.com/2022/04/amazon-prime-video-india-40-strong-tv-film-originals-mega-slate-tvod-movie-rental-service-1235011872/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Premise==
''Modern Love Mumbai'' - Exploring six unique yet universal stories of human connection and love in its varied forms, including romantic, platonic, parental, sexual, familial, marital and self-love, which are presented in six different episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2022 |title=Nothing more beautiful than a film that connects people: Fatima Sana Shaikh on 'Modern Love: Mumbai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nothing-more-beautiful-than-a-film-that-connects-people-fatima-sana-shaikh-on-modern-love-mumbai/articleshow/91644814.cms |access-date=May 21, 2022 |website=E times Entertainment Times |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519201148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nothing-more-beautiful-than-a-film-that-connects-people-fatima-sana-shaikh-on-modern-love-mumbai/articleshow/91644814.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/modern-love-mumbai-review-despite-hansal-mehta-shonali-boses-1st-class-local-ride-bombay-seems-missing-5164639.html|title=Modern Love Mumbai Review: Despite Hansal Mehta, Shonali Bose's 1st Class Local Ride, Bombay Seems Missing|date=13 May 2022 |publisher=[[News18]]|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513023801/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/modern-love-mumbai-review-despite-hansal-mehta-shonali-boses-1st-class-local-ride-bombay-seems-missing-5164639.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 13 May 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/modern-love-mumbai-is-all-about-ishq-mohabbat-pyaar-but-its-not-that-modern/953929/?amp|title=Modern Love: Mumbai is all about 'ishq, mohabbat, pyaar'. But it's not that 'modern'|date=13 May 2022|publisher=[[The Print]]|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513044846/https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/modern-love-mumbai-is-all-about-ishq-mohabbat-pyaar-but-its-not-that-modern/953929/?amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-review-amazon-prime-series-makes-you-fall-in-love-with-mumbai-7914810/lite/|title=Modern Love Mumbai review: Amazon Prime series makes you fall in love with the city, all over again|date=13 May 2022|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513045332/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-review-amazon-prime-series-makes-you-fall-in-love-with-mumbai-7914810/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Fatima Sana Shaikh]] as Lalzari "Lali"
*[[Bhupendra Jadawat]] as Lutfi
*[[Wamiqa Gabbi]] as Megha
*[[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Rayman
*[[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] as Nazrul
*[[Girija Oak]] as Kirti
*Shovon Jaman as Driver
*[[Pratik Gandhi]] as Manzar "Manzu" Ali
*[[Ranveer Brar]] as Rajveer
*[[Tanuja]] as Baai
*[[Kashmira Irani]] as Rehana
*[[Rushad Rana]] as Zohaib
*[[Talat Aziz]] as Shabbir
*[[Manasi Joshi Roy]] as Shaheen
*[[Meiyang Chang]] as Ming
* [[Yeo Yann Yann]] as Sui, Ming's mother
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Pappi Singh
*[[Anurag Kashyap]] as Self
*[[Imaad Shah]] as Self
*[[Sarika]] as Dilbar Sodhi
*Danesh Razvi as Kunal
*[[Navneet Nishan]] as Raj Puri
*Purnima Rathod as Reena
*[[Yamini Das]] as Seema Sanghvi
*[[Ahsaas Channa]] as Siya
*[[Tanvi Azmi]] as Author Nilofer
*Rahul Vohra as Vijay Baijal
*[[Masaba Gupta]] as Saiba
*[[Ritwik Bhowmik]] as Parth
*Dolly Singh as Aashna
*Nazneen Madan as Reema
*[[Meherzan Mazda]] as Abdullah
*[[Prateik Babbar]] as Rohan
*Aadar Malik as Suhas
*[[Chitrangada Singh]] as Latika
*[[Arshad Warsi]] as Daniel "Danny"
*Flora Jacob as Daniel's mother
*Pushtii Shakti as Alicia Martins
*[[Mita Vashisht]] as Amal Ali
}}

==Episodes==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #FF5F57
| link1 = #Season 1 (2022)
| episodes1 = 6
| released1 = {{Start date|2022|05|13|df=y}}
}}

===Season 1 (2022)===
{{Episode table |background=#FF5F57 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Raat Rani ({{translation}} Night Queen)<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Modern Love Mumbai's Fatima Sana Shaikh on overcoming fear of being lead actor: Kitna darega insaan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-modern-love-mumbai-s-fatima-sana-shaikh-overcoming-fear-being-lead-actor-kitna-darega-insaan |access-date=May 21, 2022 |website=Pinkvilla |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521123046/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-modern-love-mumbai-s-fatima-sana-shaikh-overcoming-fear-being-lead-actor-kitna-darega-insaan |url-status=live }}</ref>
|DirectedBy = [[Shonali Bose]]
|ShortSummary = Lali is a cook, and her husband Lutfi a security guard, in an upscale apartment in Mumbai, far from their native Kashmir. Long days end with ice cream - one cup, two spoons - until suddenly he dumps her, breaking her heart and shattering her dreams. All he leaves behind is his old bicycle. Together, can Lali and her cycle cross the bridge to a better life?
|LineColor = FF5F57
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Baai <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2022 |title=Pratik Gandhi on working with Tanuja in Modern Love Mumbai: 'I couldn't take my eyes off her |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/pratik-gandhi-working-with-tanuja-modern-love-mumbai-ranveer-brar-hansal-mehta-7912952/ |access-date=May 21, 2022 |website=Indian Express |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521123044/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/pratik-gandhi-working-with-tanuja-modern-love-mumbai-ranveer-brar-hansal-mehta-7912952/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|DirectedBy = [[Hansal Mehta]]
|ShortSummary = Manzu, a gay man who grew up in a conservative household, is torn between the love for his partner and Baai, his ailing and ever doting grandmother. When he visits her in their ancestral home, the past catches up with him as the pain and pangs of his childhood take him back to a reality he had long left behind. After all these years, will Manzu find the strength to tell his truth to Baai?
|LineColor = FF5F57
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Mumbai Dragon<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 10, 2022|title=EXCL! Modern Love Mumbai: Meiyang Chang wanted to cast his mum as his on-screen mother reveals her priceless reaction|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/excl-modern-love-mumbai-meiyang-chang-wanted-to-cast-his-mum-as-his-on-screen-mother-reveals-her-priceless-reaction-article-91473410|access-date=May 21, 2022|website=Times Now News|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521123047/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/excl-modern-love-mumbai-meiyang-chang-wanted-to-cast-his-mum-as-his-on-screen-mother-reveals-her-priceless-reaction-article-91473410|url-status=live}}</ref>
|DirectedBy = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
|ShortSummary = The currency of love is different for all but for Sui, it is the food that she cooks for her son, Ming. When that is threatened by the entrance of his girlfriend Megha in Ming's life, Sui vows to the Warrior God, Kwan Tai Kwon, that she will not speak in Hindi until he brings her son back to her. Mumbai Dragon is Sui's journey of realizing that sometimes letting go is the truest form of love.
|LineColor = FF5F57
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = My Beautiful Wrinkles<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 12, 2022|title=Sarika on being away from films: I was offered mother's roles to heroes 3 years younger than me|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sarika-on-being-away-from-films-offered-mother-roles-to-heroes-three-years-younger-7911399/|access-date=May 21, 2022|website=Indian Express|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523171928/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sarika-on-being-away-from-films-offered-mother-roles-to-heroes-three-years-younger-7911399/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|DirectedBy = [[Alankrita Shrivastava]]
|ShortSummary = Dilbar Sodhi tries to grapple with a young man's declaration of sexual interest in her. It sets her on a path of dealing with the baggage from her past, and re-discovering the joy of life.
|LineColor = FF5F57
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = I Love Thane<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Masaba Gupta believes Saiba and Parth from Modern Love India wouldn't still be together Interview |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/masaba-gupta-believes-saiba-and-parth-from-modern-love-india-wouldn-t-still-be-together-interview-101652877784002.html |access-date=May 21, 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521123045/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/masaba-gupta-believes-saiba-and-parth-from-modern-love-india-wouldn-t-still-be-together-interview-101652877784002.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|DirectedBy = [[Dhruv Sehgal]]
|ShortSummary = About Saiba's journey of finding the right modern man amidst the plethora of men on dating apps. However, life has other plans for her when she meets someone who is not the 'modern man' she had set out to find and is timeless.

|LineColor = FF5F57
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Cutting Chai <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Modern Love Mumbai: Chitrangda Singh and Arshad Warsi capture bittersweet effects of love, marriage in just one scene |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-chitrangda-singh-and-arshad-warsi-cutting-chai-7922005/ |access-date=May 21, 2022 |website=Indian Express |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521123043/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-chitrangda-singh-and-arshad-warsi-cutting-chai-7922005/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|DirectedBy = [[Nupur Asthana]]
|ShortSummary = In her 40s, Latika is caught in the humdrum of marriage and motherhood and regrets not having fulfilled her dream of being a novelist. On one eventful day, she finds herself re-evaluating all her choices in life thus far, even her marriage. As bittersweet memories and 'what if' fantasies run parallel in her mind, she understands that questioning her past is futile, the answers all lie within her.
|LineColor = FF5F57
}}
}}

== Music ==

=== Track listing ===
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Modern Love Mumbai'' (Original Series Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer
| total_length = 23:33
| title1 = Mausam Hai Pyaar
| length1 = 3:22
| music1 = [[Nikhil D’Souza]]
| writer1 = Pinky Poonawala
| extra1 = Nikhil D’Souza
| title2 = Raat Rani
| length2 = 2:52
| music2 = [[Ram Sampath]]
| writer2 = Ginny Diwan
| extra2 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| title3 = Kaisi Baatein Karte Ho
| length3 = 4:30
| music3 = [[Jeet Ganguly]]
| writer3 = Sameer Rahat
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| title4 = Shuru Se Shuru
| length4 = 2:49
| music4 = [[Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]
| writer4 = Tanishk S Nabar
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| title5 = Raat Bhar
| length5 = 3:13
| music5 = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| writer5 = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| extra5 = [[Meiyang Chang]]
| title6 = Yaadein
| length6 = 2:44
| music6 = Gaurav Raina, Kamakshi Khanna
| writer6 = Ankur Tewari
| extra6 = Kamakshi Khanna
| title7 = The Same
| length7 = 4:02
| music7 = Neel Adhikari
| writer7 = Neel Adhikari
| extra7 = [[Karsh Kale]], Kashishi
}}

== Reception ==
Pallabi Dey Purkayastha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Modern Love Mumbai'' navigates a wide range of topics, toppling barriers along the way, and what it has essentially taught me is that if external love is your only currency, then you will be spent".<ref>{{cite news |title=MODERN LOVE: MUMBAI SEASON 1 REVIEW : FEW LOVESTRUCKS, A LOT OF LOVELORNS… MUMBAI CHAPTER IS AS UNIVERSAL AS LOVE ITSELF |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/modern-love-mumbai/modern-love-mumbai-season-1/seasonreview/91460436.cms |work=[[The Times Of India]] |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630160927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/modern-love-mumbai/modern-love-mumbai-season-1/seasonreview/91460436.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Priyanka Sharma of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' rated the series 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "A layered, hopeful & brilliant anthology with heartfelt performances".<ref>{{cite web|title=Modern Love Mumbai Review: A layered, hopeful & brilliant anthology with heartfelt performances|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/modern-love-mumbai-review-layered-hopeful-brilliant-anthology-heartfelt-performances-1090621?amp|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=13 May 2022|access-date=29 June 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706042546/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/modern-love-mumbai-review-layered-hopeful-brilliant-anthology-heartfelt-performances-1090621?amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Swati Chopra of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated the series 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Review: ‘Modern Love Mumbai’ Is a Tad Slow, but Love Saves the Day".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: 'Modern Love Mumbai' Is a Tad Slow, but Love Saves the Day|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/modern-love-mumbai-review-naseeruddin-shah-hansal-mehta-vishal-bhardwaj-masaba-gupta|website=[[The Quint]]|date=13 May 2022|access-date=29 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629141530/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/movie-reviews/modern-love-mumbai-review-naseeruddin-shah-hansal-mehta-vishal-bhardwaj-masaba-gupta#read-more|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the series 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "No matter what the gender of the director is or what the essential tilt of each story is, it is the women, both the fictional characters and the performers who portray them, who make the anthology worthwhile".<ref>{{cite web |title=Modern Love Mumbai Review: The Anthology Is Easy On The Eye And The Mind |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/modern-love-mumbai-the-anthology-is-easy-on-the-eye-and-the-mind-3-5-stars-2971664 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630161338/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/modern-love-mumbai-the-anthology-is-easy-on-the-eye-and-the-mind-3-5-stars-2971664 |url-status=live }}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "With compelling performances that accompany these poetic yet truthful representations in Modern Love: Mumbai, the shorts arrive like a breath of fresh air and leave us with a guileless smile".<ref>{{cite news |title='Modern Love: Mumbai' review: A slam-dunk of an anthology if ever there was one |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-love-mumbai-review-a-slam-dunk-of-an-anthology-if-ever-there-was-one/article65410372.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 May 2022 |access-date=30 June 2022 |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619162243/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-love-mumbai-review-a-slam-dunk-of-an-anthology-if-ever-there-was-one/article65410372.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Modern Love Chennai]]'', Chennai chapter of ''Modern Love''
* ''[[Modern Love Hyderabad]]'', Hyderabad chapter of ''Modern Love''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt18247152}}

{{Modern Love|state=expanded}}
{{Amazon Video original series}}

[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on American television series]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]

Anahata

2026-03-06T21:14:00Z

SimonK54990761: Adding New Post

{{Short description|Heart chakra}}
{{for|the album|Anahata (album)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|article|date=October 2008}}
{{unreliable sources|date=December 2022}}
}}
[[File:Chakra4.svg|thumb|Anahata chakra with peaked circle around a six-pointed star]]
{{Tantric chakras}}
'''Anāhata'''<ref>'''Sir John Woodroffe (Arthur Avalon)''', ''The Serpent Power''</ref> (Sanskrit: अनाहत, IAST: ''Anāhata'', meaning “unstruck”<ref>'''Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary''' — definition of ''anāhata''</ref>) is the fourth [[primary chakra]]<ref>'''Georg Feuerstein''', ''The Yoga Tradition'' — history and classification of chakras</ref> described in Hindu<ref>Flood, Gavin. <nowiki>''An Introduction to Hinduism''</nowiki>. Cambridge University Press, 1996.</ref> yogic<ref>Feuerstein, Georg. <nowiki>''</nowiki>The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Hohm Press, 2001.</ref>, Shakta, and Buddhist tantric<ref>White, David Gordon. <nowiki>''</nowiki>The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India<nowiki>''</nowiki>. University of Chicago Press, 1996.</ref> traditions<ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica''', entries on ''chakra'' and ''tantra''</ref>. It is traditionally associated with the [[heart]]<ref>Judith, Anodea. <nowiki>''</nowiki>Wheels of Life: A User’s Guide to the Chakra System<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Llewellyn Publications, 1987.</ref> region and is linked to concepts of balance, emotional regulation<ref>'''Harish Johari''', ''Chakras: Energy Centers of Transformation'' — heart chakra attributes</ref>, compassion, and relational awareness in classical yoga and tantra literature.

== Etymology ==
In Sanskrit, ''Anāhata'' means "sound produced without touching two parts" and at the same time it means "pure" or "clean, stainless". The name of this chakra signifies the state of freshness that appears when we are able to become detached and to look at the different and apparently contradictory experiences of life with a state of openness (expansion). Normally, we are not used to the effect produced by the confrontation of the two opposite forces<ref>'''Georg Feuerstein''', ''Tantra: The Path of Ecstasy''</ref>. At the level of the Anahata chakra appears the possibility to integrate the two opposite forces and obtain the effect (sound, in this case), without the two forces being confronted (without touching the two parts). This energy is specific to cooperation and integration, which brings peace and a new perspective in a world which, up to this level (considering only the energies specific to the first three centres of force: Muladhara, Swadhisthana and Manipura) was made only of a more or less conscious confrontation between opposite forces. The name Anahata suggests, in fact, the synergetic effect of the interaction of energies at this level.

== Role of Love ==
In yogic traditions, the Anāhata, or heart chakra, is associated with compassion<ref>'''Anodea Judith''', ''Wheels of Life''</ref>, emotional openness<ref>'''Anodea Judith''', ''Eastern Body, Western Mind''</ref>, and the capacity for unconditional love.<ref>Judith, Anodea. Wheels of Life: A User’s Guide to the Chakra System. Llewellyn Publications, 1987.</ref> This chakra is described as the energetic center that integrates emotional experience and relational connection. Writers such as [[Anodea Judith]] note that practices cultivating empathy, forgiveness, and loving awareness are believed to help regulate or balance this chakra.<ref>Judith, Anodea. Eastern Body, Western Mind. Celestial Arts, 1996.</ref>

== Description ==
=== Location ===
The heart chakra is located in the central channel of the spine near the [[heart]].<ref>Swami Satyananda Saraswati. ''Kundalini Tantra''</ref>

=== Appearance ===
Anāhata is represented by a lotus flower with twelve petals. Inside there is a smoky region at the intersection of two triangles, creating a [[shatkona]]. The shatkona is a symbol used in Hindu [[Yantra]], representing the union of male and female. Specifically, it is meant to represent [[Purusha]] (the Supreme Being) and [[Prakriti]] (Nature). The deity of this area is [[Vayu|Vāyu]], who is smoke-like and four-armed, holding a kusha and riding an antelope (this chakra's animal). A "fourth chakra person" has innocent eyes, like those of a deer. The [[Todi (raga)|Todi raga]] was used by traditional hunters to trap a deer who would "die for pure sound."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johari |first=Harish |title=Chakras Energy Centers of Transformation |publisher=Destiny Books |date=1 September 2000 |isbn=978-1-59477-909-1 |edition=Revised and Expanded Edition of the Bestselling Classic |location=Rochester, Vt. |publication-date=1 September 2000 |pages=116 |language=En |trans-title=language}}</ref> The hexagram, associated with this chakra, represents the air, which moves upwards, downwards, and in all four directions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johari |first=Harish |title=Chakras Energy Centers of Transformation. |publisher=Destiny Books. |date=1 September 2000 |isbn=978-1-59477-909-1 |edition=Revised and Expanded Edition of the Bestselling Classic |location=Rochester, Vt. |pages=113 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Seed mantra ===
The [[Bīja|seed syllable]] is the dark-grey [[mantra]] "yam". In the [[Anusvara|bindu]] (or dot) above the syllable is the deity [[Ishvara|Isha]]. Isha is bright white or blue in color. He has either one or five faces, with three eyes on each face. He may have two, four or ten arms. He is clad in a tiger skin, holds a [[trident]] and drum, grants blessings, and dispels fear. His [[shakti]] is [[Kakini]], who is shining yellow or rose-coloured. She has a number of variations: one, three or six faces; two or four arms; and holds a variety of implements (occasionally a sword, shield, skull or trident). She is seated on a red lotus.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Tantra-Kundalini.com - Anahata chakra|url = http://www.tantra-kundalini.com/anahata.htm|website = Tantra Kundalini|access-date = 14 November 2015}}</ref> Another deity ascribed to the seed syllable “yam” is [[Vayu]], the god of wind and prana. [[Bhuvaneshwari|Hrim]] is also another bija associated with the anahata center as it is the bija of the heart.<ref>{{Cite web|title = vedanet.com - Mantra Yoga and Shakti Bija Mantras |url = https://www.vedanet.com/mantra-yoga-primal-sound|website = American Institute of Vedic Studies| date=11 April 2022 |access-date = 27 March 2024}}</ref>

=== Petals ===
The twelve petals are inscribed with the following Sanskrit syllables. (Note: In some representations the syllables or else the petals themselves are colored vermillion.<ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r_o5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35|page = 35|title = Pranayam, Kundalini and Hatha Yoga|author = Acharya Bhagwan Dev|publisher = Diamond Pocket Books|isbn = 9789350830673|year = 2004}}</ref>)
# ''kam''
# ''kham''
# ''gam''
# ''gham''
# ''ngam''
# ''cham''
# ''chham''
# ''jam''
# ''jham''
# ''nyam''
# ''tam''
#''tham''

The syllables may be thought as matching twelve [[vritti]]s or divine qualities of the heart as follows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yogaindailylife.org/system/en/chakras/anahata-chakra|title = Anahata Chakra}}</ref>
# bliss
# peace
# harmony
# love
# understanding
# empathy
# clarity
# purity
# unity
# compassion
# kindness
# forgiveness

Even more commonly, systems of understanding identify these vrittis as corresponding with various reflexive modifications away from the indifferentiated divine mind, each one considered as arising from spiritual ignorance, as below.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://openanahata.com/en/2018/01/13/the-twelve-petals-of-the-anahata-lotus-flower/ |title=The twelve petals of the Anahata lotus flower – Anahata Yoga |website=openanahata.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711005909/http://openanahata.com/en/2018/01/13/the-twelve-petals-of-the-anahata-lotus-flower/ |archive-date=11 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s6lLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21|title = The 7 Chakras Balancing, Colors and Meaning|author = M.A. Hill|year = 2014|isbn = 9781500887919|page = 21| publisher=M.A. Hill }}</ref>
# ''asha'': wish, desire, hope
# ''cinta'': thoughtfulness, anxiety
# ''cesta'': effort
# ''mamta'': possessiveness, fondness
# ''dhamba'': arrogance, vanity
# ''viveka'': discrimination
# ''vikalata'': languor
# ''ahamkara'': conceit, egoism, pride
# ''lolata'': covetousness, avarice
# ''kapatata'': duplicity, hypocrisy
# ''vitarka'': indecision, argumentativeness
# ''anutapa'': regret, burning misery

William Enckhausen defines half of these vrittis as spiritual ignorances and half spiritual developments. "Half the 12 vrttis of the Anāhata are 'positive', growth promoting vrttis and the other half are 'negative' or at most neutral, self-justifying defense tendencies that perpetuate the ego's limited boundaries instead of expanding and refining them. There is still a limited and bounded sense of self, but with the potential to discriminate between vice and virtue. There is also still the boundary of self and not self to be overcome, although not as marked as in the ''[[Manipura|Maṇipūra]]'' and [[Svadhistana|''Svādhiṣṭhāna'']]. Harmony, balance, and proportion are key elements in this fulcrum that is the Anāhata to help determine what is growth-promoting and virtuous (self, or good for the self) and what is vice, or inappropriate for spiritual self-growth (not self)."<ref>{{cite book|author = William Enckhausen|chapter = Anahata|title = A Name To The Nameless: A Tantric Journey Through The 50 Mental Vortexes|year = 2014|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0HshBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA62}}</ref> Enckhausen's translations follow.
# hope
# worry
# endeavor
# affection
# vanity
# discernment
# depression
# self-identity
# selfishness
# duplicity
# contention
# compunction

== Function ==
Anahata is considered to be the seat of the [[Jivatman]] and [[Parashakti]]. In the [[Upanishads]], this is described as a tiny flame inside the heart. Anahata is named as such because sages were believed to hear the sound (Anahata – comes without the striking of two objects together).<ref>Woodroffe, J. ''The Serpent Power'' – Dover Publications, New York, 1974 p. 120</ref> It is associated with air, touch and the actions of the hands.

Anahata is associated with the ability to make decisions outside the realm of karma. In [[Manipura]] and below, man is bound by the laws of karma and fate. In Anahata one makes decisions ("follows one's heart") based on one's higher self, not the unfulfilled emotions and desires of lower nature. As such, it is known as the heart chakra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Heart Chakra|url=http://asismassage.com/massage-education/heart-chakra/|publisher=ASIS Massage|access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> It is also associated with love and compassion, charity to others and psychic healing. Meditation on this chakra is said to bring about the following [[siddhi]]s (abilities): they become a master of speech, they are dear to the gender they are attracted to, their presence controls the senses of others, and they can leave and enter the body at will.

== {{anchor|Hrit/Hridaya/Surya Chakra}}Hrit (Hridaya, Surya) chakra ==
[[File:hrit.jpg|thumb|alt=Tree inside two circles inside a lotus flower|The Hrit chakra (just below Anahata) is the seat of the wish-fulfilling tree.]]
Immediately below Anāhata (at the solar plexus or, sometimes, on the near left side of the body) is a minor chakra known as Hrit (or Hridaya, "heart"), with eight petals. It has three regions: a vermilion sun region, within which is a white moon region, within which is a deep-red fire region. Within this is the red wish-fulfilling tree, [[kalpavriksha]], which symbolises the ability to manifest what one wishes to happen in the world.

Hrit chakra is sometimes known as the Surya (sun) chakra,<ref>R. Venugopalam. ''The Hidden Mysteries of Kundalini''</ref> which is located slightly to the left below the heart. Its role is to absorb energy from the sun and provide heat to the body and the other chakras (to [[Manipura]] in particular, to which it provides ''[[Agni (Ayurveda)|Agni]]'' (fire).

== Practices ==
In Yogic practices, anahata is awakened and balanced by [[asana]]s, [[pranayama]]s and the practice of [[ajapa japa]] ([[japa]], without the mental effort normally needed to repeat the mantra) and purified by ''bhakti'' (devotion).

There are also concentration practices for awakening the Anāhata chakra.{{sfnp|Maheśvarānanda|2004|p={{page needed|date=December 2022}}}}

== Comparisons with other systems ==
{{original research|section|date=December 2022}}

=== Tibetan Buddhism ===
The heart wheel in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is the location of the indestructible red-and-white drop. At death, the winds of the body dissolve and enter this drop, which then leads the body into [[Bardo]] (the intermediate stage) and rebirth. The heart wheel in this model is circular, white and has eight petals (or channels) reaching downwards. These channels divide into three wheels (mind, speech and body) and go to 24 places in the body. They again divide into three and then into 1,000, producing 72,000 channels (known as [[Nadi (yoga)|Nadi]]) throughout the body.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url = http://www.shalagram.ru/knowledge/mysticcosmos/mystic_cosmos_appendix_i.htm#fig46|chapter = Figure 46. Channels going from the heart wheel (Tibetan tantra).|title = The Mystic Cosmos: Appendix I (The Nature and Features of Vital Energy, The Main Structures of Subtle Body|author = Evgueny Faydysh|year = 1999|publisher = International Noosphere Institute}}</ref>

The heart wheel is important in meditation; in the [[lower tantras]], the [[mantra]] is recited from the heart. It is recited verbally and then mentally; then, in the heart, a tiny moon disc and flame are imagined from which the mantra rings. In the higher tantras (the [[Anuttarayoga Tantra]] of the [[Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)|Sarma]] schools) or the [[Inner Tantras]] of the [[Nyingma]] school, the practitioner attempts to dissolve the winds and drops into the central channel at the level of the heart to experience the [[Yoga of Clear Light]]; this is a practice of the [[Six Yogas of Naropa]]. In Tibetan Buddhism there is a chakra, the Fire Wheel, above the heart and below the throat.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

=== Sufism ===
Sufis have a system of [[Lataif-e-sitta]] at a number of points on the body; at the heart, there are three positioned horizontally. On the left side of the chest is the [[Qalb]] (the heart); the Ruḥ is on the right side of the chest, and the [[Lataif-e-sitta|Sirr]] ([[Secret (Sufism)|innermost heart]]) is between them.<ref>Abu Bakr Siraj ad Din Cook. ''The Subtle Centres of the Heart''</ref>

The Qalb is called the ''heart of the mystic''; it is caught between the downward pull of the lower [[nafs]], and the upward pull of the spirit of Allah and may be blackened by sin. It may be purified by reciting the names of God. The Ruḥ is the centre of the spirit, the breath of Allah; when awakened, it counteracts the negative pull of the nafs. The Sirr is the innermost heart, where Allah manifests his mystery to himself.<ref>{{Cite web|title = [4] Anahata Chakra|url = http://www.gemsofyogadubai.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20&Itemid=110&showall=1|website = www.gemsofyogadubai.com|access-date = 13 October 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Anahita}}
* {{annotated link|Ahamkara}}
* {{annotated link|Dhyana in Hinduism|''Dhyana'' in Hinduism}}
* [[Hexagram#Indian religions|Hexagram in Indian religions]] – Cosmological diagrams in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism
* {{annotated link|Maitrī}}
* {{annotated link|Samādhāna}}
* {{annotated link|Uparati}}
* [[Shatkona]] - Symbol used in Hindu Yantra

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Maheśvarānanda |first=Swami|year=2004 |title=The Hidden Powers in Humans: Chakras and Kundalinī |place=Austria |publisher=Ibera-Verlag - Europ. University Press |isbn=978-3850521970 |url=https://www.chakras.net/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |via=Chakras.net}}
* Johari, Harish (1 September 2000). Chakras Energy Centers of Transformation. [language] Revised and Expanded Edition of the Bestselling Classic ed. Rochester, Vt.: Destiny Books. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-59477-909-1.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=D'Angelo |first=James|year=2012 |title=Seed Sounds for Tuning the Chakras: Vowels, Consonants, and Syllables for Spiritual Transformation |publisher=Inner Traditions/Bear |isbn=978-1594774607}}
* {{cite book |title=System of Chakras according to Gorakshanatha |first=Gopinath |last=Kaviraj |series=Princess of Wales Sarasvati Bhavan Series |volume=II |year=1923 |via=Shivashakti.com |url=https://shivashakti.com/gorchak |access-date=14 December 2022}}
* {{cite book |last=Goswami |first=Shyam Sundar|year=1999 |title=Layayoga: The Definitive Guide to the Chakras and Kundalini |publisher=Inner Traditions/Bear |isbn=978-0892817665}}
* {{cite web |first=Anodea |last=Judith |date=30 May 2002 |title=Anahata - The Heart Chakra |website=Llewellynencyclopedia.com |url=https://www.llewellyn.com/encyclopedia/article/255 |access-date=14 December 2022}}
* {{cite book |last=Varenne |first=Jean |title=Yoga and the Hindu Tradition |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi, India |isbn=8120805437 |edition=1st Indian}}
* {{cite book |first=Swami |last=Vishnudevananda|year=1988 |title=The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga. |publisher=Harmony/Rodale |isbn=978-0517884317}}

== External links ==
* [http://malankazlev.com/kheper/topics/chakras/Anahata.htm Description of Anahata Chakra from Kheper.net]

{{Indian Philosophy}}

[[Category:Chakras]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]

Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India!

2026-03-03T23:40:10Z

SimonK54990761: page edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India
| image = Oh Darling Yeh Hai India poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| screenplay = Parvati Balagopalan [[Deepa Sahi]]
| story = Ketan Mehta
| starring = [[Shah Rukh Khan]] Deepa Sahi [[Javed Jaffrey]] [[Anupam Kher]] [[Amrish Puri]] [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
| director = [[Ketan Mehta]]
| producer = Ketan Mehta
| distributor = Ketan Mehta Productions
| released = {{film date|df=y|1995|8|11}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| language = Hindi
| music = [[Ranjit Barot]]
| budget = {{INR|2.25 crore}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2951|title=Oh Darling Yeh Hai India - Movie |website=Boxofficeindia.com|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''''Oh Darling Yeh Hai India''''' ({{Translation|Oh darling, this is India}}) is a 1995 Indian [[musical film|musical]] [[parody film]] directed by [[Ketan Mehta]], starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Deepa Sahi]], [[Jaaved Jaffrey]] and [[Amrish Puri]]. It also stars [[Anupam Kher]] in a supporting role.

==Plot==
Don Quixote ([[Amrish Puri]]) is a don who plans to sell India in a widely publicised auction. His plan is simple — kidnap the president ([[Anupam Kher]]), replace him with a lookalike (also Anupam Kher), throw a scare, and "force" the fake president to sell India. Hero ([[Shah Rukh Khan]]) is new to Bombay and broke. Miss India ([[Deepa Sahi]]) is busy living it up the night she meets Hero. They meet and decide to spend the night entertaining each other in any way possible.

Meanwhile, Don Quixote's son Prince ([[Javed Jaffrey]]) has set his eyes on Miss India, who shows no interest in him. The night turns out to be an adventurous one for Hero and Miss India. Hero discovers that Miss India's father is a drunkard who wants her to enter prostitution, while Miss India discovers that Hero has a brain tumor. When they find out Quixote's plans, they decide to save the president.

Quixote is killed in some riots and Prince takes his throne. Prince decides to continue his father's plan. Hero and Miss India, in disguise, manage to enter the auditorium where the auction is taking place. Prince, in his father's don attires, suddenly makes an entry with his henchmen. Hero, Miss India, and their friends successfully overpower the cronies. Some people previously rescued by Hero and Miss India kill the fake president, pushing a hose in his mouth, causing his stomach to inflate and explode. When Prince attacks Hero and Miss India, causing all three of them to smash the glass and fall out of the building, Hero and Miss India create a parachute from an [[Flag of India|Indian Flag]], taken from Prince's body. During the jump, Prince falls to his death. Hero and Miss India land on the roof of a [[Double-decker bus#India|double-decker bus]], and Hero declares that he is glad to be alive. When Miss India reminds him that he has a brain tumor, Hero tells her that the X-ray she saw was taken a year and a half ago.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Hero
*[[Deepa Sahi]] as Miss India
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Don Quixote<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F73RDwAAQBAJ&dq=Oh+Darling!+Yeh+Hai+India!&pg=PT16 | isbn=9781000024937 | title=Shooting Terror: Terrorism in Hindi Films | date=20 February 2020 | publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref>
*[[Jaaved Jaffrey]] as Prince of Don
*[[Anupam Kher]] as [[S. D. Sharma]] / Nathuram ([[dual role]])
*[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Bidder Shyamu
*[[Kader Khan]] as Bidder Kamlesh Singh
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Bidder Sagar Srivastav
*[[Raza Murad]] as Bidder Vikram
*[[Anil Nagrath]] as Bidder Pritvi
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Arora
*[[Ranjeet]] as Bidder Khokha
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Havaldar Gaitonde
*[[Shrivallabh Vyas]] as Dharma
*[[Tom Alter]] as Bidder Karan
*[[Tinnu Anand]] Saifuddin
*[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Manilal Shastri
*[[Geeta Kapoor]] as herself
*[[Rajesh Jais]] Aman Pratap Ahuja
*[[Ravi Jhankal]] Insp Jadhav
*[[Ahmed Khan (actor)|Ahmed Khan]] AK Malhotra
*[[Prashant Narayanan]] as Dhanajay
}}

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Tujh Pe Marta Hoon"
| [[Ranjit Barot]], [[Alisha Chinai]]
|-
| 2
| "Par Mila"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| 3
| "Aaja Aaja"
| [[Hema Sardesai]], Antara Choudhary, [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]
|-
| 4
| "Raat Hai Qayamat"
| [[Shweta Shetty]]
|-
| 5
| "Khullam Khulla"
| Shankar Mahadevan, Hema Sardesai
|-
| 6
| "Choo Le Ne De"
| Shankar Mahadevan, Hema Sardesai
|-
| 7
| "Oh Darling Yeh Hai India"
| Shankar Mahadevan, Hema Sardesai, [[Raghuveer Yadav]]
|-
| 8
| "Main Hoon Kaun"
| [[Vinod Rathod]]
|-
| 9
| "Public Ko Hasao"
| Shankar Mahadevan, [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
|-
| 10
| "Baap Re Baap"
| [[Javed Jaffrey]], Shankar Mahadevan
|-
| 11
| "Pyar Bechti Hoon"
| Hema Sardesai
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0114031}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ketan Mehta]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ranjit Barot]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Indian parody films]]

Pelli Choopulu

2026-03-03T17:52:01Z

SimonK54990761: added some details first draft

{{short description|2016 film by Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam}}
{{for|the 1983 film|Pelli Choopulu (1983 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pelli Choopulu
| image = Pelli Choopulu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Tharun Bhascker]]
| producer = {{ubl|Raj Kandukuri|Yash Rangineni<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2016 |title=D.Suresh babu presents "Pelli Choopulu" Releasing on July 29th |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/pellichoopulu-29july.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924140511/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/pellichoopulu-29july.html |archive-date=24 September 2016 |access-date=25 October 2016 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>}}
| writer = Tharun Bhascker
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijay Deverakonda]]|[[Ritu Varma]]}}
| music = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| cinematography = [[Nagesh Banell]]
| editing = Ravi Teja Girijala
| studio = {{ubl|BigBen Cinemas|Dharmapatha Creations}}
| distributor = {{ubl|[[Suresh Productions]]|Freeze Frame Films{{br}}{{small|(Overseas)}} }}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|07|29}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|60 [[lakh]]}}–{{INR|1.2 [[crore]]}}<ref name="ib"/><ref name=IBTimes>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=7 August 2016 |title=Salman Khan to watch 'Pelli Choopulu' at special screening; is he planning to remake it in Hindi? |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/salman-khan-watch-pelli-choopulu-special-screening-he-planning-remake-it-hindi-689216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629130204/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/salman-khan-watch-pelli-choopulu-special-screening-he-planning-remake-it-hindi-689216 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref name=IE>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2016 |title=Pellichoopulu 50-days run: Director Tharun Bhascker shares his success story |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/pellichoopulu-50-days-movie-review-run-director-tharun-bhascker-shares-his-success-story-3035619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630002327/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/pellichoopulu-50-days-movie-review-run-director-tharun-bhascker-shares-his-success-story-3035619/ |archive-date=30 June 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|30 crore}}<ref name=HuffPost>{{Cite web |last=Sudhir |first=TS |date=4 September 2016 |title=Why The Success Of 'Pelli Choopulu' Is Great News For Telugu Cinema |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/09/04/why-the-success-of-pelli-choopulu-is-great-news-for-telugu-cin_a_21465210/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924013948/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/09/04/why-the-success-of-pelli-choopulu-is-great-news-for-telugu-cin_a_21465210/ |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Pelli Choopulu''''' ({{translation|[[Matchmaking]]}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Tharun Bhascker]] and produced by Raj Kandukuri and Yash Rangineni. It features [[Vijay Deverakonda]] and [[Ritu Varma]] in the lead roles. Partly based on a real-life incident of "Spitfire BBQ" food truck,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasha |first=Gouse |title=Meet The Real-Life Couple Who Inspired The Lead Characters Of Pelli Choopulu! |url=https://chaibisket.com/real-life-pellichoopulu-couple/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127101541/https://chaibisket.com/real-life-pellichoopulu-couple/ |archive-date=27 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2020 |website=Chai Bisket}}</ref> the film revolves around a boy and a girl who meet during match-making. How their aspirations bring them together forms the rest of the story.

The film was released worldwide on 29 July 2016 to positive reviews from critics and became a commercial blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2016 |title='Pelli Choopulu' review: A Refreshing and realistic love story |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Pelli-Choopulu-review-A-Refreshing-and-realistic-love-story/2016/07/29/article3553338.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001114317/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Pelli-Choopulu-review-A-Refreshing-and-realistic-love-story/2016/07/29/article3553338.ece |archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2016 |title=Pelli Choopulu review: A gem of a film |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/pelli-choopulu-review-a-gem-of-a-film/article8917019.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022042658/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Pelli-Choopulu-A-gem-of-a-film/article14517087.ece |archive-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The film provided breakthrough for the film's cast and crew. It is considered one of the "25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017163531/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

The film won two [[National Film Awards]]–[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Telugu Film]] and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]], two [[Andhra Pradesh]] State [[Nandi Awards]]–[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] and [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]], [[Telangana]] State [[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards|Gaddar Film Awards]] for [[Telangana Gaddar Film Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]], and two [[Filmfare Awards South]] including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Telugu Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2017 |title=Nani and Jr NTR bag top honours at SIIMA-2017 | Telugu Movie News |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/nani-and-jr-ntr-walk-away-with-top-honours-at-siima-2017/articleshow/59397205.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111113740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/nani-and-jr-ntr-walk-away-with-top-honours-at-siima-2017/articleshow/59397205.cms |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=6 September 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="64thaward">{{Cite press release |title=64th National Film Awards |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |access-date=7 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Mitron]]'' (2018), in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' (2019) and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Oh Manapenne!]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu|date=May 30, 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Prasanth goes to Chitra's house for a matchmaking event. He is a guy who completes his [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] by clearing many subjects for almost 5 years, but he is also lazy and incapable of doing any work. His dream is to become a chef and open a restaurant, but he does not get any support from his father. Chitra is a very focused girl who works hard to fulfil her dreams of going to Australia. However, her father shows no interest, as she is a girl. When both of them meet at the matchmaking event her younger cousin, Subhash, accidentally locks the door which jams very often and they get stuck eventually. To pass time, they talk about their past.

Chitra reveals that she was in love with a North Indian guy named Vikram. They both wanted to start a food truck business. Vikram went to Delhi to talk with his father about their love and business. Meanwhile, Chitra started her plan eagerly, and was ready to surprise Vikram by buying the truck. Then things went wrong and Vikram did not come back, overpowered by greed of getting dowry. Chitra and her father waited for him but when they realised Vikram wasn't coming back, her father decided to get her married to someone else.

On his turn, Prasanth reveals that he was unemployed and always went out with his two friends. He, along with his friends, made cooking videos, as he is passionate about cooking. But it wasn't profitable enough, so they planned to make prank videos and were caught red-handed by Prashant's father, which ended their plan. He then got a job in a call centre after he was recommended by his father. He started going out with a girl to show off to his friends, but she cheated on him. He found out about it only when her second boyfriend called him at work, and quit his job after having a fight with his boss.

It is then revealed that Prasanth came to the wrong address for his matchmaking event. Later, Prasanth goes to his actual matchmaking event, which was with a rich family. Meanwhile, Chitra tells the guy coming to her matchmaking event that she's not interested in marriage. The family of Prasanth's bride wanted him to be able to run a business, so he and Chitra decide to operate the food truck themselves, with Prasanth as the chef, and Chitra in charge of the business side of things. At first, they face many difficulties, mainly through Prasanth's and his friends' laziness as well as fighting with Chitra and giving up the food truck.

Prasanth visits Chitra's house and informs her father that he should be proud to have such a responsible daughter. He also claims that if he ever gets a child, he would wish to have a daughter like Chitra and insists that her father let her pursue her dreams. Chitra understands Prasanth's good nature and later convinces his father that he is a natural cook by cooking them Prasanth's recipe. They kickstart their business with the support from both their parents. After this, their food truck becomes a smashing success. In the process, they fall in love without realising it, but both of them are engaged to other people, so they drift apart. After realising they love each other, they come back together through a radio show organised by their friend, with the support of their family and friends.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vijay Deverakonda]] as Prashanth
* [[Ritu Varma]] as Chitra
* [[Priyadarshi Pullikonda|Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Kaushik
* Abhay Bethiganti as Vishnu
* [[Nandu (actor)|Nandu]] as Vikram
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Businessman
* Kedar Shankar as Prashanth's father
* Khenisha Chandran as Richa
* Yogi Khathri as Event Manager
* Padmaja Lanka as Satya, Prashanth's mother
* Gururaj Manepalli as Chitra's father
* Sujata Gosukonda as Chitra's mother
* Anisha Alla as Prashanth's ex-girlfriend
* Keshav Deepak as Prashanth's Boss
{{colend}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After making numerous short films, Tharun Bhascker made his directorial debut with this film.<ref name = ib /> According to Tharun, ''Pelli Choopulu'' "is a very urban comedy set in a middle class in Hyderabad. It shows the contrast between the old and young generations and the comedy of errors that can happen within the space."<ref name="hi">{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=1 December 2015 |title=After short films, Tarun Bhasker to direct a feature |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/after-short-films-tarun-bhasker-to-direct-a-feature/article7936817.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506092436/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/after-short-films-tarun-bhasker-to-direct-a-feature/article7936817.ece |archive-date=6 May 2017}}</ref> Tharun had this basic idea of two contrasting personalities meeting for match-making, both getting stuck in a room is a metaphor for dating while food truck is a metaphor for live-in relationship.<ref name = ib />

=== Casting ===
Ritu Verma who earlier worked in Tharun's ''Anukokunda'' was selected as lead actress while Vijay Deverakonda, who portrayed a supporting role in ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' (2015), made his debut as lead actor with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=From YouTube to 70MM |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-04-30/From-YouTube-to-70MM/225117 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020033624/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-04-30/From-YouTube-to-70MM/225117 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |access-date=7 May 2020 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Vijay agreed to do this role as he found it "realistically very lazy" and "so close to my heart because young attitude, irresponsible behaviour was a part of my personal life".<ref name="vd">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Vijay Devarakonda about Pelli Choopulu – Telugu cinema actor |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/vijaydevarakonda.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430132020/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/vijaydevarakonda.html |archive-date=30 April 2020 |access-date=7 May 2020 |website=[[idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Tharun shot the entire film in [[sync sound]] as he feels it offers freedom for artists to improvise their dialogues. The sync sound equipment, from Mumbai, that was used for ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' was used for this film.<ref name = hi /> The filming was completed within 35 days.<ref name = vd />

=== Distribution and Box-office ===
The film's budget was {{Indian Rupee}}60 [[lakh]] to 1.2 [[crore]].<ref name="ib"/><ref name=IBTimes/><ref name=IE/> The producer had spent another {{Indian Rupee}}60 lakh on its promotion. [[D. Suresh Babu]] acquired the theatrical rights for an amount of {{Indian Rupee}}1.50 crore and released it under his banner [[Suresh Productions]] across [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref name="IBTimes" />

The film collected over {{Indian Rupee}}5 crore gross at the [[Andhra Pradesh|AP]]/[[Telangana|TG]] box office in its opening week. In five weeks, the film has grossed over {{Indian Rupee}}30 crore.<ref name="HuffPost" /> The film's theatrical rights in the [[United States|US]] had been bought for $200,000 and it went on to gross over $1.22 million, making it the biggest overseas hit in terms of return on investment.<ref name="HuffPost" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-21 |title=Pelli Choopulu box office collection: Telugu indie film mints Rs 6 cr in US |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pelli-choopulu-box-office-collection-telugu-salman-khan-remake-336374-2016-08-21 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727175241/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pelli-choopulu-box-office-collection-telugu-salman-khan-remake-336374-2016-08-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=2016-09-27 |title=Pelli Choopulu US box office collection: Vijay-Ritu's film grosses $1.22 million in 59 days |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/pelli-choopulu-us-box-office-collection-vijay-ritus-film-grosses-1-22-million-59-days-695392 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=IBTimes |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727175727/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/pelli-choopulu-us-box-office-collection-vijay-ritus-film-grosses-1-22-million-59-days-695392 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Gemini TV]] had acquired its satellite rights for an amount of {{Indian Rupee}}2.35 crore.<ref name="IBTimes" />

=== Themes and influences ===
Tharun followed character arcs from ''[[Knocked Up]]'' (directed by [[Judd Apatow]]). For the food truck business thread, Tharun revealed he drew inspirations from films like ''[[The Hundred-Foot Journey (film)|100 foot journey]]'' and ''[[Chef (2014 film)|Chef]]''.<ref name="ib">{{Cite web |title=Post mortem – Pelli Choopulu by Tharun Bhascker – Telugu cinema news |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/pellichoopulu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201190744/http://idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/pellichoopulu.html |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=7 May 2020 |website=[[idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pelli Choopulu
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Pelli Choopulu
| artist = Vivek Sagar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 July 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio = Tapeloop
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:18
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Madhura Audio]]
| producer = Vivek Sagar
| prev_title = [[Race (2013 film)|Race]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Yuddham Sharanam]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

This film has six songs composed by [[Vivek Sagar]] and lyrics are written by [[Rahul Ramakrishna]], [[Shreshta]], Shri, & Nikhil Bharadwaj. Music released on [[Madhura Audio]].

Vivek Sagar earlier composed music for Tharun Bhascker's short film ''Sainma'', he revealed that the film's music was conceived only after the film was shot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=11 September 2017 |title=Vivek Sagar: Career not driven by an agenda |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/engineer-turned-composer-vivek-sagar-revels-in-the-joy-of-making-music/article19660463.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015423/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/engineer-turned-composer-vivek-sagar-revels-in-the-joy-of-making-music/article19660463.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> "With no lip sync songs, the music blended in with the narrative", he said.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=27 July 2016 |title=Eclecticism, his signature |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Eclecticism-his-signature/article14511348.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221075952/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Eclecticism-his-signature/article14511348.ece |archive-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| collapsed =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 19:18
| title1 = Ee Babu Gariki
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = Rahul Ramakrishna
| extra1 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
| length1 = 3:10
| title2 = Chinuku Taake
| note2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Shreshta]]
| extra2 = Amritavarshini KC
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Raalu Raaga Poolamala
| note3 =
| lyrics3 = Rahul Ramakrishna, Shri
| extra3 = Shri, Wilson Herald
| length3 = 3:23
| title4 = Merise Merise
| note4 =
| lyrics4 = Shreshta
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]], Pranavi Acharya
| length4 = 5.04
| title5 = Aanandamayenu
| note5 =
| lyrics5 = [[Instrumental]]
| extra5 = Tejas Mallela (violin), Ranjani Sivakumar (singer)
| length5 = 1:41
| title6 = Spitfire Friends
| note6 =
| lyrics6 = Nikhil Bharadwaj
| extra6 = Nikhil Bharadwaj
| length6 = 3:22
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="6"| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|17 June 2017]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| ''Pelli Choopulu''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2017 |title=Nominations for the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21257.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704171930/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21257.html |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416113129/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| [[Tharun Bhascker]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Ritu Varma]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Critics Best Actress – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
| [[Vivek Sagar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
| Amritavarshini K. C. for ("Chinuku Taake")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8"| [[IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="8"| [[2nd IIFA Utsavam|28 – 29 March 2017]]
| Best Picture – Telugu
| ''Pelli Choopulu''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8"| <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2017 |title=IIFA Utsavam 2017 Telugu nomination list: Janatha Garage, Oopiri get most nods |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-utsavam-2017-telugu-nomination-list-janatha-garage-oopiri-get-most-nods-719356 |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019115507/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-utsavam-2017-telugu-nomination-list-janatha-garage-oopiri-get-most-nods-719356 |archive-date=19 October 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2017 |title=IIFA Utsavam: Complete winner's list |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/iifa-utsavam-complete-winner-list-4592896/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729094731/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/iifa-utsavam-complete-winner-list-4592896/ |archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director – Telugu
| rowspan="2"| [[Tharun Bhascker]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Story – Telugu
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Actor-Telugu|Best Actor-Telugu]]
| [[Vijay Deverakonda]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| [[Ritu Varma]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor – Telugu
| [[Nandu (actor)|Nandu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Performance In A Comic Role – Telugu
| [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director – Telugu
| [[Vivek Sagar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Nandi Awards of 2016]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Nandi Awards of 2016|14 November 2017]]
| [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
| [[Raj Kandukuri]] and Yash Rangineni
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2016 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2016.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022042657/https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2016.html |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=APFTVTDC}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Ritu Varma]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[64th National Film Awards|3 May 2017]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
| Dharamapatha Creations and [[Tharun Bhascker]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=64th National Film Awards 2017 |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/images/Documents/35_64th_NFA_2016_Catalogue.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725181620/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/35_64th_NFA_2016_Catalogue.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=24 August 2020 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] ({{small|[[Dialogue]]s}})
| [[Tharun Bhascker]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|30 June – 1 July 2017]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film (Telugu)|Best Film (Telugu)]]
| ''Pelli Choopulu'' – Dharmapath Creations & BigBen Cinemas
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2017 |title=SIIMA Nominations: Theri, Janatha Garage, Maheshinte Prathikaram and Kirik Party lead |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705012559/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/ |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2017 |title=SIIMA Awards 2017 Telugu winners list: Jr NTR and Rakul Preet Singh declared best actors |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-telugu-winners-list-jr-ntr-rakul-preet-singh-declared-best-actors-733067 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927040942/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-telugu-winners-list-jr-ntr-rakul-preet-singh-declared-best-actors-733067 |archive-date=27 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Best Debut Director (Telugu)]]
| [[Tharun Bhascker]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu)|Best Actress (Telugu)]]
| [[Ritu Varma]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)|Best Comedian (Telugu)]]
| [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|Best Music Director (Telugu)]]
| [[Vivek Sagar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Santosham Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[15th Santosham Film Awards|12 August 2017]]
|[[Santosham Best Film Award|Best Film]]
| ''Pelli Choopulu'' – Dharmapath Creations & BigBen Cinemas
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|[[Santosham Best Producer Award|Best Producer]]
| [[Raj Kandukuri]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Debut Director
|[[Tharun Bhascker]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards]]
|[[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards of 2024|14 June 2025]]
|[[Telangana Gaddar Film Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]]
|Raj Kandukuri Tharun Bhascker
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards from 2014 to 2023 announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-from-2014-to-2023-announced/article69636753.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 May 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Remakes ==
''Pelli Choopulu'' was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Mitron]]'' (2018),<ref>{{Cite web |title='Mitron' movie review: A hit and a miss kind of film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/sep/21/mitron-movie-review-a-hit-and-a-miss-kind-of-film-1875355.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909165432/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/sep/21/mitron-movie-review-a-hit-and-a-miss-kind-of-film-1875355.html |archive-date=9 September 2019 |access-date=7 May 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' (2019),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Superum Pournamiyum review: A watchable romantic comedy |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-superum-pournamiyum-review-a-watchable-romantic-comedy-review-malayalam-tbmn9bhicabje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811164455/https://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-superum-pournamiyum-review-a-watchable-romantic-comedy-review-malayalam-tbmn9bhicabje.html |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=7 May 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Oh Manapenne!]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=22 October 2021 |title=Oh Manapenney movie review: Harish Kalyan, Priya Bhavanishankar lead a faithful remake |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/oh-manapenney-movie-review-harish-kalyan-priya-bhavanishankar-lead-a-faithful-remake-10074461.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022041539/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/oh-manapenney-movie-review-harish-kalyan-priya-bhavanishankar-lead-a-faithful-remake-10074461.html |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> A [[Kannada]] remake ''Shaadi Bhagya'' with [[Gurunandan]] and [[Shraddha Srinath]] in the lead was being planned as of 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-22 |title=Pelli Choopulu is Shaadi Bhagya in sandalwood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pelli-choopulu-is-shaadi-bhagya-in-sandalwood/articleshow/57289114.cms |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224215833/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pelli-choopulu-is-shaadi-bhagya-in-sandalwood/articleshow/57289114.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5824826}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu|state=collapsed}}
{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu}}{{Pelli Choopulu and its remakes}}

[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Cooking films]]
[[Category:Films about chefs]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films about trucks]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tharun Bhascker]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Dialogue National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek Sagar]]

Red Letter (2025 film)

2026-03-02T01:33:47Z

SimonK54990761: added the article added tags

{{Short description|Indian suspense thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Red Letter
| image = Red_Letter_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Ajit Arora
| writer = Ajit Arora
| producer = Ajit Arora<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/May/15/cannes-2025-ajit-aroras-red-letter-to-be-premiered-at-the-prestigious-film-festival|title=Cannes 2025: Ajit Arora's 'Red Letter' to be premiered at the prestigious film festival|first=Team|last=Indulge|date=15 May 2025|website=Indulgexpress}}</ref>
| starring = {{Plainlist|* Ajit Arora
* Krishma Thakur
* Javaid Khan
}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Mar/12/ajit-arora-makes-his-debut-with-the-gripping-social-thriller-red-letter|title=Ajit Arora makes his debut with the gripping social thriller Red Letter|first=Team|last=Indulge|date=12 March 2025|website=Indulgexpress}}</ref>
| cinematography = Suresh Beesaveni
| editing = Dilip Kumar Routray
| music = Gulraj Singh
| studio = Aurora Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|08|09|}}
| runtime = 37 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Red Letter''''' is a 2025 Indian Hindi-language suspense thriller film. Starring in the film are Ajit Arora, Krishma Thakur, and Javaid Khan in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ajit-aroras-red-letter-released-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-aa-9495506.html|title=Ajit Arora's Red Letter Released On OTT: When And Where To Watch|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/red-letter-review-ajit-arora-delivers-a-gripping-short-thriller-with-a-strong-social-message-1793851|title=Ajit Arora's Red Letter Blends Emotional Depth, Stunning Visuals And A Bold Social Statement|first=ABP Live|last=Entertainment|date=6 August 2025|website=ABP Live}}</ref>

== Production ==
The film was Written, Directed, Produced & Story by Ajit Arora, under the banner of Aurora Productions in association with [[Zee Music]] and [[ShemarooMe]] OTT. The film was shot at various locations, including [[Kashmir]], and was released on the ShemarooMe App on 9 August 2025.The film received a U/A certification from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC).<ref>{{cite web | title=Director-Actor Ajit Arora's Powerful Social Thriller 'Red Letter' Arrives on ShemarooMe This August | date=August 2025 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/director-actor-ajit-aroras-powerful-social-thriller-red-latter-arrives-on-shemaroome-this-august-6857 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.sangritimes.com/ajit-aroras-red-letter-promises-intense-thrills-and-thought-provoking-drama|title=Ajit Arora's 'Red Letter' Promises Intense Thrills and Thought-Provoking Drama - Sangri Times English}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*⁠ Ajit Arora
* Krishma Thakur
* Javaid Khan
* ⁠Affan Shah
* ⁠Mohsin Akram
* ⁠Nizam Bhat
* ⁠Kavita Viirmani
* ⁠Munaza as Teacher
* ⁠Soliha Bhat
* ⁠Mir Khurshid
* ⁠Mehreen Iqbal
* ⁠Inayat

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt37728726/ Red Letter at IMDB]
*[https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2025/ajit-arora-s-mini-feature-film-red-letter-set-to-release-on-this-date-after-after-world-premiere-at-472431.html Ajit Arora’s Mini Feature Film Red Letter Set to Release On THIS Date After After World Premiere At Cannes]

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]

D. M. Rajapaksa

2026-02-26T11:21:19Z

SimonK54990761:

{{Short description|Ceylonese politician}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = D. M. Rajapaksa
| birth_name = Don Mathew Rajapaksa
| birth_date = {{birth date|1897|11|27|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|05|18|1897|11|27|df=yes}}
| order1 = Member of the [[2nd State Council of Ceylon]] for [[Hambantota District|Hambantota]]
| term_start1 = 7 March 1936
| term_end1 = 18 May 1945
| district1 =
}}

'''Don Mathew Rajapaksa''' (27 November 1897 – 18 May 1945), known as '''The Lion of Ruhuna''', was a [[Ceylon]]ese politician and a member of the [[2nd State Council of Ceylon]] from 1936 to 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |title=D.A. Rajapaksa- the pulse of Ruhuna |url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/111106/News/nws_23.html |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.sundaytimes.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Online edition of Sunday Observer - Features |url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2005/12/25/fea104.html |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=archives.sundayobserver.lk}}</ref>

== Biography ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
Don Mathew Rajapaksa was born on 27 November 1897, the second of three sons to Don David Rajapaksa ([[Arachchi|Vidane Arachchi]] of Ralahamy) and Dona Gimara Moonesinghe, his brothers being Don Coronelis Charles and [[D. A. Rajapaksa|Don Alwin]]. Rajapaksa had his early education at the local village school, Mandaduwa Government School in [[Weeraketiya]] and his secondary education at [[Richmond College, Galle]] and [[Wesley College, Colombo]]. Following the death of his father, Rajapaksa left school at age sixteen and returned home together with his brothers, to assist his widowed mother.

In 1922, Rajapaksa married Emalin (Emalyn) née Weeratunga, the daughter of Don Costan Weeratunga Ralahamy of Madihe, [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]] ([[Vidane Arachchi]] of Four Gravets and [[Godagama]]). They had three sons, [[Lakshman Rajapaksa|Lakshman]] (Member of Parliament for [[Hambantota Electoral District (1947–1960)|Hambantota]] (1947–52, 1956–60), Member of Parliament for [[Tissamaharama Electoral District|Tissamaharama]] (1960–65), Member of Parliament for [[Mulkirigala Electoral District|Mulkirigala]] (1976–77)), [[George Rajapaksa|George]] (Member of Parliament for [[Mulkirigala Electoral District|Mulkirigala]] (1960–76)) and Neil Kumaradasa, and four daughters, Esther Gurly, Pearl (Peri) Jayanthi, Kamala and Ruby Lalitha.

Rajapaksa first entered the political arena in 1931, when he supported the [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka|Communist Party]] leader, Dr. [[S. A. Wickramasinghe]], who contested the seat of Morawaka at the [[1931 Ceylonese State Council election|first State Council election]]. Rajapaksa and his brother Don Alwin became closely associated with the [[Suriya-Mal Movement]] and with the Left Leaders in particular. At the [[1936 Ceylonese State Council election|Ceylonese State Council election in 1936]], he was elected a member of the [[State Council of Ceylon|Second State Council]] for the [[Hambantota District]], with a majority of 12,106 votes. In the State Council he worked as a group, with Dr. S. A. Wickremasinghe, Dr. [[N. M. Perera]], [[Philip Gunawardena]] and [[Leslie Goonewardena|Leslie Goonewardene]] in the anti-imperialist and progressive movement.

On 18 May 1945, he died unexpectedly of a heart attack at the age of 48 whilst serving on the State Council. His position on the Council was filled by his younger brother Don Alwin, who was elected unopposed.

==See also==
* [[Rajapaksa family]]
* [[List of political families in Sri Lanka]]
*[[List of members of the Sri Lankan Parliament who died in office]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Members of the 2nd State Council of Ceylon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajapaksa, D. M.}}
[[Category:Sri Lankan Buddhists]]
[[Category:Rajapaksa family|D.M.]]
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st State Council of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd State Council of Ceylon]]

Pradeep Sindhu

2026-02-25T23:41:17Z

SimonK54990761: added new details needs work

{{short description|Indian-American business executive (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Pradeep Sindhu
|image = Juniper Networks found Pradeep Sindhu headshot.jpeg
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 4 September 1953
|birth_place = [[Varanasi]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|citizenship = United States
|known_for = Co-founder, [[Juniper Networks]]
|education =
|alma_mater = [[IIT Kanpur]] [[University of Hawaiʻi]] [[Carnegie Mellon University]]
|employer = [[Juniper Networks]], [[Fungible Inc.]]
|occupation =
|title = Chief Scientist, [[Juniper Networks]], CEO & Founder, Fungible
}}
'''Pradeep Sindhu''' is an [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] business executive. He is the chairman, [[chief development officer]] (CDO) and co-founder of data center technology company [[Fungible Inc.|Fungible]]. Previously, he co-founded [[Juniper Networks]], where he was the chief scientist and CEO until 1996.

==Biography==
Sindhu holds a B.Tech. in electrical engineering (1974) from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]], M.S. in electrical engineering (1976) from the [[University of Hawaiʻi]], and a PhD (1982) in computer science from [[Carnegie Mellon University]]<ref name="interview">{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/ontherecord/article/JUNIPER-NETWORKS-On-the-record-Scott-Kriens-2809795.php |title=On the record: Scott Kriens and Pradeep Sindhu |access-date=2008-06-11 |date= 14 March 2004|work= The San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> where he studied under [[Bob Sproull]].

==Work==
Sindhu had worked at the Computer Science Lab of [[Xerox PARC]] for 11 years.<ref name="interview" /> Sindhu worked on design tools for [[very-large-scale integration]] (VLSI) of [[integrated circuits]] and [[High Speed Interconnect|high-speed interconnects]] for [[shared memory architecture]] [[multiprocessor]]s.

Sindhu founded Juniper Networks along with Dennis Ferguson and Bjorn Liencres in February 1996 in California.<ref name="interview" /> The company was subsequently reincorporated in [[Delaware]] in March 1998 and went public on 25 June 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB930319631496660420 |title=Juniper Networks Shares Soar on First Trading Day |website=wsj.com |date=1999-06-28 |accessdate=2019-10-03}}</ref>

Sindhu worked on the architecture, design, and development of the [[Juniper M-Series#M40|Juniper M40]] data [[router (computing)|router]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lightreading.com/enterprise-cloud/digital-transformation/juniper-co-founder-sindhu-steps-back/d/d-id/730109 |title=Juniper Co-Founder Sindhu Steps Back |website=lightreading.com |date=2017-02-06 |accessdate=2019-10-03}}</ref>

Sindhu's earlier work at Xerox PARC influenced the architecture, design, and development of [[Sun Microsystems]]' first high-performance multiprocessor system family, which included systems such as the [[Sun4d#SPARCcenter 2000|SPARCcenter 2000]] and [[Sun4d#SPARCserver 1000|SPARCserver 1000]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/3166365/juniper-founder-cto-sindhu-cuts-role-to-focus-on-startup.html |title=Juniper founder, CTO Sindhu cuts role to focus on startup |website=networkworld.com |date=2017-02-06 |accessdate=2019-10-03}}</ref>

Sindhu is the founder and CEO of data center technology company Fungible.<ref name="bizjournals2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/02/07/juniper-networks-pradeep-sindhu-fungible.html|title=Juniper Networks co-founder steps aside to lead cloud startup|date=2017-02-07|website=www.bizjournals.com|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.juniper.net/us/en/company/leadership/pradeep-sindhu Pradeep Sindhu's entry] on the Juniper Networks Website
*[https://www.sfgate.com/business/ontherecord/article/JUNIPER-NETWORKS-On-the-record-Scott-Kriens-2809795.php Interview with Pradeep Sindhu]

{{Juniper Networks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhu, Pradeep}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:American chief executives in technology]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in manufacturing]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Juniper Networks]]
[[Category:Computer networking people]]
[[Category:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni]]
[[Category:American chief technology officers]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives in technology]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in the computer industry]]
[[Category:American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies]]

Defence Research and Development Laboratory

2026-02-03T20:30:35Z

SimonK54990761: further fixed details based on references and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|Child agency of DRDO}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox laboratory|name=Defence Research and Development Laboratory|established=June 1961|address=[[Kanchanbagh]] [[Hyderabad]] 500058|operating_agency=[[Defence Research and Development Organization]]}}
'''Defence Research and Development Laboratory''' ('''DRDL''') is an Indian missile development laboratory, part of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research and Development Organization]] (DRDO). Their charter is centered on the design, development, and flight evaluation of various types of missile systems for the [[Indian armed forces]].

== History ==
In 1958, the Indian government constituted a team of engineers, mostly from the [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] - called the '''Special Weapons Development Team''' - to research guided missile weapons development. It was founded by [[S. P. Chakravarti]], the father of Electronics and Telecommunication engineering in India, who also founded the DLRL and the [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment]] (LRDE).<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://in.booksc.eu/book/53133498/850b31 |title=Prof. S.P. Chakravarti (1904–1981) |author=Mitra, S.N. |journal=IETE Journal of Research |volume=28 |issue=8 |date=August 1982 |pages=385–390 |doi=10.1080/03772063.1982.11452762 |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This team was later expanded into DRDL, a full-fledged laboratory, in June 1961, at the campus of Defence Science Centre, Delhi.<ref name="drdl-about">{{Cite web |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/DRDL/English/index.jsp?pg=HistoricalBG.jsp |title=Historical Background |website=Defence Research and Development Laboratory |access-date=2012-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210112328/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/DRDL/English/index.jsp?pg=HistoricalBG.jsp |archive-date=2012-02-10 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2022-08-15 |title=From Agni to BrahMos: A look at India's deadly missile arsenal |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-instruments-of-skyfall-how-missiles-shaped-75-years-of-india-2629276/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> It later shifted to Hyderabad after the state government granted them the former Nizam's army barracks. This was the genesis of the '''Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL)''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2603/stories/20090213260309700.htm |title=Missile shield |access-date=2012-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207034302/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2603/stories/20090213260309700.htm |archive-date=2013-02-07 }}</ref> under the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).

=== Vision and mission ===
Being a design and development house for missile-based weapon systems needed for tactical applications across multiple platforms is the organization's objective. Its aim is to create the cutting-edge technology and infrastructure needed for various class of missiles. Give the production agency the required technology for the guided missiles manufacturing.<ref name="drdl-vm">{{Cite web |title=DRDL - Homepage {{!}} Defence Research & Development Laboratory DRDO DRDO |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs1/DRDL/English/indexnew.jsp?pg=homepage.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173658/https://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs1/DRDL/English/indexnew.jsp?pg=homepage.jsp |archive-date=11 November 2018 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=drdo.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

The DRDO launched [[Project Devil]] and [[Project Valiant]] to reverse engineer Soviet-origin guided missiles and create intercontinental ballistic missiles, respectively, which prompted the DRDL to begin developing missile guidance systems. Although both initiatives were abandoned before they were successful, the work completed aided DRDL in increasing its capacity. Afterwards, this assisted DRDL in leading the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|Integrated Guided Missiles Development Program]] (IGMDP). By 2011, India started producing cutting-edge components in-house and was fully independent in end-to-end missile development.<ref name=":0" />

== Products ==
Weapon systems developed by DRDL include:-<ref>{{Cite web |title=Products {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/technology-cluster-links/labs-products/182 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref>
*[[Akash (missile)|Akash]] [[surface-to-air missile]]
*[[Astra (missile)|Astra]] [[air-to-air missile]]
*[[Nag (missile)|Nag]] [[anti-tank guided missile]]
*[[QRSAM]] [[surface-to-air missile]]

=== Hypersonic technology ===
[[File:Scramjet_engine_for_Hypersonic_Cruise_Missile.jpg|thumb|Active Cooled Scramjet Subscale Combustor ground testing in April 2025]]
A 120-second ground test of an Active Cooled [[Scramjet]] Subscale Combustor for next-generation missiles was conducted by the DRDL at Scramjet Connect Test Facility at [[Hyderabad]] on 21 January 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2025 |title=DRDO conducts Scramjet Engine Ground Test |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2094886 |access-date=21 January 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-01-21 |title=Boost for India as DRDO successfully conducts scramjet engine ground test for hypersonic missiles |url=https://theprint.in/defence/boost-for-india-as-drdo-successfully-conducts-scramjet-engine-ground-test-for-hypersonic-missiles/2455926/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The test showed stable combustion and successful ignition. Together with the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and the private sector, DRDL has taken the lead in developing an improved ceramic [[thermal barrier coating]] (TBC), endothermic scramjet fuel, and a long-duration scramjet engine. A novel flame stabilization method was added to the scramjet combustor, which maintains a constant flame inside the combustor at air speeds greater than 1.5 km/s. In addition to improving cooling, the endothermic fuel shortens ignition times. With its excellent temperature resistance, the cutting-edge ceramic TBC can function above the melting point of steel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |date=21 January 2025 |title=DRDO achieves milestone on scramjet engines needed for hypersonic missiles |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/drdo-achieves-milestone-on-scramjet-engines-needed-for-hypersonic-missiles-3366484 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Shivani |last2=Negi |first2=Manjeet |date=2025-01-21 |title=India achieves milestone in hypersonic technology with 1st scramjet test success |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-achieves-milestone-in-hypersonic-technology-first-scramjet-test-success-2668210-2025-01-21 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Another ground test of the scramjet was conducted on 25 April 2025, for a longer duration of over 1,000 seconds in the Hyderabad facility. With this, the system would be ready for full scale flight testing.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 April 2025 |title=DRDO achieves significant milestone in Scramjet Engine Development |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2124415 |access-date=25 April 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref>

The third test of the Combustor was conducted on 9 January 2026. The engine was fired for over 12 minutes at DRDL's Scramjet Connect Pipe Test (SCPT) Facility. The facility was designed and developed by DRDL.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=DRDO conducts successful ground test of full scale actively cooled long duration Scramjet Engine for Hypersonic Missile Programme |date=2026-01-09 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2213017&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-01-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories]]
[[Category:Research and development in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Delhi]]

Sind (caliphal province)

2026-01-28T12:06:38Z

SimonK54990761:

{{Short description|Province of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates (711–861)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Sindh
| common_name =
| image_flag =
| national_anthem =
| image_map = {{Location map+
| South Asia
| overlay_image= Map of the Caliphal Province of Sind.png
| width=290 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes
| places =
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|40|[[Karkota dynasty|KARKOTAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|100|25|[[Patola Shahis|PATOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|South-Asia 750 CE|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|215|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|185|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|32|[[Turk Shahis|TURK SHAHIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|170|45|[[Tibetan Empire|TIBETAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|52|52|[[Zunbils|ZUNBILS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|75|130|[[Maitrakas|MAITRAKAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|90|[[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|GURJARA PRATIHARAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|185|110|[[Pala Empire|PALA EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|95|160|[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|1|40|[[Abbasid Caliphate|ABBASID CALIPHATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|140|5|[[Tang dynasty|TANG DYNASTY]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|150|155|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|KALINGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|135|[[Kalachuris of Tripuri|KALACHURIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 600 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 800 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption=
}}
| image_map_caption = {{center|Map of Arab Sind under the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], and neighbouring polities, {{circa|750 CE}}<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (e) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
| capital = [[Aror]]
| government_type = [[Ummayad caliphate|Caliphal province]]
| legislature =
| title_leader = [[Governor]]
| leader1 = [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]
| year_leader1 = 711–715 (first)
| leader2 = [[Habbari dynasty|Umar ibn'Abd al-Aziz al'Habbari]]
| year_leader2 = 854–861 (last)
| religion = '''[[State religion]]:''' {{plainlist|
[[Islam]] '''Other religions''': [[Religion in South Asia|Other religions in South Asia]]}}
| footnotes =
| status =
| year_end = 861
| year_start = 711
| map_width = 290px
| common_languages = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Classical Arabic|Arabic]]
| era = [[Medieval India|Post-classical India]]
| event_start = [[Muslim conquest of Sindh|Arab-Muslim conquest]]
| event_end = [[Anarchy at Samarra]]
| p1 = Chach dynasty
| s1 = Habbari dynasty
| s2 = Emirate of Multan
| p2 =
| today = [[Pakistan]] [[India]]
}}
'''Sindh''' was a province of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] and later of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] from around 711 CE with the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|Islamic conquest of Sindh]] by [[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim]], to around 854 CE with the emergence of the [[anarchy at Samarra|independent dynasties]] of the [[Habbari dynasty|Habbarid Emirate]] in [[Sindh]] proper and the [[Emirate of Multan]] in [[Punjab]]. The "Governor of Sindh" ({{Langx|ar|عامل السند|translit=‘āmil al-Sind}})<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 388, 557, 448, 599; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 106</ref> was an official who administered the [[caliphate|caliphal]] province over what are now Sindh, southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Makran]] ([[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]) in [[Pakistan]].

The governor was the chief [[Muslims|Muslim]] official in the province and was responsible for maintaining security in the region. As the leader of the provincial military, he was also in charge of carrying out campaigns against the [[Indian religions|non-Muslim]] kingdoms of India. Governors appointed to the region were selected either directly by the caliph or by an authorized subordinate, and remained in office until they either died or were dismissed.

==Geography==
Sind was a frontier province of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and Abbasid caliphates from its conquest in c. 711 until the mid-ninth century. Situated at the far eastern end of the caliphate, it consisted of the territories held by the Muslims in the [[Indian subcontinent]], which at the time were centered in the [[Indus River|Indus]] region. Sind proper was bounded on the west by [[Makran]], on the northwest by [[Sistan|Sijistan]] and the district of [[Turan of Baluchistan|Turan]], on the northeast by [[Multan]], on the east by the [[Thar Desert]], on the southeast by the non-Muslim [[al-Hind|Hind]], and on the southwest by the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>Le Strange, pp. 331–2 and Map 7; Blankinship, pp. 110–2</ref>

== Conquest of Sind ==
{{Main|Umayyad conquest of Sindh}}
[[File:Sindh campaigns 711-715 CE.png|thumb|300px|[[Muhammad ibn Qasim]]'s conquest of Sindh (711-715 CE). 
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Registan Desert]] and [[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#FFD700|[[Zunbils]]}}
{{legend|#DEB887|Kingdom of Sindh (c. 632– 712 CE)}}
{{legend|#7FFF00|[[Maitraka dynasty|Maitraka Kingdom]] (c.475–c.776 CE)}}
|left]]
In the history of the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]], Sind was a relatively late achievement, occurring almost a century after the [[Hijrah]] (start of Islamic calendar). Military raids against India had been undertaken by the Muslims as early as [[Umar]]'s reign (634–644), but the pace of expansion in the region was initially slow: in 636, an Arab naval expedition attacked [[Bharuch|Broach]], which had come under the control of the [[Chalukyas]] following the submission of Jayabhata of the [[Gurjaras of Lata]], and [[Thane|Thana]], but it was soon recalled after achieving some damage and they failed to capture these cities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Karl J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |date=20 May 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47681-8 |edition=Reprint |location=London and New York |page=36 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=M. S. Nagaraja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dq8cAAAAMAAJ |title=The Chalukyas of Badami: Seminar Papers |date=1978 |publisher=Mythic Society |page=193 |language=en |quote="Jayabhața, the Gurjara of Lāța, became the feudatory of the Chalukya emperor. It was in his time that an Arab fleet was despatched to Thāņa and Broach (A.D. 636), and did some damage but was recalled under the orders of Caliph Omar."}}</ref> Several governors were appointed to the Indian frontier (''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|thaghr al-Hind}}'') and tasked with conducting campaigns in the east. Some of these expeditions were successful, but others ended in defeat and a number of governors were killed while serving there.

According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sind and the early partisans of Caliph [[Ali]] or proto-[[Shia Islam|Shi'ites]] could be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a [[Companions of the Prophet|companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad]], who traveled across Sind to [[Makran]] in 649 and presented a report on the area to the caliph. He supported Ali, and died in the [[Battle of the Camel]] alongside Sindi [[Jats]].<ref>M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145-50, (April 1955).</ref> During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam.<ref>Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "'''The Shia Muslims'''", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006). {{ISBN|9780195677034}}.</ref> Harith ibn Murrah al-Abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindi bandits and chased them to [[Kingdom of Kaikan|al-Qiqan]] (present-day [[Quetta]]) in 658.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Balâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, '''Religion and Society in Arab Sind.''' Pg. 126, EJ Brill: Leiden, 1989. {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside [[Hujr ibn 'Adi|Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi]]<ref>Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, '''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''', p. 126, EJ Brill (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> in 660 AD, near [[Damascus]].

In the caliphate of [[Mu'awiya I]] ({{reign|661|680}}), the region of Makran was subdued and a garrison was established there. Over the following decades, the Muslims progressed further east, conquering the district of [[Qusdar]] and raiding the areas around [[Qandabil]] and al-Qiqan.<ref>Gabrieli, p. 283; Wink; pp. 129, 131; al-Baladhuri, pp. 209–15; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 278, 330–1</ref>

Sind was conquered in {{circa|711}} by [[Muhammad ibn Qasim|Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi]], who had been sent to undertake a punitive expedition against [[Raja Dahir|Dahir]], the king of Sind. After marching through Makran and defeating its inhabitants, Muhammad entered Sind and attacked the port city of [[Debal|Daybul]], which fell after a siege and was partly colonized by the Muslims. Following this victory, Muhammad moved north and encountered Dahir, whom he defeated and killed. He then spent the next few years campaigning in Sind and [[Multan District|Multan]], forcing the various cities of the country to submit to him.

This period of conquests continued until 715, when Caliph [[al-Walid I]] ({{reign|705|715}}) died; shortly after the accession of Caliph [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]], Muhammad was arrested and executed, and a replacement was sent by the government to take control of Sind.<ref>Gabrieli, pp. 283–92; Wink, pp. 202–7; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–24; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', s.v. "Sind" (T.W. Haig-[C.E. Bosworth])</ref>

From then on, the [[Turk Shahis]] now had to face an additional Muslim threat from the southeast, as did Hindu kingdoms, especially the [[Maitrakas]] and the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]], on their western borders, since the Caliphal province of Sind extended as far as [[Multan]], at the gates of the [[Punjab]], and would last until 854 CE as an [[Umayyad]] and then [[Abbasid]] dependency.<ref name="CAP148">{{cite book |last1=Petrie |first1=Cameron A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbQWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT148-149 |title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200 |date=28 December 2020 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78570-304-1 |location=Oxford |page=148 |language=en}}</ref>

== Umayyad period ==
[[File:Umayyad Caliphate coinage temp Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik al-Hind (possibly Multan) mint. Dated AH 97 (AD 715-6).jpg|thumb|300px| Umayyad coinage in India, from the time of the first governor of Sindh, [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]]. Minted in India "[[al-Hind]]" (possibly in the city of [[Multan]]), dated AH 97 (715-6 CE): obverse circular legend ''"in the name of Allah, struck this dirham in [[al-Hind]] ([[File:India in Abd al-Malik al-Hind coin 715 CE (detail).jpg|20px]] ''{{lang|ar|[[:ary:لهند|لهند]]}}'' l'Hind) in the year seven and ninety"''.]]
As a result of its conquest, Sind became a province of the caliphate and governors were appointed to administer it. As the commander of a frontier province, the governor was responsible for guarding the country against external incursions, and could carry out raids into Hind (India) at his discretion. The governor's jurisdiction usually also included the neighboring regions of Makran, Turan and Multan;<ref>Baloch and Rafiqi, pp. 293–4</ref> in addition, any territories that he conquered in Hind were added to his area of authority.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, p. 227</ref>

In the administrative hierarchy of the Umayyad Caliphate, the responsibility for selecting governors to the province was assigned to the [[List of Umayyad governors of Iraq|governor of Iraq]], or, if that position was vacant, to the governor of [[Basra]]. Unless he received specific commands from the caliph, the governor of Iraq had the authority to appoint and dismiss governors to Sind and he was in charge of supervising their activities in the province.<ref>Blankinship, pp. 62–3</ref>

According to the historian [[Khalifa ibn Khayyat]], after the downfall of Muhammad ibn Qasim the responsibilities of the governor of Sind were temporarily divided between two officials, one of whom was in charge of military affairs and the other in charge of taxation. This change was soon rescinded and the next governor, [[Habib ibn al-Muhallab|Habib ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi]], had full authority over both the fiscal and military affairs on the province.<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, 318</ref>

[[File:Coinage of al-Hakam bin Awana al-Kalbi, Umayyad governor of Sindh (circa AH 111-123 AD 731-740).jpg|thumb|left|300px|Coinage of [[al-Hakam bin Awana al-Kalbi]], Umayyad governor of Sindh (circa AH 111-123 / AD 731-740)]]
As a general rule, provincial governorships in the Umayyad period were held almost exclusively by Arabs,<ref>Blankinship, p. 41</ref> and this trend was reflected in the appointees to Sind during this period. [[Qays–Yaman rivalry|Qaysi–Yamani tribal politics]] also played a strong role in the selection and dismissal of governors;<ref>Crone, pp. 142 ff.; Blankinship, pp. 45–6, 98; Shaban, pp. 120 ff.</ref> if the governor of Iraq was [[Qays]]i, then his governor to Sind would likely be Qaysi, and if he was [[Yaman (tribal group)|Yamani]], his selection would likely be Yamani as well. There were, however, some exceptions; [[Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri]] was initially appointed to Sind by a fellow Qaysi, but was allowed to retain his position for two years after the governor of Iraq was replaced with a Yamani.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 379; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; Crone, p. 147</ref>

[[File:Arab-Gujarat campaigns 724-740 CE.png|thumb|300px|right|Campaigns from the [[Caliphal province of Sind]] into [[Gujarat]] (724-740 CE).
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Caliphal province of Sind]] (712-854 CE)}}
{{legend|#E0FFFF|[[Maitrakas|Maitraka Kingdom]] (c.475–c.776 CE)}}
]]
The governors of Sind in the Umayyad period undertook extensive campaigns against the non-Muslim kingdoms of Hind, but with mixed results. Al-Junayd's campaigns were largely successful, but his successor [[Tamim ibn Zaid al-Utbi]] encountered difficulties and the Muslims were forced to retreat from Hind. The next governor, [[al-Hakam ibn Awana]], vigorously campaigned in Hind and initially achieved some victories, but he too experienced a reversal of fortune and was eventually killed. Raids into Hind continued after al-Hakam's death, but no major territorial gains were achieved, and the Muslim presence in the Indian subcontinent remained largely restricted to the Indus valley region.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, pp. 225–9; Blankinship, pp. 131–4; 147–9; 186–90, 202–3; Wink, 207-9</ref>

As part of his efforts to secure the Muslim position in Sind, al-Hakam constructed the military garrison of [[al-Mahfuzah]], which he made into his capital (''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|miṣr}}''). Shortly after this, his lieutenant [[Amr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim|Amr]], a son of Muhammad ibn Qasim, built a second city near al-Mahfuzah, which he called [[Mansura (Brahmanabad)|al-Mansura]]. This latter city eventually became the permanent administrative capital of Sind, and it served as the seat of the Umayyad and [[Abbasid]] governors.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 389; al-Baladhuri, pp. 228–9; ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', s.v. "al-Mansura" (Y. Friedmann)</ref>

The names of the caliphal governors of Sind are preserved in the histories of Khalifa ibn Khayyat and [[al-Ya'qubi]]. Some differences exist between the two authors' versions; these are noted below. The ''[[Futuh al-Buldan]]'' by [[al-Baladhuri]], which focuses on the military conquests of the early Muslim state, also contains the names of many of the governors who served in Sind.

===List of Governors of Sindh===
{{see also|Governors of Sindh}}
{| width=85% class="wikitable"
|+ align="left" | Military governors
|-
! width=22% | Name
! width=8% | Years
! width=10% | Nature of termination
! width=60% | Notes
|-
|[[Muhammad bin Qasim|Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi]]
|align="center"|711–715
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Conquered Sind. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 304–7, 310, 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–25; al-Tabari, v. 23: p. 149; Crone, p. 135</ref>
|-
|[[Habib ibn al-Muhallab|Habib ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi]]
|align="center"|715–717
|align="center"|Dismissed(?)
|Appointed either by the caliph [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] or by [[Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, p. 225; Crone, p. 141. Habib either was dismissed or resigned, since he remained alive until 102/720; al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 134–7</ref>
|-
|[[Abd al-Malik ibn Misma]]
|align="center"|from 717
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Basra, [[Adi ibn Artah al-Fazari]]<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 322</ref>
|-
|[[Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili]]
|align="center"|to 720
|align="center"|Overthrown
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Adi ibn Artah<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 322, 333; al-Baladhuri, p. 225</ref>
|-
|[[Ubaydallah ibn Ali al-Sulami]]
|align="center"|from 721
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, [[Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari]]<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 333; Crone, p. 146</ref>
|-
|[[Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri]]
|align="center"|to 726
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Appointed by Umar ibn Hubayra<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 379–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 333, 359; al-Baladhuri, pp. 226–7; Crone, pp. 98; 147</ref>
|-
|[[Tamim ibn Zaid al-Utbi]]
|align="center"|from 726
|align="center"|Died(?)
|Appointed by the governor of Iraq, [[Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 380; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; al-Baladhuri, p. 227-8; Crone, p. 148. Al-Ya'qubi and al-Baladhuri both give his ''nisbah'' as al-'Utbi. According to Khalifah ibn Khayyat, he was dismissed from office</ref>
|-
|[[Al-Hakam ibn Awana]]
|align="center"|to 740
|align="center"|Killed
|Appointed by Khalid ibn Abdallah<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 388–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359; al-Baladhuri; pp. 228–9; Crone, p. 147</ref>
|-
|[[Amr ibn Muhammad ibn al-qasim al Thaqafi]]
|align="center"|740–744
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Son of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, [[Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 389–90, 399–400; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359, 366; al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200</ref>
|-
|[[Yazid ibn Irar al-Kalbi]](?)
|align="center"|740s
|align="center"|Overthrown
|Name and details of governorship given variously in the sources. See especially this note<ref>In al-Ya'qubi, pp. 399–400, 407, this individual is named as Yazid ibn Irar (although the editor, p. 389, notes variant readings, including Izzan) and is said to have replaced 'Amr ibn Muhammad as governor in the reign of al-Walid ibn Yazid; he remained as governor until Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi arrived in Sind and killed him. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 357, calls him Muhammad ibn Irar al-Kalbi and claims he became governor on an interim basis, after the death of al-Hakam ibn Awana; subsequently he was dismissed in 122/740 by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, and replaced with Amr. All this is said to have taken place during the reign of Hisham. Al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200, calls him "Muhammad ibn Ghazzan – or Izzan – al-Kalbi" and states that he was appointed to succeed Amr in 126/744 by the governor of Iraq, Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi, in the reign of Yazid ibn al-Walid; he does not specify Muhammad's fate.</ref>
|-
|}

{| width=85% class="wikitable"
|+ align="left" | Fiscal governors
|-
! width=22% | Name
! width=8% | Years
! width=10% | Nature of termination
! width=60% | Notes
|-
|[[Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki]]
|align="center"|715
|align="center"|Died
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the fiscal administrator of Iraq, [[Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman]]<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 224–5; Crone, p. 96</ref>
|-
|[[Ubaydallah ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki]]
|align="center"|715(?)
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Brother of Yazid ibn Abi Kabshah, who he succeeded as governor<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318</ref>
|-
|[[Imran ibn al-Nu'man al-Kala'i]]
|align="center"|715(?)
|align="center"|Unspecified
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; Crone, p. 142</ref>
|-
|colspan="4" | ''After Imran, fiscal and military affairs were jointly assigned to Habib ibn al-Muhallab.''
|-
|}

== Abbasid period ==
[[File:Coinage of Musa Barmaki, Abbasid governor of Sindh (circa AH 218-221 AD 833-836). Citing al-Mu'tasim as Abu Imam Ishaq. Uncertain mint in Sindh.jpg|thumb|300px|Coinage of [[Musa Barmaki]], Abbasid governor of Sindh ({{circa}} AH 218–221; AD 833–836). Citing [[al-Mu'tasim]] as "Abu Imam Ishaq". Uncertain mint in Sindh.]]
[[File:Abbasid Caliphate 850AD.png|thumb|300px|[[Abbasid Caliphate]] in the 850s CE, with location of the caliphal province of Sind in the east, and the newly arisen [[Emirate of Multan]] ("Banu Munabbih").]]
At the time of the [[Abbasid Revolution]], Sind was in the hands of the anti-Umayyad rebel [[Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi]]. Following their victory over the Umayyads, the Abbasids at first left Mansur in control of the province, but this state of affairs did not last and the new dynasty sent [[Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi]] to take over the region. He was able to defeat Mansur and enter Sind,<ref name="IbnJumhur" /> thereby firmly establishing Abbasid control over the province.

After the new dynasty came to power, Sind's administrative status was somewhat ambiguous, with governors being appointed either directly by the caliph or by the governor of [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]], [[Abu Muslim]].<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203</ref> This situation lasted only until Abu Muslim's murder in 755; thereafter, appointments to Sind were almost always handled by the caliph and the central government.

In the first century of the Abbasid caliphate, governors continued to conduct raids against the non-Muslim kingdoms of Hind, and some minor gains were achieved. The historians also recorded the various struggles of the governors to maintain stability within Sind, as internecine tribal warfare, [[Alids|Alid]] partisans and disobedient Arab factions intermittently threatened the government's control over the region. Another potential source of trouble came from the governors themselves; a few of the individuals appointed to Sind attempted to rebel against the Abbasids, and had to be subdued by force of arms. In general, however, Abbasid authority in Sind remained effective during this period of their rule.<ref>Wink, pp. 209–12; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230 ff.</ref>

Under the Abbasids, Arabs continued to frequently occupy the governorship, but over time the selections became somewhat more diverse. Under the caliphs [[al-Mahdi]] (775–785) and [[Harun al-Rashid|al-Rashid]] (786–809), non-Arab clients (''[[mawali]]'') were sometimes appointed to Sind.<ref>These were Layth and Salim, as well as their respective sons. Crone, pp. 192, 194; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 441, 446, 463</ref> In the caliphate of [[al-Ma'mun]] (813–833), the governorship was given to a member of the Persian [[Barmakids|Barmakid]] family, and the province remained under their rule for a number of years.<ref>''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', s.v. "al-Baramika" (D. Sourdel)</ref> After the Barmakids, the [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] general [[Itakh]] was given control of Sind, although he deputed the actual administration of the province to an Arab.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 585</ref> During this period several members of the prominent [[Muhallabids|Muhallabid]] family served in Sind; their combined administrations spanned over a period of more than three decades.<ref name="Muhallabid1" /><ref name="Muhallabid2" /><ref name="Muhallabid3" /><ref name="Muhallabid4" /> Under al-Rashid, a few minor members of the Abbasid family were also appointed as governors of the province.<ref name="Abbasid1" /><ref name="Abbasid2" />

{| width=85% class="wikitable"
|-
! width=22% | Name
! width=8% | Years
! width=10% | Nature of termination
! width=60% | Notes
|-
|[[Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi]]
|align="center"|747–751
|align="center"|Revolted
|Initially took Sind as an anti-Umayyad rebel, then confirmed as governor by the Abbasids<ref name="IbnJumhur">Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 195, 198, 203; Crone, p. 158</ref>
|-
|[[Mughallis al-Abdi]]
|align="center"|751(?)
|align="center"|Killed
|Appointed either by the caliph [[As-Saffah|al-Saffah]] or by the governor of Khurasan, [[Abu Muslim]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 407; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230</ref>
|-
|[[Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi]]
|align="center"|752–754
|align="center"|Resigned
|Appointed either by al-Saffah or by Abu Muslim<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 429, 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 413, 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203-04; v. 28: p. 75; Crone, p. 186</ref>
|-
|[['Uyaynah ibn Musa al-Tamimi]]
|align="center"|754–760
|align="center"|Revolted
|Son of Musa ibn Ka'b, who appointed him<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 447-8; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 75, 77–8; Crone, p. 186. According to both al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, 'Uyaynah's rebellion occurred in the year 142/759</ref>
|-
|[[Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard]]
|align="center"|760–768
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Member of the [[Muhallabid]] family. Appointed by the caliph [[al-Mansur]]<ref name="Muhallabid1">Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 231, who however places 'Umar's governorship after Hisham ibn 'Amr's; al-Tabari, v. 28: p. 78; v. 27: pp. 51–55; Crone, p. 134</ref>
|-
|[[Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi]]
|align="center"|768–774
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Appointed by al-Mansur<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 448–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230–1; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 51, 54–6, 68, 77, 79; Crone, pp. 167–8</ref>
|-
|[[Bistam ibn Amr al-Taghlibi]]
|align="center"|774(?)
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr, who appointed him<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; Crone, p. 168. Al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 180, 193, however, says that Bistam was governor after the death of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil until the arrival of Rawh ibn Hatim to Sind, although he also claims (p. 172) that Rawh was appointed as governor immediately following Ma'bad's death. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448, mentions Bistam as Hisham ibn Amr's deputy in al-Mansurah, but makes no mention of him as a full governor.</ref>
|-
|[[Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil al-Tamimi]]
|align="center"|774-775/6
|align="center"|Died
|Variant name given by Ibn Khayyat. Appointed by al-Mansur<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 449; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433, where however he is named as Sa'id ibn al-Khalil (which the editor notes is a possible error); al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 79, 80, 172. Ibn Khayyat says that he died in the reign of al-Mansur, while al-Tabari claims that he died in 159/776, in the reign of al-Mahdi.</ref>
|-
|[[Muhammad ibn Ma'bad al-Tamimi]]
|align="center"|775(?)
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil, who he succeeded as governor<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 433 (where he is named as Muhammad ibn Sa'id), 440 (where he is Muhammad ibn Ma'bad)</ref>
|-
|[[Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi]]
|align="center"|776–778
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by the caliph [[al-Mahdi]]<ref name="Muhallabid2">al-Ya'qubi, p. 479; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 195, 203, who however places Rawh's appointment in 160/777; Crone, p. 134</ref>
|-
|[[Nasr ibn Muhammad al-Khuza'i]]
|align="center"|778–781
|align="center"|Died
|Appointed by al-Mahdi<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 479–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 203, 216, 218; Crone, p. 185</ref>
|-
|[[Al-Zubayr ibn al-'Abbas]]
|align="center"|781(?)
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by Ibn Khayyat. Never went to Sind. Appointed by al-Mahdi<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480</ref>
|-
|[[Sufyah ibn Amr al-Taghlibi]] (?)
|align="center"|781–782
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Name given variously in the sources. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by al-Mahdi<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari v. 29: p. 219, who all give different names for this individual; Crone, p. 168</ref>
|-
|[[Layth ibn Tarif]]
|align="center"|782–785
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Appointed by al-Mahdi<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: p. 222; Crone, p. 192</ref>
|-
|[[Muhammad ibn Layth]]
|align="center"|785–786
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Layth ibn Tarif. Appointed during the caliphate of [[al-Hadi]]<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 446</ref>
|-
|Layth ibn Tarif
|align="center"|from 786
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Re-appointed, this time by the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid|al-Rashid]]<ref>Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 192</ref>
|-
|[[Salim (mawla)|Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi]]
|align="center"|780s
|align="center"|Died
|Salim's ''[[Nisbat (onomastics)|nisbah]]'' is given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-Rashid<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 194</ref>
|-
|[[Ibrahim ibn Salim (mawla)|Ibrahim ibn Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi]]
|align="center"|780s
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Salim, who he succeeded as governor<ref name="K463">Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463</ref>
|-
|[[Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi]]
|align="center"|from 790
|align="center"|Dismissed
|First cousin twice removed of al-Rashid, who appointed him<ref name="Abbasid1">Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 109</ref>
|-
|[[Muhammad ibn Tayfur al-Himyari]] (?)
|align="center"|790s
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Name given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-Rashid<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 493–4, where however he is named as Tayfur ibn 'Abdallah ibn Mansur al-Himyari; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; p. 195</ref>
|-
|[[Kathir ibn Salm al-Bahili]]
|align="center"|790s
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Grandson of [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]]. Deputy governor for his brother [[Sa'id ibn Salm al-Bahili|Sa'id ibn Salm]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 137</ref>
|-
|[[Muhammad ibn Adi al-Taghlibi]]
|align="center"|790s
|align="center"|Resigned
|Nephew of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by the governor of Basra, [['Isa ibn Ja'far ibn al-Mansur al-Hashimi|'Isa ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 168</ref>
|-
|[[Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman (governor)|Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman]]
|align="center"|790s
|align="center"|Resigned
|Appointed either by al-Rashid or by Muhammad ibn Adi<ref name="Abbasid2"/>
|-
|[[Abdallah ibn Ala al-Dabbi]]
|align="center"|790s
|align="center"|Unspecified
|Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman<ref name="K463" />
|-
|[[Ayyub ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi]]
|align="center"|to 800
|align="center"|Died
|Second cousin once removed of al-Rashid, who appointed him<ref name="Abbasid2">Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi|Dawud ibn Yazid al-Muhallabi]]
|align="center"|800–820
|align="center"|Died
|Last governor listed by Ibn Khayyat. Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by al-Rashid<ref name="Muhallabid3">Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 494, 532; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 173; v. 32: p. 106; Crone, p. 135</ref>
|-
|[[Bishr ibn Dawud al-Muhallabi]]
|align="center"|820–826
|align="center"|Revolted
|Son of Dawud ibn Yazid, who he succeeded as governor. Confirmed in office by the caliph [[al-Ma'mun]]<ref name="Muhallabid4">Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557–8; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 106, 175, 179, 189; Crone, p. 135</ref>
|-
|[[Hajib ibn Salih (governor)|Hajib ibn Salih]]
|align="center"|826
|align="center"|Expelled
|Appointed by al-Ma'mun<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 175</ref>
|-
|[[Ghassan ibn Abbad]]
|align="center"|828–831
|align="center"|Resigned
|Appointed by al-Ma'mun<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 179–80, 189</ref>
|-
|[[Musa ibn Yahya ibn Khalid al-Barmaki|Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki]]
|align="center"|831–836
|align="center"|Died
|Member of the [[Barmakid]] family. Appointed by Ghassan ibn Abbad<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231</ref>
|-
|[[Imran ibn Musa al-Barmaki]]
|align="center"|from 836
|align="center"|Killed
|Son of Musa ibn Yahya, who he succeeded as governor<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557, 585; al-Baladhuri, pp. 231–2. Al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 189, says that Imran was appointed as chief financial officer of Sind by Ghassan, and does not mention Imran's father Musa</ref>
|-
|[[Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi]]
|align="center"|840s
|align="center"|Dismissed
|Deputy governor for [[Itakh|Itakh al-Turki]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 585, 593, who says that 'Anbasah was appointed in the caliphate of al-Wathiq (842–847) and stayed in Sind for nine years; al-Baladhuri, p. 218, who claims that he was governor during the reign of al-Mu'tasim (833–842)</ref>
|-
|[[Harun ibn Abi Khalid al-Marwrudhi]]
|align="center"|to 854
|align="center"|Killed
|Appointed by the caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]]<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 593, 599; al-Baladhuri, p. 219</ref>
|-
|[[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari]]
|align="center"|854–861 ([[Anarchy at Samarra|as autonomous Governor]] 861–884)
|align="center"|He became autonomous during [[Anarchy at Samarra|decline of Abbasids]] and established [[Habbari dynasty]] after al-Mutawakkil assassination on 861. Died in 884
|Appointed by the caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]]
|}

=== Decline of Abbasid authority ===
{{Main|Anarchy at Samarra|Habbari dynasty|Emirate of Multan}}

[[File:Map of the Habbarid and Multan Emirates.png|thumb|300px|Map of the [[Habbari dynasty|Habbarid Emirate]] and the [[Emirate of Multan|Multan Emirate]], which replaced the Caliphal province of Sind circa 854 CE.]]
Over the course of the mid-ninth century, Abbasid authority in Sind gradually waned. A new era in the history of the province began in 854, when Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari, a local Arab resident of Sind, was appointed to govern the country. Shortly after this, the central government [[Anarchy at Samarra|entered a period of crisis]] which crippled its ability to maintain its authority in the provinces; this stagnation allowed 'Umar to rule Sind without any interference from the caliphal court at [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]]. 'Umar ended up creating a hereditary dynasty, that of the [[Habbari dynasty|Habbarids]], which ruled in al-Mansura for almost two centuries. Although the Habbarids continued to acknowledge the Abbasids as their nominal suzerains, the effective authority of the caliph largely disappeared and the Habbarids were de facto independent.<ref>Baloch and Rafiqi, p. 294</ref>

In spite of their loss of effective control over Sind, the Abbasid government continued to formally appoint governors to the province. In 871 the caliphal regent [[Abu Ahmad ibn al-Mutawakkil]] invested the [[Saffarid]] [[Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari|Ya'qub ibn al-Layth]] with the governorship of Sind.<ref>Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 119</ref> In 875 the general [[Masrur al-Balkhi]] was given control of most of the eastern provinces, including Sind.<ref>Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 166</ref> Four years after this, Sind was again assigned to the Saffarids, with [[Amr Saffari|Amr ibn al-Layth]] receiving the appointment.<ref>Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 205</ref> These appointments, however, were purely nominal, and it is unlikely that these individuals exercised any actual authority over the local rulers within the province.<ref>Wink, 211-2</ref>

As the central government's authority over Sind declined, the region underwent a period of decentralization. Habbarid authority appears to have been largely restricted to Sind proper, and did not extend to Makran, Turan and Multan, which all broke away under separate dynasties. Some of the rulers in these regions also continued to nominally recognize the caliph as their ruler, but were effectively self-governing; others rejected the caliph's authority altogether and were outright independent. These minor dynasties continued to govern in their respective localities until the early eleventh century, when the [[Ghaznavids]] invaded India and annexed most of the Muslim territories in the country.<ref>Baloch and Rafiqi, pp. 294–6; 296 ff.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Sindhis}}
* [[List of Umayyad governors of al-Andalus]]
* [[Emirate of Armenia#Emirs (Ostikans) of Armenia|List of caliphal governors of Arminiyah]]
* [[List of governors of Islamic Egypt#The Rashidun Caliphs era (640–658)|List of caliphal governors of Egypt]]
* [[Ifriqiya#Conquest phase|List of caliphal governors of Ifriqiyah]]
* [[List of Umayyad governors of Iraq]]
* [[Governor of Madina|List of caliphal governors of al-Madinah]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Jabir. ''The Origins of the Islamic State, Part II.'' Trans. Francis Clark Murgotten. New York: Columbia University, 1924.
* {{citation |last1=Baloch |first1=N. A. |last2=Rafiq |first2=A. Q. |chapter=The Regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir |editor1=M. S. Asimov |editor2=C. E. Bosworth |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, Part 1 — The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century — The historical, social and economic setting |chapter-url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind,%20baluchistan,%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf |date=1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |pages=297–322}}
* {{The End of the Jihad State |ref={{sfnref|Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State|1994}}}}
* {{Slaves on Horses}}
* ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam.'' New Ed. 12 vols. with supplement and indices. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960–2005.
* Gabrieli, Francesco. "Muhammad ibn Qasim ath-Thaqafi and the Arab Conquest of Sind." ''East and West'' 15/3-4 (1965): 281–295.
* Khalifah ibn Khayyat. ''Tarikh Khalifah ibn Khayyat.'' Ed. Akram Diya' al-'Umari. 3rd ed. Al-Riyadh: Dar Taybah, 1985.
* {{citation |last=MacLean |first=Derryl N. |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxAVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA126 |year=1989 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-08551-3}}
* Shaban, M. A. ''The 'Abbasid Revolution.'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1970. {{ISBN|0-521-07849-0}}
* {{Lands of the Eastern Caliphate}}
* Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir. ''The History of al-Tabari.'' Ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985–2007.
* Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub. ''Historiae, Vol. 2.'' Ed. M. Th. Houtsma. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1883.
* {{citation |last=Wink |first=André |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=1996 |isbn=0391041738 |edition=Third |orig-year=first published 1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC}}

{{History of Sindh}}

[[Category:Sind (caliphal province)| ]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:9th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 710s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 9th century]]

1991 Chotta Bazaar massacre

2026-01-27T15:00:03Z

SimonK54990761: Adding A Pg - done

{{Short description|1991 civilian massacre in Kashmir by Indian Armed Forces}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Chotta Bazaar massacre
| image = 
| caption = Chotta Bazaar, downtown Srinagar
| location = Chotta Bazaar, [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| partof = [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| target = Shopkeepers, women, children, passersby
| date = 11 June 1991
| type = [[Massacre]], [[Mass shooting]]
| fatalities = 18–32+
| injuries = 20–22+
| perpetrators = {{flagdeco|India}} [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
| weapons = Automatic firearms
}}

The '''Chotta Bazaar massacre''' refers to the mass shooting of [[Kashmiri Muslims]] civilians by personnel of Indian [[Central Reserve Police Force|Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)]] in Chotta Bazaar area of [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on 11 June 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-06-11 |title=30 years of Impunity: The Undocumented Chota Bazar Massacre |url=https://thekashmiriyat.co.uk/chota-bazar-massacre/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=The Kashmiriyat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=Chotta Bazaar Massacre: A lesson in Tyranny |url=https://www.24newshd.tv/11-Jun-2024/chotta-bazaar-massacre-a-lesson-in-tyranny |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=24 News HD |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-11 |title=Srinagar’s Chotta Bazaar massacre’s memories still haunt Kashmiris |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2023/06/11/srinagars-chotta-bazaar-massacres-memories-still-haunt-kashmiris/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Background==
According to eyewitnesses and media reports, CRPF personnel stationed near the Government Medical College at Syed Mansoor opened indiscriminate fire into Chotta Bazaar following clashes with unknown assailants near Zainakadal, a nearby locality 3 days before. <ref>{{cite web |title=Years on, memories of Chotta Bazaar massacre still haunt Kashmiris |url=https://www.kmsnews.org/story/2022/06/11/years-on-memories-of-chotta-bazaar-massacre-still-haunt-kashmiris.html |website=Kashmir Media Service |date=11 June 2022 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>

==Casualties==
Estimates of fatalities vary. Pakistani state sources and human rights groups report up to 32 people killed, including a 75‑year‑old woman and a 10‑year‑old child, with many more injured. Indian police records list at least 18 civilian deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=The Frontier |title=30 years later, activists demand India open investigation into Chota Bazar Massacre |url=https://thefrontierpost.com/30-years-later-activists-demand-india-open-investigation-into-chota-bazar-massacre/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Inquiry and Legal Proceedings==
A local police case under Section 302 (murder) was registered at Karan Nagar police station immediately after the shooting. A judicial inquiry was initiated, led by Justice Mufti Jalaluddin and supported by human rights lawyer Jaleel Andrabi. The inquiry stalled following the judge’s transfer and the subsequent abduction and murder of Andrabi. No convictions followed. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=The Frontier |title=30 years later, activists demand India open investigation into Chota Bazar Massacre |url=https://thefrontierpost.com/30-years-later-activists-demand-india-open-investigation-into-chota-bazar-massacre/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-08 |title=30 years on, Kashmiris await justice on Srinagar’s Chota bazar massacre |url=https://www.app.com.pk/top-news/30-years-on-kashmiris-await-justice-on-srinagars-chota-bazar-massacre/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hawal massacre]]
* [[Gawakadal massacre]]
* [[Human rights in Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
<references/>

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1991 crimes in India]]
[[Category:June 1991 in Asia]]
[[Category:Indian war crimes in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]
[[Category:1991 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in Kashmir]]

Next Sunday

2026-01-24T21:57:52Z

SimonK54990761: minor update structure per sources further for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = Next Sunday
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:NextSunday.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[R. K. Narayan]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language =
| series =
| genre = [[Essays]]
| publisher = Pearl Publications
| release_date = 1960
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| oclc = 1308930
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Next Sunday''''' is a collection of weekly essays by [[R. K. Narayan]] published in 1960.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramtake|first=S. R. |title=R.K. Narayan and his social perspective|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=1998|pages=xiii|isbn=978-81-7156-748-5 }}</ref> The book provides insights into Narayan's writings and perspectives and the protagonists of his works - the middle class common man.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhatnagar|first=M. K.|title=New insights into the novels of R.K. Narayan|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|year=2002|pages=209|isbn=978-81-269-0178-4}}</ref> The book also includes his reflections on the themes of and actions in his novels and short stories.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ram|first=Atma|title=Indian poetry and fiction in English|publisher=Bahri Publications|year=1991|pages=31|oclc=27977143}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{R. K. Narayan}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Books by R. K. Narayan]]
[[Category:1960 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian essay collections]]

{{India-lit-stub}}
{{Essay-stub}}

Chakan, Pune

2026-01-07T20:15:19Z

SimonK54990761: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chakan
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pune, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.75|N|73.85|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Pune
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 647
| population_total = 41,634
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 410501
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL| https://www.chakanmc.org/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chakan''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[t͡saːkəɳ]]]) is a [[census town|city]] and [[municipal council]] in [[Pune district]] of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The Chakan is also part of [[Pune Metropolitan Region|Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]. Chakan is one of the largest [[Automotive industry in India|automobile]] and [[Manufacturing in India|manufacturing]] hub of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIDC {{!}} Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation |url=https://www.midcindia.org/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Being developed as a hub for manufacturing and logistics by [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]], Chakan is home to some of the biggest names in automobile manufacturing: [[Volkswagen]], [[Bajaj Auto]], [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes Benz]] [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], and more. Chakan is often referred to as the "Automobile Hub of India".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakan, the auto hub driving residential real estate growth |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/chakan-auto-hub-driving-residential-real-estate-growth-24cec?trk=public_post_main-feed-card_feed-article-content#:~:text=Chakan%20in%20Pune%20is%20considered,of%20the%20housing%20sector%20here. |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' referred '''Chakan''' as India's "Motor City".<ref>{{cite news |date=20 April 2008 |title=The boom is over in Detroit. But now India has its own motor city |work=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/the-boom-is-over-in-detroit-but-now-india-has-its-own-motor-city-812050.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421010509/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/the-boom-is-over-in-detroit-but-now-india-has-its-own-motor-city-812050.html |archive-date=21 April 2008}}</ref> The city is about 30 km from the city of [[Pune]] and 140 km from [[Mumbai]].

==History==
Chakan has a long history. The fort at Chakan played an important role in the history of the [[Bahmani sultanate]] (1347–1527), later of its successor states, the [[Deccan sultanates]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eaton|first1=Richard M.|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521716277|pages=69–71|edition=1. pbk.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&q=chakan+fort+bahamani&pg=PR12}}</ref> In 1595 or 1599, [[Maloji Bhosle]], the grandfather of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], was given the title of "[[Raja]]" by Bahadur Nizam Shah II, the ruler of the [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]].On the recommendation of Nizam's [[Vizier|Vazir]], [[Malik Ambar]], Maloji was granted the [[jagir]] (fiefdom) of [[Pune]] and [[Supa, Parner|Supe]] [[pargana]]s, along with the control over [[Shivneri]] and [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan fort]]s.<ref name="Joseph1900">{{cite book |author=Joseph G. Da Cunha |title=Origin of Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/originbombay00cunhgoog |year=1900|publisher=Bombay, Society's library; [etc., etc.] }}</ref> Later the fort was captured by the Adilshahi but young Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj took control of the fort in 1647, and named it Sangramdurg.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sardesai 1946 |first1=G.S. |title=New history of the Marathas. Vol. I: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his line (1600-1701) |date=1946 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |location=Bombay |page=102}}</ref> In 1660, the fort was the site of an epic 54 days of stiff resistance by the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] general [[Firangoji Narsala]] against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general [[Shaista Khan]]. The fort withstood heavy Mughal attacks until the Mughals breached the walls using high explosives. The attack on the fort was repulsed by the Maratha forces but short on supplies, Firangoji counterattacked and cut his way deep into the Mughal encampment where he was finally subdued and captured.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sardesai 1946 |first1=G.S. |title=New history of the Marathas. Vol. I: Shivaji and his line (1600-1701) |date=1946 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |location=Bombay |page=132}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Chakan is about {{convert|30|km|mi}} from the centre of Pune, on [[National Highway 50 (India, old numbering)|NH 50]] between [[Pune]] and [[Nashik]] cities. It is also on the roads that connect the Mumbai-Pune Highway to the Pune-Nashik Highway, and to the Pune-Ahmednagar-Aurangabad Highway. It is about {{convert|150|km|mi}} from [[Mumbai]], {{convert|120|km|mi}} from [[Ahmednagar]] and {{convert|175|km|mi}} from [[Nashik]].

== Economy ==
{{Main|List of vehicle plants in India#Maharashtra}}
[[File:PM Narendra Modi inaugurates GE’s multi-modal manufacturing facility at Chakan, Pune.jpg|thumb|PM [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurates [[General Electric|GE's]] multi-modal manufacturing facility at Chakan]]
Historically, Chakan has been a wholesale agricultural produce trading hub. Its agricultural market was a major onion trading center. Chakan is now home to a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) promoted by the [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC). Its well known the top "automobile and manufacturing hub of India". It has since evolved into a major automobile hub.<ref name=be-chakan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatestates.com/blog/index.php/development-in-chakan-pune/|title = Development in Chakan Pune, 1,2,3 BHK Flat, Apartment chakan pune, residential and commercial projects|date = 19 November 2009}}</ref> It hosts automobile production plants for the [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Volkswagen Group]], [[Daimler-Benz]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], [[Jaguar Land Rover]] and [[Bajaj Auto]], [[General Electric]], [[Hyundai Group|Hyundai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/20090820/volkswagen-set-launch-polo-india-hit-100000-annual-sales-target-2014.htm |title=Volkswagen set to launch Polo in India in 2010, to hit 100,000 annual sales target by 2014 - International Business Times |website=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=2009-09-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827021238/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/20090820/volkswagen-set-launch-polo-india-hit-100000-annual-sales-target-2014.htm |archive-date=2009-08-27 }}</ref> Over 750 large and small industries, including a number of automobile component manufacturers, are based in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wheelsunplugged.com/ViewNews.aspx?newsid%3D4073 |title=VW commences Fabia production at Chakan plant on Indian Independence Day | WheelsUnplugged |access-date=2009-09-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718040125/http://www.wheelsunplugged.com/ViewNews.aspx?newsid=4073 |archive-date=2011-07-18 }}</ref>

Shiroli Chandus village, located 6  km north of Chakan, had been identified as the probable site for the proposed [[Pune Airport|Pune International Airport]], but due to the protests by the villagers & uneven topography, the site has been shifted to Purandar.

==Administration==
Chakan Municipal Council manages the city since 2016, established by [[Government of Maharashtra]].

[[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] is the Planning and Development Authority for the Chakan Municipal Council.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Chakan town had a population of 41,634. Males constituted 54% of the population and females 46%, due to higher migrant workers in the neighboring industries. Chakan had an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 78% and female literacy of 65%. 15% of the population was under 6 years of age. Since then the town has seen multi-fold growth due to a number of new automobile industries that have been established in the area.

Some of the popular residential areas in Chakan include Talegaon Chowk, Main Road, Bramhin Lane, Bhujbal lane, Deshmukh Lane, Mal Ali, Bazar Peth, Nanekarwadi, Medankarwadi, KadachiWadi, Shri Ram Nagar, Vishal Park, Varale, and Market Yard.

== Transport ==
Chakan is located 30  km from [[Pune City]] on the [[NH 50|National Highway 50]], between Pune and Nashik. [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] runs frequent and extensive bus services that connect to various parts of Maharashtra state. [[PMPML]] buses connect Chakan to Pune and [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]. PMPML Bus No. 357, Pune Station to Rajgurunagar, Bus No. 120, Pune MaNaPa to Chakan-Mahalunge run through Chakan connecting important areas of surrounding areas to Pune City. Highways connecting to Pune have heavy traffic due to extensive industrial growth in the area.

Chakan is also on the proposed [[Pune Junction]] - [[Nashik Road]] railway line. The nearest airport is the current [[Pune International Airport]].

Phase III of the [[Pune Metro]] will connect Chakan to [[Moshi (Pune)|Moshi]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105150359/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-01/pune/29607882_1_chakan-airport-metro-rail-rajgurunagar Metro-rail-from-Chakan-to-Moshi-on-cards-Band]</ref> which hosts an International Convention and Exhibition centre.

== Tourism ==
Chakan boasts the ''[[Sangram Durg]]a'' or ''Bhueekot Killa'', which has played a significant part in the history of the region for many centuries.The fort is built on level ground and surrounded by the fortified walls and turrets. It differs from most Indian forts which were traditionally built on hilly, elevated land.

The [[Chakreshwar Mahadev Mandir, Chakan|Chakreshwar temple]] is another site of importance. Legend has it that it is the site where King [[Dasharatha]] was battling a [[Rakshasa]] (Demon King), when the wheel of his [[ratha]] (chariot) was stuck in mud near the pond of Chakreshwar. When his wife [[Kaikeyi]] helped get the wheel unstuck, Dasharatha granted her two wishes, which eventually led to the exile of [[Rama]] and the subsequent events of the epic [[Ramayana]].

In May, Chakan celebrates a major festival called Khandobacha Urus (Yatra)

== Notable people ==
*[[Firangoji Narsala]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Firangoji Narasale - फिरंगोजी नरसाळे By Prabhakar Bhave - Buy History Books Online At Sahyadri Books, Firangoji Narsala, Chakan Fort Battle, Aurangajeb, Shivaji Army, Chakan Battle |url=https://sahyadribooks.com/firangoji-narasale/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Maratha Warrior & Fortress Commander
*[[Suresh Gore]],<ref>{{cite news |title=गोरे सुरेश नामदेव |url=https://www.maharashtranama.com/mla/gore-suresh-namdeo/#google_vignette}}</ref> Politician & Social Worker

== See also ==
*[[Battle of Chakan|Battle of chakan]]
*[[Shivaji]]
*[[Chakan Fort]]
*[[Make in Maharashtra]]
*[[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Pune}}
{{Pune district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Pune]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Automotive industry in India]]

National Testing Agency controversies

2026-01-07T13:06:40Z

SimonK54990761: Info

{{Short description|Indian ministry controversies}}
{{more footnotes|date=November 2025}}
The '''[[National Testing Agency]]''' ('''NTA''') is an autonomous body under [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]] of the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] of India. It has often been in controversy, multiple news reports including [[The Times of India]], [[India Today]], [[Scroll.in]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deeksha |first=Johanna |date=2025-06-10 |title=Why the National Testing Agency continues to fail students in India |url=https://scroll.in/article/1083283/why-the-national-testing-agency-continues-to-fail-students-in-india |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> have reported that the agency has faced issues such as paper leaks, unfair grace marks, and technical or administrative problems at exam centres. Critics have also questioned how the NTA is managed, saying it lacks transparency and public accountability. Because of these problems, many court cases have been filed against it, and the government has announced reviews and possible reforms to improve its functioning.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-28 |title=5 times NTA found itself in troubled waters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/5-times-nta-found-itself-in-troubled-waters/articleshow/115775950.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-11-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |title=Millions of students at risk: India’s elite exams hit by corruption ‘scam’ |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/21/millions-of-students-at-risk-indias-elite-exams-hit-by-corruption-scam |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== JEE (Main) 2020 Assam topper scam ==

In 2020, Neel Nakshatra Das, a candidate for JEE Mains used a substitute to give the exam. He subsequently scored 99.8 percentile in the exam and topped in his state, Assam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/prime-accused-in-jee-fraud-case-absconding-in-assam/article32981499.ece|title=Prime accused in JEE fraud case absconding in Assam|newspaper=The Hindu|date=October 30, 2020|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=November 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103102036/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/prime-accused-in-jee-fraud-case-absconding-in-assam/article32981499.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/prime-accused-in-assam-jee-main-scam-arrested/articleshow/78992156.cms|title=Prime accused in Assam JEE Main scam arrested - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 November 2020|access-date=2 November 2020|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102050517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/prime-accused-in-assam-jee-main-scam-arrested/articleshow/78992156.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Seven people have been arrested, including Bhargav Deka, the owner of a city-based coaching institute, Global Edu Light and [[Tata Consultancy Services]] employees <ref>Tata Consultancy Services provides infrastructural and human resources support to the NTA for conducting the exams.</ref> The candidate (Neel Nakshatra Das), Neel's father, Jyotirmoy Das, and an invigilator.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-accused-in-assam-jee-main-scam-arrested-from-guwahati-airport-2319154|title=Prime Accused In Assam JEE (Main) Scam Arrested From Guwahati Airport|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-11-02|archive-date=2020-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102070539/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-accused-in-assam-jee-main-scam-arrested-from-guwahati-airport-2319154|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jee-scam-assam-police-launch-manhunt-to-nab-coaching-centre-owner-it-professional-2853447|title=JEE scam: Assam Police launch manhunt to nab coaching centre owner, IT professional|date=October 31, 2020|website=DNA India|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101023333/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jee-scam-assam-police-launch-manhunt-to-nab-coaching-centre-owner-it-professional-2853447|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/301020/jee-topper-used-proxy-to-write-paper-arrested.html|title=JEE topper used proxy to write paper, arrested|first=manoj|last=anand|date=October 30, 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=November 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102091421/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/301020/jee-topper-used-proxy-to-write-paper-arrested.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== NEET (UG) 2020 discrepancies ==
In the [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET (UG)]] 2020 exam, the NTA incorrectly declared that Vidhi Suryavanshi of [[Madhya Pradesh]]'s [[Chhindwara]] district had only scored 6 marks which were later found out to be false after Vidhi committed suicide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/24/teen-hangs-self-after-6-marks-in-neet-omr-sheet-reveals-actual-score-590-2214399.html|title=MP teen hangs self after 6 marks in NEET; OMR sheet reveals actual score 590|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 October 2020|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027114444/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/24/teen-hangs-self-after-6-marks-in-neet-omr-sheet-reveals-actual-score-590-2214399.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-neet-results-2020-18-year-old-chhindwara-student-commits-suicide-after-getting-6-marks-omr-sheet-reveals-actual-score-2851765|title=NEET Results 2020: 18-year-old Chhindwara student commits suicide after getting 6 marks; OMR sheet reveals actual score|date=October 23, 2020|website=DNA India|access-date=October 26, 2020|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026211652/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-neet-results-2020-18-year-old-chhindwara-student-commits-suicide-after-getting-6-marks-omr-sheet-reveals-actual-score-2851765|url-status=live}}</ref> Vidhi's response sheet proved that she had actually scored 590 marks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/neet-results-mp-student-dies-by-suicide-after-getting-6-marks-omr-sheet-shows-590-4182933/|title=18-Year-Old Dies by Suicide After Scoring 6 Marks in NEET Results, OMR Sheet Reveals She Scored 590|date=October 23, 2020|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com|access-date=October 26, 2020|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030011112/https://www.india.com/news/india/neet-results-mp-student-dies-by-suicide-after-getting-6-marks-omr-sheet-shows-590-4182933/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET (UG)]] 2020 exam, the NTA had allegedly declared Mridul Rawat as failed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/neet-2020-low-scorer-turns-to-be-topper-in-st-category-nta-comes-to-rescue/story-jPiSa5QRiobWgs6wFaAh9H.html|title=NEET 2020: Low scorer turns to be topper in ST category, NTA comes to rescue|date=October 20, 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=October 20, 2020|archive-date=October 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020114625/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/neet-2020-low-scorer-turns-to-be-topper-in-st-category-nta-comes-to-rescue/story-jPiSa5QRiobWgs6wFaAh9H.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/major-blunder-in-neet-2020-exam-results-revealed-all-india-topper-declared-as-failed-2318750.html|title=Major blunder in NEET 2020 exam results revealed, All India topper declared as failed|date=October 20, 2020|website=Zee News|access-date=October 20, 2020|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021061524/https://zeenews.india.com/india/major-blunder-in-neet-2020-exam-results-revealed-all-india-topper-declared-as-failed-2318750.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rawat claimed that he challenged the NTA and after rechecking his [[Optical mark recognition|OMR]] sheet and Answer Key, it was found that he was an All India Topper ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST Category]]). Rawat also claimed that even after the rechecking, in the revised scorecard, his score was 650 but only three hundred twenty-nine were written in words.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-major-blunder-nta-declares-neet-2020-all-india-topper-as-failed-2851027|title=Major blunder! NTA declares NEET 2020 All India Topper as failed|date=October 20, 2020|website=DNA India|access-date=October 20, 2020|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021082152/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-major-blunder-nta-declares-neet-2020-all-india-topper-as-failed-2851027|url-status=live}}</ref> The NTA refuted the claims of Mridul Rawat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/oct/21/nta-to-file-fir-for-fake-newsclaiming-incorrect-neet-result-2213086.html|title=NTA to file FIR for fake news claiming incorrect NEET result|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 October 2020|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024083823/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/oct/21/nta-to-file-fir-for-fake-newsclaiming-incorrect-neet-result-2213086.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Director-General Vineet Joshi of the NTA said, “An aspirant has claimed that he has 650 marks whereas he has obtained 329 marks in the NEET 2020 results. The emails purported to have been written by the NTA are also fake. This news has been broadcast by some local news channels in some cities. It was totally fake, fabricated, and one-sided and news channels should have confirmed from NTA prior to broadcasting it. In the instant case, a complaint was being filed by the NTA with the cybersecurity cell under the IT Act at Noida, UP.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/neet-2020-low-scorer-turns-to-be-topper-in-st-category-nta-comes-to-rescue/story-jPiSa5QRiobWgs6wFaAh9H.html|title=NTA refutes NEET aspirant's claim of AIR 1 Rank in ST category|date=October 20, 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=October 20, 2020|archive-date=October 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020114625/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/neet-2020-low-scorer-turns-to-be-topper-in-st-category-nta-comes-to-rescue/story-jPiSa5QRiobWgs6wFaAh9H.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== JEE (Main) 2022 technical glitches ==
The National Testing Agency was widely criticised for the improper conduction of the JEE (Main) 2022 examination. Many students faced technical glitches during the examination, which resulted in lower scores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Server glitch sparks chaos at JEE centre in Hyderabad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/jun/25/server-glitch-sparks-chaos-at-jee-centre-in-hyderabad-2469489.html |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The New Indian Express |date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=2022-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827101045/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/jun/25/server-glitch-sparks-chaos-at-jee-centre-in-hyderabad-2469489.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Glitches in answer key and response sheet of the exam were also a serious problem for the students. The agency has not considered the re-conduction of the examination.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/technical-glitches-denied-the-candidates-a-fair-attempt-at-the-jee-main-2022-writes-karti-p-chidambaram-2305883-2022-12-06 | title='Technical glitches denied the candidates a fair attempt at the JEE Main 2022', writes Karti P Chidambaram | date=6 December 2022 | access-date=2024-02-14 | archive-date=2024-02-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214045826/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/technical-glitches-denied-the-candidates-a-fair-attempt-at-the-jee-main-2022-writes-karti-p-chidambaram-2305883-2022-12-06 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Apparent misconduct and irregularity in JEE (Main) 2024 ==
The NTA has been criticised for irregularities in the difficulty level of question papers of JEE(Main), which leads to the normalisation of marks and ultimately, lower scores of candidates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-13 |title=JEE Mains Result 2024: Students raise concerns over an alleged error in percentile calculation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/jee-mains-result-2024-students-raise-concerns-over-alleged-error-in-percentile-calculation/articleshow/107657856.cms |access-date=2024-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213104021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/jee-mains-result-2024-students-raise-concerns-over-alleged-error-in-percentile-calculation/articleshow/107657856.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===JEE (Main) 2024 Session 1 (January) ===
The discrepancy of appearing students in the initial four shifts of January 27(Shift 1 and 2) and January 29(Shift 1 and 2) has been reported by many students. The NTA allegedly distributed candidates erratically over the 10 shifts. Claims state that an absurdly larger appearance of students on the first two days was observed which caused major disparities in percentiles of the candidates. A surge in cutoff was also observed which further caused despair among some students. Multiple requests under the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI Act]] have been filed, seeking evidence-backed statistical records of the number of students appearing in the respective shifts.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.careers360.com/jee-main-2024-results-out-jeemain-ntaonline-in-error-percentile-calculation-calls-it-nta-blunder | title=JEE Main 2024 results at jeemain.ntaonline.in; students claim error in percentile calculation | date=13 February 2024 | access-date=13 February 2024 | archive-date=13 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213164357/https://news.careers360.com/jee-main-2024-results-out-jeemain-ntaonline-in-error-percentile-calculation-calls-it-nta-blunder | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/jee-mains-result-2024-students-raise-concerns-over-alleged-error-in-percentile-calculation/articleshow/107657856.cms | title=JEE Mains Result 2024: Students raise concerns over alleged error in percentile calculation | newspaper=The Times of India | date=13 February 2024 | access-date=13 February 2024 | archive-date=13 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213164831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/jee-mains-result-2024-students-raise-concerns-over-alleged-error-in-percentile-calculation/articleshow/107657856.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/jee-main-2024-result-students-allege-error-in-percentile-calculation-nta-dismisses-claims-9158572/#:~:text=However%2C%20some%20students%20are%20claiming,Main%20marks%20and%20percentile%20predictions.&text=Aaryan%20Agarwal%2C%20a%20student%20from,99.088%20percentile%20at%20the%20end | title=JEE Main 2024 Result: Students allege error in percentile calculation, NTA dismisses claims | date=13 February 2024 | access-date=14 February 2024 | archive-date=14 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214045630/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/jee-main-2024-result-students-allege-error-in-percentile-calculation-nta-dismisses-claims-9158572/#:~:text=However%2C%20some%20students%20are%20claiming,Main%20marks%20and%20percentile%20predictions.&text=Aaryan%20Agarwal%2C%20a%20student%20from,99.088%20percentile%20at%20the%20end | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/jee-main-2024-results-students-express-concerns-over-alleged-errors-in-percentile-calculation | title=JEE Main 2024 Results: Students Express Concerns over Alleged Errors in Percentile Calculation | access-date=2024-02-14 | archive-date=2024-02-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214045630/https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/jee-main-2024-results-students-express-concerns-over-alleged-errors-in-percentile-calculation | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/jee-main-2024-session-1-result-students-allege-error-in-percentile-calculation-by-nta-8778357.html | title=JEE Main 2024 Session 1 Result: Students Allege 'Error' in Percentile Calculation by NTA | date=15 February 2024 | access-date=2024-02-15 | archive-date=2024-02-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215080845/https://www.news18.com/education-career/jee-main-2024-session-1-result-students-allege-error-in-percentile-calculation-by-nta-8778357.html | url-status=live }}</ref> However, the NTA released the data in which no uneven distribution of candidates was found.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-16 |title=NTA: No uneven distribution of candidates within shifts in JEE (Main) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/nta-no-uneven-distribution-of-candidates-within-shifts-in-jee-main/articleshow/107759502.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302212505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/nta-no-uneven-distribution-of-candidates-within-shifts-in-jee-main/articleshow/107759502.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== JEE (Main) 2024 Session 2 (April) ===
The agency stated that one case of impersonation and nine cases of cheating or other unfair means were reported on 4 April. It was later reported that the impersonation case was reported in [[Noida]], while the other nine cases were reported in various parts of the country. The offenders were detected through artificial intelligence enabled monitoring and biometric verification.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-05 |title=AI helps catch impersonator on Day 1 of JEE (M) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/ai-helps-catch-impersonator-on-day-1-of-jee-m/articleshow/109051815.cms |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416020434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/ai-helps-catch-impersonator-on-day-1-of-jee-m/articleshow/109051815.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=Press Release : Case of impersonation using unfair means caught during the conduct of the JEE Main 2024 Session 2 Examination |url=https://jeemain.nta.ac.in/images/PressRelease05_04_2024.pdf |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=National Testing Agency |archive-date=2024-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406051602/https://jeemain.nta.ac.in/images/PressRelease05_04_2024.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In its concluding press release, the agency highlighted that 39 candidates have been disqualified for a period of three years due to their involvement in unfair practices during the examination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title=Press Release|url=https://jeemain.nta.ac.in/images/press-release-for-the-release-of-rank-and-nta-scores-for-jee-main-2024-session-2-dated-24-april-2024.pdf |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=National Testing Agency}}</ref>

== 2024 NEET-UG controversy ==
{{main|2024 NEET controversy}}
In [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET (UG)]] 2024 exam, for which a little more than 24 lakh registered, the paper was leaked on 5 May 2024 in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]. According to the police, the paper leak mafia allegedly took ₹30 lakhs to ₹50 lakhs from many candidates and accommodated them in the lodges of Patna where they were provided question papers, claiming to be that of NEET-UG, for memorizing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Avinash |date=11 May 2024 |title=NEET UG 2024 paper leak case: Economic Offences Unit of Bihar Police springs into action, new revelations come to fore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-case-economic-offences-unit-of-bihar-police-springs-into-action-new-revelations-come-to-fore-101715431832762.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

On 4 June 2024, the NEET-UG result was suddenly declared on the same day as the result of the [[2024 Indian general election]], 10 days before the expected result date, declared by the NTA. Publicly published results of various all-India top scorers who scored 718 and 719 marks went viral on the Internet. Many students and teachers pointed out that due to the structure of the marking scheme, it was impossible to obtain those marks in the NEET-UG examinations.

The number of candidates scoring full marks also went up from 2 in 2023 to 67 in 2024 From a merit list uploaded into the public database by the NTA, it was also revealed that of those 67, scoring 720 out of 720 marks, six took the exam from the same or nearby centres in the [[Jhajjar]] city of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 NEET UG Toppers From Same Centre In Jhajjar, Haryana Raises Doubts; Reports Suggest Were Given 'Two Exam Papers' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/8-neet-ug-toppers-from-same-centre-in-jhajjar-haryana-raises-doubts-reports-suggest-were-given-two-exam-papers |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

When students raised their concerns, the NTA released a statement to explain the discrepancies: "(The) NTA received few representations and Court Cases from the candidates of (the) NEET (UG) 2024, raising concerns of loss of time during the conduct of the examination on 5 May 2024. Such cases/representations were considered by (the) NTA and the normalisation formula, which has been devised and adopted by the Hon'ble Apex Court, vide its judgment dated 13th June 2018, was implemented to address the loss of time faced by the candidates of (the) NEET (UG) 2024."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Rahul |date=5 June 2024 |title=NEET UG 2024 Results: NTA Awards Grace Marks For Exam Time Loss, Clarifies 718, 719 Scores |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/neet-ug-2024-results-nta-awards-grace-marks-for-exam-time-loss-clarifies-718-719-scores-5821572 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

The NTA noted that around 1,563 candidates were given grace marks, and the revised marks of such candidates vary from 20 to 720 marks. Students raised concerns over not being notified of the grace mark formulation in the examination brochures and the criteria for allotment of these grace marks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Upadhyay |first=Deepak |date=7 June 2024 |title=NEET Exam Row: Students demand transparency after inflated marks charges, HC hearing {{!}} Top 11 updates |url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/neet-ug-2024-nta-s-grace-marks-to-1563-candidates-triggers-row-examinees-opposition-protest-all-you-need-to-know-11717755414085.html |work=LiveMint}}</ref> However, after the intervention of the Supreme Court, the NTA decided to withdraw the grace marks and hold the examination again for those 1,563 candidates on 23 June 2024. Out of these, 813 students took the retest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-24 |title=NEET-UG retest: 750 of 1,563 candidates awarded grace marks skip retest |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/neet-ug-retest-750-of-1563-candidates-awarded-grace-marks-skip-retest/articleshow/111209566.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The National Testing Agency (NTA), entrusted with organizing NEET (UG) 2024, has taken significant steps to address such challenges. These measures include deploying advanced security technologies, increasing CCTV coverage, and enforcing stricter protocols for invigilators to ensure a fair and transparent examination environment.

As per the recommendations of the High Powered Committee, NTA decided to reconduct the NEET (UG) 2024 on 23 June 2024 for 1563 candidates who had experienced time loss during the originally scheduled examination on 5 May 2024 and were awarded compensatory marks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTA |url=https://exams.nta.ac.in/NEET/images/public-notice-for-neet-ug-2024-retest-for-affected-candidates12062024.pdf}}</ref>

On July 23, 2024, the [[Supreme Court of India]] led by [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|Justice DY Chandrachud]] and consisting of Justices [[J. B. Pardiwala|JB Pardiwala]] and [[Manoj Misra]] acknowledged that at least 155 students directly benefitted from the paper leak ruled that there were no indications of an overall systemic failure barring few circumstances and denied that there was any large-scale leak of the NEET(UG) 2024 paper hence ruled that there would be no re-examination as there were no credible reports of a large-scale phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |date=2024-07-23 |title=NEET UG 2024: Supreme Court rejects plea for re-examination |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/neet-ug-2024-supreme-court-rejects-plea-reexamination |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-23 |title=NEET UG 2024 SC hearing LIVE Updates: SC refuses to cancel exam, says there is no material to show systemic breach |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/neet-ug-hearing-2024-live-updates-july-23/article68435264.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Controversy in the final results of JEE (Main) 2025 ==
Following the release of the JEE Main 2025 Session 2 results by the National Testing Agency (NTA), concerns were raised by students and educators regarding discrepancies in the NTA percentile scores. Several students reported a mismatch between their raw scores and the percentiles allotted, with instances where candidates with lower scores received higher percentiles, while those with higher raw scores were awarded comparatively lower percentiles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Saumya |date=2025-04-19 |title=JEE Main 2025 results: Students and educators allege widespread irregularities |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2025/Apr/19/jee-main-2025-results-students-and-educators-allege-widespread-irregularities |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref>

This anomaly sparked confusion and dissatisfaction, particularly among students who narrowly missed the eligibility cutoff for [[JEE Advanced]] 2025 due to their reported percentiles. Many candidates took to social media platforms to share their experiences, and the issue gained wider attention after it was first highlighted by a YouTuber in his video and in the comments section, who analyzed and compared scorecards submitted by affected students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Saumya |date=2025-04-19 |title=JEE Main 2025 results: Students and educators allege widespread irregularities |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2025/Apr/19/jee-main-2025-results-students-and-educators-allege-widespread-irregularities |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref>

As the issue gained traction, demands for clarification from the "NTA" increased, with some students urging a review or reevaluation of the percentile normalization process used for multi-shift exams. At the time, the NTA had not issued a formal statement addressing the specific mismatches reported in Session 2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Saumya |date=2025-04-19 |title=JEE Main 2025 results: Students and educators allege widespread irregularities |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2025/Apr/19/jee-main-2025-results-students-and-educators-allege-widespread-irregularities |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref>

==Confusion over calculator use in the Information Bulletin of JEE (Main) 2026==


In the first version of the Information Bulletin (uploaded on 31 October 2025) for the Joint Entrance Examination (Main) 2026, the National Testing Agency (NTA) mentioned that an onscreen standard calculator would be available during the computer-based test. On 2 November, the NTA issued a clarification stating that the mention of the calculator was a typographic error and that no calculator, either onscreen or physical, will be allowed in the examination. The corrected version of the Information Bulletin was later uploaded on the official website for candidates to download.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=No calculator use in JEE Main 2026, typographic error in earlier bulletin: NTA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/no-calculator-use-in-jee-main-2026-typographic-error-in-earlier-bulletin-nta-101762116714410.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Many aspirants and coaching institutes remarked that the inclusion of a calculator in the original bulletin would have significantly impacted preparation strategies for the high-numerical-weight sections of the exam. After the retraction, several institutes urged students to revert to strong manual calculation skills and practice without expecting electronic aids. The sudden change triggered widespread discussion on social media and exam-prep platforms until the corrected bulletin was uploaded.<ref>{{cite web | title = How Virtual Calculator Impacts the Preparation of JEE Mains 2026 | website = Careers360 | date = 1 Nov 2025 | url = https://engineering.careers360.com/articles/how-virtual-calculator-impacts-the-preparation-of-jee-mains | access-date = 3 Nov 2025 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[National Testing Agency]]
* [[NCERT textbook controversies]]
* [[2024 NEET controversy]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Ministry of Education (India)]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Academic scandals]]
[[Category:Education scandals]]
[[Category:Education fraud]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:Education controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]

A. Chakrapani

2026-01-05T19:48:32Z

SimonK54990761: Adding New Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Appanaboyina Chakrapani''' is an Indian politician from [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=V.M. Krishna |date=2015-06-29 |title=TDP government bid to replace Council Chairman |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150629/nation-current-affairs/article/tdp-government-bid-replace-council-chairman |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> who served as Chairman of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Chairmen of Legislative Council |url=http://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/former-chairmen |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=[[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakrapani assumes office as Chairman of revived Legislative Council |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/04/03/chakrapani-assumes-office-as-chairman-of-revived-lc-1175601912.html?story=1 |website=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 1 January 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANDHRA PRADESH LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Andhra%20pradesh/ch.pdf |website=Legislative Bodies in India}}</ref> He belongs to a [[Other Backward Class|backward class]] community.<ref name=":0" /> In 2015, [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] released a biography on him which was written by his daughter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-09 |title=TN Governor releases book on A. Chakrapani |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tn-governor-releases-book-on-a-chakrapani/article7520877.ece |access-date=2023-01-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrapani, A.}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chairs of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]

{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Kutty Saramma

2025-11-25T06:31:14Z

SimonK54990761: improved article

{{short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Kutty Saramma
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Kalavati Saramma
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| ethnicity =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|02|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| height =
| weight =
| spouse =
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[400 metres]]
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport| Women's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1990 Asian Games|1990 Beijing]]|4×100 m}}
{{MedalSilver|1990 Beijing|4×400 m}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|4×400 m}}
{{MedalBronze|1994 Hiroshima|400 metres}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1989 Asian Athletics Championships|1989 New Delhi]]|4×400 m}}
{{MedalGold|[[1991 Asian Athletics Championships|1991 Kuala Lumpur]]|4×400 m}}
{{MedalSilver|1989 New Delhi|4×100 m}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1993 Asian Athletics Championships|1993 Manila]]|4×400 m}}
{{MedalBronze|1991 Kuala Lumpur|400 m}}
{{MedalBronze|1993 Manila|400 m}}
{{MedalBronze|1993 Manila|4×100 m}}
| show-medals =
| updated =
}}

'''Kalavati 'Kutty' Saramma''' (born 25 February 1971) is an Indian former athlete who specialized in the [[400 metres]] event. She was also a part of the Indian [[4 × 100 metres relay]] and [[4 × 400 metres relay]] teams.<ref>{{cite magazine |title= Wary optimism |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19941015-indian-success-in-asian-games-has-largely-depended-upon-medals-tally-in-athletics-809759-1994-10-14 |magazine= [[India Today]] |date= 15 October 1994 |access-date= 28 July 2014}}</ref> She is a winner of the G. V. Raja Award, which was awarded to her in 1991–92 and in 1993, she was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] by the [[government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Arjuna Award winners |url= http://sports.indiapress.org/arjuna_award.php |website= sports.indiapress.org |accessdate= 28 July 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
Saramma won the silver medal in the 400 metres event at the [[1988 Asian Junior Athletics Championships]] in [[Singapore]] clocking 55.40 seconds in the final. She bettered her timing at the [[1990 Asian Junior Athletics Championships|next championships]] in 1990 in [[Beijing]], clocking 55.07 seconds and winning the bronze in the process.<ref>{{cite web |title= Medal winners at the Asian Athletics Championships |url= http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/asc.htm |website= gbrathletics.com |accessdate= 28 July 2014}}</ref>

At the senior level, making her debut in the [[1991 Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Saramma won bronze with a timing of 53.51 seconds. At the [[1993 Asian Athletics Championships|1993 Asian Championships]] in [[Manila]], she won a bronze again, clocking 52.83 seconds in the final. She was also a part of the Indian 4 × 100 metres and 4 × 400 metres relay teams, that won medals at four consecutive Asian Championships, from 1989 to 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title= History of Kerala athletics |url= http://keralaathletics.org/history.html |website= keralaathletics.org |accessdate= 28 July 2014}}</ref>
Presently working as Asst.Sports Officer, Southern Railway, Chennai

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{World Athletics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saramma, Kutty}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Indian women middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]

Sanjay Singh

2025-11-07T04:43:27Z

SimonK54990761:

'''Sanjay Singh''' may refer to:
*[[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)]], AAP politician and Rajya Sabha MP active in UP
*[[Sanjay Singh (Haryana politician)]], BJP MLA in Haryana
*[[Sanjay Singh (squash player)]] (born 1994), Malaysian squash player
*[[Sanjay Kumar Singh (disambiguation)]]
*[[Sanjay Singh Chauhan]] (born 1961), Uttar Pradesh politician
*[[Sanjay Singh Gangwar]], Uttar Pradesh politician
*[[Sanjay Singh Tiger]] (born 1974), Bihar politician
*[[Sanjaya Sinh]] (born 1951), Uttar Pradesh politician

{{hndis|Singh, Sanjay}}

Kaparpura railway station

2025-11-01T05:18:39Z

SimonK54990761:

{{Short description|Railway station in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kaparpura station
| native_name = कपरपुरा स्टेशन
| native_name_lang = hi
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Kaparpura railway station.jpg
| caption =
| address = Shahbazpur, [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.163895|N|85.326146|E|format=dms|type:railwaystation_region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{cvt|59|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Central Railway
| line = [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 6
| other =
| accessible =
| parking = {{rint|parking}} {{color|green|Available}}
| structure = At-grade
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KVC
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former =
| opened = {{Start date|1930}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Kanti|right=Muzaffarpur Junction|type=[[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]}}
| map_type = India Bihar#India
| map_dot_label = Kaparpura railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| route_map =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
'''Kaparpura railway station''', station code '''KVC''', is a railway station on [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]] under the [[Samastipur railway division]] of [[East Central Railway zone]]. Kaparpura is situated beside [[National Highway 28 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 28]] near Shahbazpur and Sadatpur in [[Muzaffarpur district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaparpura Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kaparpura-kvc/5065|access-date=2021-09-22|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaparpura Railway Station (KVC) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/kaparpura-kvc-station|access-date=2021-09-22|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaparpura (KVC) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri|url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/kaparpura-kvc|access-date=2021-09-22|website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref>

==Future Plans for Kaparpura Railway Station==
According to media reports, '''Kaparpura Railway Station''', situated on the Gorakhpur–Muzaffarpur rail section, is proposed to be developed as the '''New Muzaffarpur Terminal Station'''. This strategic redevelopment plan is aimed at decongesting [[Muzaffarpur Junction]], which currently experiences high passenger and train traffic.

As part of this initiative, the [[East Central Railway zone]] is planning to develop Kaparpura as a full-fledged terminal station, capable of handling originating and terminating trains. This will facilitate better train operations, reduce turnaround time, and improve service reliability in the region.

Additionally, it has been decided that a ''New Railway Cabin'' will be constructed at Sadatpur, located just before Kaparpura station. The cabin will be managed by a Station Master-level officer, and will serve as a crucial operational control point. It will manage signalling and point operations for trains moving towards both Kaparpura and the Sitamarhi rail section

The proposed cabin at Sadatpur will also function as a Junction point, enabling trains to diverge towards different directions—Kaparpura and Sitamarhi—thereby enhancing operational flexibility. Currently, trains bound for both sections operate on a shared line, but with the new junction point in place, the two routes will be operationally independent.<ref>[https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-muzaffarpur-sitamarhi-rail-line-doubling-work-begins-amid-safety-concerns-201753208322480.html | Future Planning for Kaparpura]]</ref>

==Trains==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''MEMU Train Schedule: Narkatiaganj–Muzaffarpur–Raxaul Section'''
! Train No.
! Train Name
! From
! To
! Type
! Arrival
! Departure
! Frequency
|-
| 63338
| NKE–MFP MEMU
| Narkatiaganj Jn (NKE)
| Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP)
| MEMU
| 06:38
| 06:39
| Daily
|-
| 63311
| MFP–RXL MEMU
| Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP)
| Raxaul Jn (RXL)
| MEMU
| 09:05
| 09:06
| Daily
|-
| 63314
| RXL–MFP MEMU
| Raxaul Jn (RXL)
| Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP)
| MEMU
| 09:19
| 09:20
| Daily
|-
| 63341
| MFP–NKE MEMU
| Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP)
| Narkatiaganj Jn (NKE)
| MEMU
| 12:37
| 12:38
| Daily
|-
| 63342
| NKE–MFP MEMU
| Narkatiaganj Jn (NKE)
| Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP)
| MEMU
| 14:30
| 14:31
| Daily
|-
| 63309
| MFP–NKE MEMU
| Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP)
| Narkatiaganj Jn (NKE)
| MEMU
| 15:49
| 15:50
| Daily
|-
| 63313
| MFP–RXL MEMU
| Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP)
| Raxaul Jn (RXL)
| MEMU
| 18:49
| 18:50
| Daily
|-
| 63312
| RXL–MFP MEMU
| Raxaul Jn (RXL)
| Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP)
| MEMU
| 21:17
| 21:18
| Daily
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/ Official website of the Muzaffarpur district]

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)

2025-10-23T00:07:17Z

SimonK54990761: slightly added article based on references further and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{for|other units with the same regimental number|102nd Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1742–1881
|country=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[East India Company]] (1742–1858) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1858–1881)
|allegiance=
|branch=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[Madras Army]] (1742–1862) {{army|United Kingdom}} (1862–1881)
|type=[[Infantry of the Line|Line Infantry]]
|role=[[Light Infantry]]
|size= One battalion (two battalions 1774–1799 and 1824–1830)
|garrison=[[Devoy Barracks|Naas Barracks]], [[County Kildare]]
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|motto=
|colors= Blue Facings,
|march= '''Quick:''' '''Slow:'''
|mascot=
|battles=[[Carnatic Wars|Second Carnatic War]] [[Seven Years' War]] [[Carnatic Wars|Third Carnatic War]] [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]]
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
}}

The '''102nd Regiment of Foot''' ('''Royal Madras Fusiliers''') was a [[regiment]] of the [[British Army]] raised by the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]] in 1742. It transferred to the command of the [[British Army]] in 1862. Under the [[Childers Reforms]] it amalgamated with the [[103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers)|103rd Regiment of Foot]] in 1881 to form the [[Royal Dublin Fusiliers]].

==History==
[[File:General Sir Robert John Hussey Vivian.png|thumb|left|General [[Robert Vivian|Sir Robert Vivian]], colonel of the regiment in the 1860s]]

===Formation===
The regiment was raised by the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]] as the '''Madras Europeans''' from independent companies in 1742 – "European" indicating it was composed of British soldiers, not Indian [[sepoy]]s.<ref name=regt>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/102-862.htm |title=102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|publisher= regiments.org |access-date=18 August 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210173345/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/102-862.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006 }}</ref> It saw action at the [[siege of Arcot]] in autumn 1751 during the [[Carnatic Wars|Second Carnatic War]] and went on to fight at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in June 1757, the [[Battle of Condore]] in December 1758 and the [[Battle of Wandiwash]] in January 1760 during the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref name=locations>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/102.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222130407/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/102.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2006|title=102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers): Locations|publisher=Regiments.org|access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> It also fought at the [[Siege of Pondicherry (1760)|siege of Pondicherry]] in September 1760 during the [[Carnatic Wars|Third Carnatic War]].<ref name=locations/> It became the '''1st Madras Europeans''', on formation of the [[105th Regiment of Foot (Madras Light Infantry)|2nd]] and [[108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot|3rd Madras Europeans]], in 1766.<ref name=regt/> It went on to become the '''1st Madras European Regiment''' in 1774.<ref name=regt/> After that it took part in the [[siege of Nundydroog]] in October 1791 and the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|siege of Seringapatam]] in February 1792 during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]].<ref name=locations/>

===Early nineteenth century===
{{further|Invasion of the Spice Islands}}
[[File:Ternate Island.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Ternate]] occupied by the regiment in the early nineteenth century]]
The regiment next took part in expedition to the [[Dutch East Indies]] seeing action at the capture of [[Ambon Island|Amboyna]] in February 1796 and its recapture in February 1810, the capture of [[Ternate]] in April 1801 and its recapture in August 1810 and the capture of [[Banda Islands|Banda]] in March 1796 and its recapture in August 1810.<ref name=locations/>

===The Victorian era===
The regiment returned to India in 1816 and took part in the [[Battle of Mahidpur]] in December 1817 during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref name=locations/> It was deployed to [[Myanmar|Burma]] in 1824 for service in the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]: it formed part of an army which advanced up the [[Irrawaddy River|River Irrawaddy]] to the [[Kingdom of Ava]].<ref name=locations/> It returned to India arriving in [[Chennai|Madras]] in 1826.<ref name=locations/> It transferred to [[Malacca]] in 1835<ref name=locations/> and became the '''1st Madras (European) Fusiliers''' in 1843.<ref name=regt/> After returning to India in early 1852 it was deployed to the Province of [[Bago, Myanmar|Pegu]] in April 1852 during the [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]].<ref name=locations/>

The regiment fought at the [[Siege of Lucknow|siege and relief of Lucknow]] in November 1857 during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]].<ref name=locations/> Three members of the regiment were awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for their actions during the siege.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22154|page=2958|date=18 June 1858}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22212|page=5515|date=24 December 1858}}</ref> After the Crown took control of the [[Presidency armies]] in the aftermath of the Rebellion, the regiment became the '''1st Madras Fusiliers''' in July 1858 and then the '''1st Royal Madras Fusiliers''' in May 1861.<ref name=regt/> It was then renumbered as the '''102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)''' on transfer to the [[British Army]] in September 1862.<ref name=regt/>{{#tag:ref|"Her Majesty's Government have expressed an anxious desire to preserve the proud recollections of distinguished service which belong especially to the older Regiments of each Presidency, and to incorporate with Her Majesty's Army, Corps which have so greatly contributed to the acquisition and maintenance of Her Majesty's Dominions in the East. Her Majesty having graciously determined to mark Her estimation of the services of Her Indian Armies, by conferring the designation of "Royal" upon three of the European Regiments, and by selecting for this honour one Regiment from each Presidency...has much gratification in announcing that the following Regiments will henceforward bear the honourable designation of "Royal" Regiments... The 1st Madras Fusiliers. The...older Regiments in the several Presidencies will thus be converted into Regiments of Her Majesty's General Army, and will be numbered and designated as follows... The 102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers).<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22514 |date=28 May 1861 |pages=2252–2253 }}</ref>|group=Note}} The regiment embarked for England in 1870 and was then deployed to [[Gibraltar]] in April 1876 and to [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] in 1879.<ref name=locations/>

As part of the [[Cardwell Reforms]] of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 102nd was linked with the [[103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers)]], and assigned to district no. 66 at [[Devoy Barracks|Naas Barracks]] in [[County Kildare]].<ref name=training>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172841/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2006|title=Training Depots|publisher=Regiments.org|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On 1 July 1881 the [[Childers Reforms]] came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers) to form the [[Royal Dublin Fusiliers]].<ref name=regt/>

=== Plassey the tiger ===
[[File:Plassey the tiger.jpg|thumb|right|Plassey the tiger around 1870]]
{{Further|Military mascot}}
The 102nd kept a tiger, named Plassey, during their deployments in India and the regiment's garrison at [[Dover]]. Named after the Battle of Plassey, the [[Bengal tiger]] cub was among a pair captured by Captain Frank Thackwell of the [[5th Royal Irish Lancers]], and later gifted to the 102nd. Plassey was among the other mascots of the 102nd, that being a dog and an antelope. Plassey came to be such a symbol of the regiment that the [[cap badge]] showed him. After the regiment was shipped back to Europe, Plassey stayed with the Dover garrison, where he lived alongside a pair of [[leopards]]. However, after having "alarmed" residents, Plassey was sent to the [[London Zoo]], where he died in 1877.<ref>{{cite web |title='Plassey', the pet tiger of the Royal Madras Fusiliers, 1870 (c) {{!}} Online Collection {{!}} National Army Museum, London |url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1964-08-341-2 |website=collection.nam.ac.uk |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From terriers to tigers: British Army mascots {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://m.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/101144 |website=m.thegazette.co.uk |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>

==Battle honours==
Battle honours won by the regiment were:<ref name=regt/>

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Siege of Arcot|Arcot]]
* [[Battle of Plassey|Plassey]]
* [[Battle of Condore|Condore]]
* [[Battle of Wandiwash|Wandiwash]]
* [[Siege of Pondicherry (1760)|Pondicherry]]
* [[Siege of Nundydroog|Nundy Droog]]
* [[Ambon Island|Amboyna]]
* [[Ternate]]
* [[Banda Islands|Banda]]
* [[Battle of Mahidpur|Maheidpoor]]
* [[First Anglo-Burmese War|Ava]]
* [[Second Anglo-Burmese War|Pegu]]
* [[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]]
}}

==Victoria Crosses==
*Private [[Thomas Duffy (VC)|Thomas Duffy]], [[Indian Mutiny]] (6 September 1857)
*Private [[John Ryan (VC 1857)|John Ryan]], Indian Mutiny (26 September 1857)
*Private [[John Smith (private)|John Smith]], Indian Mutiny (16 November 1857)

==Colonels of the Regiment==
Colonels of the Regiment included:<ref name= regt/>

;102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)
*1862–1881: Gen. Sir [[Robert Vivian]], GCB

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Raikes|first=Thomas|title=102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers) from 1842 to the present time|publisher=Smith, Elder, and Co.|year=1867}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/102-862.htm |title=102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers) |publisher=regiments.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113060617/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/102-862.htm |archive-date=13 January 2008}}
{{Regiments of Foot}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:102nd Regiment Of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)}}
[[Category:Royal Dublin Fusiliers]]
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:Honourable East India Company regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1742]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1881]]
[[Category:1742 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Fusilier regiments]]

Special Duty Allowance

2025-10-13T01:55:10Z

SimonK54990761: started first post basic info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
'''Special Duty Allowance''' ('''SDA''') is an [[allowance (money)|allowance]] paid to officers of [[All India Services]] (AIS), including police officers, when posted in any of the seven states in [[Northeast India]], and [[Ladakh]], including in state capitals, and cities and towns like [[Guwahati]], [[Aizawl]], [[Shillong]], [[Kohima]], [[Leh]] and [[Kargil]].<ref name="Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission">{{cite web|last1=Sixth Central Pay Commission|title=Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance|accessdate=26 May 2015|page=9|date=March 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907065638/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|archivedate=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{rp|para 4.2.14 }}<ref name="Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission">{{cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission|date=19 November 2015|publisher=Government of India|location=New Delhi|format=p 899|accessdate=19 December 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archivedate=20 November 2015}}</ref>{{Rp|para 8.17.115}} The SDA rate is 37.5 percent of basic pay for AIS officers and 12.5 percent of basic pay for other employees. The SDA is one of the highest allowances paid to a government servant, and is higher than the Siachen allowance, a fixed amount paid to armed forces personnel posted in [[Siachen conflict|Siachen]].<ref name="Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission" />{{Rp|para 8.10.67}}

== 6 CPC ==
Following the recommendations of the [[Sixth Central Pay Commission]] (6CPC) the [[Congress (I)]] Government led by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] granted SDA to all "AIS officers and Central Government employees having all India transfer liability on their posting to any station in the North Eastern Region from outside the region". It was meant to "offset the security environment and the difficult working and living conditions prevailing in North Eastern Region".<ref name="Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission">{{cite web|last1=Sixth Central Pay Commission|title=Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance|accessdate=26 May 2015|page=9|date=March 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907065638/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|archivedate=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{rp|para 4.2.14 }}

The 6CPC reiterated that SDA would continue at the existing rates (12.5 percent).<ref name="Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission" />{{rp|para 4.2.23, 4.2.25 }} In its 'analysis' it noted that it "should be paid to all Central Government employees on their posting on transfer to any North East Region irrespective of whether the transfer is from outside the North East Region or from another area of that region. The condition that the employees have all India transfer liability should also be dispensed with".<ref name="Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission">{{cite web|last1=Sixth Central Pay Commission|title=Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance|accessdate=26 May 2015|page=9|date=March 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907065638/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|archivedate=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{rp|para 4.2.14, 4.2.23, 4.2.25 }} The Government linked the SDA to inflation, mandating that it " shall automatically increase by 25% whenever the Dearness Allowance payable on the revised pay bands goes up by 50percent."<ref name="Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission">{{cite web|last1=Sixth Central Pay Commission|title=Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance|accessdate=26 May 2015|page=9|date=March 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907065638/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|archivedate=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{rp|para 4.2.24.4 }} The Government on the recommendations of the 6CPC also granted Special (Duty) Allowance to Government employees posted in Ladakh, as they "face similar difficulties" as in the North East India.<ref name="Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission">{{cite web|last1=Sixth Central Pay Commission|title=Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance|accessdate=26 May 2015|page=9|date=March 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907065638/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|archivedate=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{rp|para 4.2.25 }}

The 6CPC did not recommend SDA for Group C and D employees on the grounds that they did not have "all India transfer liability", a criteriona for being eligible for SDA.<ref name="Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission">{{cite web|last1=Sixth Central Pay Commission|title=Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance|accessdate=26 May 2015|page=9|date=March 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907065638/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|archivedate=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{rp|para 4.2.23 }} The 6CPC in its analysis of the issue noted that "The situation has become even more complex due to a large number of court cases due to which Group C & D employees of certain Departments are in receipt of this allowance on account of orders of the Courts/Tribunals. Some modifications in the scheme of this allowance are, therefore, necessary."<ref name="Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission">{{cite web|last1=Sixth Central Pay Commission|title=Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission|url=http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance|accessdate=26 May 2015|page=9|date=March 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907065638/http://www.finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf|archivedate=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{rp|para 4.2.23 }}

== 7CPC ==
7CPC found that existing rate of Special Duty Allowance (SDA) was 37.5 percent of Basic Pay for AIS officers, in comparison with 12.5 recommended by 6CPC, and 12.5 percent of Basic Pay for other employees.<ref name="Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission" /> {{rp| p 353 para 8.17.115}} The [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|7CPC]], which submitted its report in November 2015, recommended that "SDA for AIS officers should be paid at the rate of 30 percent of Basic Pay and for other civilian employees at the rate of 10 percent of Basic Pay"<ref name="Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission" /> {{rp|para 8.17.118}} It reiterated the justification given by the 6CPC noting that it "is of the view that AIS officers are allotted cadres, irrespective of their choice, and they are required to work in these cadres for considerable periods of time. As such, a higher rate of SDA for them is justified".<ref name="Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission" /> {{rp| p 353 para 8.17.117}}

The Special Duty Allowance (SDA) at 30 percent of the pay, for an Indian Police Service Officer with 13 years service works out Rs 35,550, 14 years of service to Rs 39,330, for 17 years service to Rs 43260, and for 22 years service to Rs 54,660.<ref name="Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission" /> {{rp|table 5 Pay matrix }} Armed Forces are not eligible for SDA.<ref name="Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission" /> {{rp| chapters 18.10 and 18.17}} The Siachen allowance recommended by 7CPC, for officers and soldiers serving in [[Siachen Glacier]], in comparison, is Rs 42500 for officers, and 30,000 for JCO/NCO respectively. The Armed Forces headquarters dissatisfied with the 7CPC recommendations have said that "Siachen cannot be equal or lower to Guwahati when deciding on the “hardship” factor".<ref name="Guwahati stint ‘harder’ than Siachen">{{cite news|last1= Banerjee|first1=Ajay|title=Guwahati stint 'harder' than Siachen|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/guwahati-stint-harder-than-siachen/192656.html|accessdate=17 October 2016|agency=Tribune News Service|work= The Tribune|date=5 February 2016}}</ref> They have recommended a new "hardship matrix" to decide allowances for the armed forces. They have recommended 65 percent of salary as Siachen allowance.<ref name="Guwahati stint ‘harder’ than Siachen">{{cite news|last1= Banerjee|first1=Ajay|title=Guwahati stint 'harder' than Siachen|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/guwahati-stint-harder-than-siachen/192656.html|accessdate=17 October 2016|agency=Tribune News Service|work= The Tribune|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

The Government in the face of criticism decided to hold in abeyance the implementation of the recommendation on all allowances by the 7CPC. On 29 August 2016, it constituted a separate allowances committee to review recommendations on all allowances, including SDA, made by the 7CPC.<ref name="7th CPC Allowances Committee meeting held on 4th August 2016">{{cite web|url=http://90paisa.blogspot.in/2016/08/7th-cpc-allowances-committee-meeting.html|title=7th CPC Allowances Committee meeting held on 4th August 2016|last=|first=|date=13 August 2016|website=www.rajyasabha.nic.in|publisher=|location=New Delhi|language=English|format=Order|access-date=25 September 2016|quote=|last1=|first1=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pay Commission]]
* [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141021084054/http://finmin.nic.in/6cpc/6cpcreport.pdf Report of the Sixth Central Pay Commission] Ministry of Finance
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf Report of Seventh Central Pay Commission] Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance

[[Category:Government finances in India|Government finances in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance (India)]]
[[Category:Civil–military relations]]

Harihar Soren

2025-09-29T19:27:52Z

SimonK54990761: small refined page for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician (1929–2004)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harihar Soren
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|8|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Pabitradiha Village, Keonjhar Garh, [[Keonjhar District]], [[Orissa]] [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|11|28|1929|8|28|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]], [[Odisha]]
| term = 1980–1989
| predecessor = [[Govinda Munda]]
| successor = [[Govind Chandra Munda]]
| office1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| religion =
| spouse = Basanti Soren
| children =
| residence =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source = https://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2916.htm
}}

'''Harihar Soren''' (28 August 1929 – 28 November 2004) was an Indian politician and belonged to [[Indian National Congress]]. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]] in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Partywise Comparison since 1977 Keonjhar Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S18/partycomp21.htm |accessdate=16 January 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Misra1987">{{cite book|author=Surya Narayan Misra|title=Dynamics of Tribal Politics in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2omAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=16 January 2018|year=1987|publisher=S.S. Publications|page=47}}</ref> Soren died on 28 November 2004, at the age of 75.<ref>{{cite book |title=Parliament of India, the Fourteenth Lok Sabha, 2004–2009 |date=2010 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |pages=140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vCnDm7i5igC&q=%22Harihar+Soren%22+2004 |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1500255/ | title=Lok Sabha Debates References Made To The Passing Away Of Shri Harihar Soren| publisher=Indian Kanoon | accessdate=18 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2916.htm Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soren, Harihar}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]

Thanapara

2025-09-11T02:46:26Z

SimonK54990761: started the stub w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thanapara
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.956167|N|88.560833|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,834
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Karimpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimpur]]
| website = {{URL|http://nadia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thanarpara''' popularly known as '''Thanarpara''' is a village in the [[Karimpur II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Tehatta subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|53|0|N|88|36|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Tehatta subdivision of Nadia district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|58|10|N|88|37|33|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1=Karimpur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Karimpur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|59|37|N|88|38|26|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2=Uttampur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Uttampur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|44|30|N|88|33|50|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Tehatta| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Tehatta]] (R)| shape-color3=#C40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|2|15|N|88|42|4|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Hogalbaria| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Hogalbaria]] (R)| shape-color4=#C40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|58|20|N|88|43|38|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Baruipara| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Baruipara, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color5=#C40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|55|23|N|88|39|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Murutia| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Murutia]] (R)| shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|57|22|N|88|33|39|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Thanapara| numbered7=R| mark-title7= Thanapara (R)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|56|3|N|88|35|31|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Rahmatpur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Rahmatpur]] (R)| shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|47|0|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Palashipara| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Palashipara]] (R)| shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|48|26|N|88|33|44|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Betai| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Betai]] (R)| shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|58|9|N|88|32|27|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Natidanga| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Natidanga]] (R)| shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|52|6|N|88|32|19|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12= Nazirpur| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Nazirpur]] (R)| shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|53|31|N|88|32|41|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Kishorpur| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Kishorpur]] (R)| shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|52|0|N|88|27|0|E}}|label14= Jalangi River| label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14=85| label-pos14=top| label-size14=11| mark-size14=0| mark-title14=none
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|54|0|N|88|38|0|E}}|label15= Bhairab|labela15= River| label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15=-50| label-pos15=top| label-size15=11| mark-size15=0| mark-title15=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|57|0|N|88|44|30|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=7.5| arc-radiusA=0.30}}

===Location===
Thanapara is located at {{coord|23.956167|N|88.560833|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Tehatta subdivision, presented in the map alongside, is topographically part of the Nadia Plain North. The [[Jalangi River]] forms the district/ subdivision border in the north-western part and then flows through the subdivision. The other important rivers are Mathabhanga and Bhairab. The eastern portion forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | accessdate = 15 October 2020}}</ref> The subdivision is overwhelmingly rural. 97.15% of the population lives in the rural areas and 2.85% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 15 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Thanapara had a total population of 8,834, of which 4,574 (52%) were males and 4,260 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,005. The total number of literate persons in Thanapara was 4,466 (57.04% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 18 May 2017 }}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Thanapara police station has jurisdiction over a portion of the [[Karimpur II]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 7 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadiapolice.gov.in/ | title = Nadia District Police | work = Police Unit | publisher = West Bengal Police | accessdate = 17 May 2017 | archive-date = 28 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170528060640/http://nadiapolice.gov.in/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> The total area covered by the police station is 97.08 km2 and the population covered is 97,294 (2001 census).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadiapolice.gov.in/PSDETAILS.html | title = Thanarpara Police Station Details | publisher = Nadia Police | accessdate = 17 May 2017 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160329131028/http://nadiapolice.gov.in/PSDETAILS.html | archivedate = 29 March 2016 }}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[Karimpur]] - Natidanga - [[Nazirpur]] road passes through the Thanarpara village. This road is an additional connector of [[State Highway 11 (West Bengal)|State Highway 11]]. Bus services are available towards district headquarters [[Krishnagar]] via Natidanga route.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Villages in Nadia district]]

{{Nadia-geo-stub}}

Karan Singh Gurjar

2025-09-04T15:31:12Z

SimonK54990761:

{{Short description|Indian fencer (born 1999)}}
{{Infobox fencer
| name = Karan Singh Gurjar
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| full_name = Karan Singh Gurjar
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|4|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| residence = [[Orléans]], [[France]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=On the rise: Gurjar dreams of fencing glory |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/on-the-rise-gurjar-dreams-of-fencing-glory-101680102732422-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| height =
| weight =
| country = {{IND}}
| formercountry =
| training = {{ubl
|Christian Bauer Academy, [[France]]
|(2021–present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=France is home away from home for Indian Fencer Karan Singh |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/france-is-home-away-from-home-for-indian-fencer-karan-singh20231027171640/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports]]
}}
| weapon = [[Sabre (fencing)|Sabre]]
| hand = Right-handed
| natlteam =
| natlcoach =
| club =
| headcoach = {{ubl
|[[Christian Bauer]]
|Krishan Rayamajhi
}}
| assistcoach =
| formercoach =
| perscoach =
| retired =
| highest_rank = 60 (February 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fencing: Karan Singh upsets World No. 7 at Men's Sabre World Cup |url=https://khelnow.com/more-sports/2023-03-fencing-karan-singh-upsets-world-no-7-at-mens-sabre-world-cup |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>
| current_rank = 54 (September 2025)
| fieranking = [https://fie.org/athletes/31612 83]
| domesticranking =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sabre (fencing)|sabre fencing]]}} [[File:Fencing pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Fencing Championships|Commonwealth Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|2018 Canberra|Team}}
{{Medal|Bronze|2018 Canberra|Individual}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|[[Fencing at the 2019 South Asian Games|Individual]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|[[Fencing at the 2019 South Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Junior Fencing Championships|Commonwealth Junior Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|2015 Cape Town|Individual}}
{{Medal|Silver|2015 Cape Town|Individual}}
{{Medal|Silver|2018 Newcastle|Team}}
{{Medal|Bronze|2018 Newcastle|Individual}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Fencing Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|2016 Dammam–Manama|Individual}}
| fie_id = 31612
}}

'''Karan Singh Gurjar''' (born 2 April 1999) is an Indian [[Sabre (fencing)|sabre fencer]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Souvik |date=2024-04-27 |title=Indian fencer Karan Singh Gurjar upsets second seed in Olympic Qualifiers to enter final, one step away from Paris Berth |url=https://www.insidesport.in/olympics/indian-fencer-karan-singh-gurjar-upsets-second-seed-in-olympic-qualifiers-to-enter-final-one-step-away-from-paris-berth/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en}}</ref> He has won a gold and a bronze medal at the [[Commonwealth Fencing Championships|Commonwealth Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-07-16 |title=Fencing World Championships: India's Karan Singh beats 14th seed in first round, to face World No. 4 next |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/fencing-world-championship-karan-singh-beats-14th-seed-first-round/article65647037.ece/amp/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> Gurjar is also a double gold medalist at the [[South Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katoch |first=Bikash Chand |date=2023-07-11 |title=Top 5 Indian fencers to watch out for at Asian Games 2022 |url=https://thebridge.in/amp/fencing/top-5-indian-fencers-asian-games-2022-42937 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=The Bridge - Home of Indian Sports |language=en}}</ref>

At the junior level, he was won multiple medals at [[Commonwealth Junior Fencing Championships|Commonwealth Championships]] and the [[Asian Fencing Championships|Asian Championships]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fencing is India's next lunge at Olympic medal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/fencing-is-indias-next-lunge-at-olympic-medal/amp_articleshow/99704388.cms |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life==
Gurjar started his career in 2010 when an athletics coach from the Army Institute of Pune introduced him to fencing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promising Indian fencer Karan Singh Gurjar eyes history with Paris Olympics qualification |url=https://khelnow.com/more-sports/2023-07-fencing-karan-singh-guarjar-exclusive-interview |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref> He joined the Indian Navy through the sports quota in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Pritish |date=2023-10-31 |title=Fencer Karan Singh shrugs off Asian Games snub to focus on Olympics |url=https://thebridge.in/amp/national-games/fencer-karan-singh-focus-olympics-asian-games-snub-44594 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=The Bridge - Home of Indian Sports |language=en}}</ref>

==Achievements==
TBA

==Performance record==
2024–25: [[2024–25 Fencing World Cup|World Cup]]: 16th

==See also==
* [[Fencing in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIE|31612}}
* {{URL|https://www.fencingindia.org/players/karan-singh/|Karan Singh Gurjar}} at the [[Fencing Association of India]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurjar, Karan Singh}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Indian male fencers]]
[[Category:Indian male sabre fencers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

L. Nandakumar Singh

2025-08-27T09:39:24Z

SimonK54990761: Made first bio w/ sources

{{short description|Indian football manager (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = L. Nandakumar Singh
| fullname = Leimapokpam Nandakumar Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1960|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height =
| position =
| currentclub = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] (head coach)
| clubs1 =
| years1 =
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| manageryears1 = 2012–2014
| managerclubs1 = [[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]] (assistant)
| manageryears2 = 2014
| managerclubs2 = [[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]]
| manageryears3 = 2017–2019
| managerclubs3 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| manageryears4 = 2019
| managerclubs4 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] (technical director)
| manageryears5 = 2019–
| managerclubs5 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
}}

'''Leimapokpam Nandakumar Singh''' (born 1 March 1960) is an Indian [[Manager (association football)|football manager]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foreign coach to hone football skills – Stephen David Darby to conduct residential course in Imphal to groom new talent|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/foreign-coach-to-hone-football-skills-stephen-david-darby-to-conduct-residential-course-in-imphal-to-groom-new-talent/cid/1622398|access-date=2020-06-16|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616055802/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/foreign-coach-to-hone-football-skills-stephen-david-darby-to-conduct-residential-course-in-imphal-to-groom-new-talent/cid/1622398}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/trau-aim-for-full-points-vs-relegated-mumbai-kenkre/|title=TRAU aim for full points vs relegated Mumbai Kenkre|website=i-league.org|date=5 March 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311052756/https://i-league.org/trau-aim-for-full-points-vs-relegated-mumbai-kenkre/|location=Mumbai|first=AIFF|last=Media Team}}</ref> He is currently the head coach of [[I-League]] club [[TRAU FC|TRAU]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|title=I-League: In-form TRAU runs into city rival NEROCA|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/trau-fc-neroca-fc-i-league-2019-20-preview-marvin-devon-phillip-l-nandakumar-singh/article30764168.ece|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Sportstar|language=en|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507161243/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/trau-fc-neroca-fc-i-league-2019-20-preview-marvin-devon-phillip-l-nandakumar-singh/article30764168.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Champions RoundGlass Punjab end season in style, hit half-century of points |url=https://i-league.org/champions-roundglass-punjab-end-season-in-style-hit-half-century-of-points/ |website=i-league.org |first=AIFF |last=Media Team |location=Panchkula |access-date=12 March 2023 |date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312185210/https://i-league.org/champions-roundglass-punjab-end-season-in-style-hit-half-century-of-points/ }}</ref>

==Coaching career==
He started his professional career with [[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]] as an assistant of German coach Volker Hofferbert.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/royal-wahingdoh-appoint-german-volker-hofferbert-as-new-coach|title=Royal Wahingdoh appoint German Volker Hofferbert as new coach|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|date=26 June 2012|website=sportskeeda.com|location=Shillong|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217110053/https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/royal-wahingdoh-appoint-german-volker-hofferbert-as-new-coach}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Andrew|last=W. Lyngdoh|title=German coach for Wahingdoh|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/german-coach-for-wahingdoh/cid/413443|date=23 June 2012|website=telegraphindia.com|location=Kolkata|publisher=The Telegraph India|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217110226/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/german-coach-for-wahingdoh/cid/413443}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Wahingdoh FC appoint German coach Volker Hofferbert as head coach {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/06/26/3199749/royal-wahingdoh-fc-appoint-germanys-volker-hofferbert-as|access-date=2020-06-16|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616055952/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/06/26/3199749/royal-wahingdoh-fc-appoint-germanys-volker-hofferbert-as|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, he achieve promotion to I-League with the club as head coach.<ref>{{cite web|title=Royal flush for Wahingdoh|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2014/04/12/royal-flush-for-wahingdoh/|date=12 April 2014|website=theshillongtimes.com|location=Shillong|publisher=The Shillong Times|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217133437/https://theshillongtimes.com/2014/04/12/royal-flush-for-wahingdoh/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Chris|last1=Punnakkattu Daniel|title=Royal Wahingdoh and Bhawanipore clash in 2nd Division title decider|url=https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2014/04/10/royal-wahingdoh-bhawanipore-clash-2nd-division-title-decider/|date=10 April 2014|website=cpdfootball.de|location=Shillong|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925124723/https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2014/04/10/royal-wahingdoh-bhawanipore-clash-2nd-division-title-decider/}}</ref> In 2017, he appointed as the head coach of second division club TRAU<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRAU gear up for Second Division League : 17th mar18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..170318.mar18|access-date=2020-06-16|website=e-pao.net|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514173126/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..170318.mar18|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2019, he achieved promotion with the club.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRAU F.C.|url=https://durandcup.in/organisations/trau-fc/|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Durand Cup|language=en-GB|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901165129/https://durandcup.in/clubs/trau-fc/|url-status=live}}</ref> He later became appointed as the technical director of the club and after the dismissal of the head coach he return to the head coach position. In 2022, his club TRAU faced [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]] in "Imphal Derby" in Group-C opener during the [[2022 Durand Cup|131st edition]] of [[Durand Cup]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/durand-cup-2022-neroca-fc-vs-trau-fc-preview-prediction|title=Durand Cup 2022: NEROCA FC vs TRAU FC preview, prediction and more|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=18 August 2022|access-date=18 August 2022|location=Imphal, Manipur|first=Azhar|last=Mohamed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818142049/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/durand-cup-2022-neroca-fc-vs-trau-fc-preview-prediction|archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/rajnath-singh-to-attend-opening-match-of-manipur-edition-of-durand-cup-today-1434174|title=Rajnath Singh to attend opening match of Manipur edition of Durand cup today|website=assamtribune.com|publisher=[[The Assam Tribune]]|first=5:31 AM|last=TAT Correspondent|date=18 August 2022|access-date=18 August 2022|location=Imphal, Manipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818144814/https://assamtribune.com/north-east/rajnath-singh-to-attend-opening-match-of-manipur-edition-of-durand-cup-today-1434174|archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> where they tasted a 3–1 defeat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-to-host-first-durand-cup-match-thursday-8096099/|title=Durand Cup: Ahead of Manipur derby between TRAU and Neroca, state government declares half holiday|website=indianexpressews.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|first=Jimmy|last=Leivon|date=17 August 2022|access-date=18 August 2022|location=Imphal, Manipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817162007/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-to-host-first-durand-cup-match-thursday-8096099/|archive-date=17 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-neroca-fc-vs-trau-fc-live-streaming-score-nfc-vs-tfc-when-where-to-watch-india-telecast-highlights/article65782344.ece|title=Highlights Durand Cup, NFC 3-1 TRAU: Neroca beats TRAU FC 3-1 in the Imphal Derby {{!}} Full Time! Neroca beats TRAU FC with a two-goal margin of victory|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=18 August 2022|access-date=18 August 2022|location=Imphal, Manipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818145621/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-neroca-fc-vs-trau-fc-live-streaming-score-nfc-vs-tfc-when-where-to-watch-india-telecast-highlights/article65782344.ece|archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref>

==Honours==
===Manager===

'''Royal Wahingdoh'''
*[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]: [[2014 I-League 2nd Division|2014]]

'''TRAU'''
*[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]: [[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Aniket|last=Saha|url=https://footballexpress.in/trau-fc-i-league-2020-21-team-profile/|title=I-League 2020-21 Team Profile: TRAU FC|website=footballexpress.in|date=8 January 2021|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128153450/https://footballexpress.in/trau-fc-i-league-2020-21-team-profile/|archive-date=28 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{WorldFootball.net|l-nandakumar-singh}}

{{TRAU FC squad}}
{{I-League managers}}
{{TRAU FC managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, L.Nandakumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:I-League managers]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian football managers]]
[[Category:Indian football coaches]]
[[Category:TRAU FC managers]]

{{India-footy-bio-stub}}

Skyfire (TV series)

2025-07-09T11:56:49Z

SimonK54990761: general refined references as per guidelines and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{short description|Indian Action Thriller web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image =
| director = [[Soumik Sen]]
| producer = [[Satya Mahapatra]] [[Ekant Babani]]
| company = Shabinaa Entertainment Alligator Media Productions
| screenplay = Suresh Nair Shreyes Lowlekar
| starring = [[Prateik Babbar]] [[Sonal Chauhan]] [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Jatin Goswami]] [[Shataf Figar]]
| composer =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| location = [[India]]
| runtime = 35 mins (approx.)
| genre = Action, Thriller
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| list_episodes = Skyfire (TV series)#Episodes
| num_episodes = 8
| last_aired =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|05|22|df=yes}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network =
}}
'''Skyfire''' is an Indian sci-fi TV series, directed by Soumik Sen. The series is produced by [[Shabinaa Entertainment]] and
[[Alligator Media Productions]]. The series stars [[Prateik Babbar]], [[Sonal Chauhan]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], and [[Denzil Smith]] in lead role. It premiered on 22 May 2019, and the show is available on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-27|title=Skyfire Web Series on Zee5 : Wiki, cast, trailer, reviews, episodes, download|url=https://www.cinetalkers.com/first-ever-sci-fi-thriller-web-series-skyfire-launched-by-zee5/|access-date=2020-08-22|website=Cine Talkers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Paharia|first=Author: Rashmi|date=2019-05-28|title=Review of ZEE5's SkyFire: A race against time to avert impending doom, falling just short of thrilling|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/editorial-digital/review-zee5s-skyfire-race-time-avert-impending-doom-falling-just-short-thrilling/2019/05/28|access-date=2020-08-22|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rakshit|first=Nayandeep|date=2019-03-02|title=Prateik Babbar and Sonal Chauhan team up for ZEE5's web series 'Skyfire'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-prateik-babbar-and-sonal-chauhan-team-up-for-zee5-s-web-series-skyfire-2725407|access-date=2020-08-22|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-zee5-original-drops-teaser-of-new-web-series-skyfire-prateik-babbar-sonal-chauhan-starrer-grips-fans-in-its-sci-fi-3659488/|title=ZEE5 Original Drops Teaser of New Web Series Skyfire, Prateik Babbar-Sonal Chauhan Starrer Grips Fans in Its Sci-fi|work=India.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Prateik Babbar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/prateik-babbar-is-super-excited-to-be-part-of-sci-fi-web-series-skyfire-1525328-2019-05-15|title=Prateik Babbar is super-excited to be part of sci-fi web series Skyfire|work=India Today}}</ref> as Chandrashekhar
* [[Sonal Chauhan]] as Meenakshi Pirzada
* [[Jishu Sengupta]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bengali-actor-jisshu-sengupta-plays-a-social-worker-in-skyfire-a-web-series-on-climate-change/story-ITAjZma0Lx83Zpw9NmS4DP.html|title=Bengali actor Jisshu Sengupta plays a social worker in Skyfire, a web series on climate change|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> as Harshvardhan Dharma
* Jatin Goswami as Sayyed Ali Hassan
* Amit Kumar as Sandeep Beniwal
* [[Denzil Smith]] as Nalini Ranjan Pant

==Release==

The series was released on 22 May 2019, and it is available on [[ZEE5]].{{fact|date=November 2023}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Pralay
|DirectedBy = Soumik Sen
|WrittenBy = Suresh Nair and Shreyes Lowlekar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Test Run
|DirectedBy = Soumik Sen
|WrittenBy = Suresh Nair and Shreyes Lowlekar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Trapped
|DirectedBy = Soumik Sen
|WrittenBy = Suresh Nair and Shreyes Lowlekar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Loose Ends
|DirectedBy = Soumik Sen
|WrittenBy = Suresh Nair and Shreyes Lowlekar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Target Down
|DirectedBy = Soumik Sen
|WrittenBy = Suresh Nair and Shreyes Lowlekar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Burn Notice
|DirectedBy = Soumik Sen
|WrittenBy = Suresh Nair and Shreyes Lowlekar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Gut Feeling
|DirectedBy = Soumik Sen
|WrittenBy = Suresh Nair and Shreyes Lowlekar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = The Monster
|DirectedBy = Soumik Sen
|WrittenBy = Suresh Nair and Shreyes Lowlekar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|04|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt10366148}}
*''[https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/skyfire/0-6-1689 Skyfire]'' on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Badkulla

2025-05-19T14:18:43Z

SimonK54990761: fix information to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badkulla
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline = Badkulla railway station in Nadia district 05.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Badkulla Railway Station
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3036|N|88.5302|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 18,051
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741121
| area_code = 03473
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Krishnaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnaganj]]
}}
'''Badkulla''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Hanskhali (community development block)|Hanskhali]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranaghat subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.badkulla.com/|title=Badkulla|website=www.badkulla.com|access-date=2018-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523011244/https://www.badkulla.com/|archive-date=23 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|13|53|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Nrisinghapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Nrisinghapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Ghoralia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ghoralia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|15|N|88|28|52|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Harinadibhastsala | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Harinadibhastsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|28|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Beharia | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Beharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|12|5|N|88|30|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Phulia | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Phulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|20|40|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Bagula | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bagula]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|18|45|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Badkulla | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= Badkulla (CT)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|50|N|88|30|55|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Patuli | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|17|20|N|88|31|47|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gangni | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gangni]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kamgachhi | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kamgachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|12|55|N|88|33|40|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Raghabpur | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Raghabpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|12|0|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Panpara | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Panpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|33|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Aistala | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Aistala]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|55|N|88|33|2|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satigachha | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Satigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|8|15|N|88|33|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Anulia | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Anulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|55|N|88|32|44|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Gopalpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Gopalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|6|10|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Parbbatipur | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Parbbatipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|35|18|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Halalpur Krishnapur | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Hijuli | numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Hijuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|9|40|N|88|34|44|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Ranaghat (CT) | numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|8|5|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Nasra | numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Nasra, Ranaghat]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|7|51|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Gangnapur | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gangnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|5|50|N|88|31|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Belgharia | numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Belgharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|30|N|88|31|40|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ranaghat |label-size24=13 | numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[Ranaghat]] (M)|label-color24=#800000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|16|4|N|88|26|13|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Shantipur |label-size25=13 | numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Shantipur]] (M)|label-color25=#800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|15|25|N|88|33|29|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Birnagar |label-size26=13 | numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Birnagar]] (M)|label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|8|50|N|88|35|21|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Cooper's Camp |label-size27=11 | numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Cooper's Camp]] (M)|label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|16|25|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Taherpur |label-size28=11 | numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Taherpur]] (M)|label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|13|34|N|88|40|30|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Panikhali| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Panikhali]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|14|34|N|88|36|17|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Aranghata| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Aranghata]] (R)| shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|14|44|N|88|42|21|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Duttapulia| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Duttapulia]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|22|3|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Hanskhali| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hanskhali]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|9|45|N|88|30|38|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Habibpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Habibpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|11|58|N|88|37|50|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Dhantala| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Dhantala]] (R)| shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|10|27|N|88|35|48|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Nokari| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Nokari]] (R)| shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|6|50|N|88|31|25|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Payradanga| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Payradanga]] (R)| shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|18|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| labela37=River|label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|19|40|N|88|35|0|E}}|label38= Churni |labela38 = River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-65| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|22|30|N|88|46|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=3.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Badkulla is located at {{coord|23.3036|N|88.5302|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Badkulla.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Badkulla]</ref> It has an average elevation of 9 metres (30 feet).

The [[Anjana River|Anjana river]] has gone through Badkulla. Though at present, it can hardly be recognized as a river due to immense pollution and population. But it is believed that once the great poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]] had come and wrote a poem about the Anjana river and a temple beside it. That temple can still be found beside the Anjana river.

===Area overview===
Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Ranaghat subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] on the west, with [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] districts lying across the river. Topographically, Ranaghat subdivision is spread across the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain, which occupies the central part of the district, and the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district. The [[Churni River|Churni]] separates the two plains. A portion of the east forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]]. The lower portion of the east is covered by a portion of the [[North 24 Parganas district]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref> The subdivision has achieved reasonably high urbanisation. 41.68% of the population lives in urban areas and 58.32% lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Badkulla had a total population of 18,051, of which 9,140 (51%) were males and 8,911 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,497. The total number of literates in Badkulla was 14,264 (86.17% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 18 May 2017 }}</ref>

The following municipality, notified area, outgrowths and census towns were part of Shantipur Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: [[Shantipur]] (M), [[Taherpur]] (NA), Taherpur (OG), Barasat (OG), Bhaduri (OG), Mahisdanga (OG), [[Phulia]] (CT), [[Patuli, Nadia|Patuli]] (CT), Badkulla (CT), [[Ghoralia]] (CT), [[Beharia, Nadia|Beharia]] and [[Gangni]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 18 October 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', Badkulla covered an area of 4.8199 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved tap water from untreated sources, tube well, borewell. It had 1,758 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, the nearest dispensary/ health centre was 1 km away. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 public library and 1 reading room. Three important items it produced were paddy, wheat and jute. It had the branch offices of 1 private commercial bank, 1 cooperative bank, 1 agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 635-656; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 635; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 641; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 643; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 646; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 655; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 2833 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 30 September 2020}}</ref>

== Healthcare ==
There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Badkulla, with 10 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 October 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Towns in Nadia District}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Badkulla}}

[[Category:Villages in Nadia district]]

Signature Bridge

2025-05-16T17:14:45Z

SimonK54990761:

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{for|the project in Miami|I-395 Signature Bridge}}
{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name = Signature Bridge
|image = Signaturebridgenedelhi.png
|caption = The Signature Bridge during construction phase
|official_name = Signature Bridge
|crosses = River [[Yamuna]]
|maint = [[Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation]] (DTTDC)
|builder = [[Gammon India]], Tensa India and Construtora Cidade
|location = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
|engineering = [[Schlaich Bergermann Partner]], Tensa India, Construma Consultancy (Structural Design) [[Wacker Neuson]] (Wind Tunnel Study) [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|IIT Roorkee]] (Seismic Design)
|design = [[Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge]]
|architect = Ratan J. Batliboi - Architects Pvt Ltd, Mumbai
|mainspan = {{convert|251|m|ft|0}}
|length = {{convert|675 |m|ft|0}}
|height = {{convert|165 |m|ft|0}}
|clearance =
|coordinates = {{coord|28.7053|77.2340|display=inline,title}}
|below =
|traffic =
|material = Steel and Concrete
|begin = 2010
|open = 4 November 2018 <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/new-deadline-signature-bridge-style-/articleshow/64847310.cms|title=New deadline, Signature Bridge style...|date= 4 July 2018| access-date=7 July 2018|publisher= Times of India}}</ref>
|closed =
|toll =
|label =
|label_size =
|alt =
|background =
|mark =
|marksize =
|float =
|width = {{convert|35.2 |m|ft|0}}
}}

The '''Signature Bridge''' is a [[cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge]] which spans the [[Yamuna]] river at Shourya section, connecting [[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]] to [[East Delhi]].<ref name=NDTV>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/signature-bridge-to-be-ready-by-october-arvind-kejriwal-1518.37|title= Signature Bridge To Be Ready By October: Arvind Kejriwal|date= 6 July 2018| access-date=6 July 2018|publisher= www.ndtv.com}}</ref> It is India's first asymmetrical [[cable-stayed bridge]].<ref name=NDTV/> The [[Tower#Transportation support|pylon]] of the Signature bridge is the tallest structure in Delhi and is double the height of [[Qutb Minar|Qutub Minar]] with its 154-metre high viewing box, which is a location where visitors take [[selfie]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/154-metre-high-viewing-box-selfie-points-delhi-s-signature-bridge-opens-tomorrow/story-ss5rUlwFk5PI7Tkz2SV2AL.html|title=154-metre high viewing box, selfie points: Delhi’s Signature Bridge opens today}}</ref> It shortens the travel time between north and northeast Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/as-signature-bridge-opens-rush-to-ease-on-ring-road-and-nh-9/articleshow/66493331.cms|title=As Delhi's Signature Bridge opens, rush to ease on Ring Road and National Highway-9}}</ref>

==Background and History==
[[File:Wazirabad bridge on sahibi river.jpg|thumb|left|The old Wazirabad bridge|235x235px]]
In 1997, 28 school students died in an accident on the narrow [[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]] bridge when their bus plunged into the river.<ref name=kolkata24x7>{{cite news|url=https://kolkata24x7.com/delhi-may-get-indias-first-asymmetrical-cable-stayed-bridge-by-october-will-decongest-wazirabad-bridge.html|title= নজির গড়ে দেশের বুকে তৈরি হচ্ছে প্রথম ‘অ্যাসমিট্রিক্যাল’ ব্রিজ|date= 6 July 2018| access-date=6 July 2018|publisher= kolkata24x7.com}}</ref> Since then, the Delhi government had plans to build another parallel wide bridge nearby to alleviate traffic congestion. By the end of 1998, the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]] finalised the draft plan for this bridge.<ref name= kolkata24x7/> However, construction of the bridge was delayed due to multiple reasons, mainly lack of manpower and financial difficulties. When the project started, its final cost was Rs. 1518.37 crore <ref>{{cite news|title= More funds for Signature Bridge may help it meet latest dead|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/more-funds-for-signature-bridge-may-help-it-meet-latest-deadline/articleshow/64890739.cms|date =7 July 2018| access-date= 7 July 2018 |publisher=Times of India }}</ref><ref name=theweekendleader>{{cite news|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/13516/delhi-government-clears-signature-bridge-project.html|title=Delhi government clears signature bridge project |date= 6 July 2018| access-date=7 July 2018|publisher=www.theweekendleader.com}}</ref> The [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]] was financially restricted and it was very difficult for it to fund the extra rising budget. Work finally started in 2010. A fresh deadline of end 2016 was set in 2013.<ref name=theweekendleader/> The bridge was finally inaugurated on 4 November 2018 by the then Chief Minister of Delhi [[Arvind Kejriwal]] after a number of delays.<ref name= Y/><ref name="NDTV_inaugration">{{cite news |title=Delhi's Signature Bridge To Have Selfie Spots, Glass Viewing Deck |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-signature-bridge-opens-to-public-on-monday-heres-what-it-offers-1942195 |access-date=4 November 2018 |publisher=NDTV |date=3 November 2018}}</ref>

==Details==
The bridge is a [[Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge]], a type of [[Cable-stayed bridge]] in which cables are in a combination of radial and semi-harp arrangement; cables are spaced apart on the pylon, like the harp design, but connected to one point or a number of closely spaced points on the deck.<ref name="Dayaratnam2000">{{cite book|author1=T.K. Bandyopadhyay|author2=Alok Baishya|editor1=P. Dayaratnam|editor2=G.P. Garg|editor3=G.V. Ratnam|editor4=R.N. Raghavan|title=International Conference on Suspension, Cable Supported, and Cable Stayed Bridges: November 19–21, 1999, Hyderabad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA282|year=2000|publisher=Universities Press (India)|isbn=978-81-7371-271-5|pages=282, 373}}</ref> The dynamically shaped pylon consists of 2 inclined columns, which are rigidly connected to the driving lanes and bend mid-way.<ref name= Y/> The upper portion of the pylon anchors the back-stay cables as well as the main-span cables and the self-weight of the pylon balances out the self-weight of the superstructure through the eccentric location of its center of gravity with respect to the pivot point of the pylon footing, reducing the load on back-stay cables which are fewer in number converged from the main-span cables.<ref name= Y/> The bridge is 675 meters long and 35.2 meters wide.<ref name= Y>{{cite news|url=https://www.sbp.de/en/project/yamuna-bridge-at-wazirabad-1/|title=Yamuna Bridge at Wazirabad |date = 6 July 2018}}</ref> Built on the Yamuna river, this bridge connects east Delhi to Wazirabad. Tourists can be transported to the top of the main pillar, which is 154 m high, from where distant views of North Delhi can be seen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-s-eiffel-tower-signature-bridge-over-yamuna-inaugurated/story-e0kdeOLcKSoCH18mu6OIlN.html|title=‘Delhi’s Eiffel Tower’: Signature Bridge inaugurated, opens to public tomorrow}}</ref>

* Structural Design Firm: [[Schlaich Bergermann Partner]]<ref name= Y/>
* Contractor: Joint venture of [[Gammon India]],<ref name= Y/><ref name="bridge journal">{{cite journal |last1=Gammon |title=Cover Story: Yamuna Bridge |journal=Steel Structure an dmetal buildings |date=February 2011 |volume=1 |issue=4|pages=7 |url=http://www.gammonindia.com/media-centre/pdfs/signature-bridge-article.pdf |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> [http://www.tensaindia.com/ Tensa India]<ref name="tensa India details">{{cite web |title=Tensa India Signature Bridge details |url=http://www.tensaindia.com/projects/signature-bridge-over-yamuna-river |website=tensaindia.com |publisher=Tensa India |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>& Construtora Cidade<ref>{{cite web |title=Project India Cidade Construdora |url=http://www.ccidade.com.br/obrasFotos.php?fotos=07 |website=ccidade.com.br |publisher=Cidade Construdora |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>
* Main span: 251 m <ref name= Y/>
* Height of pylon: 165 m above ground <ref name= Y/>
* Total length of infrastructure project: 6 km (approx.)
* Lanes: 2 x 4
* Deck surface: 25,000 m2 <ref name= Y/>
* Total length of bridge: 675 m (incl. 100 m west extension)
* Side spans: 36 m
* Structural steel pylon: 5800 tonne<ref name="bridge journal"/>
* Structural steel deck: 7400 tonne<ref name="bridge journal"/>
* Open foundation: 6 nos.<ref name="bridge journal"/>
* Closed foundation: 16 nos.<ref name="bridge journal"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://dtc.delhi.gov.in/ Department of Delhi Transport Corporation]

[[Category:Bridges over the Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Bridges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges in India]]

Hebbal, Mysore

2025-05-14T06:44:18Z

SimonK54990761: update structure based on references and improved wording

{{refimprove|date=August 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hebbal, Mysore
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Mysore_India_Infosys.JPG
| photo2a = CITB Choultry2.jpg
| photo2b = Hebbal, Mysore..2.jpg
| photo3a = Surya Bakery junction, Hebbal, Mysore.jpg
| photo3b = Sankranthi Circle.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Hebbal, Mysore
| coordinates = {{coord|12.36180|76.60003|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
}}
'''Hebbal''' is an industrial area and suburb of [[Mysore]] city in India.

==History==
Traditionally, Mysore has been home to industries such as weaving, sandalwood carving, bronzework, and the production of lime and salt.<ref name="histin">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2103/stories/20040213002008900.htm|title=A city in transition|author=Ravi Sharma|work=The Frontline, Volume 21 – Issue 03|access-date=2007-10-01|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017045802/http://hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2103/stories/20040213002008900.htm|archive-date=17 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The planned industrial growth of the city and the state was first envisaged in the ''Mysore economic conference'', held in 1911.<ref name="histin"/><ref name="mec">{{cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/feb2000/article1.htm|work=The Department of Science and Technology, Government of India|title=Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya|access-date=2007-10-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604111903/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/feb2000/article1.htm|archive-date=4 June 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This led to the establishment of industries such as the [[Mysore Sandalwood Oil]] Factory in 1917 and the Sri Krishnarajendra Mills in 1920.<ref name="indu">Hayavadana Rao (1929), p278</ref><ref name="indu1">Hayavadana Rao (1929), p270</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Hebbalu had a population of 1471. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Hebbalu has an average literacy rate of 71%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 71%.

==Industrial suburb==
In a survey conducted in 2001 by ''Business Today'', the business arm of [[India Today]], Mysore was ranked the fifth-best city in India in which to conduct business and the second-cleanest city in India, where only Chandigarh ranked cleaner.<ref name="rank5">{{cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/btoday/20011223/cover.html|work=The Business Today|date=2001-12-23|title=India's Best Cities For Business, 2001|access-date=2007-10-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071017045520/http://www.india-today.com/btoday/20011223/cover.html |archive-date = 17 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mysore has emerged as the hub of the [[tourism industry]] in Karnataka, attracting about 2.5 million tourists in 2006.<ref name="tourin">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081755371000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017032724/http://hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081755371000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-10-17|date=2007-08-17|author=R. Krishna Kumar|work=[[The Hindu]]|title= Mysore Palace beats Taj Mahal in popularity|access-date=2007-10-04}}</ref> National Parks 40–60 miles to the south include [[Bandipur National Park]] and [[Mudumalai National Park]] [[sanctuaries|sanctuary]] for [[gaur]], [[chital]], [[elephants]] as well as [[Bengal tiger]]s, [[Indian leopard]]s and other [[threatened species]].

For the industrial development of the city, the Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) has established four industrial areas in and around Mysore and are located in Belagola, Belawadi, Hebbal ([[Electronic City]]) and Hootagalli areas.<ref name="indarea">{{cite web|url=http://kiadb.kar.nic.in/industrialareas/industrialareas.htm|title=KIADB Industrial Areas|work=The Karnataka Industrial Development Board|access-date=2007-10-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071002073352/http://kiadb.kar.nic.in/industrialareas/industrialareas.htm |archive-date = 2 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The major industries in Mysore include [[BEML]], J. K. Tyres, [[Wipro]], SPI, Falcon Tyres, [[L & T]], [[Theorem India pvt Ltd]] and [[Infosys]].<ref name="kave">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/13/stories/2007021313660300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216122837/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/13/stories/2007021313660300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-02-16|date=2007-02-13|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Cauvery verdict: bandh total, peaceful in Mysore city|access-date=2007-09-25}}</ref>

Since 2003, information technology companies have been creating bases in Mysore, with the city contributing Rs. 1100 crores (US$220 million) to Karnataka's IT exports in the financial year 2007–2008.<ref name="it">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/26/stories/2008112657880300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103145400/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/26/stories/2008112657880300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-03|date=2008-11-26|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Heads of IT firms keep their fingers crossed Public eye|access-date=2008-12-10}}</ref> Infosys has established one of the largest technical training centres in the world and Wipro has established its Global Service Management Center (GSMC) at Mysore.<ref name="techtrain">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/02/stories/2006050202400400.htm|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=2006-05-02|title= Infosys to expand Mysore training centre|author=Vishwanath Kulkarni|access-date=2007-06-19}}</ref><ref name="wipro">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/17/stories/2006031701420200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905210413/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/17/stories/2006031701420200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-09-05|date=2006-03-17|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Mysore city emerging as alternative IT destination|access-date=2007-06-19}}</ref> Non-IT related services have been outsourced from other countries to companies in Mysore.<ref name="sddglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.abajournal.com/weekly/hollywood_outsourcing_higher_end_legal_work_to_india|work=ABA Journal, Entertainment & Sports Law|date=2007-11-12|title=Hollywood Outsourcing Higher End Legal Work to India|author=Martha Neil|access-date=2007-11-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116025307/http://www.abajournal.com/weekly/hollywood_outsourcing_higher_end_legal_work_to_india|archive-date=16 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Lulls in development==
The industrial sector in the city experienced setbacks when the automobile manufacturer [[Ideal Jawa]] and the Sri Krishnarajendra Mills closed their operations.<ref name="yez">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/10/stories/2007071056570300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017032714/http://hindu.com/2007/07/10/stories/2007071056570300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-10-17|date=2007-07-10|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=When Yezdis and Jawas vroomed past the streets|access-date=2007-06-19}}</ref> Revival efforts, such as the takeover of the Krishnarajendra Mills by the Atlantic Spinning and Weaving Mills Ltd. have been made, but these attempts have run into other problems.<ref name="revi">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/07/14/stories/04142109.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017045807/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/07/14/stories/04142109.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 October 2007|title=Forced labour reports slanderous|work=The Hindu|date=2000-07-14|access-date=2007-10-04}}</ref>

In 2011, [[Infosys]] built a {{convert|21417|m2|sqft||adj=on}} fire station at Hebbal at a cost of {{INR}} 4.5 [[crore]] for the [[Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services]] department.<ref name="stateoftheart">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/stateoftheart-fire-station-complex-inaugurated-at-hebbal/article1096422.ece |title=State-of-the-art fire station complex inaugurated at Hebbal |date=17 January 2011 |location=Mysore |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hebbal Lake, Mysore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]
[[Category:Mysore North]]
[[Category:Mysore]]

2010 Kolkata Knight Riders season

2025-04-18T09:54:40Z

SimonK54990761: Adding A Entry - done

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| season =2010
| coach = [[Dav Whatmore]]
| captain = [[Sourav Ganguly]]
| ground = [[Eden Gardens]], Kolkata
| comp1 = [[2010 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 6th
| most runs = [[Sourav Ganguly]] (493)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?id=5319;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2010/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Ashok Dinda]] (9)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=5319;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2010/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2009|2009]]
| nextseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2011|2011]]
}}

[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR) is a franchise cricket team based in Kolkata, India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010 IPL]]. They were captained by [[Sourav Ganguly]]. Kolkata Knight Riders finished 6th in the IPL and did not qualify for the Champions League T20.

== Background ==
The Kolkata Knight Riders traded Australian all-rounder [[Moises Henriques]] for [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] and [[Owais Shah]].<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.thesportscampus.com/201001053297/domestic-t20/ipl-trading-window|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100119060218/http://www.thesportscampus.com/201001053297/domestic-t20/ipl-trading-window|url-status = dead|archive-date = 19 January 2010|title = Final day of IPL trade window sees KKR – Delhi Daredevils make big swap|date = 5 January 2010|publisher=The Sports Campus|access-date = 21 May 2012}}</ref> At the player auctions they managed to successfully buy [[Shane Bond]] in the silent tie-breaker against competing bids from Deccan Chargers for $1.3 million.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iplpulse.com/ipl/kieron-pollard-most-expensive-ipl-player/|title = 2010 IPL Auction|date = 19 January 2010|access-date = 3 April 2010|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100412080903/http://www.iplpulse.com/ipl/kieron-pollard-most-expensive-ipl-player/|archivedate = 12 April 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref> Ganguly was once again given the captaincy of KKR, after the team ended at the bottom in the second season. The coach John Buchanan was replaced by Dav Whatmore.

The Kolkata Knight Riders had a fantastic start to the season with two consecutive wins against Deccan Chargers and Royal Challengers Bangalore. That was followed by three defeats at the hands of [[Chennai Super Kings]], [[Rajasthan Royals]] and Mumbai Indians. The Knight Riders then made a comeback by winning most of their homes games against [[Kings XI Punjab]], [[Deccan Chargers]] and [[Delhi Daredevils]]. Despite being tied at 14 points with The Super Kings, Delhi Daredevils and Royal Challengers Bangalore, a lesser net run rate (NRR) meant they eventually finished sixth on the point table.

==Indian Premier League==
===Season standings===
Kolkata Knight Riders finished 6th in the league stage of IPL 2010.
{{2010 Indian Premier League Points table|team=KKR}}

=== Match log ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 12 March || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Navi Mumbai]] || Won by 11 runs, MoM- [[Angelo Mathews]] 65 (46) and 2/20 (4 overs)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 March || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || Kolkata || Won by 7 wickets, MoM- [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] 50 (29)
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 16 March || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || Kolkata || Lost by 55 runs
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 20 March || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || Ahmedabad || Lost by 34 runs
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 22 March || [[Mumbai Indians]] || Mumbai || Lost by 7 wickets
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 27 March ||.[[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Mohali]] || Won by 39 Runs, MoM- [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] 75 (47)
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 29 March ||.[[Delhi Daredevils]] || Delhi || Lost by 40 Runs
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 April || [[Deccan Chargers]] || Kolkata || Won by 24 Runs, MoM- [[Sourav Ganguly]] 88 (54)
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 4 April || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || Kolkata || Lost by 8 wickets
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 7 April || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || Kolkata || Won by 14 runs, MoM- [[Sourav Ganguly]] 56 (46)
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 10 April ||.[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || Bangalore || Lost by 7 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 13 April || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || Chennai || Lost by 9 wickets
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 17 April || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || Kolkata || Won by 8 wickets, MoM- [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 3/26 (4 overs)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 19 April || [[Mumbai Indians]] || Kolkata || Won by 9 wickets, MoM- [[Murali Kartik]] 2/20 (4 overs) and 2 catches
|- " class="sortbottom"
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center; "| Overall record: 7–7. Failed to advance.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Knight Riders}}

[[Category:2010 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders seasons]]

Gaye holud

2025-04-06T17:44:22Z

SimonK54990761:

{{short description|Part of the Bengali wedding ceremony, involving turmeric}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:A prparation for Gaye holud.JPG|thumb|Paste of turmeric prepared for ''gaye holud'' ceremony|250px]]
'''''Gaye holud''''' ({{Langx|bn|গায়ে হলুদ}} lit: "yellow/[[turmeric]] on the body") or '''''gatro horidra''''' ({{Langx|bn|গাত্র-হরিদ্রা|label=none}}) is a wedding ceremony observed by [[Bengalis]].<ref name="kk12Dec2018" />

It is part of an elaborate series of celebrations constituting a Bengali wedding. The ''gaye holud'' takes place prior to the religious and legal wedding ceremonies. The ''gaye holud'' may be a joint event for the bride and groom's families, or it may consist of separate events for the bride's family and the groom's family.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

== Ceremonial process ==
[[File:Gaye Holud, Dhaka, Bangladesh, JBI.jpg|thumb|Gaye holud in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]|250px]]
[[File:Gaye-Holud ceremony of Bengali groom.jpg|thumb|Gaye holud ceremony in [[West Bengal]], India|250px]]
The bride is seated on a dais and the turmeric paste is applied by the guests to her face and body. Sweets are then fed to the bride by all the guests and attendants, piece by piece.<ref name="kk12Dec2018">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:একালের গায়ে হলুদ |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/shuvo-bibaho/2018/12/12/713802 |work=Kaler Kantho |date=12 December 2018 |language=bn |access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref> In some families, [[henna]] is used to decorate her hands and feet with elaborate abstract designs.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} During this ceremony, it is customary for the families to exchange gifts. The turmeric used in the ritual typically comes from the groom’s home, along with other elaborately adorned gifts known as ''tattwa'' (তত্ত্ব), presented by the groom’s family to the bride’s family. These gifts—often including fish (especially [[ilish]]), sweets, and clothing—are not to be confused with [[dowry]]; their significance lies in the intricate artistry of their decoration rather than the monetary value.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-31 |title=Bengali Wedding : Tatta (Gift Giving) Demystified |url=https://thediaryofamadbride.wordpress.com/2012/12/30/bengali-wedding-tatta-gift-giving-demystified/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=The Diary of A Mad Bride |language=en}}</ref>

== Popularity of the custom ==
Although similar ceremonies exist in other parts of the Indian subcontinent, the ''gaye holud'' is a custom particular to the Bengali people. It is not considered a religious function, as it is celebrated by Muslims, Hindus, and Christians in both Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal and wherever Bengalis live, irrespective of religion. Although it is considered a part of the Bengali wedding tradition, the couple is not considered married at the end of the ''gaye holud''. There is no legal marriage performed during this ceremony. Unlike the wedding ceremonies, the ''gaye holud'' is not a formal or extravagant event; both guests and bridal party members dress more simply and decorate the venue less intricately than at the wedding ceremonies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Akhter |first=Shahida |year=2012 |chapter=Gaye Halud |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Gaye_Halud |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Fish Holud.jpg|The groom's family members often bring fish decorated as a wedding couple to the bride's gaye holud
File:Wedding Photography of Bangladesh.jpg|Girls are dancing in Bangladeshi gaye holud ceremony
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Mayian]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gaye holud}}

{{Bengali wedding}}
{{Indian wedding}}

[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Indian wedding traditions]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi wedding traditions]]

Okardaha

2025-01-13T20:49:56Z

SimonK54990761: added a entry v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ugardaha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.7607|N|88.2534|E|type:city()_region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,944
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Okardaha''' is a village in the [[Chanditala II]] community development block, [[Srirampore subdivision]], [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(gfjpdc3blgg2wgbhpjw25op1))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=11 |title=Mouza Information |publisher= Land & Land Reforms Department, Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222012314/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(tyv5jjxe0bokhjwjl5jbecbj))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=11 |archive-date= 2016-12-22 }}</ref>

==Geography==
Okardaha is located at {{coord|22.7607|N|88.2534|E|source:itwiki_region:IN}}.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Okardaha had a population of 2,944 of which 1,503 (51%) were males and 1,441 (49%) females. The number of people who were under 6 years old was 268. The total number of literate people in Okardaha was 2,286 (85.43% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 October 2018}}</ref>

Villages and census towns in the Kapasaria [[gram panchayat]] are: [[Kapashanria]], Okardaha, [[Sahana, Hooghly|Sahana]], [[Sanka, Hooghly|Sanka]] and [[Tisa, Hooghly|Tisa]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-ii/okardaha.html | title = Okardaha| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 18 October 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
The nearest railway station, [[Baruipara railway station]], is {{convert|27|km}} from Howrah on the [[Howrah-Bardhaman chord]] line and is a part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway#Howrah Eastern Section|Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/14441/1/2 | title = 36811 Howrah Bardhaman Local (via Chord) | publisher = indiarailinfo |access-date = 6 October 2018}}</ref>

The main road is Rd Number 31. It is the villages main road and is connected to the [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH-19]] and the [[Grand Trunk Road]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Villages in Chanditala II CD Block]]

{{Hooghly-geo-stub}}